2. DEFINITIONS

Admixture - Any material other than water, aggregate, or cement that isused as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during itsmixing to modify its properties.

Appurtenance - Any hardware or structural members that are attached tothe concrete pole to make a complete structure.

Bonding, Electrical - The electrical interconnecting of conductive parts,designed to maintain a common electrical potential.

Cant Hole - A through hole in the pole which is used in rotating the poleabout its axis during setting. The hole is typically 1-1/2" in diameter andlocated approximately 4 feet above the *groundline*.

Circumferential Cracks - Cracks that parallel a cross-section of aconcrete pole.

Cracking Moment - The moment which is developed in the pole at the timethe *cracking strength* of the pole is experienced*.***Cracking Strength - The point at which the concrete just begins toseparate due to exceeding the tensile strength of the concrete on the tensionface of the pole.
**Deleterious Substance - Any substance that is not desirable in a mixture,usually causing harm in sufficient quantities.
**Dropout, Steel Cable - The terminating point of any longitudinal steelthat is not continuous for the length of the pole.
**Efflorescence - The formation of a white film on the surface of the pole,typically caused by the emergence of chlorides during curing.
**Embedment - That portion of the pole which is designed to be located inthe ground or other supporting medium.
**Groundline - The point at which the *embedment* begins. Resistancefrom the supporting soils or other medium begins at or below *groundline*.Groundline is defined for transmission line design to determining groundclearances and for locating climbing devices, cant holes, nameplates, etc.
**Group of Bolt Holes - All of the holes in which a single hardwareassembly will be attached.
**Guyed Structure - A structure in which cable supports are used toincrease its lateral load resistance.
**In-Line Face - The face of the pole which "faces" an adjacentstructure in the line.
**Longitudinal Cracks - Cracks in concrete that are parallel to the longaxis of the pole.
**Longitudinal Reinforcement - The*reinforcing steel* which isinstalled along the long axis of the pole.
**Manufacturer - The company responsible for the fabrication of the poles.The *manufacturer* makes the poles based on the design drawings developedby the structural designer, which is the engineer responsible for the structuraldesign of the poles and is usually employed by the manufacturer.
**Overload Factor - A multiplier which is applied to each of the vertical,transverse and longitudinal structure loadings to obtain an *ultimate load.*Themultiplier takes into account the variability of climatic events as well as theimportance of the structure.
**Owner - The Rural Utilities Service borrower procuring the concretepoles.
**P-Delta Moment - The additional moment created by vertical loads actingon the structure which deflects from its unloaded position.
**Point of Fixity - The point on the pole at or below *groundline*where the maximum moment occurs. Location of this point is dependent on thecharacteristics of soils around the embedded portion of the pole
**Pole End Squareness - A measure of how perpendicular the finished surfaceof the pole butt is to the longitudinal axis of the pole.
**Pole Failure - The point at which the maximum strength of the pole isrealized. Failure usually occurs with crushing of the concrete or permanentdeformation.
**Pole Sweep - The measure of deviation from straightness along the lengthof the pole.
**Post-Tensioned Steel Strand - The longitudinal reinforcement that hasbeen tensioned after the concrete has hardened.
**Prestressed Concrete - Reinforced concrete in which internal stresseshave been introduced to reduce potential tensile stress in concrete resultingfrom loads.
**Pretensioned Steel Strand - The longitudinal reinforcement that has beentensioned before concrete is placed. Also referred to as prestressed steelstrand.
**Pyrite Staining - A pale brass-yellow colored stain in the concretecaused from the concrete mixture containing an excess amount of iron disulfides.
**Reinforcing Steel - Any steel for the purpose of reinforcement of theconcrete, including *longitudinal reinforcement*, *spiral reinforcement*and deformed reinforcing bars.
**Release Strength - The minimum concrete strength that is necessary beforethe *pretensioned strands* can be released.
**Spiral Reinforcement - Steel reinforcement, continuously wound in theform of a cylindrical helix, that encloses the longitudinal steel.
**Spun Concrete Pole - A pole which is manufactured by placing *prestressedsteel strands* and *spiral reinforcement*in a mold, adding freshconcrete and spinning the mold to form the pole.
**Standard Class Pole - A direct embedded spun concrete pole which isdesigned according to a standardized strength and loading criteria establishedby the Owner.
**Tip Load - The horizontal load which is applied to the *standard classpole* at a distance of 2 feet from the pole tip.
**Ultimate Load - The maximum design load which includes the appropriate *overloadfactor*.
**Ultimate Moment Capacity - The moment which is developed in the pole atthe time the *ultimate strength* of the structure isrealized.**Ultimate Strength - The maximum strength in the stress-strain diagram.For the pole, this is considered to be the point at which the pole fails,usually with crushing of the concrete.
**Yield Strength - The minimum stress at which a material will start tophysically deform without further increase in load or which produces a permanentstrain. This is known as the elastic limit of the material.
**Zero Tension Strength - The moment at which a crack that was previouslycreated by exceeding the cracking moment strength will open again. Under thiscondition, an applied moment will not cause any tensile stress in the concrete.It will always be less than the cracking moment strength.********************************************************************