8-i 

CHAPTER 8. ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT .................................................................................... 8-1

8.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP SYSTEM OPERATING HOURS ................. 8-1

8.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE ANALYSIS .............................................................. 8-4

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 8-7

LIST OF TABLES

Table 8.2.1 Comparison of Lighting Market Characterization Daily Operating Hours by 

Sector for HID Lamp Systems ............................................................................. 8-2

Table 8.2.2. Average Annual HID Lamp System Operating Hours by Sector ............................ 8-2

Table 8.3.1 HID Lamps ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K and ≥50 W to ≤1000 W; Clear; EnclosedRated .................................................................................................................... 8-5

Table 8.3.2 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and ≥50 W to ≤400 W; Clear; EnclosedRated .................................................................................................................... 8-5

Table 8.3.3 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and >400 W and ≤1000 W; Clear; 

Enclosed-Rated .................................................................................................... 8-6

Table 8.3.4 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and >1000 W and ≤2000 W; Clear; 

Enclosed-Rated* .................................................................................................. 8-6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 8.2.1 Commercial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type.......... 8-3

Figure 8.2.2. Industrial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type ............. 8-3

Figure 8.2.3 Outdoor Stationary Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by 

Installation Type .................................................................................................. 8-4
8-1 

CHAPTER 8. ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

8.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

This chapter presents the methodology the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) followed to 

estimate the annual energy consumption of the high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp designs 

DOE considered in the HID lamp rulemaking analyses. Ballasts will not be regulated under the 

proposed HID lamps rulemaking; however, the input power of the complete lamp-and-ballast 

system must be considered for the energy use analysis. The results of this analysis, which 

represent typical energy consumption in the field, are critical inputs to the life-cycle cost (LCC) 

and payback period (PBP) analysis (interim technical support document [TSD] chapter 9) and 

the national impact analysis (NIA; interim TSD chapter 11). DOE requires information on annual 

energy consumption to determine the potential energy and operating cost savings to customers 

from the use of more-efficient equipment. 

DOE determined the annual energy consumption of the representative HID lamp-ballastfixture systems (herein “HID lamp systems”) using information on their measured input power 

(i.e., the power necessary to operate the system) and the way customers use them (i.e., operating 

hours per year). The engineering analysis (interim TSD chapter 5) provides the input power 

ratings of representative HID lamp systems. The following sections discuss the inputs and 

calculations DOE used to develop annual operating hours and annual energy consumption for the 

equipment considered in this analysis.

8.2 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMP SYSTEM OPERATING HOURS

To characterize the country’s average use of HID lamp systems for a typical year, DOE 

developed annual operating hours by sector. For the LCC, DOE accounted for variability in 

operating hours by developing a distribution of operating hours for the LCC spreadsheet, using 

data from the 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization (LMC).

1

 The operating hour 

distributions captured variation across building types, lighting applications, and HID lamp 

systems for three sectors (commercial, industrial, and outdoor stationary). 

For the commercial sector, DOE used LMC commercial sector operating hour data to 

develop a distribution of annual operating hours for HID lamp systems. DOE aggregated LMC 

annual operating hour data by application to develop average annual operating hours by building 

type. In 2012, DOE released the 2010 edition of the LMC. The average usage for 2010 resulted 

in more hours than in 2001. This was true of HID lamp systems and each of the subsets of 

system types across the board. Table 8.2.1 compares the daily operating hours in 2001 and 2010 

for HID lamp systems; the differences ranged from a slight reduction (4 percent) for mercury 

vapor (MV) lamp systems in the outdoor sector to a significant increase (38 percent) for highpressure sodium (HPS) lamp systems in the industrial sector. 
8-2 

Table 8.2.1 Comparison of Lighting Market Characterization Daily Operating Hours by 

Sector for HID Lamp Systems

Lamp Type LMC Version

Daily Operating Hours by Sector

hr

Commercial Industrial Outdoor All Sectors

HID

2010 11.1 16.8 12.3 12.3

2001 10.1 13.9 11.3 11.0

2010:2001 Comparison 110% 121% 109% 112%

MV

2010 11.1 16.5 10.8 11.8

2001 10.0 12.4 11.2 9.9

2010:2001 Comparison 111% 133% 96% 119%

MH

2010 11.1 16.5 12.1 12.2

2001 10.2 14.4 10.5 11.5

2010:2001 Comparison 109% 115% 115% 106%

HPS

2010 11.0 17.9 12.5 12.5

2001 10.2 13.0 11.3 11.0

2010:2001 Comparison 108% 138% 111% 114%

MH is metal halide.

To develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the industrial sector, DOE used an 

approach consistent with that used for the commercial sector. DOE aggregated LMC annual 

operating hour data by industrial application to develop average annual operating hours by 

building type. 

For the outdoor stationary sector, DOE used LMC operating hour data to develop a 

distribution of annual operating hours for HID lamp systems. LMC data for outdoor stationary 

sources are aggregated by installation type (e.g., unlike the commercial and industrial sectors, 

DOE aggregated LMC annual operating hour data by application to develop average annual 

operating hours by building type). Table 8.2.2 summarizes the weighted average annual 

operating hours per sector. 

Table 8.2.2. Average Annual HID Lamp System Operating Hours by Sector

Sector Average Annual Operating Hours

hr/yr

Commercial 3,961

Industrial 6,113

Outdoor Stationary 4,493

Outdoor Stationary

>2800 K and ≤4500 K;

>1000 W and ≤2000 W;

clear; enclosed-rated

778

Figure 8.2.1 displays the annual operating hours DOE used for HID lamp systems in the 

commercial sector. DOE used these annual operating hours in the LCC calculations. 
8-3 

Figure 8.2.1 Commercial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

Figure 8.2.2 displays the annual operating hours for HID lamp systems operating in the 

industrial sector. DOE used this distribution of annual operating hours in the LCC calculation. 

Figure 8.2.2. Industrial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

Figure 8.2.3 displays the annual operating hours for HID lamp systems operating in the 

outdoor stationary sector. DOE used this distribution of annual operating hours in the LCC 

calculations. 

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Hours of Operation per Year

Building Type

Commercial Sector Operating Hours by Building Type

5200

5400

5600

5800

6000

6200

6400

6600

6800

Hours of Operation per Year

Building Type

Industrial Sector Operating Hours by Building Type
8-4 

Figure 8.2.3 Outdoor Stationary Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by 

Installation Type

As shown in Table 8.2.2, DOE used a modified annual operating hours value for lamps 

with rated power values greater than 1000 W. These high wattage lamps are often used in 

stadium lighting. As shown in Figure 8.2.3, stadium lighting typically only operates a few 

hundred hours per year. However, high wattage lamps are not solely used in stadium lighting. 

High wattage lamps are also used in floodlighting applications, but typically for tall structures 

such as the Washington Monument2 or the Los Angeles City Hall.

3

The DOE report Energy Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche 

Applications estimates the input power of currently installed exterior luminaires including area, 

flood, roadway, and parking applications.4 For any of these luminaire types, the average system 

input power value is less than 500 W and in some cases less than 250 W. The average system 

input power values and a survey of available lamp catalogs indicates that very high wattage 

lamps only comprise a small number of installed luminaires.

Therefore, the operating hours for high wattage lamps were assumed to be a combination 

of the stadium building type operating hours (90 percent of the weighted average) and the 

outdoor stationary sector operating hours (10 percent of the weighted average).

8.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE ANALYSIS

This section presents the annual energy use estimates for representative HID lamp

systems. DOE calculated the annual energy consumption using annual operating hours and 

measured input power rating estimates. DOE used the annual energy consumption results in the 

LCC and PBP analysis and the NIA to calculate the operating cost of systems and to estimate the 

potential energy savings of candidate standard levels (CSLs). 

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Building Exterior Billboard Stadium Parking Roadway

Hours of Operation per Year

Building Type

Outdoor Stationary Operating Hours by Application
8-5

Table 8.3.1 through Table 8.3.4 detail (1) the input power ratings for all the lamp-andballast systems DOE assessed in the LCC and PBP analysis for each equipment class; (2) the 

weighted average annual operation of the equipment class; and (3) average annual energy use 

based on input power and operating hours. 

Table 8.3.1 HID Lamps ≥1900 K and ≤2800 K and ≥50 W to ≤1000 W; Clear; EnclosedRated

CSL Representative

Lamp Type

System Input Power

W

Weighted Average 

Annual Operation

hr

Annual Energy 

Use

kWh

Baseline HPS 70 W 91 4,586 417

1 HPS 67 W 87 4,586 400

Baseline HPS 100 W 128 4,586 587

1 HPS 96 W 123 4,586 562

Baseline HPS 250 W 297 4,586 1,360

1 HPS 240 W 284 4,586 1,303

Baseline HPS 400 W 463 4,586 2,123

1 HPS 383 W 444 4,586 2,034

Baseline HPS 1000 W 1089 4,586 4,994

1 HPS 958 W 1043 4,586 4,785

Table 8.3.2 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and ≥50 W to ≤400 W; Clear; EnclosedRated

CSL Representative

Lamp Type* 

System Input Power

W

Weighted Average 

Annual Operation

hr

Annual Energy 

Use

kWh

Baseline MV MV 100 W 120 4,731 568

1 N/A --- --- ---

Baseline MH / 2 Pulse MH 70 W 97 4,731 460

3 CMH 50 W 56 4,731 265

Baseline MV MV 175W 205 4,760 976

1 N/A --- --- ---

Baseline MH / 2 Pulse MH 100 W 130 4,760 619

3 CMH 70 W 78 4,760 371

Baseline MV MV 250 W 286 4,760 1,362

Baseline MH / 1 Probe MH 175 W 1999 4,760 947

2 Pulse MH 150 W 185 4,760 882

3 CMH 100 W 111 4,760 528

Baseline MV MV 400 W 449 4,760 2,137

Baseline MH / 1 Probe MH 250 W 284 4,760 1,352

2 Pulse MH 200 W 227 4,760 1,082

3 CMH 150 W 166 4,760 790

Baseline MV N/A --- --- ---

Baseline MH / 1 Probe MH 400 W 455 4,760 2,164

2 Pulse MH 320 W 364 4,760 1,731

3 CMH 250 W 270 4,760 1,287

CMH is ceramic metal halide.

* Entries of “N/A” indicate CSLs where more-efficacious MV replacements for MV baseline lamps do not exist, or where MV 

baseline lamps do not exist at a particular wattage range.
8-6 

Table 8.3.3 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and >400 W and ≤1000 W; Clear; EnclosedRated

CSL Representative

Lamp Type* 

System Input Power

W

Weighted Average 

Annual Operation

hr

Annual Energy 

Use

kWh

Baseline MV MV 1000 W 1083 4,855 5,256

1 N/A --- --- ---

2 pulse MH 750 W 827 4,855 4,015

Baseline MV N/A --- --- ---

Baseline MH / 1 probe MH 1000 W 1089 4,855 5,289

2 pulse MH 875W 970 4,855 4,710

* Entries of “N/A” indicate CSLs where more-efficacious MV replacements for MV baseline lamps do not exist, or where MV 

baseline lamps do not exist at a particular wattage range.

Table 8.3.4 HID Lamps >2800 K and ≤4500 K and >1000 W and ≤2000 W; Clear; 

Enclosed-Rated

CSL Representative

Lamp Type

System Input Power

W

Weighted Average 

Annual Operation

hr

Annual Energy 

Use

kWh

Baseline MH 2000 W 2105 778 1,637

1 MH 1500 W 1632 778 1,269
8-7 

REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy–Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Building 

Technologies Program: U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. January 2012. Washington, 

D.C. <http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/

2010-lmc-final-jan-2012.pdf> 

2. U.S. Department of Energy-Federal Energy Management Program. A Monumental 

Improvement. July 2008. Washington, D.C. <www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/

sod_wash_monument.pdf> 

3. Phoenix Products Company. Hollywood Icon Illuminated by Phoenix Products Company. 

2002. Milwaukee, WI. <www.phoenixproducts.com/PhoenixFiles/Public/CaseStudies/

LACH_CASE_STUDY.pdf> 

4. U.S. Department of Energy–Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy 

Savings Estimates of Light Emitting Diodes in Niche Lighting Applications. January 2011. 

Washington, D.C. <http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/

nichefinalreport_january2011.pdf>