NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

L.E.B., )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D19-4372

)

D.D.C., )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed September 25, 2020.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee 

County; Amy R. Hawthorne, Judge.

Andrew J. Banyai of Lee County Legal Aid 

Society, Fort Myers, for Appellant.

No appearance for Appellee.

VILLANTI, Judge.

L.E.B. seeks review of the order that disqualified Lee County Legal Aid 

Society (Legal Aid) from representing her in this paternity action against D.D.C. 

Because D.D.C. waived any right he might have had to seek disqualification of Legal 
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Aid by waiting for over a year after the start of the proceedings to move for 

disqualification, we reverse.1 

Background

In July 2017, L.E.B. went to Legal Aid seeking representation in a 

paternity matter relating to her son with D.D.C. Legal Aid accepted L.E.B. as a client 

and filed a petition on her behalf against D.D.C. on July 28, 2017. The initial and all 

subsequent pleadings made clear that L.E.B. was represented by an attorney from 

Legal Aid. 

The parties attended mediation in December 2017, at which L.E.B. was 

represented by an attorney from Legal Aid. At a continuation of mediation in April 2018, 

L.E.B. was again represented by an attorney from Legal Aid. The parties failed to reach 

an agreement on all issues at mediation, and the case was set for trial. 

On September 20, 2018, the parties appeared before the magistrate for 

trial. At the start of the proceedings, D.D.C., who was pro se, made an ore tenus 

motion to disqualify Legal Aid from representing L.E.B. based on his assertion that he 

had previously consulted with Legal Aid. The magistrate put D.D.C. under oath, and 

D.D.C. testified that he went to Legal Aid in June 2016 to consult with them about the 

same paternity matter involved in this case. He testified that he obtained a written 

application form, which asked for some basic information about the legal matter and 

some financial information. He completed the information form and a short financial 

disclosure form and returned them to Legal Aid in late June 2016. D.D.C. testified that 

1While L.E.B. raised several other grounds for reversal of the order, we 

decline to address them because the waiver issue is dispositive in this case. 
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he did not speak with an attorney at that time; he spoke only with an intake clerk. A 

short time later—around mid-July 2016—he received a letter indicating that his income 

was too high for him to qualify for the services of Legal Aid. When questioned about his 

delay in making the motion to disqualify, D.D.C. testified that he had not realized that he 

was able to move to disqualify Legal Aid until he was getting ready for the trial and 

spoke with a family friend who is an attorney.

The magistrate also heard argument from the attorney from Legal Aid, 

who confirmed that D.D.C. had filed an application with them in 2016 but had been 

denied representation because of his income level. The attorney told the magistrate 

that Legal Aid no longer had any of the documents submitted by D.D.C. because the 

Legal Aid office was destroyed during Hurricane Irma. She argued that Legal Aid 

should not be disqualified from representing L.E.B. for three reasons: (1) the motion to 

disqualify was untimely since the case had been pending for over a year when the 

motion was made; (2) D.D.C. had never been a "client" of Legal Aid and did not qualify 

as a "prospective client," so Legal Aid had no conflict of interest; and (3) D.D.C. would 

not be prejudiced by denial of the motion because Legal Aid did not have any 

information that could be used to his disadvantage. The attorney for Legal Aid could not 

explain why Legal Aid had not identified the potential conflict when L.E.B. first sought 

representation. 

The magistrate took a brief recess to conduct some legal research and 

then returned, finding that it appeared D.D.C. was a "prospective client" under the Rules 

Regulating the Florida Bar. The magistrate also found that D.D.C. had not known that 

he had the right to seek disqualification until just before trial and that he had moved for 
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disqualification promptly after he learned of the right. Based on these findings, the 

magistrate continued the trial and explained that he believed that disqualification was 

required; however, he gave both parties until October 1, 2018, to file additional 

arguments and authority in support of their respective positions. 

L.E.B. filed a timely memorandum in opposition to Legal Aid's 

disqualification. In that memorandum, L.E.B. raised the same three issues addressed 

before the magistrate and also argued that her due process rights were violated 

because the magistrate had entertained the motion despite it not being noticed for 

hearing and because the magistrate had not held a "proper" evidentiary hearing. 

D.D.C. did not provide any further arguments, filings, or authority. After reviewing the 

filings and the transcript of the initial hearing, the magistrate issued a report and 

recommendations on October 25, 2018, concluding that D.D.C. became a "prospective 

client" of Legal Aid when he filed his application and financial disclosure form with them 

and that therefore Legal Aid was barred from representing L.E.B. in the same legal 

matter. 

L.E.B. filed exceptions to the magistrate's report and recommendations. 

The only issue she specifically raised was that the magistrate's report and 

recommendations were not supported by competent, substantial evidence. However, 

L.E.B. also attached to her exceptions her memorandum in opposition to disqualification 

that she had filed with the magistrate. Therefore, the trial court considered all four 

issues raised by L.E.B. After reviewing the record and conducting a hearing, the trial 

court denied the exceptions, adopted the magistrate's report and recommendations, and 

disqualified Legal Aid from representing L.E.B. in this matter. This appeal follows. 
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Analysis

While L.E.B. raises four grounds for reversal in this appeal, we address 

only the issue of waiver, which is dispositive.2 The law is clear that a litigant can waive 

the right to seek disqualification of an opponent's attorney by a delay in seeking to 

enforce the right. 

A motion to disqualify should be made with reasonable 

promptness after the party discovers the facts which lead to 

the motion. Balda v. Sorchych, 616 So. 2d 1114, 1116 (Fla. 

5th DCA 1993) (delay of three years in raising conflict 

deemed waiver); Cox v. American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 847 

F.2d 725 (11th Cir. 1988) (delay of nineteen months deemed 

waiver); Glover v. Libman, 578 F. Supp. 748 (N.D. Ga. 1983) 

(delay of one year deemed waiver); Jackson v. J.C. Penney 

2We do note that Legal Aid's argument that D.D.C. was not a "prospective 

client" under the Rules Regulating the Florida Bar is not well taken. Rule 4-1.18(a) 

defines a "prospective client" as "[a] person who consults with a lawyer about the 

possibility of forming a client-lawyer relationship with respect to a matter." R. 

Regulating Fla. Bar 4-1.18(a). Rule 4-1.18(b) forbids a lawyer who has learned 

information from a prospective client from using that information even if no attorneyclient relationship ensues. This prohibition applies even when the person receiving the 

information from the prospective client is not an attorney. See Matluck v. Matluck, 825 

So. 2d 1071, 1073 (Fla. 4th DCA 2002) (holding that if a non-lawyer employee has 

obtained confidential information that is material to the case, "it ma[kes] no difference 

that the employee was a secretary and not an attorney" because any "[d]amage done 

by the disclosure of privileged information is not minimized because the source of the 

information is clerical staff and not an attorney" (quoting Koulisis v. Rivers, 730 So. 2d 

289, 291 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999))); see also Fla. Bar Ethics Opinion 92-1, 1992 WL 

602490, at *1, *3 (noting that the duty of confidentiality attaches at the time of the initial 

consultation and providing that a Legal Aid Society may represent one of two opposing 

parties who both seek representation only if "each prospective client provide[d] an 

informed consent acknowledging that certain limited information given in the intake 

interview will not be treated as confidential for purposes of enabling the Society to 

screen for conflicts or to make referrals"). Here, it is undisputed that D.D.C. consulted 

with Legal Aid about the possibility of having Legal Aid represent him in the paternity 

matter now before the court. Therefore, D.D.C. was a "prospective client" as defined. It 

is also undisputed that Legal Aid did not obtain an informed consent from D.D.C. before 

accepting his documentation. We suggest that Legal Aid review Florida Bar Ethics 

Opinion 92-1 to ensure that its intake procedures comply with its ethical obligations. 
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Co., Inc., 521 F. Supp. 1032, 1034 (N.D. Ga. 1981) (delay of 

fifteen months deemed waiver). The rationale behind this 

rule is to prevent a litigant from using the motion as a tool to 

deprive his opponent of counsel of his choice after 

completing substantial preparation of the case. Cox v. 

American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 847 F.2d at 729 (quoting 

Jackson v. J.C. Penney Co., Inc., 521 F. Supp. at 1034).

Transmark, U.S.A., Inc. v. State, Dep't of Ins., 631 So. 2d 1112, 1116 (Fla. 1st DCA 

1994) (holding that a delay of ten months was sufficient to waive the right to disqualify); 

see also Zayas-Bazan v. Marcelin, 40 So. 3d 870, 873 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (holding that 

a delay of two and one-half years was sufficient to waive the right to disqualify); 

Rahman v. Jackson, 992 So. 2d 390, 390-91 (Fla. 1st DCA 2008) (holding that a delay 

of two years was sufficient to waive the right to disqualify). 

Here, D.D.C. was aware of the fact that L.E.B. was represented by Legal 

Aid from the inception of the case in July 2017. He was also aware that he had 

previously sought assistance from Legal Aid on the same matter a year earlier. 

Nevertheless, he did not move to disqualify Legal Aid until the start of trial fourteen 

months after the case began. When questioned about the reason for the delay, D.D.C. 

did not contend that he was not aware before then of the facts that would support 

disqualification. Instead, he contended that, as a pro se litigant, he had not understood 

the legal ramifications of the facts or that he had the right to move to disqualify Legal 

Aid from representing L.E.B. This argument, however, carries no weight. See, e.g., 

Anderson v. Sch. Bd. of Seminole Cty., 830 So. 2d 952, 953 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) ("Pro 

se litigants, however, should not be treated differently from litigants in similar situations 

who are represented by counsel and are charged with knowledge of those rights."); 

Gladstone v. Smith, 729 So. 2d 1002, 1004 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) ("A pro se litigant 
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should not be held to a lesser standard than a reasonably competent attorney."); Kohn 

v. City of Miami Beach, 611 So. 2d 538, 539 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) ("[I]t is a mistake to 

hold a pro se litigant to a lesser standard than a reasonably competent attorney."). 

Hence, because D.D.C. was aware of the facts that supported the 

disqualification of Legal Aid for over a year before he moved to disqualify Legal Aid from 

representing L.E.B., the trial court should have found that D.D.C. waived any right he 

had to seek Legal Aid's disqualification. His status as a pro se litigant does not afford 

him rights over and above those afforded to represented litigants. Therefore, we 

reverse the order disqualifying Legal Aid as L.E.B.'s counsel and remand for the 

resumption of proceedings. 

Reversed. 

SILBERMAN and SLEET, JJ., Concur.