United States Air And EPA/400/1-91/041

Environmental Protection Radiation January 1992

Agency (ANR-445)

&EPA Theoretical Analysis of

Replacement Refrigerants

for R22 for Residential Uses

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

United States Air And EPA/400/1-91/041 

Environmental Protection Radiation January 1992 

Agency (ANR-44S) 

&EPA Theoretical Analysis of 

Replacement Refrigerants 

for R22 for Residential Uses 
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OP REPLACEMENT REPRIGERANTS POR R22

FOR RESIDBNTIAL USES

Prepared for

US Environmental Protection Agency

Global Change Division

Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs

Office of Air and Radiation

by

Reinhard Radermacher and Dongsoo Jung

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The University of Maryland

College Park, MD 20742-3035

December 1991

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

THBORBTICAL ANALYSIS OP RBPLACEMBNT REFRIGERANTS POR R22 

FOR RESIDENTIAL USES 

Prepared for 

US Environmental Protection Agency 

Global Change Division 

Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs 

Office of Air and Radiation 

by 

Reinhard Radermacher and Dongsoo Jung 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

The University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742-3035 

December 1991 
Table of Contents

List of Exhibits

Abstract

Findings

. . . . . . . . .

3

4

5

1.0 Background and Objective. 7

2.0 simulation Approach . . • . . . . . • . .

2.1 Computer Model . . .. . .

2.2 Refrigerant Properties . . . . .. . ..

2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . .

2.4 Operating Conditions .

2.5 Capacity Modulation with Mixtures.

11

11

15

15

17

19

3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation 21

4.0

5.0

6.0

Results and Discussions

4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions ..•

4.2 Seasonal Performance. .... •..

4.3 Concentration Shift ..•..•..••...

4.4 Drop-in Application vs. New Systems ..•.•

4.5 Implications of Counter-flow Design and the Use of

Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Sensitivity Considerations and Accuracy .

4.7 Gl0bal Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion

Potential (ODP) . . . . . . . . •. ...

Flammability and Materials Compatibility . . . . •

5.1 Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.2 Materials Compatibility .......•••.

Further Work .

29

29

37

40

44

45

46

48

51

51

52

54

References

Appendices

2

55

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Table of contents 

List of Exhibits 

Abstract 

Findings 

1.0 Background and Objective . 

2 . 0 simulation Approach . . • . ...... • . . 

2.1 Computer Model . . . . . .. . .. . 

2.2 Refrigerant Properties . . . . .. . .. 

2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures . . . . . . 

2.4 Operating Conditions ....... . 

2.5 Capacity Modulation with Mixtures. 

3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation 

4.0 

5.0 

6.0 

Results and Discussions 

4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions ..• 

4.2 Seasonal Performance . . . . . .. • .. 

4.3 Concentration Shift ..•......•... 

4.4 Drop-in Application vs. New Systems ..•.• 

4.5 Implications of Counter-flow Design and the Use of 

Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Sensitivity Considerations and Accuracy • 

4.7 Gl0bal Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion 

Potential (ODP) . . . . . . . . .. ... 

Flammability and Materials Compatibility . . . . . 

5.1 Flammability . . . . . . .•.. 

5.2 Materials Compatibility .......••.•.. 

FUrther Work . 

References 

Appendices 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

11 

11 

15 

15 

17 

19 

21 

29 

29 

37 

40 

44 

45 

46 

48 

51 

51 

52 

54 

55 
List of Exhibits

8

33

32

43

31

· 25

35

• 36

· 40 · 41

· 50

Exhibit 1: Total Clx Concentrations (1985-2000). . Exhibit 2: Greenhouse Warming potential of R22 and Other

HCFC •s and Carbon Dioxide... • 9

Exhibit 3: Sample Printout of Computer Run with HACI. . • 14

Exhibit 4: Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for six Heating

Climates of the Continental us. • 23

Exhibit 5: Map of the us Displaying Lines of Constant

cooling Load Hours.

Exhibit 5a: Map of the us Displaying Lines of Constant

cooling Load Hours. • 26

Exhibit 6: Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation. • 28

Exhibit 7: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric capacity

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures.

Exhibit 8: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures.

Exhibit 9: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures.

Exhibit 10: COP of Mixtures in Sequence According to Their

Performance. . Exhibit lOa: Best Substitutes for R22.

Exhibit 11: Seasonal Performance of R22 and the Five Best

Replacements for One Cooling and six Heating Climates•.• 39

Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF) for One

Cooling and Six Heating Climates.

Exhibit 13: Ratio of Heating Capacities.

Exhibit 14: Seasonal Performance of R32/R152a and R32/R124

with and without a Rectifier.

Exhibit 15: Greenhouse Warming (100 yr. Horizon) and Ozone

Depletion Potential. • •• •••••.• • 49

Exhibit 16: Direct and Indirect contributions to Global

Warming.

3

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

List of Exhibits 

Exhibit 1: Total Clx Concentrations (1985-2000). . Exhibit 2: Greenhouse Warming potential of R22 and Other 

8 

HCFC • s and Carbon Dioxide... • 9 

Exhibit 3: Sample Printout of Computer Run with HACI. . • 14 

Exhibit 4: Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for six Heating 

Climates of the Continental US. • 23 

Exhibit 5: Map of the us Displaying Lines of Constant 

cooling Load Hours. · 25 

Exhibit Sa: Map of the us Displaying Lines of Constant 

cooling Load Hours. • 26 

Exhibit 6: Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation. • 28 

Exhibit 7: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric capacity 

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures. 31 

Exhibit 8: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity 

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures. 32 

Exhibit 9: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity 

for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures. 33 

Exhibit 10: COP of Mixtures in Sequence According to Their 

Performance. . 35 

Exhibit lOa: Best Substitutes for R22. • 36 

Exhibit 11: Seasonal Performance of R22 and the Five Best 

Replacements for One Cooling and six Heating Climates •.• 39 

Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF) for One 

Cooling and Six Heating Climates. 

Exhibit 13: Ratio of Heating Capacities. 

Exhibit 14: Seasonal Performance of R32/R152a and R32/R124 

with and without a Rectifier. 

Exhibit 15: Greenhouse Warming (100 yr. Horizon) and Ozone 

· 40 

· 41 

43 

Depletion Potential. • •• •••••.• • 49 

Exhibit 16: Direct and Indirect contributions to Global 

Warming. 

3 

· 50 
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22

FOR RESIDENTIAL ~SES

Abstract

Future risks of stratospheric ozone depletion and the relatively

high global warming potential of R22 might eventually lead to

further limitations on the use of R22 in heat pump and airconditioning systems. This report investigates the feasibility of

replacement refrigerants that would cause the least disruption to

current technology. It is desirable that any substitute is at

least as energy efficient as R22 so that the indirect effect on

global warming does not outweigh the direct effect. To date, no

acceptable pure component has been identified as a drop-in

substitute for R22. However, binary and ternary mixtures appear to

be candidates that warrant further investigation.

The coefficient of performance (COP) and the seasonal

performance factor (SPF) were calculated in a model for binary and

ternary substitutes. The ternary mixture of R32/R152a/R124 showed

the best performance with an increase in COP of 13.7 % over R12.

The best chlorine-free ternary mixture is R32/R152a/R134 with a

12.6 % increase. The best chlorine-free binary mixture is

R32/R152a with a 12.1 % improvement in COP over R22. The binary

mixture of R32/R134a shows a performance improvement of six percent

over R22. since it contains 70 % R134a it may not be flammable.

Significant design changes to the system will be necessary to

realize all these gains with mixtures, likely requiring a

considerable research and development effort. Some of the design

changes could reduce the energy savings. On the other hand,

modelling predicts that the SPF can be improved by modulating the

capacity by changing mixture concentration.

The greenhouse warming potential of the R32/R152a/R124 mixture

and its ozone depletion potential are reduced by a factor of 5

compared to R22 • The greenhouse warming potential of

R32/R152a/R134 is reduced by a factor of 3 compared to R22 and the

ozone depletion potential is zero. The greenhouse warming

potential of R32/R152a is reduced by a factor of 6 compared to R22

and the ozone depletion potential is zero.

In practice, the ranking of the substitutes presented in this

report may change due to the influence of transport properties and

other variables which have been ignored in the model.

4

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22 

FOR RESIDENTIAL ~SES 

Abstract 

Future risks of stratospheric ozone depletion and the relatively 

high global warming potential of R22 might eventually lead to 

further limitations on the use of R22 in heat pump and airconditioning systems. This report investigates the feasibility of 

replacement refrigerants that would cause the least disruption to 

current technology. It is desirable that any sUbstitute is at 

least as energy efficient as R22 so that the indirect effect on 

global warming does not outweigh the direct effect. To date, no 

acceptable pure component has been identified as a drop-in 

sUbstitute for R22. However, binary and ternary mixtures appear to 

be candidates that warrant further investigation. 

The coefficient of performance (COP) and the seasonal 

performance factor (SPF) were calculated in a model for binary and 

ternary sUbstitutes. The ternary mixture of R32/R152a/R124 showed 

the best performance with an increase in COP of 13.7 % over R12. 

The best chlorine-free ternary mixture is R32/R152a/R134 with a 

12.6 % increase. The best chlorine-free binary mixture is 

R32/R152a with a 12.1 % improvement in COP over R22. The binary 

mixture of R32/R134a shows a performance improvement of six percent 

over R22. since it contains 70 % R134a it may not be flammable. 

Significant design changes to the system will be necessary to 

realize all these gains with mixtures, likely requiring a 

considerable research and development effort. Some of the design 

changes could reduce the energy savings. On the other hand, 

modelling predicts that the SPF can be improved by modulating the 

capacity by changing mixture concentration. 

The greenhouse warming potential of the R32/R152a/R124 mixture 

and its ozone depletion potential are reduced by a factor of 5 

compared to R22 • The greenhouse warming potential of 

R32/R152a/R134 is reduced by a factor of 3 compared to R22 and the 

ozone depletion potential is zero. The greenhouse warming 

potential of R32/R152a is reduced by a factor of 6 compared to R22 

and the ozone depletion potential is zero. 

In practice, the ranking of the sUbstitutes presented in this 

report may change due to the influence of transport properties and 

other variables which have been ignored in the model. 

4 
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22

FOR RESIDENTIAL USES

Findings

Evaluation of R22 substitutes has to occur because of concerns

about ozone depletion and greenhouse warming effect.

There is currently no pure fluid that is considered to be a

suitable drop-in substitute for R22.

Any substitute should seek to have at least the same energy

efficiency as R22. otherwise, the indirect global warming

effect may offset any gains in the reduced global warming

potential of the substitute. Selection of the final

substitute should consider a balanced trade-off between direct

and indirect global warming effect, ozone depletion and other

health and safety concerns.

There are several binary and ternary mixtures of refrigerants

that warrant further investigation as substitutes for R22.

Models predict that a mixture containing R32 and R152a and R32

and R124 show potential for significant performance

improvements of up to 13~7 % in cOP over R22 in residential

air-conditioners, heat pumps and window air-conditioners.

Hardware changes (counter-flow heat exchangers) will be

necessary to achieve this improvement and requirements like

increased fan power may offset the predicted energy savings.

The most energy efficient replacement mixture, R32/R152a/R124,

as predicted by modelling, has a global warming potential and

ozone depletion potential that is five times lower than the

values for R22 (based on a 100 year time horizon).

The replacement mixture with the least direct impact on the

environment is R32/R152a with a global warming potential that

is six times lower than for R22 and an ozone depletion

potential of zero. Its predicted cOP is 12.1% above that of

R22.

The ranking of the substitutes may change due to the influence

of transport properties and other variables not considered in

this report.

The use of mixtures offers the potential advantage that the

concentration can be shifted to meet capacity requirements.

This can lead to a reduction in resistance heat and increased

seasonal performance.

5

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22 

FOR RESIDENTIAL USES 

Findings 

Evaluation of R22 sUbstitutes has to occur because of concerns 

about ozone depletion and greenhouse warming effect. 

There is currently no pure fluid that is considered to be a 

suitable drop-in sUbstitute for R22. 

Any substitute should seek to have at least the same energy 

efficiency as R22. Otherwise, the indirect global warming 

effect may offset any gains in the reduced global warming 

potential of the sUbstitute. Selection of the final 

sUbstitute should consider a balanced trade-off between direct 

and indirect global warming effect, ozone depletion and other 

health and safety concerns. 

There are several binary and ternary mixtures of refrigerants 

that warrant further investigation as sUbstitutes for R22. 

Models predict that a mixture containing R32 and R152a and R32 

and R124 show potential for significant performance 

improvements of up to 13~7 % in cOP over R22 in residential 

air-conditioners, heat pumps and window air-conditioners. 

Hardware changes (counter-flow heat exchangers) will be 

necessary to achieve this improvement and requirements like 

increased fan power may offset the predicted energy savings. 

The most energy efficient replacement mixture, R32/R152a/R124, 

as predicted by modelling, has a global warming potential and 

ozone depletion potential that is five times lower than the 

values for R22 (based on a 100 year time horizon). 

The replacement mixture with the least direct impact on the 

environment is R32/R152a with a global warming potential that 

is six times lower than for R22 and an ozone depletion 

potential of zero. Its predicted cOP is 12.1% above that of 

R22. 

The ranking of the sUbstitutes may change due to the influence 

of transport properties and other variables not considered in 

this report. 

The use of mixtures offers the potential advantage that the 

concentration can be shifted to meet capacity requirements. 

This can lead to a reduction in resistance heat and increased 

seasonal performance. 

5 
For some superior mixtures all constituents are presently

available or have been commercially produced; for other

alternatives they will be available in the near future; for

some alternatives they are not yet scheduled for commercial

production.

The mixtures with the most significant improvement in COP are

flammable (R32/R152a) or contain flammable components so that

they may be flammable (R32/R152a/R124, R32/~152a/R134).

However, it is expected that the addition of a third

nonflammable component will reduce the fire hazard.

The binary mixture of 30% R32 and 70% R134a shows a six

percent performance improvement over R22 and may be

nonflammable.

Further work in the following areas is required in order to

facilitate the use of the proposed mixtures:

Materials compatibility,

Flammability,

oil compatibility,

Compressor life,

Chemical stability, Thermodynamic properties,

Transport properties, Performance in actual cycles,

Design of means for concentration shift, and

Redesign of air-conditioning and heat pump systems.

The possibility still exists that pure fluids can be found or

developed that may be acceptable substitutes for R22.

Acknowledge.ent

The authors thank the numerous reviewers and EPA personnel for

constructive criticism and their contributions to the report. The

support of this project by the US Environmental Protection Agency

through ICF Inc. and the University of Maryland is greatfully

acknowledged.

6

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

For some superior mixtures all constituents are presently 

available or have been commercially produced; for other 

alternatives they will be available in the near future; for 

some alternatives they are not yet scheduled for commercial 

production. 

The mixtures with the most significant improvement in COP are 

flammable (R32/R152a) or contain flammable components so that 

they may be flammable (R32/R152a/R124, R32/~152a/R134). 

However, it is expected that the addition of a third 

nonflammable component will reduce the fire hazard. 

The binary mixture of 30% R32 and 70% R134a shows a six 

percent performance improvement over R22 and may be 

nonflammable. 

Further work in the following areas is required in order to 

facilitate the use of the proposed mixtures: 

Materials compatibility, 

Flammability, 

oil compatibility, 

Compressor life, 

Chemical stability, Thermodynamic properties, 

Transport properties, Performance in actual cycles, 

Design of means for concentration shift, and 

Redesign of air-conditioning and heat pump systems. 

The possibility still exists that pure fluids can be found or 

developed that may be acceptable sUbstitutes for R22. 

Acknowledge.ent 

The authors thank the numerous reviewers and EPA personnel for 

constructive criticism and their contributions to the report. The 

support of this project by the US Environmental Protection Agency 

through ICF Inc. and the University of Maryland is greatfully 

acknowledged. 

6 
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22

FOR RESIDENTIAL USES

1.0 Background and Objective

R22 is widely used as a refrigerant in commercial refrigeration and

commercial and residential air-conditioning and heat pumping. R22

has favorable thermodynamic and transport properties and well known

material compatibility characteristics.

However, questions have been raised about the long term

viability of R22. Its ozone depletion potential is 0.05, much less

than R11 or R12. But because the level of stratospheric chlorine

is expected to rise during the next decade, Exhibit 1, extensive

use of R22 could cont~ibute to surplus chlorine and thus ozone

depletion for a long time. In Exhibit 1, the area enclosed between

the two curves is a measure for the increased long term risk if

there is an additional amount of Clx available in the stratosphere.

Currently, scientists are concerned that additional chlorine will

cause significant ozone depletion /1/. If it does, there will be

inevitably calls for more stringent reductions in R22 than those

recorded during the London revisions of the Montreal Protocol where

a resolution was passed to phase out use in new machinery by 2015

or those proposed in the Clean Air Act revisions /2/.

Furthermore, the greenhouse warming potential of R22 is quite

high compared to carbon dioxide, the most important green house

gas. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) has published a

7

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22 

FOR RESIDENTIAL USES 

1.0 Background and Objective 

R22 is widely used as a refrigerant in commercial refrigeration and 

commercial and residential air-conditioning and heat pumping. R22 

has favorable thermodynamic and transport properties and well known 

material compatibility characteristics. 

However, questions have been raised about the long term 

viability of R22. Its ozone depletion potential is 0.05, much less 

than R11 or R12. But because the level of stratospheric chlorine 

is expected to rise during the next decade, Exhibit 1, extensive 

use of R22 could cont~ibute to surplus chlorine and thus ozone 

depletion for a long time. In Exhibit 1, the area enclosed between 

the two curves is a measure for the increased long term risk if 

there is an additional amount of Clx available in the stratosphere. 

Currently, scientists are concerned that additional chlorine will 

cause significant ozone depletion /1/. If it does, there will be 

inevitably calls for more stringent reductions in R22 than those 

recorded during the London revisions of the Montreal Protocol where 

a resolution was passed to phase out use in new machinery by 2015 

or those proposed in the Clean Air Act revisions /2/. 

Furthermore, the greenhouse warming potential of R22 is quite 

high compared to carbon dioxide, the most important green house 

gas. The united Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

(IPCC) has published a 

7 
Exhibit 1:

Total Clx ConcentrationS(1985-2100)

2060 2075

'" with HCFC substitution

• no HCFC substitution

2045

~~ ........ excess risk from current level

parts per billion

4.0

3.5

3.0

ex>

2.5

2.0

I • • • • • • • • 1985 2000 2015 2035

Assumptions:

• CFCs, Carbon Tetracholoride and Methyl Chloroform Global Phase-out in the year 2000;

Carbon Tetracholoride and Methyl Chloroform controls begin in 1991

• HCFCs with an average OOP of 0.05 are substituted for 32°k of CFC reductions (upper curve)

• HCFC global freeze in 2015; Phase-out in 2030

Source: 1990, ICF Inc.

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

parts per billion 

4.0 

3.5 

3.0 

ex> 

2.5 

1985 

Exhibit 1: 

Total Clx ConcentrationS(1985-2100) 

2000 2015 2035 

~ with HCFC substitution 

• no HCFC substitution 

..... =---~~- excess risk from current level 

2045 2060 2075 

Assumptions: 

• CFCs, Carbon Tetracholoride and Methyl Chloroform Global Phase-out in the year 2000; 

Carbon Tetracholoride and Methyl Chloroform controls begin in 1991 

• HCFCs with an average OOP of 0.05 are substituted for 32°A, of CFC reductions (upper curve) 

• HCFC global freeze in 2015; Phase-out in 2030 

Source: 1990, ICF Inc. 
Exhibit 2:

Greenhouse Warming Potential of R-22 and Other HCfC·s and Carbon Dioxide

Global Warming Potential

Fluid Integration Time Horizon, Years

20 100 500

Carbon Dioxide 1 1 1

Methane-inc indirect 63 21 9

Nitrous Oxide 270 290 190

CFC-11 4500 3500 1500

CFC-12 7100 7300 4500

HCFC-22 4100 1500 510

HFC-32* 2040 560 188

CFC-113 4500 4200 2100

CFC-114 6000 6900 5500

CFC·115 5500 6900 7400

HCFC·123 310 85 29

HCFC-124 1500 430 150

HFC-125 4700 2500 860

HFC·134a 3200 1200 420

HCFC-141b 1500 440 150

HCFC-142b 3700 1600 540

HFC·143a 4500 2900 1000

HFC-152a 510 140 47

CC1 4 1900 1300 460

CH3CC1 3 350 100 34

CF3Br 5800 5800 3200

* Reference /3/

report in which the higher greenhouse warming potential (GWP) of

R22 is compared for different time periods to other HCFCs, HFCs and

to carbon dioxide, Exhibit 2. As concern about the global warming

heightens, the availability of R22 could be threatened. Its price

could rise if "greenhouse gas taxes" are passed or if green house

gases are limited in an allowance system under a comprehensive

9

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 2: 

Greenhouse Warming Potential of H-22 and Other HCFC·s and Carbon Dioxide 

Global Warming Potential 

Fluid Integration Time Horizon, Years 

20 100 500 

Carbon Dioxide 1 1 1 

Methane-inc indirect 63 21 9 

Nitrous Oxide 270 290 190 

CFC-11 4500 3500 1500 

CFC-12 7100 7300 4500 

HCFC-22 4100 1500 510 

HFC-32* 2040 560 188 

CFC-113 4500 4200 2100 

CFC-114 6000 6900 5500 

CFC-115 5500 6900 7400 

HCFC-123 310 85 29 

HCFC-124 1500 430 150 

HFC-125 4700 2500 860 

HFC-134a 3200 1200 420 

HCFC-141b 1500 440 150 

HCFC-142b 3700 1600 540 

HFC-143a 4500 2900 1000 

HFC-152a 510 140 47 

CC1 4 1900 1300 460 

CH3CC1 3 350 100 34 

CF3Br 5800 5800 3200 

* Reference /3/ 

report in which the higher greenhouse warming potential (GWP) of 

R22 is compared for different time periods to other HCFCs, HFCs and 

to carbon dioxide, Exhibit 2. As concern about the global warming 

heightens, the availability of R22 could be threatened. Its price 

could rise if "greenhouse gas taxes" are passed or if green house 

gases are limited in an allowance system under a comprehensive 

9 
approach such as that proposed by the US at the first climate

negatiations. (A tax as small as $ 0.01 per pound of carbon

dioxide would result in an increase of $ 15.00 per pound using the

100 year equivalent global warming potential.)

However, it is important to recognize that for HCFC 22 the

global warming potential is relatively small compared to the

indirect global warming effect caused by the production of carbon

dioxide to provide the power for air-conditioning or heat pumping.

Estimates indicate that up to 10% of the total global warming

caused by a typical air-conditioner is contributed by R22 /3/. Any

replacement must, therefore, be at least as efficient as R22 in

order to achieve a significant net reduction in the global warming

effect.

Currently no pure fluid drop-in replacements for R22 have been

identified. Refrigerant mixtures of already available or

identified constituents, however, may be able to replace R22 in

existing and future equipment and in future applications. This

report examines the replacement of R22 from two points of view:

The feasibility of a drop-in replacement for residential heat

pumps, air-conditioners and window air-conditioners is

investigated.

Replacement of R22 by refrigerant mixtures that would

potentially lead to energy savings by a completely new design

of the heating and cooling equipment.

10

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

approach such as that proposed by the US at the first climate 

negatiations. (A tax as small as $ 0.01 per pound of carbon 

dioxide would result in an increase of $ 15.00 per pound using the 

100 year equivalent global warming potential.) 

However, it is important to recognize that for HCFC 22 the 

global warming potential is relatively small compared to the 

indirect global warming effect caused by the production of carbon 

dioxide to provide the power for air-conditioning or heat pumping. 

Estimates indicate that up to 10% of the total global warming 

caused by a typical air-conditioner is contributed by R22 /3/. Any 

replacement must, therefore, be at least as efficient as R22 in 

order to achieve a significant net reduction in the global warming 

effect. 

currently no pure fluid drop-in replacements for R22 have been 

identified. Refrigerant mixtures of already available or 

identified constituents, however, may be able to replace R22 in 

existing and future equipment and in future applications. This 

report examines the replacement of R22 from two points of view: 

The feasibility of a drop-in replacement for residential heat 

pumps, air-conditioners and window air-conditioners is 

investigated. 

Replacement of R22 by refrigerant mixtures that would 

potentially lead to energy savings by a completely new design 

of the heating and cooling equipment. 

10 
2.0 simulation Approach

It is the goal of the theoretical analysis presented here to study

only the effect of the thermodynamic properties of the working

fluids. The cycle model used resembles the ideal vapor compression

cycle as closely as possible. The only exceptions are a compressor

efficiency of 0.7 and the use of air-to-refrigerant heat

exchangers. The latter is necessary to ensure that the gliding

temperature effect of mixtures is accounted for.

2.1 computer Model

A computer model HAC1 was developed. It is a UA-model in which the

product of the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat exchange

area (UA) are given. Prior studies have shown that a comparison

between pure and mixed working fluids provides meaningful results

only when the fluids perform identical task. This implies that the

air streams being heated or cooled undergo the same temperature

changes at the same flow rates independent of whether or not a

mixture or pure component is used /4/. This can be obtained in a

consistent way with a UA-model. It is assumed that the temperature

glide of the mixtures is linear, though this is not always true.

The implications of this assumption are discussed under Results and

Discussion. HAC1 uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve a set of

eight non-linear equations simultaneously. To have the design of

the heat pump affect the results of the calculations to the least

possible degree, almost all operating parameters were set to ideal

11

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

2.0 Simulation Approach 

It is the goal of the theoretical analysis presented here to study 

only the effect of the thermodynamic properties of the working 

fluids. The cycle model used resembles the ideal vapor compression 

cycle as closely as possible. The only exceptions are a compressor 

efficiency of 0.7 and the use of air-to-refrigerant heat 

exchangers. The latter is necessary to ensure that the gliding 

temperature effect of mixtures is accounted for. 

2.1 .computer Model 

A computer model HAC1 was developed. It is a UA-model in which the 

product of the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat exchange 

area (UA) are given. Prior studies have shown that a comparison 

between pure and mixed working fluids provides meaningful results 

only when the fluids perform identical task. This implies that the 

air streams being heated or cooled undergo the same temperature 

changes at the same flow rates independent of whether or not a 

mixture or pure component is used /4/. This can be obtained in a 

consistent way with a UA-model. It is assumed that the temperature 

glide of the mixtures is linear, though this is not always true. 

The implications of this assumption are discussed under Results and 

Discussion. HAC1 uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve a set of 

eight non-linear equations simultaneously. To have the design of 

the heat pump affect the results of the calculations to the least 

possible degree, almost all operating parameters were set to ideal 

11 
conditions. Input values are the evaporator air inlet and outlet

temperatures and the air flow rate, the condenser air inlet

temperature and flow rate, heat exchange areas and heat transfer

coefficients (estimated based on actual equipment). other

variables such as pressure drops, superheat and sUbcooling at

evaporator and condenser outlet, and superheating of the suction

gas in the compressor are set to zero. It is assumed that the

compressor displacement is always sUfficiently large to pump

whatever volume flow rate the evaporator provides. The isentropic

efficiency is set to 0.7. For both, the evaporator and condenser,

the overall heat transfer coefficients are 0.1 kJ/m2K, and the

areas are 4.0 and 5.0 m2 respectively. 'The cooling load is assumed

to be a sensible load only.

According to today's desiqn criteria, the outdoor heat

exchanger which is the condenser during air-conditioning operation

was chosen to be the larger heat exchanger since the amount of heat

rejected is larger than the cooling capacity. The evaporator has

to be small to provide a cooling surface on a temperature low

enough for dehumidification. Area and heat transfer coefficients

are calculated based on actual designs. For most of the results

presented here, it" is assumed that all heat exchangers are counterflow heat exchangers. The impact of cross-flow heat exchangers is

investigated in Chapter 4.5. It is further assumed that during

desuperheating of the vapor in the condenser, the inside tube

surface temperature is below the saturation temperature of the

vapor. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficient in the

12

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

conditions. Input values are the evaporator air inlet and outlet 

temperatures and the air flow rate, the condenser air inlet 

temperature and flow rate, heat exchange areas and heat transfer 

coefficients (estimated based on actual equipment). other 

variables such as pressure drops, superheat and subcooling at 

evaporator and condenser outlet, and superheating of the suction 

gas in the compressor are set to zero. It is assumed that the 

compressor displacement is always sufficiently large to pump 

whatever volume flow rate the evaporator provides. The isentropic 

efficiency is set to 0.7. For both, the evaporator and condenser, 

the overall heat transfer coefficients are 0.1 kJ/m2K, and the 

areas are 4.0 and 5.0 m2 respectively. 'The cooling load is assumed 

to be a sensible load only. 

According to today's design criteria, the outdoor heat 

exchanger which is the condenser during air-conditioning operation 

was chosen to be the larger heat exchanger since the amount of heat 

rejected is larger than the cooling capacity. The evaporator has 

to be small to provide a cooling surface on a temperature low 

enough for dehumidification. Area and heat transfer coefficients 

are calculated based on actual designs. For most of the results 

presented here, it" is assumed that all heat exchangers are counterflow heat exchangers. The impact of cross-flow heat exchangers is 

investigated in Chapter 4.5. It is further assumed that during 

desuperheating of the vapor in the condenser, the inside tube 

surface temperature is below the saturation temperature of the 

vapor. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficient in the 

12 
desuperheating region is assumed to be the same as for the twophase region. The heat transfer process is governed by the

difference between the dew point temperature and the air

temperature. Each run of HAC1 produces an output file as shown in

Exhibit 3 for pure R22. The first section of the output describes

the program features in short and lists the air flow rates.

The second section of the output file states all input values,

the specified refrigerant mixing coefficient, concentration (mass

fraction), the ambient temperature and temperatures of the air

streams into and out of the evaporator and into the condenser.

Further compressor efficiency, pressure drops, super heat,

subcooling, additional superheat, and overall heat transfer

coefficients are listed followed by the heat capacity (calculated

by mUltiplying mass flow rate with specific heat) and the cooling

capacity . The end of this section of the output shows heat

exchanger areas, adjustment factors (1.0 all the time) and the

number of segments into which each heat exchanger is divided in

order to account for the non-linearity of the temperature glide.

For this investigation the number of segments was set to 1.0 to

speed up the calculation procedure.

In the third section of the sample printout the calculated

thermodynamic properties at each state point throughout the cycle

are. listed.

The fourth section states all other calculated results:

compressor work, the amounts of heat exchanged, COP, refrigerant

mass flow rate, volumetric capacity, pressure ratio, and compressor

13

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

desuperheating region is assumed to be the same as for the twophase region. The heat transfer process is governed by the 

difference between the dew point temperature and the air 

temperature. Each run of HAC1 produces an output file as shown in 

Exhibit 3 for pure R22. The first section of the output describes 

the program features in short and lists the air flow rates. 

The second section of the output file states all input values, 

the specified refrigerant mixing coefficient, concentration (mass 

fraction), the ambient temperature and temperatures of the air 

streams into and out of the evaporator and into the condenser. 

Further compressor efficiency, pressure drops, super heat, 

subcooling, additional superheat, and overall heat transfer 

coefficients are listed followed by the heat capacity (calculated 

by multiplying mass flow rate with specific heat) and the cooling 

capacity. The end of this section of the output shows heat 

exchanger areas, adjustment factors (1.0 all the time) and the 

number of segments into which each heat exchanger is divided in 

order to account for the non-linearity of the temperature glide. 

For this investigation the number of segments was set to 1.0 to 

speed up the calculation procedure. 

In the third section of the sample printout the calculated 

thermodynamic properties at each state point throughout the cycle 

are . listed. 

The fourth section states all other calculated results: 

compressor work, the amounts of heat exchanged, COP, refrigerant 

mass flow rate, volumetric capacity, pressure ratio, and compressor 

13 
displacement. Other output values are not of concern here. Energy

Exhibit 3: Sample Printout of Computer Run with HAC1.

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD IS USED TO SOLVE A SET OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS.

HTFs USED.IN CONDo AND EVAP. ARE BOTH AIR.

A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN EVAP.(CFM): 400.00

A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN COND.(CFM): 800.00

CODLING LOAD IS FIXED BY SPECIFYING HTF TEMPS. IN EVAP.

IN CONDo SIDE, TEMP. OF HTF ENTERING CONDo IS FIXED.

TEMP. OF HTF LEAVING CONDo VARIES.

CONSTANT UAs ARE USED IN CON. AND EVAP.

CONSTANT COMPRESSOR EFF.

************* GIVEN PARAMETERS ***************** REFRIGERANTS R22 AND R22 ; F = .0000; X = 1.000 MASS FRAC.R22

AMBIENT TEMP: 35.0 C

HX STREAM TEMPS: SOURCE (IN, OUT): 26.0, 10.6 C

SINK (IN): 35.0 C

COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY: .7000

IMPOSED PRESSURE DROPS: COND = .0 KPA; EVAP = .0 KPA

IMPOSED E SUPERHEAT, C SUBCOOLING, ASHC (C): .0 .0 .0

UA (EVAP, COND): 400.0, 500.0·W/C

HEAT CAPACITY OF HTF (EVAP,COND): 227.8, 417.6 W/C

COOLING LOAD: 3514.9 WATTS

AREA EVAP, COND, FACTOR E, C, NSEGM :4.00000,5.00000,1.00000,1.00000

************* STATE PARAMETERS ***************** STATE T (C) P H V S XL XV XQ

HX STR REF (KPA) (KJ/KG) (M~3/KG) (KJ/KG K) (MASS FRAC)

1 EVAP OUT 26.0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86E-2 .000 1.000 1.000 .000

2 COMP IN .0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86E-2 .000 .000 .000 .000

3 COMP DIS 45.9 87.1 2014.5 296.3 1.32E-2 .000 .000 1.000 .000

4 COND VST 44.0 51.5 2014.5 263.4 1.13E-2 .000 .000 .000 .000

5 COND LST 35.0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000 .000 .000 .000

6 COND OUT 35.0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000 .000 .000 .000

7 EVAP IN 10.6 6.6 613.6 109.1 O.OOE+O· .000 1.000 1.000 .282

8 EVAP VST 26.0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86e-2 .000 .000 .000 .000

9 LSHX OUT .0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000 .000 .000 '.000

8.787 11.641

.000

.000

************** CALCULATEO PARAMETERS ************** WORK = 1043.5 QEVAP = 3514.8 QCOND = 4558.3 HX21 = .0 HX67 = .0 WATT

COP = 3.368 REF. MDOT= .0243529 KG/S VCR= 3735. KJ/MA 3 PR = 3.28

VOLUME FLOW RATE (CC/SEC): 941.12

LMTD IN EVAP (GIVEN, CAL), LMTD IN COND 8.787

AIR TEMP DROP, REF TEMP GLIDE IN EVAP 15.430

AIR TEMP GLIDE, REF TEMP DROP IN COND 10.915

COMPRESSOR DISPLACEMENT VOLUME =20.4592 CC/REV

ENERGY BALANCE:E SUP,C SUB,SUP(FRAC HEAT): .00 .04 800.52

ENERGY BALANCE:E SUP,C SUB,SUP(UALMTD ): .00 .04 800.54

EVAP SUPERHEAT, COND SUBCOOLING &SUPERHEAT: (C) .00 .00 35.55

FRAtTIONS HEAT IN EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .824 .176

FRACTIONS AREA IN EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .728 .272

balances are used to verify thermodynamic consistency. Other data

are available for detailed design of air-conditioners. The

particular heat pump design modelled here implies that the fourway-valve, that switches from heating to cooling, maintains the

counter-flow characteristic of the heat exchangers. This is not

14

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

displacement. Other output values are not of concern here. Energy 

Exhibit 3: Sample Printout of Computer Run with HAC1. 

NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD IS USED TO SOLVE A SET OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS. 

HTFs USED ,IN CONDo AND EVAP. ARE BOTH AIR. 

A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN EVAP.(CFM): 400.00 

A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN COND.(CFM): 800.00 

COOLING LOAD IS FIXED BY SPECIFYING HTF TEMPS. IN EVAP. 

IN CONDo SIDE, TEMP. OF HTF ENTERING CONDo IS FIXED. 

TEMP. OF HTF LEAVING CONDo VARIES. 

CONSTANT UAs ,ARE USED IN CON. AND EVAP. 

CONSTANT COMPRESSOR EFF. 

************* GIVEN PARAMETERS ***.***.*.***.*** 

REFRIGERANTS R22 AND R22 ; F = .0000; X = 1.000 MASS FRAC.R22 

AMBIENT TEMP: 35.0 C 

HX STREAM TEMPS: SOURCE (IN, OUT): 26.0, 10.6 C 

SINK (IN): 35.0 C 

COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY: .7000 

IMPOSED PRESSURE DROPS: COND = .0 KPA: EVAP = .0 KPA 

IMPOSED E SUPERHEAT, C SUBCOOLING, ASHC (C): .0 .0 .0 

UA (EVAP, COND): 400.0, 500.0' W/C 

HEAT CAPACITY OF HTF (EVAP,COND): 227.8, 417.6 W/C 

COOLING LOAD: 3514.9 WATTS 

AREA EVAP, COND, FACTOR E, C, NSEGM :4.00000,5.00000,1.00000,1.00000 

************* STATE PARAMETERS *********** •••••• 

STATE T (C) P H V S XL XV 

HX STR REF (KPA) (KJ/KG) (MA 3/KG) (KJ/KG K) (MASS FRAC) 

1 EVAP OUT 26.0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86E-2 .000 1.000 1.000 

2 COMP IN .0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86E-2 .000 .000 .000 

3 COMP DIS 45.9 87.1 2014.5 296.3 1.32E-2 .000 .000 1.000 

4 COND VST 44.0 51.5 2014.5 263.4 1.13E-2 .000 .000 .000 

5 COND LST 35.0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000 .000 .000 

6 COND OUT 35.0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000' .000 .000 

7 EVAP IN 10.6 6.6 613.6 109.1 O.OOE+O . .000 1.000 1.000 

8 EVAP VST 26.0 6.6 613.6 253.4 3.86E-2 .000 .000 .000 

9 LSHX OUT .0 51.5 2014.5 109.1 9.31E-4 .000 .000 .000 

*.* ••• ** •••••• CALCULATED PARAMETERS ••••   •••• **  

XQ 

.000 

.000 

.000 

.000 

.000 

.000 

.282 

.000 

.• 000 

~RK = 1043.5 QEVAP = 3514.8 QCOND = 4558.3 HX21 = .0 HX67 = .0 WATT 

COP = 3.368 REF. MDOT= .0243529 KG/S VCR= 3735. KJ/MA 3 PR = 3.28 

VOLUME FLOW RATE (CC/SEC): 941.12 

LMTD IN EVAP (GIVEN, CAL), LMTD IN COND 8.787 

AIR TEMP DROP, REF TEMP GLIDE IN EVAP 15.430 

AIR TEMP GLIDE, REF TEMP DROP IN COND 10.915 

COMPRESSOR DISPLACEMENT VOLUME =20.4592 CC/REV 

8.787 

.000 

.000 

ENERGY BALANCE:E SUP,C SUB,SUP(FRAC HEAT): .00 .04 800.52 

ENERGY BALANCE:E SUP,C SUB,SUP(UALMTD ): .00 .04 800.54 

11.641 

EVAP SUPERHEAT, COND SUBCOOLING & SUPERHEAT: (C) .00 .00 35.55 

FRAtTIONS HEAT IN EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .824 .176 

FRACTIONS AREA IN EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .728 .272 

balances are used to verify thermodynamic consistency. Other data 

are available for detailed design of air-conditioners. The 

particular heat pump design modelled here implies that the fourway-valve, that switches from heating to cooling, maintains the 

counter-flow characteristic of the heat exchangers. This is not 

14 
true for conventional systems. The air flow rates are 400 cfm for

the indoor heat exchanger (the evaporator during the airconditioning mode) and 800 cfm for the outdoor heat exchanger.

These values are specified in the ASHRAE standard for the

respective heat exchangers for a cooling load of one refrigeration

ton.

2.2 Refrigerant properties

The refrigerant properties are obtained based on the eso equation

of state that was developed at NIST /5/. The subroutine BOEse is

listed in Appendix #1 which shows all coefficients of the pure

refrigerants as they are used for this report~ This facilitates

reruns which may become necessary as coefficients are updated. For

mixtures the eso equation of state requires a mixing coefficient.

For the work conducted here, the mixing coefficient is assumed to

be -0.01 for all mixtures. This value is an average of the known

values and was used because no mixing coefficients were available

for the fluids under investigation.

2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures

The choice of substitutes was limited to fluids that are as similar

to R22 as possible to minimize changes to current equipment. In

selecting the pure refrigerants that can serve as constituents for

mixtures, priority was- given to those fluids that do not contain

chlorine, with R124 as an exception because of its very low ozone

depletion potential. Further, in order to limit the effect of the

15

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

true for conventional systems. The air flow rates are 400 cfm for 

the indoor heat exchanger (the evaporator during the airconditioning mode) and 800 cfm for the outdoor heat exchanger. 

These values are specified in the ASHRAE standard for the 

respective heat exchangers for a cooling load of one refrigeration 

ton. 

2.2 Refrigerant properties 

The refrigerant properties are obtained based on the eso equation 

of state that was developed at NIST /5/. The subroutine BOEse is 

listed in Appendix #1 which shows all coefficients of the pure 

refrigerants as they are used for this report~ This facilitates 

reruns which may become necessary as coefficients are updated. For 

mixtures the eso equation of state requires a mixing coefficient. 

For the work conducted here, the mixing coefficient is assumed to 

be -0.01 for all mixtures. This value is an average of the known 

values and was used because no mixing coefficients were available 

for the fluids under investigation. 

2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures 

The choice of sUbstitutes was limited to fluids that are as similar 

to R22 as possible to minimize changes to current equipment. In 

selecting the pure refrigerants that can serve as constituents for 

mixtures, priority was- given to those fluids that do not contain 

chlorine, with R124 as an exception because of its very low ozone 

depletion potential. Further, in order to limit the effect of the 

15 
temperature qlide to an acceptable range, the boiling point may not

be too far from that of R22. The followinq refriqerants were

selected: R143a, R32, R125, R152a, R134, R134a and R124. At this

time no manufacturer plans to produce R134.

Refrigerants R143a, R32 and R125 are "low boilers" with

boilinq points below that of R22, while refriqerants R152a, R134,

R134a and R124 are "high boilers" with boilinq points above those

of R22. The binary mixtures investigated here consist of one low

boiler and one hiqh boiler. Durinq the course of the

investigation, it became clear that mixtures containinq R32 show a

consistently better performance than those with other low boilers.

Results are presented for the following mixtures:

R32/R134a,

R32/R152a,

R32/R134,

R32/R124,

R143a/R134a,

R143a/R152a,

R143a/R124,

R125/R134a,

R125/R152a,

R125/R124.

since R32, R152a and R143a are flammable components, it was decided

to also investiqate the ternary mixtures:

R32/R152a/R134a,

R32/R152a/R134 and

R32/R152a/R124.

It is expected that the ternary mixtures can substitute for

R32/R152a. The addition of a nonflammable component will reduce

the overall flammability of the mixture. However, extensive tests

are necessary to evaluate the flammability.

Future work will include the evaluation of ternary mixtures

16

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

temperature glide to an acceptable range, the boiling point may not 

be too far from that of R22. The following refrigerants were 

selected: R143a, R32, R125, R152a, R134, R134a and R124. At this 

time no manufacturer plans to produce R134. 

Refrigerants R143a, R32 and R125 are "low boilers" with 

boiling points below that of R22, while refrigerants R152a, R134, 

R134a and R124 are "high boilers" with boiling points above those 

of R22. The binary mixtures investigated here consist of one low 

boiler and one high boiler. During the course of the 

investigation, it became clear that mixtures containing R32 show a 

consistently better performance than those with other low boilers. 

Results are presented for the following mixtures: 

R32/R134a, 

R32/R152a, 

R32/R134, 

R32/R124, 

R143a/R134a, 

R143a/R152a, 

R143a/R124, 

R125/R134a, 

R125/R152a, 

R125/R124. 

Since R32, R152a and R143a are flammable components, it was decided 

to also investigate the ternary mixtures: 

R32/R152a/R134a, 

R32/R152a/R134 and 

R32/R152a/R124. 

It is expected that the ternary mixtures can sUbstitute for 

R32/R152a. The addition of a nonflammable component will reduce 

the overall flammability of the mixture. However, extensive tests 

are necessary to evaluate the flammability. 

Future work will include the evaluation of ternary mixtures 

16 
which contain small amounts of R22 increasing the likelihood that

existing lubricants can be used.

2.4 operating conditions

Typical numbers for operating conditions are derived from

performance data of existing residential air-conditioners as

described in the ASHRAE testing and rating procedure /6/.

Air-conditioning: outdoor air inlet temperature 95 F

Outdoor air outlet temperature floating

Indoor air inlet temperature 80 F

Indoor air outlet temperature 52 F

(based on the specified air flow rate of 400

cfm per ton of cooling)

These temperatures represent the design point of the airconditioner. At the above specified values, the air-conditioner

meets the building load at steady state operation. For less severe

cooling cases the thermostat cycles the equipment on and off. A

second case is evaluated with 82 F outdoor temperature and all

other conditioni are tinchanged.This value is usually measured

under part load operation when the equipment is cycling on and off.

The part load performance can be reduced by up to 25 % compared to

steady state operation. However, when the air-conditioner has an

automatic expansion valve this degradation, caused by fluid

migration during the off-cycle, can be almost entirely eliminated

/7/. It is assumed that the part-load performance is identical to

the steady-state performance at that condition for the following

17

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

which contain small amounts of R22 increasing the likelihood that 

existing lubricants can be used. 

2.4 operating conditions 

Typical numbers for operating conditions are derived from 

performance data of existing residential air-conditioners as 

described in the ASHRAE testing and rating procedure /6/. 

Air-conditioning: outdoor air inlet temperature 95 F 

Outdoor air outlet temperature floating 

Indoor air inlet temperature 80 F 

Indoor air outlet temperature 52 F 

(based on the specified air flow rate of 400 

cfm per ton of cooling) 

These temperatures represent the design point of the airconditioner. At the above specified values, the air-conditioner 

meets the building load at steady state operation. For less severe 

cooling cases the thermostat cycles the equipment on and off. A 

second case is evaluated with 82 F outdoor temperature and all 

other conditioni are unchanged. This value is usually measured 

under part load operation when the equipment is cycling on and off. 

The part load performance can be reduced by up to 25 % compared to 

steady state operation. However, when the air-conditioner has an 

automatic expansion valve this degradation, caused by fluid 

migration during the off-cycle, can be almost entirely eliminated 

/7/. It is assumed that the part-load performance is identical to 

the steady-state performance at that condition for the following 

17 
reasons. cyclic losses have two major sources, the heat capacity

of the heat exchangers and of the working fluid, and the migration

of the refrigerant during the off periods. Experimental results

show that by eliminating the refrigerant migration, the cyclic

losses are eliminated almost entirely, up to 90% /7/. These losses

will not effect the ranking of the fluids investigated here

assuming migration can be eliminated. Usually, thermostatic

expansion valves, which represent state-of-the-art technology,

prevent refrigerant migration. The performance of the air

conditioner is linearly interpolated between the two rating points

allowing for the entire cooling temperature range to be covered.

For heat pumping it is generally accepted design practice that

the air-conditioner designed for the cooling application has to

serve as a heat pump as well, although the unit's capacity is not

optimized for this application. The simulation accounts for this

fact. For heating applications the function of the outdoor heat

exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger are reversed. Thus in the

model, the heat pump condenser is now described with the evaporator

air flow rate and UA value and vice versa. Calculations are

performed at two cases. For both cases the indoor air conditions

are:

Heat Pumping: Indoor air inlet temperature:

Indoor air outlet temperature:

and the first outdoor air case is:

outdoor air inlet temperature:

outdoor air outlet temperature:

70 F

floating

47 F

33 F

18

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

reasons. cyclic losses have two major sources, the heat capacity 

of the heat exchangers and of the working fluid, and the migration 

of the refrigerant during the off periods. Experimental results 

show that by eliminating the refrigerant migration, the cyclic 

losses are eliminated almost entirely, up to 90% /7/. These losses 

will not effect the ranking of the fluids investigated here 

assuming migration can be eliminated. Usually, thermostatic 

expansion valves, which represent state-of-the-art technology, 

prevent refrigerant migration. The performance of the air 

conditioner is linearly interpolated between the two rating points 

allowing for the entire cooling temperature range to be covered. 

For heat pumping it is generally accepted design practice that 

the air-conditioner designed for the cooling application has to 

serve as a heat pump as well, although the unit's capacity is not 

optimized for this application. The simulation accounts for this 

fact. For heating applications the function of the outdoor heat 

exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger are reversed. Thus in the 

model, the heat pump condenser is now described with the evaporator 

air flow rate and UA value and vice versa. Calculations are 

performed at two cases. For both cases the indoor air conditions 

are: 

Heat Pumping: Indoor air 

Indoor air 

and the first outdoor air 

outdoor air 

outdoor air 

inlet temperature: 

outlet temperature: 

case is: 

inlet temperature: 

outlet temperature: 

18 

70 F 

floating 

47 F 

33 F 
(based on an air flow rate of 800 cfm)

The second operating condition is heat pump operation at 17 F

outdoor air inlet temperature. Typically, even the continuously

operating heat pump does not reach the full capacity required by

the building and resistance heat has to be used to supplement the

heat pump.

2.5 capacity Modulation with Mixtures

It has been repeatedly reported and implemented in at least one

commercial product that the capacity of a heat pump can be

controlled, within certain limits by changing the concentration of

the circulating mixture /8-11/. With this effect the capacity of

the heat pump does not drop off as rapidly as it would with a pure

refrigerant. In turn, the need for resistance heat (COP=1.0) is

reduced. Since a heat pump has a COP larger than 1. 0 even at

severe operating conditions, energy savings can be accomplished by

this maneuver.

Since the pressure controls the specific vapor volume, the

mixture concentration determines the mass flow rate of a compressor

with constant speed and displacement volume is able to establish.

The range of pressure that can be covered depends on the device

that accomplishes the concentration shift, the difference in

boiling points of the constituents of the binary mixture, and the

initial concentration. For ternary mixtures the situation is more

complex and the range of pressures depends on the boiling point of

the intermediate component as well.

19

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

(based on an air flow rate of 800 cfm) 

The second operating condition is heat pump operation at 17 F 

outdoor air inlet temperature. Typically, even the continuously 

operating heat pump does not reach the full capacity required by 

the building and resistance heat has to be used to supplement the 

heat pump. 

2.5 capacity Modulation with Mixtures 

It has been repeatedly reported and implemented in at least one 

commercial product that the capacity of a heat pump can be 

controlled, within certain limits by changing the concentration of 

the circulating mixture /8-11/. With this effect the capacity of 

the heat pump does not drop off as rapidly as it would with a pure 

refrigerant. In turn, the need for resistance heat (COP=1.0) is 

reduced. Since a heat pump has a COP larger than 1. 0 even at 

severe operating conditions, energy savings can be accomplished by 

this maneuver. 

Since the pressure controls the specific vapor volume, the 

mixture concentration determines the mass flow rate of a compressor 

with constant speed and displacement volume is able to establish. 

The range of pressure that can be covered depends on the device 

that accomplishes the concentration shift, the difference in 

boiling points of the constituents of the binary mixture, and the 

initial concentration. For ternary mixtures the situation is more 

complex and the range of pressures depends on the boiling point of 

the intermediate component as well. 

19 
The use of a mixture as a substitute for R22 implies that the

concentration is selected so that the vapor pressure is close or

equal to R22. This entails that the capacity of the mixture is

also similar to the capacity of R22. These similarities mean the

compressor and motor size do not have to be modified. However, by

changing the mixture concentration, the vapor pressure changes and

the capacity can be modulated.

The change in concentration can be achieved by passive means,

which do not require any additional controls, or by active means

such as rectification columns, which usually require controls,

valves and possibly additional, parasitic power. The range of

composition shift by passive means is limited.

The simplest way of affecting a shift in concentration is to

use an accumulator at the evaporator outlet. This represents a

passive means. Whenever liquid floods out of the evaporator

because the outdoor temperature is dropping, it is stored in the

accumulator. Since the liquid's concentration is different from

the overall concentration circulating in the system, a

concentration shift is accomplished. A higher pressure mixture is

left circulating. The accumulator is a passive device. No

auxiliary power, valves or other controls are required. Its

capability to affect the concentration is limited.

The rectification column used in a Japanese heat pump is more

effective in shifting the concentration /11/. However, active

controls and valves are required. other concepts suggest molecular

sieves as a separation means /8/.

20

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

The use of a mixture as a sUbstitute for R22 implies that the 

concentration is selected so that the vapor pressure is close or 

equal to R22. This entails that the capacity of the mixture is 

also similar to the capacity of R22. These similarities mean the 

compressor and motor size do not have to be modified. However, by 

changing the mixture concentration, the vapor pressure changes and 

the capacity can be modulated. 

The change in concentration can be achieved by passive means, 

which do not require any additional controls, or by active means 

such as rectification columns, which usually require controls, 

valves and possibly additional, parasitic power. The range of 

composition shift by passive means is limited. 

The simplest way of affecting a shift in concentration is to 

use an accumulator at the evaporator outlet. This represents a 

passive means. Whenever liquid floods out of the evaporator 

because the outdoor temperature is dropping, it is stored in the 

accumulator. Since the liquid's concentration is different from 

the overall concentration circulating in the system, a 

concentration shift is accomplished. A higher pressure mixture is 

left circulating. The accumulator is a passive device. No 

auxiliary power, valves or other controls are required. Its 

capability to affect the concentration is limited. 

The rectification column used in a Japanese heat pump is more 

effective in shifting the concentration /11/. However, active 

controls and valves are required. other concepts suggest molecular 

sieves as a separation means /8/. 

20 
The use of a variable speed drive will accomplish the same

goal of obtaining a variable capacity. By combining variable speed

and shifting concentration the available range of capacity

modulation is considerably increased.

The effect of the rectifier is modeled here by repeating the

calculation for the low temperature heat pump case using the same

mixture with a different concentration. It is assumed that a

concentration change of 20 % is achievable with a rectifier. This

is an arbitrary number, but rectification processes far exceed such

a composition shift and a twenty percent change is achievable with

rather simple equipment.

Concentration shift requires that part of the charge is stored

somewhere in the heat pump. The system has to be designed to

operate independent of the amount of charge, and the charge

required is expected to be larger than for a conventional heat

pump.

In an experimental project it was determined that a heat pump

operating on a mixture of R13Bl/R152a that utilizes composition

shift using just an accumulator, yielded an 11 % performance

increase over a heating season /10/.

3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation

The seasonal performance expressed by the seasonal performance

factor (SPF) is defined as the ratio of the total amount of cooling

provided during a season divided by the total amount of electrical

energy consumed during that season for the purpose of cooling.

21

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

The use of a variable speed drive will accomplish the same 

goal of obtaining a variable capacity. By combining variable speed 

and shifting concentration the available range of capacity 

modulation is considerably increased. 

The effect of the rectifier is modeled here by repeating the 

calculation for the low temperature heat pump case using the same 

mixture with a different concentration. It is assumed that a 

concentration change of 20 % is achievable with a rectifier. This 

is an arbitrary number, but rectification processes far exceed such 

a composition shift and a twenty percent change is achievable with 

rather simple equipment. 

Concentration shift requires that part of the charge is stored 

somewhere in the heat pump. The system has to be designed to 

operate independent of the amount of charge, and the charge 

required is expected to be larger than for a conventional heat 

pump. 

In an experimental project it was determined that a heat pump 

operating on a mixture of R13Bl/R152a that utilizes composition 

shift using just an accumulator, yielded an 11 % performance 

increase over a heating season /10/. 

3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation 

The seasonal performance expressed by the seasonal performance 

factor (SPF) is defined as the ratio of the total amount of cooling 

provided during a season divided by the total amount of electrical 

energy consumed during that season for the purpose of cooling. 

21 
This factor is very similar to the coefficient of performance

(COP). The only difference is that the COP is an instantaneous

value of a continuously operating air-conditioner while the SPF

represents an average over the entire season. The heating seasonal

performance factor (HSPF) is defined in an analogous way: the total

amount of heating supplied to a building divided by the total

amount of electrical energy consumed for heating purposes. Total

electrical energy consumption refers to compressor power and

additional electrical heaters required to meet the building load.

Fans and controls are not included. In this report the

abbreviation CSPF refers to the cooling SPF, and HSPF refers to the

heating SPF.

In order to determine the SPF the ASHRAE Temperature Bin

Method is employed as outlined in the testing and rating standards

for heat pumps /6/. For the purpose of the bin method the outdoor

temperature scale is divided into temperature intervals or 'bins'

each of a span of 5 F, for example from 70 F to 75 F. Each bin is

characterized by an average temperature. For example the bin from

70 F to 75 F has an average temperature of 72 F. It is assumed

that whenever an outdoor temperature is found in the range from 70

F to 75 F that the equipment performs as if the temperature were 72

F for that time period. It is necessary to know how many hours a

temperature is found in the respective bin during an entire season.

The number of hours varies with the climate. Exhibit 4 lists the

bin temperatures for one generalized cooling climate and six

typical heating climates spanning the various climate zones in the

22

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

This factor is very similar to the coefficient of performance 

(COP). The only difference is that the COP is an instantaneous 

value of a continuously operating air-conditioner while the SPF 

represents an average over the entire season. The heating seasonal 

performance factor (HSPF) is defined in an analogous way: the total 

amount of heating supplied to a building divided by the total 

amount of electrical energy consumed for heating purposes. Total 

electrical energy consumption refers to compressor power and 

additional electrical heaters required to meet the building load. 

Fans and controls are not included. In this report the 

abbreviation CSPF refers to the cooling SPF, and HSPF refers to the 

heating SPF. 

In order to determine the SPF the ASHRAE Temperature Bin 

Method is employed as outlined in the testing and rating standards 

for heat pumps /6/. For the purpose of the bin method the outdoor 

temperature scale is divided into temperature intervals or 'bins' 

each of a span of 5 F, for example from 70 F to 75 F. Each bin is 

characterized by an average temperature. For example the bin from 

70 F to 75 F has an average temperature of 72 F. It is assumed 

that whenever an outdoor temperature is found in the range from 70 

F to 75 F that the equipment performs as if the temperature were 72 

F for that time period. It is necessary to know how many hours a 

temperature is found in the respective bin during an entire season. 

The number of hours varies with the climate. Exhibit 4 lists the 

bin temperatures for one generalized cooling climate and six 

typical heating climates spanning the various climate zones in the 

22 
Exhibit 4:

Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for

Six Heating Climates of the Continental US

Region I I In IV V VI

Heating load Hours 750 1250 1750 2250 2750 2750*

Outd. Design T. (OF) 37 27 17 5 -10 30

Bin # Bin Temp. Fractional Bin Hours

1 62 .291 .215 .153 .132 .106 .113

2 57 .239 .189 .142 .111 .092 .206

3 52 .194 .163 .138 .103 .086 .215

4 47 .129 .143 .137 .093 .076 .204

5 42 .081 .112 .135 .100 .078 .141

6 37 .041 .088 .118 .109 .087 .076

7 32 .019 .056 .092 .126 .102 .034

8 27 .005 .024 .047 .087 .094 .008

9 22 .001 .008 .021 .055 .074 .003

10 17 0 .002 .009 .036 .055 0

11 12 0 0 .005 .026 .047 0

12 7 0 0 .002 .013 .038 0

13 2 0 0 .001 .006 :029 0

14 -3 0 0 0 .002 .018 0

15 -8 0 0 0 .001 .010 0

16 -13 0 0 0 0 .005 0

17 -18 0 0 0 0 .002 0

18 -23 0 0 0 0 .001 0

* In Pacific Coast Region

Exhibit 4a:

Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for

a Generalized Cooling Climate of the Continental US

Bin # Bin Temp. Fractional Bin Hour

1 67 .214

2 72 .231

3 77 .216

4 82 .161

5 87 .104

6 92 .052

7 97 .018

8 102 .004

23

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 4: 

Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for 

Six Heating Climates of the Continental US 

Region I I In IV V 

Heating Load Hours 750 1250 1750 2250 2750 

Outd. Design T. (OF) 37 27 17 5 -10 

Bin # Bin Temp. Fractional Bin Hours 

1 62 .291 .215 .153 .132 .106 

2 57 .239 .189 .142 .111 .092 

3 .52 .194 .163 .138 .103 .086 

4 47 .129 .143 .1 37 .093 .076 

5 42 .081 .112 .135 .100 .078 

6 37 .041 .088 .118 .109 .087 

7 32 .019 .056 .092 .126 .102 

8 27 .005 .024 .047 .087 .094 

9 22 .001 .008 .021 .055 .074 

10 17 0 .002 .009 .036 .055 

11 12 0 0 .005 .026 .047 

12 7 0 0 .002 .013 .038 

13 2 0 0 .001 .006 :029 

14 -3 0 0 0 .002 .018 

15 -8 0 0 0 .001 .010 

16 -13 0 0 0 0 .005 

17 -18 0 0 0 0 .002 

18 -23 0 0 0 0 .001 

• In Pacific Coast Region 

Exhibit 4a: 

Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for 

a Generalized Cooling Climate of the Continental US 

VI 

2750· 

30 

.113 

.206 

.215 

.204 

.141 

.076 

.034 

.008 

.003 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Bin # Bin Temp. Fractional Bin Hour 

1 67 .214 

2 72 .231 

3 77 .216 

4 82 .161 

5 87 .104 

6 92 .052 

7 97 .018 

8 102 .004 

23 
us. Exhibit 5 shows a map indicating the heating climates.

In Exhibit 4 the total number of cooling load hours (CLH) and

heating load hours (HLH) are specified (that is the number .of hours

in a season during which cooling or heating are required) and

fractions· of total load hours for each temperature bin. The airconditioning performance is evaluated for one standardized climate

where the total number of hours that require cooling capacity (CLH)

is 3825 hours.

For climates where heating is required, there are six typical

climate regions distinguished by their total heating load hours

(HLH) and the heating load design temperature. The first region

has a total of 750 heating load hours. It represents a very

moderate climate found in Florida or southern Texas, Exhibit 5.

The lowest temperature bin encountered is usually in the range of

22 F for about one hour during a typical season. The most severe

climate region (Region V) is found in a belt through the northern

states in the US and the total heating load hours are given as 2750

hours. The lowest temperature bin is at -23 F. A sixth region is

introduced to account for the Pacific North West. The number of

cooling load hours is very high, 2750 hours, even though the

temperatures are very moderate, the lowest temperature bin is at 22

F just as in Region I, i.e. Florida. With the help of the map in

Exhibit 5, it is possible to select for any location in the US the

appropriate region and determine the seasonal heating performance

for a heat pump.

24

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

us. Exhibit 5 shows a map indicating the heating climates. 

In Exhibit 4 the total number of cooling load hours (CLH) and 

heating load hours (HLH) are specified (that is the number of hours 

in a season during which cooling or heating are required) and 

fractions· of total load hours for each temperature bin. The airconditioning performance is evaluated for one standardized climate 

where the total number of hours that require cooling capacity (CLH) 

is 3825 hours. 

For climates where heating is required, there are six typical 

climate regions distinguished by their total heating load hours 

(HLH) and the heating load design temperature. The first region 

has a total of 750 heating load hours. It represents a very 

moderate climate found in Florida or southern Texas, Exhibit 5. 

The lowest temperature bin encountered is usually in the range of 

22 F for about one hour during a typical season. The most severe 

climate region (Region V) is found in a belt through the northern 

states in the US and the total heating load hours are given as 2750 

hours. The lowest temperature bin is at -23 F. A sixth region is 

introduced to account for the Pacific North West. The number of 

cooling load hours is very high, 2750 hours, even though the 

temperatures are very moderate, the lowest temperature bin is at 22 

F just as in Region I, i.e. Florida. With the help of the map in 

Exhibit 5, it is possible to select for any location in the US the 

appropriate region and determine the seasonal heating performance 

for a heat pump. 

24 
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c:: o

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:IE 25

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

I!! 

c = 

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ca 

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:IE 25 
 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9
In the evaluation of the HSPF, resistance heat is included.

The resistance heat is treated as an additional power input to the

heat pump with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.0 whenever

the heating capacity of the heat pump drops below the building

requirement. For the results presented here no concentration shift

is considered which is discussed later in detail. Exhibit 6 shows

a sample calculation. The upper section pertains to cooling, the

lower to the first of the six heating cases. In the upper left

hand corner, the name of the refrigerant is listed (here R22/R22,

since this is the case of pure R22). In addition, the CLH of 3825

hours and the cooling design temperature of 95 F are given. Next,

the COP's are listed for two conditions, 95 F and 82 F outdoor

temperatures respectively, and the design cooling capacity of 3.5

kW is given. The first column lists the bin nUmber, the second

lists the characteristic bin temperature in F, and the third the

temperature in K. The fourth column gives the fraction of time

during which a temperature is found in the respective bin, the

fifth lists the cooling capacity, the sixth column shows the amount

of cooling provided for one hour and the seventh column the COP of

the air-conditioner for the respective temperature bin. The COP is

linearly interpolated based on the two values listed above. The

eighth column gives the power requirement for the compressor. The

ninth column lists the amount of electric energy consumed for one

hour of cooling while the temperature is in the respective

temperature bin. The over all results are listed irithe tenth

27

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

In the evaluation of the HSPF, resistance heat is included. 

The resistance heat is treated as an additional power input to the 

heat pump with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.0 whenever 

the heating capacity of the heat pump drops below the building 

requirement. For the results presented here no concentration shift 

is considered which is discussed later in detail. Exhibit 6 shows 

a sample calculation. The upper section pertains to cooling, the 

lower to the first of the six heating cases. In the upper left 

hand corner, the name of the refrigerant is listed (here R22/R22, 

since this is. the case of pure R22). In addition, the CLH of 3825 

hours and the cooling design temperature of 95 F are given. Next, 

·the COP's are listed for two conditions, 95 F and 82 F outdoor 

temperatures respectively, and the design cooling capacity of 3.5 

kW is given. The first column lists the bin number, the second 

lists the characteristic bin temperature in F, and the third the 

temperature in K. The fourth column gives the fraction of time 

during which a temperature is found in the respective bin, the 

fifth lists the cooling capacity, the sixth column shows the amount 

of cooling provided for one hour and the seventh column the COP of 

the air-conditioner for the respective temperature bin. The COP is 

linearly interpolated based on the two values listed above. The 

eighth column gives the power requirement for the compressor. The 

ninth column lists the amount of electric energy consumed for one 

hour of cooling while the temperature is in the respective 

temperature bin. The over all results are listed iri the tenth 

27 
Exhibit 6: Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation.

FLUID R22/R22

SEASONAL COOLING PERFORMANCE

CLH 3825 DESIGN T: 95

COP (95) 3.37

COP (82) 4.34

DESIGN CAPACITY 95 F (kW): 3.5

BIN TEMP CLH FRAC. CLOAD CLOAD COP POWER

BIN j F K klJ klJh/h kW kWh/h

1 67 292.6 0.214 0.233 0.050 5.46 0.043 0.009

2 72 295.4 0.231 0.817 0.189 5.09 0.161 0.037

3 77 298.2 0.216 1.400 0.302· 4.71 0.297 0.064

4 82 300.9 0.161 1.983 0.319 4.34 0.457 0.074

5 87 303.7 0.104 2.567 0.267 3.97 0.647 0.067

6 92 306.5 0.052 3.150 0.164 3.59 0.876 0.046 kWhel CSPF

7 97 309.3 0.018 3.733 0.067 3.22 1.159 0.021 1238. .4.25

8 102 312.0 0.004 4.317 0.017 2.85 1.516 0.006 CkWh

TOTAL ENERGY 1.376 0.324 5261.

SEASONAL HEATING PERFORMANCE

HLH 750 DESIGN T: 37 kWhel HSPF

COP (47) 3.67 47 284. 3.55

COP (17) 2.57 HkWh

DESIGN CAPACITY 35 F (kW): 3.5 1006.

BIN TEMP HLH FRAC. HLOAD HLOAD COP ,POWER RESISTANCE

BIN tI F K kW kWh/h kW kWh/h kW kWh/h

1 62 289.8 0.291 0.350 0.102 4.22 0.083 0.024 0 0

2 57 287.0 0.239 0.933 0.223 4.04 0.231 0.055 0 0

3 52 284.3 0.194 1.517 0.294 3.85 0.394 0.076 0 0

4 47 281.5 0.129 2.100 0.271 . 3.67 0.572 0.074 0 0

5 42 278.7 0.081 2.683 0.217 3.49 0.770 0.062 0 0

6 37 275.9 0.041 3.267 0.134 3.30 0.989 0.041 0 0

7 32 273.2 0.019 3.850 0.073 3.12 1.234 0.023 0.35 0.006

8 27 270.4 0.005 4.433 0.022 2.94 1.510 0.008 0.93 0.005

9 22 267.6 0.001 5.017 0.005 2.75 1.822 0.002 1.52 0.002

10 17 264.8 0 5.600 0.000 2.57 2.179 0.000 2.10 0

11 12 262.0 0 6.183 0.000 2.39 2.591 0.000 2.68 0

12 7 259.3 0 6.767 0.000 2.20 3.071 0.000 3.27 0

13 2 256.5 0 7.350 0.000 2.02 3.639 0.000 3.85 0

14 -3 253.7 0 7.933 0.000 1.84 4.319 0.000 4.43 0

15 -8 250.9 0 8.517 0.000 1.65 5.151 0.000 5.02 0

16 -13 248.2 0 9.100 0.000 1.47 6.190 0.000 5.60 0

17 -18 245.4 0 9.683 0.000 1.29 7.526 0.000 6.18 0

18 -23 242.6 0 10.267 0.000 1.10 9.305 0.000 6.77 0

TOTAL ENERGY 1.342 0.365 0.013

column as total electric energy consumed for the season in kWhel

and total amount of cooling provided in kWhc. The ratio of these

two numbers yields the CSPF of 4.25.

The lower section of Exhibit 6 refers to the same calculation

for the first heating case. In this case the lowest temperature

bin for which heating is required is 22 F. The meaning of the

first nine columns is the same as for the upper section of the

28

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 6: Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation. 

FLUID R22/R22 

SEASONAL COOLING PERFORMANCE 

CLH 3825 DESIGN T: 95 

COP (95) 3.37 

COP (82) 4.34 

DESIGN CAPACITY 95 F (kW): 3.5 

BIN TEMP CLH FRAC. CLOAD CLOAD COP POWER 

BIN j F K kW kWh/h kW kWh/h 

1 67 292.6 0.214 0.233 0.050 5.46 0.043 0.009 

2 72 295.4 0.231 0.817 0.189 5.09 0.161 0.037 

3 n 298.2 0.216 1.400 0.302· 4.71 0.297 0.064 

4 82 300.9 0.161 1.983 0.319 4.34 0.457 0.074 

5 87 303.7 0.104 2.567 0.267 3.97 0.647 0.067 

6 92 306.5 0.052 3.150 0.164 3.59 0.876 0.046 kWhel CSPF 

7 97 309.3 0.018 3.733 0.067 3.22 1.159 0.021 1238. .4.25 

8 102 312.0 0.004 4.317 0.017 2.85 1.516 0.006 CkWh 

TOTAL ENERGY 1.376 0.324 5261. 

SEASONAL HEATING PERFORMANCE 

HLH 750 DESIGN T: 37 kWhel HSPF 

COP (47) 3.67 47 284. 3.55 

COP (17) 2.57 HkWh 

DESIGN CAPACITY 35 F (kW): 3.5 1006. 

BIN TEMP HLH FRAC. HLOAD HLOAD COP ,POWER RESISTANCE 

BIN tI F K kW kWh/h kW kWh/h kW kWh/h 

1 62 289.8 0.291 0.350 0.102 4.22 0.083 0.024 0 0 

2 57 287.0 0.239 0.933 0.223 4.04 0.231 0.055 0 0 

3 52 284.3 0.194 1.517 0.294 3.85 0.394 0.076 0 0 

4 47 281.5 0.129 2.100 0.271 . 3.67 0.572 0.074 0 0 

5 42 278.7 0.081 2.683 0.217 3.49 o.no 0.062 0 0 

6 37 275.9 0.041 3.267 0.134 3.30 0.989 0.041 0 0 

7 32 273.2 0.019 3.850 0.073 3.12 1.234 0.023 0.35 0.006 

8 27 270.4 0.005 4.433 0.022 2.94 1.510 0.008 0.93 0.005 

9 22 267.6 0.001 5.017 0.005 2.75 1.822 0.002 1.52 0.002 

10 17 264.8 0 5.600 0.000 2.57 2.179 0.000 2.10 0 

11 12 262.0 0 6.183 0.000 2.39 2.591 0.000 2.68 0 

12 7 259.3 0 6.767 0.000 2.20 3.071 0.000 3.27 0 

13 2 256.5 0 7.350 0.000 2.02 3.639 0.000 3.85 0 

14 -3 253.7 0 7.933 0.000 1.84 4.319 0.000 4.43 0 

15 -8 250.9 0 8.517 0.000 1.65 5.151 0.000 5.02 0 

16 -13 248.2 0 9.100 0.000 1.47 6.190 0.000 5.60 0 

17 -18 245.4 0 9.683 0.000 1.29 7.526 0.000 6.18 0 

18 -23 242.6 0 10.267 0.000 1.10 9.305 0.000 6.n 0 

TOTAL ENERGY 1.342 0.365 0.013 

column as total electric energy consumed for the season in kWhel 

and total amount of cooling provided in kWhc. The ratio of these 

two numbers yields the CSPF of 4.25. 

The lower section of Exhibit 6 refers to the same calculation 

for the first heating case. In this case the lowest temperature 

bin for which heating is required is 22 F. The meaning of the 

first nine columns is the same as for the upper section of the 

28 
table, with the term 'cooling' replaced by 'heating'. The tenth

and eleventh columns show the power requirement and consumption of

electric energy due to the resistance heat. Zeros in the eleventh

column indicate that no resistance heat is needed because the heat

'pump capacity is sufficient (for high bin temperatures) or no

heating ~s required at all (below a bin temperature of 22 F in this

case).

All seasonal performance calculations were performed according

to this method for the fluids listed in the Chapter 4.2.

4.0 Results and Discussions

4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions

A total of 500 runs were conducted with HAC1 to determine the

performance of the pure components and their mixtures listed in

Chapter 2.3. An additional 190 runs were conducted with the

ternary version, HACT1, for the three ternary mixtures. The

results for all runs are available in data files that contain

complete printouts as shown in Exhibit 3. Each run also generates

a short output file that contains the most crucial results. The

short output files for all runs are listed in Appendix 2 with a

list of code numbers for the refrigerants. The following

parameters are listed in the short output files: ,fluid code

numbers, R1, R2; mixing coefficient, FO; concentration, x (mass

fraction); COP; volumetric capacity, VCR; pressure ratio, PR;

suction pressure, Ps; discharge pressure, Pd; cooling load, CLOAD;

compressor work, WORK; the compressor discharge temperature, Tsup;

29

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

table, with the term 'cooling' replaced by 'heating'. The tenth 

and eleventh columns show the power requirement and consumption of 

electric energy due to the resistance heat. Zeros in the eleventh 

column indicate that no resistance heat is needed because the heat 

. pump capacity is sufficient (for high bin temperatures) or no 

heating ~s required at all (below a bin temperature of 22 F in this 

case). 

All seasonal performance calculations were performed according 

to this method for the fluids listed in the Chapter 4.2. 

4.0 Results and Discussions 

4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions 

A total of 500 runs were conducted with HAC1 to determine the 

performance of the pure components and their mixtures listed in 

Chapter 2.3. An additional 190 runs were conducted with the 

ternary version, HACT1, for the three ternary mixtures. The 

results for all runs are available in data files that contain 

complete printouts as shown in Exhibit 3. Each run also generates 

a short output file that contains the most crucial results. The 

short output files for all runs are listed in Appendix 2 with a 

list of code numbers for the refrigerants. The following 

parameters are listed in the short output files: fluid code 

numbers, R1, R2; mixing coefficient, FO; concentra·tion, x (mass 

fraction); COP; volumetric capacity, VCR; pressure ratio, PR; 

suction pressure, Ps; discharge pressure, Pd; cooling load, CLOAD; 

compressor work, WORK; the compressor discharge temperature, Tsup; 

29 
and the evaporator air inlet temperature in C, Tairin. The first

set lists all mixture runs at design conditions. The second set

lists those runs that were used for seasonal performance

calculations. It contains R22 values for comparison.

In this chapter the results are discussed that were obtained

for the design conditions at 95 F outdoor air temperature for air

conditioning and 47 F outdoor air temperature for heating.

Exhibits 7 through 9 show the COP and vOlumetric capacity for

the cooling cases of the binary mixtures listed in Chapter 2.3.

R22 has a cooling COP 3.37 and a volumetric capacity of 3735 kJ/m3 •

In this simulation, the heating COP is calculated for a cooling

case under heating conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain the

true heating COP the values shown in the Appendix have to be

increased by 1.0. This was considered in the evaluation of the

seasonal performance. Based on the peak performance for cooling,

the mixture concentration is selected that will be used for the

investigation of the seasonal performance. A comparison of the

concentrations at which optimum performance is achieved for cooling

and those at which the heating performance is optimum yields that

there are only minor differences of less than 0.1. Therefore, the

30

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

and the evaporator air inlet temperature in C, Tairin. The first 

set lists all mixture runs at design conditions. The second set 

lists those runs that were used for seasonal performance 

calculations. It contains R22 values for comparison. 

In this chapter the results are discussed that were obtained 

for the design conditions at 95 F outdoor air temperature for air 

conditioning and 47 F outdoor air temperature for heating. 

Exhibits 7 through 9 show the COP and volumetric capacity for 

the cooling cases of the binary mixtures listed in Chapter 2.3. 

R22 has a cooling COP 3.37 and a volumetric capacity of 3735 kJ/m3. 

In this simulation, the heating COP is calculated for a cooling 

case under heating conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain the 

true heating COP the values shown in the Appendix have to be 

increased by 1.0. This was considered in the evaluation of the 

seasonal performance. Based on the peak performance for cooling, 

the mixture concentration is selected that will be used for the 

investigation of the seasonal performance. A comparison of the 

concentrations at which optimum performance is achieved for cooling 

and those at which the heating performance is optimum yields that 

there are only minor differences of less than 0.1. Therefore, the 

30 
Exhibit 7: Coolina COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary

Refrigerant Mixtures.

COP

4"""T---'7---:--~---.,.------------_-----a

3.5 . ·····....··..···:......·C'op..:....··· ..····.. ····:··..· .•r•••• E!·~2 .

3 'A·.' , "".•.•.•.•< ..· ··.· ·.w··· ..: . . ".' ';'.'.' ,. '.' '.' ~. '.' '.' :~ j ',' .

2 •5 " w w"'".;...•........w.." j "' :..................•...................: ·:····..··············I·w " + ~.w "'.w..

!.

::

2--r---t-----+-~--~-~-----...L--:----i----1

VCR(BtUlfiJ)

180 -t--+---~-~--~---:.--!--_.i-_~-_.L_~--j

'60 m

- -"+__+-+-wL~~":~~t-.w1

14200 ::::.::: :::::~:::.::::::::::::::.!.:.:l==.::t==:: .....:C=C::.=~--~;--..···············i·······w :: w •••••• "w••:." ••••••••••••••••••

.,...,...• .:,...•..., , ,.L•...,.~E.1!.B.~~g ..,...,.....

..... .: + ·f···· :~ - .

0-r---r--~-+---.;...-~-~--~_.........._~--!

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Concentration of R-32

R·32/R·134 -.- R·32/R·,34a ..... R-32/R·124 -.E"' R·32/R-152a

31

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibi t 7: Coolina COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary 

Refrigerant Mixtures. 

COP 

4-r---:----~--~---:------------------------~ 

3.5 ..... .. ····· .. · .. · .... r .... COp·8·:·~ ~·~ ··· ·· .. · .. ···· .. • . • • • . '#-~ • 

f. 

3 ' A·.' ....... , .... "" .•.•.•.••••• ) ......................... + .................. "" .... , ............. 00 .. . . ....... . . .... ,,' ... ...... ; .. ',' ,. '.' .. ... ',' ........... . '" ',' ..... , ............... . :; ................. ··············· .. ·1···· ............ ',' ............. . 

2.5 'uu w •.•.•.•.•.•. " •• wu •. :.,.: •.• w •.•.•.•.•.•. owow ......... :: .. ... w .w .................... :................. oo : : • '. : .. ..........••••.... ~" .......................... ~· ··· ··· ··· ·· ···· ··············I·· .. ····•···•········ .... ········t····························· .... +· .. · ................. , ........... . 

2-r---T--~--~----~--~--~--~--~--~--~ 

VCR(BtUlfiJ ) 

180-t----+-----~--~----~~~----~--~----~--~----j 

160 ~, -+-~+_+-")~~~--~w+-~-t~~- 1 4 0 .... "" ...... __ " .............. + .... ................. "'.\.-...... w"., .. " ..... t'.ow""··· .. "'···,·· .. ·iw ..... "'.w;"' ....•..... : ...... , .. w •.... w •.•.. .,:. ..... "" ....... .. 

1 2 0 - ---~t·~--'--T- ~· ----f ---~-~c~ ---

·,···'···,···,+··'···,··· ·,····,·· .. IJ~?.g···'······ ··· ..... 

. . . .. . . .. . . . :. . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .:. .. . . . . . ~ '; ~ 

: ,'-Jl;:~:i: ]-::: 20 ...................... :: .................... : ...... ............. t ........................... ... ......... · ................. : .................... \ .................. : ................... : .................. . 

0-r---t----~--~--~--~--~----~--~--~--~ 

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 

Concentration of R-32 

~ R·32/R-134 ~ R-32/R-'34a ..... R-32/R-'24 -.a:- R-32/R-152a 

31 
Exhibit 8: Cooling COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary

Refrigerant Mixtures.

COP

4~__","",!","__"""__ __"",!"-__""-__",,-__,--_,,,,,,, -,

t:==t=::;:~T~-·:..·:..·:..·:·~·l"J~ ...:...:...=...=....=..iJ~"~~""~".~...!'!!' ...~-_...;;;,; ...d"·:······"············l"················I'·..·COP+·_···.._~·~

t .. .8.::.1·~~ '~., ;

3 -1~-.......;!----~-_.._··,.,;·l-··_m _..w.: _ ,!-_ w·)· ··· ·..··· "'j ····· ,,"'t-_..""'''''1~~;;;: I : i: :: I

140

160.

2-+---+---+---r-----!---+--~---+--__i----~--_i l

;

<

VCR(SIultt'J I

180 -f---+---+----;1!'----i---+---i----+----t---i----i 1

-t--+-+-+--+-~~-;,········

100"-' " "t J A '!.. A .. A A ..t··A.. A •• A •• A.:A ••••• A •••••A.~•• A •• A •• A ..A.~ ..I~.:~~ .. . . I: :: 1 ; " . i . .; j : •

!' i 80 __ ..- -

60~

I j I I ! ! 1 O-+---+----+---~-__i---+--+---"!_-~i---_+_--_i

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Concentration of R-143a

R·143a/R·134a .... R·143a/R·124 R·143a/R·152a

32

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 8: Cooling COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary 

Refrigerant Mixtures. 

COP 

4 ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ __ ~ __________ ~ 

t::=r.:::::;;'r~·····::···=·~···tt~····~··~··~···t.·r~·····~ ..... '!'!!!I ........ o;,;;; ..•. d·· ···:····················l··················!·· .. ·COp·+-···-.. -· t .. ·r1~ 

~., ~ ; 

3 ~~--..;!------+--.... " .. ,l-_' ... m __ .. w': -.... -.. "'."",! ........ m.' ... ') .............. ' .... mj .... ·.· ....... , .... t-.... ---_IL""'''' I . ." '. < 

,

! ~ ! i j' I j 

! I! 1 ! j 2 -4-----+----~-----+----~-----+----~----~-----+----~----~ l 

~ 

~ 

~ 

VCR(Btultt3) l 180~~---+----~----~1----~----~-----+----~----~----~----~ 

1 00"-- ............ " .... ~-........ "t·· .... • ........ ···J .................. '! ........ ··• .. • .. t··· .. ········: •..•..•..•..•. ~ ..•..•.. " .... 't .............. J~.~~ .... ,,-

::--i~~~~:t;·· ;'~~~ ~!::::~~~~~==~~~jlj ~~r~~:t=~=r 

o-+ ____ ~----~----~--~-----+----~----~--~~--~----~ 

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 

Concentration of R-143a 

-II- R-143a/R-134a ... R-143a/R-124 ___ R-143a/R-152a 

32 
Exhibit 9: Cooling COl? and Volumetric Capacity for Binary

Refrigerant Mixtures.

COP 4...,.__......__......__"""!'"" ......__--.,..__~-___,

3 . 5 ··..·1·~-=··_·:::: ..·:....=·..ri"::····:::: ..·:::: ..·:·..·~·..+-·(_=·..:·..:....:..·1·..!~..·':·..=....::::·..:::- ....1·;··: ..·=....::..·=..·~.........iii. ...;;,;,:· ..~···:······ ·············t········ ..········I:..···cop~~;; ....·..·..

I .l ' "'r'" .~--

60

160-.--

2 ---4---.-+l----!----f---.;.----;o---+-----!'"---+--....;.----t

VCI/(soH I

180 --1~-+---+---+--____!--~--........--~-~--__i_----I

1

I : :: : : ; : ! VCR ;'22

10 0- ~.~,......•..···,·..··l"·····..·······t·..········..···!······..·········r··..··..····j····..·········j···..·•..·····..j.··..········'f:"''''''''

8 0 --- ·~···_-~·..•..·..·....·....t·....:......·..·.. ·< ......•......•

20

o 0.2 1.0

o -I--.....,l---~--+---+l----;----+----;----;lr---!----t

0.4 0.6 0.8

Concentration of R·125

.... R·125/R·134a -+- R·125/R·124 R·125/R·152a

33

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 9: Cooling COl? and Volumetric Capacity for Binary 

Refrigerant Mixtures. 

COP 4 ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ __________________________ ~ ____ ~ ____ ~ __ ~ 

3.5 ··--1· ~-::·-:: .. ·:::: .. ·:::: .. ·1"j~ .. ·:: .... ::·-·:: .. ·:: .. ·~ .. ·Tt·: .. ·: .... :: .. ·: ..·: ..·Tl: .. ·: .. ·: .. ·:: .... :: .. ·,.·;·: .. ·: .. ·: .... :: .. ·:::4~iii .. ·;;;, .. ·;,;,:, .... :·i·;···················t··················: .. COp~~;; .... · .... · 

1 oL .. 0" 01'.0 .. 

. ~--

VCR{Btulr 

2-4----~----~----~--~-----+----+-----~---+----~--~ . ~ 

I 180~----~----+----4----~----+---~----~----~---+--~ 1 

20 

O-+----+---~----~----~---+----~---+----+---~----; 1 ! 

o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 

Concentration of R-125 

..... R-125/R-134a -+- R·125/R-124 ..... R-125/R-152a 

33 
same concentration can be used for both cases without any

significant penalties in COP.

As a comparison of the Exhibits 7-9 shows, the cooling COP

spans a rather wide range from 2.45 for R125 to a maximum of 3.83

for the mixture of R32/R152a/R124 with a concentration of

0.2/0.2/0.6.

The results obtained for binary and ternary mixtures are summarized

in Exhibits 10 and lOa. R22 is listed first as reference.

Mixtures are listed in sequence according to their performance.

The best mixture was found to be a ternary of R32/R152a/R124.

The COP is 13.7 % larger and the volumetric capacity 23 % smaller

than the respective values for R22.

The mixture R32/R124 is the best binary fluid pair. The COP

is 13.4 % larger and the volumetric capacity 9.6 % smaller than for

R22. The ternary mixture of R32/R152a/R134 ranks third and is the

best chlorine-free fluid, followed by the binary mixture R32/R152a

with 12.1 % improvement in COP and with a volumetric capacity that

is 2 % larger as that of R22. R32/R152a provides essentially the

same capacity than R22 and could be used as a drop-in replacement.

The fifth ranked mixture is the binary R32/R134. The sixth mixture

which is the last showing an improvement in excess of 11 % in COP

over R22 is R32/R152a/R134a. The best heating performance is found

for the same (or only marginally different) concentrations that

show maximum cooling performance. Since the operating conditions

in heating are more severe, i.e. the temperature lift is larger,

the increase in COP is less pronounced than for cooling.

34

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

same concentration can be used for both cases without any 

significant penalties in COP. 

As a comparison of the Exhibits 7-9 shows, the cooling COP 

spans a rather wide range from 2.45 for R125 to a maximum of 3.83 

for the mixture of R32/R152a/R124 with a concentration of 

0.2/0.2/0.6. 

The results obtained for binary and ternary mixtures are summarized 

in Exhibits 10 and lOa. R22 is listed first as reference. 

Mixtures are listed in sequence according to their performance. 

The best mixture was found to be a ternary of R32/R152a/R124. 

The COP is 13.7 % larger and the volumetric capacity 23 % smaller 

than the respective values for R22. 

The mixture R32/R124 is the best binary fluid pair. The COP 

is 13.4 % larger and the volumetric capacity 9.6 % smaller than for 

R22. The ternary mixture of R32/R152a/R134 ranks third and is the 

best chlorine-free fluid, followed by the binary mixture R32/R152a 

with 12.1 % improvement in COP and with a volumetric capacity that 

is 2 % larger as that of R22. R32/R152a provides essentially the 

same capacity than R22 and could be used as a drop-in replacement. 

The fifth ranked mixture is the binary R32/R134. The sixth mixture 

which is the last showing an improvement in excess of 11 % in COP 

over R22 is R32/R152a/R134a. The best heating performance is found 

for the same (or only marginally different) concentrations that 

show maximum cooling performance. Since the operating conditions 

in heating are more severe, i.e. the temperature lift is larger, 

the increase in COP is less pronounced than for cooling. 

34 
Exhibit 10: COP of Mixtures in Sequence. According to Their

Performance.

R22 is listed first as reference. For ternaries the amount of

R152a was traded for amounts of the third component.

(concentration in mass fraction)

IR1 IR2 IR3 x1 )(2 )(3 COP Change VCR PR PSUC POlS Tsup

% kJ/m3 kPa kPa I(

R22 R22 1 3.37 0 3735 3.3 614 2015 360

R32 R152a R124 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 13.7 2878 3.4 412 1409 352

R32 R124 0.3 0.7 3.82 13.4 3377 3.3 495 1650 355

R32 R152a R134 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 12.6 3439 3.4 493 1672 363

R32 R152a 0.4 0.6 3.78 12.1 3809 3.3 551 1833 363

R32 R134 0.3 0.7 3.77 11.8 3512 3.4 512 1740 354

R32 R152a R134a 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 11.7 3865 3.3 563 1872 358

R125 R152a 0.2 0.8 3.58 6.2 2511 3.6 372 1324 348

R32 R134a 0.3 0.7 3.58 6.2 3820 3.4 589 1993 354

R143a R124 0.3 0.7 3.57 5.9 2170 3.5 339 1175 338

R143a R152a 0.1 0.9 3.57 5.9 2413 3.6 353 1271 350

R152a R152a 1 3.56 5.8 2308 3.7 332 1219 351

R134 R134 1 3.44 2.0 1940 3.84 287 1104 338

R134a R134a 1 3.33 -1.2 2342 3.72 369 1373 340

R32 R32 1 3.23 -4.2 6227 3.35 1005 3363 382

R124 R124 1 3.04 -9.8 1382 3.94 208 817 337

R143a R143a 1 2.89 -14.3 3441 3.11 740 2301 339

R125 R125 1 2.45 -27.4 3305 3.31 821 2718 336

IR1 IR2 IR3 Xl X2 )(3 COP Change VCR PR PSUC POlS Tsup .,

., BTU/ft3 psia psia F

R22 R22 1 3.37 0 100 3.3 89 292 189

R32 R152a R124 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 13.7 77 3.4 60 204 174

R32 R124 0.3 0.7 3.82 13.4 91 3.3 72 240 180

R32 R152a R134 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 12.6 92 3.4 72 243 194

R32 R152a 0.4 0.6 3.78 12.1 102 3.3 80 266 194

R32 R134 0.3 0.7 3.77 11.8 94 3.4 74 252 177

R32 R152a R134a 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 11.7 103 3.3 82 272 185

R125 R152a 0.2 0.8 3.58 6.2 67 3.6 54 192 167

R32 R134a 0.3 0.7 3.58 6.2 102 3.4 86 289 177

R143a R124 0.3 0.7 3.57 5.9 58 3.5 49 171 149

R143a R152a 0.1 0.9 3.57 5.9 65 3.6 51 184 171

R152a R152a 1 3.56 5.8 62 3.7 48 177 173

R134 R134 1 3.44 2.0 52 3.8 42 160 148

R134a R134a 1 3.33 -1.2 63 3.7 53 199 152

R32 R32 1 3.23 -4.2 167 3.4 146 488 227

R124 R124 1 3.04 -9.8 37 3.9 30 119 147

R143a R143a 1 2.89 -14.3 92 3.1 107 334 151

R125 R125 1 2.45 -27.4 89 3.3 119 394 146

35

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 10: COP of Mixtures in Sequence. According to Their 

Performance. 

R22 is listed first as reference. For ternaries the amount of 

R152a was traded for amounts of the third component. 

(concentration in mass fraction) 

IR1 IR2 IR3 xl X2 X3 COP Change VCR PR PSUC POlS Tsup 

% kJ/m3 kPa kPa K 

R22 R22 1 3.37 0 3735 3.3 614 2015 360 

R32 R152a R124 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 13.7 2878 3.4 412 1409 352 

R32 R124 0.3 0.7 3.82 13.4 3377 3.3 495 1650 355 

R32 R152a R134 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 12.6 3439 3.4 493 1672 363 

R32 R152a 0.4 0.6 3.78 12.1 3809 3.3 551 1833 363 

R32 R134 0.3 0.7 3.77 11.8 3512 3.4 512 1740 354 

R32 R152a R134a 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 11.7 3865 3.3 563 1872 358 

R125 R152a 0.2 0.8 3.58 6.2 2511 3.6 372 1324 348 

R32 R134a 0.3 0.7 3.58 6.2 3820 3.4 589 1993 354 

R143a R124 0.3 0.7 3.57 5.9 2170 3.5 339 1175 338 

R143a R152a 0.1 0.9 3.57 5.9 2413 3.6 353 1271 350 

R152a R152a 1 3.56 5.8 2308 3.7 332 1219 351 

R134 R134 1 3.44 2.0 1940 3.84 287 1104 338 

R134a R134a 1 3.33 -1.2 2342 3.72 369 1373 340 

R32 R32 1 3.23 -4.2 6227 3.35 1005 3363 382 

R124 R124 1 3.04 -9.8 1382 3.94 208 817 337 

R143a R143a 1 2.89 -14.3 3441 3.11 740 2301 339 

R125 R125 1 2.45 -27.4 3305 3.31 821 2718 336 

IR1 IR2 IR3 X1 X2 X3 COP Change VCR PR PSUC POlS Tsup ., 

., BTU/ft3 psia psia F 

R22 R22 1 3.37 0 100 3.3 89 292 189 

R32 R152a R124 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 13.7 77 3.4 60 204 174 

R32 R124 0.3 0.7 3.82 13.4 91 3.3 72 240 180 

R32 R152a R134 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 12.6 92 3.4 72 243 194 

R32 R152a 0.4 0.6 3.78 12.1 102 3.3 80 266 194 

R32 R134 0.3 0.7 3.77 11.8 94 3.4 74 252 177 

R32 R152a R134a 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 11.7 103 3.3 82 272 185 

R125 R152a 0.2 0.8 3.58 6.2 67 3.6 54 192 167 

R32 R134a 0.3 0.7 3.58 6.2 102 3.4 86 289 177 

R143a R124 0.3 0.7 3.57 5.9 58 3.5 49 171 149 

R143a R152a 0.1 0.9 3.57 5.9 65 3.6 51 184 171 

R152a R152a 1 3.56 5.8 62 3.7 48 177 173 

R134 R134 1 3.44 2.0 52 3.8 42 160 148 

R134a R134a 1 3.33 -1.2 63 3.7 53 199 152 

R32 R32 1 3.23 -4.2 167 3.4 146 488 227 

R124 R124 1 3.04 -9.8 37 3.9 30 119 147 

R143a R143a 1 2.89 -14.3 92 3.1 107 334 151 

R125 R125 1 2.45 -27.4 89 3.3 119 394 146 

35 
Exhibit 10a:

Best Substitutes for R-22, (H..22 Listed First IS Hefrence)

(2878) (UT7J (3439) (38011) (3512) (3865) (2511) (3820) (2170) (2413) (2308) (1940) (VCRkJlm'r

(2342) (6227)

(1382) (3441)

2

3

1

COP

I

4

o I I»~>' "»1 I":" I">}">J '»)1 I>}>I b»] I»>' 1'\»1 ':'\').1 "»] "'i'r" ..:'»" b,\" I'»' ",'\] "'>'" "»'

W

0\

R-22 I R-32/ I R-32/ I R-32/ I R-32/ I R-143a1 I R-134 I R-32 I R-143a

R-124 R-152a R-152a1 R-134a R-152

R-134a • R-321 R-32/ R-32/ R-125/ R-143a1 R-152a1 R-134a R-124 R-1 52

R-152a1 R-152a1 R-134 R-152a R-124

R-124 R-134

* Numbers in parentheses represent the volumetric capacity (VCR kJ/m3) for each refrigerant

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 10a: 

Best Substitutes for R-22, (H-22 Listed First as Hefrence) 

COP 

4 

3 

2 

1 

R-22 

(2878) (3377) (3439) (3809) (3512) (3865) 

R-32! R-32! 

R-124 R-1S2a 

R-32/ 

R-1S2a/ 

R-124 

R-32! 

R-1S2a/ 

R-134 

(2511) (3820) (2170) (2413) (2308) 

(1940) 

(2342) (6227) 

R-32! R-32! R-143a/ . R-134 R-32 

R-1S2a/ R-134a R-152 

R-134a 

R-32! R-12S! R-143a/ R-1S2a/ R-134a 

R-134 R-1S2a R-124 

* Numbers in parentheses represent the volumetric capacity (VCR kJ!m3) for each refrigerant 

(VCRkJlm'r 

(1382) 

(3441) 

R-143a 

R-124 R-152 
Of the pure fluids R152a ranks best with a 5.8 % improvement

over R22, followed by R134 with 2 % improvement and R134a with a 1

% decrease. These results indicate that R152a, R134 and R134a can

be used as replacement refrigerants, achieving better or about

equal performance as R22. However, the vOlumetric capacity of

these replacements is about 40 % smaller, which requires the use of

a 40 % larger compressor.

In Appendix 2 all summary data for all binary mixture runs are

listed in English units. In Appendix 3 results for the

calculations with ternary refrigerant mixtures are presented in

English units.

The best ternary mixture contains R124 with a concentration of

0.6 indicating that the flammability could be reduced compared to

the pure constituents,R32 and R152a. For the other ternary fluids

this effect is less pronounced.

This analysis presents an idealized condition. To what extent

the savings found in this study can be implemented will depend

strongly on the actual equipment design and on secondary effects

such as the influence of pressure drops, superheating of the

refrigerant in the compressor, and superheating and subcool~ng in

the evaporator and condenser.

4.2 Seasonal Performance

The calculation of the seasonal performance was conducted for the

following fluids and mixtures: the reference fluid R22, R32/R152a,

R32/R134, R32/R134a and R32/R124. The ternary mixtures are not

37

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Of the pure fluids R152a ranks best with a 5.8 % improvement 

over R22, followed by R134 with 2 % improvement and R134a with a 1 

% decrease. These results indicate that R152a, R134 and R134a can 

be used as replacement refrigerants, achieving better or about 

equal performance as R22. However, the volumetric capacity of 

these replacements is about 40 % smaller, which requires the use of 

a 40 % larger compressor. 

In Appendix 2 all summary data for all binary mixture runs are 

listed in English units. In Appendix 3 results for the 

calculations with ternary refrigerant mixtures are presented in 

English units. 

The best ternary mixture contains R124 with a concentration of 

0.6 indicating that the flammability could be reduced compared to 

the pure constituents, R32 and R152a. For the other ternary fluids 

this effect is less pronounced. 

This analysis presents an idealized condition. To what extent 

the savings found in this study can be implemented will depend 

strongly on the actual equipment design and on secondary effects 

such as the influence of pressure drops, superheating of the 

refrigerant in the compressor, and superheating and subcooli.ng in 

the evaporator and condenser. 

4.2 Seasonal Performance 

The calculation of the seasonal performance was conducted for the 

following fluids and mixtures: the reference fluid R22, R32/R152a, 

R32/Rl34, R32/R134a and R32/R124. The ternary mixtures are not 

37 
included to shorten calculation times. It is expected that the

seasonal performance of the ternary mixtures will be quite similar

to the binary mixture of the same performance level.

Since the steady state performance under design conditions

showed clearly that mixtures containing R32 are the primary

candidates for replacing R22, the seasonal performance evaluation

is limited to these mixtures. The pure components were included to

demonstrate that the fluid with the better performance under design

conditions shows also the better seasonal performance.

Exhibit 11 shows a bar chart of the seasonal performance

factor (SPF) for both heating and cooling seasons. The first group

of bars represents the cooling seasonal performance factor, CSPF,

and the subsequent groups represent the six climate regions for

heating. A comparison of the fluids indicates, that when a fluid

performs better in the cooling case it will usually be better in

the heating case. Since the actual performance of any working

fluids depends strongly on the hardware design, the ranking may

vary with actual applications. The mixtures containing R32 show

significant improvements,· while some of the pure fluids show a

reduction in the SPF compared to R22. As can be expected from

previous discussions, the mixture R32/R152a exhibits the best

seasonal performance, followed by R32/R134 and R32/R134a, while

pure R125 shows the poorest. The last four lines in this table are

explained in the section 'Concentration Shift'.

38

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

included to shorten calculation times. It is expected that the 

seasonal performance of the ternary mixtures will be quite similar 

to the binary mixture of the same performance level. 

Since the steady state performance under design conditions 

showed clearly that mixtures containing R32 are the primary 

candidates for replacing R22, the seasonal performance evaluation 

is limited to these mixtures. The pure components were included to 

demonstrate that the fluid with the better performance under design 

conditions shows also the better seasonal performance. 

Exhibit 11 shows a bar chart of the seasonal performance 

factor (SPF) for both heating and cooling seasons. The first group 

of bars represents the cooling seasonal performance factor, CSPF, 

and the subsequent groups represent the six climate regions for 

heating. A comparison of the fluids indicates, that when a fluid 

performs better in the cooling case it will usually be better in 

the heating case. since the actual performance of any working 

fluids depends strongly on the hardware design, the ranking may 

vary with actual applications. The mixtures containing R32 show 

significant improvements,· while some of the pure fluids show a 

reduction in the SPF compared to R22. As can be expected from 

previous discussions, the mixture R32/R152a exhibits the best 

seasonal performance, followed by R32/R134 and R32/R134a, while 

pure R125 shows the poorest. The last four lines in this table are 

explained in the section 'Concentration Shift'. 

38 
Exhibit 11:

Seasonal Performance of R-22 and the Five Best Replacements

for One Cooling and Six Heating Climates -

SPF

6

5

4

3

2

1

o I I> ..,;:;:::;;:c=y:o • I ."l::::::::::r==y 4 • I I> '::::;':':r=-J( 4 -, I') J:.:.:.:-:r=J( <' -, 1'\ 1:::;;::;r=J("'" -, I), ] r-=t/et -, l),l::;::::::t=-t.fJ- -,

CSPF HSPFI HSPF II HSPF III . HSPF IV HSPFV HSPFVI

R-22 1::;mI:t:::::::1 R-321R-152A R-321R-134 R-321R-134a [::::j R-321R-124

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 11: 

Seasonal Performance of R-22 and the Five Best Replacements 

for One Cooling and Six Heating Climates -

SPF 

6 

5 

4 ~ 

3 

2 

1 

CSPF HSPFI HSPF II HSPF III . HSPF IV HSPFV HSPFVI 

~ R-22 1~:tilJl::::::::1 R-321R-152A ~ R-321R-134 ~ R-321R-134a 1«:::) R-321R-124 
Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPFl for One Cooling and

six Heating Climates.

The last four lines pertain to the influence of composition shift,

when a rectifier is used.

FLUID CSPF HSPF I HSPF II HSPF III HSPF IV HSPF V HSPF VI

R22 4.25 3.55 3.13 2.1 2.06 1.58 3.24

R321R124 4.84 3.94 3.44 2.94 2.2 1.67 3.18

R321R134 4.19 3.86 3.38 2.9 2.11 1.65 3.11

R321R152a 4.11 3.88 3.39 2.91 2.19 1.66 3.13

R143a/R124 4.59 3.61 3.21 2.15 2.01 1.56 3.52

R321R134a 4.51 3.11 3.25 2.19 2.11 1.6 3.56

R125/R152a 4.5 3.1 3.24 2.8 2.12 1.61 3.56

R143a/R152a 4.41 3.1 3.25 2.8 2.12 1.62 3.56

R152a 4.45 3.7 3.25 2.8 2.12 1.62 3.56

R125/R124 4.45 3.62 3.15 2.1 2.03 1.52 3.41

R134a 4.23 3.48 3.06 2.64 2.01 1.53 3.35

R32/R152a 4.11 3.82 3.34 2.81 2.16 1.65 3.61

R321R152a 4.84 3.62 3.21 2.19 2.13 1.65 3.5

R321R124 4.84 3.94 3.44 2.94 2.2 1.61 3.18

R32/R124 3.949 3.908 3.629 3.209 2.439 1.801 3.801

4.3 Concentration Shift

In order to determine the suitability of the mixtures for capacity

control by concentration shift, the ratios of the maximum to

minimum capacity are compared. The numeric values are listed in

Exhibit 13. The maximum and minimum values are for the pure fluids

which constitute a given mixture. Although in reality only a

fraction of this ratio can be accomplished without very

sophisticated controls, it indicates the suitability of a given

mixture. It can be seen from Exhibit 13 that R32/R124 has the

widest ranqe of composition shift, a capacity ratio of 5.2,

followed by the second best mixture, R32/R134, with a ratio of

3.60. The best performing chlorine-free binary mixture ranks

fourth with a ratio of 2.95.

40

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF} for One Cooling and 

six Heating Climates. 

The last four lines pertain to the influence of composition shift, 

when a rectifier is used. 

FLUID CSPF HSPF I HSPF II HSPF III HSPF IV HSPF V HSPF VI 

R22 4.25 3.55 3.13 2.1 2.06 1.58 3.24 

R32/R124 4.84 3.94 3.44 2.94 2.2 1.61 3.18 

R32/R134 4.19 3.86 3.38 2.9 2.11 1.65 3.11 

R32/R152a 4.11 3.88 3.39 2.91 2.19 1.66 3.13 

R143a/R124 4.59 3.61 3.21 2.15 2.01 1.56 3.52 

R32/R134a 4.51 3.11 3.25 2.19 2.11 1.6 3.56 

R125/R152a 4.5 3.1 3.24 2.8 2.12 1.61 3.56 

R143a/R152a 4.41 3.1 3.25 2.8 2.12 1.62 3.56 

R152a 4.45 3.1 3.25 2.8 2.12 1.62 3.56 

R125/R124 4.45 3.62 3.15 2.1 2.03 1.52 3.41 

R134a 4.23 3.48 3.06 2.64 2.01 1.53 3.35 

R32/R152a 4.11 3.82 3.34 2.81 2.16 1.65 3.61 

R32/R152a 4.84 3.62 3.21 2.19 2.13 1.65 3.5 

R32/R124 4.84 3.94 3.44 2.94 2.2 1.61 3.18 

R32/R124 3.949 3.908 3.629 3.209 2.439 1.801 3.801 

4.3 Concentration Shift 

In order to determine the suitability of the mixtures for capacity 

control by concentration shift, the ratios of the maximum to 

minimum capacity are compared. The numeric values are listed in 

Exhibit 13. The maximum and minimum values are for the pure fluids 

which constitute a given mixture. Although in reality only a 

fraction of this ratio can be accomplished without very 

sophisticated controls, it indicates the suitability of a given 

mixture. It can be seen from Exhibit 13 that R32/R124 has the 

widest range of composition shift, a capacity ratio of 5.2, 

followed by the second best mixture, R32/R134, with a ratio of 

3.60. The best performing chlorine-free binary mixture ranks 

fourth with a ratio of 2.95. 

40 
Exhibit 13: Ratio of Heating Capacities.

The R22 value is given for reference purposes. Ternary mixtures

are not list~d ~ince fluid separation is less efficient. The

capacities are listed in kJ/m3 •

Mixture Capacity Capacity

1st compo 2nd com.

R22 3050 3050

R32/R152a 5179 1755

R32/R134 5179 1444

R32/R124 5179 999

R32/R134a 5179 1811

R143a/R152a 3035 1755

R125/R152a 3007 1755

R125/R124 3007 999

R143a/R134a 3035 1811

R125/R134a 3007 1811

Ratio

1.00

2.95

3.60

5.20

2.87

1~73

1.71

3.01

1.68

1.66

Assuming that a realistic concentration shift of 0.2 can be

accomplished with rather simple means (short distillation column),

the SPF was evaluated for two mixtures, R32/R152a and R32/R124.

The first represents an example for a medium range capacity ratios,

and the second exhibits the largest capacity ratio. The results

are listed in the last four lines of both sections of Exhibit 12.

Exhibit 14 shows a bar graph that reflects the influence of a

concentration shift. For cooling there is no change in

concentration and performance, assuming the original concentration

is used. For heating the HSPF is consistently higher with a

concentration shift. The increase in HSPF is as high as ten

percent for R32/R124 and as high as six percent for R32/R152a. For

severe conditions, climate regions II through V the mixture with

the lower COP but larger capacity shift, R32/R124 has the better

performance by up to 6 %• This is because none or little

resistance heat is required with the higher capacity fluid. The

41

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 13: Ratio of Heating capacities. 

The R22 value is given for reference purposes. Ternary mixtures 

are not list~d ~ince fluid separation is less efficient. The 

capacities are listed in kJ/m3 • 

Mixture Capacity Capacity Ratio 

1st compo 2nd com. 

R22 

R32/R152a 

R32/R134 

R32/R124 

R32/R134a 

R143a/R152a 

R125/R152a 

R125/R124 

R143a/R134a 

R125/R134a 

3050 

5179 

5179 

5179 

5179 

3035 

3007 

3007 

3035 

3007 

3050 

1755 

1444 

999 

1811 

1755 

1755 

999 

1811 

1811 

1.00 

2.95 

3.60 

5.20 

2.87 

1~73 

1.71 

3.01 

1.68 

1.66 

Assuming that a realistic concentration shift of 0.2 can be 

accomplished with rather simple means (short distillation column), 

the SPF was evaluated for two mixtures, R32/R152a and R32/R124. 

The first represents an example for a medium range capacity ratios, 

and the second exhibits the largest capacity ratio. The results 

are listed in the last four lines of both sections of Exhibit 12. 

Exhibit 14 shows a bar graph that reflects the influence of a 

concentration shift. For cooling there is no change in 

concentration and performance, assuming the original concentration 

is used. For heating the HSPF is consistently higher with a 

concentration shift. The increase in HSPF is as high as ten 

percent for R32/R124 and as high as six percent for R32/R152a. For 

severe conditions, climate regions II through V the mixture with 

the lower COP but larger capacity shift, R32/R124 has the better 

performance by up to 6 % • This is because none or little 

resistance heat is required with the higher capacity fluid. The 

41 
strong influence concentration shift can have on the seasonal

performance complicates the situation.

Depending on the given climate region one mixture may perform

better than others. The amount of resistance heat that is required

depends strongly on the design point of the heat pump. If the

current design practice would be changed so that the heat pump

application determines the size of the air-conditioner, the need

for resistance heat could be reduced or eliminated, influencing the

choice of the replacement mixture.

Actual energy savings achieved by employing concentration

shifts depend strongly on the climate .and on actual operating and

design conditions over an entire year.

In this chapter, concentration shift is assumed to be

initiated by active means. However, concentration shift can also

be initiated by passive means and the mere fact that some parts of

a heat pump store refrigerant. This concentration shift may

influence the performance of the system and has to be considered in

the design.

42

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

strong influence concentration shift can have on the seasonal 

performance complicates the situation. 

Depending on the given climate region one mixture may perform 

better than others. The amount of resistance heat that is required 

depends strongly on the design point of the heat pump. If the 

current design practice would be changed so that the heat pump 

application determines the size of the air-conditioner, the need 

for resistance heat could be reduced or eliminated, influencing the 

choice of the replacement mixture. 

Actual energy savings achieved by employing concentration 

shifts depend strongly on the climate .and on actual operating and 

design conditions over an entire year. 

In this chapter, concentration shift is assumed to be 

initiated by active means. However, concentration shift can also 

be initiated by passive means and the mere fact that some parts of 

a heat pump store refrigerant. This concentration shift may 

influence the performance of the system and has to be considered in 

the design. 

42 
.a::--

w

Exhibit 14:

Seasonal Performance of R...32/R...152a and R-32/R-124

With and Without a Rectifier

SPF

6

5

4

3

2

1

o 1'/"4::::::;:;::::'--2' " 1,( 4;::::;:;::::·' '), " I ( 4:;';';:::::1 '"' -, <> r / I:::·::::::::c;] ).J r <; j':':':::::':'r:? '\] V CB::::::::::;::r==J, ).J V O:::::::::::::~'J

CSPf HSPFI HSPF n HSPF III HSPF IV HSPfV HSPf VI

W'lJ R·32/R·152a [::t='@:tt::m R·32/R·152a w/Shift I IR·32/R·124 ~'\;\I R·32/R·124 w/Shifl

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 14: 

Seasonal Performance of R-32/R .. 152a and R-32/R-124 

With and Without a Rectifier 

SPF 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

CSPf 

v/Z"?J R-32/R-152a 

HSPFI HSPF n HSPf III HSPF IV HSPfV HSPf VI 

~~i R-32/R-124 ~'\;\I R-32/R-124 w/Shifl 
4.4 Dro~-iD Application vs. New systems

Although the modelling results presented in this report demonstrate

the potential for significant energy savings, only the application

of the sUbstitutes in actual machinery can demonstrate the real

potential. The closer the machinery approaches the model

assumptions the closer the predicted energy savings are achieved.

Variables such as transport properties and oil compatibility which

were not considered in the model because they are not known for

most of the proposed sUbstitute mixtures may significantly

influence the actually achievable energy savings.

However, the mixtures discussed here may be near drop-in

substitutes requiring only changes in the expansion device to

adequately accommodate the substitute. without changing heat

exchangers, the performance of some of the better fl.uids most

likely would be similar to that of R22. How closely the R22

efficiency is met depends on the selection of a suitable

concentration, which primarily deteJ;l1\ines the capacity of the

substitute and on the degree ~o what the existing heat exchangers

approach counter-flow characteristics. It is expected that the

performance of drop-in fluids for conventional designs is not very

sensitive to the concentration selected. Therefore, the

concentration would be chosen to match the capacity requirements,

at least for initial tests.

Based· on the simulation results, no reliable assessment can be

made of the performance of drop-in substitutes. The actual

performance can only be determined by tests in existing air44

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

4.4 Dro~-iD Application vs. New systems 

Although the modelling results presented in this report demonstrate · 

the potential for significant energy savings, only the application 

of the sUbstitutes in actual machinery can demonstrate the real 

potential. The closer the machinery approaches the model 

assumptions the closer the predicted energy savings are achieved. 

Variables such as transport properties and oil compatibility which 

were not considered in the model because they are not known for 

most of the proposed SUbstitute mixtures may significantly 

influence the actually achievable energy savings. 

However, the mixtures discussed here may be near drop-in 

substitutes requiring only changes in the expansion device to 

adequately accommodate the sUbstitute. wi thout changing heat 

exchangers, the performance of some of the better fl.uids most 

likely ·would be similar to that of R22. How closely the R22 

efficiency is met depends on the selection of a suitable 

concentration, which primarily dete;-mines the capacity of the 

substitute and on the degree ~o what the existing heat exchangers 

approach counter-flow characteristics. It is expected that the 

performance of drop-in fluids for conventional designs is not very 

sensitive to the concentration selected. Therefore, the 

concentration would be chosen to match the capacity requirements, 

at least for initial tests. 

Based· on the simulation results, no reliable assessment can be 

made of the performance of drop-in substitutes. The actual 

performance can only be determined by tests in existing air44 
conditioners.

4.5 Implioations of Counter-flow Design and the Use of Mixtures

A system designer developing a new system for operation with R22

sUbstitutes should employ counter-flow heat exchangers, or at least

those which resemble counter-flow as closely as possible, to take

advantage of the gliding temperatures. Conventional design

practice relies on cross-flow heat exchangers. This is the best

choice considering the refrigerant saturation temperature is

essentially constant and the pressure drop on the air side very

small. The fan power requirement is also small.

In this study, it was assumed that counter-flow heat

exchangers are available, and that the temperature-enthalpy curve

in the two-phase range of a refrigerant mixture is linear (linear

temperature profile). This is not always true. Any deviation from

a linear temperature profile reduces the performance to some

degree. To investigate the penalty that cross-flow heat exchangers

inflict on refrigerant mixtures, the model was updated to include

cross-flow heat exchangers. The NTU method was implemented for

counter- and cross-flow heat exchangers. For R22 the result is the

same for both heat exchangers as expected. The mixture R32/R124

was chosen as an example since this fluid mixture has the largest

temperature glide. with counter-flow heat exchangers the

improvement over R22 for R32/R124 is 13.4 % as shown in Exhibit 10.

With cross-flow heat exchangers the improvement over R22 is reduced

to 8 %. This result indicates, in order to take full advantage of

45

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

conditioners. 

4.5 Implioations of Counter-flow Design and the Use of Mixtures 

A system designer developing a new system for operation with R22 

sUbstitutes should employ counter-flow heat exchangers, or at least 

those which resemble counter-flow as closely as possible, to take 

advantage of the gliding temperatures. Conventional design 

practice relies on cross-flow heat exchangers. This is the best 

choice considering the refrigerant saturation temperature is 

essentially constant and the pressure drop on the air side very 

small. The fan power requirement is also small. 

In this study, it was assumed that counter-flow heat 

exchangers are available, and that the temperature-enthalpy curve 

in the two-phase range of a refrigerant mixture is linear (linear 

temperature profile). This is not always true. Any deviation from 

a linear temperature profile reduces the performance to some 

degree. To investigate the penalty that cross-flow heat exchangers 

inflict on refrigerant mixtures, the model was updated to include 

cross-flow heat exchangers. The NTU method was implemented for 

counter- and cross-flow heat exchangers. For R22 the result is the 

same for both heat exchangers as expected. The mixture R32/Rl24 

was chosen as an example since this fluid mixture has the largest 

temperature glide. with counter-flow heat exchangers the 

improvement over R22 for R32/R124 is 13.4 % as shown in Exhibit 10. 

With cross-flow heat exchangers the improvement over R22 is reduced 

to 8 %. This result indicates, in order to take full advantage of 

45 
the performance increase mixtures offer, counter-flow heat

exchangers should be used. This finding has to be verified by

experiments with refrigerant-to-air heat exchangers.

When more than four tube banks are necessary in order to

approximate counter-flow, the pressure drop on the air side will

increase, leading to higher fan power requirements. The energy

savings mixtures offer may therefore be offset by additional

parasitic losses.

On the other hand, in order to take advantage of the

refrigerant temperature glide, the heat exchanger area could be

increased and the air flow rate could be reduced. Thus the net fan

power may not change as a result. This would lead to higher air

temperatures leaving the condenser, a feature that should be

advantageous for heat pump applications.

The use of mixtures would complicate the maintenance of heat

pump systems. One component may escape preferentially when a

leakage occurs. The development of devices that allow the simple

determination of the concentration of the remaining refrigerant

charge and of the amount of the components that have to be added

can eliminate this difficulty. Another solution could be to

replace the entire charge, which is practical only when the

original charge can be reclaimed and recycled.

4.6 sensitivity Considerations and Accuracy

The accuracy of the results depends to a large degree on the model

itself. The model describes a heat pump or air-conditioner almost

46

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

the performance increase mixtures offer, counter-flow heat 

exchangers should be used. This finding has to be verified by 

experiments with refrigerant-to-air heat exchangers. 

When more than four tube banks are necessary in order to 

approximate counter-flow, the pressure drop on the air side will 

increase, leading to higher fan power requirements. The energy 

savings mixtures offer may therefore be offset by additional 

parasitic losses. 

On the other hand, in order to take advantage of the 

refrigerant temperature glide, the heat exchanger area could be 

increased and the air flow rate could be reduced. Thus the net fan 

power may not change as a result. This would lead to higher air 

temperatures leaving the condenser, a feature that should be 

advantageous for heat pump applications. 

The use of mixtures would complicate the maintenance of heat 

pump systems. One component may escape preferentially when a 

leakage occurs. The development of devices that allow the simple 

determination of the concentration of the remaining refrigerant 

charge and of the amount of the components that have to be added 

can eliminate this difficulty. Another solution could be to 

replace the entire charge, which is practical only when the 

original charge can be reclaimed and recycled. 

4.6 sensitivity considerations and Accuracy 

The accuracy of the results depends to a large degree on the model 

itself. The model describes a heat pump or air-conditioner almost 

46 
as an ideal refrigeration cycle. The only deviations from an ideal

cycle are the compressor efficiency of 0.70 and the use of fixed

air temperatures instead of fixed saturation temperatures of the

refrigerant. The latter choice was necessary to account for the

gliding temperature range of mixtures. As has been shown, another

choice may either favor the pure component or the mixture /4/0

Whether or not an actual design achieves the predicted performance

depends largely on the system designer and to what degree the

idealized assumption can be met. The closure on the energy balance

in this model is better than 0.1 %. The model applied here assumes

that the temperature glide is linear in the two-phase range. For

most mixtures this is not true. Taking into consideration any non

linearities will increase the calculation effort considerably but

could potentially change the ranking of the mixtures of Exhibit 10.

This is true especially when comparing binary and ternary mixtures.

However, there are other factors to consider. The accuracy of

the refrigerant data is one. The work presented here is based on

the eso equation of state as published and provided by NIST /3/.

The version used here is current, but the data for some of the

replacement refrigerants could be updated in the future. Any

update on refrigerant properties will effect .the results reported

here to an undetermined degree which depends on the magnitude of

the changes.

Another uncertainty results from the use of a mixing

coefficient of -0.01. The mixing coefficient effects the results

to some extent. An as yet unpubl ished study conducted at EPA

47

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

as an ideal refrigeration cycle. The only deviations from an ideal 

cycle are the compressor efficiency of 0.70 and the use of fixed 

air temperatures instead of fixed saturation temperatures of the 

refrigerant. The latter choice was necessary to account for the 

gliding temperature range of mixtures. As has been shown, another 

choice may either favor the pure component or the mixture /4/. 

Whether or not an actual design achieves the predicted performance 

depends largely on the system designer and to what degree the 

idealized assumption can be met. The closure on the energy balance 

in this model is better than 0.1 %. The model applied here assumes 

that the temperature glide is linear in the two-phase range. For 

most mixtures this is not true. Taking into consideration any non 

linearities will increase the calculation effort considerably but 

could potentially change the ranking of the mixtures of Exhibit 10. 

This is true especially when comparing binary and ternary mixtures. 

However, there are other factors to consider. The accuracy of 

the refrigerant data is one. The work presented here is based on 

the eso equation of state as published and provided by NIST /3/. 

The version used here is current, but the data for some of the 

replacement refrigerants could be updated in the future. Any 

update on refrigerant properties will effect .the results reported 

here to an undetermined degree which depends on the magnitude of 

the changes. 

Another uncertainty results from the use of a mixing 

coefficient of -0.01. The mixing coefficient effects the results 

to some extent. An as yet unpubl ished study conducted at EPA 

47 
suggests that for mixtures with boiling points in close proximity

of one another, as is the case here, a deviation in COP of less

than 3% can be expected /11/. This could also affect the ranking

of the mixtures in this report.

The analysis of the seasonal performance is accurate within

the accuracy of the bin method employed. Generally the bin method

is suitable for providing overview information and is used in

connection with the rating of air-conditioners and heat pumps. The

model employed here uses the same information and reasoning as will

be used later for actual testing of equipment. Therefore, it is

ensured that this method and actual tests correspond.

4.7 Global warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential

(ODP)

Exhibit 15 shows the effects of using pure and mixed refrigerants

on direct global warming, indirect global warming, total global

warming and ozone depletion. The value for the GWP of R32 is based

on a lifetime estimate from EPA /3/. The GWP and OOP values are

calculated by linearly interpolating between the pure components of

a mixture and weighted with the specific volume of the liquid

leaving the condenser as compared to these values of R22. In this

way the GWP and OOP is evaluated based on th~ actual charge within

a system (columns entitled "Charge Based"). The underlying

assumption is made that a system charged with any fluid to the same

liquid level as a system would be charged with R22 is optimally

charged. The values for the pure substances are taken from /1/.

48

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

suggests that for mixtures with boiling points in close proximity 

of one another, as is the case here, a deviation in COP of less 

than 3% can be expected /11/. This could also affect the ranking 

of the mixtures in this report. 

The analysis of the seasonal performance is accurate within 

the accuracy of the bin method employed. Generally the bin method 

is suitable for providing overview information and is used in 

connection with the rating of air-conditioners and heat pumps. The 

model employed here uses the same information and reasoning as will 

be used later for actual testing of equipment. Therefore, it is 

ensured that this method and actual tests correspond. 

4.7 Global warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential 

(ODP) 

Exhibit 15 shows the effects of using pure and mixed refrigerants 

on direct global warming, indirect global warming, total global 

warming and ozone depletion. The value for the GWP of R32 is based 

on a lifetime estimate from EPA /3/. The GWP and OOP values are 

calculated by linearly interpolating between the pure components of 

a mixture and weighted with the specific volume of the liquid 

leaving the condenser as compared to these values of R22. In this 

way the GWP and OOP is evaluated based on th~ actual charge within 

a system (columns entitled "Charge Based"). The underlying 

assumption is made that a system charged with any fluid to the same 

liquid level as a system would be charged with R22 is optimally 

charged. The values for the pure SUbstances are taken from /1/. 

48 
The GWP is based on the integrated time horizon based on 100 years.

The direct and indirect contribution to global warming were

calculated based on the seasonal performance factor for the

substitute mixtures based on a refrigerant charge that is

equivalent to seven pounds of R22 for the life time of ten years

for a heat pump. It is assumed that 1.6lb of carbon dioxide is

generated per kWh of electricity. The results for the direct and

the indirect contributions are sbown in the remaining columns of

Exhibit 15. Exhibit 16 shows a bar chart displaying the direct and

indirect contributions. The results show clearly that the proposed

substitutes show less .impact on the global warming than R22.

R32/R152a and R32/R124 have the lowest GWP. The first because the

contribution of the fluids is low, the second because of the

calculated COP is high. Only tests in actual machinery can

demonstate which of the fluids will have the least global warming

impact.

Exhibit 15: Greenhouse Warming (100 yr. Horizon) and Ozone

Depletion Potential.

FLUID CONC. VOL. G~P ODP G~P ODP G~P SPF Indir. Total

m3/kg CHARGE BASED TOT.CHAR cooling G~ GWP

R22 1 0.000907 1500 0.05 1500 0.050 4755 4.25 72000 76755

R32 1 0.00115 560 0 442 0.000 1400

R152A 1 0.00119 140 0 107 0.000 338

R134 1 0.000834 1200 0 1305 0.000 4137

R134A 1 0.oooaa7 1200 0 1227 0.000 3890

R143A 1 0.0012 2900 0 2192 0.000 6948

R125 1 0.000693 2500 0 3272 0.000 10372

R124 1 0.000771 430 0.02 506 0.024 1604

R32/R152A 0.4 0.00118 308 0.000 237 0.000 750 4.77 64151 64901

R321R124 0.6 0.00104 508 0.008 443 0.007 1404 4.84 63223 64628

R32/R134A 0.7 0.00109 752 0.000 626 0.000 1984 4.57 66958 68942

R143A/R124 0.3 0.000882 1171 0.014 1204 0.014 3817 4.59 66667 70484

R125/R124 0.3 0.000795 1051 0.014 1199 0.016 3801 4.45 68764 72565

49

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

The GWP is based on the integrated time horizon based on 100 years. 

The direct and indirect contribution to global warming were 

calculated based on the seasonal performance factor for the 

substitute mixtures based on a refrigerant charge that is 

equivalent to seven pounds of R22 for the life time of ten years 

for a heat pump. It is assumed that 1.6lb of carbon dioxide is 

generated per kWh of electricity. The results for the direct and 

the indirect contributions are sbown in the remaining columns of 

Exhibit 15. Exhibit 16 shows a bar chart displaying the direct and 

indirect contributions. The results show clearly that the proposed 

sUbstitutes show less. impact on the global warming than R22. 

R32/R152a and R32/R124 have the lowest GWP. The first because the 

contribution of the fluids is low, the second because of the 

calculated COP is high. Only tests in actual machinery can 

demonstate which of the fluids will have the least global warming 

impact. 

Exhibit 15: G!:~~nhous~ Warming (lOg :ire Ho!:i~onl and O~on~ 

Depletion Potential. 

FLUID CONC. VOL. G~P OOP G~ OOP G~P SPF Indir. Total 

ml/kg CHARGE BASED TOT.CHAR cooling GWP GWP 

R22 1 0.000907 1500 0.05 1500 0.050 4755 4.25 nooo 76755 

R32 1 0.00115 560 0 442 0.000 1400 

R152A 1 0.00119 140 0 107 0.000 338 

R134 1 0.000834 1200 0 1305 0.000 4137 

R134A 1 0.oooaa7 1200 0 1227 0.000 3890 

R143A 1 0.0012 2900 0 2192 0.000 6948 

R125 1 0.000693 2500 0 32n 0.000 103n 

R124 1 0.000771 410 0.02 506 0.024 1604 

R12/R152A 0.4 0.00118 108 0.000 237 0.000 750 4.77 64151 64901 

R32/R124 0.6 0.00104 508 0.008 443 0.007 1404 4.84 63223 64628 

R32/R134A 0.7 0.00109 752 0.000 626 0.000 1984 4.57 66958 68942 

R143A/R124 0.1 0.000882 1171 0.014 1204 0.014 3817 4.59 66667 70484 

R125/R124 0.3 0.000795 1051 0.014 1199 0.016 3801 4.45 68764 n565 

49 
Exhibit 16:

Direct and Indirect Contributions to Global Warming

R-22 R-321R-152A R-321R-124 R-32/R-134A R-134A1R-124 R-125/R-124

Refrigerants

40

20

60

50

70

30

o

80

10

GWP

Equivalent to thousands

Ibs of CO2

90

Direct GWP Indirect GWP

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Exhibit 16: 

Direct and Indirect Contributions to Global Warming 

GWI-' 

Equivalent to thousands 

Ibs of CO2 

90 

80 

70 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

o 

R-22 R-321R-152A R-321R-124 R-32/R-134A R-134A1R-124 R-125/R-124 

Refrigerants 

1111111111 Direct GWP 1001 Indirect GWP 
Of the pure fluids considered here, R125 and R143a show a

higher GWP than R22, Exhibit 15. The only refrigerant with some

OOP is R124 with a value of 40 % of that of R22. However, when

these components are used as part of a mixture their contribution

is diminished. The mixture with the lowest GWP 237 is R32/R152a

with an OOP of 0.0, followed by R32/R124 with a GWP of 443 and an

OOP of 0.007. Among the ternary mixtures, it is expected that

those with the smaller additive of R124, R134 or R134a show the

smaller environmental impact. It is concluded that the binary

mixture of R32/R152a is the most favorable fluid from an

environmental point of view with regard to all aspects, GWP, OOP

and potential for energy savings. While the addition of a third,

nonflammable component reduces the risk of flammability, it

increases the GWP and OOP. Again there seems to be a trade-off

between global risks as described by GWP and OOP and local risks

caused by the flammability of the fluids.

5.0 Flammability and Materials compatibility

5.1 Flammability

out of the seven refrigerants used in this investigation, three are

flammable: R32, R143a and R152a. Phone calls to refrigerant

manufacturers produced no further conclusive and referable

information.

It is expected that R32 has the lowest heat of combustion and

the lowest flammability of the three components. It presents the

least danger. R152a shows the highest flammability. The

51

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Of the pure fluids considered here, R125 and R143a show a 

higher GWP than R22, Exhibit 15. The only refrigerant with some 

OOP is R124 with a value of 40 % of that of R22. However, when 

these components are used as part of a mixture their contribution 

is diminished. The mixture with the lowest GWP 237 is R32/R152a 

with an OOP of 0.0, followed by R32/R124 with a GWP of 443 and an 

OOP of 0.007. Among the ternary mixtures, it is expected that 

those with the smaller additive of R124, R134 or R134a show the 

smaller environmental impact. It is concluded that the binary 

mixture of R32/R152a is the most favorable fluid from an 

environmental point of view with regard to all aspects, GWP, OOP 

and potential for energy savings. While the addition of a third, 

nonflammable component reduces the risk of flammability, it 

increases the GWP and OOP. Again there seems to be a trade-off 

between global risks as described by GWP and OOP and local risks 

caused by the flammability of the fluids. 

5.0 Flammability and Materials compatibility 

5.1 Flammability 

out of the seven refrigerants used in this investigation, three are 

flammable: R32, R143a and R152a. Phone calls to refrigerant 

manufacturers produced no further conclusive and referable 

information. 

It is expected that R32 has the lowest heat of combustion and 

the lowest flammability of the three components. It presents the 

least danger. R152a shows the highest flammability. The 

51 
concentration ranges for combustible refrigerant-air mixtures are

12.7 - 33.4 volt for R32, 4 -17 volt for R152a and 7 - 18 vol% for

R143a. With regard to mixtures there seems to be general agreement

that mixing flammable with non-flammable refrigerants reduces the

flammability. However, we were unable to ascertain the

flammability limits of the mixtures.

5.2 Materials compatibility

Inquiries to refrigerant manufacturers yielded reluctance on their

behalf to the release of information on refrigerant- materials

compatibility. The use of the ARI data base was recommended. The

data base contains currently eighty reports from various sources,

mostly manufacturers. Since the data base is not computerized yet,

a list of titles was obtained with the following information of

concern here: There are 13 reports concerning R134a, 2 for

R22/R142b, 2 for R124, and 1 for R125. None were available for any

other fluid investigated in this report. All reports that were

screeneq are listed below. The data available and reported are

very scattered. There is no complete set of information available

for a single refrigerant nor the information concerning the same

material for all refrigerants. Taking this in to consideration, it

is not possible to generate a general table or chart. This is a

clear indication that further research in this area is needed.

Allied Signal Incorporated

R.H.P. Thomas and H.T. Pham, Evaluation of Environmentally

Acceptable Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures for

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (R134a)

52

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

concentration ranges for combustible refrigerant-air mixtures are 

12.7 - 33.4 volt for R32, 4 -17 vol% for R152a and 7 - 18 vol% for 

R143a. With regard to mixtures there seems to be general agreement 

that mixing flammable with non-flammable refrigerants reduces the 

flammability. However, we were unable to ascertain the 

flammability limits of the mixtures. 

5.2 Materials compatibility 

Inquiries to refrigerant manufacturers yielded reluctance on their 

behalf to the release of information on refrigerant- materials 

compatibility. The use of the ARI data base was recommended. The 

data base contains currently eighty reports from various sources, 

mostly manufacturers. Since the data base is not computerized yet, 

a list of titles was obtained with the following information of 

concern here: There are 13 reports concerning R134a, 2 for 

R22/R142b, 2 for R124, and 1 for R125. None were available for any 

other fluid investigated in this report. All reports that were 

screeneq are listed below. The data available and reported are 

very scattered. There is no complete set of information available 

for a single refrigerant nor the information concerning the same 

material for all refrigerants. Taking this in to consideration, it 

is not possible to generate a general table or chart. This is a 

clear indication that further research in this area is needed. 

Allied Signal Incorporated 

R.H.P. Thomas and H.T. Pham, Evaluation of Environmentally 

Acceptable Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures for 

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (R134a) 

52 
Refrigerant Breakdown Voltage for Isotron 22/142b Blends for

Refrigeration: Material Compatibility

Pennwalt Corporation

Isotron 22/142b Blends for Refrigeration: Material

Compatibility

Carrier corporation

Solubility of R-123 and R134a in Oils

Motor Materials in R-123 and R-134a

UL 984 Tests with R-134a and Oils

Polymer and Elastomer Performance in R-123 and R-134a

Sealed-Tube Texts of R-123 and R-134a with Mineral Oils

Sealed-Tube Tests of R-12 and R-134a with PAGS

Copeland corporation

Evaluation of Polyalkylene Glycol Candidates with HFC-134a in

Refrigeration Compressors

E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated

Compatibility of Elastomers with HFC-134a at About 25°

Solubility of Refrigerants in Lubricants; HFC-134a

Compatibility of HFC-134a with Refrigeration System

Materials

Compatibility of Alternative Refrigerants with

Elastomers (R124)

Mutual Solubilities of water with Fluorocarbons and

Fluorocarbon-hydrate Formation (R124, R15, R134a)

Disassembly and Inspection of Compressor in

Laboratory Refrigerator Charged with R-134a

ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited

Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials with

Refrigerants and Lubricants

Tecumseh Products Company

Materials Compatibility of R-134a in Refrigerant

Systems

53

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

Refrigerant Breakdown Voltage for Isotron 22/142b Blends for 

Refrigeration: Material Compatibility 

Pennwalt Corporation 

Isotron 22/142b Blends for Refrigeration: Material 

Compatibility 

Carrier corporation 

Solubility of R-123 and R134a in Oils 

Motor Materials in R-123 and R-134a 

UL 984 Tests with R-134a and oils 

Polymer and Elastomer Performance in R-123 and R-134a 

Sealed-Tube Texts of R-123 and R-134a with Mineral Oils 

Sealed-Tube Tests of R-12 and R-134a with PAGS 

Copeland corporation 

Evaluation of Polyalkylene Glycol Candidates with HFC-134a in 

Refrigeration Compressors 

E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated 

Compatibility of Elastomers with HFC-134a at About 25° 

Solubility of Refrigerants in Lubricants; HFC-134a 

Compatibility of HFC-134a with Refrigeration System 

Materials 

Compatibility of Alternative Refrigerants with 

Elastomers (R124) 

Mutual Solubilities of water with Fluorocarbons and 

Fluorocarbon-hydrate Formation (R124, R15, R134a) 

Disassembly and Inspection of Compressor in 

Laboratory Refrigerator Charged with R-134a 

ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited 

Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials with 

Refrigerants and Lubricants 

Tecumseh Products Company 

Materials Compatibility of R-134a in Refrigerant 

Systems 

53 
G.O Further Work

To implement a fluid mixture proposed in this report, a number of

parameters have to be considered and investigated. They include

material compatibility, flammability and toxicity as well as

thermodynamic and transport properties, oil compatibility,

compressor life, and cost. In addition, the actual performance of

the fluids and mixtures in air-conditioning and heat pump units has

to be verified by experiment. This includes the complete redesign

of systems. Lastly, concentration shift using rectifiers (or other

means) has to be investigated. Parallel to this effort computer

simulation programs have to be extended to account for the non

linearity of the temperature glide.

54

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

G.O Further Work 

To implement a fluid mixture proposed in this report, a number of 

parameters have to be considered and investigated. They include 

material compatibility, flammability and toxicity as well as 

thermodynamic and transport properties, oil compatibility, 

compressor life, and cost. In addition, the actual performance of 

the fluids and mixtures in air-conditioning and heat pump units has 

to be verified by experiment. This includes the complete redesign 

of systems. Lastly, concentration shift using rectifiers (or other 

means) has to be investigated. Parallel to this effort computer 

simulation programs have to be extended to account for the non 

linearity of the temperature glide. 

54 
References

1. Draft report of the united states Intergovernmental Panel on

CFC emissions. (This reference will be updated as soon as

more detailed information is available.)

2. Draft of the Revision to the Clean Air Act.

3. William Kopko, Private communication, u.s. Environmental

Protection Agency, Global Change Division, Washington D.C.,

March 1991.

4 . McLinden, Mark o. and R. Radermacher, Methods of Comparing the

Performance of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants in Vapor

Compression Cycles, International Journal of Refrigeration,

10, 6, 318- 325, (1987).

5. Application of a Hard Sphere Equation of State to Refrigerants

and Refrigerant Mixtures, G. Morrison, M.O. McLinden, NBS

Technical Note 1226 (1988).

6. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116 (1983).

7. Laboratory Investigation of Refrigerant Migration in a Split

unit Air-conditioner, W. Mulroy, D.A. Didion, NBSIR 83-2756,

(1983) •

8. Bedeutung der nicht azeotropen Zwei-stoff-Kaeltemittel beim

Einsatz Waermepumpen und Kalteanlagen, H. Kruse, R. Jakobs,

Ki Klima und Kaelte Ingenieur, 8, 564-571, (1977).

9. The Use of NARMs and Their Display in Ln(p)-h Diagrams, H.

Schwind, Kaeltetechnik, 14, 98-103, (1962).

10. Performance of a Conventional Residential Heat Pump Operating

With Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures, W. Mulroy, D. A.

Didion, NBSIR 86-3422, (1986).

11. Development of Rectifying Circuit with Mixed Refrigerants, Y.

Yoshida, S. Suzuki, Y. MUkai, K. Nakatani and K. Fujiwara,

International Journal of Refrigeration, 12, 182-187, (1989).

12. Thermal Environmental Engineering, J.L. Threlkeld, Second

Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (1970).

13. Cynthia Gage, Private Communication, u.S. EPA, Research

Triangle Park, NC, June 1990.

14. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Private Communication.·

55

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

References 

1. Draft report of the united states Intergovernmental Panel on 

CFC emissions. (This reference will be updated as soon as 

more detailed information is available.) 

2. Draft of the Revision to the Clean Air Act. 

3. William Kopko, Private communication, u.s. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Global Change Division, Washington D.C., 

March 1991. 

4 . McLinden, Mark o. and R. Radermacher, Methods of Comparing the 

Performance of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants in Vapor 

Compression Cycles, International Journal of Refrigeration, 

10, 6, 318- 325, (1987). 

5. Application of a Hard Sphere Equation of State to Refrigerants 

and Refrigerant Mixtures, G. Morrison, M.O. MCLinden, NBS 

Technical Note 1226 (1988). 

6. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116 (1983). 

7. LaboratorY Investigation of Refrigerant Migration in a Split 

unit Air-conditioner, W. Mulroy, D.A. Didion, NBSIR 83-2756, 

(1983) • 

8. Bedeutung der nicht azeotropen Zwei-Stoff-Kaeltemittel beim 

Einsatz Waermepumpen und Kalteanlagen, H. Kruse, R. Jakobs, 

Ki Klima und Kaelte Ingenieur, 8, 564-571, (1977). 

9. The Use of NARMs and Their Display in Ln(p)-h Diagrams, H. 

Schwind, Kaeltetechnik, 14, 98-103, (1962). 

10. Performance of a Conventional Residential Heat Pump Operating 

With Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures, W. Mulroy, D. A. 

Didion, NBSIR 86-3422, (1986). 

11. Development of Rectifying Circuit with Mixed Refrigerants, Y. 

Yoshida, S. Suzuki, Y. Mukai, K. Nakatani and K. Fujiwara, 

International Journal of Refrigeration, 12, 182-187, (1989). 

12. Thermal Environmental Engineering, J.L. Threlkeld, Second 

Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (1970). 

13. Cynthia Gage, Private Communication, u.S. EPA, Research 

Triangle Park, NC, June 1990. 

14. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Private Communication. 

55 
APPENDIX #1

The following pages of this appendix list the Subroutine BDESC which contains all parameters for the CSD

equation of state that .were used to evaluate the properties of the pure refrigerants.

BLOCK DATA BDESC

C

C THIS ROUTINE INITIALIZES THE COMMON BLOCKS CONTAINING INFORMATION

C ABOUT THE PURE COMPONENTS. IT IS NOT REFERENCED DIRECTLY BY ANY

C OTHER SUBROUTINE BUT MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE EXECUTABLE ELEMENT.

C DATA ARRAYS ARE DIMENSIONED TO ACCOMODATE ADDITIONAL

C PURE COMPONENTS.

C

C EXPLANATION OF CONSTANTS:

C COEFF(I,J) - FOR REFRIGERANT J, COEFFICIENTS OF A, B, CPO

C CURVE FITS:

C A = AO * EXP(A1*T + A2*T*T) (KJ M**3/KMOL**2)

C B = BO + B1*T + B2*T*T (M**3/KMOL)

C CPO = CO + C1*T + C2*T*T (KJ/KMOL K)

C (STORED IN ORDER AO,A1,A2,BO,B1,B2,CO,C1,C2)

C CRIT(I,J) - FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR REFRIGERANT J:

C I = 1 - MOLECULAR WEIGHT

C 2 . REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FOR ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY (K)

C 3 . CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (K)

C 4 - CRITICAL PRESSURE (KPA)

C 5 - CRITICAL VOLUME (M**3/KMOL)

C HREF(J) - REFRIGERANT NAME (ASHRAE DESIGNATION)

C HZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTHALPY OF REFRIGERANT

C J AT ITS REFERENCE TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL)

C SZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTROPY AT REFERENCE

C TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL K)

C R - GAS CONSTANT (KJ/KMOL K)

C TOLR - RELATIVE CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE FOR ITERATION LOOPS

SHOULD BE AT LEAST 10 TIMES LARGER THAN MACHINE PRECISION

C ITMAX - MAXIMUM ITERATION COUNT FOR ITERATIVE LOOPS

C LUP - LOGICAL UNIT TO WHICH ANY WARNING MESSAGES ARE WRITTEN

C

C A, B COEFFFICIENTS EVALUATED FROM ASHRAE (1981) SATURATION

C DATA UNLESS INDICATED.

C

IMPLICIT REAL (A-H,O-Z)

DIMENSION COEFF(9,20),CRIT(5,20),HZERO(20),SZERO(20)

CHARACTER*6 HREF(20)

COMMON /ESDATA/ COEFF,CRIT

COMMON /HREF1/ .HREF

COMMON /HSZERO/ HZERO,SZERO

COMMON /RDATA4/ R

COMMON /TOL/ TOLR,ITMAX,LUP

COMMON /TOLSH/ TOLH,TOLS

DATA R /8.314/

DATA TOLR /1.0E-7/

DATA TOLH,TOLS /0.01,0.001/

DATA ITMAX,LUP /20,6/

C

C DATA FOR R11, R12, R13, R13B1, R14, R22, R23, R113, R114,

C R142B, R152A, R261A, R123, R143A, ISOBUTANE, R125, R134

C R134A, R32, METHANE

C

C R11, TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(1) /'R11'/

DATA (CRIT(I,1),1=1,5) /137.37EO,233.15EO,471.2EO,4467.EO,.247EO/

DATA HZERO(1),SZERO(1) /0.0,0.0/

DATA (COEFF(I,1),1=1,9) /5394.655EO,-2.709516E-3,1.168022E-7,

1 .1869326EO,-2.318627E-4,4.275137E-8,

1 23.48052EO,.2510723EO,-2.28722E-4/

C

C R12, DICHLOROOIFLUOROMETHANE

C

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

APPENDIX #1 

The following pages of this appendix list the Subroutine BDESC which contains all parameters for the CSD 

equation of state that .were used to evaluate the properties of the pure refrigerants. 

BLOCK DATA BDESC 

C 

C THIS ROUTINE INITIALIZES THE COMMON BLOCKS CONTAINING INFORMATION 

C ABOUT THE PURE COMPONENTS. IT IS NOT REFERENCED DIRECTLY BY ANY 

C OTHER SUBROUTINE BUT MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE EXECUTABLE ELEMENT. 

C DATA ARRAYS ARE DIMENSIONED TO ACCOMODATE ADDITIONAL 

C PURE COMPONENTS. 

C 

C EXPLANATION OF CONSTANTS: 

C COEFF(I,J) - FOR REFRIGERANT J, COEFFICIENTS OF A, B, CPO 

C CURVE FITS: 

C A = AO * EXP(Al*T + A2*T*T) (KJ M**3/KMOL**2) 

C B = BO + Bl*T + B2*T*T (M**3/KMOL) 

C CPO = CO + Cl*T + C2*T*T (KJ/KMOL K) 

C (STORED IN ORDER AO,Al,A2,BO,Bl,B2,CO,Cl,C2) 

C CRIT(I,J) - FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR REFRIGERANT J: 

C 1 = 1 - MOLECULAR WEIGHT 

C 2 - REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FOR ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY (K) 

C 3 - CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (K) 

C 4 - CRITICAL PRESSURE (KPA) 

C 5 - CRITICAL VOLUME (M**3/KMOL) 

C HREF(J) - REFRIGERANT NAME (ASHRAE DESIGNATION) 

C HZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTHALPY OF REFRIGERANT 

C J AT ITS REFERENCE TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL) 

C SZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTROPY AT REFERENCE 

C TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL K) 

C R - GAS CONSTANT (KJ/KMOL K) 

C TOLR - RELATIVE CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE FOR ITERATION LOOPS 

SHOULD BE AT LEAST 10 TIMES LARGER THAN MACHINE PRECISION 

C ITMAX - MAXIMUM ITERATION COUNT FOR ITERATIVE LOOPS 

C LUP - LOGICAL UNIT TO WHICH ANY WARNING MESSAGES ARE WRITTEN 

C 

C A, B COEFFFICIENTS EVALUATED FROM ASH RAE (1981) SATURATION 

C DATA UNLESS INDICATED. 

C 

C 

IMPLICIT REAL (A'H,O-Z) 

DIMENSION COEFF(9,20),CRIT(5,20),HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 

CHARACTER*6 HREF(20) 

COMMON IESDATAI COEFF,CRIT 

COMMON IHREF11 .HREF 

COMMON IHSZEROI HZERO,SZERO 

COMMON IRDATA41 R 

COMMON ITOLI TOLR,ITMAX,LUP 

COMMON ITOLSHI TOLH,TOLS 

DATA R 18.3141 

DATA TOLR 11.0E-71 

DATA TOLH,TOLS 10.01,0.0011 

DATA ITMAX,LUP 120,61 

C DATA FOR Rll, R12, R13, R13Bl, R14, R22, R23, Rl13, R114, 

C R142B, R152A, R261A, R123, R143A, ISOBUTANE, R125, R134 

C R134A, R32, METHANE 

C 

C Rl1, TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(l) I'R11'I 

DATA (CRIT(I,1),1=1,5) 1137.37EO,233.15EO,471.2EO,4467.EO,.247EOI 

DATA HZERO(l),SZERO(l) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,1),I=l,9) 15394.655EO,-2.709516E-3,1.168022E-7, 

1 .1869326EO,-2.318627E-4,4.275137E-8, 

1 23.48052EO,.2510723EO,-2.28722E-41 

C R12, DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 
DATA HREF(2) I'R12'1

DATA (CRIT(I,2),I=1,5) 1120.91EO,233.15EO,384.95EO,4180.EO,.217E01

DATA HZERO(2),SZERO(2) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,2),I=1,9) 13819.876EO,-3.319879E·3,2.419441E-7,

1 •1653502EO,-2.657584E-4,9.138782E-8,

1 18.4874EO,.2417816EO,-2.045946E-41

C

C R13, CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(3) I'R13'I

DATA CCRITCI,3),I=1,5) 1104.46,233.15,302.0,3921.,0.1811

DATA HZERO(3),SZEROC3) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFFCI,3),I=1,9) /2518.99EO,-4.206832E-3,1.854713E-7,

1 .1414323EO,-2.982745E-4,1.339647E-7,

1 13.86910EO,.2323698EO,-1.830952E-41

C

C R13B1, BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(4)/'R13B1'1

DATA (CRITCI,4),I=1,5) /148.91,233.15,340.2,4017.,0.200/

DATA HZERO(4),SZEROC4) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFFCI,4),I=1,9) /4095.393EO,-5.743494E-3,3.740058E-6,

1 0.1813461EO,-4.813153E-4,4.548773E-7,

1 20.68068EO,0.2112316EO,-1.61476E-41

C

C R14, TETRAFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(5) /'R14'1

DATA (CRIT(I,5),I=1,5) 188.00,200.00,227.5,3795.,0.141/

DATA HZERO(5),SZEROC5) /0.0,0.01

DATA CCOEFFCI,5),I=1,9) 11272.405EO,-3.429461E-3,-6.475736E-6,

1 0.09966432EO,-1.57113E-4,-2.950201E-7,

1 14.42957E0,.1845298EO,-9.518905E-5/

C

C R22, CHLOROOIFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(6) I'R22'I

DATA (CRITCI,6),I=1,S) 186.47,233.1S,369.3,50S4.~0.1691

DATA HZERO(6),SZEROC6) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFFCI,6),1=1,9) 12730.846EO,-2.979927E-3,-7.651239E-7,

1 •1203449EO, -1.627S92E-4,-1.132347E-8,

1 21.98390EO,.1277439EO,-4.788723E-SI

C

C R23, TRIFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(7) I'R23'I

DATA CCRITCI,7),I=1,5) 170.01,233.15,299.1,4900.,0.133/

DATA HZERO(7),SZERO(7) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFFCI,7),I=1,9) /1778.200EO,-3.676280E-3,-S.794795E-7,

1 0.09321863EO,-1.513167E-4,1.773370E-9,

1 23.60294EO,.08228732EO,3.182653E-5/

C

C R113, 1,1,2-TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(8) I'R113'I

DATA (CRIT(I,8),1=1,5) 1187.38,233.1S,487.5,3456.,0.3291

DATA HZERO(a);SZERO(8) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,8),I=1,9) 17608.63EO,-2.41486E-3,-4.38971E-7,

1 O.2365185EO,-2.228472E-4,-5.601952E·8,

1 76.2637EO,0.119641EO,7.18786E-SI

C

C R114, 1,2-DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(9) I'R114'/

DATA (CRIT(I,9),I=1,5) 1170.92,233.15,418.8,3248.,0.3071

DATA HZERO(9),SZEROC9) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEfF(I,9),I=1,9) IS929.736EO,-2.860181E-3,-4.815203E-7,

1 0.2218744EO,-2.883043E-4,1.81892E-8,

1 37.2482EO,.337339EO,-Z.39995E-41

C

C R142B, 1-CHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE

C

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

C 

DATA HREF(2) I'R12'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,2),I=1,5) /120.91EO,233.15EO,384.95EO,4180.EO,.217E0/ 

DATA HZERO(2),SZERO(2) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,2),1=1,9) /3819.876EO,-3.319879E-3,2.419441E-7, 

1 • 1653502EO,-2.657584E-4,9.138782E-8, 

1 18.4874EO,.2417816EO,-2.045946E-41 

C R13, CHLOROTRIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(3) I'R13'I 

DATA (CRIT(I ,3),1=1,5) 1104.46,233.15,302.0,3921.,0.1811 

DATA HZERO(3),SZERO(3) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,3),1=1,9) 12518.99EO,-4.206832E-3,1.854713E-7, 

1 .1414323EO,-2.982745E-4,1.339647E-7, 

1 13.86910EO,.2323698EO,-1.830952E-41 

C R13B1, BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(4)/'R13B1'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,4),1=1,5) 1148.91,233.15,340.2,4017.,0.2001 

DATA HZERO(4),SZERO(4) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,4),1=1,9) 14095.393EO,-5.743494E-3,3_740058E-6, 

1 0.1813461EO,-4.813153E-4,4.548773E-7, 

1 20.68068EO,0.2112316EO,-1.61476E-41 

C R14, TETRAFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(5) I'R14'I 

DATA (CRIT(I,5),1=1,5) 188.00,200.00,227.5,3795.,0.1411 

DATA HZERO(5),SZERO(5) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,5),1=1,9) 11272.405EO,-3.429461E-3,-6.475736E-6, 

1 0.09966432EO,-1.57113E-4,-2.950201E-7, 

1 14.42957EO,.1845298EO,-9.518905E-SI 

C R22, CHLOROOIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(6) I'R22'I 

DATA (CRIT(I ,6),1=1,5) 186.47,233.15 ,369.3,5054. ~O. 1691 

DATA HZERO(6),SZERO(6) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,6),1=1,9) 12730.846EO,-2.979927E-3,-7.651239E-7, 

1 • 1203449EO, -1.627592E-4,-1 . 132347E-8, 

1 21.98390EO,.1277439EO,-4.788723E-51 

C R23, TRIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(7) I'R23'I 

DATA (CRIT(I,7),1=1,5) 170.01,233.15,299.',4900.,0.1331 

DATA HZERO(7),SZERO(7) 10_0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,7),1=1,9) 11778.200EO,-3.676280E-3,-8.794795E-7, 

1 0.09321863EO,-1.513167E-4,1.773370E-9, 

1 23.60294EO,.08228732EO,3.182653E-51 

C R113, 1,1,2-TRICHLOROTRIFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(S) I'R113'I 

DATA (CRIT(I,8),I=1,5) 1187.38,233.15,487.5,3456.,0.3291 

DATA HZERO(I);SZERO(8) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,S),1=1,9) 17608.63EO,-2.41486E-3,-4.38971E-7, 

1 O.2365185EO,-2.228472E-4,-5.601952E-8, 

1 76.2637EO,0.119641EO,7.18786E-51 

C R114, 1,2-DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(9) I'R114'I 

DATA (CRIT(I,9),I=l,5) 1170.92,233.15,418.8,3248.,0.3071 

DATA HZERO(9),SZERO(9) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEff( 1 ,9),1=1,.9) 15929. 736EO, -2 .860181E-3, -4.815203E-7, 

1 0.2218744EO,-2.883043E-4,1.81892E-8, 

1 37.2482EO,.337339EO,-2.39995E-41 

C R142B, 1-CHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE 

C 
DATA HREF(10) I'R142B'I

DATA (CRIT(I,10),1=1,5) 1100.49,233.15,410.3,4120.,0.2311

DATA HZERO(10).SZERO(10) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,10),1=1,9) 14512.576EO,-3.229507E-3,2.608976E-7,

1 0.1730507E0,-2.648172E-4, 1.032608E-7,

1 16.39145EO,.2717191EO,-1.589334E-41

C

C R152A, 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(11) I'R152A'I

DATA (CRIT(I,11),1=1,5) 166.05,233.15,386.7,4492.,0.1811

DATA HZERO(11),SZERO(11) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,11),1=1,9) 13106.312EO,-2.776653E-3,-6.258540E-7,

1 .1283451EO,-.1726218E-3,2.790653E-8,

1 22.28316EO,.1539874EO,-3.015434E-61

C

C R115, PENTAFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHANE, C2CLF5

C

DATA HREF(12) I'R115'I

DATA (CRIT(I,12),1=1,5) 1154.465,233.15,353.05,3153.,0.2521

DATA HZERO(12),SZERO(12) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,12),1=1,9) 16177.259EO,-5.540229E-3,2.635930E-6,

1 .2474781EO,-6.346145E-4,5.512517E-7,

1 20.0246EO,.3765849EO,-2.703487E-41

C

C R123, 1,1-DICHLORO-2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(13) I'R123'I

DATA (CRIT(I,13),1=1,5) 1152.930,233.15,456.94,3674.,0.2781

DATA HZERO(13),SZERO(13) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,13),1=1,9) 15885.629EO~-2.2446861E-3,-1.0342735E-6,

1 .1957662EO,-1.6784282E-4,-9.9567402E-8,

1 29.2604EO,.302994EO,-1.92907E-41

C

C R143A, 1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(14) I'R143A'I

DATA (CRIT(I,14),1=1,5) 184.04,233.15,346.3,3758.~0.1941

DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,14),1=1,9) 13092.03,-3.42907E-3,1.49460E-7,

1 0.137902,-1.96301E-4,1.78383E-8,

1 14.0656,0.254765,-1.29865E-41

C

C R124: 1-CHLORO-1,2,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (R124)

C

DATA HREF(15) I'R124'I

DATA (CRIT(I,15),I=1,5) 1136.475,233.15,395.65,3660.,0.2441

DATA HZERO(15),SZERO(15) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,15),1=1,9) 14718.186EO,-2.847854E-3,-1.0857E-6,

1 .1818017EO,-2.256066E-4,-3.890926E-8,

1 30.97765EO,.2542056EO,-9.364136E-51

C

C R125: PENTAFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(16) I'R125'I

DATA (CRIT(I,16),I=1,5) 1120.03,233.15,339.45,3630.6,0.2101

DATA HZERO(16),SZERO(16) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,16),I=1,9) 12971.488EO,-2.111917E-3,-3.734385E-6,

1 .1443116EO,-1.410596E-4,·1.969504E-7,

1 22.65024EO,.2956679EO,-1.694896E-41

C

C R134: 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE

C

DATA HREF(17) I'R134'I

DATA (CRIT(I,17),1=1,5) 1102.034,233.15,392.1,4562.,0.1891

DATA HZERO(17),SZERO(17) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,17),1=1,9) 13689.1EO,-2.83434E-3,-1.22280E-6,

1 .144618EO,-1.84369E-4,-.253676E-7,

1 32.5208EO,.222819EO,·1.06829E-41

C

C R134A 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE

C

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

C 

DATA HREF(10) /'R142B'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,10),1=1,5) /100.49,233.15,410.3,4120.,0.2311 

DATA HZERO(10).SZERO(10) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I , 10),1=1,9) 14512.576EO,·3.229507E-3, 2.608976E·7, 

1 0.1730507EO,-2.648172E-4, 1.032608E-7, 

1 16.39145EO,.2717191EO,-1.589334E-41 

C R152A, 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(11) /'R152A'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,11),1=1,5) 166.05,233 .1 5,386.7,4492.,0.1811 

DATA HZERO(11) , SZERO( 11) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,11),1=1,9) 13106.312EO,·2.776653E-3,-6.258540E-7, 

1 . 1283451EO,-.1726218E-3,2.790653E-8, 

1 22.28316EO, .1539874EO,-3.015434E-61 

C R115, PENTAFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHANE, C2CLF5 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(12) /'R115'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,12),1=1,5) /154.465,233.15,353.05,3153.,0.2521 

DATA HZERO(12),SZERO(12) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,12),1=1,9) /6177.259EO,-5.540229E-3,2.635930E-6, 

1 .2474781EO,-6.346145E-4,5.512517E-7, 

1 20.0246EO,.3765849EO,-2.703487E-41 

C R123, 1,1-DICHLORO-2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(13) /'R123'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,13),1=1,5) 1152.930,233.15,456.94,3674. ,0.2781 

DATA HZERO(13),SZERO(13) 10.0,0.0/ 

DATA (COEFF(I, 13),1=1,9) 15885.629EO,-2.2446861E-3,-1.0342735E-6, 

1 .1957662EO,-1.6784282E-4, -9.9567402E-8, 

1 29.2604EO,.302994EO,-1.92907E-41 

C R143A, 1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(14) /'R143A'1 

DATA (CRIT(I, 14),I=1,5) 184.04,233.15,346.3,3758.~0.1941 

DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) /0.0,0.0/ 

DATA (COEFF(I,14),I=1,9) 13092.03,-3.42907E-3,1.49460E-7, 

1 0.137902,-1.96301E-4,1.78383E -8, 

1 14.0656,0.254765,-1.29865E-41 

C R124: 1-CHLORO-1,2,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (R124) 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(15) /'R124'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,15),I=1,5) /136.475,233.15,395.65,3660.,0.2441 

DATA HZERO(15),SZERO(15) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,15),1=1,9) 14718.186EO,-2.847854E-3,-1.0857E-6, 

1 .1818017EO,-2.256066E-4,-3.890926E-8, 

1 30.97765EO,.2542056EO,-9.364136E-51 

C R125: PENTAFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(16) /'R125'/ 

DATA (CRIT(I,16),1=1,5) 1120.03,233.15,339.45,3630.6,0.2101 

DATA HZERO(16),SZERO(16) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,16),1=1,9) 12971.488EO,·2.111917E-3, -3.734385E-6, 

1 .1443116EO,-1.410596E-4, -1.969504E-7, 

1 22 .65024EO,.2956679EO,-1.694896E-41 

C R134: 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(17) I'R134 ' 1 

DATA (CRIT(I,17),1=1,5) 1102.034,233.15 ,392.1,4562.,0.1891 

DATA HZERO(17),SZERO(17) /0_0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,17),1=1,9) 13689.1EO,-2.83434E-3,-1.22280E-6, 1 .144618EO,-1_84369E-4,-.253676E-7, 

1 32.5208EO,.222819EO,-1.06829E-41 

C R134A 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE 

C 
DATA HREF(18) /'R134A'/

DATA (CRIT(I,18),1=1,5) 1102.030,233.15,374.3,4067.,0.1991

DATA HZERO(18),SZERO(18) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,18),1=1,9) 13611.8EO,-2.89497E-3,-1.28106E-6,

1 .144618EO,-1.84368E-4,-.253676E-7,

1 19.6704EO,.258433EO,-1.178714E-41

C

C R32: DIFLUOROMETHANE

C

DATA HREF(19) /'R32'1

DATA (CRIT(I,19),1=1,5) 152.024,233.15,351.55,5814.23,.12111

DATA HZERO(19),SZERO(19) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,19),1=1,9) 11463.431,-'.212964E-3,-3.811882E-6,

1 0.07560431,-5.783178E-5,-8.592812E-8, . 1 26.53804,0.05489753,1.574905E-51

C

C R141B

C

DATA HREF(20) I'R141B'I

DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 1116.95,233.15,477.85,4400.,0.252051

DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 10.0,0.01

DATA (COEFF(I,20),1=1,9) 14778.65,-1.54402E-3,-1.53332E-6,

1 0.169895,-1.003E-4,-0.144243E-6,

1 21.0244,0.277793,·1.73962E-41

C

C R216A, 1,3-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROPROPANE

C

C DATA HREF(12) I'R216A'I

C DATA (CRIT(I,12),1=1,5) 1220.93,233.15,453.14,2754.1,0.3847/

C DATA HZERO(12),SZERO(12) 10.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFF(I,12),1=1,9) 18431.44,-2.45916E-3,-9.91754E-7,

C 1 0.265720,-2.20418E-4,-1.68111E-7,

C 1 8.79769,0.654246,-5.39923E-41

C

C R216B, 1,2-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROPROPANE

C

C DATA HREF(13) I'R216B'1

C DATA (CRIT(I,13),1=1,5) 1220.93,233.15,453.14,2754.1,0.38471

C DATA HZERO(13),SZERO(13) 10.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFF(I,13),1=1,9) 18390.00,-2.45916E-3,-9.91754E-7,

C 1 O.265720,-2.20418E-4,-1.68111E-7,

C 1 8.79769,O.654246,·5.39923E- 41

C

C ISOPENTANE

C

C DATA HREF(14) I'I-PENT'I

C DATA (CRIT(I,14),1=1,5) 172.151,233.15,460.4,3384.255,0.305/

C DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) 10.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFF(I,14),1=1,9) 14763.80,-6.8115E-4,-2.9477E-6,

C 1 0.2131,-1.6519E-4,-1.3550E-7,

C 1 0.0,0.0,0.01

C

C ISOBUTANE

C

C DATA HREF(15) /'l-BUT'I

C DATA (CRIT(I,15),1=1,5) 158.124,233.15,408.1,3647.7,0.2631

C DATA HZERO(15),SZERO(15) 10.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFF(I,15),1=1,9) 13009.71,-1.4706E-4,-4.3998E-6,

C 1 0.1803,-1.8141E-4,-9.9068E-8,

C 1 27.6833,0.199384,1.06305E-41

C

C METHANE

C COEFFICIENTS ARE BASED ON SATURATION DATA FROM IUPAC TABLES

C

C DATA HREF(20) I'CH4'1

C DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 116.043,111.631,190.555,4595.0,0.098921

C DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) /0.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFF(I,20),1=1,9) 1623.650,-4.42548E-3,-2.66667E-6,

C 1 0.0725603,-2.15762E-4,7.38690E-8,

C 1 35.8200,-0.0340480,1.12485E-4/

C

C CHARACTERISTIC REFRIGERANT

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

C 

DATA HREF(18) /IR134A'/ 

DATA (CRIT(I,18),I=1,5) 1102.030,233.15,374.3,4067.,0.1991 

DATA HZERO(18),SZERO(18) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,18),I=1,9) 13611.8EO,-2.89497E-3,-1.28106E-6, 

1 .144618EO,-1_84368E-4,-.253676E-7, 

1 19.6704EO,.258433EO,-1.178714E-41 

C R32: DIFLUOROMETHANE 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(19) I'R32 11 

DATA (CRIT(I,19),1=1,5) 152.024,233.15,351.55,5814.23,.12111 

DATA HZERO(19),SZERO(19) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,19),I=1,9) 11463.431,-1.212964E-3,-3.811882E-6, 

1 0.07560431,-5.783178E-5,-8.592812E-8, . 1 26.53804,0.05489753,1.574905E-51 

C R141B 

C 

C 

DATA HREF(20) I'R141B'1 

DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 1116.95,233.15,477.85,4400.,0.252051 

DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 10.0,0.01 

DATA (COEFF(I,20),1=1,9) 14778.65,-1.54402E-3,-1.53332E-6, 

1 0.169895,-1.003E-4,-0.144243E-6, 

1 21.0244,0.277793,-1.73962E-41 

C R216A, 1,3-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROPROPANE 

C 

C DATA HREF(12) I'R216A'1 

C DATA (CRIT(I,12),1=1,5) 1220.93,233.15,453.14,2754.1,0.38471 

C DATA HZERO(12),SZERO(12) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFF(I,12),1=1,9) 18431.44,-2.45916E-3,-9_91754E-7, 

C 1 0.265720,-2.20418E-4,-1.68111E-7, 

C 1 8.79769,0.654246,-5.39923E-41 

C 

C R216B, 1,2-0ICHLOROHEXAFLUOROPROPANE 

C 

C DATA HREF(13) I'R216B'1 

C DATA (CRIT(I,13),1=1,5) 1220.93,233.15,453.14,2754.1,0.38471 

C DATA HZERO(13),SZERO(13) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFF(I,13),1=1,9) 18390.00,-2.45916E-3,-9.91754E-7, 

C 1 0.265720,-2.20418E-4,-1.68111E-7, 

C 1 8.79769,0.654246,-5.39923E- 41 

C 

C ISOPENTANE 

C 

C DATA HREF(14) I'I-PENT'I 

C DATA (CRIT(I,14),1=1,5) 172.151,233.15,460.4,3384_255,0.305/ 

C DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFF(I,14),1=1,9) 14763.80,-6.8115E-4,-2.9477E-6, 

C 1 0.2131,-1.6519E-4,-1.3550E-7, 

C 1 0.0,0.0,0.01 

C 

C ISOBUTANE 

C 

C DATA HREF(1S) I'I-BUT'I 

C DATA (CRIT(I,15),I=1,5) 158.124,233.15,408.1,3647.7,0.2631 

C DATA HZERO(1S),SZERO(15) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFF(I,15),I=1,9) 13009.71,-1.4706E-4,-4.3998E-6, 

C 1 0.1803,-1.8141E-4,-9.9068E-8, 

C 1 27.6833,0.199384,1.06305E-41 

C 

C METHANE 

C COEFFICIENTS ARE BASED ON SATURATION DATA FROM IUPAC TABLES 

C 

C DATA HREF(20) I'CH4 1 1 

C DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 116.043,111.631,190.555,4595.0,0.098921 

C DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFF(I,20),1=1,9) 1623.650,-4.42548E-3,-2.66667E-6, 

C 1 0.0725603,-2.15762E-4,7.38690E-8, 

C 1 35.8200,-0.0340480,1.12485E-41 

C 

C CHARACTERISTIC REFRIGERANT 
C

C DATA HREF(20) I'R-CHAR'I

C DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 1100.0,50.,100.0,1000.0,0.01

C DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 10.0,0.01

C DATA (COEFf(I,20),1=1,9) 11064.,-0.01204,0.0,

C 1 0.1680,-S.066E-4,0.0,

C 1 44.40,0.5560,0.01

C

END

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

C 

C DATA HREF(20) I'R-CHAR'I 

C DATA (CRIT(I,20),1=1,5) 1100.0,50.,100.0,1000.0,0.01 

C DATA HZERO(20),SZERO(20) 10.0,0.01 

C DATA (COEFf(1,20),1=1,9) 11064.,-0.01204,0.0, 

C 1 0.1680,-S.066E-4,0.0, 

C 1 44.40,0.5560,0.01 

C 

END 
APPENDIX #2

This appendix conteins a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for binary mixtures.

The refrigerants are specified by code numbers according to the following table.

R22

R142b

R152a

R143a

R124

R125

R134

R134a

R32

6

10

11

14

15

16

17

18

19

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

APPENDIX #2 

This appendix contains a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for binary mixtures. 

The refrigerants are specified by code numbers according to the following table. 

R22 

R142b 

R152a 

R143a 

R124 

R125 

R134 

R134a 

R32 

6 

10 

11 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 
IR1 IR FO XM COP VCR PR PSUC PDIS CLOAD WORK Tsup Tair

BTU/ft3 psia psia BTU/hr lJatt

FC

6 6

0

1 3.37 100.1 3.28 89.1 292 11996 1043 189 78.8

11 110

1 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8

15 15 0 1 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8

19 19 'a

1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1089 227 78.8

17 17 0 1 3.44 52.0 3.84 41.7 160 11996 1023 148 78.8

18 18

0

1 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8

14 14 0 1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8

16 16

0

1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

19 15 -0.01

0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.1 3.73 57.1 3.64 44.0 160 11996 944 157 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.2 3.81 74.9 3.45 58.3 201 11996 922 170 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.3 3.82· 90.5 3.33 71.8 240 11996 921 180 78.8

19 15 ·0.01 0.4 3.79 104.6 3.25 84.6 275 11996 928 188 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.5 3.74 117.6 3.2 96.8 310 11996 940 194 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.6 3.66 129.5 3.18 108.3 345 11996 960 200 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.7 3.56 140.4 3.2 119.1 381 11996 986 206 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.8 3.45 150.2 3.23 129.1 417 11996 1018 213 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.9 3.34 159.1 3.28 138.0 453 11996 1053 220 78.8

19 15 -0.01

1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1089 227 78.8

19 17 -0.01

0 3.44 52.0 3.84 41.7 160 11996 1023 148 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.1 3.64 66.7 3.65 52.3 191 11996 966 159 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.2 3.74 80.9 3.5 63.3 222 11996 941 169 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.3 3.77 94.2 3.4 74.3 252 11996 933 177 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.4 3.76 106.6 3.33 85.1 283 11996 936 185 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.5 3.72 118.2 3.28 95.7 314 11996 946 192 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.6 3.65 129.2 3.26 106.2 346 11996 962 199 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.7 3.57 139.6 3.26 116.4 379 11996 985 206 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.8 3.47 149.3 3.27 126.5 413 11996 1013 213 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.9 3.35 158.5 3.3 136.3 450 11996 1048 220 78.8

19 17 -0.01

1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8

19 18 -0.01

0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.1 3.48 76.9 3.57 64.3 230 11996 1012 161 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.2 3.55 90.1 3.46 75.1 260 11996 990 169 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.3 3.58 102.4 3.38 85.5 289 11996 983 177 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.4 3.57 113.7 3.33 95.6 318 11996 985 184 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.5 3.54 124.2 3.3 105.1 347 11996 993 191 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.6 3.49 134.0 3.29 114.2 375 11996 1006 198 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.7 3.44 143.1 3.29 122.8 404 11996 1023 205 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.8 3.37 151.5 3.3 131.0 432 11996 1043 213 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.9 3.30 159.5 3.32 138.7 460 11996 1066 220 78.8

19 18 ·0.01

1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8

19 11 -0.01

0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.1 3.67 71.6 3.55 55.3 196 11996 957 178 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.2 3.74 81.6 3.46 63.0 218 11996 940 184 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.3 3.77 91.8 3.38 71.2 241 11996 932 189 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.4 3.78 102.1 3.33 80.0 266 11996 931 194 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.5 3.75 112.6 3.29 89.2 293 11996 937 200 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.6 3.71 123.3 3.26 99.0 323 11996 949 205 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.7 3.63 134.2 3.25 109.5 356 11996 968 210 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.8 3.53 145.2 3.26 120.8 393 11996 996 215 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.9 3.40 156.1 3.29 132.8 437 11996 1035 221 78.8

19 11 -0.01

1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8

14 18 -0.01

0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 66.2 3.64 57.5 209 11996 1056 152 78.8

. 14 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.6 3.56 61.8 220 11996 1059 152 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 73.0 3.48 66.3 231 11996 1064 153 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.4 3.28 76.3 3.41 71.1 243 11996 1072 153 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.5 3.25 79.6 3.35 76.3 255 11996 1083 153 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.6 3.20 82.7 3.29 81.7 269 11996 1097 153 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.7 3.15 85.6 3.24 87.5 283 11996 1117 153 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.8 3.08 88.3 3.19 93.7 299 11996 1143 152 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.9 2.99 90.5 3.15 100.3 316 11996 1176 152 78.8

14 18 -0.01

1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8

14 11 -0.01

0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

IR1 IR FO XM COP VCR PR PSUC PDIS CLOAD WORK Tsup Tair 

BTU/ft3 . psia psia BTU/hr Watt F C 

6 6 0 1 3.37 100.1 3.28 89.1 292 11996 1043 189 78.8 

11 11 0 1 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8 

15 15 0 1 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8 

19 19 '0 1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1089 227 78.8 

17 17 0 1 3.44 52.0 3.84 41.7 160 11996 1023 148 78.8 

18 18 0 1 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11'996 1056 152 78.8 

14 14 0 1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8 

16 16 0 1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.1 3.73 57.1 3.64 44.0 160 11996 944 157 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.2 3.81 74.9 3.45 58.3 201 11996 922 170 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.3 3.82 . 90.5 3.33 71.8 240 11996 921 180 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.4 3.79 104.6 3.25 84.6 275 11996 928 188 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.5 3.74 117.6 3.2 96.8 310 11996 940 194 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.6 3.66 129.5 3.18 108.3 345 11996 960 200 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.7 3.56 140.4 3.2 119.1 381 11996 986 206 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.8 3.45 150.2 3.23 129.1 417 11996 1018 213 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.9 3.34 159.1 3.28 138.0 453 11996 1053 220 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1089 227 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0 3.44 52.0 3.84 41.7 160 11996 1023 148 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.1 3.64 66.7 3.65 52.3 191 11996 966 159 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.2 3.74 80.9 3.5 63.3 222 11996 941 169 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.3 3.77 94.2 3.4 74.3 252 11996 933 177 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.4 3.76 106.6 3.33 85.1 283 11996 936 185 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.5 3.72 118.2 3.28 95.7 314 11996 946 192 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.6 3.65 129.2 3.26 106.2 346 11996 962 199 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.7 3.57 139.6 3.26 116.4 379 11996 985 206 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.8 3.47 149.3 3.27 126.5 413 11996 1013 213 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.9 3.35 158.5 3.3 136.3 450 11996 1048 220 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.1 3.48 76.9 3.57 64.3 230 11996 1012 161 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.2 3.55 90.1 3.46 75.1 260 11996 990 169 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.3 3.58 102.4 3.38 85.5 289 11996 983 177 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.4 3.57 113.7 3.33 95.6 318 11996 985 184 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.5 3.54 124.2 3.3 105.1 347 11996 993 191 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.6 3.49 134.0 3.29 114.2 375 11996 1006 198 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.7 3.44 143.1 3.29 122.8 404 11996 1023 205 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.8 3.37 151.5 3.3 131.0 432 11996 1043 213 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.9 3.30 159.5 3.32 138.7 460 11996 1066 220 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.1 3.67 71.6 3.55 55.3 196 11996 957 178 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.2 3.74 81.6 3.46 63.0 218 11996 940 184 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.3 3.77 91.8 3.38 71.2 241 11996 932 189 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.4 3.78 102.1 3.33 80.0 266 11996 931 194 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.5 3.75 112.6 3.29 89.2 293 11996 937 200 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.6 3.71 123.3 3.26 99.0 323 11996 949 205 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.7 3.63 134.2 3.25 109.5 356 11996 968 210 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.8 3.53 145.2 3.26 120.8 393 11996 996 215 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.9 3.40 156.1 3.29 132.8 437 11996 1035 221 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 1 3.23 166.9 3.35 145.8 488 11996 1090 227 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 66.2 3.64 57.5 209 11996 1056 152 78.8 . 14 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.6 3.56 61.8 220 11996 1059 152 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 73.0 3.48 66.3 231 11996 1064 153 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.4 3.28 76.3 3.41 71.1 243 11996 1072 153 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.5 3.25 79.6 3.35 76.3 255 11996 1083 153 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.6 3.20 82.7 3.29 81.7 269 11996 1097 153 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.7 3.15 85.6 3.24 87.5 283 11996 1117 153 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.8 3.08 88.3 3.19 93.7 299 11996 1143 152 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.9 2.99 90.5 3.15 100.3 316 11996 1176 152 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8 
14 11 -0.01 0.1 3.57 64.7 3.6 51.3 184 11996 985 171 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.2 3.57 67.7 3.53 54.7 193 11996 986 169 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.3 3.56 70.8 3.46 58.5 203 11996 989 167 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.4 3.53 74.2 3.4 62.9 214 11996 995 165 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.5 3.50 77.6 3.34 67.8 226 11996 1006 163 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.6 3.44 81.1 3.28 73.4 241 11996 1022 161 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.7 3.36 84.6 3.23 79.8 258 11996 1045 159 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.8 3.25 88.0 3.18 87.4 278 11996 1080 156 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.9 3.10 90.7 3.14 96.4 303 11996 1133 154 78.8

14 11 -0.01

1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8

14 15 -0.01

0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.1 3.30 44.2 3.74 36.0 135 11996 1065 147 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.2 3.53 51.4 3.58 42.4 152 11996 997 147 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.3 3.57 58.2 3.47 49.2 171 11996 985 149 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.4 3.55 64.7 3.37 56.3 190 11996 990 151 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.5 3.51 70.8 3.29 63.7 210 11996 1001 152 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.6 3.45 76.6 3.22 71.5 231 11996 1020 152 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.7 3.36 81.8 3.17 79.7 253 11996 1048 153 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.8 3.23 86.3 3.14 88.4 277 11996 1087 152 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.9 3.08 89.9 3.11 97.6 304 11996 1142 152 78.8

14 15 -0.01

1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8

16 18 -0.01

0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 1"1996 1056 152 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 65.8 3.67 57.0 209 11996 1057 151 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.0 3.61 60.9 220 11996 1060 150 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 72.4 3.56 65.2 232 11996 1067 150 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.4 3.26 75.8 3.51 70.1 246 11996 1078 149 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.5 3.21 79.3 3.46 75.6 262 11996 1095 148 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.6 3.14 82.8 3.42 81.8 280 11996 1119 148 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.7 3.04 85.9 3.38 89.0 301 11996 1155 147 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.8 2.91 88.5 3.34 97.4 326 11996 1209 147 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.9 2.72 89.8 3.32 107.3 356 11996 1294 146 78.8

16 18 -0.01

1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

16 11 -0.01

0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.1 3.57 64.5 3.61 50.9 184 11996 984 170 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.2 3.58 67.3 3.56 53.9 192 11996 983 167 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.3 3.57 70.4 3.51 57.5 202 11996 984 165 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.4 3.55 73.9 3.46 61.7 213 11996 990 162 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.5 3.51 77.6 3.41 66.6 227 11996 1000 159 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.6 3.45 81.5 3.37 72.6 245 11996 1019 156 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.7 3.35 85.6 3.33 79.9 266 11996 1050 153 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.8 3.19 89.5 3.3 89.3 295 11996 1103 151 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.9 2.92 91.8 3.29 101.7 335 11996 1204 148 78.8

16 11 -0.01

1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

16 15 -0.01

0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.1 3.17 42.8 3.82 34.7 132 11996 1109 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.2 3.28 48.9 3.71 39.9 148 11996 1073 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.3 3.37 55.3 3.62 45.8 166 11996 1043 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.4 3.45 61.8 3.53 52.5 185 11996 1018 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.5 3.49 68.4 3.46 59.9 207 11996 1006 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.6 3.42 74.9 3.39 68.4 232 11996 1029 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.7 3.30 81.1 3.34 78.1 261 11996 1065 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.8 3.12 86.5 3.3 89.4 295 11996 1126 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.9 2.85 89.8 3.29 102.9 338 11996 1233 146 78.8

16 15 -0.01

1 2.44 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

19 15 -0.01

0 3.97 40.4 3.17 30.1 96 11996 885 130 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.1 4.85 62.9 2.91 45.0 131 11996 724 140 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.2 4.95 81.9 2.79 59.5 166 11996 710 151 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.3 4.95 98.3 2.71 72.9 198 11996 710 159 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.4 4.92 113.0 2.66 85.6 227 11996 714 165 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.5 4.87 126.6 2.62 97.6 256 11996 722 170 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.6 4.78 139.2 2.61 109.0 284 11996 735 174 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.7 4.66 150.8 2.62 119.6 313 11996 754 179 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.8 4.52 161.4 2.65 129.4 343 11996 778 184 78.8

19 15 -0.01 0.9 4.36 171.0 2.7 138.2 373 11996 807 190 78.8

19 15 -0.01

1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8

19 17 -0.01

0 4.42 56.4 3.11 41.7 130 11996 795 131 78.8

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

14 11 -0.01 0.1 3.57 64.7 3.6 51.3 184 11996 985 171 78

.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.2 3.57 67.7 3.53 54.7 193 11996 986 169 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.3 3.56 70.8 3.46 58.5 203 11996 989 167 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.4 3.53 74.2 3.4 62.9 214 11996 995 165 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.5 3.50 77.6 3.34 67.8 226 11996 1006 163 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 

0.6 3.44 81.1 3.28 73.4 241 11996 1022 161 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.7 3.36 84.6 3.23 79.8 258 11996 1045 159 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 

0.8 3.25 88.0 3.18 87.4 278 11996 1080 156 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.9 . 3.10 90.7 3.14 96.4 303 11996 1133 154 78.8 

14 11 -0

.01 1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78

.8 

14 15 -0.01 

0.1 3.30 44.2 3.74 36.0 135 11996 1065 147 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.2 3.53 51.4 3.58 42.4 152 11996 997 147 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.3 3.57 58.2 3.47 49.2 171 11996 985 149 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 

0.4 3.55 64.7 3.37 56.3 190 11996 990 151 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 

0.5 3.51 70.8 3.29 63.7 210 11996 1001 152 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.6 3.45 76.6 3.22 71.5 231 11996 1020 152 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.7 3.36 81.8 3.17 79.7 253 11996 1048 153 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 

0.8 3.23 86.3 3.14 88.4 277 11996 1087 152 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.9 3.08 89.9 3.11 97.6 304 11996 1142 152 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 1 2.89 92.3 3.11 107.4 334 11996 1218 151 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 ,.,996 1056 152 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 65.8 3.67 57.0 209 11996 1057 151 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.0 3.61 60.9 220 11996 1060 150 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 72.4 3.56 65.2 232 11996 1067 150 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.4 3.26 75.8 3.51 70.1 246 11996 1078 149 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.5 3.21 79.3 3.46 75

.6 262 11996 1095 148 78.8 

16 18 

-0.01 0.6 

3.14 82.8 3.42 81.8 280 11996 1119 148 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.7 3.04 85.9 3.38 89.0 301 11996 1155 147 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.8 2.91 88.5 3.34 97.4 326 11996 1209 147 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 

0.9 2.72 89.8 3.32 107.3 356 11996 1294 146 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48

.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 

0.1 

3.57 64.5 3.61 50.9 184 11996 984 170 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.2 3.58 67.3 3.56 53.9 192 11996 983 167 78

.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.3 3.57 70.4 3.51 57.5 202 11996 984 165 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.4 3.55 73.9 3.46 61.7 213 11996 990 162 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.5 3.51 77.6 3.41 66.6 227 11996 1000 159 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.6 3.45 81.5 3.37 72.6 245 11996 1019 156 78

.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.7 3.35 85.6 3.33 79

.9 266 11996 1050 153 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.8 3.19 89.5 3.3 89.3 295 11996 1103 151 78

.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.9 2.92 91.8 3.29 101.7 335 11996 1204 148 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

16 

15 -0.01 0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30. 1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 

0. 1 3.17 42.8 3.82 34.7 132 11996 1109 148 78

.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.2 3.28 48.9 3.71 39.9 148 11996 1073 148 78.8 16 15 -0.01 0.3 3.37 55.3 3.62 45.8 166 11996 1043 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 

0.4 3.45 61.8 3.53 52.5 185 11996 1018 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.5 3.49 68.4 3.46 59.9 207 11996 1006 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.6 3.42 74

.9 3.39 68.4 232 11996 1029 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.7 3.30 81.1 3.34 78.1 261 11996 1065 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.8 3.12 86.5 3.3 89.4 295 11996 1126 147 78.8 

16 15 

-0.01 0.9 2.85 89.8 3.29 

102.9 338 

11996 1233 146 78.8 

16 15 '0.01 1 2.44 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0 3.97 40.4 3.17 30.1 96 11996 885 130 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.1 4.85 62.9 2.91 45.0 131 11996 724 140 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.2 4.95 81.9 2.79 59.5 166 11996 710 151 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.3 4.95 98.3 2.71 72.9 198 11996 710 159 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.4 4.92 113.0 2.66 85

.6 227 11996 714 165 78.8 

19 15 '0.01 0.5 4.87 126.6 2.62 97.6 256 11996 722 170 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.6 4.78 139.2 2.61 109.0 284 11996 735 174 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.7 4.66 150.8 2.62 119.6 313 11996 754 179 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 0.8 4.52 161.4 2.65 129.4 343 11996 778 184 78.8 

19 

15 -0.01 0.9 4.36 171.0 2.7 138.2 373 11996 807 190 78.8 

19 15 -0.01 1 4.20 179.3 

2. 76 145

.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0 4.42 56.4 3.11 41.7 130 11996 795 131 78.8 
19 17 -0.01 0.1 4.72 72.7 2.94 52.8 155 11996, 746 140 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.2 4.85 88.0 2.83 64.1 181 11996 724 148 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.3 4.90 102.0 2.76 75.2 207 11996 718 155 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.4 4.89 115.1 2.71 86.0 233 11996 720 162 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.5 4.84 127.3 2.68 96.5 258 11996 727 167 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.6 4.76 138.9 2.66 106.8 285 11996 738 173 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.7 4.66 149.9 2.66 117.0 312 11996 755 178 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.8 4.53 160.3 2.68 126.9 340 11996

m 184 78.8

19 17 -0.01 0.9 4.37 170.2 2.71 136.5 370 11996 804 190 78.8

19 17 -0.01

1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8

19 18 -0.01

a 4.32 68.7 3.03 53.5 162 11996 813 134 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.1 4.53 84.2 2.9 64.7 187 11996 775 142 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.2 4.64 98.5 2.81 75.8 213 11996 757 149 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.3 4.68 111.5 2.75 86.3 237 11996 752 155 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.4 4.67 123.5 2.71 96.3 261 11996 753 161 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.5 4.63 134.5 2.69 105.8 285 11996 760 167 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.6 4.57 144.7 2.69 114.8 309 11996 770 173 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.7 4.49 154.3 2.69 123.3 332 11996 783 178 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.8 4.40 163.2 2.71 131.3 355 11996 799 184 78.8

19 18 -0.01 0.9 4.30 171.5 2.73 138.8 379 11996 817 190 78.8

19 18 -0.01

1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8

19 11 -0.01

0 4.54 66.0 2.99 48.2 144 11996 775 152 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.1 4.70 76.6 2.89 55.6 161 11996 747 156 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.2 4.81 87.4 2.81 63.5 179 11996 731 161 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.3 4.87 98.4 2.75 71.9 198 11996 722 165 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.4 4.88 109.4 2.71 80.7 219 11996 720 170 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.5 4.86 120.5 2.c:-a 89.9 241 11996 724 174 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.6 4.80 131.9 2.67 99.7 266 11996 732 178 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.7 4.72 143.5 2.66 110.1 293 11996 745 182 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.8 4.59 155.4 2.67 121.2 324 11996 765 187 78.8

19 11 -0.01 0.9 4.42 167.4 2.7 133.1 359 11996 794 191 78.8

19 11 -0.01

1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8

14 18 -0.01

a 4.32 68.7 3.03 53.5 162 11996 813 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.1 4.34 72.7 2.96 57.6 170 11996 810 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.2 4.35 76.7 2.9 62.0 180 11996 808 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.3 4.35 80.7 2.84 66.6 189 11996 809 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.4 4.33 84.7 2.79 71.5 199 11996 811 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.5 4.30 88.7 2.74 76.7 210 11996 817 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.6 4.26 92.5 2.7 82.1 222 11996 825 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.7 4.20 96.1 2.67 87.9 234 11996 836 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.8 4.13 99.5 2.63 94.0 248 11996 852 134 78.8

14 18 -0.01 0.9 4.03 102.5 2.61 100.5 262 11996 873 133 78.8

14 18 -0.01

1 3.91 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8

14 11 -0.01

a 4.54 66.0 2.99 48.2 144 11996 775 152 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.1 4.56 69.3 2.94 51.4 151 11996 770 150 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.2 4.58 72.8 2.88 54.9 158 11996 767 148 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.3 4.59 76.6 2.83 58.8 166 11996 766 147 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.4 4.58 80.5 2.78 63.2 176 11996 767 145 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.5 4.55 84.6 2.74 68.2 187 11996 772 143 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.6 4.51 88.9 2.69 73.8 199 11996 780 142 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.7 4.43 93.4 2.66 80.3 213 11996 793 140 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.8 4.32 97.8 2.63 87.8 231 11996 815 137 78.8

14 11 -0.01 0.9 4.15 101.9 2.6 96.7 252 11996 848 135 78.8

14 11 -0.01

1 3.91 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8

14 15 -0.01

a 3.97 40.4 3.17 30.1 96 11996 885 130 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.1 4.34 48.7 3.01 36.4 109 11996 810 130 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.2 4.64 56.8 2.89 43.0 124 11996 757 130 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.3 4.70 64.5 2.8 50.0 140 11996 747 132 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.4 4.70 71.9 2.73 57.1 156 11996 748 134 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.5 4.66 78.9 2.68 64.6 173 11996 754 135 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.6 4.59 85.4 2.63 72.3 191 11996 766 135 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.7 4.49 91.5 2.6 80.5 209 11996 784 135 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.8 4.34 97.0 2.58 89.0 230 11996 810 134 78.8

14 15 -0.01 0.9 4.15 101.6 2.58 97.9 252 11996 847 134 78.8

14 15 -0.01

1 3.91. 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8

16 18 -0.01

0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

19 17 -0.01 0.1 4.72 72.7 2.94 52.8 155 11996, 746 140 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.2 4.85 88.0 2.83 64.1 181 11996 724 148 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.3 4.90 102.0 2.76 75.2 207 11996 718 155 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.4 4.89 115.1 2.71 86.0 233 11996 720 162 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.5 4.84 127.3 2.68 96.5 258 11996 727 167 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.6 4.76 138.9 2.66 106.8 285 11996 738 173 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.7 4.66 149.9 2.66 117.0 312 11996 755 178 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.8 4.53 160.3 2.68 126.9 340 11996 m 184 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 0.9 4.37 170.2 2.71 136.5 370 11996 804 190 78.8 

19 17 -0.01 1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0 4.32 68.7 3.03 53.5 162 11996 813 134 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.1 4.53 84.2 2.9 64.7 

187 11996 775 142 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.2 4.64 98.5 2.81 75.8 213 11996 757 149 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.3 4.68 111.5 2.75 86.3 237 11996 752 155 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.4 4.67 123.5 2.71 96.3 261 11996 753 161 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.5 4.63 134.5 2.69 105.8 285 11996 760 167 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.6 4.57 144.7 2.69 114.8 309 11996 770 173 78.8 

19 18 '0.01 0.7 4.49 154.3 2.69 123.3 332 11996 783 178 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0.8 4.40 163.2 2.71 131.3 355 11996 799 184 78.8 

19 18 '0.01 0.9 4.30 171.5 2.73 138.8 379 11996 817 190 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0 4.54 66.0 2.99 48.2 144 11996 775 152 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.1 4.70 76.6 2.89 55.6 161 11996 747 156 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.2 4.81 87.4 2.81 63.5 179 11996 731 161 78.8 

19 11 '0.01 0.3 4.87 98.4 2.75 71.9 198 11996 722 165 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.4 4.88 109.4 2.71 80.7 219 11996 720 170 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.5 4.86 120.5 2.C:-S 89.9 241 11996 724 174 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.6 4.80 131.9 2.67 99.7 266 11996 732 178 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.7 4.72 143.5 2.66 110.1 293 11996 745 182 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.8 4.59 155.4 2.67 121.2 324 11996 765 187 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 0.9 4.42 167.4 2.7 133.1 359 11996 794 191 78.8 

19 11 -0.01 1 4.20 179.3 2.76 145.8 402 11996 837 197 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0 4.32 68.7 3.03 53.5 162 11996 813 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.1 4.34 72.7 2.96 57.6 170 11996 810 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.2 4.35 76.7 2.9 62.0 180 11996 808 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.3 4.35 80.7 2.84 66.6 189 11996 809 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.4 4.33 84.7 2.79 71.5 199 11996 811 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.5 4.30 88.7 2.74 76.7 210 11996 817 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.6 4.26 92.5 2.7 82.1 222 11996 825 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.7 4.20 96.1 2.67 87.9 234 11996 836 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.8 4.13 99.5 2.63 94.0 248 11996 852 134 78.8 

14 18 -0.01 0.9 4.03 102.5 2.61 100.5 262 11996 873 133 78.8 

14 18 '0.01 1 3.91 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0 4.54 66.0 2.99 48.2 144 11996 775 152 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.1 4.56 69.3 2.94 51.4 151 11996 770 150 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.2 4.58 72.8 2.88 54.9 158 11996 767 148 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.3 4.59 76.6 2.83 58.8 166 11996 766 147 78.8 

14 11 '0.01 0.4 4.58 80.5 2.78 63.2 176 11996 767 145 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.5 4.55 84.6 2.74 68.2 187 11996 772 143 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.6 4.51 88.9 2.69 73.8 199 11996 780 142 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.7 4.43 93.4 2.66 80.3 213 11996 793 140 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.8 4.32 97.8 2.63 87.8 231 11996 815 137 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 0.9 4.15 101.9 2.6 96.7 252 11996 848 135 78.8 

14 11 -0.01 1 3.91 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0 3.97 40.4 3.17 30.1 96 11996 885 130 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.1 4.34 48.7 3.01 36.4 109 11996 810 130 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.2 4.64 56.8 2.89 43.0 124 11996 757 130 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.3 4.70 64.5 2.8 50.0 140 11996 747 132 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.4 4.70 71.9 2.73 57.1 156 11996 748 134 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.5 4.66 78.9 2.68 64.6 173 11996 754 135 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.6 4.59 85.4 2.63 72.3 191 11996 766 135 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.7 4.49 91.5 2.6 80.5 209 11996 784 135 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.8 4.34 97.0 2.58 89.0 230 11996 810 134 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 0.9 4.15 101.6 2.58 97.9 252 11996 847 134 78.8 

14 15 -0.01 1 3.91 . 105.1 2.59 107.4 278 11996 900 132 78.8 

16 18 '0.01 0 3.33 62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8 
16 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 65.8 3.67 57.0 209 11996 1057 151 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.0 3.61 60.9 220 11996 1060 150 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 72.4 3.56 65.2 232 11996 1067 150 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.4 3.26 75.8 3.51 70.1 246 11996 1078 149 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.5 3.21 79.3 3.46 75.6 262 11996 1095 148 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.6 3.14 82.8 3.42 81.8 280 11996 1119 148 78.8

16 18 -0.01 0.7 3.04 85.9 3.38 89.0 301 11996 1155 147 78.8

16 18 ,0.01 0.8 2.91 88.5 3.34 97.4 326 11996 1209 147 78_8

16 18 -0.01 0.9 2.n 89.8 3.32 107.3 356 11996 1294 146 78.8

16 18 -0.01

1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

16 11 -0.01

0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 1n 11996 987 173 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.1 3.57 64.5 3.61 50.9 184 11996 984 170 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.2 3.58 67.3 3.56 53.9 192 11996 983 167 78.8

16o 11 -0.01 0.3 3.57 70.4 3.51 57.5 202 11996 984 165 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.4 3.55 73.9 3.46 61.7 213 11996 990 162 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.5 3.51 n.6 3.41 66.6 227 11996 1000 159 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.6 3.45 81.5 3.37 72.6 245 11996 1019 156 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.7 3.35 85.6 3.33 79.9 266 11996 1050 153 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.8 3.19 89.5 3.3 89.3 295 11996 1103 151 78.8

16 11 -0.01 0.9 2.92 91.8 3.29 101.7 335 11996 1204 148 78.8

16 11 -0.01

1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

16 15 -0.01

0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.1 3.17 42.8 3.82 34.7 132 11996 1109 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.2 3.28 48.9 3.71 39.9 148 11996 1073 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.3 3.37 55.3 3.62 45.8 166 11996 1043 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.4 3.45 61.8 3.53 52.5 185 11996 1018 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.5 3.49 68.4 3.46 59.9 207 11996 1006 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.6 3.42 74.9 3.39 68.4 232 11996 1029 148 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.7 3.30 81.1 3.34 78.1 261 11996 1065 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.8 3.12 86.5 3.3 89.4 295 11996 1126 147 78.8

16 15 -0.01 0.9 2.85 89.8 3.29 102.9 338 11996 1233 146 78.8

16 15 -0.01

1 2.44 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8

19 18 -0.01

0 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.1 2.74 52.6 4.88 44.0 214 11989 1281 165 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.2 2.82 62.0 4.69 51.4 241 11989 1248 175 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.3 2.84 70.9 4.55 58.7 267 11989 1236 184 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.4 2.84 79.2 4.47 65.9 294 11989 1238 193 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.5 2.81 87.1 4.42 72.8 322 11989 1248 202 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.6 2.78 94.5 4.39 79.6 350 11989 1265 211 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.7 2.73 101.5 4.39 86.1 378 11989 1287 220 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.8 2.68 108.2 4.4 92.4 407 11989 1312 229 46.99

19 18 -0.01 0.9 2.62 114.5 4.42 98.4 435 11989 1340 239 46.99

19 18 -0.01

1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99

19 11 -0.01

0 2.83 42.8 5.01 33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.1 2.93 49.5 4.81 37.9 182 11989 1199 187 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.2 2.99 56.5 4.65 43.1 200 11989 1174 192 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.3 3.02 63.7 4.53 48.7 221 11989 1162 198 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.4 3.03 71.0 4.44 54.7 243 11989 1161 204 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.5 3.01 78.6 4.38 61.2 268 11989 1169 211 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.6 2.96 86.4 4.34 68.2 296 11989 1186 217 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.7 2.90 94.5 4.33 75.9 329 11989 1212 225 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.8 2.81 102.9 4.34 84.4 366 11989 1250 232 46.99

19 11 -0.01 0.9 2.70 111.6 4.38 93.7 411 11989 1301 240 46.99

19 11 -0.01

1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99

14 18 -0.01

0 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.1 2.60 45.1 5.01 39.6 198 11989 1352 155 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.2 2.59 47.5 4.88 42.6 208 11989 1358 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.3 2.57 50.0 4.76 46.0 219 11989 1366 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.4 2.55 52.5 4.65 49.5 230 11989 1379 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.5 2.52 54.9 4.55 53.3 243 11989 1396 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.6 2.48 57.3 4.46 57.5 256 11989 1419 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.7 2.43 59.6 4.38 61.9 271 11989 1448 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.8 2.36 61.7 4.3 66.8 287 11989 1487 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01 0.9 2.29 63.5 4.23 72.1 305 11989 1536 156 46.99

14 18 -0.01

1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99

14 11 -0.01

0 2.83 42.8 5.01 33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

16 18 -0.01 0.1 3.33 65.8 3.67 57.0 209 11996 1057 151 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.2 3.32 69.0 3.61 60.9 220 11996 1060 150 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.3 3.30 72.4 3.56 65.2 232 11996 1067 150 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.4 3.26 75.8 3.51 70.1 246 11996 1078 149 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.5 3.21 79.3 3.46 75.6 262 11996 1095 148 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.6 3.14 82.8 3.42 81.8 280 11996 1119 148 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 0.7 3.04 85.9 3.38 89.0 301 11996 1155 147 78.8 

16 18 ~0.01 0.8 2.91 88.5 3.34 97.4 326 11996 1209 147 78_8 

16 18 -0.01 0.9 2.n 89.8 3.32 107.3 356 11996 1294 146 78.8 

16 18 -0.01 1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78_8 

16 11 -0.01 0 3.56 61.9 3.67 48.2 1n 11996 987 173 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.1 3.57 64.5 3.61 50.9 184 11996 984 170 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.2 3.58 67.3 3.56 53.9 192 11996 983 167 78.8 

16 o 11 -0.01 0.3 3.57 70.4 3.51 57.5 202 11996 984 165 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.4 3.55 73.9 3.46 61.7 213 11996 990 162 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.5 3.51 n.6 3.41 66.6 227 11996 1000 159 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.6 3.45 81.5 3.37 72.6 245 11996 1019 156 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.7 3.35 85.6 3.33 79.9 266 11996 1050 153 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.8 3.19 89.5 3.3 89.3 295 11996 1103 151 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 0.9 2.92 91.8 3.29 101.7 335 11996 1204 148 78.8 

16 11 -0.01 1 2.45 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0 3.04 37.1 3.94 30.1 119 11996 1157 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.1 3.17 42.8 3.82 34.7 132 11996 1109 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.2 3.28 48.9 3.71 39.9 148 11996 1073 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.3 3.37 55.3 3.62 45.8 166 11996 1043 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.4 3.45 61.8 3.53 52.5 185 11996 1018 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.5 3.49 68.4 3.46 59.9 207 11996 1006 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.6 3.42 74.9 3.39 68.4 232 11996 1029 148 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.7 3.30 81.1 3.34 78.1 261 11996 1065 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.8 3.12 86.5 3.3 89.4 295 11996 1126 147 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 0.9 2.85 89.8 3.29 102.9 338 11996 1233 146 78.8 

16 15 -0.01 1 2.44 88.6 3.31 119.2 394 11996 1438 146 78.8 

19 18 -0.01 0 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.1 2.74 52.6 4.88 44.0 214 11989 1281 165 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.2 2.82 62.0 4.69 51.4 241 11989 1248 175 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.3 2.84 70.9 4.55 58.7 267 11989 1236 184 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.4 2.84 79.2 4.47 65.9 294 11989 1238 193 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.5 2.81 87.1 4.42 72.8 322 11989 1248 202 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.6 2.78 94.5 4.39 79.6 350 11989 1265 211 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.7 2.73 101.5 4.39 86.1 378 11989 1287 220 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.8 2.68 108.2 4.4 92.4 407 11989 1312 229 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0.9 2.62 114.5 4.42 98.4 435 11989 1340 239 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0 2.83 42.8 5.01 33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.1 2.93 49.5 4.81 37.9 182 11989 1199 187 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.2 2.99 56.5 4.65 43.1 200 11989 1174 192 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.3 3.02 63.7 4.53 48.7 221 11989 1162 198 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.4 3.03 71.0 4.44 54.7 243 11989 1161 204 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.5 3.01 78.6 4.38 61.2 268 11989 1169 211 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.6 2.96 86.4 4.34 68.2 296 11989 1186 217 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.7 2.90 94.5 4.33 75.9 329 11989 1212 225 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.8 2.81 102.9 4.34 84.4 366 11989 1250 232 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 0.9 2.70 111.6 4.38 93.7 411 11989 1301 240 46.99 

19 11 -0.01 1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 a 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.1 2.60 45.1 5.01 39.6 198 11989 1352 155 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.2 2.59 47.5 4.88 42.6 208 11989 1358 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.3 2.57 50.0 4.76 46.0 219 11989 1366 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.4 2.55 52.5 4.65 49.5 230 11989 1379 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.5 2.52 54.9 4.55 53.3 243 11989 1396 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.6 2.48 57.3 4.46 57.5 256 11989 1419 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.7 2.43 59.6 4.38 61.9 271 11989 1448 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.8 2.36 61.7 4.3 66.8 287 11989 1487 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 0.9 2.29 63.5 4.23 72.1 . 305 11989 1536 156 46.99 

14 18 -0.01 1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 a 2.83 42.8 5.01 33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99 
14

" -0.01 0.1 2.83 44.8 4.9 35.3 173 11989 1241 178 46.99

14

" -0.01 0.2 2.83 46.9 4.79 37.7 181 11989 1244 176 46.99

14

" -0.01 0.3 2.81 49.1 4.69 40.5 190 11989 1250 173 46.99

14

" -0_01 0.4 2.79 51.5 4.6 43.6 200 11989 1260 171 46.99

14 11 -0.01 0.5 2.75 54.0 4.5 47.1 212 11989 1277 168 46.99

14

" -0.01 0.6 2.70 56.6 4.42 51.3 227 11989 1301 166 46.99

14

" -0.01 0.1 2.63 59.2 4.34 56.1 244 11989 1336 163 46.99

14

" -0.01 0.8 2.53 61.7 4.27 61.9 265 11989 1389 161 46.99

14 11 -0.01 0.9 2.39 63.9 4.21 69.1 291 11989 1469 158 46.99

14 11 -0.01

1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99

14 15 -0.01

0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.1 2.64 29.5 5.19 24.2 126 11989 1331 147 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.2 2.79 34.4 4.92 28.5 140 11989 1258 147 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.3 2.80 39.1 4.74 33.1 157 11989 1253 149 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.4 2.79 43.7 4.59 38.1 175 11989 1260 151 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.5 2.75 48.1 4.46 43.4 194 11989 1279 153 46.99

14 15 ~0.01 0.6 2.69 52.4 4.36 49.1 214 11989 1308 154 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.7 2.60 56.3 4.28 55.3 237 11989 1350 155 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.8 2.49 59.9 4.23 62.1 263 11989 1408 155 46.99

14 15 -0.01 0.9 2.36 62.9 4.19 69.7 292 11989 1488 155 46.99

14 15 -0.01

1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99

16 18 -0.01

0 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.1 2.60 44.7 5.05 39.1 198 11989 1353 154 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.2 2.58 46.9 4.97 41.8 208 11989 1359 153 46.99

16 18 -0.0; 0.3 2.56 49.2 4.89 44.9 219 11989 1371 152 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.4 2.53 51.5 4.81 48.3 233 11989 1389 151 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.5 2.48 53.9 4.74 52.3 248 11989 1416 150 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.6 2.41 56.3 4.68 56.8 266 11989 1455 150 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.1 2.32 58.4 4.63 62.2 288 11989 1513 149 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.8 2.19 60.0 4.6 68.5 315 11989 1604 149 46.99

16 18 -0.01 0.9 2.00 60.3 4.6 76.2 350 11989 1753 149 46.99

16 18 -0.01

1 1.71 57.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99

16 11 -0.01

0 2.83 42.8 5.01 ·33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.1 2.84 44.6 4.92 35.0 172 11989 1238 177 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.2 2.84 46.5 4.84 37.1 180 11989 1238 174 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.3 2.83 48.6 4.76 39.6 188 11989 1242 170 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.4 2.81 50.9 4.69 42.5 199 11989 1251 167 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.5 2.77 53.5 4.62 45.9 212 11989 1268 163 46.99

16

" -0.01 0.6 2.71 56.2 4.56 50.2 229 11989 1296 159 46.99

16 11 -0.01 0.1 2.61 59.0 4.51 55.5 250 11989 1344 156 46.99

16 11 -0.0; 0.8 2.46 61.5 4.48 62.5 280 11989 1427 152 46.99

16

" -0.01 0.9 2.21 62.1 4.5 71.9 323 11989 1591 150 46.99

16 11 -0.01

1 1.11 51.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99

16 15 -0.01

0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.1 2.52 ·28.4 5.33 23.3 124 11989 1392 148 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.2 2.62 32.5 5.14 26.7 137 11989 1343 148 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.3 2.69 36.8 4.97 30.6 152 11989 1307 147 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.4 2.74 41.2 4.83 35.1 169 11989 1282 146 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.5 2.75 45.7 4.71 40.2 189 11989 1279 146 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.6 2.67 50.2 4.63 46.1 213 11989 1315 146 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.1 2.56 54.5 4.56 53.1 242 11989 1375 147 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.8 2.38 58.2 4.52 61.6 279 11989 1473 147 46.99

16 15 -0.01 0.9 2.13 60.4 4.54 72.2 328 11989 1651 148 46.99

16 15 -0.01

1 1.71 51.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99

19 15 -0.01

0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.1 3.00 38.2 4.92 29.2 144 11989 1172 157 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.2 3.09 50.3 4.62 38.4 177 11989 1136 171 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.3 3.09 61.0 4.45 47.4 211 11989 1137 182 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.4 3.05 11.0 4.34 56.2 244 11989 1152 192 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.5 2.99 80.6 4.28 65.0 278 11989 1174 202 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.6 2.92 89.8 4.25 73.8 314 11989 1204 211 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.1 2.83 98.6 4.26 82.3 351 11989 1239 220 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.8 2.14 106.7 4.31 90.4 389 11989 1280 229 46.99

19 15 -0.01 0.9 2.65 114.1 4.37 97.8 427 11989 1324 238 46.99

19 15 -0.01

1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99

19 17 -0.01

0 2.70 35.0 5.34 28.3 151 11989 1303 151 46.99

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

14 11 -0.01 0.1 2.83 44.8 4.9 35.3 173 11989 1241 178 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.2 2.83 46.9 4.79 37.7 181 11989 1244 176 46.99 

14 " -0.01 0.3 2.81 49.1 4.69 40.5 190 11989 1250 173 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.4 2.79 51.5 4.6 43.6 200 11989 1260 171 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.5 2.75 54.0 4.5 47.1 212 11989 1277 168 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.6 2.70 56.6 4.42 51.3 227 11989 1301 166 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.7 2.63 59.2 4.34 56.1 244 11989 1336 163 46.99 

14 " -0.01 0.8 2.53 61.7 4.27 61.9 265 11989 1389 161 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 0.9 2.39 63.9 4.21 69.1 291 11989 1469 158 46.99 

14 11 -0.01 1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.1 2.64 29.5 5.19 24.2 126 11989 1331 147 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.2 2.79 34.4 4.92 28.5 140 11989 1258 147 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.3 2.80 39.1 4.74 33.1 157 11989 1253 149 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.4 2.79 43.7 4.59 38.1 175 11989 1260 151 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.5 2.75 48.1 4.46 43.4 194 11989 1279 153 46.99 

14 15 ~0.01 0.6 2.69 52.4 4.36 49.1 214 11989 1308 154 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.7 2.60 56.3 4.28 55.3 237 11989 1350 155 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.8 2.49 59.9 4.23 62.1 263 11989 1408 155 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 0.9 2.36 62.9 4.19 69.7 292 11989 1488 155 46.99 

14 15 -0.01 1 2.19 65.0 4.17 78.0 325 11989 1601 155 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0 2.60 42.7 5.14 36.7 189 11989 1350 155 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.1 2.60 44.7 5.05 39.1 198 11989 1353 154 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.2 2.58 46.9 4.97 41.8 208 11989 1359 153 46.99 

16 18 -0.0; 0.3 2.56 49.2 4.89 44.9 219 11989 1371 152 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.4 2.53 51.5 4.81 48.3 233 11989 1389 151 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.$ 2.48 53.9 4.14 52.3 248 11989 1416 150 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.6 2.41 56.3 4.68 56.8 266 11989 1455 150 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.7 2.32 58.4 4.63 62.2 288 11989 1513 149 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.8 2.19 60.0 4.6 68.5 315 11989 1604 149 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 0.9 2.00 60.3 4.6 76.2 350 11989 1753 149 46.99 

16 18 -0.01 1 1.71 57.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0 2.83 42.8 5.01 '33.1 166 11989 1241 181 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.1 2.84 44.6 4.92 35.0 172 11989 1238 177 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.2 2.84 46.5 4.84 37.1 180 11989 1238 174 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.3 2.83 48.6 4.76 39.6 188 11989 1242 170 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.4 2.81 50.9 4.69 42.5 199 11989 1251 167 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.5 2.77 53.5 4.62 45.9 212 11989 1268 163 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.6 2.71 56.2 4.56 50.2 229 11989 1296 159 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.7 2.61 59.0 4.51 55.5 250 11989 1344 156 46.99 

16 11 -0.0; 0.8 2.46 61.5 4.48 62.5 280 11989 1427 152 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 0.9 2.21 62.7 4.5 71.9 323 11989 1591 150 46.99 

16 11 -0.01 1 1.71 57.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.1 2.52 

· 28.4 5.33 23.3 124 11989 1392 148 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.2 2.62 32.5 5.14 26.7 137 11989 1343 148 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.3 2.69 36.8 4.97 30.6 152 11989 1307 147 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.4 2.14 41.2 4.83 35.1 169 11989 1282 146 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.5 2.75 45.7 4.71 40.2 189 11989 1279 146 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.6 2.61 50.2 4.63 46.1 213 11989 1315 146 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.7 2.56 54.5 4.56 53.1 242 11989 1375 147 46.99 

16 15 -0.0; 0.8 2.38 58.2 4.52 61.6 279 11989 1473 14746.99 

16 15 -0.01 0.9 2.13 60.4 4.54 72.2 328 11989 1651 148 46.99 

16 15 -0.01 1 1.71 57.6 4.66 85.8 400 11989 2059 151 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0 2.41 24.6 5.55 20.4 113 11989 1460 149 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.1 3.00 38.2 4.92 29.2 144 11989 1172 157 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.2 3.09 50.3 4.62 38.4 177 11989 1136 171 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.3 3.09 61.0 4.45 47.4 211 11989 1137 182 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.4 3.05 71.0 4.34 56.2 244 11989 1152 192 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.5 2.99 80.6 4.28 65.0 278 11989 1174 202 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.6 2.92 89.8 4.25 73.8 314 11989 1204 211 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.7 2.83 98.6 4.26 82.3 351 11989 1239 220 46.99 

19 15 ·0.01 0.8 2.74 106.7 4.31 90.4 389 11989 1280 229 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 0.9 2.65 114.1 4.31 97.8 427 11989 1324 238 46.99 

19 15 -0.01 1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0 2.70 35.0 5.34 28.3 151 11989 1303 151 46.99 
19 17 -0.01 0.1 2.89 45.1 4.99 35.2 176 11989 1216 162 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.2 2.98 55.0 4.74 42.6 202 11989 1178 172 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.3 3.01 64.3 4.58 50.0 229 11989 1166 182 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.4 3.00 73.2 4.47 57.6 257 11989 1170 191 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.5 2.97 81.8 4.4 65.2 287 11989 1184 201 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.6 2.91 90.1 4.36 72.9 318 11989 1207 210 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.7 2.84 98.1 4.35 80.6 351 11989 1237 219 46.99

19 17 -0 ..01 0.8 2.76 105.9 4.37 88.5 386 11989 1274 229 46.99

19 17 -0.01 0.9 2.66 113.4 4.4 96.3 424 11989 1319 239 46.99

19 17 -0.01

1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99

19 18 -0.01

0 1.45 19.0 11.72 18.8 220 11989 2416 184 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.1 1.56 24.0 10.94 22.5 246 11989 2255 198 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.2 1.62 29.0 10.34 26.5 274 11989 2175 211 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.3 1.64 33.9 9.9 30.6 303 11989 2138 224 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.4 1.65 38.6 9.59 34.7 333 11989 2130 238 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.5 1.64 43.0 9.38 38.8 364 11989 2140 251 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.6 1.62 47.3 9.24 42.8 396 11989 2163 265 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.7 1.60 51.4 9.17 46.7 428 11989 2195 278 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.8 1.57 55.3 9.14 50.5 461 11989 2234 292 17.01

19 18 -0.01 0.9 1.54 58.9 9.14 54.1 495 11989 2277 307 17.01

19 18 -0.01

1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01

19 11 -0.01

0 1.70 20.7 10.96 17.1 187 11989 2071 221 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.1 1.75 24.0 10.48 19.5 204 11989 2005 229 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.2 1.79 27.6 10.06 22.2 224 11989 1965 237 17.01

19 11

. -0.01 0.3 1.81 31.4 9.72 25.3 246 11989 1946 246 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.4 1.81 35.4 9.45 28.6 270 11989 1944 255 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.5 1.79 39.5 9.24 32.3 298 11989 1959 264 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.6 1.76 43.8 9.11 36.3 330 11989 1991 274 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.7 1.72 48.2 9.03 40.7 368 11989 2039 285 17.01

19 11 "0.01 0.8 1.67 52.9 9.02 45.7 412 11989 2108 296 17.01

19 11 -0.01 0.9 1.60 57.6 9.06 51.2 465 11989 2201 309 17.01

19 11 -0.01

1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01

14 18 -0.01

0 1.45 19.0 11.72 18.8 220 11989 2416 184 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.1 1.44 20.1 11.36 20.4 231 11989 2444 185 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.2 1.42 21.2 11.03 22.1 243 11989 2478 186 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.3 1.39 22.3 10.72 23.9 257 11989 2521 186 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.4 1.36 23.3 10.42 26.0 271 11989 2576 187 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.5 1.33 24.3 10.15 28.3 287 11989 2645 187 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.6 1.28 25.3 9.91 30.8 305 11989 2735 188 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.7 1.23 26.1 9.7 33.5 325 11989 2856 189 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.8 1.16 26.5 9.53 36.6 349 11989 3027 190 17.01

14 18 -0.01 0.9 1.06 26.4 9.45 40.2 380 11989 3302 191 17.01

19 17 -0.01

0 1.54 15.6 12.3 14.2 175 11989 2279 178 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.1 1.67 20.5 11.34 17.6 199 11989 2103 193 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.2 1.74 25.6 10.58 21.5 227 11989 2021 207 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.3 1.77 30.6 10.01 25.6 256 11989 1988 221 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.4 1.77 35.6 9.63 29.8 287 11989 1987 235 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.5 1.75 40.4 9.37 34.2 321 11989 2008 249 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.6 1.72 45.0 9.21 38.7 356 11989 2046 263 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.7 1.67 49.6 9.12 43.3 395 11989 2098 278 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.8 1.63 54.1 9.1 48.0 437 11989 2162 292 17.01

19 17 -0.01 0.9 1.57 58.3 9.12 52.8 481 11989 2238 307 17.01

19 17 -0.01

1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01

19 15 -0.01

0 1.40 10.6 13.04 10.1 132 11989 2517 170 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.1 1.73 17.1 11.29 14.3 161 11989 2035 184 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.2 1.81 23.3 10.23 19.2 196 11989 1940 202 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.3 1.83 29.3 9.58 24.3 232 11989 1924 219 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.4 1.81 34.8 9.21 29.3 270 11989 1946 234 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.5 1.77 40.1

9 34.4 309 11989 1989 249 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.6 1.72 45.2 8.9 39.4 351 11989 2045 264 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.7 1.67 50.1 8.89 44.5 395 11989 2109 278 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.8 1.61 54.7 8.92 49.3 440 11989 2178 292 17.01

19 15 -0.01 0.9 1.56 58.9 9.02 53.8 485 11989 2249 306 17.01

19 15 -0.01

1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01

14 11 -0.01

0 1.70 20.7 10.96 17.1 187 11989 2071 221 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.1 1.68 21.6 10.69 18.3 195 11989 2087 217 17.01

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

19 17 -0_01 0.1 2.89 45.1 4.99 35.2 176 11989 1216 162 46.99 

19 17 -0_01 0.2 2.98 55.0 4.74 42.6 202 11989 1178 172 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.3 3.01 64.3 4.58 50.0 229 11989 1166 182 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.4 3.00 73.2 4.47 57.6 257 11989 1170 191 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.5 2.97 81.8 4.4 65.2 287 11989 1184 201 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.6 2.91 90.1 4.36 72.9 318 11989 1207 210 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.7 2.84 98.1 4.35 80.6 351 11989 1237 219 46.99 

19 17 -0 .. 01 0.8 2.76 105.9 4.37 88.5 386 11989 1274 229 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 0.9 2.66 113.4 4.4 96.3 424 11989 1319 239 46.99 

19 17 -0.01 1 2.56 120.4 4.46 104.0 464 11989 1370 249 46.99 

19 18 -0.01 0 1.45 19.0 11.72 18.8 220 11989 2416 184 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.1 1.56 24.0 10.94 22.5 246 11989 2255 198 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.2 1.62 29.0 10.34 26.5 274 11989 2175 211 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.3 1.64 33.9 9.9 30.6 303 11989 2138 224 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.4 1.65 38.6 9.59 34.7 333 11989 2130 238 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.5 1.64 43.0 9.38 38.8 364 11989 2140 251 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.6 1.62 47.3 9.24 42.8 396 11989 2163 265 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.7 1.60 51.4 9.17 46.7 428 11989 2195 278 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.8 1.57 55.3 9.14 50.5 461 11989 2234 292 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 0.9 1.54 58.9 9.14 54.1 495 11989 22n 307 17.01 

19 18 -0.01 1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0 1.70 20.7 10.96 17.1 187 11989 2071 221 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.1 1.75 24.0 10.48 19.5 204 11989 2005 229 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.2 1.79 27.6 10.06 22.2 224 11989 1965 237 17.01 

19 11 . -0.01 0.3 1.81 31.4 9.72 25.3 246 11989 1946 246 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.4 1.81 35.4 9.45 28.6· 270 11989 1944 255 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.5 1.79 39.5 9.24 32.3 298 11989 1959 264 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.6 1.76 43.8 9.11 36.3 330 11989 1991 274 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.7 1.72 48.2 9.03 40.7 368 11989 2039 285 17.01 

19 11 "0.01 0.8 1.67 52.9 9.02 45.7 412 11989 2108 296 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 0.9 1.60 57.6 9.06 51.2 465 11989 2201 309 17.01 

19 11 -0.01 1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0 1.45 19.0 11.72 18.8 220 11989 2416 184 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.1 1.44 20.1 11.36 20.4 231 11989 2444 185 17

.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.2 1.42 21.2 11.03 22.1 243 11989 2478 186 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.3 1.39 22.3 10.72 23.9 257 11989 2521 186 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.4 1.36 23.3 10.42 26.0 271 11989 2576 187 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.5 1.33 24.3 10.15 28.3 287 11989 2645 187 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.6 1.28 25.3 9.91 30.8 305 11989 2735 188 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.7 1.23 26.1 9.7 33.5 325 11989 2856 189 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.8 1.16 26.5 9.53 36.6 349 11989 3027 190 17.01 

14 18 -0.01 0.9 1.06 26.4 9.45 40.2 380 11989 3302 191 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0 1.54 15.6 12.3 14.2 175 11989 2279 178 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.1 1.67 20.5 11.34 17.6 199 11989 2103 193 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.2 1.74 25.6 10.58 21.5 227 11989 2021 207 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.3 1.n 30.6 10.01 25.6 256 11989 1988 221 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.4 1.n 35.6 9.63 29.8 287 11989 1987 235 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.5 1.75 40.4 9.37 34.2 321 11989 2008 249 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.6 1.72 45.0 9.21 38.7 356 11989 2046 263 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.7 1.67 49.6 9.12 43.3 395 11989 2098 278 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.8 1.63 54.1 9.1 48.0 437 11989 2162 292 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 0.9 1.57 58.3 9.12 52.8 481 11989 2238 307 17.01 

19 17 -0.01 1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 528 11989 2325 321 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0 1.40 10.6 13.04 10.1 132 11989 2517 170 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.1 1.73 17.1 11.29 14.3 161 11989 2035 184 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.2 1.81 23.3 10.23 19.2 196 11989 1940 202 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.3 1.83 29.3 9.58 24.3 232 11989 1924 219 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.4 1.81 34.8 9.21 29.3 270 11989 1946 234 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.5 1.n 40.1 9 34.4 309 11989 1989 249 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.6 1.72 45.2 8.9 39.4 351 11989 2045 264 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.7 1.67 50.1 8.89 44.5 395 11989 2109 278 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.8 1.61 54.7 8.92 49.3 440 11989 2178 292 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 0.9 1.56 58.9 9.02 53.8 485 11989 2249 306 17.01 

19 15 -0.01 1 1.51 62.4 9.18 57.5 

5.28 11989 2325 321 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0 1.70 20.7 10.96 17.1 187 11989 2071 221 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.1 1.68 21.6 10.69 18.3 195 11989 2087 217 17.01 
14 11 -0.01 0.2 1.67 22.5 10.44 19.6 204 11989 2110 214 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.3 1.64 23.5 10.19 21.1 215 11989 2140 210 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.4 1.61 24.6 9.95 22.8 227 11989 2181 206 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.5 1.57 25.7 9.72 24.9 242 11989 2236 203 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.6 1.52 26.8 9.51 27.3 259 11989 2314 200 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.7 1.45 27.7 9.32 30.2 281 11989 2427 196 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.8 1.35 28.4 9.17 33.7 309 11989 2601 193 17.01

14 11 -0.01 0.9 1.21 28.4 9.12 38.3 349 11989 2914 191 17.01

14 15 -0.01

a 1.40 10.6 13.04 10.1 132 11989 2517 170 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.1 1.53 12.8 12.05 12.0 145 11989 2303 168 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.2 1.54 15.0 11.41 14.2 162 11989 2275 172 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.3 1.54 17.1 10.87 16.6 181 11989 2278 175 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.4 1.52 19.3 10.4 19.3 201 11989 2308 178 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.5 1.49 21.4 10.02 22.3 224 11989 2365 180 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.6 1.43 23.3 9.71 25.6 249 11989 2453 182 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.7 1.36 25.0 9.47 29.4 278 11989 2581 185 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.8 1.27 26.3 9.31 33.6 313 11989 2m 187 17.01

14 15 -0.01 0.9 1.14 26.8 9.27 38.5 357 11989 3096 189 17.01

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

14 11 -0.01 0.2 1.67 22.5 10.44 19.6 204 11989 2110 214 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.3 1.64 23.5 10.19 21.1 215 11989 2140 210 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.4 1.61 24.6 9.95 22.8 227 11989 2181 206 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.5 1.57 25.7 9.72 24.9 242 11989 2236 203 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.6 1.52 26.8 9.51 27.3 259 11989 2314 200 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.7 1.45 27.7 9.32 30.2 281 11989 2427 196 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.8 1.35 28.4 9.17 33.7 309 11989 2601 193 17.01 

14 11 -0.01 0.9 1.21 28.4 9.12 38.3 349 11989 2914 191 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0 1.40 10.6 13.04 10.1 132 11989 2517 170 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.1 1.53 12.8 12.05 12.0 145 11989 2303 168 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.2 1.54 15.0 11.41 14.2 162 11989 2275 172 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.3 1.54 17.1 10.87 16.6 181 11989 2278 175 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.4 1.52 19.3 10.4 19.3 201 11989 2308 178 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.5 1.49 21.4 10.02 22.3 224 11989 2365 180 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.6 1.43 23.3 9.71 25.6 249 11989 2453 182 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.7 1.36 25.0 9.47 29.4 278 11989 2581 185 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.8 1.27 26.3 9.31 33.6 313 11989 2m 187 17.01 

14 15 -0.01 0.9 1.14 26.8 9.27 38.5 357 11989 3096 189 17.01 
APPENDIX #3

This appendix containa a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for ternary mixtures.

The refrigerants are specified by code numbers according to the following table.

R22

R142b

R152a

R143a

R124

R125

R134

R134a

R32

6

10

11

14

15

16

17

18

19

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

APPENDIX #3 

This appendix containa a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for ternary mixtures. 

The refrigerants are specified by code numbers according to the following table. 

R22 

R142b 

R152a 

R143a 

R124 

R125 

R134 

R134a 

R32 

6 

10 

11 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 
IR1 IR2 IR3 F01 F02 F03 X1 X2 X3 COP Vol.Flow PR PSUC PDIS CAP WORK lair

ft3 psia psia BlU/hr watt F

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 1 0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.9 0.1 3.57 41.9 3.7 47.0 172 11996 984 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.8 0.2 3.58 43.1 3.7 45.7 168 11996 982 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.7 0.3 3.58 44.5 3.7 44.3 163 11996 981 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.6 0.4 3.58 46.1 3.7 42.8 158 11996 981 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.5 0.5 3.58 48.1 3.7 41.2 152 11996 983 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.4 0.6 3.56 50.4 3.7 39.4 146 11996 986 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.3 0.7 3.54 53.3 3.7 37.4 140 11996 992 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.2 0.8 3.51 56.9 3.8 35.2 133 11996 1001 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.1 0.9 3.39 61.7 3.8 32.8 126 11996 1036 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0 1 3.04 68.2 3.9 30.1 119 11996 1157 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0 0.9 3.72 44.3 3.6 44.0 160 11996 944 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.74 42.5 3.6 45.9 165 11996 939 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.75 41.0 3.6 47.5 169 11996 937 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.75 39.8 3.5 49.0 173 11996 937 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.75 38.8 3.5 50.3 178 11996 938 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.74 37.9 3.5 51.5 182 11996 941 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.72 37.1 3.5 52.5 186 11996 944 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.71 36.4 3.5 53.5 189 11996 948 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 ~0.01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.69 35.8 3.5 54.4 193 11996 953 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9 0 3.67 35.3 3.6 55.3 196 11996 957 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8 0 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.76 31.2 3.4 62.6 215 11996 934 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.78 31.4 3.4 62.1 213 11996 929 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.80 31.7 3.4 61.6 211 11996 925 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 , -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.82 32.0 3.4 61.1 209 11996 921 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.83 32.3 3.4 60.5 206 11996 919 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 32.7 3.4 59.8 204 11996 918 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.83 33.2 3.4 59.1 203 11996 918 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0 0.8 3.81 33.7 3.5 58.3 201 11996 922 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0 0.7 3.82 27.9 3.3 71.8 240 11996 921 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.83 27.8 3.3 71.7 238 11996 917 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.84 27.7 3.3 71.6 238 11996 916 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.3 0.4 3.84 27.7 3.3 71.5 238 11996 916 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.83 27.6 3.3 71.4 238 11996 919 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.81 27.6 3.4 71.3 239 11996 922 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.79 27.6 3.4 71.3 240 11996 927 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7 0 3.77 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6 0 3.78 24.7 3.3 SO.O 266 11996 931 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.79 24.6 3.3 SO.5 266 11996 927 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 . -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.80 24.5 3.3 81.1 267 11996 924 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.81 24.4 3.3 81.9 268 11996 922 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.81 24.3 3.3 82.7 270 11996 922 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.1 0.5 3.81 24.2 3.3 83.6 272 11996 923 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0 0.6 3.79 24.1 3.3 84.6 275 11996 928 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0 0.5 3.74 21.5 3.2 96.8 310 11996 941 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.76 21.7 3.2 94.9 305 11996 936 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.77 21.9 3.2 93.2 301 11996 934 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.77 22.1 3.2 91.7 298 11996 933 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_5 0.4 0.1 3.76 22.3 3.3 90.4 295 11996 934 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.5 0 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4 0 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.71 20.3 3.2 100.9 327 11996 949 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.2 0.2 3.70 20.0 3.2 103.1 332 11996 950 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.69 19.8 3.2 105.5 338 11996 954 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0 0.4 3.66 19.5 3.2 108.3 345 11996 960 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0 0.3 3.56 18.0 3.2 119.1 381 11996 986 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.60 18.3 3.2 115.5 371 11996 977 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.62 18.6 3.2 112.3 363 11996 971 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3 0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2 0 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.50 17.1 3.2 124.6 404 11996 1005 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0 0.2 3.45 16.8 3.2 129.1 417 11996 1018 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0 0.1 3.34 15.9 3.3 138.0 453 11996 1053 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0.1 0 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 0 0 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 1 0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.9 0.1 3.56 41.5 3.7 47.4 175 11996 987 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.8 0.2 3.56 42.2 3.7 46.6 172 11996 988 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.7 0.3 3.55 42.9 3.7 45.8 170 11996 989 78.8

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

IRl lR2 IR3 FOl F02 F03 Xl X2 X3 COP Vol.Flow PR PSUC PDIS CAP WORK lair 

ft3 psia psia BlU/hr watt F 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0. 01 0 1 0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.9 0.1 3. 57 41.9 3.7 47.0 1n 11996 984 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.8 0.2 3.58 43.1 3.7 45.7 168 11996 982 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.7 0.3 3.58 44.5 3.7 44.3 163 11996 981 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.6 0.4 3.58 46.1 3.7 42.8 158 11996 981 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.5 0.5 3.58 48.1 3.7 41.2 152 11996 983 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.4 0.6 3.56 50.4 3.7 39.4 146 11996 986 18.8 

19 11 15 -0. 01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.3 0.7 3.54 53.3 3.7 37.4 140 11996 992 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.2 0.8 3.51 56.9 3.8 35.2 133 11996 1001 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.1 0.9 3.39 61.7 3.8 32.8 126 11996 1036 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0 1 3.04 68.2 3.9 30.1 119 11996 1157 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0 0.9 3.n 44.3 3.6 44.0 160 11996 944 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.74 42.5 3.6 45.9 165 11996 939 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.75 41.0 3.6 47.5 169 11996 937 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.75 39.8 3.5 49.0 173 11996 937 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.75 38.8 3.5 50.3 178 11996 938 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.74 37.9 3.5 51.5 182 11996 941 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.72 37.1 3.5 52.5 186 11996 944 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.71 36.4 3.5 53.5 189 11996 948 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 ~0.01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.69 35.8 3.5 54.4 193 11996 953 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9 0 3.67 35.3 3.6 55.3 196 11996 957 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8 0 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.76 31.2 3.4 62.6 215 11996 934 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.78 31.4 3.4 62.1 213 11996 929 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.80 31.7 3.4 61.6 211 11996 925 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 , -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.82 32.0 3.4 61.1 209 11996 921 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.83 32.3 3.4 60.5 206 11996 919 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0. 01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.83 32.7 3.4 59.8 204 11996 918 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.83 33.2 3.4 59.1 203 11996 918 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0 0.8 3.81 33.7 3.5 58.3 201 11996 922 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0 0.7 3.82 27.9 3.3 71.8 240 11996 921 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.83 27.8 3.3 71.7 238 11996 917 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.84 27.7 3.3 71.6 238 11996 916 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_3 0.3 0.4 3.84 27.7 3.3 71.5 238 11996 916 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.83 27.6 3.3 71.4 238 11996 919 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.81 27.6 3.4 71.3 239 11996 922 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.79 27.6 3.4 71.3 240 11996 927 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7 0 3.77 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6 0 3.78 24.7 3.3 SO.O 266 11996 931 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.79 24.6 3.3 SO.5 266 11996 927 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 . -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.80 24.5 3.3 81.1 267 11996 924 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_4 0.3 0.3 3.81 24.4 3.3 81.9 268 11996 922 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.81 24.3 3.3 82.7 270 11996 922 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_4 0.1 0.5 3.81 24.2 3.3 83.6 272 11996 923 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0 0.6 3.79 24.1 3.3 84.6 275 11996 928 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0 0.5 3.74 21.5 3.2 96.8 310 11996 941 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.76 21.7 3.2 94.9 305 11996 936 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.77 21.9 3.2 93.2 301 11996 934 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0 .01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.77 22.1 3.2 91.7 298 11996 933 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_5 0.4 0.1 3.76 22.3 3.3 90.4 295 11996 934 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_5 0.5 0 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4 0 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3. 71 20.3 3.2 100.9 327 11996 949 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0_6 0.2 0.2 3.70 20.0 3.2 103.1 332 11996 950 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.69 19.8 3.2 105.5 338 11996 954 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0 0.4 3.66 19.5 3.2 108.3 345 11996 960 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0 0.3 3.56 18.0 3.2 119.1 381 11996 986 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.60 18.3 3.2 115.5 371 11996 977 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.62 18.6 3.2 112.3 363 11996 971 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3 0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 18.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2 0 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.50 17.1 3.2 124.6 404 11996 1005 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0 0.2 3.45 16.8 3.2 129.1 417 11996 1018 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0 0.1 3.34 15.9 3.3 138.0 453 11996 1053 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0.1 0 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8 

19 11 15 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 0 0 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 18.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 1 0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.9 0.1 3.56 41.5 3.7 47.4 175 11996 987 18.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.8 0.2 3.56 42.2 3.7 46.6 1n 11996 988 18.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0.7 0.3 3.55 42.9 3.7 45.8 170 11996 989 18.8 
19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.6 0.4 3.54 43.7 3.7 45.0 168 11996 992 78.8

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.5 0.5 3.53 44.5 3.8 44.3 166 11996 99S 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.4 0.6 3.52 45.3 3.8 43.6 165 11996 998 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.3 0.7 3.50 46.2 3.8 43.0 163 11996 1003 78.8

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.2 0.8 3.49 47.0 3.8 42.5 162 11996 1008 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.1 0.9 3.46 47.8 3.8 42.0 161 11996 1015 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0 1 3.44 48.6 3.8 41.7 160 11996 1023 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1

0 0.9 3.64 37.9 3.6 52.3 191 11996 967 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.65 37.7 3.6 52.2 190 11996 962 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.67 37.5 3.6 52.3 189 11996 959 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.68 37.2 3.6 52.5 190 11996 956 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.68 36.9 3.6 52.8 190 11996 955 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.68 36.6 3.6 53.2 191 11996 954 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.68 36.3 3.6 53.7 192 11096 954 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.68 36.0 3.6 54.2 193 11996 955 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.68 35.6 3.6 54.7 195 11996 956 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9

0 3.67 35.3 3.6 55.3 196 11996 957 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8

0 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.75 31.1 3.5 62.7 217 11996 938 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.76 31.2 3.5 62.5 217 11996 936 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.76 31.3 3.5 62.3 216 11996 935 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.76 31.3 3.5 62.2 216 11996 934 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.76 31.4 3.5 62.2 217 11996 934 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.76 31.4 3.5 62.4 218 11996 935 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.75 31.3 3.5 62.7 219 11996 938 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2

0 0.8 3.73 31.2 3.5 63.3 222 11996 941 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3

0 0.7 3.n 26.8 3.4 74.3 252 11996 933 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.78 27.0 3.4 73.3 249 11996 930 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.79 27.2 3.4 72.5 246 11996 928 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.3 0.4 3.79 27.3 3.4 72.0 244 11996 927 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 27.4 3.4 71.6 243 11996 927 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.79 27.5 3.4 71.4 242 11996 928 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.78 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 929 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7

0 3.n 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6

0 3.78 24.7 3.3 80.0 266 11996 931 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.78 24.6 3.3 80.3 267 11996 929 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.79 24.5 3.3 80.9 269 11996 928 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.79 24.3 3.3 81.6 271 11996 928 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.78 24.2 3.3 82.5 274 11996 929 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.1 0.5 3.n 24.0 3.3 83.6 278 11996 932 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4

0 0.6 3.76 23.7 3.3 85.1 283 11996 936 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5

0 0.5 3.72 21.4 3.3 95.7 314 11996 946 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.74 21.6 3.3 93.8 308 11996 941 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.75 21.9 3.3 92.2 303 11996 938 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.76 22.1 3.3 91.0 299 11996 936 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.76 22.3 3.3 90.0 296 11996 936 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.5

0 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4

0 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.70 20.3 3.3 100.3 327 11996 949 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.2 0.2 3.69 20.1 3.3 101.9 332 11996 952 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.68 19.8 3.3 103.8 338 11996 956 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6

0 0.4 3.65 19.6 3.3 106.2 346 11996 962 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7

0 0.3 3.57 18.1 3.3 116.4 379 11996 985 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.60 18.4 3.3 113.7 370 11996 976 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.62 18.6 3.2 111.4 362 11996 971 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3

0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2

0 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.51 17.2 3.3 123.4 402 11996 1003 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8

0 0.2 3.47 16.9 3.3 126.5 414 11996 1013 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9

0 0.1 3.35 15.9 3.3 136.3 450 11996 1049 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0.1

0 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 0 0 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0

1

0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.9 0.1 3.55 40.9 3.7 48.2 1n 11996 990 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.8 0.2 3.54 41.0 3.7 48.3 178 11996 993 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.7 0.3 3.53 41.1 3.7 48.5 179 11996 997 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.6 0.4 3.51 41.1 3.7 48.7 180 11996 1002 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.5 0.5 3.49 41.1 3.7 49.1 182 11996 1007 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.4 0.6 3.47 41.1 3.7 49.6 184 11996 1013 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.3 0.7 3.45 40.9 3.7 50.2 186 11996 1020 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0;01

0 0.2 0.8 3.42 40.8 3.7 51.0 190 11996 1029 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01

0 0.1 0.9 3.38 40.5 3.7 52.1 194 11996 1041 78.8

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.6 0.4 3.54 43.7 3.7 45.0 168 11996 992 78.8 

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.5 0.5 3.53 44.5 3.8 44.3 166 11996 99S 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.4 0.6 3.52 45.3 3.8 43.6 165 11996 998 78.8 

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.3 0.7 3.50 46.2 3.8 43.0 163 11996 1003 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.2 0.8 3.49 47.0 3.8 42.5 162 11996 1008 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.1 0.9 3.46 47.8 3.8 42.0 161 11996 1015 78.8 

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a a 1 3.44 48.6 3.8 41.7 160 11996 1023 

· 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0 0.9 3.64 37.9 3.6 52.3 191 11996 967 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.65 37.7 3.6 52.2 190 11996 962 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 

0. 2 0.7 3.67 37.5 3.6 52.3 189 11996 959 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.68 37.2 3.6 52.5 190 11996 956 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 

0.4 0.5 3.68 36.9 3.6 52.8 190 11996 955 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.68 36.6 3.6 53.2 191 11996 954 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 

0.6 0.3 3.68 36.3 3.6 53.7 192 11W6 954 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.68 36

.0 3.6 54.2 193 11996 955 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.68 35.6 3.6 54.7 195 11996 956 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9 a 3.67 35.3 3.6 55.3 196 11996 957 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8 a 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.75 31.1 3.5 62.7 217 11996 938 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.76 31.2 3_5 62.5 217 11996 936 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.76 31.3 3.5 62.3 216 11996 935 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.76 31.3 3.5 62.2 216 11996 934 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.76 31.4 3.5 62.2 217 11996 934 78

.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.76 31.4 3.5 62.4 218 11996 935 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.75 31.3 3.5 62.7 219 11996 938 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 a 0.8 3.73 31.2 3.5 63.3 222 11996 941 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 a 0.7 

3. n 26.8 3.4 74.3 252 11996 933 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.78 27.0 3.4 73.3 249 11996 930 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.79 27.2 3.4 72.5 246 11996 928 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.3 0.4 

3.79 27.3 3.4 72.0 244 11996 927 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.79 27.4 3.4 71.6 243 11996 927 78_8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.79 27.5 3.4 71.4 242 11996 928 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.78 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 929 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7 0 3.n 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6 a 3.78 24.7 3.3 80.0 266 11996 931 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.78 24.6 3.3 80.3 267 11996 929 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.79 24.5 3.3 80.9 269 11996 928 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.79 24.3 3.3 81.6 271 11996 928 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.78 24.2 3.3 82.5 274 11996 929 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 

0. 1 0.5 3.n 24.0 3.3 83.6 278 11996 932 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 a 0.6 3.76 23.7 3.3 85.1 283 11996 936 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 a 0.5 3.72 21.4 3.3 95.7 314 11996 946 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.74 21.6 3.3 93.8 308 11996 941 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 '0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.75 21.9 3.3 92.2 303 11996 938 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.76 22.1 3.3 91.0 299 11996 936 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.76 22.3 3.3 90.0 296 11996 936 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.5 a 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4 a 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.70 20.3 3.3 100.3 327 11996 949 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.2 0.2 3.69 20.1 3.3 101.9 332 11996 952 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.68 19.8 3.3 103.8 338 11996 956 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 a 0.4 3.65 19.6 3.3 106.2 346 11996 962 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 a 0.3 3.57 18.1 3.3 116.4 379 11996 985 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.60 18.4 3.3 113.7 370 11996 976 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 

-0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.62 18.6 3.2 111.4 362 11996 971 78.8 

19 11 17 '0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3 0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2 a 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.51 17.2 3.3 123.4 402 11996 1003 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 a 0.2 3.47 16.9 3.3 126.5 414 11996 1013 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 a 0.1 3.35 15.9 3.3 136.3 450 11996 1049 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 

0.1 a 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8 

19 11 17 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 a a 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 1 0 3.56 40.8 3.7 48.2 177 11996 987 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.9 0.1 3.55 40.9 3.7 48.2 1n 11996 990 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.8 0.2 3.54 41.0 3.7 48.3 178 11996 993 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.7 0.3 3.53 41.1 3.7 48.5 179 11996 997 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.6 0.4 3.51 41.1 3.7 48.7 180 11996 1002 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.5 0.5 3.49 41.1 3.7 49.1 182 11996 1007 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.4 0.6 3.47 41.1 3.7 49.6 184 11996 1013 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.3 0.7 3.45 40.9 3.7 50.2 186 11996 1020 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0~01 a 0.2 0.8 3.42 40.8 3.7 51.0 190 11996 1029 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 a 0.1 0.9 3.38 40.5 3.7 52.1 194 11996 1041 78

.8 
19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0 1 3.33 40.2 3.7 53.5 199 11996 1056 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 ·0.01 0.1 0 0.9 3.47 32.9 3.6 64.3 230 11996 1012 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.52 33.3 3.6 62.2 222 11996 997 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.56 33.7 3.6 60.6 216 11996 987 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.59 34.1 3.6 59.3 212 11996 979 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.61 34.4 3.6 58.3 208 11996 973 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.63 34.7 3.6 57.4 205 11996 969 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.64 34.9 3.6 56.7 202 11996 965 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.65 35.0 3.6 56.1 200 11996 962 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.66 35.2 3.6 55.7 198 11996 959 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9 0 3.67 35.3 3.6 55.3 196 11996 957 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8 0 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.73 30.7 3.5 63.8 221 11996 942 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.72 30.5 3.5 64.7 224 11996 944 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.71 30.1 3.5 65.7 227 11996 948 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.69 29.8 3.5 67.0 232 11996 952 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.67 29.4 3.5 68.5 237 11996 958 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.64 29.0 3.5 70.3 243 11996 965 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.60 28.5 3.5 72.4 250 11996 976 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0 0.8 3.55 28.0 3.5 75.1 260 11996 990 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0 0.7 3.58 24.7 3.4 85.5 289 11996 983 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.63 25.2 3.4 82.3 278 11996 968 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2. 0.5 3.68 25.6 3.4 79.6 269 11996 956 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.3 0.4 3.71 26.1 3.4 77.4 261 11996 948 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.73 26.5 3.4 75.5 255 11996 942 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.75 26.9 3.4 73.8 250 11996 938 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.76 27.2 3.4 72.4 245 11996 934 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7 0 3.77 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6 0 3.78 24.7 3.3 80.0 266 11996 931 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 24.4 3.3 81.7 272 11996 935 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.74 24.0 3.3 83.6 278 11996 940 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.71 23.6 3.3 85.9 286 11996 946 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.68 23.1 3.3 88.6 294 11996 956 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.1 0.5 3.63 22.7 3.3 91.8 305 11996 968 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0 0.6 3.57 22.2 3.3 95.6 318 11996 985 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0 0.5 3.54 20.3 3.3 105.1 347 11996 994 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.61 20.8 3.3 100.8 332 11996 974 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.66 21.2 3.3 97.2 320 11996 960 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.70 21.6 3.3 94.2 309 11996 950 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.73 22.1 3.3 91.5 .301 11996 942 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.5 0 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4 0 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.67 20.1 3.3 102.0 333 11996 957 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.2 0.2 3.63 19.7 3.3 105.4 344 11996 969 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.57 19.3 3.3 109.5 358 11996 985 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0 0.4 3.49 18.9 3.3 114.2 375 11996 1007 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0 0.3 3.43 17.7 3.3 122.8 404 11996 1024 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.52 18.1 3.3 117.7 385 11996 999 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.58 18.4 3.3 113.3 369 11996 981 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3 0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2 0 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.46 17.0 3.3 125.5 411 11996 1016 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0 0.2 3.37 16.7 3.3 131.0 432 11996 1044 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0 0.1 3.30 15.8 3.3 138.7 460 11996 1066 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0.1 0 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 0 0 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 78.8

~u.s. Government Printing Office : 1992 - 312-014/40059

 CE-RM-93-801 COMMENT OR9

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0 0 1 3.33 40.2 3.7 53.5 199 11996 1056 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0 0.9 3.47 32.9 3.6 64.3 230 11996 1012 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.1 0.8 3.52 33.3 3.6 62.2 222 11996 997 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.2 0.7 3.56 33.7 3.6 60.6 216 11996 987 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.3 0.6 3.59 34.1 3.6 59.3 212 11996 979 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.4 0.5 3.61 34.4 3.6 58.3 208 11996 973 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.5 0.4 3.63 34.7 3.6 57.4 205 11996 969 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.64 34.9 3.6 56.7 202 11996 965 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.65 35.0 3.6 56.1 200 11996 962 78.8 

19 11 18 -0 .01 -0.01 -0. 01 0.1 0.8 0.1 3.66 35 .2 3.6 55.7 198 11996 959 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.1 0.9 0 3.67 35.3 3.6 55 .3 196 11996 957 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.8 0 3.74 31.0 3.5 63.0 218 11996 940 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.7 0.1 3.73 30.7 3.5 63.8 221 11996 942 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.6 0.2 3.n 30.5 3.5 64.7 224 11996 944 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.5 0.3 3.71 30.1 3.5 65.7 227 11996 948 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.4 0.4 3.69 29.8 3.5 67.0 232 11996 952 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.3 0.5 3.67 29.4 3.5 68.5 237 11996 958 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.2 0.6 3.64 29.0 3.5 70.3 243 11996 965 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.2 0.1 0.7 3.60 28.5 3.5 72.4 250 11996 976 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 ·0.01 -0.01 0.2 0 0.8 3.55 28.0 3.5 75.1 260 11996 990 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0 0.7 3.58 24.7 3.4 85.5 289 11996 983 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.1 0.6 3.63 25.2 3.4 82.3 278 11996 968 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 ·0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.68 25.6 3.4 79.6 269 11996 956 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.3 0.4 3.71 26.1 3.4 77.4 261 11996 948 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.4 0.3 3.73 26.5 3.4 75.5 255 11996 942 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.5 0.2 3.75 26.9 3.4 73.8 250 11996 938 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.76 27.2 3.4 72.4 245 11996 934 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.3 0.7 0 3.77 27.5 3.4 71.2 241 11996 932 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.6 0 3.78 24.7 3.3 80.0 266 11996 931 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.5 0.1 3.76 24.4 3.3 81.7 272 11996 935 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.4 0.2 3.74 24.0 3.3 83.6 278 11996 940 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.71 23.6 3.3 85.9 286 11996 946 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.2 0.4 3.68 23.1 3.3 88.6 294 11996 956 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0.1 0.5 3.63 22.7 3.3 91.8 305 11996 968 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.4 0 0.6 3.57 22.2 3.3 95.6 318 11996 985 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0 0.5 3.54 20.3 3.3 105.1 347 11996 994 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.61 20.8 3.3 100.8 332 11996 974 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.2 0.3 3.66 21.2 3.3 97.2 320 11996 960 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.3 0.2 3.70 21.6 3.3 94.2 309 11996 950 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.4 0.1 3.73 22.1 3.3 91.5 .301 11996 942 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.5 0.5 0 3.75 22.4 3.3 89.2 293 11996 937 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.4 0 3.70 20.5 3.3 99.0 323 11996 949 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.67 20.1 3.3 102.0 333 11996 957 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.2 0.2 3.63 19.7 3.3 105.4 344 11996 969 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.57 19.3 3.3 109.5 358 11996 985 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.6 0 0.4 3.49 18.9 3.3 114.2 375 11996 1007 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0 0.3 3.43 17.7 3.3 122.8 404 11996 1024 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.1 0.2 3.52 18.1 3.3 117.7 385 11996 999 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.2 0.1 3.58 18.4 3.3 113.3 369 11996 981 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.7 0.3 0 3.63 18.8 3.2 109.5 356 11996 968 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.2 0 3.53 17.4 3.3 120.8 393 11996 996 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0.1 0.1 3.46 17.0 3.3 125.5 411 11996 1016 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.8 0 0.2 3.37 16.7 3.3 131.0 432 11996 1044 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0 0.1 3.30 15.8 3.3 138.7 460 11996 1066 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 0.9 0.1 0 3.40 16.2 3.3 132.8 437 11996 1035 78.8 

19 11 18 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 1 0 0 3.23 15.1 3.3 145.8 488 11996 1090 78.8 

~u.s. Government Printing Office : 1992 - 312-014/40059