NBSIR 77- |2H7

DO NOT REM'"

Proposed Technical Data

Requirements for the National

Solar Heating and Cooling

Demonstration Program

Solar Energy Program

Office of Housing and Building Technology

Center for Building Technology, IAT

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

April 1977

Prepared for Energy Research and Development Administration

Division of Solar Energy

Washington, D.C. 20545

and

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Washington, D.C. 20410

NBSIR 77-I2M7

PROPOSED TECHNICAL DATA

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE NATIONAL

SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING

DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM

Solar Energy Program

Office of Housing and Building Technology

Center for Building Technology, IAT

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

April 1977

Prepared for Energy Research and Development Administration

Division of Solar Energy

Washington, D.C. 20545

and

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Washington, D.C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

” e.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this plan has been a joint effort of members of the Solar Energy Program Team at the National Bureau of Standards.

The principal authors were:

David Waksman William E. Greene

Elmer R. Streed Thomas W. Reichard

Walter D. Urban

Other team members who contributed to its preparation included:

John. K. Holton James R. Shaver

Patricia M. McGuire Larry W. Masters

Robert D. Dikkers Leopold F. Skoda

The assistance of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Energy Research and Development

Administration and the ALA Research Corporation are gratefully acknowledged.
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of the present accepted practice in this country for building technology, common U.S. units

of measurement have been used throughout this document. In recognition of the position of the United

States as a signatory to the General Conference of Weights and Measures, which gave official status

to the metric SI system of units in 1960, assistance is given to the reader interested in making use

of the coherent system of SI units by giving conversion factors applicable to U.S. units used in this

document

Length

1 in = 0.0254 meter (exactly)

1 ft = 0.3048 meter (exactly)

Area

1 in

2 = 6.45 x 10

4 meter"

1 ft

2 = 0.09290 meter

2

;

Volume

1 in

2 = 1.639 x 105 meter2 -3 3

1 gal (U.S. liquid) = 3.785 x 10 meter

Mass

-2

1 ounce-mass (avoirdupois) = 2.834 x 10 kilogram

1 pound-mass (avoirdupois) = 0.4536 kilogram

Pressure or Stress (Force/Area)

3 1 inch of mercury (60°F) = 3.377 x 10 pascal

2 3 1 pound-force/inch (psi) = 6.895 x 10 pascal

i Energy

1 foot-pound-force (ft-lbf) = 1.356 joule

3

1 Btu (International Table) = 1.005 x 10 joule

£ 7 1 Kilowatt-hour = 3.600 x 10 joule - 3.412 x 10 Btu

Power

1 watt = 1 x 10

2 erg/second

1 Btu/hr = 0.2929 watt

Temperature

to

c = 5/9 (t. F

- 32)

{ Heat

7 _ 1 1 Btu-in/h-ft - °F = 1.442 x 10 W/m-K (thermal conductivity)

1 Btu/lbm - °F = 4.184 x 10

2 J/kg-K (heat capacity)

1 langley = 4.184 x 10

4 J/m2 = 1 cal/cm2 = 3.69 Btu/ft 2

ii
PREFACE

Public Law 93-409, the "Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974" calls for the development

of interim performance criteria for solar heating and cooling systems and the buildings in which they

will be used. Section 8 of the law provides for the use of data from the demonstration program to develop definitive performance criteria, as well as testing procedures whereby manufacturers can certify

that their products conform to definitive performance criteria. Responsibility for the development of these definitive performance criteria has been assigned by the Energy Research and Development Administration and the Department of Housing and Urban Development to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).

The plan presented in this document was prepared in order to define the technical non-instrumentation

(TNI) data required by NBS in order to effectively monitor the residential and commercial demonstration

programs, mandated by P. L. 93-409, for feedback.

The TNI data consist of those data which either cannot be collected electronically or can be gathered

more effectively by other means. These data will be manually collected, subsequently coded and stored

in a central computer, and made available to various users in reduced form for evaluation studies.

This plan is a companion document to a similar plan published by NBS in August 1976* which identified

the instrumentation data required by NBS to monitor and evaluate the "thermal effectiveness" and

reliability of solar heating, cooling, and hot water systems.

*Streed, E. R. , et al, "Thermal Data Requirements and Performance Evaluation Procedures for the National Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program," NBS Report NBSIR 76-1137, August 1976. Available from NTIS, Order No. PB 257 770, price $5.00.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART ONE - INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1. 2 Purpose 2

2.0 ORGANIZATION 4

3.0 APPROACH 5

3.1 Introduction 5 3.2 Sources and Types of Data 5

4.0 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS 15

4.1 General 15

4.2 Collection of TNI Data 15 4.3 Data Analysis 16

5.0 TASK RESPONSIBILITIES 18

PART TWO - RUILDING/ SITE /SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION, MATERIALS AND PERFORMANCE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 19

2.0 BUILDING/SITE 20

3.0 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM OR SYSTEMS IN THE BUILDING 26

APPENDIX A - Detailed Building Data Requirements for Room Thermal Load Calculation 60

APPENDIX B - Detailed Solar System Requirements for System Thermal Performance Calculations. 64

PART THREE - SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM OPERATIONAL DATA REQUIREMENTS

1.0

INTRODUCTION

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF DICTIONARIES 70

2.1 Purpose of Dictionaries 70 2.2 Event Dictionary 20 2.3 Maintenance Actions Dictionary '0

2.4 Site/Building Element Dictionary 20 2.5 Solar Hardware System Dictionary 70

iv
Page

3.0 TRANSCRIPTION OF MAINTENANCE DATA 71

3.1 Introduction to the Transcription Process 71

3.2 Identification and Translation of the Maintenance Items 75

3.3 Organization of the Maintenance Items 75

3.4 Entering of Maintenance Data to a Transcription Form 76

3.5 Example of Transcription Process 77

PART FOUR - TECHNICAL NON- INSTRUMENTED DATA ANALYSIS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 114

2.0 AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING (ADP) 114

2.1 Sample Printout of Identification, Materials and Performance Data (Part Two) . . 114 2.2 Sample Printouts of Annual Summary Data (Part Three) 115 2.3 Correlation/Investigative Tables (Printed) 118

PART FIVE - SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

1.0 INTRODUCTION 125

2.0 DATA REQUIREMENTS 125

2.1 Design and Construction Data Requirements 125

2.2 Failure Analysis Data 127 2.3 Operational Deterioration Studies 127

2.4 Environmental Exposure Conditions 130

REFERENCES 131

v

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background

Sections 5 and 6 of Public Law 93-409, the "Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974" pro- vide for the development of

1. interim performance criteria for solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling components

and systems to be used in residential dwellings, and

2. interim performance criteria (relating to suitability for solar heating and combined solar heating

and cooling) for such dwellings themselves.

Section 8 of the Act provides for the development, "as soon as feasible, and utilizing data available

from the demonstration programs under Sections 5 and 6" of

1. definitive performance criteria for solar heating and combined heating and cooling components and systems to be used in residential dwellings, taking into account climatic variations existing be- tween different geographic areas;

2. definitive performance criteria (relating to suitability for solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling) for such dwellings, taking into account climatic variations existing between

different geographic areas; and

3. procedures whereby manufacturers of solar heating and combined solar heating and cooling components

and systems shall have their products tested in order to provide certification that such products

conform to the performance criteria established under paragraph 1.

As required by PL 93-409, "Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Dwellings" [1]* were prepared by the National Bureau of Standards for use by the Department of Housing

and Urban Development (HUD) in the residential demonstration program. Similarly, the National Aeronautics

and Space Administration (NASA) has developed interim performance criteria for commercial solar heating

and cooling systems and facilities [2] for use by the Energy Research and Development Administration

(ERDA) in the commercial demonstration program. Responsibility for the further development of commercial

criteria has been assigned to NBS and a first revision to the NASA document was published by NBS [3] in November 1976.

*Numbers in brackets indicate references listed on page 131.

1
The further development and refinement of both the residential and the commercial performance criteria

documents by NBS is dependent upon the feedback of experience gained from the solar demonstration program provided for by PL 93-409. The necessity for such feedback was recognized in Section 8 of

PL 93-409 and was given further impetus by ERDA 76-6, the "National Program for the Solar Heating and Cooling of Buildings" [4] . In compliance with the intent of PL 93-409, ERDA 76-6 contains tasks that provide for monitoring the commercial and residential demonstrations for feedback leading to the development of improved performance criteria and standards.

1.2 Purpose

The plan presented in this document was prepared in order to define the technical non-instrumentation

(TNI) data required by NBS in order to effectively monitor the residential and commercial demonstration

programs for feedback. It is a companion document to a similar plan published by NBS in August 1976 [5] which identified the instrumentation data required by NBS to monitor and evaluate the "thermal effectiveness" and reliability of solar heating, cooling, and hot water systems.

The instrumentation data will be collected by means of electronic site data acquisition systems which

will store the readouts from sensors installed in selected demonstration solar heating and cooling

systems. The data will be subsequently transmitted to a central computer processing unit where they are to be reduced in accordance with procedures agreed upon by an interagency panel, and then provided

to various users including NBS.

The TNI data consist of those data which either cannot be collected electronically or can be gathered more effectively by other means. These data will be manually collected, subsequently coded and stored

in a central computer, and made available to various users in reduced form for evaluation studies.

The combined data defined in these two plans will serve as the basis for further studies that will be conducted by NBS in order to evaluate system and subsystem performance, to develop definitive perfor- mance criteria and standards and to formulate analytical models and other guidelines for the design

of solar heating and cooling systems. Thermal performance data obtained by means of instrumentation

will be combined with building/site/solar energy characteristics in order to evaluate system and sub- system thermal performance. Similarly, deterioration in system and subsystem thermal performance

measured by means of instrumentation will be correlated with the TNI data identified in this plan in order to characterize the causes of such deterioration and relate them to material, component, subsysterj and system characteristics. Other studies concerned with maintainability, safety, building and site

problems and structural and mechanical performance, will be primarily dependent upon TNI data.

The analysis and subsequent evaluation of the TNI data will pinpoint the major problem areas, the causes of the problems, and the remedial actions taken. Subsystems, components, and parts which pro- vided acceptable performance will be identified as well as those which performed poorly. With this

information, relevant sections of the residential and commercial performance criteria will be studied

and appropriate modifications made.
Warranties

Repair and Maintenance Costs Systems Operating Costs

Life Cycle Costs Operating Manuals

Maintenance Manuals

Design Manuals

Intermediate Minimum Property Standards for Solar Heating and Domestic Hot Water Systems

Optimum System/Energy Conservation Techniques

Additional Systems Development

3
2.0 ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE

This plan is structured into five parts.

Part One contains an overview of the entire TNI data requirements plan. In addition to summarizing the data requirements contained in the other four parts of the plan. Part One identifies the various

potential sources of data and presents an overview of the entire TNI data collection and analysis

process

Part Two identifies those data required to describe demonstration program building/site/solar hardware

system characteristics in a systematic manner.

Part Three provides a system for characterizing solar hardware related failures and problems that occur during the operational phase of the solar demonstration program. It contains: (1) detailed dictionaries

that provide standard terms identifying solar hardware system elements, operational problems and the actions taken to alleviate these problems; (2) a description of how these dictionaries can be used to correlate these various factors; and (3) a specification for the forms that should be used to transcribe

these data. At the present time. Part Three is solely concerned with problems that occur during the operational phase of the program. However, if the need arises, additional dictionaries can be added

to permit the automated storage of design and construction events. The coding schemes identified in this part are preliminary in nature and are presented primarily for illustrative purposes.

Part Four contains detailed descriptions of the manner in which data from Parts Two and Three will be

correlated and utilized as a basis for the engineering analysis of operational problems. Examples of typical computer printouts that will be used to identify and characterize these problems are presented.

Part Five is concerned with the identification and collection of additional data intended to: (1) characterize design and construction problems; (2) determine the cause of significant failures when

such causes cannot be determined from maintenance reports; (3) monitor the deterioration of key system

components prior to their actual failure; and (4) quantify the environmental conditions to which

collectors are exposed at various demonstration program sites.

Data related to the areas listed below are not considered to lie within the scope of technical

non-instrumentation performance data.

° Costs (equipment cost, operating costs, etc.) except where costs are used as indicators of system

performance and/or the degree of severity of repairs.

° Institutional Constraints (financing, labor, etc.).

° Market Development and Acceptance.

° Environmental Impact

It is recommended that Part One be read completely before proceeding to read the other parts. The first section of each part presents its objectives and scope, which may suffice for the reader not interested in additional detailed information.

4
3.1 Introduction

The approach to formulating the TNI data requirements plan is structured around the following factors:

(1) the availability of the data; (2) considerations of kinds of data needed to identify critical

sections of the interim performance criteria; and (3) the hardware in the systems.

Because of the large quantity of data anticipated from the ERDA and HUD demonstration projects, it

is apparent that computer techniques must be used. Therefore, the majority of the data identified

in this document have been defined in such a manner that they can be codified for computer processing.

Figure 1.1, which was taken from ERDA 76-6, presents an overview of the entire demonstration program

data collection, evaluation and dissemination process.

3 . 2 Sources and Types of Data

The various sources and types of demonstration program data are identified in the matrix shown in Figure 1.2. It is expected that these data will be collected by data collection contractors or sub- contractors delegated with this responsibility by HUD and ERDA.

3.2.1 Manufacturer Data

These data include product description, failure analysis and quality control data.

Product description data include Cl) identification of the materials and components that are used to make up the product (e.g., a collector), (2) descriptions of the performance of the product (e.g.,

collector thermal performance data), (3) descriptions of the key properties of materials that are used to make up the product (e.g., cover plate transmittance data, absorptive coating emittance and insulation material thermal conductivity). These types of data must be known by the manufacturer,

or the product designer employed by the manufacturer in order to design the product. These data are identified in Part Two of this plan. Since it is recognized that the same products (e.g., solar collectors) will be used on several demonstration projects, it would be desirable to collect all of the pertinent data once and store it in a computer data file that can be referred to. This will avoid

the repeated collection of a large amount of data. However, if this process is used, care must be exercised to make sure that the product actually used is the one described in the data file. Product

changes instituted by the manufacturer must be taken into account.

Product testing and analysis reports, used by the manufacturer to obtain the product description data

discussed above, should be collected and stored, when available; however, such data do not necessarily

have to be computerized. This information will be compared with actual performance measured during

the demonstration program and will serve as a basis for evaluating the adequacy of the analytical and

testing procedures used. The testing and analytical documentation should adequately address the following

a. Scope of test or analysis.

b. Apparatus and instrumentation.

c. Description of testing and/or analytical procedures used.

5
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FIGURE

1.1
I

n. Sources \. of \ Data Types\.

ofData

N

\.

Manufacturer Architect/

Engineer

Builder Building

Official

Maintenance

Contractor Occupant

Product (system)

Description* ** *

Product Testing

& Analysis

Failure Analysis *

Quality Control *

Building/Site

Description * *

Building/ Si te/Sys ten Thermal Performance

Prediction **

Design Problems * *

Construction

Problems *

Operational (and

Maintenance)

Problems * * * *

Building

Regulatory

Problems * *

Safety and Habitability * *

Figure 1.2 Major Sources and Types of Data
d. Description of system/component/material tested or analyzed.

e. Test conditions.

f. Test results.

g. Conclusions.

Failure analysis data obtained by the manufacturer in order to determine the causes of product failures

and other problems that occur during product production and system construction and operation should

be collected. The data concerned with construction and operation failures and other problems can be fed directly into the data base defined in Part Three of this plan, and will serve as a means of determining the actual source of problems whose causes cannot be assessed without a significant amount of laboratory testing and engineering analysis. It is expected that data of this type will be obtained

in cases where a significant number of problems occur.

Product quality control data will accrue from records of fabrication problems and of routine quality

control testing, performed by the manufacturer to ensure that the product is being manufactured within

design tolerances. It is desirable that these data be readily available from the manufacturer for use when problems occur in the field. (However, they do not need to be routinely collected by the data collection contractors). The purpose of these data is to have records of product manufacturing

problems available for use on an as-needed basis when problems occur with systems and components

during the demonstration programs. This will permit correlations to be made between quality control

problems and events that occur in actual field operations. The manufacturer, in the majority of cases, would furnish these data. Specific types of information required include:

a. Mechanical and operational tolerances.

b. Primary causes of the quality control problems.

c. Disposition of rejected units (repaired or discarded).

d. Design changes initiated because of production problems.

e. Dates design changes were initiated and completed; and dates that the production of redesigned units were started.

Building/site/system thermal performance data may be generated by the system manufacturer to a limited

extent in the form of design guidelines and manuals.

3.2.2 Architect/Engineer Data

Several different types of data related to the design of the solar energy system and the building and site in which it will be installed can be obtained from the architect/engineer (A/E) responsible for

the design of the system and its integration with the building and site.*

Building, site, and system data , primarily provided by the A/E, are needed to: (1) locate and characterize the building and site; (2) provide a description of major subsystems and components of solar energy system; and (3) provide data required for system thermal design and calculation of building thermal heating and cooling loads. These data would include product description data such as those identified in Section 3.2.1. -In cases where packaged components (e.g., solar collectors) are factory manufactured units, it is expected that the A/E firm would be a secondary source in that it would provide data that was generated by the product manufacturers. However, many components of solar

*Note: It is recognized that the design of residential demonstration systems may not involve an A/E firm. In such cases, the individuals carrying out a similar function would be expected to provide

these data.

8
energy systems will be designed and built to the A/E's specifications rather than factory assembled

(e.g., thermal storage units). In such cases, the A/E would be the primary source of product description data of the types identified in Section 3.2.1. These data will be fed directly into the data

base defined in Part Two of this plan.

Building/site/system thermal performance prediction data generated by the A/E in the course of designing

the solar energy system should also be collected. These data, together with a description of the type

of analytical model used, are identified in Part Two of this plan. They will be utilized by NBS to make comparisons both with actual measured thermal performance data and with the results of thermal

modeling techniques. These comparisons will make it possible to determine the adequacy of existent

analytical procedures and will lead to the development of improved modeling procedures where necessary.

Design problem data such as those identifying design problems caused by having to comply with the interim performance criteria or by institutional constraints should be documented. These data will

be discussed in more detail in Part Five of this plan. It is expected that these data will be collected in a narrative form and stored in files that can be periodically reviewed by NBS technical

personnel. To a limited extent, design changes that were made to avoid system hardware operational

problems could be computerized by means of the system described in Part Three of this plan. However,

the types of design problems that could occur are not clearly defined at this stage of the solar demonstration program.

Construction and operational problem data including descriptions of regulatory problems could be

provided by the A/E firm to the extent that it is involved with such problems. However, it is expected that the A/E would not be the primary source of such data.

3.2.3 Builder Data

It is expected that the builder /developer will be the primary source of construction problem data.

Construction problem data related to problems caused by compliance with the interim performance

criteria should be recorded in narrative form and stored in files that can be periodically reviewed

by NBS technical personnel. These data will be discussed in Part Five of this plan. System and component failures resulting from the construction process could be computerized by means of the system described in Part Three of this plan. However, at this time, insufficient information is available upon which a list of anticipated events could be generated.

Data related to building regulatory problems should also be collected. These data will be utilized

by NBS in regulatory problem studies. Examples of the types of data that should be collected include:

° Problems involved in obtaining building permits

0 Zoning problems

° Lack of clarity in code provisions

0 Design modifications required.

Building/site/system description data and design and operational problem data should also be collected

from the builder to the extent that he is able to provide them.

9
Code compliance problems , as viewed by building officials responsible for solar energy system design

reviews and the issuance of building permits, should be documented. This information, together with

the code compliance data obtained from the builder (section 3.2.3), will serve as the basis for

regulatory studies to be conducted by NBS . Examples of the types of data that it is expected will be collected include:

° Alternate methods approved by building officials

° Reasons for design rejections

° Problems in determining compliance such as lack of staff having the necessary

technical expertise

° Deficiencies in solar related code provisions.

3.2.5 Maintenance Contractor Data

It is expected that maintenance contractors will be the primary sources of data related to problems

that occur during the operational phase of the solar demonstration program.

Maintenance data reports containing the information identified on Form 1, the Maintenance Service

Call Report shown on the following pages, should be collected from the various demonstration program maintenance contractors. It is expected that the information on these forms will be reviewed by

qualified technical personnel employed by the HUD and ERDA demonstration program management contractors and transcribed by them onto computer compatible data transcription forms designed in accordance

with the data requirements specified in Parts Three and Four of this plan. These data address oper- ational problems as well as those concerned with safety and habitability.

3.2.6 Occupant Data

Safety and habitability data related to factors such as personal injuries and discomfort (e.g., ex- cessive glare, humidity and temperature swings) should be collected by means of interviews with the building occupants. These data will be correlated by NBS with the various types of systems used, and associated with relevant performance criteria. Documentation of occupant complaints that lead to maintenance contractor calls should be collected as a backup to the occupant survey data.
FORM 1 Page 1 of 4 pages

Maintenance Service Call Report

Solar Hardware System (SHS)

Date of Report

1. System Identification:

a. Project identification number

b. Solar hardware system (SHS) identification number_

c. Building location: Street address

City or county & state

d. Date SHS was originally placed in service

2. Maintenance Order Information:

a. Date of order

b. Reason for maintenance; Routine Complaint

3.

Description of Service (Maintenance Actions) Performed

Describe each individual action performed: Include details related to the following:

1. Reason for performing action

2. Cause of any failure

3. Hardware element serviced

4. Problems encountered in performing the action (access for repair, availability of parts, etc.)

5. Outside air temperature if related to failure

6. Results of action

Use tables 1, 2, and 3 to describe hardware elements serviced and/or replaced and materials replaced.

11
Maintenance Service Call Report

e <t3 m

Z3 O 0) Z *h

Solar Hardware System Page 2 of pages

H £ 4-J U QJ CO £ e U 11) w

12

Hardware

elements

are:

Subsystems,

Components,

and

Parts.

Identify

as

precisely

as

possible.

Types

of

Action:

Eliminate,

Replace,

Relocate,

etc.

Actions

are

to

be

described

in

detail

in

section

3

of

this

report.

When

hardware

element

is

removed

from

system

and

another

element

is

installed,

the

replacement

element

is

to

be

described

on

Table

2.

The

removed

element

is

described

on

this

table.
Maintenance Service Call Report

Page 3 of 4 pages

Solar Hardware System

Table 2. Description of Replacement Hardware Element

Action Name of Identification of Replacement Element Cost of No

Element Model No. Serial No. Manufacturer Element

Table 3. Description of Replacement Material*

Action Type of Generic, Chemical Quantity Hardware Element Cost of

No. Material* or Trade Name Replaced in Which Replaced Material

* Materials are expendable items such as: Bolts, Fluid, Gas, Gaskets, Insulation, Piping,

Sealants, Screws, Wire, etc.

13
Maintenance Service Call Report

Solar Hardware System

Page 4 of A pages

4. System Downtime:

a. Date and time the system became inoperative

b. Date and time the maintenance action(s) was initiated

c. Date and time the system was returned to operation

5. Cost of Maintenance Action(s):

a. Direct labor for each action (list labor in time and money for each action):

Totals from Table 1 hrs . $

b. Hardware elements replaced

Total from Table 2. $

c. Materials replaced

Total from Table 3 $

d. Total cost of maintenance actions $

6.

Personnel Identification:

a. Person completing this report

b Person responsible for performing maintenance

c. Firm responsible for performing maintenance _

Address

Phone No

7.

Additional Remarks Regarding System or Maintenance: Include details of personal injuries and building damages if connected with either system operation or maintenance.

14
4.0 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS

4 . 1 General

Detailed catalogs of the TNI data required are contained in Parts Two and Three of this plan.

The data defined in Part Two, which will be obtained from A/E firms integrating solar systems into

dwellings, the system designer /manufacturer and the various component manufacturers, will be collected

during the design and construction phases. The data requirements of Part Three relate to events which

occur during the operational phase and to a limited extent the design and construction phase of the demonstration program. Recommendations for the collection and analysis of the data will be addressed

in this section.

4.2

Collection of TNI Data

4.2.1 Introduction

The collection of TNI data presents a far different problem than does the collection of instrumentation

data. The latter, by means of an automatic site data acquisition system, and the appropriate software,

can be collected, processed and disseminated by microprocessors. But, the TNI data must be collected

manually, and most probably transcribed manually for computer processing. Hand manipulation of data

inherently breeds errors. Hence methods must be devised to minimize such errors. It is the purpose

of this section to present a base-line data collection procedure to efficiently collect data.

4.2.2 Base-Line Data Collection Tasks

This procedure encompases the following tasks:

(1) Design of the forms on which to record the data that has been identified

in the Parts Two and Three.

(2) Dissemination of forms to appropriate data sources for the recording of data.

(3) The manual recording of data on the forms.

(4) Review of the filled out forms for completeness by professional personnel.

(5) Collection and organization of the completed forms.

(6) Transcription of the data onto computer compatible forms.

4. 2. 2.1 Design of Data Collection Forms

In designing the forms for data collection it must be clearly understood that the data requirements

listed in this document are not exhaustive. Therefore, the forms must allow for the recording of data

which has not been anticipated. The forms should be concise and act as a check list, if possible.

Moreover, instructions must be prepared for recording the data.

The following three types of data collection forms are needed:

(1) Forms to record the problems encountered by A/E's, building officials, building occupants

and contractors in integrating and installing solar systems into buildings. Since these

15
records will be in a narrative report mode, the forms should be designed to insure comprehensiveness.

(2) Forms to collect the identification, materials and performance data listed is

Part Two are needed. In addition, forms to transcribe these data into formats

that are computer compatible are required.

(3) Forms to record the operational events data cataloged in Part Three. Most of

the data are expected to emanate from the maintenance and repair of solar systems,

once they are operating. Repair and maintenance forms must be designed to insure

that data contained in Part Three are recorded accurately and that they can be readily transcribed for input into the NBS data base. Moreover, these forms must

allow for the recording of unanticipated problems. Two basic types of forms are required; a form similar to the one shown in Section 3.2.5 for use in collecting field

maintenance data and a computer compatible transcription form that can be used to tran- scribe these data in a manner compatible with the requirements of Parts Three and Four of this plan.

4. 2.2.2 Recording and Review of Data on Collection Forms

The HUD and ERDA demonstration program management contractors and their various subcontractors have

the primary responsibility for collecting and recording the data defined in this plan. All data

forms must be reviewed for completeness and accuracy by professional personnel of the contracting

firm responsible for recording the data.

It is beyond the scope of this report to address transcription, error analysis, or computer processing

of the data; however, computer analysis of the data is within the scope of this report, and will be briefly addressed in section 4.3. A schematic flow chart depicting the interrelationship of the various elements of non-instrumentation data processing is presented in figure 1.3.

A team of professionals or highly skilled technicians in which all technical disciplines are represented should be formed to transcribe the data from the data collection forms onto the coding sheets. The team should work as a group, so that everyone can benefit from discussions concerning the proper

coding symbols for the events, causes, action taken, etc., for the data found on the data collection

forms. Data not included in the initial coding dictionary provided to the team should be identified

by the team for inclusion in subsequent coding dictionary revisions.

4.3 Data Analysis

Data processing programs need to be developed to establish trends, compile data on the most frequently

reported events, and ferret out events data which may be infrequently reported but could have serious

effects on solar hardware systems. The programs should be capable of (1) processing the entire data

base and causing the computer to print out summations for events that occur during the operational

phases of the residential and commercial demonstration programs and (2) correlating these events with

the identification, materials and performance data defined in Part Two of this plan.

A detailed description of the data analysis process, including sections on the use of the data sum- mation tables is presented in Part Four of this plan.

16
Figure 1.3

Schematic Flow Chart for Processing

of the Non- Instrumentation Data

17
5.0 TASK RESPONSIBILITIES

The non-instrumentation technical data to be collected during the demonstration programs and methods

of collection , computer processing of data, and recommendations for output format, are presented in this document. The various tasks required to implement the data requirements plan are listed below.

0 Development of Data Collection Forms

In order to efficiently collect the data listed in Parts Two and Three appropriate forms must be developed.

° Instructions and Training

Instructions and training of personnel to adequately fill out the data collection forms need to be developed.

0 Collection of Forms Data forms must be collected on a periodic basis.

° Transcribe Data to Coding Forms

Once the forms have been collected, the data must be processed. The first step in data

processing is to transcribe the data onto coded forms such that the data is machine

processable. This includes the development of the coding symbols, training and supervision

of the personnel who are to transcribe the data.

° Keypunching or Keytape

The data must then be keypunched on cards or tape for automatic data processing.

° Error Analysis

Once the data has been put into the computer it must be checked for errors.

0 Computer Processing

Programs must be developed to perform the data analysis requirements of Part Four.

° Evaluation of Analyzed Data Data will be analyzed to extract the information needed to develop definitive performance

criteria and to perform other studies as discussed in Section 1.2.

18
PART TWO

BUILDING/ SITE/ SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

IDENTIFICATION, MATERIALS

AND PERFORMANCE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The data requirements contained in this part provide information needed to (1) locate and

characterize the building, (2) provide a description of the major subsystems and components

of solar heating and cooling systems and (3) provide data required for system thermal design

and calculation of building thermal heating and cooling loads. The data contained herein

will be used to calculate predicted thermal performance which can then be compared with

actual performance and used to establish a valid basis on which to formulate solar energy

system design standards. in addition, these data will be used in combination with the data

defined in Part Three of this report to categorize durability, reliability, maintainability

and failure problems during the solar demonstration program.

The data are subdivided into two major categories; (1) data requirements for the building

and (2) data requirements for the solar energy system. The major portion of the data in the latter category is devoted to characterizing solar collectors, thermal storage, and energy transport; since these subsystems are the least developed of all those in the total

hardware system.

Half size or larger sets of final architectural drawings including plot and landscape plans

and mechanical, electrical and structural drawings as well as specifications should be

readily available to aid in the evaluation process. These sets of drawings should be pro- vided by the architect/engineer responsible for solar system/building integration.

Most of the items in subsection (f) cf section 2.0 are concerned with the determination of building heat loads. In cases where just solar hot water systems are used,

only those items marked with an asterisk (*) need to be provided in this subsection.

The data lists that are presented in this report are intended to serve as a basis for computer coding. They are open ended in nature and will be expanded on an as needed basis. More detailed data requirements are presented in the Appendix. These data will be required

for a selected number of instrumented demonstration systems on which comprehensive thermal

analyses will be performed. These systems will be identified during the course of the demonstration program.

19
2.0 BUILDING/ SITE

a. Building Identification Number

b . Building Location, Owner and Architects/Engineers

(1) Location

Street address

City, county

° State and zip code

(2) Owner/Builder/Developer

° Name

° Street address

° City, county

° State and zip code

0 Telephone number

(3) Architect/Engineer

° Firm name

° Street address

° City, county

0 State and zip code

° Telephone number

c . Type of Solar System Integration and Governing Codes

(1) Integration of the solar system took place concurrently with the design of

the building.

(2) Integration of solar equipment occurred after the building design was fixed.

(3) Integration of the solar system was a retrofit into an existing building.

(4) Governing Codes

° State Code

° Local Code

° Uniform Building Code (ICBO)

° Southern Standard Building Code (SBCC)

° Basic Building Code (BOCA)

° National Building Code (AIA)

° Minimum Property Standards (HUD)

20
I'i i I 1 d I ng (

V

fup. mi- v Tyjur’s

(I) Residences

° Single Family IH'l ached

° Single Family At inched

. Duplex

. Tr I p I ex

. Quad nip 1 ex

. Rowhouse (state number of units)

° Mobile Home

. Single' Wide

. Double- Wide

(2) Stores

° Small Store

° Var le'l V Si ore

° Supermarket

° Department Store

° Shopping Mall

(3) Commercial and Public Buildings

° Dining and Knterta inment Center

, Restaurant

. Cafeteria

Bar and Night Club

° Office Building

° Library and Museum

° Bowling Center

0 Communication Center (Telephone & Teletype Buildings,

Radio & TV Stations)

0 Transportation Center and Underground Garage

° Post Office

° Fire Station

(4) Places of Assembly

21
Church

° Auditorium (Motion Picture Theaters, Legitimate Theaters,

Concert Halls, School)

0 Sports Arena

° Gymnasium

° Convention and Exhibition Center

° Swimming Pool (Design capacity, gal. (1-7 + 3%)* and water temp., °F (1-2 + 2°)

(5)

Multiple Dwelling and Domiciliary Facilities

° Apartment House (state number of units)

. Low rise (1 to 3 stories)

. Medium rise (4 to 7 stories)

. High rise (8 or more stories)

° Dormitory (state number of units)

° Hotel and Motel "

0 Nursing Home

(6)

Educational Facilities (classrooms, lecture rooms, assembly rooms, auditoriums)

(7)

Health Facilities

° Hospital

° Clinic

(8) Warehouses

(9) Laboratories

(10) Industrial Buildings

° Light Industry

° Heavy Industry

(11) Greenhouses

e. Category of Occupancy

(1) Commercial

(2) Institutional

* Letters and Numbers in parenthesis refer to the precision and accuracy of the data. The terms I and F are used to indicate field width

for integers and fractional numbers, respectively. For example, 1-7 indicates a number

with seven integers (e.g. 1,600,101) and F-4 .

indicates that four spaces are required, one

of which is for an integer after the decimal

point. The remaining three spaces are for a decimal point and two integers before the decimal point (e.g. 26.1). The term A indicates the field width for letters. For example, the term A-2 indicates two letters

(e.g. NE).

° Elementary school

° High school

° University and college

22
Religious

° Medical

(3) Governmental

° Municipal

° County

° State

° Federal

(4) Private

° Owner occupied

0 Renter occupied

f . Building and Climatic Factors

*(1) Latitude N (°N)(I-2 + 1°)

*(2) Altitude, ft(I-4 + 5%)

(3) Normal cooling degree days (°F days/yr)(i_4 + 2%)

(4) Average summer temperature (°F)(l-3 + 2°)

(5) Cooling hours per year (per ASHRAE) (1-6 + 2%)

(6) Normal heating degree days (°F days/yr) (1-4 + 2%)

(7) Heating degree days for January (1-3 + 2%)

(8) Average winter temperature (°F)(I-3 + 2°)

2 *(9) Average total horizontal solar radiation for January (Btu/ft -day) (1-5 + 5%)

2 *(10) Average total horizontal solar radiation for July (Btu/ft -day) (1-5 + 5%)

(11) 97 1/2% heating outdoor design temperature (°F) (1-3 + 2°)

(12) Heating indoor design temperature (°F) (1-2 + 2°)

(13) 2 1/2% cooling outdoor design temperature (®F) (1-2 + 2°)

(14) Cooling indoor design temperature (°F) (1-2 + 2°)

(15) Front of building faces (N, NE, NW, SE, S, SW, E, W) (A-2 + 22 1/2 °)

*(16) Design monthly average wind direction (N, NE, NW, SE, S, SW, E, W) (A-2 + 22 1/2 °)

*(17) Design monthly average wind velocity (MPH) (1-2 + 10%)

(18) Outdoor design dew point (cooling only) (1-2 + 3°)

2 (19) Design shaded glass area - heating season (ft ) (1-5 + 2%)

2 s (20) Design shaded glass area - cooling season (ft ) (I-5f 2%)

* In cases where just solar hot water systems are used, only those items marked with an asterisk (*) need to be provided.

23
*(21) Estimated daily hot water load [ gal. (1-3 + 10%), outlet temp. (°F) (1-3 + 5°)

and average source temp. (°F) (1-2 + 10%)]

(22) Building load calculations and worksheets t

g. Building

(1) Number of Stories

° above the ground

° below the ground

(2) Total height above ground (average, ft.) (1-4 + 5%)

(3) Conditioned floor areas

0 Floors through each contain sq ft (1-5 + 2%)

(List all groups of floors with different floor areas; see following

example: Floors 1 thru 6, 900 sq ft each

Floors 7 thru 9, 600 sq ft each; in addition, identify floor areas

which utilize solar energy.)

(4) Wall geometry - The data listed in this section is required for each wall

of the building

° Wall identification number _

The numbering system for wall is as follows:

The front of the building is always identified as wall number one.

The remaining walls are numbered consecutively as they are encountered

in proceeding clockwise around the building starting with the center

of the number one wall tangent to the hour circle at 12 o'clock.

° Wall geometry

. Height at highest part of the wall if it is not the same as the total

height of the building.

. Total area of door openings sq ft (1-4 + 2%)

Total area of windows sq ft (1-5 + 2%)

(5) Roof

° Flat

° Sloped (specify pitch angle)

t For residential dwellings and small commercial buildings the building load can be

calculated using Manual J or an equivalent method. An appropriate procedure utilizing

hourly simulations should be followed for large commercial buildings. Detailed building

data requirements for instrumented sites are listed in Appendix A.

24
( 6 ) Attic

° Ventilated

° Unventilated

(7) Crawl space

° vented

° unvented

25
3.0 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM OR SYSTEMS IN THE BUILDING

a. System Description

(1) System function

° Domestic hot water or service hot water (HW)

° Space heating (H)

° Space cooling (C)

° HW + H

° HW + C

° HW + H + C

° H + C

(2) Type of system

° Active, air

° Active, liquid

° Passive

Window type

+ Directly irradiated storage

+ Indirectly heated storage

+ Combined directly and indirectly heated storage

. Thermosyphon

+ Air

+ Liquid

. Liquid bag type

. Air plenum

. Evaporator

° Hybrid systems (indicate types and functions as specified above)

b . Drawings

(1) Solar energy system schematic drawings, materials schedules, and specifications

shall be provided identifying major components along with valves, pumps, controls

and sensors in a manner consistent with figure 2.1. Separate schematic drawings

shall be provided showing control temperature setpoints, heat transfer fluid

flow rates and directions for each system operational mode. Standard ASHRAE

symbols and hardware designations shall be used.

26
SOLArt

HcA,

u\G

A,\D

CGGlh\G

SYSi

c,V,S

EVALUATiGM

(COiNiT)

27

Otic

specific

type

of

solar

heating

and

cooling

system

is

shown.

It

utilizes

a

direct

heat

exchanger

for

heating

and

an

absorption

air

conditioner

for

cooling.

The

coupling

of

the

various

subsystems

is

illustrated.

Many

other

combinations

may

be

employed.
(2) A schematic drawing showing solar energy system and distribution systems

integration.

(3) A schematic drawing showing the location of the major solar energy system

components with respect to the building.

c . System Designer /Manufacturer

(1) Name/Location

° Name of system designer/manufacturer

° Street address

° City, county

0 State, zip code

° Telephone number

(2) System identification

° Model name

° Model number

° Serial number

d. System Predicted Performance

(1) Type of analytical model used for performance calculation

° Steady state

0 Transient

(2) Simulation time period

° Hourly

° Daily

° Monthly

(3) Analytical Model Designation

Data used as inputs to the TRNSYS Simulation Program are listed in

Appendix B

28
(4) Monthly performance

Month

Total Load Energy to Load Supnlied Bv

F5 . 2+5% & Hor

Water

Htg . , 5tu x 10

n 5 . 2+5%

Bldg.

Htg.

Btu x 10^

F5 . 2+5%

Bldg.

Cooling

(F5. 2+5%)

Solar System*

Btu x 10

6

F5. 2+5%

Auxiliary * Btu x 10°

Btu x 10

6 DHW H C DHW H C

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

Jun.

Jul

Aug.

Sep

Oct

Nov.

Dec

Total

*Specify combined energy In first column if not available separately and so indicate,

e. Collectors (repeat for each collector type used)

(1) Discrete collector type

° Liquid tube and plate

0 Liquid flat plate trickle type

° Liquid flat plate pressure diffusion bonded passage

° Liquid flat plate deformed and spot welded

° Liquid flat plate, heat trap (e.g., honeycomb)

0 Liquid concentrating

. Fresnel lens and absorber on tracking mount

. Reflector and absorber on tracking mount

. Reflector on tracking mount with fixed absorber

. Absorber on tracking mount with fixed reflector

° Liquid evacuated tube

29
Air evacuated tube

° Air flat plate, finned

° Air flat plate, black gauze matrix

° Air flat plate, black glass

(2) Integrated Collector/Storage Combinations

0 Liquid

. Wall

+ Enclosed

. Roof

+ Bag type

+ Open pond

° Solid

. Wall

. Roof

. Floor

(3) Manufacturer's name

° Street address

° City

° State, zip code

° Telephone number

(4) Collector identification

0 Model number

° Model name

(5) Collector location

° On ground

° On roof of building

0 On walls of building

° On separate structure

(6) Collector Tilt and Orientation

° Flat plate reflector angle of tilt (degrees from horizontalXl-2 + 2°)

° Orientation (degrees E or W of S) based on true N (1-3 + 5°)

° Adjustable range (degrees) specify whether tilt, orientation or both (1-2 + 5°)

0 Non^adj us table

30
(7) Array and collector physical characteristics

° Number of collector panels of each size

2

° Total area of array (outside) (ft ) (1-5 + 2%)

2

° Effective array aperture area (ft ) ( 1-5 + 1 %)

° Length of each collector panel size (inXF-5.1 + 2%)

° Width of each collector panel size (in) (F-3.1 + 2%)

° Depth of frame of each collector panel size (in)(F-4.1 + 5%)

° Height of standoff of each collector panel size (in)(I-3 + 10%)

° Weight (lb/collector panel)

. Empty (1-3 + 5%)

. Full (1-3 + 5%)

° Weight of filled array and support structure (lb) (1-5 + 5%)

(8) Amount of collector array shading

° Area shaded on June 21 between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.

solar time (% of aperture) (1-2 + 5%)

° Area shaded on December 22 between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.

solar time (% of aperture) (1-2 + 5%)

0 Maximum % shaded during functional season (1-2 + 5%)

(9) Cover plates (specify none, 1,2, 3 and repeat information for each

cover plate starting with the outermost plate)

° Manufacturer's name

° Product identification name and number

° Window material (substrate)

. Sheet

+ Glass

Tempered

- Plate

Single strength

Double strength

- Water white

- Normal iron content

31
+ Fiberglass reinforced plastic

Polyester filler (plastic)

Epoxy filler (plastic)

+ Polycarbonates (Lexan)

+ Acrylic

. Films

+ Tedlar

+ Mylar

+ Teflon

+ Polycarbonate

Physical dimensions of cover plate

. Thickness (in) (for each cover plate) (F-4.3 + .001)

. Length (in) (F-5.1 + .1)

. Width (in) (F-5.1 + .1)

Optical Properties (in the solar and infrared regions for each cover plate)

. Transmittance (F-3.2 + .02)

. Reflectance (F-3.2 + .02)

. Emittance (70°F) (F-3.2 + .02)

Edge and/or surface treatment (specify for each treated cover plate f edge

or surface)

. Mechanical

+ Sand Blast

+ Grind

+ Polish

. Chemical etch

. Fire polish

. Coating

+ Function

- Reflective

- Anti-reflective

Protective

32
+ Material

- Indium oxide

Tin oxide

- Magnesium fluoride

- Tedlar

- Mylar

Teflon

- Polycarbonate

+ Application methods (coating)

- Vacuum deposited

Sputtered

Electrochemical deposition

Precipitation

Vapor decomposition

Dipped

Sprayed

Heat laminated

(10) Passive collector heat transfer control

° Louver

° Shade

° Bead

° Board

° Screen

(11) Absorber

° Manufacturer's name

° Model number

° Model name

° Absorptive coating/surface

. Material

+ Flat black paint

Alkyd enamel

Acrylic enamel

33
Inorganic

Silicone

Lead sulfide/silicone

+ Ceramic enamel

+ Black zinc paint

+ Copper oxide over aluminum

+ Black copper over copper

+ Black chrome over nickel (specify bright or dull nickel)

+ Black nickel over nickel (specify bright or dull nickel)

+ Black iron over steel

. Method of application

+ Painted

+ Vacuum deposited

+ Chemically plated

+ Sputtered

+ Chemical decomposition

+ Chemical vapor deposition

. Optical properties (in the solar and infrared regions)

+ Absorptance (F-3.2 + .02)

+ Emittance (specify normal or hemispherical at 70°F) (F-3.2 + .02)

Substrate

Material

+ Aluminum (alloy designation)

+ Copper (alloy designation)

+ Steel (alloy designation)

+ Brass (alloy designation)

+ Plastic (generic type)

. Thickness (in) (F-4.3 + 5%)

Heat transfer fluid passages

. Materials

+ Aluminum (alloy designation)

+ Copper (alloy designation)

34
+ Steel (alloy designation)

+ Brass (alloy designation)

+ Plastic (generic type)

. Wall Thickness (in) (F-4.3 + 5%)

. Internal diameter (in) (F-4.3 + .010)

. Protective coating

+ Anodized

+ Galvanized

+ Conversion type

+ None

. Tube passage bond to substrate

+ Soldering

+ Welding

+ Brazing

+ Mechanical connection

Heat transfer compound (specify)

Without heat transfer compound

+ Adhesive

(12) Insulation

0 Location and number of layers

. Sides - number of layers

. Back - number of layers

(Complete the following for each layer of insulation)

° Manufacturer ' s name

. Product identification name

. Product identification number

° Material

. Glass fiber

. Isocyanurate

. Polyurethane

+ CC>2 blown

+ Freon blown

35
. Styrofoam

Glass foam

. Mineral wool

. Calcium silicate

° Binder content (%) by wt. (1-2 + 5%) and type (specify)

° Thickness (in) (F-4.1 + 5%)

° Density (lb/cu ft) (1-3 + 5%)

° Thermal resistance (R value) (1-2 + 5%)

(13) Gaskets and Sealants

° Manufacturer's name

. Product identification name and number

° Location

. Cover plate inner

. Cover plate outer

. Backing plate

. Piping penetration

. Frame joints

° Sealant type

Oil base

. Butyl skinning type

. Butyl non-skinning type

Acrylic solvent release type

. Acrylic water release type

Polysulfide one component

. Polysulfide two component

. Polyurethane one component

. Polyurethane two component

Silicone

° Gaskets

. Cork

Rubber (generic type)

Plastic (generic type)

36
(14) Mounting frame

° Manufacturer's name (if factory assembled unit)

. Model name

Product identification name or number

° Material

. Steel (alloy designation)

Aluminum (alloy designation)

. Wood (generic type)

. Plastic (generic type)

° Protective coating

None

. Galvanized

. Anodized

. Painted

. Galvanized /painted

. Anodized/painted

. Conversion coating/painted

° Number of attachment points

0 With or without standoffs (specify)

(15) Collector performance - use the slope intercept method per ASHRAE 93-77,

provide a minimum of four points over the inlet temperature range of 100° -

2 180° F and insolation range of 150 - 300 Btu/ft hr at design flow rates.

(One curve may be sufficient for liquid systems but several flow rates

and curves are required for air systems.) A plot of the thermal efficiency

versus the difference in temperature between the average collector fluid

temperature and ambient divided by the incident insolation for the range of

exposure conditions will provide the basic thermal performance at near normal

incident angles. Additional data regarding the following features shall be

included.

37
Angle modifier

. 45° (F-3.1 + 5%)

. 60° (F-3.1 + 5%)

. 75° (F-3.1 + 5%)

0 Thermal response time constant (min) (F-3.1 + 10%)

° Back & edge thermal loss (Btu/hr-f t^-°F) (F-3.1 + 10%)

o

° Total heat loss coefficient, U , (Btu/hr-ft °F) (F-3.2 + 10%)specify

design wind speed (F-3.1 + 10%)

2

° Design flow rates, Liquid: (gpm) Air: (cu ft/ft - min) (F-3.1 + 1%)

(16) Reflector

° Substrate material

. Aluminum (alloy designation)

. Steel (alloy designation)

. Glass

. Plastic (generic type)

° Reflective surface

. Polished substrate

. Aluminum

+ Vacuum deposited

+ Electroplated

. White paint

° Protective coating

. None

. Anodized

. Clear coating

° Physical dimensions (thickness, length, and width inches) (F-3.1 + 5%)

° Shape (specify flat, cylindrical, parabolic)

° Concentration factor (F-4.1 + 10%) and solar reflectance (F-3.1 + .02)

(17) Desiccants (specify location and whether self regenerating)

° Silica Gel

° Anhydrous calcium chloride

38
f. Thermal Storage (repeat for each storage unit used)

(1) Storage container design

° Number of containers

° Volume (cu ft) (1-4 + 5%)

° Dimensions (specify shape cubical, rectangular, cylindrical, etc.)

. Length (ft) (1-3 + 2%)

. Width (ft) (1-2 + 2%)

. Height (ft) (1-2 + 2%)

. Diameter (in ) (i-3 + 2%)

° Thermal gradients

. Number of segments

. Temperature gradient - each segment (°F) (1-2 + 20%)

(2) Storage maximum and minimum usable design temperatures (specify for heating

and cooling separately) (1-3 + 5%)

(3) Storage medium

° Sensible heat

. Liquid types

+ Water

+ Ethylene glycol/water

+ Propylene glycol/water

+ Silicone fluid

+ Alkylated phenol

+ Paraffinic oil

+ Immiscible oil/water

. Liquid composition by % of total volume (1-2 + 10%)

. Physical properties of the liquid

+ Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F) (F-4.3 + 1%)

+ Density (lb/cu ft) (1-3 + 1%)

+ Viscosity over working temperatures range (poises) (F-5.2 + 5%)

+ Boiling point (°F) (1-3 + 3°)

+ Freezing point (°FXl-3 + 3°)

+ pH factor (F-4.1 + 5%)

39
+ Inhibitor type (generic name)

+ Inhibitor type % of total weight (1-3 + 10%)

+ Maximum recommended use temperature (°F)(I-3 + 5%)

+ Flash point temperature (°F)(l-3 + 5%) + Toxicity

Potable

Unfit for human consumption

. Solid Types

+ Materials

Crushed stone

Smooth surfaced stone

Concrete

Brick

- Concrete block

+ Packing Characteristics

Size ranges

1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches

2 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches

3 1/2 to 4 1/2 inches

4 1/2 to 5 1/2 inches

- Weight per cu. ft of packed material (lb) (1-3 + 10%)

Total weight of storage medium (lb) (1-5 + 10%)

+ Physical properties

Specific heat of solid material (Btu/lb/°F) (F-4.3 + 1%)

3 Heat capacity of packed material (Btu/ft /°F) (F-3.1 + 5%)

3 + Flow rate of heat transport (ft /min) (1-3 + 5%)

+ Pressure drop between inlet and outlet (psi) (F-3.1 + 10%)

Latent Heat

. Materials

+ Salt hydrates

Calcium chloride hexahydrate

40
Sodium carbonate decahydrate

- Disodium phosphate dodecahydrate

Sodium sulphate decahydrate

- Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate

+ Eutectic mixtures

- CaCl

2 MgCl3 - H

2 0

- Mg(N0

3

) 2 - 6H

2 0 - A1(N0

3

) 3 - 9H

2 0

Acetamide-stearic acid

Urea

+ Paraffin

Homogeneous

Encapsulated and suspended in liquid

Additives

+ Nucleating agents

Generic type

Percent by weight

+ Thickening agent

Generic type

Percent by volume

Physical properties of medium

+ Type of transformation

Solid - liquid

- Dissolution-recrystallization

- Solid - solid

+ Transformation temperature (°F)(I-3 + 5°)

+ Latent heat of transformation (Btu/lb) (1-3 + 2%)

+ Specific heat above transformation (Btu/lb/°F) (F-3.2 + 2%)

+ Specific heat below transformation (Btu/lb/°F) (F-3.2 + 2%)

+ Viscosity of liquid phase over working temperature range (poises) (F-5 . 2 + 5%)

3 + Density of solid phase (lb/ft )(I-3 + 2%)

3 + Density of liquid phase (lb/ft )(I-3 + 2%)

41
+ Boiling point (°F)(I-3 + 3°)

3 + Total volume of medium (ft ) (1-3 + 2%)

+ Maximum recommended use temperature (°F)(I-3 + 10°)

+ Flash point temperature (°F) (1-3 + 10°)

+ Toxicity

Potable

Unfit for human consumption

(4) Tank or container construction

° Container Material

. Concrete

. Concrete block

. Steel

. Aluminum

. Wood

. Plastic (generic type)

. Glass fiber reinforced plastic (resin generic type)

° Filters (include manufacturer's name and product designation)

. At inlet

. At outlet

. At both inlet and outlet

. None

° Tank or container lining

. Epoxy compounds

. Neoprene

. Hypalon

. Porcelain enamel

. Butyl rubber

. Glass

. Stone

° Tank or container location

. Above ground

42
+ On site

+ On roof of building

+ In walls of building

+ In attic of building

+ In room of building

. Below ground

+ On site

+ In basement + Below foundation

+ In foundation

Tank or container insulation

. Insulation material

+ Glass fiber

+ Calcium silicate

+ Mineral fiber

+ Cellular rubber

+ Polyurethane foam

+ Styrofoam

+ Reflective foil

+ None

. Insulation thickness (in) (F-3.1 + 5%)

. Insulation density (lb/cu ft) (1-2 + 5%)

. Thermal resistance (R value) (1-2 + 5%)

. Exterior finish (moisture barrier)

+ Asphalt

+ Asphalt and felt

+ Metal cladding (generic name and alloy designation)

+ Plastic coating (generic name)

+ Paint (generic name)

+ Cementitious material

+ None

43
0 Material for racks, troughs, etc., holding latent heat material inside

the storage container

. Plastic (specify)

Metal (specify)

° Provisions for auxiliary built-in heaters

. Quantity (specify none, 1, 2, etc.)

. Manufacturer

+ Manufacturer's name

+ Model number

. Capacity (kw) (1-3 + 5%)

(5) Heat Exchangers (repeat for each heat exchanger and identify by number

on system schematic drawing

) section 3.0 (b) )

0 Type of exchange

Air to air

Air to liquid.

Liquid to liquid

° Type flow

Parallel flow

. Counter flow

Cross flow

0 Heat exchanger design

Shell and tube

+ Number of tube passes

+ Number of shell passes

. Fin-coil

. Special types

+ Heat pipe

+ Tube around tank

+ Tube inside tank

0 Number of walls

. Single

. Double

44
° Effectiveness (specify flow conditions) (F-3.2 + 10%)

° Materials

. Copper (alloy designation)

. Aluminum (alloy designation)

. Steel (alloy designation)

. Combinations of metals (specify)

° Overall heat transfer coefficient (UA) (1-5 + 5%)

° Flow rate hot side (gpm) liquid, (cfm) air (lb/hr (1-3 + 2%)

° Flow rate cold side (gpm) liquid, (cfm) air (1-3 + 2%)

g. Energy Transport Subsystems (repeat for each circulation loop and identify loop

by number on system schematic drawing, 3.0 (b) )

(1) Liquid type

° Flow rate (GPM) (1-4 + 2%)

° Normal maximum operating temperature (°F) (1-3 + 5%)

° Heat transfer medium

. Material

+ Water

+ Ethylene glycol/water

+ Propylene glycol/water

+ Silicone fluid

+ Alkylated phenol

+ Paraffinic oil

+ Immiscible oil

+ Glycerine/water

. Physical properties of the liquid

+ Specific heat (Btu/lb/°F) over working temperature (F-3.2 + 2%) + Density (lbs/cu ft) (1-3 + 2%) + Viscosity over working temperature range (poises) (F-5.2 + 5%) + Boiling point (°F) (1-3 +2°)

+ Freezing point (°F) (1-3 + 2°)

+ Maximum recommended use temperature (°F) (1-3 + 5%)

+ pH factor

45
+ Chemical feeder to maintain pH (specify)

+ Inhibitor type (generic type)

+ Inhibitor type (% of total weight) (1-2 +

+ Flashpoint temperature (°F) (1-3 + 5%)

+ Toxicity

Potable

Unfit for human consumption

Piping /Manifolds

. Rigid piping/manifold material

+ Copper (alloy designation)

+ Aluminum (alloy designation)

+ Iron (alloy designation)

+ Brass (alloy designation)

+ Steel (alloy designation)

+ Plastic (generic name)

+ Glass

. Protective coating (interior)

+ Anodized

+ Galvanized

+ Plating

+ Porcelain

+ Conversion

+ Rubber

+ Plastic (generic type)

+ None

. Flexible couplings

+ Material

Rubber (generic name)

- Plastic (generic name)

- Metal (name and alloy designation)

+ Reinforcement

Glass fiber

Fabric (generic name)

46

10 %)
Metal wire

None

+ Thickness (in) (F-4.3 + 5%)

+ Pressure rating (psi) (1-3 + 5%)

Connections + Adhesive bonded

+ Soldered

+ Welded

+ Solvent bonded

+ Brazed

+ Clamped

+ Threaded

+ Bolted

Gasket (generic name)

O-ring (generic name)

+ Compression fittings

Piping Insulation

+ Un-insulated

+ Insulation material

Glass fiber

Calcium silicate

- Glass foam

- Mineral fiber

Cellular rubber

Polyurethane foam

+ Insulation thickness (in)(F3.2 + 5%)

+ Insulation density (lb/cu ft) (1-3 + 5%) + Thermal resistance (R value) (F4.1 + 5%) + Above grade

+ Below grade

+ Exterior finish (cover material)

47
None

Foil scrim kraft

Plastic film (generic type)

Rigid plastic (generic type)

Metal jacket

Asphalt

- Glass cloth

- Cement cloth coated fabric

+ Joint treatment

None

Tape and mastic

- Pressure sensitive tape

Heat sealed tape

Metal band

Pumps

. Manufacturer's name

. Model designation

• Type

+ Centrifugal

+ Gear

+ Piston

+ Vane

. Capacity (GPM) over operating head pressure range (1-4 + 5%)

Operating pressure (psi) (1-3 + 5%)

. Maximum recommended operating temperature (°F) (1-3 + 10°)

. Material exposed to heat transfer fluid

+ Brass (alloy designation)

+ Steel (alloy designation)

+ Plastic (generic type)

. Pump motor operating horsepower (F-3.2 + 10%)

48

\
0 Filtering

. Filtered

. Unfiltered

° Getters

. Magnesium

° Valves (for each valve)

. Function

+ Flow switching

+ On-off

+ Drain

+ Bleed

+ Flow adjusting

• Type

+ Globe

+ Gate

+ Butterfly

+ Needle

+ Ball

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

(2) Air type

0 Flow rate (CFM) (1-4 + 5%)

0 Normal maximum design operating temperature (°F) (1-3 + 10°)

0 Ducting

. Rigid

+ Aluminum (alloy designation and thickness in inches) (F-4.2 + 5%)

+ Steel (alloy designation and thickness in inches) (F-4.2 + 5%)

+ Plastic (generic type and thickness in inches) (F-4.2 + 5%)

+ Jacketed glass fiber (density and thickness in inches) (F.4-2 + 5%)

+ Asbestos cement (thickness in inches) (F-4.2 + 5%)

49
Flexible

+ Jacketed glass fiber, wire reinforced

+ Plastic, wire reinforced (generic type)

+ Rubber, wire reinforced

External duct insulation (duct wrap)

+ No additional insulation

+ Insulation material

Glass fiber

- Calcium silicate

- Mineral fiber

Cellular rubber

Polyurethane foam

+ Insulation thickness (in) (F-4.2 + 5%)

+ Insulation density (lb/cu ft) (1-3 + 5%)

+ Thermal resistance (R value) (F-4.1 + 5%)

+ Exterior finish

- None

- Plastic film (generic type)

Reinforced plastic film (generic type)

- Metal (type and thickness in inches)

Foil scrim kraft

- Rigid plastic

Asphalt

Joints

+ Pressure sensitive tape

+ Heat sealed tape

+ Threaded (no sealant)

+ Threaded with sealant

+ Pressure fit

+ Clamped

50
. Internal duct insulation (duct liner) + Insulation material

Glass fiber

Mineral wool

- None + Insulation thickness (in) (F-4.2 + 5%) + Thermal resistance (R value) (F-4.1 + 5%) + Insulation density (lb/cu ft) (1-3 + 5%) + Internal finish

Neoprene

None

. Ducting location + Above grade, exposed to weather + Above grade, inside building + Above grade, otherwise protected from weather + Below grade, exposed to soil + Below grade, inside culvert or utilities tunnel

Blowers

• Type + Vane - axial + Tube - axial + Adjustable - pitch + Squirrel cage

• Capacity (CFM) (1-3 + 5%)

. Operating pressure (psi) (1-2 + 5%)

. Motor operating horsepower (F-3.2 + 5%)

Filtering

Filtered

. Unfiltered

Dampers (for each damper)

. Function

+ Flow switching

+ On - off

+ Flow adjusting

• Type

+ Single blade

+ Opposed blade

+ Multilouver

51
+ Multishutter

+ Splitter

° Manufacturer's name

° Model name /number

h. Controls (specify for each type present)

(1) Load supply mode control unit

° Control logic selector

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

° Sensors (specify locations on system schematic drawings)

• Type

+ Temperature

+ Time

+ Solar radiation

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

° Actuated devices (for each device; show location on system schematic

drawing)

• Type

+ Relay

+ Solenoid

+ Servomotor

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

° Modes of operation (specify: collector to space, collector to storage,

collector to storage and space, collector to HW, storage to space, storage

to HW, storage to auxiliary, storage and auxiliary to space, auxiliary

to storage, energy dumping)

0 Control setpoints, (specify for each system operating mode) °F (1-5 + 2°)

52
( 2 )

( 3 )

Collector /storage flow control unit

° Control logic selector

• Type

+ Differential thermostat

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

° Sensors (specify locations on system schematic drawings)

• Type

+ Thermistor

+ Thermocouple

+ Resistance thermometer

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

0 Actuated devices (for each device; show location on system schematic drawing)

• Type

+ Relay

+ Solenoid

+ Servomotor

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

0 Control setpoints, °F (specify whether differential or absolute temperature)

( 1-7 + 2 °) Energy transport operation regulators

(Repeat for each device; specify locations on system schematic drawings)

° Flow regulators

• Type

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

° Pressure regulators

• Type

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

53
(4) Subsystem fail-safe controls (Repeat for each device; specify type and locations

on system schematic drawing)

° Type

. Pressure relief valve

. Temperature relief device

. Electrical overload protection

. Vacuum relief valve

. Check valve

. Automatic drain down valve

. "Water hammer" arresters

. Automatic backfill valve

. Backflow preventer

° Manufacturer's name

° Model name/number

(5) Component operation controls

° Tracking mount drive controls

. Sensor

+ Type

Photocell

Timer

+ Manufacturer's name

+ Model name /number

. Control unit

+ Manufacturer's name

+ Model name/number

. Actuated device

+ Type

Servomotor

- Relay

+ Manufacturer's name

+ Model name /number

54
° Storage heater thermostat

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

i . Auxiliary Energy

(1) Location

° Internal with storage

0 In line with storage

° In parallel with storage

(2) Type Unit

° Furnace (standard type)

. Energy required

+ Oil

+ Gas

+ Electric

. Energy input (Btu/hr) (1-6 + 5%)

. Energy output (Btu/hr) (1-6 + 5%)

. Manufacturer's name

. Product identification number (model)

° Hot water heater (standard type)

• Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

. Energy required

+ Oil

+ Gas

+ Electric

. Tank size (gal) (1-4 + 2%)

. Energy input (Btu/hr) (1-7 + 5%)

. Energy output (Btu/hr) (1-7 + 5%)

. Recovery time (gal/hr) (1-4 + 5%)

. Outlet temperature range (°F) (1-7 + 10°)

55
Heat pumps

. Type

+ Air to air

+ Air to liquid

+ Liquid to liquid

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

. Coefficient of performance at std. operating conditions (COP) (1-3.2 + 5%)

. Useful thermal output - heating (Btu/hr) (1-3 + 5%)

. Electrical input - heating (kw) (1-3 + 5 X)

. Useful thermal output - cooling (Btu/hr) (1-3 + 5%)

. Electrical input - cooling (kw) (1-3 + 5%)

Air conditioners (state coefficient of performance - COP) (F-3.2 + 5%)

• Type

+ Vapor compression

+ Rankine cycle

+ Sterling cycle

+ Absorption

+ Desiccant

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

. Type of energy

+ Gas

+ Electric

. Design rate of energy input (kwh or Btu) (1-7 + 5%)

. Total capacity (tons) (1-3 + 5%)

Dehumidifier

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name /number

. Capacity (lb. water vapor/hr) (1-3 + 5%)

56
Resistance heater

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

. Electrical input (kw) (1-4 + 5%)

° Boiler

. Manufacturer's name

. Model name/number

. Energy type

+ Oil

+ Gas

+ Electric

. Energy input (Btu/hr) (1-6 + 5%)

. Energy output (Btu/hr) (1-6 + 5%)

j . HVAC system operation

(1) System type

° Central air

. Single duct

+ Core

+ Perimeter

. Double duct

+ Core

+ Perimeter

. Multizone

+ Fan Coil

+ Induction

+ Radiation

. Variable air volume

0 Hydronic/Air

. Fan Coil

+ Two pipe

+ Four pipe

57
Induction

+ Perimeter

+ Central

. Radiation

° Energy conservation

Heat recovery

+ Heat recovery wheels

+ Heat pipes

+ Waste water heat

. Heat reclaim

. Energy storage

. Demand limiters

. Ventilation control

(2) Heat dissipation devices

0 Evaporative condenser

0 Air cooled condenser

° Cooling tower

. Liquid

. Air

(3) System operating temperature set points

° Heating

. Weekdays (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

. Week nights (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

. Weekends (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

° Cooling

. Weekdays (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

. Week nights (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

. Weekends (°F & number of hours/day) (1-2 + 2°) (F-3.1 + 5%)

58
k. Freeze Protection

° Drain-down (air bleed)

° Drain-down (pressurized nitrogen backfill)

° Antifreeze

° Non-freezing fluid

° Freeze tolerant design (describe)

° Circulation of hot storage fluid

0 Auxiliary heaters

0 Use in non-freezing climates

1 . Overheating Protection

0 Collector shutters

° Energy dumping heat exchanger

“ Air cooling

° Concentrator off-tracking device

59
APPENDIX A

DETAILED BUILDING DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOM THERMAL LOAD CALCULATION

1.0 Exterior Shell of Building

(a) Walls and Roof

Identify the overall U value, exposure designation, the materials used and

thicknesses of all components comprising the exterior walls and roof of the

building, starting with the interior surface and including all air spaces in

the construction. State the solar absorptance (or the color) of the exterior

surface. Repeat for each different wall or roof construction.

Example for Exterior Wall

2

° U value 0.08 (Btu/hr ft °F) (for roof state summer and winter value)

° Exposure designation walls 1, 3 and 4 (see section 2, g, para. 4

for description)

° Construction

1/2 inch sheetrock

3 1/2 inch fiberglass insulation

1/2 inch plywood sheathing

4 inch face brick

° Solar absorptance 0 .

(b) Windows and Glass Doors

Identify the window or door type, location, dimensions, heat transfer and

infiltration characteristics, internal and exterior shade devices

for each type of window and glass door.

Example

° Window/door type metal frame, sliding, double glazed window

0 Location walls 2,3 and 6

° Dimensions 3'-0 X 4'-6" (length and height)

60
° U value 0.48 (Btu/hr ft^ °F)

° Maximum infiltration rate 1 .

CFM @ L5 MPH wind velocity

(usually certified by test) (state summer and winter values)

° Internal shading coefficient 0.57 (insulating glass with internal

Venetian blind)

° External shade device overhang and vertical fin (provide drawings showing

dimensions of shade devices and corresponding fenestration)

(c) Opaque Exterior Doors

Identify the door type, location, dimensions, heat transfer and infiltration

characteristics for each type of opaque exterior door.

° Door type Wood door/frame, hinged with storm door

° Location Wall 1

0 Dimensions 3'- 0" X 6’- 8"

° U value 0 . 35 (Btu/hr ft^ °F)

° Maximum infiltration rate 2

CFM @ 15^ MPH wind velocity

(estimate based on primary door or storm door characteristics)

(state summer and winter values)

2.0 Interior Surfaces of Building

(a) Floors and Ceilings

Identify the overall U value, materials used and thicknesses of all components

of the floors and ceilings. Specify the occupancy of the space on the other

side of the floor or ceiling as to thermal control i.e., state whether the

other side of the floor or ceiling is another temperature controlled room

or a non-controlled room such as an attic or basement.

Example for Ceiling

O

° U value = 0 . 05 (Btu/hr ft“°F)

° Construction

1/2 inch sheetrock

6 inch fiberglass batt insulation

° Other side occupancy : Forced ventilated attic

61
(b) Interior Walls

Identify the overall U value, materials used and thicknesses of all components

of the primary interior walls. (Primary interior walls subdivide the floor

into rooms or groups of rooms having the same thermal environments such as

exterior exposure, equipment, lighting and occupant densities, and thermostat

schedules.) Specify the occupancy of the space on the other side of the

primary interior wall.

Example

° U value = 0.43 (Btu/hr ft

2 °F)

° Construction

1/4 inch wood paneling

1/2 inch sheetrock

3 1/2 inch air space

1/2 inch sheetrock

° Other side occupancy similar room

3.0 Room Internal Heat Release

(a) Lighting

° Maximum load (watts/ft^) during weekday

° Operating schedule (24 hour profile normalized to maximum load)

weekdays

weekends

holidays

(b) Appliances and Equipment

2 ° Maximum load (watts/ft ) exclusive of HVAC equipment during weekday

° Operating schedule (24 hour profile normalized to maximum load)

weekdays

weekends

holidays

(c) Occupants

° maximum number of adult occupants (count a child as half an adult) during

weekday

62
4 . 0 Room

(a)

(b)

(c)

Occupancy Schedule (24 hour profile normalized to maximum number of

occupants)

weekdays

weekends

holidays

Temperature, Humidity and Ventilation Requirements

Room Temperature (°F)

° 24 hour profile of room thermostat setting during the occupied cooling day

° 24 hour profile of room thermostat setting during the occupied heating day

° Upper limit on room thermostat setting during the unoccupied cooling day

° Lower limit on room thermostat setting during the unoccupied heating day

Room Humidity (°F)

° Upper limit on room relative humidity setting during the cooling day

° Lower limit on room relative humidity setting during the heating day

Koom Ventilation

° Maximum outdoor air temperature for use during the occupied period to

reduce the cooling load (°F)

° Flow rate of outdoor air for natural cooling during occupied day (CFM)

0 Minimum and maximum outdoor temperature for use during non-occupied

period to reduce cooling load (°F)

° Flow rate of outdoor air for natural cooling during unoccupied day (CFM)

63
APPENDIX B

DETAILED SOLAR SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SYSTEM THERMAL PERFORMANCE CALCULATIONS

1 . 0 Collectors

2

° collector effective aperture area (ft )

° collector geometry efficiency factor **

0 fluid thermal capacitance (Btu/lb - °F)

0 collector plate absorptance

2

° collector loss coefficient (Btu/h - °F - ft )

° transmittance of the N cover(s)

° number of covers

° collector plate emittance

2

° loss coefficient for bottom and edge losses (Btu/h - °F - ft )

0 collector tilt and orientation (degrees from horizontal and south, respectively)

° product of the extinction coefficient and the thickness of each cover **

2 . 0 Storage

(a) Stratified Fluid Storage (with optional internal heater)

3 ° tank volume (ft )

° tank height (ft)

° specific heat of the fluid (Btu/lb - °F)

0 fluid density (lb/ft^)

2

° loss coefficient between the tank and the environment (Btu/h - ft - °F) **

0 maximum rate of energy input by the heating element (kw) **

° number of the tank segment in which the heating element is located **

° number of the tank segment in which the thermostat of the heating element

is located **

° set temperature of the heating element thermostat (°F)

° time of day (0 to 24.0) at which the heating element may begin to function **

° time of day beyond which the heating element cannot function **

** Indicates items not requested in Sections 2.0 and 3.0 of Part Two.

64
(b) Rock Bed Thermal Storage

° capacitance of air (Btu/lb - °F)

° effective length of rock bed in flow direction (ft)

2

° cross-sectional area of rock bed (ft )

° perimeter of rock bed (ft)

° capacitance of rock (Btu/lb - °F)

3

0 apparent rock bed density (lb/ft )

2

° loss coefficient (Btu/h - ft - °F) **

0 effective thermal conductivity in the axial direction (Btu/h

Energy Transport

(a) Pumps and fans

maximum flow rate

(b) Heat Exchangers

° Type

. parallel flow

. counter flow

. cross flow

. constant effectiveness

2

° overall heat transfer coefficient of exchanger (Btu/h - ft

° heat exchanger effectiveness

° specific heat of hot side fluid (Btu/lb - °F)

0 specific heat of cold side fluid (Btu/lb - °F)

(c) Pressure Relief Valve

° boiling point of fluid (°F)

0 specific heat of fluid (°F)

Controls

(a) On/Off Differential Controller with Hysteresis

upper dead band difference (°F) **

lower dead band difference (°F) **
(b) Three Stage Room Thermostat

o Minimum solar source temperature for solar source utilization (°F) **

o Room temperature above which room is to be cooled (°F) **

o Room temperature below which 1st stage heating is commanded (°F) **

o Room temperature below which 2nd stage heating is commanded (°F) **

5 . 0 Auxiliary Energy Source

(a) On/Off Auxiliary Heater

O maximum heating rate (Btu/h)

O set temperature (’F) **

o dead band temperature differential (°F) **

o specific heat of fluid (Btu/lb - °F)

(b) Heat Pump (see Figure B-l)

O specific heat of liquid entering heat exchanger A. (Btu/lb - F)

O mass flow rate of liquid entering heat exchanger A (Btu/lb - F) **

o constant room temperature for heating mode (°F) **

o constant room temperature for cooling modes (°F) **

o minimum liquid source temperature for water-air heating operation (°F) **

o minimum air source temperature for air-air heating operation (°F) **

o number of equally spaced heating data points (See heat pump performance

o

data required, p. 56). **

number of equally spaced cooling data points (See heat pump performance

o

data required, p. 56). **

minimum ambient temperature when cooling is allowed ( F) **

o

•MCp product for room air flowing through heat exchangers C, D and E (Btu/h-°F) **

effectiveness of heat exchanger C **

o

minimum liquid source temperature for direct heating from liquid source (°F)

heat exchanger selection integer; 0 = heat exchanger A, 1 = heat

o

exchanger B **

maximum ambient air temperature when heating is allowed (°F) **

Heat pump performance data required

The user must supply the model with performance data for both the heating

66
ROOh/1 AIR

JCAM A.

* _ — -f — j— — — —

Mt A<r /

'

,

CONTROL

“7—n

! Li

FROM AIR

SOURCE

TO AIR

SOURCE

l

\

I

1

AUX.

FURKIACE

pfe=l—

I

'V@D

®

- (D J

1

Figure 3-1 Heat Pump Model Schematic.

(a) Water to refrigerant heat

exchanger

(?) Air to refrigerant heat

exchanger

(c) Direct heating heat ex- changer

(d) Refrigerant to air heat

exchanger

(?) Auxiliary heat exchanger

(?) Refrigerant diverter valves

(?) Liquid source diverter valve

r

67
and the cooling modes. This data must be in the following form:

Heating Data File (at constant condenser inlet temperature)

Cooling Data File

Evap . Fluid Energy Energy Power

Inlet Temp. to Evapto Condenser Input

t

e QAq QRq WAq

te+ath QAi QR

1 WA

1

T +natu

E

H wan

(at constant evaporator inlet temperature)

Condenser Energy Energy Power

Inlet Temp. to Evap

to Condenser Input

T

c %

T +AT

c c <*L 0*

WA^

T +NAT

c c qan

qr

n wan

where T , T +AT ‘ T +NAT are the N+l equally

E E H EH

incremented evaporation inlet temperatures for the

heating data file,

T , T +AT ,

' ' ’

' T +NAT are the N+l equally incremented

c’ C C* C C

'l J

condenser inlet temperatures for the cooling data file.

QA^ is the rate of energy added to the evaporator,

QR^j is the rate of energy rejected from the condenser, and

WA^ is the power input to the heat pump.

The lowest and highest temperatures should span all

conditions likely to be encountered.

(c) Absorption Chiller

° residence heat gain constant

0 room temperature setting (°F)

° constant internal heat generation

° nominal capacity of air conditioner (tons)

68
PART THREE

SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

OPERATIONAL DATA REQUIREMENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The primary vehicle for identifying solar hardware failures and problems that occur during the operational

phases of the solar demonstrations program is the report of maintenance performed on individual solar

hardware systems. These reports will specify the actual steps taken to identify and correct problems

which caused the solar system to malfunction or to be inoperative. This part will describe how these maintenance reports are to be used and how the data on them will be transcribed for data processing.

These data are expected to reveal various operational problems that are peculiar to solar systems and

to certain hardware components. These data are also intended to characterize system failures and problems in such a manner that they can be correlated with the building/site/solar hardware system parameters

identified in Part Two of this report.

Most of the basic data will be collected by maintenance contractors who will be called in to repair

system malfunctions. These maintenance data will be reported on the Maintenance Service Call Report

(Form 1, Part One).

Four types of basic data are required by this form:

1. The operational problems and malfunctions (termed events in this report) identified

by the maintenance contractor.

2. The repair procedures (termed actions in this report) used in eliminating the problems

or malfunctions.

3. The hardware items affected by the events and on which the actions were performed.

4. Costs, downtimes and service times evolving from the performance of the actions.

This part includes listings of standard terms (dictionaries) for the events, actions and hardware items.

These terms are to be used in recording the data from the maintenance report. Since the data on the maintenance report are not in the most suitable form for computer processing, a transcription process

is required. This process is critical to the development of a reliable and unambiguous data base for future analyses.

The transcription of the maintenance data involves the conversion of the language of the maintenance

report to standard terms, the organization of the data to show interrelationships and the encoding and entering of the data elements in a suitable computer format on transcription forms. The transcription

method is described in section 3.0, and an example of the transcription method is shown in section 3.5. The assignment of the actual codes to the standard terms in the dictionaries are beyond the scope of this report, but they will be available when they are needed. In the transcription procedures described

below, it is these codes that will be used to describe the maintenance data for computer input.

69
2.0 DESCRIPTION OF DICTIONARIES

2 . 1 Purpose of Dictionaries

The four dictionaries provided in this part are to be used for three purposes:

° Source of standard terms for data identification.

° Aid in transcribing the basic data from the maintenance report.

° Aid in pinpointing the primary cause of a problem.

2 . 2 Event Dictionary

Table 3.1* is a listing of events covering a broad area of possible malfunctions and operating problems

such as might be identified during routine maintenance and emergency repair actions. This listing is subdivided into the following categories to facilitate its use.

° General (includes Site/Building)

° Mechanical

° Maintainability

° Materials Durability/Reliability

0 Safety

° Structural

° Thermal

In general, the terms listed are oriented toward describing either the malfunction (s) or the cause of the malfunction(s) in the system, the building or the site surrounding the building. Some terms, espe- cially those in the maintainability and safety categories, are oriented primarily toward identification

of existing or potential problems or hazards.

2 . 3 Maintenance Actions Dictionary

Table 3.2 is a listing of the actions which will be taken to eliminate the causes of malfunctions. In general, the action taken will be a positive response to one or more of the events listed in the Event Dictionary. In some cases, no action will be taken but action is recommended. These cases will primarily

involve safety and maintainability events which describe potential hazards and maintenance problems.

2 .4 Site/Building Element Dictionary

Table 3.3 is a listing of site and building elements which might affect or be affected by solar hardware

system operation. This list is shown schematically in figure 3.1 in the form of a logic tree.

2 .5 Solar Hardware System Dictionary

Table 3.4 is a listing of all the solar hardware elements in the system. This list is organized in a format coinciding with the Hardware Logic Tree shown as figure 3.2. The various branches of the logic

tree are identified by their "level" in the tree and on the list. The "level numbers" are used only

for organizational purposes and do not indicate level of importance.

*Figures and tables are presented at the end of Part Three starting with page 79. 70
3.0 TRANSCRIPTION OF MAINTENANCE DATA

3 . 1 Introduction to the Transcription Process

In the discussion which follows, it should be noted that the term "hardware" is used to indicate any element listed in either the Site/Building or the Solar Hardware System dictionary. It should also

be noted that the term maintenance item indicates one unit of maintenance data consisting of an event and its associated hardware element and action, if any.

The transcription process involves five operations:

1. Identification of the various events, actions, and associated hardware elements

(maintenance items) which were described on the maintenance report

2. Translation of the maintenance item terms used on the maintenance report to the standard

terms listed in the four dictionaries.

3. Encoding of the data for computer processing. (Codeswill be supplied later)

4. Organization of the maintenance items into logical groupings.

5. Entering of all the maintenance data on a transcription form.

In general, it is expected that each maintenance report will describe a series of events involving

several hardware elements and one or more actions. In some cases, only one event involving one element may be described. In other cases, more than one event involving only one element may be described. In addition, an action may not always be taken on a hardware element for each event.

It should be noted that one maintenance report may include more than one group of events and may also

include one or more isolated events which are unrelated to any other event.

As an aid in the transcription process, a set of three worksheets are presented. They are:

Worksheet A - Summary of Maintenance Data Worksheet B - Grouping and Ranking Table

Worksheet C - Transcription Form

The data entered on each set of worksheets should meet the following rules:

1. Each event and associated hardware element and action must have been recorded for the same maintenance call on the same solar hardware system.

2. Each event must be associated with one or more specific hardware elements identified in either the Site/Building or the Solar Hardware System Dictionary.

71
WORKSHEET

A

-

SUMMARY

OF

MAINTENANCE

DATA

72
WORKSHEET

B

-

GROUPING

AND

RANKING

TABLE

73
WORKSHEET CTRANSCRIPTION

FORM

U J3

cfl nj

P-. hJ •S" i) H 42 W S 5 B3 M-i

<U T3 > O W O

74

*When a

hardware

element

is

replaced,

two

lines

of

identification

are

required.

The

first

line

is

for

the

old

replaced

element,

and

the

second

line

is

for

the

new

element.
3. Each action must always be associated with an event and a hardware element.

4. Only one event and associated hardware element and action may be entered on any one line

of the worksheets. When more than one event occurs to a hardware element, each event along with its associated hardware element and action, if any, is to be entered on a separate line.

3 . 2 Identification and Translation of the Maintenance Items

The data on the maintenance report will consist, in part, of a series of maintenance items which describe

any actions that were performed, the hardware elements that were involved and the events that occurred

to the elements. Each such maintenance item should be identified and recorded on one line of Worksheet

A, using the standard terms. (When the codes become available, it would be convenient to record them

on this worksheet).

3. 3 Organization of the Maintenance Items

To ensure that the cause/effect relationships between the various events, actions and hardware elements

can be recovered during computer analysis, the maintenance items should be organized in a predetermined

manner. The organization method described below involves the segregation of the maintenance items into groups

A group of maintenance items is defined as an entity in which each event within the group must have a cause/effect relationship with another event in the group (except when the event can be identified as an isolated event). That is, each event must have either caused, or been caused by, another event within

the group, either directly through the domino effect, or indirectly through a maintenance action which

caused an event to occur.

To assist the transcriber in grouping and ranking the maintenance items, the following steps should

be followed:

Step 1 - Using the standard terms from the dictionaries, list, as described above, in the appropriate

columns of Worksheet A the following:

a. All those hardware elements that are discussed in the Maintenance Service Call Report

(Form 1, Part One)

b. The actions, if any, performed on those hardware elements.

c. The events associated with these hardware elements.

Step 2 - Identify on Worksheet A, by underlining the action, those maintenance items which include

actions and which did not cause any of the other items on the list to occur. (Maintenance

items on the list which caused other maintenance items should be considered to be associated

items and should not be underlined).

75
Step 3 - List on Worksheet B the first maintenance item underlined on Worksheet A.

Step 4 - Identify all the maintenance items on Worksheet A which are associated (i.e., in a cause/

effect relationship) with the item identified in Step 3.

Step 5 - Develop a scenario in which the maintenance items identified in Step 4 are listed in descending order of cause and effect (i.e.. Item 1 was caused by Item 2, which in turn

was caused by Item 3, etc. The Hardware Logic Trees (figures 3.1 and 3.2) may be used

as a guide in sequentially ordering these items).

Step 6 - On Worksheet B under the item of Step 3, list the items identified in Step 4 in the order

developed in Step 5.

Step 7 - Repeat Steps 3, 4, 5, and 6 for each maintenance item underlined in Step 2.

Step 8 - Assign sequential numbers (i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc.) in the group number column to those items

identified in Step 2.

Step 9 - Assign sequential numbers in the rank number column to each item within each group.

When these steps are completed, all the maintenance items listed on Worksheet A will have been entered

and segregated into groups on Worksheet B. It is probable that some maintenance items will be entered

j under more than one of the items identified by Step 2.

I 3.4 Entering of Maintenance Data to a Transcription Form

! Generally, this process consists of transferring the data from Worksheet B to the transcription form

(Worksheet C) in a systematic way and entering certain additional data for each maintenance item. The additional data consist of the associated costs, time and hardware identification data. Most of the data required by Worksheet C, except for the maintenance items, are transferred directly from the maintenance report. The maintenance item data will be entered in coded form together with the group

and rank numbers assigned on Worksheet B. (Codes will be assigned to each item in the dictionaries

as part of the design of the data base.)

I In cases where the hardware elements were removed and replaced with new elements, the following special

procedure applies:

Two lines on Worksheet C for hardware identification data are required. One for the old replaced;

element and the second for the new element.

An example of the transcription process is given in section 3.5, which follows.

76
3.5 Example of Transcription Process

3.5.1 Introduction

The purpose of this section is to provide an example of the transcription process described in sections

3.3 and 3.4 by using a sample Maintenance Service Call Report given in figure 3.3. The information in this sample report provided the data needed to complete the sample Worksheets A, B, and C presented as figures 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6

3.5.2 Completion of Worksheet A

The initial step in the transcription process, as outlined in section 3.3, is to identify each maintenance item. Then, to list the standard terms for the hardware element, event, and action whicli describes

each maintenance item. This procedure was used to fill out the sample Worksheet A (figure 3.4) from the sample maintenance report (figure 3.3). Each line of data on this Worksheet A represents one maintenance item.

Referring to the sample report, it is clear that the hardware elements were listed because they were mentioned in the sample report as being associated with either a cause or an effect of a malfunction

which required maintenance action. Collector was not listed because, although it was malfunctioning

(low thermal output) because of a fogged window, the problem was eliminated by performing a maintenance

action on the collector window rather than on the whole collector unit.

(In practice Worksheet A would be completed at this time by entering the codes for the standard terms.

For this example the codes given in the sample worksheets are fictitious since the actual codes have

not been assigned.)

3.5.3 Completion of Worksheet B

Using the steps given in section 3.3 of this report, the groups of maintenance items were determined

by completing sample Worksheet B (figure 3.5). Based on the criteria given in Step 2, two maintenance

items, with actions, were identified as not being the cause of any other maintenance item listed on Worksheet A. These were "replace ceiling," and "replace sealant." It is clear from the information

in the sample maintenance report that the damaged ceiling was a consequence of the burst pipe and

that it did not, in turn, cause any other maintenance item listed on Worksheet A to occur. The damaged

sealant was the effect of cleaning the window and likewise did not cause any of the other listed items

to occur.

"Replace ceiling" was listed first on Worksheet B in accordance with Step 3. As per Step 4, "replace

pipe" and "replace fluid" were identified as maintenance items which were related through a cause/effect

relationship with the damaged ceiling. In accordance with Steps 5 and 6 these were then listed under

damaged ceiling as follows and entered on Worksheet B.

(1) "Replaced Pipe"

(2) "Replaced Heat Transfer Fluid"

In a similar manner. Steps 3, 4, 5, and 6 were repeated for "replace sealant."

77
3.5.4 Completion of Transcription Form

The final step in the transcription process was to enter the required information on the sample

Transcription Form, Worksheet C (figure 3.6). The groups of maintenance items were transferred from

Worksheet B to Worksheet C in the same order as they were listed on Worksheet B. The additional

information needed to fully describe the maintenance action performed on each hardware element was obtained from the sample maintenance report and placed in the applicable columns on Worksheet C as shown

in figure 3.6. The entering of the information requested at the top of the worksheet completes the Transcription Form.

78
Table 3.1 Events Dictionary

General

Damaged by

Accident

Electrical short

Freezing

Leakage of moisture or rain

Leakage of system fluids Between components

From system

Lightning

Maintenance action

Soil erosion because of inadequate

Overflow provisions

Storm water run-off provisions

Vandalism

Failed to operate because it was Broken

Burned out Burst Clogged or blocked

Worn out Failed to operate because of outage of Electricity

Gas Oil Water

Operating, but improperly, because of Deposition of Condensation product

Moisture

Solid

Dust or dirt on exterior surfaces

Dust or dirt on interior surfaces Gum or varnish

Precipitated matter Sedimentation

Incorrect Adjustment

Alignment

Capacity

Installation

Leakage of air

Solar shading from

Off-site obstruction

On-site obstruction

Restrains use because of noise from

Fluid movement Vibration

Water hammer

Restricts use of living space because of Encroachment

Excessive air movement

Leakage of air

Odors

Solar reflection

Thermal radiation

Restricts use of outdoor space because of Fluids escaping

Solar reflection

Thermal radiation

Mechanical

Filtration inadequate

Flow rate was

Higher than design

Lower than design

Flow regulation inadequate

Flow sequencing not according to design for Direction

Scheduling

Flow unbalanced

Fluid volume excessive because of inadequate provision fo Boiling

Thermal expansion

Friction excessive because of Foreign matter

Improper materials

Inadequate bearing surfaces

Inadequate clearance

Inadequate lubrication

Overflow provisions inadequate

Overloaded

Electrically

Mechanically

Passage size

Larger than design

Smaller than design

Pressure buildup higher than design during

No flow conditions

Normal operating conditions

Leakage runoff provisions inadequate

Leaking

Pressure during operation

Higher than design

Lower than design

Pressure regulation inadequate

Pressure relief inadequate

Support inadequate causing

Improper drainage

Joint failure Low spots or sagging

Thermal movement causes excessive

Contraction

Differential movements

Expansion Vacuum higher than design

Because of inadequate relief Vacuum lower than design

Because of outgassing

Because of leakage

Vibration excessive because of Inadequate, or lack of, equipment vibration

isolators

Inadequate, or lack of, water hammer arrestors Volume insufficient

Volume too large

79
Table 3.1 Events Dictionary (continued)

Maintainability

Access for repairs inadequate

Access for routine maintenance inadequate

By passes or shut-offs inadequate

Facilities for maintenance inadequate for Use of electrical maintenance equipment Waste disposal

Maintenance instructions

Inadequate

Not available

Maintenance equipment

Inadequate

Not available

Removal and/or replacement difficult

Repair procedures

Are cumbersome

Requires unavailable skilled personnel

Replacement not available

Routine scheduled maintenance not performed

Test check points

Inaccessible

Lacking

Materials Durability/Reliability

Attack by

Airborne Pollutant of Hydrogen chloride (HCL)

Nitrogen oxides (N0X ) Ozone

Salt spray Sulphur dioxide

Other

Fungi

Soil

Ultra violet radiation

Vermin

Corroded by contact between

Decomposition product and metal

Dissimilar metals

Fluid & dissimilar metals

Fluid and metal

Deterioration by

Bloating

Bond failure

Deposition of outgassed volatiles

Embrittlement

Loss of homogeneity

Precipitation

Segregation

Moisture buildup

pH change

Plastic flow

Softening

Surface degradation

Blistering

Cracking

Discoloration or staining

Pitting

Viscosity change

Eroded by

Airborne particulate

Fluid

Foreign matter

Failed by

Creep rupture

Excessive dimensional change

Freezing

Moisture degradation

Thermal cycling

Thermal degradation

Thermal shock from

Cold fluid on hot surface

Hot fluid on cold surface

Violent boiling

Wet-dry cycling

Safety

Fire damage (or potential damage), caused by Auto ignition temperature exceeded

Electrical arcing and/or short

Fire stops ineffective or missing

Flash point temperature exceeded

Inadequate clearance

Between combustibles and heated hardware Between flammable fluid and spark source Overheated equipment

Solar radiation concentration

Personal injury

Allergy

Broken bone

Burn

Cut Electric shock

Poisoned

Scratch

Strain

Person injured

Occupant

Maintenance person

Passer by

Safety hazards (other than fire)

Access, emergency

Blocked

Inadequate

Lacking

Contact possible with

Hot fluids

Hot surfaces

Toxic substance

Inhalat ion Drinking

Skin contact Contamination of soil

Contamination of potable water supply by

Direct contact with toxic material

Inadequate separation of circulation loops

Improper design of toxic fluid discharge or overflow

No provision for toxic fluid leakage or overflow

Egress, emergency

Blocked

Inadequate

Lacking

Exposed sharp edges

Moving parts inadequately protected

Shutoffs, emergency

Inaccessible

Inconspicuous

Lacking

80
Table 3.1 Events Dictionary (continued)

Structural

Deflections were excessive

Horizontally

Vertically

Dimensional changes were excessive because of Creep

Differential settlement

Drying shrinkage

Moisture expansion

Thermal effects

Failed by

Bending

Buckling

Bulging

Fatigue

Fracture

Brittle

Ductile

Overloaded by

Accidental loads from

Animal

Debris, falling

Debris, wind blown Human Vehicle

Dead loads Extreme environmental loads from

Earthquake

Flood

Winds

Hurricane

Tornado

Live loads from

Equipment (Solar hardware)

Hail

Ice Maintenance equipment or actions

Ponding of water

Snow Vehicle

Wind

Buffeting

Horizontal

Uplift

Thermal

Capacity

Too small

Mismatched

Circulation of air, indoor space

Too high

Too small

Conduction, thermal

Too high

Too low

Cooling inadequate

Energy exchange rate

Too high

Too low

Energy use, auxiliary, "too high

Energy use, operating, too high

Energy, solar

Contribution to load too low

Conversion efficiency too low

Dissipation rate too low

Heating inadequate

Hot water supply is inadequate

Draw rate too high

Recovery rate too low

Humidity, indoor air

Higher than design value

Lower than design value

Occupant use improper

Inefficient scheduling of load demands

Thermostat set point is Too high

Too low

Optical properties inadequate

Absorptance

Too high

Too low Emittance too high

Reflectance, solar, too high

Transmittance too low

Orientation angle is too far East West Radiation, solar

Excessive

Inadequate control

Insufficient

Radiation, thermal

Too high

Too low

Temperature, hardware operating,

During nocturnal operation

Too high

Too low

During no flow condition

Too high

Too low

During normal operation

Too high Too low Temperature set points.

Differential

Too high

Too low

Higher than design value

Lower than design value

Temperature, outdoor air

Higher than design value

Lower than design value

Tilt angle is too High Low

81
Table 3.2

Maintenance Actions Dictionary

Add

Antifreeze

Fluid

Inhibitor

Additional Hardware

Adjust

Bleed

Clean

Reset Thaw

Tighten

Lubricate

Braze

Eliminate

None

None but action required

Occupant instructed

On the proper use of system

On the relationship between fenestration

control and energy consumption

Other

Recoat

Remove

Repack

Repaint

Replace with identical item

Replace with substitute item

Relocate

Reseal

Retape

Routine or scheduled maintenance

Solder

Weld

82
1

2

3

34

4

4

4

3

3

3

2

3

Table 3.3 Site/Building Element Dictionary

Level

Site/Building 4 Site 4 Surface Drainage 4 Utilities 3 Water 3 Electric 4 Sewer 4 Fuel 3 Soil 3 Plants/Trees 3 Adjacent Structures Building

Roof

(continued at top of next column)

Roofing

Insulation

Structure Ceiling

Wall

Interior

Exterior

Floor Basement

Openings

Door Window

Other

83
Table 3.4 Solar Hardware System Dictionary

Level Level

1

2

2

3

4

5

6

6

6

6

5

6

7

8

8

7

8

8

7

8

8

7

8

8

7

88

8

8

7

8

8

8

8

7

8

8

8

8

7

7

Solar Hardware System-Heating/Cooling/Hot

Water-Active and Passive

Type I System with Discrete Subsystems and Components

Type II System with Self-contained Collector/

Storage Unit (active)

Collector Array

Collector Units

Cover Assembly

Windows

Coatings

Retainers

Gaskets and Sealants

Absorber Assembly

Absorber

Black Gauze Matrix (air)

Body

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Finned Plate (air)

Body

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Black Glass (air)

Glass

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Trickle Down Plate (liquid)

Plate

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Plate with Attached Tubing (liquid)

Tubing

Plate

Attachment Mechanism

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Pressure Diffusion Bonded Plate with

Integral Passages (liquid)

Body

Bonding

Passages

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Welded Deformed Plate with Integral

Passages (liquid)

Body

Edge Bonding

Field Bonding

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Tubular (air or liquid)

Bag (liquid)

(continued on top of next column)

6 Fittings

5 Thermal Insulation

6 Insulation

6 Thermal Standoff

5 Desiccant

5 Internal Unit Reflector

6 Reflective Surface

6 Substrate

6 Insulation

5 Case Assembly

6 Frame

6 Back Panel

6 Mounting Hardware

6 Gaskets and Sealants

4 Headers and Connectors

5 Air Ducting Assembly

6 Insulation

6 Liners

6 Gaskets and Sealants

6 Supports

6 Connections

6 Ducts

5 Liquid Piping Assembly

6 Insulation

6 Liners

6 Gaskets and Sealants

6 Supports

6 Fittings

6 Piping

4 External Reflector Field (array)

5 Reflector Assembly

6 Reflective Surface

6 Substrate

6 Structure

5 Insulation

5 Mounting Structure

6 Framework Structure Support

6 Mounting Hardware

4 Supporting Structure

5 Fixed Mount

6 Structural Support

6 Standoffs

6 Connection, Building/Foundation

(continued on top of next page)

84
Table 3.4 Solar Hardware System Dictionary (continued)

Level Level

7

7

7

7

5

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

5

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

5

3

4

5

5

5

56

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

5

4

4

5

Attachment Hardware

Flashing

Gaskets and Sealants

Pitch Pockets

Seasonally Adjustable Mount Structural Support

Tilt and/or Orientation Mechanism

Connection, Building/Foundation

Attachment Hardware

Flashing

Gaskets and Sealants

Pitch Pockets

Tracking Mount (continuous) -Collector

Unit, Reflector or Absorber

Structural Support

Tracking Drive Train

Connection, Building/Foundation

Attachment Hardware

Flashing

Gaskets and Sealants

Pitch Pockets

Enclosure

Thermal Storage

Tank or Container Units

Storage Medium Containment

Vessel

Vessel Liners or Coatings

Gaskets and Sealants

Insulation Assembly

Insulation Material

Protective Jacketing

Coatings or Sealants

Insulating Supports or Stand-offs

Structural Elements

Structural Support

Foundation

Tiedowns

Internal Racks or Troughs

Storage Medium

Heat Exchangers

Collector to Storage

(continued on top of next column)

6

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

6

3

4

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

5

6

6

5

6

6

6

6

6

4

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

56

6

Shell

Tubes

Headers

Fins

Storage to Load

Shell

Tubes

Headers

Fins

Energy Transport

Liquid Systems

Heat Transfer Liquid

Piping Assembly

Insulation

Liners

Gaskets and Sealants

Supports

Fittings

Pipes

Pumps Motors

Impellers

Gaskets and Sealants

Filters

Case Elements

Valves

Flow Switching

Shut-off Down Drain

Air Bleed

Flow Adjusting

Air Systems

Duct Assembly

Insulation

Liners

Gaskets and Sealants

Supports

Connections

Ducts

Blowers Motor

Fan

(continued on top of next page)

85
Table 3.4 Solar Hardware System Dictionary (continued)

Level

5

5

6

6

6

3

4

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

6

6

4

5

5

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

64

5

5

4

5

5

6

6

6

6

5

5

Filters

Dampers

Flow Switching

Shut-off

Flow Adjusting

Controls

Load Supply Mode Control Unit

Control Logic Selector

Sensors

Indoor Temperature

Outdoor Temperature

Collector Outlet Temperature

Storage Temperature

Hot Water Heater Tank Temperature

Solar Radiation

Actuated Devices

Pump Motor Relays

Blower Motor Relays

Valve Solenoids

Damper Solenoids

Valve Servo-motor

Collector /Storage Flow Control Unit

Differential Thermostat Control

Sensors Collector Outlet Temperature

Storage Temperature

Solar Radiation

Actuated Devices

Pump Motor Relays

Blower Motor Relays

Valve Solenoids

Damper Solenoids

Energy Transport Operation Regulators

Pressure Regulators

Flow Regulators

Subsystem Fail-Safe Controls Pressure Relief Valves

Temperature Relief Devices

Collector Shutter Actuator

Collector Off-Tracking Device

Energy Dumping Heat Exchanger

Circuit Bypass Valve

Cold Water Temperature Relief Valve

Electrical Overload Protection Vacuum Relief Valves

Level

5

5

5

5

5

4

5

6

7

7

6

6

7

5

3

4

5

4

5

5

6

6

6

5

5

5

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

7

Check Valves

Automatic Drain Down Valves

Water Hammer Arrestors

Automatic Backfill Valves

Backflow Preventors

Component Operation Controls

Tracking Mount Drive Controls

Actuating Devices

Split Photo-cell

Timer

Control Unit

Actuated Devices

Servo-motor

Storage Heater Thermostat

Auxiliary Energy

Internal with Storage

Resistance Heater

In-line with Storage

Furnace

Heat Pump

Air to Air

Liquid to Air

Liquid to Liquid

Boiler

Resistance Heater

Air Conditioner

Heating-Cooling Off Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower

Air Volume Variation

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower

Air Mixing Control

Absorption Cycle

(continued on top of next page (continued on top of next column)

86
Table 3.4 Solar Hardware System Dictionary (continued)

Level

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

5

4

5

5

6

6

6

5

5

5

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

7

7

7

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower Temperature Variation

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower

Hot Water Heater

In Parallel with Storage Furnace

Heat Pump

Air to Air

Liquid to Air

Liquid to Liquid

Boiler

Resistance Heater

Air Conditioner

Heating-Cooling Off

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower Air Volume Variation

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower

Air Mixing Control

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Level

7

7

7

7

| 6

| 7

7

7

7

7

7

75

5

3

4

5

6

6

5

6

6

5

6

6

6

5

4

5

6

6

5

6

6

5

4

5

6

6

6

5

5

5

5

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower Temperature Variation

Absorption Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Desiccant

Vapor Compressor

Evaporation Condenser

Air Cooler Condenser

Cooling Tower Dehumidifier

Hot Water Heater Distribution

Central Air Type

Single Duct

Core Perimeter

Double Duct

Core Perimeter

Multizone

Fan Coil

Induction

Radiation

Variable Air Volume

Hydronic/Air Type

Fan Coil

Two Pipe Four Pipe

Induction

Perimeter

Central

Radiation

Energy Conservation Type Heat Recovery

Heat Recovery Wheels

Heat Pipe Waste Water Heat Heat Reclaim

Energy Storage

Demand Limiter

Ventilation Control

(continued on top of next page) (continued on top of next column)

87
Table 3.4 Solar Hardware System Dictionary (continued)

Level Level

2

3

4

5

5

5

5

4

5

6

6

6

6

6

5

6

6

6

6

4

5

6

6

5

6

6

7

8

8

8

8

7

6

7

8

8

8

8

8

7

6

Type III System Integral With Building

(Passive)

Collector/Storage Array

Cover Plate Assembly

Windows

Coatings

Retainers

Gaskets and Sealants

Passive Collector Heat Transfer

Insulation Assembly (cover plate)

Insulating Medium

Insulated Louver

Shade

Insulating Beads

Insulation Board

Solar Control Screen Medium Actuation Mechanism

Manual Installation/Removal

Manual Driven Mechanism

Motorized Drive Train

Blowers

Absorbing/Thermal Storage Unit

Absorptive Coating/Layer

Separate Coating

Surface Layer of Thermal Mass Thermal Mass Building Element

Liquid Container Assembly

Tank Container Unit

Storage Medium Containment

Vessel(s)

Vessel Liners, Coating, or Bags

Gaskets and Sealants

Supporting Structure

Storage Medium

Particulate Container Assembly

Tank or Container Unit

Storage Medium Containment Vessel

Linings or Coatings

Gaskets and Sealants

Supporting Structure

Internal Air Distribution Elements

Storage Medium

Separate Solid Structure

3

4

5

6

6

5

6

6

6

4

5

5

6

7

7

6

6

7

7

3

4

4

34

4

(continued on top of next column)

Controls

Air Circulation Controls

Manual

Daily

Seasonal

Automatic

Space and Storage Temperature Sensor; Differential Thermostat Control

Damper Solenoid or Servo-motor

Passive Collector Heat Transfer

Insulation Assembly Controls

Manual

Automatic

Actuating Device

Temperature Sensor Radiation Sensor Control Unit

Actuated Device

I Servo-Motor Motor Solenoid

Auxiliary Energy

Integrated Into Distribution

Completely Separate Conventional

System

Distribution

Ducts Dampers

l
89

indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.1

Site/Building

Logic

Tree
Solar

Hardware

Systems

Heating/

Cooling/Hot

Water

V

First /

Level

(Active

and

Passive)

90

Figure

3.2a

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
<u JZ >

4-J QJ m hJ ~N

91

^Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2b

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
(4)

Headers

&

Connectors

XT > U 0) v£>

K

92

Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2c

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
(3)

Collector

Array

(4)

Collector

Units

Absorber

\

6th

(5)

Absorber

Assembly

[

Level

r

93
T3 «

4-1 §O

tn Pk

94

Figure

3.2e

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
5 i

s n

s g as

C 3

O C O -H

95

‘Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2f

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
Energy

Transport

o» -C >

i-i 01 VO

I

96

•Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2g

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
<D •n > u cu <r j

<D -C >

i->

h

tn _]

XJc

0)

cn

a> u

03U

T3C

•K

97

Figure 3. 2h

Solar

hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
(4)

Load

Supply

Mode

Control

Unit

(4)

Collector/Storage

(4)

Subsystems

(4)

Component

Operation

Controls

(cont'd)

Flow

Control

Unit

(cont'd)

Fail-Safe

Controls

(cont'd)

(cont'd)

lO '-O _J f'' i-3

98

*

Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2i

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
Internal j|

In

Line [|

In

Parallel

.e >

4-1 CLI <r j

.c >

4-1 0) f V

A e

QJ

4-1

Cfi

(U

CO5

X)u

co ae

COO

CO

•»—

CM

ro

Q)UO

60

99

*Indicates

end

of

branch
> Ou

C/5 6C D \ U f-H <U H C « t» W M c 4 -H

J5

AJ m

K

100

Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2k

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
(4)

Central

Air

Type

(continued)

<r ir»

101

Indicates

end

of

branch

Figure

3.2 £

Solar

Hardware

System

(SHS)

Logic

Tree
System

Integral

Type

w/Building

)

2nd

111

(Passive)

Level

j

l

I 102
<y

0)uH

o

•H

00o

hJ

c

csm

a>u

3

00

*H

*

103
•a

J= > U 0) sc hJ

O H O -U

104

Figure

3.2o

Solar

Hardware

System

(BBS)

Logie

Tree
(3)

Collector/Storage

Array

O)

Control*

(*)

Absorbing

Thermal

georage

W

Passive

Col

ctor

Heat

Transfer

(5)

Thermal

Mass

(continued)

Insulation

.embly

Controls

(5)

Automat-

(continued)

si00 >UJ

105

Indicates

end

of

branch
Maintenance Service Call Report

Solar Hardware System (SHS) Z’TXDate of Report 2/7/77

1. System Identification:

a. Project identification number 37C,+Z-B!

b. Solar hardware system (SHS) identification number 376+2-5/

Building location: Street address 2700 ^eac/ltrte.

City or county & state 411(2/1 ^<2 (refirqt

Date SHS was originally placed in service

2.

Maintenance Order Information:

a. Date of order 2/3/77

b. Reason for maintenance : Routine Complaint

3.

Description of Service (Maintenance Actions) Performed

Describe each individual action performed: Include details related to the following:

1. Reason for performing action

2. Cause of any failure

3. Hardware element serviced

4. Problems encountered in performing the action (access for repair, availability of parts, etc.)

5. Outside air temperature if related to failure

6. Results of action

Use tables 1, 2, and 3 to describe hardware elements serviced and/or replaced and materials replaced.

youo sc+u/mtua/:• z> o/e/jhd.

dt/ld/At //rye Aa4c

£ /a/4 s/ea&d Ctucd/rurts/c

Figure 3.3 Sample Maintenance Service Call Report

106
l

*fa//UA ju&mu 4v£A-L wjmC :

/ J0U- faridd A&4A C&e£ 4ma6 Aqdfa/AeC Atrtd//

XJ%L fa/& aaoj Au^aj^d sooc&C %Cs

^1/afM/ /fruyfau, Awd. ///dzA*

3.faflz Otton/upd. fr#4u*t\s fati/td a&c£c//#j cdfay

A/*U a*to£^fatAdaa&4 MdA^wt Ar affldfa*/ z£a&a fac*idxfat

'^A/fa*/ 7/z AAtfa fa^nydfaz&d

Asrifas Aufai* faad. tyfawfa&wXxz

7# /tub/ ah&haC £&G £a/ Ale, /o

Sfi&ti' ifafacAdy a/l, faAAetfal, — ^zu/ueC

ZAA /AlAtfZutflO A* ZAifdA' fivtuzhA fa AVftfa A, dfi/r

tyrCfavt) "/LiAiaC fartAs *jAiArt£tfa«, . JM Afad A*/, /vtMfafrt

fa c/ifatfcL'AA&' OAtet, Afafa'

fa^fau, o/tcvnA avW'

e^fartied,

4- T&nuv&C fiAtd. cfatAud xfa avm&pco* #/ zfa fa*/

a&cM+ * /

A.fablfaueC xfa yirfMzfa&rils 4jji^ AL ifasyc fa/jA/

4&M faAu£<afati> ' *' &

dT z/l O&c&u &A£4Atrtd/j

Figure 3.3 Sample Maintenance Service Call Report (contd.)

107
Table

1.

Description

of

Hardware

Element*

Serviced:

Maintenance Service Call Report

Solar Hardware System

Labor

Cost

Manhours o $

>k

V9

Wu

RJoo

<5O

«o

© <5 o

<0 o

t

<s

VS

Identification

of

Element

Serviced

or

Removed***

|

u

QJU

3U

u

Rl

4-13

C

RJ E $

O

iH

RJ •HU

CD

C/5

oz

r—t 0) TJOs

N.

1

Number

of

Identical

Elements

Serviced

Estimated

Time

Element

was

in

Service >0 k\ *C\

Location

of

Element

in

System 1

£ 1 i

4

$

Name

of

Element* t

x

'I

< * I

Type

of

Action

Performed** * *

t

< 1

>> >> \ t

Action

No. >4 Vo VS

108

Hardware

elements

are:

Subsystems,

Components,

and

Parts.

Identify

as

precisely

as

possible.

Types

of

Action:

Eliminate,

Replace,

Relocate,

etc.

Actions

are

to

be

described

in

detail

in

section

3

of

this

report.

When

hardware

element

is

removed

from

system

and

another

element

is

installed,

the

replacement

element

is

to

be

described

on

Table

2.

The

removed

element

is

described

on

this

table.
Maintenance Service Cail Report

Solar Hardware System

Table 2. Description of Replacement Hardware Element

Action Name of Identification of Replacement Element Cost of

No. Element Model No. Serial No. Manufacturer Element 5 Xfisu/a/tott T//t FF6 2.0.00

(/#c/ua/ec/

/>&/<>*>)

Table 3. Description of Replacement Material*

Action

No. Type of Material*

Generic, Chemical

or Trade Name Quantity

Replaced

Hardware Element

in Which Replaced

Cost of Material

i (3o/>/>e,r ZoU. //todtr Ass/ /Too

2

60:50 /Mt/ft/ri

o/&M//t*€

g/co/fct/A/er*

Co//tc/or/SA/o/t

//lo/TrtMS/MT

Zoo/

2/60

3 W7 &y/SiOM

'r 8oar</ sAa/j

3oo

A At/t/yio/ A/Ao/i/Q /^o/ (2>/ar Ass/ 3.00

5 Zw/oMa 4*/yfaj/oss SOOS/.A 2606

h Seti/oo/ 8c////- $/6Atr 2q//s. &//ec/ors 4*oo

7o/q/ /o?.oo

* Materials are expendable items such as: Bolts, Fluid, Gas, Caskets, Insulation, Piping,

Sealants, Screws, Wire, etc.

Figure 3.3 Sample Maintenance Service Call Report (contd)

109
Maintenance Service Call Report

Solar Hardware System

fT

1/2/77 '///**.

- SAM.,

System Downtime:

a. Date and time the system became inoperative

b. Date and time the maintenance action(s) was initiated A/4/77-

c. Date and time the system was returned to operation I/7/77- 4/M

Cost of Maintenance Action (s):

a. Direct labor for each action (list labor in time and money for each action):

Totals from Table 1 hrs.

b. Hardware elements replaced

Total from Table 2.

c. Materials replaced

Total from Table 3

$ Afy.ao

/

Q

9-Q0

d. Total cost of maintenance actions $ %02-0 0

Personnel Identification:

a. Person completing this report

b. Person responsible for performing maintenance X 5z//e,r

Firm responsible for performing maintenance

Address /7 Bnu/wa

Phone No.

Additional Remarks Regarding System or Maintenance: Include details of personal injuries and building damages if connected with either system operation or maintenance.

Figure 3.3 Sample Maintenance Service Call Report (contd)
WORKSHEET

A

-

SUMMARY

OF

MAINTENANCE

DATA

K> 3-

a

'O •O

V> o vL

UJ Ul UA UA Ul Uj

csq

\

N-)

V)

\ 'N4

"

r\rO

$

s

."V

'2 4 JJk? ^ ^ ^

rX

'Xx

%.

sj) "4

C/l '"o* po" 3:

**\ Xl

4

Vi

r'V c£

a

^=>

4 •a 43

,4

Cfc

ac

<t

€Vj a: _ a,

<S ^-4N4N

K' i"

^ | ^ H4^4

c Sc

2^

*4

V'^'

s:m s

T

v>4^ •4

in

Figure

3.4

Sample

Worksheet
WORKSHEET

B

-

GROUPING

AND

RANKING

TABLE

112

Figure

3.5

Sample

Worksheet
WORKSHEET CTRANSCRIPTION

FORM > > 50 0) <1) -

..W '0*^3

<0 cti PM A-J

a?

'T ^

NO'S CN As COM

NO

B

m •H ^ O' Hi5 w

co £ 5 8 £ TJ

oj c z co

w

Routine

Actioi Code tL <C 2 <£

<r

>0«-

or

<3^

TO •n: >$) c <u

<y t3 -5* ISs > *0 S -st> 5 cS> •vD

<u UJ uJ UJ Ol >0

CXQi

vj

u)

J> -Jl --D Cl. Q_ O- Q_ p_ pV) V> 'o 'o ^ « C< * s

O*.

Cj Q> T^“<LO ** ^ 0 0 0 0 0 O

Cj 0 0 0 0 c 0 TO 0 — *>< c<

V) V) V)

IS. IS- -9 «K

iB- *S- IS- ~©S

*X . •-ij e-

*^N NS. TO rO

CO - n

N

PC

— cs ro

— ro

c< <K

113

'When a

hardware

element

is

replaced,

two

lines

of

identification

are

required.

The

first

line

is

for

the

old

replaced

element,

and

the

second

line

is

for

the

new

element.
Revised

4/11/77

PART FOUR

TECHNICAL NON-INSTRUMENTED DATA

ANALYSIS

1 . 0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this part is to describe methods of utilizing the technical non- instrumentation (TNI)

data which will be collected in accordance with Part Two (Identificaticn, Materials, and Performance

Data) and Part Three (Operational Events Related Data) of this report. The TNI data are to be made

available in reduced form for evaluation studies to be conducted by NBS and other users. The reduced

data will be used to identify operational problem areas, causes of the problems, and possible solutions to the problems.

In order to effectively utilize the TNI data following their collection and transcription into computer

processable data, programs must be developed to process the data into a form that will facilitate

evaluation. One of the end products of processing the data will be the printing out of tables which

efficiently display the data in a manner such that hardware performance can be evaluated. Programming

requirements are discussed in this part of the plan and examples of printouts which can be used to identify problem areas are presented and described.

When the Part Three data are being collected, it can be expected that system changes will be made

which might make some of the Part Two data obsolete. Such changes should be identified and entered

in the Part Two data bank.

2.0 AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING (ADP)

Performing an effective evaluation of solar hardware system performance requires a systematic evaluation

of their operational performance. ADP of the actions taken and the events data described in Part Three is needed to produce routine printouts that summarize the TNI data in the NBS data base. From

these routine summaries critical malfunctioning hardware elements, or groups of elements, can be identified for further investigation. These routine summaries provide an overview of operational

problems and are intended to serve as a basis for more detailed data studies in specific problem areas. These studies can be performed on an interactive basis, utilizing a data retrieval system such as MIRADS, if warranted. Moreover, printouts are needed to display the identification, materials, and performance data listed in Part Two, which (1) locate and characterize buildings, (2) provide descriptions of major subsystems and components of solar hardware systems, and (3) provide data required

for thermal design of systems and calculation of heating and cooling loads for buildings.

2 . 1 Sample Printouts of Identification, Materials, and Performance Data (Part Two)

Tables 4.1 and 4.2 are sample printouts of data that will be collected in accordance with Part Two

for the Site/Building and the Solar Hardware System. The sequential order of the information

displayed in the tables follows that used in Part Two.

114
2.2 Sample Printouts of Annual Summary Data (Part Three)

2.2.1 Reliability of Data

The most reliable data are the actions taken, the hardware elements that the actions were taken on, and the associated costs, downtime and component life. Somewhat less reliable are the events data

that are associated with the action since they are judgemental in nature. For example, it may be quite

obvious that the glass window of a flat plate collector "fractured" (event) because it was "struck by

wind borne debris" since a tree limb was observed lodged in the collector along with the fractured

glass. However, the cause of the "fracture" of a pipe connecting elements which induce thermal stress cycling in the pipe during normal operation may not be obvious. Four possible causes are listed below,

and there might be others.

1. The designer did not take into account the differential movement between the connected

elements during which the pipe material experiences stress cycling in the plastic stress

range resulting in a low cycle fatigue failure.

2. The design was adequate for the predicted performance, but actual performance caused

greater differential movement than was expected, causing, again, a low cycle fatigue failure.

3. The design was adequate, but the pipe material was below standard.

4. The system was improperly installed.

In view of the above, the summary printouts will primarily display information about the actions taken

and cost data. More detailed investigative printouts will display information about events and causes.

In the formulation of computer programs to produce summary and investigative printouts, care must be

taken not to allow double counting of the events data.

2.2.2 Routine Summary Tables 4.3 and 4.4

Both routine summary tables follow the hierarchy of the Solar Hardware System (SHS) Logic Tree

(figure 3.2). In Table 4.3 the information element is identified at the top of each column, and the hardware element to which each line applies is identified along the left edge of the table. In Table 4.4

the elements of information are identified along the left edge of the table, and the hardware element

to which each column applies is identified at the top of the column. Since Table 4.3 is the more complex

of the two tables, it will be described in detail.

The numerical data shown in the tables are ficticious: they are included only to illustrate the use

of the tables.

2. 2. 2.1 Description of Table 4.3 Since this is a summary table for all SHS units being surveyed, no further identification after the heading "ACTIONS" is needed; however, if this table were printed

out for a particular group of SHS units further identification would be necessary, such as SHS unit,

building and site ID numbers.

The entry "PERIOD" indicates the length of time covered by the table, and the entry "FIRST THRU THIRD

LEVEL SUMMATION" signifies that a summation is presented at each level of detail through the third

level of the hardware tree. 115
The third level is at an intermediate level of detail, but it does present a broad overview of the maintenance phase of the program. Greater level of detail is desirable and can be obtained by printing

out tables that contain all the hardware elements through any level of detail, i.e., 4th - 8th.

A description of each column on the table is given below; columns are identified by labels located at the bottom of each column.

I Column A Identifies the hardware elements (system, subsystem, component or part) on which the actions were taken. Column B The entries in this column indicate the summation of all actions taken at a discrete

level on the hardware tree. For example, the entry at level 1 (levels are indicated in column N, last column on the right of the table) signifies that the total number of actions recorded is 1340 which is made up of the following:

Type I and II Systems 1161 Type III Systems 179

TOTAL 1340

The number of actions taken at a given level is the summation of actions taken at the next higher level of detail. For example, the Type I and II Systems actions taken

shows a total of 1161 actions taken which is made up of the following:

[The level summation concept applies to column (B) , (C) , (F) , (G) , (I), and (J) .

]

Collector Array 229 Thermal Storage 219 Energy Transport 210 Controls 201 Auxiliary Energy 179 Distribution 123

TOTAL 1161

The entries in this column are percentages of the total number of actions taken that are contained at the lowest level of detail, i.e.. First level summation. For example,

Type I and II Systems show a total of 1161 actions taken.

Http* 100 = 86.6%

1340

and for Collector Array at level 3, there are 229 actions taken recorded, giving

229 -^X 100 = 17.1%

1340 The enties in this column indicate the number of solar hardware systems where one or more actions were taken. (93 Systems were reported where Thermal Storage Actions were

taken.

)

The entries in this column are percentages of the total number of systems where one or more actions were taken. For example, in the case of Thermal Storage under Type I and II systems ——X 100 = 78.7%

122

Column C

Column D

Column E

116
Column F

Column G

The entries in this column indicate the cost of the corrective action taken. For example, action taken for Thermal Storage in Type I and II Systems cost $7578.60.

The entries in this column are percentages denoting the portion of the total cost

of the actions taken for those actions taken that are indicated on each line. For example, the portion of the total cost attributed to Thermal Storage in Type I and II Systems is 7578.60

39620.07 X 100 = 19.1%

Column H

Column I

Column J

Column K

The entries in this column indicate the average cost of the actions taken on each

line. For the Collector Array actions taken in Type I and II Systems, the average

cost is iZ^AO = $32>49

229

The entries in this column indicate the total amount of time in days from the time the SHS started to malfunction until an action (or actions) returned the SHS to normal

operation. This is commonly called "downtime."

The entries in this column are percentages denoting the portion of total downtime for

the actions taken that are indicated on each line. For example. Controls in Type I and II Systems have accounted for the portion of downtime indicated below.

171.1

X 100 = 13.1%

1307.5

The entries in this column are the average number of days of downtime per action taken

for the actions taken shown on each line. For Type I and II System it is 1176,4

1161

= 1.01 days

Column L

Column M

Column N

The entries in this column are the average number of days of downtime per system per year for the actions taken shown on each line; i.e., for Type I and II Systems

1176.4

101 11.65 days

The entries in this column indicate the length of time in months that the solar hard- ware systems have been in service. (Collector Arrav of Type I and II Systems - 13.2 months .

)

The entries in this column denote the level of detail for each hardware element as indicated on the Hardware Logic Tree, Figure 3.1, Part 3 (Distribution, Type I and II Systems - Level 3)

It should be noted that the actions taken are rank ordered by f requency-of-distribution within each

level. Moreover, the programming to analyze the data and print out the tables must also be capable

of suppressing hardware elements for which no data has been recorded.

2. 2. 2.Description of Table 4.4 The lines of information in Table 4.4 are denoted by the corresponding

column labels in Table 4.3; the other lines of information shown in this table which are not selfexplanatory are labeled with a bracketed number and described below.

Row [1] The entries in this row indicate the total number of operational solar hardware systems

in the program at the end of the reporting period for the levels of detail shown. For example, 62 Type III systems were operational at the end of the reporting period.

117
Row [ 2

]

Row [ 3

]

2 . 3 Correlation/Investigative Tables (Printed)

Two general types of printouts are being developed, (1) printouts to present a general overview of the actions taken with their related events, and (2) printouts to display very specific information about

a single and associated event, action, or hardware element. Table 4.5 is an example of a printout

correlating specific information identified in Part Three with the identification, materials, and performance data listed in Part Two about a single hardware element.

Other tables are being developed to present detailed information about problem areas that are identified from the summary tables. These tables will associate the actions with the events reported,

and correlate this information with the data identified in Part Two of this report. Programs must

be developed to produce these printouts and also to track the data in order that double counting is avoided

The data in Part Two are to be collected during the solar hardware system design phase of the demonstration programs. These data are then to be coded and stored in a computer, but in a different

bank from the Part Three data. The codes for the Part Two data will be different than the codes for

the Part Three data. Therefore, in order to correlate the stored data from the two parts a cross- reference dictionary will be needed. When investigating the performance of a specific solar hardware

system, correlation between the Part Two and Part Three data can be performed using the system identification number which is unique for each system.

The entries in this row indicate the percentage of the total number of operational

systems where one or more actions were taken during the reporting period for each

level of detail shown. That is, for Type III solar hardware systems.

The entries in this row indicate the average cost of actions for those systems

where one or more actions were taken during the reporting period of one year.

For example, for Type I and II solar hardware systems

32 ’ 501

= $266.40

122

118
SOLAR

HARDWARE

SYSTEMS

0 2

(3 2 PQ

2 2 O Ptf 2 2

Q 2 M

O

2 2 2 2

<3 <3

<3 <3 p2 p2 2 2 p 2 O O H H

2 2 <3 <3 O X X Z Z <} 2 2 2 2 2

O O O O

C/3 CO C/3 C/3 H

s s s ss s

C/3 C/3 C/3 C/3 2

I—

O O O O >-< 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 S PQ 2 2 2 2 <3 <3 S O < O 2 2

0 2 0 2 2

2 0 2 0 0 2

Xw 2

§

0

2 H

2 2 M 2 0 0

2

<3 2 2

g g \ C/3 U3 N 2 2 2 2

<3 2 <3 0 2 0

O O

2 2 Q Q

II II II II II II gg

* H ^

22

n HH ^ O' 2 0 0 0 2 2 ^

2 Q

2 >

2

H C/3 2

O

2

O

2 2

>

<3 W

2

Q Q M

> Q

<3 2

Q 2

2 Ov 2 1 2 <3 CM CM 2 2 2 r^- o o <3 H ON CM O o Q Q 2 O 2 2 O o 2 2 2 2 O co Q 2 CM 2 2

3

O 2 CM 1 2 Q 2 CM 1 2 2 CM 1 M 2 CO 2 O o 2 CO 2 2 O 2 2 CO 2 X > 2 CO ON 2 2 2 vj- 2 2 2 o 2 <r vO O 2 2 2 o PQ <r vO Ow O g o

2\

Q2

2

O CM g o i 2H 2 O g o

co

1 2

2

2

inco j§ o l 2 CM 2 2 2 > 2 m 2 2 <r 2 m 2 2 -d- O 2 r- 2 2 -d- <3 2 O 2 2 <3 2 2 O 2 2 2 CM O 2 2 2 <3 CM O 2 >—

O CO O O

§

Q > 2 O O o O 2 O O vO 2 2 2 O O vO

vO <t

e'- er* o->

O 2

2 2

Q

2 O

2

2

2

O

2 2

O

2 O

O 2

O 2 2 2

Q 2

2 2

O 2 2

O

O

2 Q

<3 2

2 2

2 2

2Q a

O 2 O O

2 2 M

2 2

2

2

O 2

2 2 W O

Q 2

2

M

2

2 2 32 2

Cd C/3 C/3 0 2 2

<3 2

cn O O • 2 2 2

2 Q Q

2

2

>-H

2

Q <3 2 2 0

2 2 2

2

<3 2 >

2 2

2 Q

<C 2

2 2 0

2 Q 2

<3 2 H

2

2 0

2 2

i

1 <3 O

2 2 2

2 <3 Q 2 2 2

22 2

H 2

2 M

<3 2

119
TABLE

4.1

SITE/BUILDING

IDENTIFICATION

AND

DESIGN

DATA

FROM

PART

TWO

(continued)

J3OWHOW

O Pi > H < Q oM H H Ph

l3 Of o cn

c/i i H CQ

Pi

h o PQ W

>*

O < Z Q M

EhW <W Pi

rr: owQ

120

TOTALS
H T3

i—ICO 1/1 It H

P *

CO * P -X

P

O -X

P pq

1—1 s

2; p

P z

P P P

CJ Q CO ~ < M P P CQ CO P CQ CO P CO “ P <

co O

<O

P II

O ^ P O dM!

cnj m

erf o

erf P

O CJ P P

U P P

P O

PO

CJ

k orf p

Q P M CJ P <C O' P p p P z

P C\J C

> m o

< 00 I O P

Z CM 00 O 00 H I

erf P - O CO W

p < p P-,

erf ^ P <

< c~i CJ Q

p CM O P

P P P

COP z

o o

H P

CJ H

P <

P CJ P O

O P

CJ p

CJ o

Z Z P

P O CJ Q P P

P H P O

<C P P H O II P Z CJ P Z

P M P O

O P H p

O <d P

P P < O Q P H

O Z Z

P <2 P P C P

Z P P P O O

CJ CO P co < P

CJ w

p z co < >-< P P

p P

o

P P O CJ P P P CJ P

P P « P O CPU H O

CO CJ P

P co P W

v.O P

OV,

co m co TM ii Hp p p w

C H w

r * H WPP Crf > O

<J P

P 33 P CJ H < w o ' z

p p • p p ; o o ! p p 1 CJ CJ p w

p p

P P ! O O 1 CJ CJ

s

o < :

po c

p CO

CJ CQ CO C P P PQ W

P P P

vO p

O —I p i—

CJ P CM p P

P II P

p p p p p

33 33 P P 33

CO P Z co

CM i—II—I fin W

P CM P O P OP P P

p z CJ c p P

CJ P W CO W p Q CJ O P

P Z Z Q

p Q o M ^ z O W W Q P

CJ Q- Q <£ W ' P P CJ co <: erf p p

o Crf P M P p

££ O co CO

^ z

p

P Q CO II p p

CD CJ 2 P CJ Pcpppppp ZPPP^QP^

P < <

§

P P X

Crf <

o <3 < s

P Q

CJ O

P P

S p

Pj p . . co 2 <C X P P

co P CJ CJ CJ P

< P i—i w z Q

p co p P p

O >-< P P ^

P

II Z PIIP

< _ <

P P P

CO O < P P P P p p o p p p

P CJ CJ p z p <

a, <: cj p

o p z

p < , p p p i S cj p CO p p I < Z P o

121
TABLE

4.3

ANNUAL

SUMMARY,

SOLAR

ENERGY

DEMONSTRATION

PROJECTS

co co co co co co co co cm co

X -Ha a; co a o - -h 5

c g m

QJ -H 0J 00 J H w >

<U CO M

@ ^ CT3 •H Ct) QJ

•*J Q >-• ^ 00 CO O > PC Q < CO m co cm

cm co m oo vO CM vO

* * * *

o\ CM 00 co

CM CM VO

CO vO CM CM

CM O CM co in

cr* cr> m co vo m oo cm

m vo co

00 OV 00 CM

CO CM VO 00

vO O'* CM m

m co ov

CO 00 CO CM

co co m co

ov o> m ov cm

vO MT *—I CO vo CO CM

in in co ov

CM CO »H CM Mr CO CO CM

CM CM CM

122

Type

1

systems

have

discrete

subsystems

and

components

Type

2

systems

have

self

contained

collector/storage

units

(active)

Type

3

systems

are

integral

with

the

building

(passive)
TABLE

4.4

ANNUAL

SUMMARY,

SOLAR

ENERGY

DEMONSTRATION

PROJECTS * * * * *

hJH o co

w

CO >H P-| co >-< H * * * * *

00

CM

00

iH CTi CM O rH 00 m iH CO

cm in n*

co »—I iH

CM rH

cr> cm

rH 00 oo

00 CM rH

COO^OOrH < o

cm cm cr> O VO 00 o o co sr

oo in co

CM rH vO

CM

r^. o OOCO Om

vooco

mOco oo Q > o o a z

PSw oH O

S5H CT> H rH

P4O • P-. > w o 2 a

O'w 2 3 w

w o o a s g £ < <3

123

REQUIRING

ACTIONS,

MONTHS
TABLE

4.5

CORRELATIVE/INVESTIGATIVE

TABLE,

SOLAR

ENERGY

DEMONSTRATION

PROJECTS

LEVELS

5

* * * *

P CO O r". M 05

Pi rH w

Ph o

H O

X r- M

H 05

Pi rH O

Ph >

W O

2 2

cj p

CO H

tj o

U

H

S3H

W P

O H W

I P' <d - H H P

53 p • • <J w w co o

O O O H

§ ass O O CJ >

cj u < w

O 2

hJ S H

< W

H Ph CJ O <C CO H co H

o cj cj o

> > > > < < < <

cj cj cj o

> > > > < <J < <

O S3 2 2

W H

Ph CJ

<J CO

CO H MOM SC 53 2 HHpPi 2 M CJ O P 2

H O' M

W H

CJ pH CJ < w

CO W

CJ H PH 2 w C H 2

pH P CO M H

P W 2

O' o w

W >

2 H W

2

CO W P

H CJ <

pH H

g

W O

Ph H

W P HOP 2 < O WPP

< CO Q >h > Ph w 2 CO w N_H> w W O Pi CJ

Pi CO Ph p H w

Pi p § O > o

w w < O SC Pi M

w CJ H CJ w > > Pi CO CO Pi p CO W /->. pi Pi w

^ H co p W

H •• <; pi O Ph CJ H g < SC W CO P W O <-3 2 § W CJ “

CO Q

H H

1

I 2 Ph

i oss’ O

, CJ H

i CO

CJ H

> O

C H

H H O

CO CO p O

CJ Oo _2

w

Pi Pi Eh O O CO W PQ >•

Eh CO 2 <

g

P

O W

O M O CO

p p

CJ CJ o

> > >

< c c

124
PART FIVE

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

1.0

INTRODUCTION

Parts Two and Three of this plan are concerned with data intended to characterize building/site/solar

hardware system, parameters and to associate these parameters with operational problems. The types of correlations that will be performed with these data are discussed in Part Four. These correlations

will be performed by means of a computerized system being developed at NBS

Part Five is concerned with the identification of additional data intended to: (1) characterize design,

construction and operation problems, (2) determine the causes of significant failures when such causes cannot be determined from maintenance reports, (3) monitor the deterioration of key system components

prior to their actual failure and (A) quantify the environmental conditions to which collectors are

exposed at various demonstration program sites.

2.0 DATA REQUIREMENTS

2 . 1 Design and Construction Data Requirements

It is recommended that a detailed narrative report be prepared by the residential and commercial demonstration program management contractors for each major design problem encountered, describing the hardware involved, the causes of the problem, design changes made, cost effects and design schedule impact.

At the present time, NBS does not recommend that the information on these reports be computerized. The reason for this is that a catalog of design events, to be definitive, would have to be as comprehensive

as the one developed for operational events. This in our judgement is not warranted, at the present

time, for the design data. However, this recommendation should be reexamined at a future date to determine whether or not the amount of design problem data generated during the demonstration program warrants

a computerized data retrieval and analysis system.

For the same reasons as those enumerated for the design data requirements, it is recommended that a detailed narrative report be written by the contractor for construction events encountered, describing

the hardware involved, the causes of the event, the action taken, cost effects, and design schedule

impact. Construction events are related to problem areas which have resulted in an increase in the scheduled construction time or an increase in the cost of construction.

Again, as for the design data, the reports will be reviewed by cognizant NBS staff, and based on a consideration of the amount of data amassed, a decision will be made at a future date as to whether or not to computerize the data to facilitate analysis.

125
It is expected that the data required for the preparation of design and construction event reports wi]l emanate from three primary sources: architect/engineers , builders and building officials, as discussed

in Section 3.2 of Part One of this plan. The following information should be provided in reporting design

and construction events:

(1) Responsible Architect/Engineer or Contractor

° Firm Name

° Firm Address

° Telephone Number

° Name of individual in charge of design or construction

(2) General Identification

Provide the following identification data:

° Unit Solar Hardware System (USHS) Identification Number

° Building Identification Number

° Site Identification Number

(3 ) System Hardware Identification

The following information should be provided:

° Type of System - See Part Two for a detailed list of types of systems

° Subsystem, Component, or Part:

. Name of subsystem, component, or part where the event occurred

. Manufacturer's name

. Model number or model name

(4) Causes of the Event . Describe the causes of the event in detail.

(5) Remedial Action Taken . What action was taken to correct the event? (Describe in detail)

(6) Discipline Relationship . To what discipline is the event primarily related?

° Functional (Thermal)

° Mechanical

° Structural

° Safety

° Durability /Reliability

° Maintainability

0 Visual Characteristics

(7) Code or Standard Relationship to the Event, If Any

Identify as many codes and standards, and appropriate sections which relate to the event:

° Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Combined Heating/Cooling Systems

and Dwellings, Section

° Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Commercial

Buildings, Section

° Name of state code , Section

° Name of local code , Section

° Uniform Building Code (ICBO) , Section

° Standard Building Code (Southern Conference), Section _____

° Basic Building Code (BOCA) , Section

° National Building Code (AIA) , Section

0 Minimum Property Standards (HUD) , Section

° Not associated with code or standard requirements

(8) Legal Problem Areas Describe in detail any legal problems encountered during design or construction.

(9) Cost and Scheduling

° The event caused a cost overrun of $ , which represents % of the contract

cost

0 The event caused weeks delay in completing the project

126
2.2 Failure Analysis Data

Because of the nature of the program it is expected that a number of significant operational problems

will occur during the demonstration program. In many cases the primary causes of these problems will

not be capable of being determined by means of field maintenance reports. When warranted, by the magnitude of such problems, it is expected that laboratory failure analysis studies will be conducted to determine the actual causes of such problems. Such studies could be conducted either by manufacturers,

as discussed. in Section 3.2.1 of Part One, by commercial testing laboratories or by government laboratories such as those at NBS and NASA. It is important that such failures be characterized so that subsequent criteria and standards can be revised to prevent further occurrence.

Problems such as those discussed above can be identified by reviewing the reports discussed in Part Four of this plan. These reports serve to identify both the frequency and the significance of re- ported failures, in addition to characterizing the causes of such failures as well as is possible on the basis of field maintenance reports. By reviewing these reports, NBS staff will be able to identify failures that have not been fully characterized in the field. It will then be possible to select and retrieve materials or components for failure analysis on a systematic basis. The results

of such failure analyses represent a continuation of the event/cause chain discussed in Part Three and

the data obtained will be entered into the NBS computer data base as a supplement to the information

transcribed from maintenance reports.

Leakage in an absorber plate is an example of the type of problem that may require failure analysis to determine its actual cause. A few of the many potential causes of such a problem are: (1) fluid pH

too high, (2) fluid pH too low, (3) contact between dissimilar metals, (4) erosion-corrosion (fluid

flow rate too high), (5) inclusions in the metal and (6) grain growth induced by welding. It is obvious that the characterization of such a problem is beyond the ability of most maintenance personnel

and will usually require some laboratory analysis of fluids and/or absorber materials.

2 . 3 Operational Deterioration Studies

At the present time, very little is known about the long term durability of many of the materials and components used in solar heating and cooling systems. This is especially true with regard to the long term performance of collectors and the corrosion of metal systems containing liquid heat transfer media.

The two studies which follow are intended to provide information about in-service deterioration under

operational conditions in actual demonstration program systems. The data obtained from such studies

will be compared with the results of accelerated aging tests and the results of such comparisons used

to obtain meaningful accelerated procedures for predicting long term durability. Such procedures are critical for the evolution of the current interim residential and commercial performance criteria into more definitive documents. It is believed that the two studies which follow can be performed with

negligible disruption of the demonstration program.

2.3.1 Heat Transfer Fluid Composition

Not enough information is available to judge whether or not certain commonly used metal-heat transfer

liquid combinations are capable of providing satisfactory long term performance. For example, figures

quoted for the expected life of aluminum absorber panels used in combination with treated ethylene

127
glycol solutions range from an unsatisfactory figure of a few years up to an acceptable figure of many

years. Similar questions exist about the suitability of other metal-liquid combinations. The problem

is compounded by the likelihood that the solar heating and cooling systems will be built from components

containing dissimilar metals (e.g. aluminum absorber panels with brass valves and iron piping). Even though these materials are dielectrically isolated, and may be provided with getters to trap undesired

ions, these protective measures may not be adequate in closed systems which continuously recirculate

a heat transfer fluid. Additional questions exist about the chemical stability of certain heat transfer

liquids when exposed to the collector "no flow" temperatures that will very likely occur at some point

in a system's iifespan. The decomposition products of some of these fluids can be corrosive to some metals. Although it is likely that proper fluid treatment (i.e., buffering) will neutralize these decomposition products, the required frequency of such treatment is not known and it has yet to be determined whether or not it is realistic to expect that the fluid quality will be properly maintained

under "real world" (operational, not laboratory) conditions. The answers to these questions can only

be determined on "real world" systems.

For these reasons, it is recommended that routine determinations be made of heat transfer fluid com- position; preferably on all demonstration program systems. At a minimum, such analyses should be per- formed on all instrumented systems. It is already planned to routinely take heat transfer fluid samples

from these systems so that specific heat measurements can be made, and it would take very little additional effort to chemically analyze the liquids concurrently. Such analyses can be performed at relatively low cost by commercial testing laboratories that possess the requisite automated analytical

equipment

Data that should be obtained are:

° pH (for aqueous solutions)

° reserve alkalinity (per ASTM D 1121 for aqueous solutions)

° metal ion concentration (especially iron, aluminum and copper; for all liquids)

° infrared absorption spectra (for organic liquids)

° viscosity (for organic liquids and water-antifreeze solutions)

It is recommended that these analyses be performed routinely at times of 0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 months

and possibly more frequently if a system is suspected of being contaminated. Records should be kept of changes made to the heat transfer fluid (e.g., replacement). Such records are also necessary for keeping track of the fluid specific heat.

The data identified above will be used by NBS to (1) identify potential corrosion problems, their cause

and location, and (2) determine the stability of various types of fluids under in-use conditions. The

data will be correlated with system parameters and operating conditions and fed back into the development of criteria and standards. It is only through the availability of data of this type that meaningful accelerated testing procedures can be developed.

2.3.2 Collector Deterioration (In-Service)

The design procedures currently used to model solar heating and cooling systems and simulate their

operation do not take into account the possibility that collector performance may degrade significantly

under in-use conditions. However, studies conducted by NASA-Lewis for the Langley Project indicated

128
that six of seven collector types evaluated had significant efficiency losses (10 percent or more) after

3-9 weeks exposure to sunlight under "no flow" conditions [6]. It is not unreasonable to expect that

similar "no flow" exposure will occur during the operation of most demonstration program systems. In

addition, very little is known about the amount of deterioration that occurs during normal system operation. If such deterioration is significant, it should be taken account of in design procedures.

One way of taking into account this type of deterioration is by subjecting the collectors to accelerated

aging procedures before conducting the collector efficiency measurements that will be used in the design

calculations.' However, the development of meaningful accelerated aging procedures is dependent on being

able to correlate their effects with those of "real time" operation.

It is recommended that the following course of action be pursued in conjunction with the demonstration

program:

(1) Monthly instrumentation data summary reports be reviewed to identify systems having

significant deterioration in collector array efficiency

(2) Individual collectors should be removed from these systems and efficiency measurements

made by NBS, or its subcontractors, in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 93-77. In addition,

similar measurements should be made on "zero time" collectors of the same type in order to establish a baseline for comparison.

(3) Materials property measurements should be conducted by NBS, or its subcontractors in order to identify the causes of the collector performance deterioration.

Note: It is recognized that because of program constraints it may only be possible to obtain this type of information from government owned installations.

The results from this study will make it possible (1) to determine to what extent long term collector

deterioration affects system thermal performance, (2) to develop procedures by means of which such deteriora

tion can be quantified and (3) to obtain "real time" materials deterioration data that can be correlated

with the results of accelerated tests and be factored into system performance predictions and maintenance

requirements

The accelerated tests that have been proposed for use in evaluating collector aging involve exposure

under "no flow" conditions. However, correlations between collector damages under "no flow" and "real time" exposure have not been developed. Thus, it is impossible to interpret the results of "no flow" exposure in terms of "real time." Since accelerated collector tests are necessary if long

term performance data are to be obtained in a reasonable period of time, it is recommended that a laboratory based testing program be initiated. The program would consist of exposing collectors of different types under "no flow" conditions at several outdoor test sites. Weather factors such as temperature and solar radiation would be measured and measurement of thermal efficiency and materials

properties would be conducted at fixed time periods, e.g. after 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 months of exposure. The results of these tests would be correlated with observations and results of "real time" exposure of collectors on the demonstration programs. The results of this study will make it possible

to better interpret the results of "no flow" accelerated tests in terms of "real time" exposure.

129
2.4 Environmental Exposure Conditions

Two basic types of environmental conditions can affect the deterioration of solar hardware elements.

The first of these is concerned with outside (weather) exposure and the second with the operating

conditions (e.g. temperatures) that arise inside the system. It is important that both of these conditions be characterized so that they can be correlated with materials deterioration.

Because of cost considerations, it will not be possible to make actual measurements of key environmental parameters at the various demonstration program sites. Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 which follow,

identify the key types of data required and make recommendations as to how they should be obtained.

2.4.1 Outside Exposure Data

Data including: (1) air temperature, (2) relative humidity, (3) rainfall, (4) snow cover, (5) wind

velocity and direction, ( 6 ) ultraviolet and total solar radiation, (7) hail incidence, ( 8 ) solid

particulate concentrations and (9) pollutant levels (including O3 , SO 2 and NO 2 ) should ideally be obtained for the various demonstration program sites. An attempt will be made to utilize data from

the nearest weather stations for those parameters that will not be measured on-site. However, in special cases, e.g., where exposure conditions are thought to be the cause of serious problems, it will be desirable to set up temporary on-site monitoring stations.

2.4.2 Collector Temperatures

Many of the problems that have arisen to date in solar installations are related to the improper use

of materials. A major cause of these problems can be attributed to a lack of knowledge about the operating conditions to which materials will be exposed in solar installations. This lack of knowledge

has become especially obvious in the case of solar collectors where an alarming number of materials

failures have occurred.

I Although information of this type is essential for the proper selection of materials by collector

manufacturers, attempts by NBS to obtain such information from several collector manufacturers have

failed resulting in the conclusion that they lack this information.

1

Although it would be desirable to measure collector material temperatures by carefully instrumenting

the collectors used on demonstration program sites, the costs of such a program would be excessive.

For this reason it is recommended that a laboratory based program be undertaken to measure the tem- peratures to which materials are exposed in several different types of collectors under both "flow"

and "no flow" conditions. This study would be conducted in several different geographic locations and could be carried out in conjunction with the laboratory based collector deterioration study discussed

at the end of section 2.3.2.

The results of this study will be incorporated into revisions of criteria and collector materials

draft standards currently under development by NBS in cooperation with ASTM.

130
References

1. "Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Combined Heating/Cooling Systems and Dwellings,"

January 1, 1975, prepared for HUD by NBS. Available from GPO, order by SD Catalog No. C13.6/2:504,

price $1.90.

2. "Interim Performance Criteria for Commercial Solar Heating and Combined Heating/Cooling Systems and Facilities," February 28, 1975, prepared for ERDA by NASA, Document No. 98M 10001, Revision Basic,

NASA-TM-X-64958 . Available from ERDA Technical Information Center, P.0. Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

37830.

3. Waksman, D. et al, "Interim Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Commercial

Buildings," prepared for ERDA by NBS, NBS Report NBSIR 76-1187, November 1976. Available from NTIS,

Order No. PB 262 114, price $5.50.

4. "National Program for Solar Heating and Cooling of Buildings," ERDA 76-6, November 1976. Available

from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402,

Stock No. 052-003-00043-3, price $1.55.

5. Streed, E. R. , et al "Thermal Data Requirements and Performance Evaluation Procedures for the National Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program," NBS Report NBSIR 76-1137, August 1976. Available from NTIS, Order No. PB 257 770, price $5.00.

6. Knoll, R. H. and Johnson, S.M., "Baseline Performance of Solar Collectors for NASA Langley Solar

Building Test Facility," NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, (presented at Flat-Plate

Solar Collector Conference, Orlando, Florida, March 1, 1977).

131
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 77-I2M7

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Proposed Technical Data Requirements for the National

Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

5. Publication Date May 1977

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Solar Energy Program Team, Center for Building Technology

8 . Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Pro ject/Task/Work Unit No. 4656500 TASK A

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP

)

Department of Housing & Urban Energy Research & Development

Development Administration

451 Seventh Street, S.W. 20 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20410 Washington, D.C. 20545

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

Public Law 93-409, the "Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Act of 1974" calls for

the development of interim performance criteria for solar heating and cooling systems

and the buildings in which they will be used. Section 8 of the law provides for the use of data from the demonstration program to develop definitive performance criteria,

as well as testing procedures whereby manufacturers can certify that their products

conform to definitive performance criteria. Responsibility for the development of

these definitive performance criteria has been assigned by the Energy Research and

Development Administration and the Department of Housing and Urban Development to the

National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

The plan presented in this document was prepared in order to define the technical non-

| instrumentation (TNI) data required by NBS in order to effectively monitor the

residential and commercial demonstration programs, mandated by PL 93-409, for feedback.

These data either cannot be collected electronically or can be gathered more effectivel

by other means. This plan is intended to be a companion document to a similar plan published by NBS in

August 1976 which identified the instrumentation data required by NBS to monitor and

evaluate the "thermal effectiveness" and reliability of solar heating, cooling and

hot water systems.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Data requirements; non-instrumented data; solar buildings; solar energy; solar heating

and cooling; solar hot water

18. AVAILABILITY | ] Unlimited

rxl For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

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Springfield, Virginia 22151

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