NAT L INST. OF STAND & TECH NIST

PUBLICATIONS

REFERENCE

NBSIR 75-795

• Recommended Criteria for

Retrofit Materials and Products

Eligible for Tax Credit

Edited by

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr. Robert G. Mathey

Materials and Composites Section

Structures, Materials and Safety Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

November 1 975

Final

[00

Prepared for Federal Energy Administration

12th & Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.

Washington, D. C. 20461

NBSIR 75-795

RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR

RETROFIT MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

ELIGIBLE FOR TAX CREDIT

Edited by

Walter J. Rossiter, Jr. Robert G. Mathey

Materials and Composites Section

Structures, Materials and Safety Division

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

November 1975

Prepared for Federal Energy Administration

12th & Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W.

Washington, D. C. 20461

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, 111, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

Final

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

SI CONVERSION UNITS , v

ABSTRACT vi

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Tax Credit for Retrofitting 1 1.3 Objectives 1 1. k Scope of the Project 1

1.5 Organization of this Report 2

2. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR PROPOSED

TAX CREDIT 2

2.1 Insulation 5 2.2 Storm Windows 9 2.3 Storm Doors 10

2. h Caulks and Sealants 11

2.5 Weatherstripping 13

2.6 Vapor Barriers 15

2.7 Clock Thermostats l6

3. DESIRED LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USED FOR RETROFITTING IT

3.1 Insulation , , IT 3.2 Storm Windows 19

3.3 Storm Doors 21

3. h Caulks and Sealants 22

3.5 Weatherstripping 23

3.6 Vapor Barriers , 23

3.T Clock Thermostats 2h

h. INSTALLATION PRECAUTIONS 2h

h.l Insulation 25

h.2 Storm Windows 25

h.3 Storm Doors 26

h.k Caulks and Sealants 26

U.5 Weatherstripping 26

h.6 Vapor Barriers 2T U.T Clock Thermostats 2T

5. RETROFITTING AND MODEL BUILDING CODES 2T

6 . REFERENCES 28

APPENDIX A. SELECTED CITATIONS FROM THE LITERATURE ON RETROFITTING 29

APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FOR RETROFITTING 32

APPENDIX C. CAULKS AND SEALANTS AVAILABLE FOR RETROFITTING 3h

APPENDIX D. SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS CITED IN THIS REPORT 36

iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The editors wish to thank the researchers in the Center for Building Technology at the National Bureau of Standards who participated in preparing this report. Mr. Bradley

A. Peavy, Jr. of the Thermal Engineering Section provided the criteria and information for

thermal insulation and vapor harriers. Mr. Jenkins Washington and Mr. John S. Stroik of

the Architectural Research Section provided the criteria and information for storm windows

and doors. Mr. Arthur Hockman and Dr. Walter J. Rossiter of the Materials and Composites

Section furnished the criteria and information for caulks and sealants, and weatherstripping

and clock thermostats, respectively. Mr. Bertram M. Vogel of the Office of Building

Standards and Codes Services reviewed the relationship between retrofitting and model

building codes. Mr. Daniel Gross and Mr. Gregory A. Harrison of the Center for Fire

Research provided the requirements for fire and health safety.

The editors also express their appreciation to those industrial representatives who

provided many useful comments and submitted pertinent product standards and specifications.

iv
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of present accepted practice in this country in this technological area, common U.S. units of measurement have been used throughout this paper. In recognition of

the position of the USA as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures,

which gave official status to the metric SI system of units in I960, we assist readers

interested in making use of the coherent system of SI units "by giving conversion factors

applicable to U.S. units used in this paper.

Length

1 in = 0.025 1* meter* (m)

1 ft = 0.30U8 meter* (m)

Area

2 2

1 in = 0.0006^5 square meter (m ) 1 ft = 0.0929 square meter (wr)

Volume

1 in^ = 0.000016U cubic meter (m)

1 ft = 0.0283 cubic meter (m )

Mass

1 lb = 0. U53 kilogram (kg)

Mass/Volume (Density)

1 lb/ft 3 = 16.02 kilogram/meter3 (kg/m3

)

Temperature

degree Celcius (°C) = 5/9 (°F - 32)

Pressure

2 2

1 psi = 6895 newton/meter (N/m )

Mass/Time (Flow)

—11 2

1 perm (23°C) = 5.7^5 x 10 kilogram/pascal second meter (kg/Pa. s-m)

Volume/Time (Flow)

1 cfm = O.OOCl+72 meter3 /second (m3 /s)

Velocity

1 mph = 0.UU7 meter/second (m/s)

Quantity of Heat

1 Btu = 1055.87 joule (J)

Thermal Resistance

2 ? 1 °F h ft /Btu = 0.176 square meter degree Celcius/Watt (m -°C/W)

* exactly

v
ABSTRACT

The Federal Energy Administration requested the National Bureau of Standards to develop criteria for retrofitting for possible use by the Internal Revenue Service in

implementing the Presidential initiative authorizing tax credit to homeowners. Criteria

are recommended for materials and products considered eligible for proposed tax credit

for retrofitting one and two family residences to conserve energy. The materials considered

include insulation and vapor barriers, storm windows and doors, caulking and weatherstripping

,

and clock thermostats. A list of these retrofit materials was compiled by generic type

and recommendations made on their installation.

In addition to recommended criteria for materials and products eligible for tax

credit, desired levels of performance for the retrofit materials are presented as a guide

to homeowners to achieve maximum benefits in energy conservation through retrofitting.

vi
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In the past homes were usually built to minimize first cost. Energy costs were low

and little attention was paid to effective use of energy in homes. Many existing dwellings

are inadequately insulated in the ceilings, walls and floors, are without storm windows

(double glazing) and doors, and are in need of caulking and weatherstripping around windows

and doors. It is estimated that more than 1*0 million single family residences are inadequate

in one or more of these ways and should be considered for retrofitting [l]*. Effective

retrofitting of residences could save nearly 20 percent of the energy used for residential

heating and cooling in the United States [2]. The term retrofitting, as used here, is the

process whereby materials and products are added to existing homes to reduce permanently

heating and cooling energy consumption.

The savings in both dollars and energy from effective retrofitting have been discussed

in the literature [l-9]. Examples of savings cited from the literature are given in

Appendix A. The reports cited show in general that a sound economic basis for retrofitting

exists

.

1.2 TAX CREDIT FOR RETROFITTING

As an incentive for homeowners to retrofit their homes to conserve energy, the President

of the United States proposed legislation to Congress that would allow a tax credit on retrofitting. The original proposal called for a credit of 15% of the purchase and installation cost, with a maximum credit of $150.00. To be prepared for the passage of such

legislation, the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) requested the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) to recommend the criteria to be used by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

for considering materials and products eligible for tax credit. Although Congress deleted

retrofit tax credit from earlier legislation, it is still possible that this provision may

be included in a future federal energy bill.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this report are to recommend criteria for retrofit materials and

products which may be eligible for proposed tax credit to homeowners; to compile a list of

retrofit materials and products by generic type and to indicate areas where they can be

used; and to suggest levels of performance for retrofit materials to achieve maximum

benefits in energy conservation.

l.U SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

An interdisciplinary team from the National Bureau of Standards, Center for Building

Technology, was assembled to conduct the program. The team members included materials

specialists, thermal engineers, architects, and fire, safety and building code experts.

They identified materials and products which might be suitable for retrofitting. As

requested by FEA, the categories of materials and products were limited to insulation,

vapor barriers, storm windows and storm doors, caulks and sealants, weatherstripping and

clock thermostats. These items are discussed in this report. Other commercially available

materials and products which may be suitable for retrofitting are not included in the

recommended criteria for tax credit given in Section 2. A list of such products is given

in Appendix B. If necessary, criteria for tax credit eligibility could be established in

the future for other materials and products that are effective in conserving energy in

residences. This report can be updated to include additional items.

A number of industrial trade and manufacturer's associations, as well as individual

manufacturers, were asked to participate in the program by NBS. On March lk, 1975, a meeting was held at NBS, Gaithersburg , to explain the purpose of the program to industry

representatives. The representatives were requested to aid NBS in compiling the retrofit

criteria by submitting relevant literature, standards and specifications. The information

*Figures in brackets indicate references listed in Section 6.

1
they submitted was considered in developing the recommended criteria and in preparing the

list, of additional materials and products which may be suitable for retrofitting (Appendix

B).

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

Section 1 gives background information and the objectives and scope of the project.

Section 2 presents the recommended criteria for determining the eligibility of retrofit

materials and products for tax credit.

Section 3 gives desired levels of performance for retrofit materials and products.

Although not necessary for tax credit, nor likely to be able to be made a requirement,

these levels of performance would assure maximum benefit from retrofitting.

Section h outlines precautions which must be taken to assure proper installation of

the retrofit items.

Section 5 shows the relationship between the retrofitting process and model building

codes, and the constraints which the codes impose upon retrofitting.

2. RECOMMENDED CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR PROPOSED TAX CREDIT

The materials and products considered eligible for proposed tax credit are insulation,

storm windows and doors, caulks and sealants, weatherstripping, vapor barriers and clock

thermostats, when used for retrofitting residential housing to save energy. This section

gives recommended criteria by which the eligibility of these materials and products can be

determined.

These recommended criteria are based on factors such as thermal performance, fire

safety, health safety, structural integrity, durability, quality, conformance to building

codes, use and ease of installation. FOR ALL ITEMS WHICH MEET THE CRITERIA, TAX CREDIT

SHOULD ONLY BE ALLOWABLE IF THE MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND INSTALLATION TECHNIQUES DO NOT

VIOLATE APPLICABLE EXISTING LOCAL BUILDING RELATED CODES.

Existing materials specifications and standards were reviewed for their suitability

as a basis for the criteria. For some items, conformance to existing specifications or standards is recommended as the criterion for tax credit eligibility. For others, for

which there are no available specifications or standards, but which produce important

energy savings when retrofitted to existing housing, the recommended criterion is that

materials be purchased and properly installed. These items are recommended eligible for

proposed tax credit, since they have been proven effective for conserving energy in heating

and cooling residences [3, 5, 6 and 8].

The intent of the proposed tax credit is to conserve energy through the encouragement

of retrofitting. Early action should not be hindered by requiring that new standards or specifications be written for retrofit items in cases where no applicable ones exist.

Also, the problem of enforcing conformance to the criteria in evaluating the validity of

claims for tax credits was kept in mind. Complicated technical criteria could make enforcement difficult, if not practically impossible.

All the materials and products considered eligible for proposed tax credit and recom- mended criteria for determining their eligibility are summarized in Table 1. All the

specifications and standards cited in this report are listed in Appendix D.

2
Table 1. Summary of Recommended Criteria

Material or Product Recommended Criteria for

Tax Credit Eligibility

Insulation-Mineral Fiber

Blanket /Batt

Board

Duct Material

Loose-fill

(2) Conformance to F.S. HH-I-521E and

ASTM C665-70

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-526C and

ASTM C612-70 or C726-72

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-5U5B

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-1030B and

ASTM C76U-73

Insulation-Mineral Cellular

Aggregate Board

Cellular Glass

Perlite

Vermiculite

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-529B

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-551E and

ASTM C 5 52-7

3

Conformance to F.S. 101-1-57^ and

ASTM C5^9-73

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-585B and

ASTM C516-67

Insulation-Organic Fiber

Cellulose-Classes 25 and 75

Cellulose-Class 200

Vegetable

Board and Block

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-515B and

ASTM C739-73 (Loose-fill)

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-515B and

ASTM C739-73 (Loose^-mi) and fire

safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-528B and

fire safety requirements

Conformance to F.S. LLL-I-535A and

ASTM C208-72 and fire safety

requirements

Insulation-Organic Cellular

Polystyrene Board

Urethane Board

Flexible Unicellular

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-52UB and

ASTM C578-69 and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-530A and

ASTM C591-69 and fire safety

requirements

Conformance to F.S. HH-I-573B and

ASTM 053^-70 and fire safety

requirements

3
Table 1. Summary of Recommended Criteria (continued)

Material or Product Recommended Criteria f©r>

Tax Credit Eligibility 1

'

Insulation-Air Spaces

Reflective Conformance to F.S. HH-I-1252A

Storm Windows

Aluminum Frame

Wood Frame

Rigid Vinyl Frame

Frameless Plastic Glazing

Equivalent to ANSI A131*. 3-1972

Conformance to Section 3 of NWMA Industry

Standard I. S. 2-73

Conformance to NBS Product Standard

PS26-70 and performance guarantee

Required Minimum Thickness, 6 mil

(0.006 in)

Stoma Doors

Aluminum

Wood

Pine

Fir, Hemlock, Spruce

Hardwood veneered

Rigid Vinyl

Equivalent to ANSI A13^ . U-1972

Conformance to Section 3 of' NWMA I. S. 5-73

Conformance to Section 3 of FHDA/5-75

Conformance to Section E of NWMA I. S. 1-73

Conformance to NBS Product Standard

PS26-70 and performance guarantee

Caulks and Sealants Commercial Availability

Weather stripping Commercial Availability

Vapor Barriers Conformance to ASTM C755-73

Clock Thermostats Commercial Availability

(1) For all items, tax credit should be allowed only if the items are installed as stated

in Section 2 and installation does not violate any existing applicable building-related

code

.

(2) F.S. - federal specification.

(3) For fire safety requirements, see Section 2.1.3.1.
2.1 INSULATION

2.1.1 Definition . Thermal insulation is a material or assembly of materials used primarily

to provide resistance to heat flow.

2.1.2 Materials . The materials listed below are those considered acceptable for use in

residential housing to provide increased thermal resistance through retrofitting.

2.1.2.1 Types . Insulation is available as the following types:

°Mineral fibrous materials such as glass, rock or slag wool.

°Mineral cellular materials such as perlite and vermiculite.

°Organic fibrous materials such as cotton, wood, paper, animal hair or synthetic

fibers

.

°Organic cellular materials such as polystyrene or polyurethane

.

°Air spaces with either non-reflective or metallic or metallized organic reflective

surfaces

.

2.1.2.2 Physical Forms . Insulation is available in the following physical forms:

°Loose-fill. Loose-fill insulation consists of fibers, granules or nodules which are usually poured or blown into walls, attics or other enclosed spaces.

°Flexible and Semirigid. These are materials with varying degrees of compressibility

and flexibility, generally blanket, batt or felt insulation. They are available in

sheets or rolls of many types and varieties, both organic and inorganic. Coverings

and fastenings may be fastened to one or both sides to serve as reinforcing, vapor

barriers, reflective surfaces or surface finishes. Thickness and shape of insulation

may be of any dimension conveniently handled, although standard sizes are generally

used.

°Rigid. These materials are available in rectangular dimensions called block, board

or sheet, and preformed during manufacture to standard lengths, widths and thicknesses.

2.1.3 Criterion . Materials used for thermal insulation should meet minimum requirements

for heat flow resistance, fire safety and quality. Federal specifications and ASTM

designations are available which set the requirements for heat flow resistance and

quality of the insulations, but which are, in some cases, incomplete in regards to fire safety. For fire safety, addition of thermal insulation should be accomplished

in such a manner so as not to decrease the overall fire safety of the residence.

This involves considerations of (a) installation, (b) burning characteristics, and

(c) flame resistance permanency.

Materials conforming to the federal specifications and ASTM designations listed in

Table 2 and properly installed as designated in Section 2.1.1+ are considered to meet

the minimum requirements for heat flow resistance, fire safety and quality. As such,

they should be eligible. Each insulation should be labeled as meeting the applicable

specification.

Materials conforming to the federal specifications and ASTM designations listed in

Table 3 are considered to meet only the requirements for heat flow resistance and

quality. They may not meet the requirement for fire safety. As such, they should

be eligible only if they are certified as conforming to the fire safety requirements

listed in Section 2.1.3.1, in addition to conforming to the other requirements of the

federal specifications, and are properly installed as designated in Section 2.1.k.

Each insulation should be labeled as conforming to both the fire safety requirement

and the federal specification.

5
2. 1 . 3 . 1 Fire Safety Requirements .

° Surface Burning Characteristics . The flame spread classification index for all

insulation materials shall not exceed the following values:

plastic foam 25*

all other insulation material 150.

The ASTM E8U-70 flame spread test method shall be the "basis for evaluating the

surface burning characteristics of the residential insulation material. Where

fibrous blankets with facings are to be used, the surface burning characteristics of

the complete faced insulation blanket shall be measured.

° Flame Resistance Permanency . Chemical retardant insulations shall retain their

flame resistance throughout their service lifetime. The procedures and equipment

specified in ASTM CT39-T3, Section 10. h, "Flame Resistance Permanency" shall be used

in judging the effect of aging on the permanence of any flame retardants used during

manufacture

.

2.1.U Areas of Application . Materials used for thermal insulation may be applied in

residential housing to the following areas: walls, roofs, ceilings, floors, pipes,

ducts, vessels and equipment exposed to the external environment.

Exposed plastic foam (untreated or f ire-retardant treated) and non-fire-retardant

treated cellulosic loose-fill insulation shall not be permitted in habitable areas. These materials should be protected by a layer of gypsum board of 1/2 inch thickness

or greater, or an equivalent fire barrier.

Installed insulation shall not make contact with recessed light fixtures, motors,

fans, blowers, heaters, flues, and chimneys. Thermal insulation should not be installed within 2k inches of the top or within 3 inches of the side of a recessed electrical

fixture enclosure, wiring compartment or ballast unless labeled for the purpose. To retain loose-fill insulation from making contact with other energy-dissipating

objects, a minimum of 2 inches of air space should be provided and assured by the use of blocking.

2.1.5 Commentary . Although a degree of material combustibility is allowed, the intent is

to allow insulating materials which are not more combustible (or flammable) than

existing construction and insulation materials, and to preclude any increased fire

hazard due to the retention of heat from energy-dissipating objects.

In areas where occupants are likely to be engaged in normal activities, the insulation

should perform its intended function without the increased risk of ignition, rapid

flame spread, and heat and smoke generation. Insulation in concealed spaces may be

a particular fire problem due to its susceptibility to smoldering and its inaccessibility

for firefighting

.

*No single test is sufficient to provide a full estimate of performance of a product in a fire. Plastic foams are difficult to evaluate in ASTM E8U-70. The requirement of flame

spread classification of 25 maximum for these foams will provide as much safety assurance as

is possible with current test methods. Such a classification (or any other numerical classification) shall not be construed as the equivalent of "noncombustible" . Insulation

materials, including those consisting of cellulose, plastic foam and fibrous glass (containing organic binder) are combustible materials which will burn and release heat, especially

when exposed to continuous large fire sources.

6
Table 2. Thermal Insulating Materials Which Are Eligible*

Type of

Insulation

Federal Specification ASTM

Number Title Designation

Mineral

Fiber

HH-I-521E Insulation Blankets, Thermal (Mineral

Fiber, for Ambient Temperatures)

HH-I-526C Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral

Fiber)

HH-I-5^5B Insulation, Thermal and Acoustical

(Mineral Fiber, Duct Material)

HH-I-1030B Insulation, Thermal (Mineral Fiber

for Pneumatic or Poured Application)

C665-70

C612-70

C726-72

C76U-T3

Mineral

Cellular

HH-I-529B Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral

Aggregate

)

HH-I-551E Insulation, Block and Board, Thermal

(Cellular Glass)

HH—I-5T 1+A Insulation, Thermal (Perlite)

HH-I-585B Insulation, Thermal ( Vermiculite

)

C552-73

C5U9-73

C516-67

,

Organic

Fiber

HH-I-515B Insulation Blanket, Thermal; and

Class 25 Insulation, Thermal (Loose-fill

Class 75 for Pneumatic or Poured Application) Cellulose, Vegetable and

Wood Fiber

C739-73

(Loose-fill)

Type I Type II

Air

Spaces HH-I-1252A Insulation, Thermal, Reflective

(Aluminum Foil)

*Products listed under the categories Batts and Blankets (UOU8.3) and Loose Fill

Material (U0U8.ll) in the Underwriters' Laboratories Buildine Materials Directory

comply with the flame spread limitations eiven in Section 2.1.3.1.

7
Table 3. Thermal Insulating Materials Which May Be Eligible*

Type of Federal. Specification ASTM

Insulation Number Title Designation

HH-I-515B Insulation Blanket, Thermal; and C739-T3

hiU-LcLSS q o o cUU onn Insulation, Thermal (Loose—fill

for Pneumatic or Poured Application) Cellulose, Vegetable and

(Loose-fill

)

Type III

WOOU r J. Del

£>•H HH-I-528B Insulation Batts and Blankets,

PnO Thermal (Vegetable Fiber)

Organi LLL-I-535A Insulation Board, Thermal and C208-72

Insulation Block, Thermal

HH-I-521+B Insulation Board, Thermal C5T8-69

u (Polystyrene

)

H HH-I-530A Insulation Board, Thermal C591-69

<D O

(Urethane)

oH

CI HH-I-5T3B Insulation, Thermal (Flexible C53 1+-70

a3bO Unicellular Sheet and Pipe o

Covering)

*They must be certified as conforming to the fire safety requirements in

Section 2.1.3.1.

8
The urethane plastic foam industry recommends that urethane foam used in all interior

and/or ceiling construction should be covered with at least 1/2 inch of cement

plaster or fire-rated gypsum wallboard or an equivalent barrier providing a finish

fire rating of 15 minutes or more [lO]. This recommendation has been incorporated in

building codes and Federal regulations for various types of buildings.

Although the primary fire safety properties of insulation relate to ignitability and

rate of heat release, at the present time standard test methods for these properties

do not exist. ASTM E8U-70 is the current standard used to judge the fire performance.

No general test method exists for evaluating the flame resistance permanency of all

chemical retardant insulations. ASTM CT39-T3, Section 10. U, was specifically developed

for cellulosic insulations. This test method is an accelerated aging procedure

designed to determine the permanency of the chemicals used as fire retardants. Aging

is performed by cycling at high relative humidities and temperature. The intent is

to simulate conditions in which flame retardants may be leached from the insulation.

2.2 STORM WINDOWS

2.2.1 Definition . A storm window is an extra window, normally installed to the exterior

of the primary or ordinary window to increase resistance to heat flow and to decrease

air infiltration. Less commonly, storm windows are installed on the interior of the

primary window.

2.2.2 Materials . Storm windows may be constructed of aluminum, wood or rigid vinyl

[poly (vinyl chloride)] frames, with glass or plastic glazing. Flexible and rigid

plastic sheeting may also be used.

2.2.3 Criterion . Storm windows for retrofitting should conform to the standards or special provisions listed below, and be installed as stated in Section 2.2.U,

2.2.3.1 Aluminum Combination and Frame Storm Windows . Aluminum combination storm windows

should be equal to those conforming to the American National Standard Institute

(ANSI) A131*. 3-1972 "Specifications for Aluminum Combination Vertically-Sliding or Horizontally-Operating Storm Windows for External Applications". Aluminum frame

storm windows should conform to Sections CI. 2, CI. 3, Cl.h and CI. 6 of ANSI A13^.3-

1972.

2.2.3.2 Wood Frame Storm Windows . Wood frame storm windows should conform to Section 3 of the National Woodwork Manufacturers Association (NWMA) Industry Standard I. S. 2-73

for Wood Window Units.

2.2.3.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Windows . Rigid vinyl frame storm windows should be con- structed with vinyl profile extrusions which conform to NBS Voluntary Product Standard

PS 26-70, "Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Extrusions". These windows

should be equal in quality to aluminum and wood frame storm windows. The manufacturer

should assure their quality and guarantee that they will perform as well as aluminum

and wood frame storm windows

.

2.2.3.^ Frameless Plastic Glazing . Plastic glazing used as frameless storm windows

should consist of either flexible or rigid sheets, a minimum of 6 mil thick.

2.2.U Areas of Application . Storm windows used for retrofitting may be installed on residential housing to any existing primary windows. Installation should not violate

any applicable existing local building related code. A minimum of 1/2 inch of air

space should be provided between the primary and storm windows.

2.2.5 Commentary . Some storm windows are installed in a fixed position which may create

a ventilation problem. Also, fixed position storm windows may hinder or prevent

egress in case of emergency. Local building codes should be consulted to see if this

type of retrofitting is permitted.

9
2.2.5-1 Aluminum Combination and Frame Storm Windows . The intent of the criterion is to assure the quality of storm windows which are used for energy conservation. It is not the intent to impose expensive testing upon the storm window manufacturer to show

conformance to the standard. Thus, it is only required that storm windows be manufactured to meet the provisions of ANSI A13h . 3-1972 . They should be labeled as being

manufactured to those provisions. It is not required that they be certified by

independent laboratory testing as meeting the standard.

2.2.5.2 Wood Frame Storm Windows . NWMA Standard I. S. 2-73 was not developed for storm

windows, but rather for primary windows. Section 3 of the standard is used as the

criterion in retrofitting to assure the quality of the materials and the quality of

the construction of the windows. They should be labeled as being manufactured to the

provisions of Section 3 of NWMA Standard I. S. 2-73.

2.2.5.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Windows . NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS 26-70 is

concerned with the quality of vinyl profile extrusions, and not completed windows.

Since there are no standards to assure the quality of these windows, the manufacturer

should guarantee that they perform as well as aluminum and wood frame storm windows

described in Sections 2.2.3-1 and 2.2.3.2.

2.2.5-^ Frameless Plastic Glazing . Flexible and rigid plastic sheeting can be effective

in reducing heat flow and are acceptable for use as storm windows. Flexible sheeting

offers an economical method for retrofitting but has a short life, usually lasting

one season. In the installation of these types of windows, consideration should be

given to the fact that interior installation is ea.sier and provides greater protection

to the plastic. Condensation on the interior of the primary window may appear and

may be difficult to remove. Outside installation is more difficult (e.g. 2 story

houses) and damage to the plastic is more likely from the elements. In the case of

outside installation condensation which occurs on the plastic glazing can in general

be removed from the inside by opening the windows.

2.3 STORM DOORS

2.3-1 Definition . A storm door is an extra door, installed to the exterior of the

primary or ordinary door, to provide greater resistance to heat flow and to reduce

air infiltration.

2.3.2 Materials . Storm doors may be constructed of aluminum, wood or rigid vinyl frames

with glazing, or of solid wood.

2.3.3 Criterion . Storm doors installed for retrofitting should conform to the standards

listed below, and be installed as stated in Section 2.3.^.

2.3-3.1 Aluminum Frame Storm Doors . Aluminum frame storm doors should be equal to those

conforming to ANSI Standard A13^ . H-1972 entitled "Specifications for Aluminum Storm

Doors"

.

2.3.3.2 Wood or Wood Frame Storm Doors .

°Pine storm doors should conform to the requirements for exterior doors listed in

Section 3 of NWMA I. S. 5-73 entitled "Ponderosa Pine Doors".

°Fir, hemlock and spruce storm doors should conform to the requirements for exterior

doors listed in Section 3 of the Fir and Hemlock Door Association Industry Standard FHDA/5-

75 entitled "Industry Standard for Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce

Doors and Blinds".

°Hardwood veneered flush doors should conform to the general requirements for exterior

doors listed in Section 3 of NWMA I. S. 1-75 entitled "Hardwood Flush Doors".

10
2.3.3.3 Rigid Vinyl Frame Storm Doors . Rigid vinyl frame storm doors should be constructed

with vinyl profile extrusions which conform to NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS 26-

70, "Rigid Poly( Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Extrusions". These doors should be

equal in quality to aluminum and wood frame storm doors. The manufacturer should

assure their quality and guarantee that they will perform as well as aluminum and

wood frame storm doors described in Sections 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2.

2.3.h Areas of Application . Storm doors used for retrofitting may be installed on residential housing to any existing exterior door. Installation should not violate

any applicable existing local building related code.

2.3.5 Commentary .

2.3.5.1 Aluminum Frame Storm Doors . The intent of the criterion is to assure the quality

of the storm doors necessary for satisfactory performance and that energy savings

will be realized through their use. It is not the intent to impose expensive testing

upon the storm door manufacturers to show conformance to the standard. Thus, it is

only required that aluminum storm doors be manufactured to meet the provisions of

ANSI A13l*. 1*-1972. They should be labeled as being manufactured to those provisions.

It is not required that they be certified by independent laboratory testing as meeting the standard.

2.3.5.2 Wood Frame Storm Doors . The standards NWMA I. S. 5-73 "Ponderosa Pine Doors",

FHDA/5-75 "Industry Standard for Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce Doors

and Blinds" and NWMA I. S. 1-73 "Hardwood Flush Doors" were not developed for storm

doors, but rather for primary wood doors. Section 3 of each standard is used for

criteria in retrofitting because there are no existing standards or specifications

that have been developed specifically for wood storm doors.

Conformance to the requirements given in Section 3 of each standard assures the

quality of the materials and construction of the storm doors. They should be labeled

as being manufactured to the provisions of Section 3 of the applicable standard.

If woods other than those listed in Section 2.3.3.2 are used to construct storm

doors, the quality of these doors shall be equal to the quality of the doors listed

in Section 2.3.3.2.

2.3.5-3 Vinyl Frame Storm Doors . NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS26-70 is concerned

with the quality of vinyl profile extrusions, and not completed doors. Since there

are no standards to assure the quality of these doors, the manufacturer should

guarantee that they perform as well as aluminum and wood frame storm doors described

in Sections 2.3.3.1 and 2.3.3.2.

2 . U CAULKS AND SEALANTS

2.U.1 Definition . Caulks and sealants are non-rigid materials placed in joints of

buildings to prevent the passage of heat, air, moisture and dust. The terms caulk

and sealant are often used interchangeably. On the other hand, many formulators and

contractors refer to the lower performance materials as caulks, and to the better

performance materials as sealants.

2.1*. 2 Materials . Materials used as caulks and sealants are grouped in three classifications

according to their performance. The materials in each class are listed below.

Information relevant to properties, performance and use of the materials is given in

Appendix C.

2.1*. 2.1 Basic Performance

°0il and Resin Base Caulks

°Polybutene Compound

11
2.H.2.2 Intermediate Performance

° Latex Caulks

°Acrylic (Solvent Type) Caulks

°Butyl Rubber Sealant (or Caulk)

°Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene

2.U.2.3 High Performance

°Polysulfide

°Polyurethane

°Silicone

2.k.2.k Putty and Glazing Compounds . There are two types of compounds generally used for

sealing relatively small glass panes. The two types are putty and glazing compounds.

For larger glass windows (e.g., picture windows) sealants from the intermediate and

high performance classes are used.

2.U.3 Criterion . All of the materials listed in Section 2.U.2 and marketed as caulks and

sealants are eligible without conformance to any specification or special provision.

It is sufficient that the material be commercially available, and marketed as a caulk

or sealant.

2.h.k Areas of Application . Caulks and sealants used for retrofitting should be installed

in joints of residential housing such as those associated with the following:

°Window frames

°Door' frames

°Window glazing

°Wall to slab joints

°Siding joints

° Skylights

°Ducts and vents

°Air conditioners to window joints

°Attic floor/chimney/ siding gaps

°Fuel-oil pipe and other similar designed breaks in the exterior surface

°Window frame/storm window joint.

2.U.5 Commentary . Federal or other specifications do not exist for all caulks and

sealants which are commercially available to the homeowner. Many of the caulks and

sealants for which no specifications exist perform adequately to conserve energy.

Moreover, even a low quality caulk or sealant will save energy by reducing air

infiltration if properly applied. On this basis, no criterion, other than commercial

availability and labeling as a caulk or sealant is required for these materials to be

eligible

.

For the prudent homeowner who wants to assure himself of buying and installing

caulks and sealants which meet requirements for quality, there are specifications

(listed in Table h) for some products. These materials are usually marked on the

container or cartridge as conforming to the applicable specification.

12
Table h. Specifications for Caulks and Sealants

Performance

Classification

Caulk or Sealant Federal

Specification

ASTM Designation

Basic Oil and Resin Base TT-C-00598C C570-72

Intermediate Acrylic (Solvent Type)

Butyl Rubber

Chlorosulfonated

Polyethylene

TT-S-00230C

TT-S-00165T

TT-S-00230C —

High Polysulfide

^"i n^"l p cOTirnorieni". multi-component

Polyurethane

Silicone

TT-S-0022TE

TT-S-00230C

TT-S-00227E

TT-S-0015 )+3A

TT-S-00230C

—

Putty

Glazing Compound

TT-P-00791B

TT-G-i+10E
In general, the level of performance of the sealant is related to the cost of the

product. A more expensive product will in general last longer. Thus, a high initial

investment may more than pay for itself by eliminating additional expense at a later

date because of re-installation costs.

2.5 WEATHERSTRIPPING

2.5.1 Definition . Weatherstripping consists of narrow strips of material placed over or

in moveable joints of windows and doors to reduce the passage of air and moisture.

2.5.2 Materials . Various types of weatherstripping are available for retrofitting. In general most can be applied to both windows and doors. However, others are made

specifically for doors. Examples of weatherstripping include the following:

2.5.2.1 Weatherstripping for both Windows and Doors

spring bronze strips

felt strips

adhesive backed foam strips

adhesive backed vinyl foam strips

adhesive backed sponge rubber strips

hollow vinyl cord

sponge rubber gasket

metal wrapped vinyl strips

metal wrapped felt strips

2.5-2.2 Weatherstripping for Doors

door bottom strips

-door bottom sweeps

door shoes

vinyl bulb threshold

interlocking threshold

2.5.3 Criterion . Any commercially available material which is marketed as weatherstripping

is eligible. It is not required that the weatherstripping conform to any specification

or special provision.

2.5.^ Areas of Application . Materials used as weatherstripping may be applied to all

windows and exterior doors in residential housing.

2.5.5 Commentary . This report is concerned with weatherstripping normally sold in

building supply houses, hardware stores and home improvement centers. Weatherstripping

is one of the easiest retrofit materials or products to install. There are no standards or specifications pertaining to these materials. The only requirement for

tax credit eligibility is that the material be commercially available and be labeled

as weatherstripping.

Ik
There is a range of quality among the various weatherstrippings that the homeowner

may purchase. In general, the foam plastics are inferior to the metal strips or vinyl cord [ll]. Even an inferior quality product will save energy by reducing air

infiltration at windows and doors. Such materials are, therefore, eligible. The

homeowner should be aware that inferior quality weatherstripping may not perform as well as better quality products and may have to be replaced more frequently. Better

quality products are more durable and tend to retain their ability to reduce air

infiltration for a longer period of time.

2.6 VAPOR BARRIERS

2.6.1 Definition . A vapor barrier is a material which provides a high resistance to the

transmission (flow) of water vapor through building and insulating materials due to water vapor pressure difference. The principal purpose of water vapor barriers is to

preclude or appreciably reduce the possibility of condensation of water vapor within

insulation and other building materials.

2.6.2 Materials . The materials listed below, when installed as recommended, provide

water vapor barriers. Vapor barrier materials should be water resistant, puncture

resistant, abrasion resistant, tear resistant, fire resistant, noncorrosive, rot and

mildew resistant, and of sufficient tensile strength, in addition to a high resistance

to water vapor transmission.

2.6.2.1 Membrane barriers are flexible and non-load bearing, and are supplied in roll

form or as an integral part of thermal insulation. These include metal foils,

coated felts and papers, laminated foil and treated papers, and plastic films and

sheets. Accessory items, such as tape and adhesives, are required for sealing

joints

.

2.6.2.2 Mastic, coating and paint barriers are field applied semi-liquid compositions

having high resistance to water vapor transmission after curing, the ingredients of

these barriers include bitumens (asphalts), resins or polymers, pigments, fillers,

and volatile solvent or water. Paints which have been used as vapor barriers include

alkyds including aluminum pigmented alkyds, polyurethanes , epoxies and rubber based

paints. Paints used as vapor barriers should be labeled as having a water vapor

permeance not greater than 1 perm (see Section 3.6).

2.6.2.3 Structural barriers may be formed from rigid or semi-rigid materials of low

permeability which form a part of a structure. They include reinforced plastics,

aluminum, stainless steel and insulating materials which are relatively impervious to water vapor flow due to their physical structure and composition. They require

careful sealing of joints and seams. These materials are generally not used as vapor

barriers in residential housing.

2.6.3 Criterion . The materials used for water vapor barriers should conform to provisions

cited in ASTM CT55-T3, "Standard Recommended Practice for Selection of Vapor Barriers

for Thermal Insulation", and be installed in areas listed in Section 2.6.h.

2.6.1+ Areas of Application . Materials used for water vapor barriers may be applied in

residential housing to the following areas: (l) warm (winter) side of opaque walls,

(2) warm (winter) side of flat roofs and ceilings under ventilated attic spaces, and

(3) over ground or soil in crawl spaces.

2.6.5 Commentary . Increased insulation in the walls, roofs or ceilings and floors to reduce heat flow from residences requires attention to the increased possibility of

excessive accumulation of condensed water vapor (moisture) in these elements. This

may be prevented by one or more of the following measures:

°providing a vapor barrier to limit vapor entrance

°ventilating the residence to reduce vapor pressure

°making the cold side of walls, roofs or ceilings, and floors more permeable to

the egress of water vapor.

15
The deleterious effects of moisture condensation in building and insulating materials

include

:

deterioration of materials by chemical, physical and biological changes and by

freeze-thaw breakdown of materials.

°water in liquid form, accumulated in thermal insulating materials, reduces

their resistance to heat flow and their effectiveness as insulation.

Significant dimensional changes occur in many building materials with changes

in moisture content.

2.7 CLOCK THERMOSTATS

2.7.1 Definition . A clock thermostat is a temperature control device for interior

spaces incorporating two temperature control points and a. clock for switching from one control point to the other. Only one control point regulates the interior space

temperature at one time.

2.7.2 Products . Clock thermostats and clock thermostat systems may be classified as follows

:

2.7.2.1 A clock and two individual thermostats . In this system, two thermostats are connected through a time clock to the heating system. The clock automatically

switches from the normal temperature controlled by one thermostat to the setback

(lower) temperature controlled by the other. The duration of the setback is determined

by the clock. This system has the advantage that more than one setback period may be

chosen in a 2k hour period. Also, different types of clocks may be used to control

switching. For example, 2k hour and 7 day clocks are commercially available. By

using a 7 day clock, the setback time can be programmed for a whole week. The

system may be used with central air conditioning.

2.7.2.2 Fully automatic clock thermostat . This is a thermostat which combines the two

temperature controls and the clock in one unit. After the setback period is fixed,

the thermostat automatically switches between the normal and setback temperatures

once every 2k hours. This unit may also be used with central air conditioning

systems.

2.7.2.3 Semi-automatic clock thermostat . This is a thermostat which combines the two

temperature controls and a wind-up timer in one unit. With this unit, the setback is

manually activated by setting the timer. The duration of setback is also fixed

manually each time the setback is activated. The thermostat automatically switches

from setback to normal temperature. This device may be activated more than once every 2k hours.

2.7.3 Criterion . Any commercially available product marketed as a clock thermostat or clock thermostat system as listed in Section 2.7.2 is eligible when used for retrofitting residential housing. It is not required that the clock thermostat or related

system conform to any specification or special provision.

2.7.^ Areas of Application . Clock thermostats and related systems may be applied in

residential housing as replacements of or additions to existing thermostats which

control interior space temperatures.

2.7.5 Commentary . There are no specifications or standards presently available for clock

thermostats. Because there is a substantial energy savings to be gained through

their use [5, 6] clock thermostats are recommended without conformance to specifications

or standards

.

16
3. DESIRED LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE FOR

MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USED FOR RETROFITTING

Section 2 of this report gives recommended criteria for assessing the eligibility of

materials and products for tax credit. While these criteria cover materials and products

which are effective in conserving energy, they do not in general directly address the

question of the performance of the retrofit materials and products. This section presents

desired levels of performance for the retrofit items recommended for tax credit eligibility

in Section 2. The purpose is to provide the homeowner with guidlines to assist him in

gaining maximum benefit from energy conservation.

It would be desirable to have performance criteria for assessment of the tax credit

eligibility of retrofit materials and products. However, performance criteria are in

general not available for the immediate need and their development would take a long time.

The time required to develop performance criteria would significantly delay the implementation of the tax credit program since many needed performance tests are not available. For

the purpose of determining tax credit eligibility performance criteria may be difficult to

apply because of required testing and certification.

3.1 INSULATION

3.1.1 Performance Need Heat Flow . Materials used for thermal insulation

should not allow more than the prescribed rates of

heat flow into or from the building.

3.1.1.1 Level of Performance Heat Flow Resistance . The addition of thermal

insulation for retrofitting purposes should

increase the total thermal resistance, R^_ , to the

values listed below.

° Walls, Roofs, Ceilings and Floors . For the

various geographical locations as designated by

heating degree-days, the minimum total thermal

resistance, R^ , resulting from retrofitting

thermal insulation to opaque portions of walls,

roofs, ceilings and floors should lie within the

ranges of values given in Table 5.

° Slab-On-Ground Floors . For the geographical

locations as designated by heating degree-days,

the retrofitting of insulation at the edges of

slab floors to reduce slab edge heat loss should

give resultant minimum thermal resistances, R- values, and total depths of insulation at the slab

edges as listed in Table 6.

0 Thermal Resistance of Ducts, Plenums, Pipes and

Other Equipment . Air ducts and other surfaces

installed in nonheated spaces (e.g., attics,

unheated garages, crawl spaces, etc.) should be

thermally insulated to provide a metal surface to

outside surface thermal resistance of not less

than R = AT/20, where AT is the maximum temperature

difference (°F) between the duct (or other enclosure)

and the surrounding air, or shall be insulated to

a value of R = k whichever is greater.

17
Table 5. Minimum Total Thermal Resistance of Walls, Roofs, Ceilings and Floors, R

t ^

(2) Heating Degree-Days 0 - U500 U501 - 8000 8001 or more

Flat roof deck 7-20 11-25 12-25

Ceilings 12-20 18-25 22-30

Masonry wall construction 9-11 10-12 11-17

Frame wall construction 12-lU lU-17 lU-20

(3) Floors VJ; 5-8 7-11

Values of total thermal resistance are given in units °F h ft Btu" . To obtain thermal

transmittance , U = l/R^.-

(2) Values of degree-days for many geographical locations are given in Chapter 1+3 of the

ASHRAE Systems Handbook [12].

(3) Total resistance values for floors over basements, unheated garages or crawl spaces

with no positive heat supply.

Table 6. Minimum Total Thermal Resistance of Slab-On-Ground Floors

Heating Degree-Days R^ (2) Depth of Insulation

2500 - 1+500 2,.5 - 1+.0 18

1+501 - 8000 3,,8 - 5.0 2k

8001 or more 5.,0 - 7.0 2k

Values of total thermal resistance are given in units °F h ft Btu

Inches

.

18
Evaluation.

Commentary.

3.2 STORM WINDOWS

3.2.1 Performance Need

3.2.1.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

The thermal resistance of building and insulating

materials may be obtained or calculated from

values given in Table 3 of Chapter 20 of the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [13]. Where

calculation is necessary, the thermal resistance

is the thickness of a material divided by its

thermal conductivity in consistent units. The

thermal resistances of air spaces may be obtained

from Table 2 of Chapter 20 of the ASHRAE Handbook

of Fundamentals [13] for various orientations and

effective emissivities of the air space.

The thermal resistance of surfaces exposed to still (inside) and moving (outside) air and

various positions and directions of heat flow must

be used in calculations for total thermal resistance.

R-values are given in Table 1 of Chapter 20 of the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [13].

The total thermal resistance to heat flow through

a flat wall, roof, ceiling or floor is equal

numerically to the sum of the individual resistances

in series of the components comprising the opaque

portions of the walls, roofs, ceilings or floors,

and the resistances of the air films on the

inside and outside surfaces of the wall, roof,

ceiling or floor. Table h of Chapter 20 of the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [13] gives examples

for computation of total thermal resistance, R^

.

Proper retrofitting requires the installation of

adequate amounts of insulation to reach prescribed

levels of heat flow resistance. The prudent homeowner who retrofits should upgrade his home to

these levels. The homeowner should realize that

heating and cooling costs vary with energy prices.

The amount of insulation that is economically

justified based on energy costs increases with

fuel prices [ 3]

.

Heat Flow . Storm windows should not allow more

than the prescribed rate of heat flow into or from

the building.

Heat Flow Resistance . Addition of a storm window

to a primary window should give a resultant total

thermal resistance of the primary window-storm

window assembly which is at least Q0% greater than

the thermal resistance of the primary window

alone

.

The thermal resistance of storm windows may be

obtained from values given in Table 8 of Chapter

20 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [13].

This table gives coefficients of thermal transmittance

for windows. The thermal resistance is the

reciprocal of the thermal transmittance.

19
Commentary.

3.2.2 Performance Need

3.2.2.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation

.

Commentary.

3.2.2.2 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

3.2.3 Performance Need

3.2.3.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Addition of storm windows is a major means of

reducing heating energy consumption of residential

housing and in some instances conserves cooling

energy. Approximately one-half of the heat loss

through single-glazed primary windows can be saved

by the addition of storm windows.

Air and Water Infiltration . Storm windows should

not allow more than the prescribed levels of air

infiltration and water penetration into the

building.

Air Infiltration . Allowable air infiltration

should be at least 1.0 cfm but not be more than

h.O cfm per linear foot of net sash crack perimeter

at a static air pressure of 1.56 psf. (This is

the equivalent of a 25 mph wind blowing against

the window.

)

The test is conducted in accordance with ASTM

E283-T3 with the sash closed and latched.

Air infiltration provides natural ventilation.

Natural ventilation for habitable rooms is required

under some building codes (see Section 5, paragraph

6).

Also, some air infiltration is necessary to prevent excessive moisture condensation on the

storm window.

Water Penetration . Adequate drainage should be

provided to prevent water from running over the

interior edge of the sloped sill of the primary

window.

The water drainage test is conducted in accordance

with ASTM E331-T0 except that the pressure drop

shall be zero and test duration shall be three

minutes

.

ASTM E331-T0 was specifically developed for

primary window units. This test was adapted for

aluminum storm windows by ANSI A131* . 3-1972 . The

test conditions listed above are those given in

ANSI Standard. These test conditions for water

penetration are now cited for all storm windows.

Safety . The installed storm windows should not endanger the safety of the occupants of the

dwellings

.

Egress . The installed storm windows should not

appreciably obstruct or restrict the existing

capacity and access required for occupant egress

via windows

.

Evaluation is accomplished by inspection of the

installed unit.

20
Commentary.

3.3 STORM DOORS

3.3.1 Performance Need

3.3.1.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

3.3.2 Performance Need

3.3.2.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

3.3.2.2 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

It is normally expected that one (or more) bedroom

and living room windows can serve as emergency

means of exit and will be easily openable and of

suitable size (5 sq ft).

Heat Flow . Storm doors should not allow more than

the prescribed rate of heat flow into or from the

building.

Heat Flow Resistance . Addition of a storm door to

a primary door should give a resultant total

thermal resistance of the primary door - storm

door assembly which is at least 30% greater than

the thermal resistance of the primary door alone.

The thermal resistances of storm doors are obtained

from values given in Table 9 of Chapter 20 of the

ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals [13]. This table

gives coefficients of thermal transmission through

doors. The thermal resistance is the reciprocal

of the thermal transmission.

Addition of storm doors is a means of reducing

heating and cooling energy consumption of residential

housing by increasing the thermal resistance of

primary doors. The increase in thermal resistance

is dependent upon the design and composition of

the door. For example, as the percentage of glass

in a wood storm door increases, the thermal

resistance decreases.

Air and Water Infiltration . Storm doors should

not allow more than the prescribed levels of air

infiltration and water penetration into the

building.

Air Infiltration . Allowable air infiltration

should not exceed 5.0 cfm per square foot of rough

opening at a static air pressure of 1.56 psf.

(This is the equivalent of a 25 mph wind blowing

against the door.)

The door should be closed and locked and the test

should be conducted according to ASTM E283-73.

Usually a low level of air infiltration does not cause a problem with moisture condensation because

a door is opened and closed. If a storm door is

installed on a primary door that is infrequently

used, condensation may occur.

Water Penetration . Adequate drainage should be

provided to prevent water from running over the

interior edge of the sloped threshold.

The door should be closed and locked and the test

should be conducted according to ASTM E331-T0.

This test was developed for primary doors, but has

been applied to storm doors

.

21
i.3.3 Performance Need

3.3.3.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation

.

Safety . An installed storm door should not endanger the safety of the occupants of the

dwelling

.

Egress . An installed storm door should not appreciably reduce or restrict the existing capacity

and access required for occupant egress.

Evaluation is accomplished by inspection of the

installed unit.

Commentary

.

3.3.3.2 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

3.U CAULKS AND SEALANTS

3.1+.1 Performance Need

3.1+.1.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Doors are the normal means of exit from a residence,

Storm doors which cannot be opened should not be

installed, even on infrequently used doors.

Safety Glazing . Safety glazing should be installed

in all storm doors which contain glazing.

Glazing materials should conform to ANSI Z97.1-

1972 entitled "Performance Specification and

Methods of Test for Transparent Safety Glazing

Materials Used in Buildings".

Many existing local codes require that safety

glazing be used in storm doors. Safety glazing

greatly reduces the risk of bodily injury due to accidental impact with the glass.

Air, Water and Dust Infiltration . Joint caulks

and sealants should prevent the passage of air,

water and dust through the joints of a building,

throughout their service lifetime.

Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Sealants . A sealant should maintain adhesion and cohesion

throughout its expected service lifetime.

A cyclic movement test involving extension and

compression of the sealant within a joint evaluates

the adhesive and cohesive properties. The test

involves 7 days water immersion, followed by 7 days of continuous compression beyond the nominal

width at 158°F, followed by 10 additional cycles

of compression-extension at 158°F and -15°F

respectively

.

The test method is described in the following

federal specifications:

TT-S-00227E - Section 1+.3.9

TT-S-00230C - Section 1+.3.9

TT-S-00151+3A - Section 1+.3.9.

A slightly modified test method is given in TT-S001657 Section 1+.3.10.

22
Commentary

.

H.1.2 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

5 WEATHERSTRIPPING

5.1 Performance Need

5.1.1 Level of Performance

Evaluation.

Commentary.

6 VAPOR BARRIERS

6.1 Performance Need

6.1.1 Level of Performance

The most critical properties of a sealant are its

adhesive (bond) strength and its cohesive strength

(ability to hold itself together). These two properties must be maintained during the service

life of the sealant.

The cyclic movement test is the most significant

laboratory evaluation for predicting the durability

of a caulk or a sealant in a joint. The test has

good correlation with service in buildings provided

there is correct joint design and application

technique. The amount of acceptable bond (adhesion)

and cohesion loss during testing varies according

to the type of caulk or sealant.

Shrinkage . A sealant should not shrink more than

25% by volume.

A sealant layer, 1/8 inch thick and 2 5/8 inches

in diameter, is applied to a glass plate and

allowed to remain at room temperature for ih days,

after which time the height and diameter are measured to compute volume loss.

Excessive shrinkage obtained by laboratory testing

indicates a high probability of early sealant

failure in a joint. The shrinkage causes stresses

on the sealant bonding area, hastening adhesion

loss to the substrate.

Air Infiltration . Weatherstripping should limit

the amount of air infiltration around windows and

doors

.

The installation of weatherstripping should appreciably

reduce drafts or air flow through the joints of

windows and doors.

Performance of weatherstripping should be demonstrated

by its performance under service conditions.

There are no test methods for demonstrating the

efficiency of weatherstripping used for retrofitting.

The amount of reduction of air flow will depend

upon the tightness of the door or window being

weatherstripped. Certain weatherstripping may not be suitable for all doors and windows because of

the gap size of the joint.

Materials used for water vapor barriers should

appreciably reduce the flow of water vapor into

building and insulating materials.

Permeance . Vapor barrier materials installed for

retrofitting purposes should have a permeance not greater than 1 perm.

23
Evaluation. Permeance values for typical vapor bai'ribt* material i$ are given in Table 1 of Chapter 18 of the AJHIHAK llandbook^of Fundamentals [13]. (A perm unit is

grain h~ ft in of mercury vapor pressure

difference .

)

Commentary. Exact values for permeance should be obtained from

the manufacturer of the material under consideration

or secured as a result of laboratory tests. Tests

for determining permeance of vapor barrier materials

are found in ASTM E96-66(72), "Standard Method of

Test for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in

Sheet Form", and in ASTM C355-6h ( 73 ) , "Standard

Method of Test for Water Vapor Transmission of

Thick Materials".

3.7 CLOCK THERMOSTATS

3.7.1 Performance Need The clock thermostat should offer the user ease and reliability of temperature setback.

3.7.1.1 Level of Performance The clock thermostat should be fully automatic.

Evaluation. The manufacturer should state on the clock thermostat and its packaging that the clock thermostat

is fully automatic.

Commentary. Substantial energy savings can be achieved through

temperature setback at night. Temperature setback

of a thermostat can be accomplished manually.

There is no technical reason for requiring automatic

control. However, there is the human reason that

people often fail to use manual setback. For example, they may forget at night or may not want

to rise in a cool house in the morning. Automatic

control of the setback eliminates the human

element and assures regular night setback with its

resulting energy savings. Although some fully

automatic clock thermostats may only function on one cycle (setback) a day, they may be nevertheless

set back manually at other times whenever the need

arises

.

k. INSTALLATION PRECAUTIONS

This report is not intended to be a manual for installing retrofit materials and

products. Among such manuals which already exist are: The U. S. Department of Housing

and Urban Development report "In the Bank. . .Or Up the Chimney?" [k] and the NAHB Research

Foundation's "Insulation Manual - Homes /Apartments" [9] which discusses all aspects of

insulation including proper installation. The NBS report "Retrofitting Existing Housing

for Energy Conservation: An Economic Analysis" [3] gives the levels of retrofitting which

are cost effective for the homeowner. In addition, many manufacturers and trade associations

have available pamphlets describing the correct installation of their products.

The preceding sections presented recommended criteria for tax credit and desired

levels of performance to assure the quality of the materials and products used for retrofitting. Proper retrofitting requires more than quality materials and products. Proper

installation of retrofit materials and products is a necessity. A superior material will

be less effective in saving energy if improperly installed.

2k
I

This section points out certain precautions that must be taken in the installation of

retrofit materials and products. Following these precautions will assist the homeowner in

correctly installing the material.

k.l INSULATION

°When a vapor barrier is attached to the insulation, and the insulation is being

applied to an uninsulated wall or ceiling, the vapor barrier must be applied

towards the warm (winter) side of the wall or ceiling.

°When adding insulation on top of existing ceilings insulation, do not use a vapor barrier.

°For air conditioning applications, duct insulation should contain a vapor barrier

on the outside (warm-side) surface to prevent condensation on the duct and in

the insulation.

°When insulating attics, do not cover air vents in soffits and gables. Insulated

attics should be vented. In general, the net ventilation area for attics

should be 1/300 of the ceiling area. Net ventilation area refers to the total

of all openings free from obstructions.

°When insulating floors over unheated crawl spaces where earth is damp and uncovered,

provision must be made for a high rate of ventilation. Less ventilation is

required if the earth is covered with a vapor barrier or concrete slab.

°Retrofitting walls with loose-fill insulation may cause significant moisture to accumulate in the siding and sheathing, particularly in cold climates [lU],

Water vapor permeation through the exterior wall may cause blistering and

peeling of exterior paints. Application of a vapor barrier paint on the inside

wall surface may alleviate this problem.

°Loose-fill insulation added to ceilings and walls should be of the proper fill

density. Blown or poured-in-place loose-fill insulation should not contain excess voids or air spaces. The fill density of cellulose insulation should be

2-3 lb/ft for ceilings and 3-^ lb/ft for walls; for glass fiber insulation 0.8

and 2 lb/ft for ceilings and walls respectively. These values can be used to

calculate needed amounts of these insulations.

°For fire safety, installed insulation should not contact recessed light fixtures,

motors, fans, blowers, heaters, flues and chimneys. Thermal insulation should

not be installed within 2h inches of the top or within 3 inches of the side of a recessed electrical fixture enclosure, wiring compartment or ballast unless

labeled for the purpose. To retain loose-fill insulation from making contact

with other energy dissipating objects, a minimum of 2 inches of air space should

be provided and assured by use of blocking.

h.2 STORM WINDOWS

°Storm windows must be fastened in place straight, plumb, level and without

distortion to assure satisfactory contact to the primary window frame.

°Storm windows should be sealed in place according to the manufacturer's instructions .

°Weep holes in the storm window frame should not be closed.

25
!| . ! STORM DOORS

° Storm doors must be fastened in place straight, plumb, LeveL, without distortion

to assure satisfactory contact to the primary door frame.

°Storm doors should be installed in place according to the manufacturer's instructions.

h .h CAULKS AND SEALANTS

°Follow manufacturer's directions as indicated on label of the cartridge or can or in a brochure. Pay particular attention to precautions given for safety in handling the material.

°Remove from the joint to be caulked all dust, dirt particles, oil, grease, loose

caulking and loose paint before placing the new compound into the joint.

Manufacturers often recommend a primer or surface conditioner for certain

surfaces. This is done to produce a strong bond of the sealant to the surface.

Use only the recommended primer.

°Whenever possible, do not caulk joints at temperatures below U0°F because con- densed moisture formed on the building at this temperature may cause poor

adhesion of the sealant.

°Do not apply sealant on wet or damp surfaces.

°If the joint is 1/h inch wide or more, use a back up or filler material, if

possible. The filler may be any foam or sponge type non-staining material which

is squeezed into the joint leaving at least 1/h inch space for the sealant.

°Tool the sealant with a spatula or smooth wooden stick to force the sealant

against the sides of the joint.

°The placing of paper masking tape on each side of the joint before the caulking

operation will leave a neat looking joint. Peel the tape off as soon as each

section of work is finished.

°Do not add any liquid or powder to a sealant to change its handling property

unless specific instructions are given by the manufacturer.

°Do not heat the sealant unless there are printed instructions to do so.

k.5 WEATHERSTRIPPING

°Follow manufacturer's directions as printed on the package or in a brochure.

°Assure that the surface is level and smooth by removing old weatherstripping,

dirt particles, loose paint, etc.

°Apply adhesive backed weatherstripping to clean and dry surfaces only.

°Apply weatherstripping in one continuous strip along each joint of the door or window.

26
k . 6 VAPOR BARRIERS

°Apply vapor barriers on the warm (winter) side of ceilings and walls.

°Do not puncture, rip or tear vapor barriers.

°Punctured, ripped or torn vapor barriers must be repaired with kraft paper tape,

aluminum faced tape or other suitable material.

It. 7 CLOCK THERMOSTATS

°Follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation.

°Do not wire the clock into the temperature limit control circuit of the furnace.

Whenever the limit control is activated, the clock will stop and loose time. An

inaccurate clock may discourage the homeowner from using the clock thermostat.

5. RETROFITTING AND MODEL BUILDING CODES

To determine the relationship between retrofitting residential homes to conserve energy and the model building codes, the Standard Building Code, Basic Building Code, the

One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code and the Uniform Building Code were examined. Conversations

were held with the Technical Director of each model code generating organization. The

study produced the following information:

1. None of the model codes, per se, are retroactive unless substantial repairs or alterations are performed on existing buildings; this is especially the case with

existing single family dwellings and therefore building permits are generally not required for retrofitting.

2. In their adoption of model codes by reference, local jurisdictions at times

change certain aspects of the requirements of the model code to conform to specific

local conditions, and therefore may require building permits for retrofitting.

3. Local jurisdictions may have contractor licensing laws which require the issuance

of building permits for all work performed on single family dwellings.

k. Since the model codes in general do not require the issuance of building permits,

inspections of the installation of insulation, weatherstripping and/or storm windows

and doors in existing single family dwellings accordingly are not required. Again,

local regulations may require permits and inspections.

5. All three of the model codes have requirements which prohibit certain types of

foam plastic insulations unless certain encapsulation conditions are satisfied. This

poses a problem wherein the installer can be in violation of a law although no permit or inspection is required.

6. The question of the installation of storm windows over openings necessary for

required natural ventilation or emergency exits in existing single family dwellings

will not arise in the case of model codes, per se, but may be a problem in specific

local jurisdictions.

27
6 . REFERENCES

1. "Impact of Improved Thermal Performance in Conserving Energy", National Mineral Wool

Insulation Association, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1+9 pages, March 1973.

2. Seidel, Marquis R. , Plotkin, Steven E. and Reck, Robert 0., "Energy Conservation

Strategies", Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-R5-7 3-021 , July 1973, p7

.

3. Petersen, Stephen R. , "Retrofitting Existing Housing for Energy Conservation: An Economic Analysis", National Bureau of Standards (U.S.), Bldg. Sci . Ser. 6U, 76

pages, December 197^.

k. "In the Bank. . .Or Up the Chimney? A Dollar and Cents Guide to Energy-Saving Home

Improvements", U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, April 1975, Available

from the Superintendent of Documents.

5. Pilati, David A., "The Energy Conservation Potential of Winter Thermostat Reductions

and Night Setback", Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Report 0RNL-NSF-EP-80 , 27 pages,

February 1975.

6. Nelson, Lorne W. , "Reducing Fuel Consumption with Night Setback", ASHRAE Journal,

August 1973, pUl-1+9.

7. Direct Testimony of R. L. Paul in hearings given before the Michigan Public Service

Commission, Case No. U-U701, February 3, 1975.

8. "Retrofitting Homes for Energy Conservation, A Business Guide", NAHB Research Foundation,

Inc., Rockville, MD, March 1975.

9. "Insulation Manual - Homes/Apartments", NAHB Research Foundation, Inc., Rockville,

MD, September 1971.

10. "Fire Safety Guidelines for Use of Rigid Urethane Foam Insulation in Building- Construction", Urethane Safety Group Bulletin, Published by Urethane Safety Group, The Society

of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 250 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017, May, 191 h

.

11. Reference h, p 3h

.

12. ASHRAE Guide and Data Book - Systems and Equipment, American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y. , 1967.

13. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1972.

lk . Duff, J.E., "Moisture Distribution in Wood-Frame Walls in Winter", Forest Products

Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, June 1968,
APPENDIX A. SELECTED CITATIONS FROM THE LITERATURE ON RETROFITTING

This appendix is a limited survey of the literature. It is included in this report

to show that a sound basis for retrofitting exists. The reports cited demonstrate that

retrofitting existing housing not only conserves energy, but is also economically desirable

for the homeowner.

The National Mineral Wool Insulation Association (NMWIA) conducted a study to determine

the extent to which the requirements for improved thermal performance of living units

could alleviate the shortage of energy for heating and cooling in the decade 1973 - 1982

[l]. The study considered two techniques for retrofitting existing housing. These were

the upgrading of existing ceiling insulation, and the installation of storm windows and

storm doors. It was estimated that there were k2.6 million single family units built

before 1973 to consider for retrofitting. For the computations an "average" home* was defined. If the ceiling insulation of these "average" homes was upgraded with an R-ll

insulation, the potential energy savings per year in the U.S. would be 562 trillion Btu. For the year 1982, this would amount to a savings of 1,12U million dollars. The 1972

estimated cost of the ceiling insulation retrofit was $lkh per dwelling. The recovery of

this investment would take 5.*+ 5 years.

Retrofitting storm doors and storm windows alone was considered for 21.3 million

single family residences by the National Mineral Wool Insulation Association. In this

case, the total energy savings would be 8l8 trillion Btu per year, and the dollar savings,

1,635 million per year. The 1972 cost of installing storm doors and windows was $2^0 per

dwelling. The NMWIA reported that the recovery of the investment would require 3.1 years.

According to NMWIA the total energy savings achieved by the retrofitting of ceiling

insulation to the U2.6 million units and of storm doors and windows to 21.3 million units

would be 1380 trillion Btu per year.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has recently published a report which considered

the economic aspects of retrofitting existing housing for energy conservation [3]. The

study identified economically optimal combinations of selected energy conservation techniques

for reducing heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) costs. The study maximized

potential dollar savings achieved with certain retrofitting techniques by comparing total

savings versus total costs. Climatic, architectural and economic variables were used in

the analysis. The retrofitting techniques considered were:

1) attic insulation

2) wall insulation

3) floor insulation over an unheated space

k) duct insulation in unheated space

5) storm windows

6) storm doors

7) weatherstripping

.

The optimal combination of each of these techniques varies with fuel costs and climatic

conditions. The optimal level of retrofitting increases as the cost of fuel increases and

the climatic conditions become more severe. Levels of retrofitting are greater for homes

that are both heated and air conditioned than for homes with heating only. Some general

results of the NBS study follow.

*floor area, 1200 ft2; doors, kO ft ; windows l60 ft ; location, in degree day range of ^700 - 5000; assumed level of ceiling

insulation, U = 0.10 Btu/h ft 2 °F.

29
The NBS report showed that even in areas of low fuel costs and mild climates, it is

economically desirable to add insulation to attics where none previously existed. Moreover, in areas of high fuel costs and severe climates, it is economically desirable to add more than the currently recommended six inches of attic insulation. For example, about 10

to 12 inches is optimal for oil heated homes and about 12 inches for electrically heated

and cooled residences in certain climates. The figures vary slightly depending on the

type of insulation.

It is also cost effective to blow insulation into existing walls and to wrap exposed

heating and cooling ducts in most climatic conditions regardless of the cost of fuel.

Insulating over unheated spaces becomes cost effective in mild climates where fuel costs

are high. It is cost effective in all other climates regardless of the price of fuel.

The economic desirability of retrofitting with storm windows depends upon window size

as well as fuel costs and climatic conditions, according to NBS. In general, it is

economically advantageous to add storm windows in most climates. The exceptions are mild

climates where fuel costs are low. Even here, the addition of storm windows over large

windows (minimum size k x 5 ft) becomes cost effective. On the other hand, the addition

of storm doors is only cost effective in areas of high fuel costs and severe climates,

assuming that a screen door must be replaced.

Weatherstripping of doors and windows to reduce air infiltration was shown in the NBS

report to be cost effective in all cases. The effect of sealing and caulking around doors

and windows was not examined.

The U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has also recently prepared

a report on the economics of retrofitting existing homes to reduce energy consumption [k]

.

This report is intended to help the homeowner calculate how much money he can expect to save by spending money to retrofit. The report states that if each homeowner spent $U00

to retrofit his home, he would, in most cases, recover that money in less than 5 years.

The retrofit techniques discussed in the HUD report include those in the NBS report.

In addition, the HUD report takes into account other energy saving techniques such as caulking, servicing of furnaces and air-conditioners and thermostat setback.

Lowering the thermostat setting to reduce interior house temperature and thus heating

fuel consumption is called setback. A lower thermostat setting during the sleeping hours

than during the daytime is called night setback. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory has

recently examined the potential energy savings that may be achieved through thermostat

setback [5]. It was concluded that, if temperatures of homes were reduced from a typical

72°F to 68°F during the day and further reduced to 55°F during the night, the total U. S. energy budget for residential heating could be reduced by lk%. The reduction in energy

consumption is dependent upon the climate. The percentage of energy savings is greater in

mild climates than in severe climates. The absolute energy savings are greater in the more severe climates. For a home maintained at 68°F and located in an area of i+000 degree days, a night setback to 55°F could produce an energy savings of 22%. Savings from

night setback for homes located in other areas can be estimated from the method given in

the report.

The energy savings gained from night setback had been previously reported [6]. This

paper showed that a night setback of 5°F produced an energy savings of 5 to 12% depending

upon the location. For a setback of 10°F, the percentage savings was 9 to 16%. As in the

Oak Ridge report, the more severe climates give a smaller percentage, but a greater

absolute savings.

Another example of energy saved by retrofitting is given by the Consumers Power

Company of Jackson, Michigan [7]. They estimate that there are in their service area

665,000 gas heated residences which have inadequate ceiling insulation. If all these

customers were to install 6 inches or the equivalent of R-19 of ceiling insulation,

natural gas consumption would be reduced by an estimated Ik

,

725, 000 Mcf per year. That is

enough gas to heat 125,850 homes in their area, for one year.

30
The NAHB Research Foundation recently prepared a business guide for retrofitting

homes [8]. The basic retrofitting techniques considered in the guide were insulation,

storm windows and doors, sealants, weatherstripping , clock thermostats, heating and airconditioning tune-ups, and lower hot water heater temperatures. Additional techniques

such as exhaust fans, awnings and replacement heating systems were listed as optional,

depending on the homeowner's preference to install them.

31
APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS SUGGESTED FOR RETROFITTING

While compiling the criteria for insulation , storm windows and doors, sealants,

weatherstripping, vapor "barriers and clock thermostats, additional materials and products

were suggested to NBS as means for reducing the energy consumption of residential housing.

As such, it was suggested that they should be eligible for proposed tax credit when used

for retrofitting. Manufacturers and trade associations were the primary source of these

suggestions. Other suggestions resulted from conversations between NBS personnel and outside researchers who were familiar with the energy conservation problem.

A list of the suggested additional retrofit items is included in this appendix along

with a brief comment as to why each item was suggested. NBS has not examined these items

in regards to eligibility for proposed tax credit and criteria for tax credit eligibility

have not been recommended. If the additional items are effective in conserving energy in

residences, criteria will be needed for considering their eligibility for tax credit. The

criteria should be based on the factors given in Section 2 including fire and health safety.

The appendix has been included in this report to present the retrofit items that have been

suggested.

1. Window Shades. Drawn window shades may prevent or reduce solar radiation shining

into the house. In the summer this lowers the temperature of the residence and

less energy is consumed in cooling the residence.

2. Window Draperies. As with window shades, drawn window draperies may prevent or reduce the passage of solar radiation through windows so that less energy is

consumed in cooling the residence. In the winter drawn draperies may reduce

drafts and may lower heat loses through windows.

3. Insulated Siding. Insulated siding has a higher thermal resistance than normal

siding. When added to the exterior walls of the house, it increases the total

thermal resistance of the walls to a greater extent than normal siding.

k. Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation. This organic cellular material is an effective

insulation. As foamed-in-place insulation, this material initially contains

relatively large amounts of water. Care must be exercised to permit the water

to permeate outward and escape from the building.

5. Replacement Windows. A replacement window, as defined for retrofitting, is a thermal insulating, double glazed window. It is used to replace an existing

primary window in lieu of adding a storm window. The thermal resistance may be

equal to or greater than that of a primary window-storm window assembly. Some

types of primary windows may not readily accept storm windows. In these cases, replacement windows may be the only means of reducing heat flow through the

windows. These replacement windows must also be capable of limiting air infiltration.

6. Replacement Doors. A replacement door, as defined for retrofitting, is a thermal

insulation door. It is used to replace an existing primary door in lieu of

adding a storm door. The thermal resistance should be equal to or greater than

that of the primary door-storm door assembly. These replacement doors must also

be capable of limiting air infiltration.

7. Replacement Fuel Burners. Some fuel burners in residential homes are not properly

sized to the home. These burners operate inefficiently, needlessly consuming

excess fuel. Replacement of these burners with more efficient burners would

result in less fuel consumption in heating the residence.

32
8. Regular Maintenance of Fuel Burners and Air Conditioners. Regular maintenance

will increase the operating efficiency and result in less fuel consumption in

heating and cooling residences.

9. Replacement Filters for Furnaces and Air-Conditioners. Dirty or clogged filters

on furnaces and air conditioners reduce the operating efficiency. Replacement

of such filters with clean filters would result in less fuel consumption in

heating or cooling the residence.

10. Clogged Furnace Filter Alarms. A clogged furnace filter alarm is a device which

measures the pressure drop across the furnace filter. When the filter is clogged,

the pressure drop is great. The alarm signals that the filter needs to be

replaced.

11. Load Matching on Hydronic Systems. A system whereby the temperature of a heating

boiler is maintained in relation to the outdoor temperature. The water in the

boiler is not heated as hot on warm days as on cold days, thus reducing energy

consumption.

12. Gas Pilot Pressure Regulator. This is a device for regulating the gas pressure

at the pilot of a gas burner, and thereby reducing consumption of gas by the

pilot

.

13. Heat Reflective Glass and Reflective Coatings or Films on Glass for Windows.

The reflective glass or coating on the glass rejects the radiation of the sun which normally penetrates into the home. The interior remains cooler. Less

energy is consumed in air conditioning the residence.

lU. Automatic Gas Igniters. Continuously burning gas pilot lights on furnaces are replaced with automatic gas igniters, conserving the gas that the pilot light consumes as it continuously burns.

15. Automatic Furnace Flue Dampers. This device allows the furnace flue to be automatically shut when the furnace is not operating, reducing heat loss and air

infiltration through the flue.

16. Awnings. Awnings lowered in place shade the windows of a residence, reducing or preventing the penetration of sun rays into the interior.

IT. Solar Screens. This device placed on the exterior of windows allows the penetration

of sun rays into the interior during winter time and prevents their penetration

during summer time.

33
APPENDIX C. CAULKS AND SEALANTS AVAILABLE FOR RETROFITTING

A . Basic Performance

1. Oil and Resin Base Caulks - General purpose caulking compounds formulated to seal

exterior or interior non-moving or very slightly moving joints between various building

materials; form a skin which can be painted to prolong performance; may function for

several years if applied properly; available in cartridges for use in caulking guns, in

flexible tubes and sometimes in cans for putty knife application.

2. Polybutene Compound - Available in preformed shapes such as rope, cord or tape;

excellent for temporary seals around window air conditioners and storm windows, for example;

performance is extended when used in areas where it is protected from the elements.

B . Intermediate Performance

1. Latex Caulk - General purpose sealant designed for exterior or interior joints;

responds to small joint movements; flexes with the joint to provide a resilient seal;

extrudes smoothly from a gun, can be painted almost immediately after application; available

in standard cartridges and in cans.

2. Acrylic (solvent type) Caulk - For general purpose caulking in joints with moderate

movement; excellent adhesion to most building materials without the use of a primer;

estimated service life up to 20 years; strong odor restricts use to exterior joints;

available in cartridges and cans and in numerous colors.

3. Butyl Rubber Sealant (or Caulk) - An all-purpose sealant with greater service

life and performance than the oil base caulks and about equal in overall quality to the

latex acrylic types; forms a skin which can be painted; responds to joint movements up to about 10 percent of the original width; adheres to all building surfaces and retains a high degree of flexibility; available in cartridges and cans in numerous colors.

h . Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene - An all-purpose sealant with a relatively slow

cure to a rubbery compound; provides good durability, flexibility and adhesion as well as easy application; responds to somewhat larger joint movements than the butyl or latex

caulks; for use on exterior joints only; available in cartridges and cans in standard

colors

.

C . High Performance

1. Polysulfide - A sealant which cures to a rubbery compound with exceptional flexibility, recovery and adhesion to most building surfaces. The sealant has the ability to respond to joint movements up to plus and minus 25 percent of the installed width. When

properly installed, the service life can be 20 years or more. It is available as a one- component material which is packaged in standard cartridges for caulking guns; also available

in a multi-component type which is mixed on the job just before application; also available

in a pourable type for deck joints. The cured sealant has practically no shrinkage.

Primers are used when recommended by the producer. Several colors are available. Joint

design and preparation are of great importance for durability.

2. Polyurethane - The characteristics and performance properties of this class of

sealant are essentially the same as those of the polysulfides when properly installed in

accordance with the producer's instructions. The sealant is particularly known for high

abrasion resistance and tear strength and is often used for joints in plazas and decks

with heavy foot traffic. It is available in single and mult i -component types, the latter

in both non-sag and pourable grades.

3k
3. Silicone - A class of single component sealants known for its versatility nr. a joint filler with exceptional performance under very high and low temperatures. It has

exceptionally strong adhesion to glass as well as to other building materials. Ease of

extrusion from the caulking gun is unaffected by cold temperature. It forms a skin in

less than a hour and cures in a few days to an elastic compound. It is available in

cartridges and cans in several colors including clear. One variety is used for joints

with exceptionally large movements.

D. Compounds for Sealing Glass Panes

1. Putty - This name is usually applied to a soft dough-like, knife applied compound

formulated by blending oils and pigments. It is used for face glazing (application around

the edges of a pane of glass, and for the bedding application to the inner side of the

sash). After the putty is set, painting extends its performance life. It is available

for wood or metal sash. Putties harden and crack with age and need replacement periodically.

2. Glazing Compound - Different from putty in that the formulation is modified to enable the compound to remain plastic over a long period. It performs well as an effective

seal between the glass and the framing. Several types are available for specific purposes.

A general purpose glazing compound will bed and face glaze glass to both wood and metal

frames. It is available in standard cartridges and cans.

35
APPENDIX D. SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS CITED IN THIS REPORT

1. Federal Specifications

Specifications Sales ( 3FRSBS

)

Building 197

Washington Naval Yard

General Services Administration

Washington, D.C. 20U07

HH-I-515B - Insulation Blanket, Thermal; And Insulation (Loose-Fill for Pneumatic or Poured Application): Cellulose Vegetable and Wood Fiber (9-25-72)

HH-I-521E - Insulation Blankets, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, for Ambient Temperatures)

(7-2U-72)

HH-I-52^B - Insulation Board, Thermal (Polystyrene) (11-6-72)

HH-I-526C - Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral Fiber) (10-17-68)

HH-I-528B - Insulation Batts and Blankets, Thermal (Vegetable Fiber) (5-26-66)

HH-I-529B - Insulation Board, Thermal (Mineral Aggregate) (2-12-71)

HH-I-530A - Insulation Board, Thermal (Urethane) (11-22-71)

HH-I-5^5B - Insulation, Thermal and Acoustical (Mineral Fiber, Duct Lining Material)

(34-71)

HH-I-551E - Insulation Block and Boards, Thermal (Cellular Glass) (3-11-7M

HH-I-573B - Insulation, Thermal (Flexible Unicellular Sheet and Pipe Covering) (2-20-

68)

HH-I-57^A - Insulation, Thermal (Perlite) (5-31-66)

HH-I-585C - Insulation, Thermal ( Vermiculite ) (lO-17-TM

HH-I-1030A - Insulation, Thermal (Mineral Fiber, for Pneumatic or Poured Application)

(2-23-73)

HH-I-1252A - Insulation, Thermal, Reflective (Aluminum Foil) (3-U-71)

LLL-I-535A - Insulation Board, Thermal and Insulation Block, Thermal (1-19-70)

TT-C-00598C _ Caulking Compound, Oil and Resin Base Type (for Building Construction)

(6-23-70)

TT-G-1+10E _ Glazing Compound, Sash (Metal) for Back Bedding and Face Glazing (Not for

Channel or Stop Glazing) (U-21-69)

TT-P-00791B - Putty: Linseed-Oil Type, (For Wood - Sash- Glazing) (IO-I6-69)

TT-S-00227E - Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type, Mult i -Component (For Caulking,

Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) (ll-U-69)

TT-S-00230C - Sealing Compound: Elastomeric Type, Single Component (For Caulking,

Sealing, and Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) (2-2-70)

TT-S-0015U3A - Sealing Compound: Silicone Rubber Base (For Caulking, Sealing, and

Glazing in Buildings and Other Structures) (6-9-71)

TT-S-001657 - Sealing Compound — Single Component, Butyl Rubber Based, Solvent

Release Type (for Buildings and Other Types of Construction) (10-8-70)

36
NBS Voluntary Product Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 2023^

NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS26-70 Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile

Extrusions {h-l-fO)

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

1916 Race Street

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103

C208-72 - Insulating Board (Cellulosic Fiber), Structural and Decorative

C355-6M 73) - Water Vapor Transmission of Thick Materials

C516-67 - Vermiculite Loose Fill Insulation

C53^-70 - Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and

Tubular Form

C5U9-73 - Perlite Loose-fill Insulation

C552-73 - Cellular Glass Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation

C570-72 - Oil and Resin-Base Caulking Compound for Building Construction

C578-69 - Preformed, Block-Type Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation

C591-69 - Rigid Preformed Cellular Urethane Thermal Insulation

C6l2-70 - Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation

C665-70 - Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Wood Frame and Light Construction

Buildings

C726-72 - Mineral Fiber Roof Insulation Board

C739-73 - Cellulosic Fiber (Wood-Base) Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation

C755-73 - Selection of Vapor Barriers for Thermal Insulations

C76U-73 - Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation

E8U-70 - Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

E9_6-66_(72) - Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form

E283-73 - Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors

E331-70 - Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform

Static Air Pressure Difference

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

1^30 Broadway

New York, New York 10018

ANSI A13H.3-1972 - Aluminum Combination Vertically-Sliding or Horizontally-Operating

Storm Windows for External Application

37
ANSI A13^.U-19T2 - Aluminum Storm Doors

ANSI Z97- 1-1972 - Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for Safety Glazing

Material Used in Buildings

5. NWMA

National Woodwork Manufacturers Association

hOO West Madison Street

Chicago, Illinois 60606

NWMA Industry Standard I . S . 1-73 - Wood Flush Doors

NWMA Industry Standard I. S. 2-73 - Wood Windows

NWMA Industry Standard I. S. 3-73 - Ponderosa Pine Doors

6 . FHDA

Fir & Hemlock Door Association

Yeon Building

Portland, Oregon 972i+0

Industry Standard FHDA/ 5- 75 - Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Sitka Spruce Doors

and Blinds

UtjCOMM NBS-DC 38
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 75-7952. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. title: and subtitle

Recommended Criteria for Retrofit Materials and Products

Eligible for Tax Credit

5. Publication Date November 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Walter J. Ross iter and Robert G. Mathey

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Federal Energy Administration

12th & Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20U6l

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less {actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The Federal Energy Administration requested the National Bureau of Standards to

develop criteria for retrofitting for possible use by the Internal Revenue Service

in implementing the Presidential initiative authorizing tax credit to homeowners.

Criteria are recommended for materials and products considered eligible for proposed tax credit for retrofitting one and two family residences to conserve energy.

The materials considered include insulation and vapor barriers, storm windows and

doors, caulking and weather stripping, and clock thermostats. A list of these

retrofit materials was compiled by generic type and recommendations made on their

installation.

In addition to recommended criteria for materials and products eligible for tax

credit, desired levels of performance for the retrofit materials are presented

as a guide to homeowners to achieve maximum benefits in energy conservation

through retrofitting.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons)

Caulks and sealants; clock thermostats; energy conservation; insulation; retrofitting

storm doors; storm windows; tax credit; vapor barriers; weatherstripping

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited

| For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

44

22. Price

$4.00

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74