# Patent

## Title
Pseudomonas exotoxin A with less immunogenic B cell epitopes

## Abstract

The invention provides a Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) comprising an amino acid sequence having a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606, wherein the amino acid residues are defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1. The invention further provides related chimeric molecules, as well as related nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells, populations of cells, and pharmaceutical compositions. Methods of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal, methods of inhibiting the growth of a target cell, methods of producing the PE, and methods of producing the chimeric molecule are further provided by the invention.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/241,782, filed Mar. 12, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,206,240 which is a U.S. national stage of PCT/US2012/055034, filed Sep. 13, 2012, which claims priority to U.S. Application No. 61/535,668, filed on Sep. 16, 2011, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.


INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 53,101 Byte ASCII (Text) file named “710974_ST25.txt,” dated Sep. 11, 2012.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a bacterial toxin with cytotoxic activity that may be effective for destroying or inhibiting the growth of undesirable cells, e.g., cancer cells. Accordingly, PE may be useful for treating or preventing diseases such as, e.g., cancer. However, PE may be highly immunogenic. Accordingly, PE administration may stimulate an anti-PE immune response including, for example, the production of anti-PE antibodies, B-cells and/or T-cells, that undesirably neutralizes the cytotoxic activity of PE. Such immunogenicity may reduce the amount of PE that can be given to the patient which may, in turn, reduce the effectiveness of the PE for treating the disease, e.g., cancer. Thus, there is a need for improved PE.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An embodiment of the invention provides a Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) comprising a PE amino acid sequence having a substitution of, independently, one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, with the proviso that when the amino acid residue at position 516 is substituted with alanine, at least one of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is substituted, wherein the PE optionally has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes, a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more B cell epitopes, and/or a deletion of one or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 1-273 and 285-394 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a PE comprising an amino acid sequence comprising Formula I:

FCS-R1m-R2p-R3n-PE functional domain III   (Formula I)

wherein:
m, n, and p are, independently, 0 or 1;
FCS comprises a furin cleavage sequence of amino acid residues, which sequence is cleavable by furin;
R1 comprises 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
R2 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 285-364 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
R3 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 365-394 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and
PE functional domain III comprises residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1 having a substitution of, independently, one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, with the proviso that when the amino acid residue at position 516 is substituted with alanine, at least one of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is substituted,
wherein the PE optionally has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes and/or a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more B cell epitopes.
Additional embodiments of the invention provide related chimeric molecules, as well as related nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells, populations of cells, and pharmaceutical compositions.
Still another embodiment of the invention provides a method of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal the inventive PE, chimeric molecule, nucleic acid, recombinant expression vector, host cell, population of cells, or pharmaceutical composition, in an amount effective to treat or prevent cancer in the mammal.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of inhibiting the growth of a target cell comprising contacting the cell with the inventive PE, chimeric molecule, nucleic acid, recombinant expression vector, host cell, population of cells, or pharmaceutical composition, in an amount effective to inhibit growth of the target cell.
Additional embodiments of the invention provide methods of producing the inventive PE and methods of producing the inventive chimeric molecule.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 is a chart showing the reactivity of anti-PE38 (domain III) phage against point-substituted HA22. Black cells represent less than 10% reactivity, blank cells represent more than 10% reactivity, and gray cells indicate not tested. The substitutions are ordered by their location from the N terminus (left) to the C terminus (right).
FIGS. 2A and 2B are line graphs showing the results of competition experiments testing the concentration of each of the substituted immunotoxins HA22 (“HA,” closed circles), HA22-LR (“LR,” open circles), HA22-LO5 (“LO5,” closed triangles), HA22-LO6 (“LO6,” open triangles), HA22-LR-8M (“LR8M,” closed squares), and HA22-LO10 (“LO10,” open squares) that reduced the level of antibodies reacting with HA22 by 50% (dotted line) in the serum of a first (FIG. 2A) and second (FIG. 2B) patient undergoing clinical trials with HA22.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing percent binding of antibodies to HA22, HA22-LR-8M, HA22-LO10 (HA22-LRLO10), or HA22-LRLO10R in the sera of patients treated using PE38.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (“PE”) is a bacterial toxin (molecular weight 66 kD) secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The native, wild-type PE sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,095, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Native, wild-type PE includes three structural domains that contribute to cytotoxicity. Domain Ia (amino acids 1-252) mediates cell binding, domain II (amino acids 253-364) mediates translocation into the cytosol, and domain III (amino acids 400-613) mediates ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2. While the structural boundary of domain III of PE is considered to start at residue 400, it is contemplated that domain III may require a segment of domain Ib to retain ADP-ribosylating activity. Accordingly, functional domain III is defined as residues 395-613 of PE. The function of domain Ib (amino acids 365-399) remains undefined. Without being bound by a particular theory or mechanism, it is believed that the cytotoxic activity of PE occurs through the inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, e.g., by the inactivation of the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2).
Substitutions of PE are defined herein by reference to the amino acid sequence of PE. Thus, substitutions of PE are described herein by reference to the amino acid residue present at a particular position, followed by the amino acid with which that residue has been replaced in the particular substitution under discussion. In this regard, the positions of the amino acid sequence of a particular embodiment of a PE are referred to herein as the positions of the amino acid sequence of the particular embodiment or as the positions as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1. When the positions are as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1, then the actual positions of the amino acid sequence of a particular embodiment of a PE are defined relative to the corresponding positions of SEQ ID NO: 1 and may represent different residue position numbers than the residue position numbers of SEQ ID NO: 1. Thus, for example, substitutions refer to a replacement of an amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence of a particular embodiment of a PE corresponding to the indicated position of the 613-amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 with the understanding that the actual positions in the respective amino acid sequences may be different. For example, when the positions are as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1, the term “R490” refers to the arginine normally present at position 490 of SEQ ID NO: 1, “R490A” indicates that the arginine normally present at position 490 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is replaced by an alanine, while “K590Q” indicates that the lysine normally present at position 590 of SEQ ID NO: 1 has been replaced with a glutamine. In the event of multiple substitutions at two or more positions, the two or more substitutions may be the same or different, i.e., each amino acid residue of the two or more amino acid residues being substituted can be substituted with the same or different amino acid residue unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
The terms “Pseudomonas exotoxin” and “PE” as used herein include PE that has been modified from the native protein to reduce or to eliminate immunogenicity. Such modifications may include, but are not limited to, elimination of domain Ia, various amino acid deletions in domains Ib, II, and III, single amino acid substitutions and the addition of one or more sequences at the carboxyl terminus such as DEL and REDL (SEQ ID NO: 7). See Siegall et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264: 14256-14261 (1989). Such modified PEs may be further modified to include any of the inventive substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes described herein. In an embodiment, the modified PE may be a cytotoxic fragment of native, wild-type PE. Cytotoxic fragments of PE may include those which are cytotoxic with or without subsequent proteolytic or other processing in the target cell (e.g., as a protein or pre-protein). In a preferred embodiment, the cytotoxic fragment of PE retains at least about 20%, preferably at least about 40%, more preferably about 50%, even more preferably 75%, more preferably at least about 90%, and still more preferably 95% of the cytotoxicity of native PE. In particularly preferred embodiments, the cytotoxic fragment has at least the cytotoxicity of native PE, and preferably has increased cytotoxicity as compared to native PE.
Modified PE that reduces or eliminates immunogenicity includes, for example, PE4E, PE40, PE38, PE25, PE38QQR, PE38KDEL, and PE35. In an embodiment, the PE may be any of PE4E, PE40, PE38, PE25, PE38QQR (in which PE38 has the sequence QQR added at the C-terminus), PE38KDEL (in which PE38 has the sequence KDEL (SEQ ID NO: 5) added at the C-terminus), PE-LR (resistance to lysosomal degradation), and PE35.
In an embodiment, the PE has been modified to reduce immunogenicity by deleting domain Ia as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,827, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The PE may also be modified by substituting certain residues of domain Ia. In an embodiment, the PE may be PE4E, which is a substituted PE in which domain Ia is present but in which the basic residues of domain Ia at positions 57, 246, 247, and 249 are replaced with acidic residues (e.g., glutamic acid), as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,658, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
PE40 is a truncated derivative of PE (Pai et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 3358-62 (1991) and Kondo et al., Biol. Chem., 263: 9470-9475 (1988)). PE35 is a 35 kD carboxyl-terminal fragment of PE in which amino acid residues 1-279 have been deleted and the molecule commences with a Met at position 280 followed by amino acids 281-364 and 381-613 of PE as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1. PE35 and PE40 are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,095 and 4,892,827, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. PE25 contains the 11-residue fragment from domain II and all of domain III. In some embodiments, the PE contains only domain III.
In a preferred embodiment, the PE is PE38. PE38 contains the translocating and ADP ribosylating domains of PE but not the cell-binding portion (Hwang J. et al., Cell, 48: 129-136 (1987)). PE38 (SEQ ID NO: 144) is a truncated PE pro-protein composed of amino acids 253-364 and 381-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1 which is activated to its cytotoxic form upon processing within a cell (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,039, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, and Pastan et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1333: C1-C6 (1997)).
In another preferred embodiment, the PE is PE-LR. PE-LR contains a deletion of domain II except for a furin cleavage sequence (FCS) corresponding to amino acid residues 274-284 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (RHRQPRGWEQL (SEQ ID NO: 8)) and a deletion of amino acid residues 365-394 of domain Ib. Thus, PE-LR contains amino acid residues 274-284 and 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1. PE-LR is described in International Patent Application Publication WO 2009/032954, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The PE-LR may, optionally, additionally comprise a GGS linking peptide between the FCS and amino acid residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
As noted above, alternatively or additionally, some or all of domain Ib may be deleted with the remaining portions joined by a bridge or directly by a peptide bond. Alternatively or additionally, some of the amino portion of domain II may be deleted. Alternatively or additionally, the C-terminal end may contain the native sequence of residues 609-613 (REDLK) (SEQ ID NO: 6), or may contain a variation that may maintain the ability of the PE to translocate into the cytosol, such as KDEL (SEQ ID NO: 5) or REDL (SEQ ID NO: 7), and repeats of these sequences. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,854,044; 5,821,238; and 5,602,095 and International Patent Application Publication WO 1999/051643, which are incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Any form of PE in which immunogenicity has been eliminated or reduced can be used in combination with any of the inventive substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes described herein so long as it remains capable of cytotoxicity to targeted cells, e.g., by translocation and EF-2 ribosylation in a targeted cell.
An embodiment of the invention provides a PE comprising a PE amino acid sequence having a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, with the proviso that when the amino acid residue at position 516 is substituted with alanine, at least one of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is substituted, wherein the PE optionally has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes, a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more B cell epitopes, and/or a deletion of one or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 1-273 and 285-394 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1. It has been discovered that amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 are located within one or more B-cell epitopes of PE. Thus, a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 may, advantageously, remove one or more B cell epitope(s). Accordingly, the inventive PEs may, advantageously, be less immunogenic than an unsubstituted (e.g., wild-type) PE.
The substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 in any of the PEs described herein may be a substitution of any amino acid residue for one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606. In an embodiment of the invention, the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 in any of the PEs described herein is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606.
In an embodiment of the invention, the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 in any of the PEs described herein is a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues D463, Y481, and L516. In another embodiment of the invention, the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 in any of the PEs described herein is a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, Y481, R563, D581, D589, and K606.
The substitution of one or more amino acid residues in any of the PEs described herein may be a substitution of one or more amino acid residues located in a human or mouse B-cell epitope. Preferably, the substitution of one or more amino acid residues is a substitution of one or more amino acid residues located in a human B-cell epitope. In this regard, in an embodiment of the invention, the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 in any of the PEs described herein is a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581. It has been discovered that E420, D463, Y481, L516, 8563, and D581 are located in human B-cell epitopes of PE.
In addition to the substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more PE B-cell epitopes described herein, the inventive PE may, optionally, also include further substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In this regard, in an embodiment of the invention, the PE has a further substitution of any amino acid residue for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the further substitution of one or more amino acids within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 includes a substitution of alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for one or more amino acids within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. The further substitution(s) within one or more B-cell epitopes may, advantageously, further reduce immunogenicity by the removal of one or more B-cell epitopes. The further substitution(s) may be located within any suitable PE B-cell epitope. Exemplary B-cell epitopes are disclosed in, for example, International Patent Application Publications WO 2007/016150, WO 2009/032954, and WO 2011/032022, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In a preferred embodiment, the further substitution of one or more amino acids within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues E282, E285, P290, R313, N314, P319, D324, E327, E331, Q332, D403, D406, R412, R427, E431, R432, R458, D461, R467, R490, R505, R513, E522, R538, E548, R551, R576, K590, Q592, and L597, wherein the amino acid residues E282, E285, P290, R313, N314, P319, D324, E327, E331, Q332, D403, D406, R412, R427, E431, R432, R458, D461, R467, R490, R505, R513, E522, R538, E548, R551, R576, K590, Q592, and L597 are defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, or serine in place of one or more amino acid residues R427, R458, R467, R490, R505, and R538. In an especially preferred embodiment, the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is a substitution of alanine in place of amino acid residue D463, and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is: (a) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R427; (b) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R458; (c) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R467; (d) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R490; (e) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R505; and (f) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R538, as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1.
In addition to the substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more PE B-cell epitopes described herein, the inventive PE may, optionally, also include further substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In this regard, in an embodiment of the invention, the PE has a further substitution of any amino acid residue for one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the further substitution of one or more amino acids within one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 includes a substitution of alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for one or more amino acids within one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. The further substitution(s) within one or more T-cell epitopes may, advantageously, further reduce immunogenicity by the removal of one or more T-cell epitopes. The further substitution(s) may be located within any suitable PE T-cell epitope. Exemplary T-cell epitopes are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/495,085, filed Jun. 9, 2011, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In a preferred embodiment, the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more T-cell epitopes is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues L294, L297, Y298, L299, R302, and amino acid residues at positions 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1.
The substitution of one or more amino acid residues at positions L294, L297, Y298, L299, R302, 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may be a substitution of any amino acid residue in place of an amino acid residue at any one or more of positions L294, L297, Y298, L299, R302, 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The substitution of one or more amino acid residues at positions 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 of SEQ ID NO: 1 may include, e.g., a substitution of alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more amino acid residues at position 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 517, 518, and 519 of SEQ ID NO: 1. One or more substitutions in one or more T cell epitopes located at positions L294, L297, Y298, L299, R302, 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 of PE as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1 may further reduce immunogenicity of PE. In an embodiment, the amino acid sequence does not have a substitution of one or more amino acid residues at positions 467, 485, 490, 505, 513, and/or 516.
The deletion of one or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 1-273 and 285-394 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 may be a deletion of any one or more of amino acid residues 1-273 and 285-394. In an embodiment of the invention, the deletion of one or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 1-273 and 285-394 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 may be a deletion of all or part of domain Ia (amino acid residues 1-252 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1); part of domain II (amino acid residues 253-273 and 285-364 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1); and/or one or more of amino acid residues 365-394 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1. In an embodiment of the invention, the PE comprises a furin cleavage sequence (FCS) comprising amino acid residues 274-284 as defined by SEQ ID NO: 1 and functional domain III (amino acid residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1). Optionally, the PE comprises a GGS linking peptide between the FCS and functional domain III.
Preferably, the PE comprises one or more substitutions that increase cytotoxicity as disclosed, for example, in International Patent Application Publication WO 2007/016150, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In this regard, an embodiment of the invention provides PE with a substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 and the substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a substitution of valine, leucine, or isoleucine in place of amino acid residue R490, wherein the amino acid residue R490 is defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1. In an embodiment of the invention, substitution of one or more amino acid residues at positions 313, 327, 331, 332, 431, 432, 505, 516, 538, and 590 defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine or glutamine may provide a PE with an increased cytotoxicity as disclosed, for example, in International Patent Application Publication WO 2007/016150, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Increased cytotoxic activity and decreased immunogenicity can occur simultaneously, and are not mutually exclusive. Substitutions that both increase cytotoxic activity and decrease immunogenicity, such as substitutions of R490 to glycine or, more preferably, alanine, are especially preferred.
In an embodiment of the invention, the PE comprises an amino acid sequence comprising Formula I:

FCS-R1m-R2p-R3n-PE functional domain III   (Formula I)

wherein:
m, n, and p are, independently, 0 or 1;
FCS comprises a furin cleavage sequence of amino acid residues, which sequence is cleavable by furin;
R1 comprises 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
R2 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 285-364 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
R3 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 365-394 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and
PE functional domain III comprises residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1 having a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, with the proviso that when the amino acid residue at position 516 is substituted with alanine, at least one of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is substituted,
wherein the PE optionally has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes and/or a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more B cell epitopes.
In an embodiment of the invention, m, n, and/or p of Formula I are 0. In an embodiment of the invention, when m, n, and p are each 0, the PE of Formula I may further comprise a GGS linking peptide between FCS and PE functional domain III. In an embodiment of the invention, m is 1, p and n are each 0, and R1 comprises GGS.
Without being bound by a particular theory or mechanism, it is believed that PEs containing the furin cleavage sequence (FCS) undergo proteolytic processing inside target cells, thereby activating the cytotoxic activity of the toxin. The FCS of the inventive PEs may comprise any suitable furin cleavage sequence of amino acid residues, which sequence is cleavable by furin. Exemplary furin cleavage sequences are described in Duckert et al., Protein Engineering, Design & Selection, 17(1): 107-112 (2004) and International Patent Application Publication WO 2009/032954, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In an embodiment of the invention, FCS comprises residues 274-284 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (i.e., RHRQPRGWEQL (SEQ ID NO: 8)). The inventive PE may, optionally, also include further substitution(s) of any amino acid for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes and/or one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In an embodiment of the invention, the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 is a substitution of alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for amino acid residue E282 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Other suitable FCS amino acid sequences include, but are not limited to: R-X1-X2-R, wherein X1 is any naturally occurring amino acid and X2 is any naturally occurring amino acid (SEQ ID NO: 9), RKKR (SEQ ID NO: 10), RRRR (SEQ ID NO: 11), RKAR (SEQ ID NO: 12), SRVARS (SEQ ID NO: 13), TSSRKRRFW (SEQ ID NO: 14), ASRRKARSW (SEQ ID NO: 15), RRVKKRFW (SEQ ID NO: 16), RNVVRRDW (SEQ ID NO: 17), TRAVRRRSW (SEQ ID NO: 18), RQPR (SEQ ID NO: 19), RHRQPRGW (SEQ ID NO: 20), RHRQPRGWE (SEQ ID NO: 21), HRQPRGWEQ (SEQ ID NO: 22), RQPRGWE (SEQ ID NO: 23), RHRSKRGWEQL (SEQ ID NO: 24), RSKR (SEQ ID NO: 25), RHRSKRGW (SEQ ID NO: 26), HRSKRGWE (SEQ ID NO: 27), RSKRGWEQL (SEQ ID NO: 28), HRSKRGWEQL (SEQ ID NO: 29), RHRSKR (SEQ ID NO: 30), and R-X1-X2-R, wherein X1 is any naturally occurring amino acid and X2 is arginine or lysine (SEQ ID NO: 4).
In an embodiment of the invention, p is 1, R2 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 285-364 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with an optional further substitution of any amino acid for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes and/or one or more T-cell epitopes. In an embodiment of the invention, the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for one or more of amino acid residue E285, P290, R313, N314, P319, D324, E327, E331, and Q332 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In an embodiment of the invention, the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more T-cell epitopes is a substitution of independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues L294, L297, Y298, L299, and R302.
In still another embodiment of the invention, m, n, and p are each 0; FCS comprises residues 274-284 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, D581, D589, and K606 is a substitution of alanine in place of amino acid residue D463 and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is: (a) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R427; (b) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R458; (c) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R467; (d) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R490; (e) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R505; and (f) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R538.
In addition to the substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more PE B-cell epitopes described herein, the inventive PE may, optionally, also include further substitution(s) of any amino acid for one or more amino acid residues within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment of the invention, the PE has the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1 includes a substitution of independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for one or more of amino acid residues D403, D406, R412, R427, E431, R432, R458, D461, R467, R490, R505, R513, E522, R538, E548, R551, R576, K590, Q592, and L597 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or a substitution of valine, leucine, or isoleucine in place of amino acid residue R490 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
In addition to the substitution(s) for one or more amino acid residues within one or more PE B-cell epitopes described herein, the inventive PE may, optionally, also include further substitution(s) of any amino acid for one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes of SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment of the invention, the PE has the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more T-cell epitopes and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more T-cell epitopes is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues at positions L294, L297, Y298, L299, and R302, 464-480, 482-515, and 517-519 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The further substitution of an amino acid within one or more T-cell epitopes is as described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, PE functional domain III comprises SEQ ID NO: 188, wherein X at position 26 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or glutamic acid; X at position 69 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or aspartic acid; X at position 87 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or tyrosine; X at position 122 is glycine, serine, glutamine, or leucine; X at position 169 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or arginine; X at 187 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or aspartic acid; X at position 195 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or aspartic acid; and X at position 212 is alanine, glycine, serine, glutamine, or lysine, with the proviso that SEQ ID NO: 188 does not comprise amino acid residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
The inventive PE may be less immunogenic than an unsubstituted PE in accordance with the invention if the immune response to the inventive PE is diminished, quantitatively or qualitatively, as compared to the immune response of an unsubstituted PE. A quantitative decrease in immunogenicity encompasses a decrease in the magnitude or degree of the immune response. The magnitude or degree of immunogenicity can be measured on the basis of any number of known parameters, such as a decrease in the level of cytokine (e.g., antigen-specific cytokine) production (cytokine concentration), a decrease in the number of lymphocytes activated (e.g., proliferation of lymphocytes (e.g., antigen-specific lymphocytes)) or recruited, and/or a decrease in the production of antibodies (antigen-specific antibodies), etc. A qualitative decrease in immunogenicity encompasses any change in the nature of the immune response that renders the immune response less effective at mediating the reduction of the cytotoxic activity of the PE. Methods of measuring immunogenicity are known in the art. For example, measuring the binding of PE to antibodies (e.g., antibodies previously exposed to PE) and/or measuring the ability of the PE to induce antibodies when administered to a mammal (e.g., humans, mice, and/or mice in which the mouse immune system is replaced with a human immune system) can measure immunogenicity. A less immunogenic PE may be characterized by a decrease in the stimulation and/or activation of B-cells specific for PE as compared to that obtained with an unsubstituted PE. Alternatively or additionally, less immunogenic PE may be characterized by a decrease in the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells and/or memory cells as compared to that obtained with an unsubstituted PE. In a preferred embodiment, reduced immunogenicity is characterized by any one or more of a decrease in B cell stimulation, a decrease in B cell proliferation, and a decrease in anti-PE antibody secretion. Qualitative and quantitative diminishment of immunogenicity can occur simultaneously and are not mutually exclusive.
One of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the inventive PEs can be modified in any number of ways, such that the therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy of the inventive PEs is increased through the modification. For instance, the inventive PEs can be conjugated or fused either directly or indirectly through a linker to a targeting moiety. In this regard, an embodiment of the invention provides a chimeric molecule comprising (a) a targeting moiety conjugated or fused to (b) any of the inventive PEs described herein. The practice of conjugating compounds, e.g., inventive PEs, to targeting moieties is known in the art. See, for instance, Wadwa et al., J. Drug Targeting, 3: 111 (1995), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,616.
The term “targeting moiety” as used herein, refers to any molecule or agent that specifically recognizes and binds to a cell-surface marker, such that the targeting moiety directs the delivery of the inventive PE to a population of cells on which surface the receptor is expressed. Targeting moieties include, but are not limited to, antibodies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), or fragments thereof, peptides, hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and any other natural or non-natural ligands.
The term “antibody,” as used herein, refers to whole (also known as “intact”) antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof that retain antigen recognition and binding capability. The antibody or antigen binding portions thereof can be a naturally-occurring antibody or antigen binding portion thereof, e.g., an antibody or antigen binding portion thereof isolated and/or purified from a mammal, e.g., mouse, rabbit, goat, horse, chicken, hamster, human, etc. The antibody or antigen binding portion thereof can be in monomeric or polymeric form. Also, the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof can have any level of affinity or avidity for the cell surface marker. Desirably, the antibody or antigen binding portion thereof is specific for the cell surface marker, such that there is minimal cross-reaction with other peptides or proteins.
The antibody may be monoclonal or polyclonal and of any isotype, e.g., IgM, IgG (e.g. IgG, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4), IgD, IgA or IgE. Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of an antibody or single chain variable fragments (Fvs) of an antibody against a target cell surface marker can be grafted or engineered into an antibody of choice to confer specificity for the target cell surface marker upon that antibody. For example, the CDRs of an antibody against a target cell surface marker can be grafted onto a human antibody framework of a known three dimensional structure (see, e.g., International Patent Application Publications WO 1998/045322 and WO 1987/002671; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,205; 5,585,089; and 4,816,567; European Patent Application Publication 0173494; Jones et al., Nature, 321:522 (1986); Verhoeyen et al., Science, 239: 1534 (1988), Riechmann et al., Nature, 332: 323 (1988); and Winter & Milstein, Nature, 349: 293 (1991)) to form an antibody that may raise little or no immunogenic response when administered to a human. In a preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety is a monoclonal antibody.
The antigen binding portion can be any portion that has at least one antigen binding site, such as, e.g., the variable regions or CDRs of the intact antibody. Examples of antigen binding portions of antibodies include, but are not limited to, a heavy chain, a light chain, a variable or constant region of a heavy or light chain, a single chain variable fragment (scFv), or an Fc, Fab, Fab′, Fv, or F(ab)2′ fragment; single domain antibodies (see, e.g., Wesolowski, Med Microbiol Immunol., 198(3): 157-74 (2009); Saerens et al., Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 8(5):6 00-8 (2008); Harmsen and de Haard, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 77(1): 13-22 (2007), helix-stabilized antibodies (see, e.g., Arndt et al., J. Mol. Biol., 312: 221-228 (2001); triabodies; diabodies (European Patent Application Publication 0404097; International Patent Application Publication WO 1993/011161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 6444-6448 (1993)); single-chain antibody molecules (“scFvs,” see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,773); disulfide stabilized antibodies (“dsFvs,” see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,747,654 and 6,558,672), and domain antibodies (“dAbs,” see, e.g., Holt et al., Trends Biotech, 21(11):484-490 (2003), Ghahroudi et al., FEBS Lett., 414:521-526 (1997), Lauwereys et al., EMBO J 17:3512-3520 (1998), Reiter et al., J. Mol. Biol. 290:685-698 (1999); and Davies and Riechmann, Biotechnology, 13:475-479 (2001)).
Methods of testing antibodies or antigen binding portions thereof for the ability to bind to any cell surface marker are known in the art and include any antibody-antigen binding assay, such as, for example, radioimmunoassay (RIA), ELISA, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and competitive inhibition assays (see, e.g., Janeway et al., infra, and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0197266 A1).
Suitable methods of making antibodies are known in the art. For instance, standard hybridoma methods are described in, e.g., Köhler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol., 5, 511-519 (1976), Harlow and Lane (eds.), Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press (1988), and C. A. Janeway et al. (eds.), Immunobiology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York, N.Y. (2001)). Alternatively, other methods, such as EBV-hybridoma methods (Haskard and Archer, J. Immunol. Methods, 74(2), 361-67 (1984), and Roder et al., Methods Enzymol., 121, 140-67 (1986)), and bacteriophage vector expression systems (see, e.g., Huse et al., Science, 246, 1275-81 (1989)) are known in the art. Further, methods of producing antibodies in non-human animals are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,806, 5,569,825, and 5,714,352, and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2002/0197266 A1.
Phage display also can be used to generate the antibody that may be used in the chimeric molecules of the invention. In this regard, phage libraries encoding antigen-binding variable (V) domains of antibodies can be generated using standard molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (eds.), Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (2001)). Phage encoding a variable region with the desired specificity are selected for specific binding to the desired antigen, and a complete or partial antibody is reconstituted comprising the selected variable domain. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the reconstituted antibody are introduced into a suitable cell line, such as a myeloma cell used for hybridoma production, such that antibodies having the characteristics of monoclonal antibodies are secreted by the cell (see, e.g., Janeway et al., supra, Huse et al., supra, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,150).
Alternatively, antibodies can be produced by transgenic mice that are transgenic for specific heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes. Such methods are known in the art and described in, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,806 and 5,569,825, and Janeway et al., supra.
Alternatively, the antibody can be a genetically-engineered antibody, e.g., a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody. Humanized antibodies advantageously provide a lower risk of side effects and can remain in the circulation longer. Methods for generating humanized antibodies are known in the art and are described in detail in, for example, Janeway et al., supra, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539, 5,585,089 and 5,693,761, European Patent 0239400 B1, and United Kingdom Patent 2188638. Humanized antibodies can also be generated using the antibody resurfacing technology described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,641 and Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol., 235, 959-973 (1994).
The targeting moiety may specifically bind to any suitable cell surface marker. The choice of a particular targeting moiety and/or cell surface marker may be chosen depending on the particular cell population to be targeted. Cell surface markers are known in the art (see, e.g., Mufson et al., Front. Biosci., 11:337-43 (2006); Frankel et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 6:326-334 (2000); and Kreitman et al., AAPS Journal, 8(3): E532-E551 (2006)) and may be, for example, a protein or a carbohydrate. In an embodiment of the invention, the targeting moiety is a ligand that specifically binds to a receptor on a cell surface. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fas, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a cytokine (e.g., IL-2, IL-15, IL-4, IL-13), a lymphokine, a hormone, and a growth factor (e.g., transforming growth factor (TGFa), neuronal growth factor, epidermal growth factor).
The cell surface marker can be, for example, a cancer antigen. The term “cancer antigen” as used herein refers to any molecule (e.g., protein, peptide, lipid, carbohydrate, etc.) solely or predominantly expressed or over-expressed by a tumor cell or cancer cell, such that the antigen is associated with the tumor or cancer. The cancer antigen can additionally be expressed by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancerous cells. However, in such cases, the expression of the cancer antigen by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancerous cells is not as robust as the expression by tumor or cancer cells. In this regard, the tumor or cancer cells can over-express the antigen or express the antigen at a significantly higher level, as compared to the expression of the antigen by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancerous cells. Also, the cancer antigen can additionally be expressed by cells of a different state of development or maturation. For instance, the cancer antigen can be additionally expressed by cells of the embryonic or fetal stage, which cells are not normally found in an adult host. Alternatively, the cancer antigen can be additionally expressed by stem cells or precursor cells, which cells are not normally found in an adult host.
The cancer antigen can be an antigen expressed by any cell of any cancer or tumor, including the cancers and tumors described herein. The cancer antigen may be a cancer antigen of only one type of cancer or tumor, such that the cancer antigen is associated with or characteristic of only one type of cancer or tumor. Alternatively, the cancer antigen may be a cancer antigen (e.g., may be characteristic) of more than one type of cancer or tumor. For example, the cancer antigen may be expressed by both breast and prostate cancer cells and not expressed at all by normal, non-tumor, or non-cancer cells.
Exemplary cancer antigens to which the targeting moiety may specifically bind include, but are not limited to mucin 1 (MUC1), melanoma associated antigen (MAGE), preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR), CD56, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) (also known as erbB-2), CD5, CD7, tyrosinase tumor antigen, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)1, TRP2, NY-ESO-1, telomerase, and p53. In a preferred embodiment, the cell surface marker, to which the targeting moiety specifically binds, is selected from the group consisting of cluster of differentiation (CD) 19, CD21, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD79b, transferrin receptor, EGF receptor, mesothelin, cadherin, and Lewis Y. Mesothelin is expressed in, e.g., ovarian cancer, mesothelioma, non-small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, fallopian tube cancer, head and neck cancer, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer. CD22 is expressed in, e.g., hairy cell leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL). CD25 is expressed in, e.g., leukemias and lymphomas, including hairy cell leukemia and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lewis Y antigen is expressed in, e.g., bladder cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. CD33 is expressed in, e.g., acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CML), and myeloproliferative disorders.
In an embodiment of the invention, the targeting moiety is an antibody that specifically binds to a cancer antigen. Exemplary antibodies that specifically bind to cancer antigens include, but are not limited to, antibodies against the transferrin receptor (e.g., HB21 and variants thereof), antibodies against CD22 (e.g., RFB4 and variants thereof), antibodies against CD25 (e.g., anti-Tac and variants thereof), antibodies against mesothelin (e.g., SS1, MORAb-009, SS, HN1, HN2, MN, MB, and variants thereof) and antibodies against Lewis Y antigen (e.g., B3 and variants thereof). In this regard, the targeting moiety may be an antibody selected from the group consisting of B3, RFB4, SS, SS1, MN, MB, HN1, HN2, HB21, and MORAb-009, and antigen binding portions thereof. Further exemplary targeting moieties suitable for use in the inventive chimeric molecules are disclosed e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,824 (anti-transferrin receptor); U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,535 (anti-CD25); U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,157 (anti-Lewis Y); U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,726 (anti-Lewis Y); U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,296 (anti-Lewis Y); U.S. Pat. No. 7,081,518 (anti-mesothelin); U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,012 (anti-CD22 and anti-CD25); U.S. Pat. No. 7,368,110 (anti-mesothelin); U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,775 (anti-CD30); U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,054 (anti-CD25); and U.S. Pat. No. 7,541,034 (anti-CD22); U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0189962 (anti-CD22); Frankel et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 326-334 (2000), and Kreitman et al., AAPS Journal, 8(3): E532-E551 (2006), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. In another embodiment, the targeting moiety may include the targeting moiety of immunotoxins known in the art. Exemplary immunotoxins include, but are not limited to, LMB-2 (Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38), BL22 and HA22 (RFB4(dsFv)-PE38), SS1P (SS 1 (dsFv)-PE38), HB21-PE40, and variants thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the targeting moiety is the antigen binding portion of HA22. HA22 comprises a disulfide-linked Fv anti-CD22 antibody fragment conjugated to PE38. HA22 and variants thereof are disclosed in International Patent Application Publications WO 2003/027135 and WO 2009/032954, which are incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
In an embodiment of the invention, the chimeric molecule comprises a linker. The term “linker” as used herein, refers to any agent or molecule that connects the inventive PE to the targeting moiety. One of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that sites on the inventive PE, which are not necessary for the function of the inventive PE, are ideal sites for attaching a linker and/or a targeting moiety, provided that the linker and/or targeting moiety, once attached to the inventive PE, do(es) not interfere with the function of the inventive PE, i.e., cytotoxic activity, inhibit growth of a target cell, or to treat or prevent cancer. The linker may be capable of forming covalent bonds to both the PE and the targeting moiety. Suitable linkers are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, straight or branched-chain carbon linkers, heterocyclic carbon linkers, and peptide linkers. Where the PE and the targeting moiety are polypeptides, the linker may be joined to the amino acids through side groups (e.g., through a disulfide linkage to cysteine). Preferably, the linkers will be joined to the alpha carbon of the amino and carboxyl groups of the terminal amino acids.
Included in the scope of the invention are functional portions of the inventive PEs and chimeric molecules described herein. The term “functional portion” when used in reference to a PE or chimeric molecule refers to any part or fragment of the PE or chimeric molecule of the invention, which part or fragment retains the biological activity of the PE or chimeric molecule of which it is a part (the parent PE or chimeric molecule). Functional portions encompass, for example, those parts of a PE or chimeric molecule that retain the ability to specifically bind to and destroy or inhibit the growth of target cells or treat or prevent cancer, to a similar extent, the same extent, or to a higher extent, as the parent PE or chimeric molecule. In reference to the parent PE or chimeric molecule, the functional portion can comprise, for instance, about 10% or more, about 25% or more, about 30% or more, about 50% or more, about 68% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, or about 95% or more, of the parent PE or chimeric molecule.
The functional portion can comprise additional amino acids at the amino or carboxy terminus of the portion, or at both termini, which additional amino acids are not found in the amino acid sequence of the parent PE or chimeric molecule. Desirably, the additional amino acids do not interfere with the biological function of the functional portion, e.g., specifically binding to and destroying or inhibiting the growth of target cells, having the ability to treat or prevent cancer, etc. More desirably, the additional amino acids enhance the biological activity, as compared to the biological activity of the parent PE or chimeric molecule.
Included in the scope of the invention are functional variants of the inventive PEs and chimeric molecules described herein. The term “functional variant” as used herein refers to a PE or chimeric molecule having substantial or significant sequence identity or similarity to a parent PE or chimeric molecule, which functional variant retains the biological activity of the PE or chimeric molecule of which it is a variant. Functional variants encompass, for example, those variants of the PE or chimeric molecule described herein (the parent PE or chimeric molecule) that retain the ability to specifically bind to and destroy or inhibit the growth of target cells to a similar extent, the same extent, or to a higher extent, as the parent PE or chimeric molecule. In reference to the parent PE or chimeric molecule, the functional variant can, for instance, be about 30% or more, about 50% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, about 96% or more, about 97% or more, about 98% or more, or about 99% or more identical in amino acid sequence to the parent PE or chimeric molecule.
The functional variant can, for example, comprise the amino acid sequence of the parent PE or chimeric molecule with at least one conservative amino acid substitution. Conservative amino acid substitutions are known in the art and include amino acid substitutions in which one amino acid having certain chemical and/or physical properties is exchanged for another amino acid that has the same chemical or physical properties. For instance, the conservative amino acid substitution can be an acidic amino acid substituted for another acidic amino acid (e.g., Asp or Glu), an amino acid with a nonpolar side chain substituted for another amino acid with a nonpolar side chain (e.g., Ala, Gly, Val, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Val, etc.), a basic amino acid substituted for another basic amino acid (Lys, Arg, etc.), an amino acid with a polar side chain substituted for another amino acid with a polar side chain (Asn, Cys, Gln, Ser, Thr, Tyr, etc.), etc.
Alternatively or additionally, the functional variants can comprise the amino acid sequence of the parent PE or chimeric molecule with at least one non-conservative amino acid substitution. In this case, it is preferable for the non-conservative amino acid substitution to not interfere with or inhibit the biological activity of the functional variant. Preferably, the non-conservative amino acid substitution enhances the biological activity of the functional variant, such that the biological activity of the functional variant is increased as compared to the parent PE or chimeric molecule.
The PE or chimeric molecule of the invention can consist essentially of the specified amino acid sequence or sequences described herein, such that other components of the functional variant, e.g., other amino acids, do not materially change the biological activity of the functional variant.
The PE or chimeric molecule of the invention (including functional portions and functional variants) of the invention can comprise synthetic amino acids in place of one or more naturally-occurring amino acids. Such synthetic amino acids are known in the art and include, for example, aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid, norleucine, α-amino n-decanoic acid, homoserine, S-acetylaminomethyl-cysteine, trans-3- and trans-4-hydroxyproline, 4-aminophenylalanine, 4-nitrophenylalanine, 4-chlorophenylalanine, 4-carboxyphenylalanine, β-phenylserine β-hydroxyphenyl alanine, phenylglycine, α-naphthylalanine, cyclohexylalanine, cyclohexylglycine, indoline-2-carboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, aminomalonic acid, aminomalonic acid monoamide, N′-benzyl-N′-methyl-lysine, N′,N′-dibenzyl-lysine, 6-hydroxylysine, ornithine, α-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid, α-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid, α-aminocycloheptane carboxylic acid, α-(2-amino-2-norbornane)-carboxylic acid, α,γ-diaminobutyric acid, α,β-diaminopropionic acid, homophenylalanine, and α-tert-butylglycine.
The PE or chimeric molecule of the invention (including functional portions and functional variants) can be glycosylated, amidated, carboxylated, phosphorylated, esterified, N-acylated, cyclized via, e.g., a disulfide bridge, or converted into an acid addition salt and/or optionally dimerized or polymerized, or conjugated.
An embodiment of the invention provides a method of producing the inventive PE comprising (a) recombinantly expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding the PE to provide the PE and (b) purifying the PE. The PEs and chimeric molecules of the invention (including functional portions and functional variants) can be obtained by methods of producing proteins and polypeptides known in the art. Suitable methods of de novo synthesizing polypeptides and proteins are described in references, such as Chan et al., Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2005; Peptide and Protein Drug Analysis, ed. Reid, R., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2000; Epitope Mapping, ed. Westwood et al., Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2000; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,752. Also, the PEs and chimeric molecules of the invention can be recombinantly expressed using the nucleic acids described herein using standard recombinant methods. See, for instance, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 2001; and Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Associates and John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1994.
The method further comprises purifying the PE. Once expressed, the inventive PEs may be purified in accordance with purification techniques known in the art. Exemplary purification techniques include, but are not limited to, ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, and column chromatography, or by procedures described in, e.g., R. Scopes, Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, NY (1982).
Another embodiment of the invention provides a method of producing the inventive chimeric molecule comprising (a) recombinantly expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding the chimeric molecule to provide the chimeric molecule and (b) purifying the chimeric molecule. The chimeric molecule may be recombinantly expressed and purified as described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention. In an embodiment of the invention, recombinantly expressing the chimeric molecule comprises inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a targeting moiety and a nucleotide sequence encoding a PE into a vector. The method may comprise inserting the nucleotide sequence encoding the targeting moiety and the nucleotide sequence encoding the PE in frame so that it encodes one continuous polypeptide including a functional targeting moiety region and a functional PE region. In an embodiment of the invention, the method comprises ligating a nucleotide sequence encoding the PE to a nucleotide sequence encoding a targeting moiety so that, upon expression, the PE is located at the carboxyl terminus of the targeting moiety. In an alternative embodiment, the method comprises ligating a nucleotide sequence encoding the PE to a nucleotide sequence encoding a targeting moiety so that, upon expression, the PE is located at the amino terminus of the targeting moiety.
Still another embodiment of the invention provides a method of producing the inventive chimeric molecule comprising (a) recombinantly expressing a nucleotide sequence encoding the inventive PE to provide the PE, (b) purifying the PE, and (c) covalently linking a targeting moiety to the purified PE. The inventive PE may be recombinantly expressed as described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention. The method further comprises covalently linking a targeting moiety to the purified PE. The targeting moiety may be as described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention. The method of attaching a PE to a targeting moiety may vary according to the chemical structure of the targeting moiety. For example, the method may comprise reacting any one or more of a variety of functional groups e.g., carboxylic acid (COOH), free amine (—NH2), or sulfhydryl (—SH) groups present on the PE with a suitable functional group on the targeting moiety, thereby forming a covalent bind between the PE and the targeting moiety. Alternatively or additionally, the method may comprise derivatizing the targeting moiety or PE to expose or to attach additional reactive functional groups. Derivatizing may also include attaching one or more linkers to the targeting moiety or PE.
In another embodiment of the invention, the inventive PEs and chimeric molecules may be produced using non-recombinant methods. For example, the inventive PEs and chimeric molecules described herein (including functional portions and functional variants) can be commercially synthesized by companies, such as Synpep (Dublin, Calif.), Peptide Technologies Corp. (Gaithersburg, Md.), and Multiple Peptide Systems (San Diego, Calif.). In this respect, the inventive PEs and chimeric molecules can be synthetic, recombinant, isolated, and/or purified.
It may be desirable, in some circumstances, to free the PE from the targeting moiety when the chimeric molecule has reached one or more target cells. In this regard, the inventive chimeric molecules may comprise a cleavable linker. The linker may be cleavable by any suitable means, e.g., enzymatically. For example, when the target cell is a cancer (e.g., tumor) cell, the chimeric molecule may include a linker cleavable under conditions present at the tumor site (e.g. when exposed to tumor-associated enzymes or acidic pH).
An embodiment of the invention provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding any of the inventive PEs or the inventive chimeric molecules described herein. The term “nucleic acid,” as used herein, includes “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide,” and “nucleic acid molecule,” and generally means a polymer of DNA or RNA, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, which can be synthesized or obtained (e.g., isolated and/or purified) from natural sources, which can contain natural, non-natural or altered nucleotides, and which can contain a natural, non-natural, or altered internucleotide linkage, such as a phosphoroamidate linkage or a phosphorothioate linkage, instead of the phosphodiester found between the nucleotides of an unmodified oligonucleotide. It is generally preferred that the nucleic acid does not comprise any insertions, deletions, inversions, and/or substitutions. However, it may be suitable in some instances, as discussed herein, for the nucleic acid to comprise one or more insertions, deletions, inversions, and/or substitutions.
Preferably, the nucleic acids of the invention are recombinant. As used herein, the term “recombinant” refers to (i) molecules that are constructed outside living cells by joining natural or synthetic nucleic acid segments, or (ii) molecules that result from the replication of those described in (i) above. For purposes herein, the replication can be in vitro replication or in vivo replication.
The nucleic acids can be constructed based on chemical synthesis and/or enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. See, for example, Sambrook et al., supra, and Ausubel et al., supra. For example, a nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed upon hybridization (e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides). Examples of modified nucleotides that can be used to generate the nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-substituted adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, one or more of the nucleic acids of the invention can be purchased from companies, such as Macromolecular Resources (Fort Collins, Colo.) and Synthegen (Houston, Tex.).
The invention also provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein or a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein.
The nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions preferably hybridizes under high stringency conditions. By “high stringency conditions” is meant that the nucleotide sequence specifically hybridizes to a target sequence (the nucleotide sequence of any of the nucleic acids described herein) in an amount that is detectably stronger than non-specific hybridization. High stringency conditions include conditions which would distinguish a polynucleotide with an exact complementary sequence, or one containing only a few scattered mismatches, from a random sequence that happened to have only a few small regions (e.g., 3-10 bases) that matched the nucleotide sequence. Such small regions of complementarity are more easily melted than a full-length complement of 14-17 or more bases, and high stringency hybridization makes them easily distinguishable. Relatively high stringency conditions would include, for example, low salt and/or high temperature conditions, such as provided by about 0.02-0.1 M NaCl or the equivalent, at temperatures of about 50-70° C. Such high stringency conditions tolerate little, if any, mismatch between the nucleotide sequence and the template or target strand, and are particularly suitable for detecting expression of any of the inventive PEs or chimeric molecules. It is generally appreciated that conditions can be rendered more stringent by the addition of increasing amounts of formamide.
The invention also provides a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that is about 70% or more, e.g., about 80% or more, about 90% or more, about 91% or more, about 92% or more, about 93% or more, about 94% or more, about 95% or more, about 96% or more, about 97% or more, about 98% or more, or about 99% or more identical to any of the nucleic acids described herein.
The nucleic acids of the invention can be incorporated into a recombinant expression vector. In this regard, the invention provides recombinant expression vectors comprising any of the nucleic acids of the invention. For purposes herein, the term “recombinant expression vector” means a genetically-modified oligonucleotide or polynucleotide construct that permits the expression of an mRNA, protein, polypeptide, or peptide by a host cell, when the construct comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding the mRNA, protein, polypeptide, or peptide, and the vector is contacted with the cell under conditions sufficient to have the mRNA, protein, polypeptide, or peptide expressed within the cell. The vectors of the invention are not naturally-occurring as a whole. However, parts of the vectors can be naturally-occurring. The inventive recombinant expression vectors can comprise any type of nucleotides, including, but not limited to DNA and RNA, which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, which can be synthesized or obtained in part from natural sources, and which can contain natural, non-natural or altered nucleotides. The recombinant expression vectors can comprise naturally-occurring, non-naturally-occurring internucleotide linkages, or both types of linkages. Preferably, the non-naturally occurring or altered nucleotides or internucleotide linkages does not hinder the transcription or replication of the vector.
The recombinant expression vector of the invention can be any suitable recombinant expression vector, and can be used to transform or transfect any suitable host cell. Suitable vectors include those designed for propagation and expansion or for expression or for both, such as plasmids and viruses. The vector can be selected from the group consisting of the pUC series (Fermentas Life Sciences), the pBluescript series (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.), the pET series (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), the pGEX series (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden), and the pEX series (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.). Bacteriophage vectors, such as λGT10, λGT11, λZapII (Stratagene), λEMBL4, and λNM1149, also can be used. Examples of plant expression vectors include pBI01, pBI101.2, pBI101.3, pBI121 and pBIN19 (Clontech). Examples of animal expression vectors include pEUK-Cl, pMAM, and pMAMneo (Clontech). Preferably, the recombinant expression vector is a viral vector, e.g., a retroviral vector.
The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be prepared using standard recombinant DNA techniques described in, for example, Sambrook et al., supra, and Ausubel et al., supra. Constructs of expression vectors, which are circular or linear, can be prepared to contain a replication system functional in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. Replication systems can be derived, e.g., from ColEl, 2μ plasmid, λ, SV40, bovine papilloma virus, and the like.
Desirably, the recombinant expression vector comprises regulatory sequences, such as transcription and translation initiation and termination codons, which are specific to the type of host (e.g., bacterium, fungus, plant, or animal) into which the vector is to be introduced, as appropriate and taking into consideration whether the vector is DNA- or RNA-based.
The recombinant expression vector can include one or more marker genes, which allow for selection of transformed or transfected hosts. Marker genes include biocide resistance, e.g., resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, etc., complementation in an auxotrophic host to provide prototrophy, and the like. Suitable marker genes for the inventive expression vectors include, for instance, neomycin/G418 resistance genes, hygromycin resistance genes, histidinol resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and ampicillin resistance genes.
The recombinant expression vector can comprise a native or nonnative promoter operably linked to the nucleotide sequence encoding the inventive PE or chimeric molecule (including functional portions and functional variants), or to the nucleotide sequence which is complementary to or which hybridizes to the nucleotide sequence encoding the PE or chimeric molecule. The selection of promoters, e.g., strong, weak, inducible, tissue-specific, and developmental-specific, is within the ordinary skill of the artisan. Similarly, the combining of a nucleotide sequence with a promoter is also within the ordinary skill of the artisan. The promoter can be a non-viral promoter or a viral promoter, e.g., a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, an SV40 promoter, an RSV promoter, or a promoter found in the long-terminal repeat of the murine stem cell virus.
The inventive recombinant expression vectors can be designed for either transient expression, for stable expression, or for both. Also, the recombinant expression vectors can be made for constitutive expression or for inducible expression.
Another embodiment of the invention further provides a host cell comprising any of the recombinant expression vectors described herein. As used herein, the term “host cell” refers to any type of cell that can contain the inventive recombinant expression vector. The host cell can be a eukaryotic cell, e.g., plant, animal, fungi, or algae, or can be a prokaryotic cell, e.g., bacteria or protozoa. The host cell can be a cultured cell, an adherent cell or a suspended cell, i.e., a cell that grows in suspension. For purposes of producing a recombinant inventive PE or chimeric molecule, the host cell is preferably a prokaryotic cell, e.g., an E. coli cell.
Also provided by the invention is a population of cells comprising at least one host cell described herein. The population of cells can be a heterogeneous population comprising the host cell comprising any of the recombinant expression vectors described, in addition to at least one other cell, e.g., a host cell which does not comprise any of the recombinant expression vectors. Alternatively, the population of cells can be a substantially homogeneous population, in which the population comprises mainly (e.g., consisting essentially of) host cells comprising the recombinant expression vector. The population also can be a clonal population of cells, in which all cells of the population are clones of a single host cell comprising a recombinant expression vector, such that all cells of the population comprise the recombinant expression vector. In one embodiment of the invention, the population of cells is a clonal population of host cells comprising a recombinant expression vector as described herein.
The inventive PEs, chimeric molecules (including functional portions and functional variants), nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells (including populations thereof), and populations of cells can be isolated and/or purified. The term “isolated” as used herein means having been removed from its natural environment. The term “purified” as used herein means having been increased in purity, wherein “purity” is a relative term, and not to be necessarily construed as absolute purity. For example, the purity can be about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, about 90% or more, or about 100%. The purity preferably is about 90% or more (e.g., about 90% to about 95%) and more preferably about 98% or more (e.g., about 98% to about 99%).
The inventive PEs, chimeric molecules (including functional portions and functional variants), nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells (including populations thereof), and populations of cells, all of which are collectively referred to as “inventive PE materials” hereinafter, can be formulated into a composition, such as a pharmaceutical composition. In this regard, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the PEs, chimeric molecules (including functional portions and functional variants), nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells (including populations thereof), and populations of cells, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The inventive pharmaceutical composition containing any of the inventive PE materials can comprise more than one inventive PE material, e.g., a polypeptide and a nucleic acid, or two or more different PEs. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise an inventive PE material in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically active agents or drugs, such as a chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., asparaginase, busulfan, carboplatin, cisplatin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, methotrexate, paclitaxel, rituximab, vinblastine, vincristine, etc.
Preferably, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. With respect to pharmaceutical compositions, the carrier can be any of those conventionally used and is limited only by chemico-physical considerations, such as solubility and lack of reactivity with the active compound(s), and by the route of administration. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers described herein, for example, vehicles, adjuvants, excipients, and diluents, are well-known to those skilled in the art and are readily available to the public. It is preferred that the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier be one which is chemically inert to the active agent(s) and one which has no detrimental side effects or toxicity under the conditions of use.
The choice of carrier will be determined in part by the particular inventive PE material, as well as by the particular method used to administer the inventive PE material. Accordingly, there are a variety of suitable formulations of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The following formulations for parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intradermal, interperitoneal, and intrathecal), oral, and aerosol administration are exemplary and are in no way limiting. More than one route can be used to administer the inventive PE materials, and in certain instances, a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effective response than another route.
Topical formulations are well-known to those of skill in the art. Such formulations are particularly suitable in the context of the invention for application to the skin.
Formulations suitable for oral administration can include (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the inventive PE material dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules; (c) powders; (d) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (e) suitable emulsions. Liquid formulations may include diluents, such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch. Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and other pharmacologically compatible excipients. Lozenge forms can comprise the inventive PE material in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the inventive PE material in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like additionally containing such excipients as are known in the art.
The inventive PE material, alone or in combination with other suitable components, can be made into aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation. These aerosol formulations can be placed into pressurized acceptable propellants, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen, and the like. The aerosol formulations also may be formulated as pharmaceuticals for non-pressured preparations, such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer. Such spray formulations also may be used to spray mucosa.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. The inventive PE material can be administered in a physiologically acceptable diluent in a pharmaceutical carrier, such as a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids, including water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol, such as ethanol or hexadecyl alcohol, a glycol, such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, ketals such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol, ethers, poly(ethyleneglycol) 400, oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters or glycerides, or acetylated fatty acid glycerides with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, such as a soap or a detergent, suspending agent, such as pectin, carbomers, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, or emulsifying agents and other pharmaceutical adjuvants.
Oils, which can be used in parenteral formulations include petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic oils. Specific examples of oils include peanut, soybean, sesame, cottonseed, corn, olive, petrolatum, and mineral. Suitable fatty acids for use in parenteral formulations include oleic acid, stearic acid, and isostearic acid. Ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate are examples of suitable fatty acid esters.
Suitable soaps for use in parenteral formulations include fatty alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts, and suitable detergents include (a) cationic detergents such as, for example, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, and alkyl pyridinium halides, (b) anionic detergents such as, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates, (c) nonionic detergents such as, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and polyoxyethylenepolypropylene copolymers, (d) amphoteric detergents such as, for example, alkyl-β-aminopropionates, and 2-alkyl-imidazoline quaternary ammonium salts, and (e) mixtures thereof.
The parenteral formulations will typically contain from about 0.5% to about 25% by weight of the inventive PE material in solution. Preservatives and buffers may be used. In order to minimize or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain one or more nonionic surfactants having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulations will typically range from about 5% to about 15% by weight. Suitable surfactants include polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol. The parenteral formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampoules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example, water, for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described. The requirements for effective pharmaceutical carriers for parenteral compositions are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, e.g., Pharmaceutics and Pharmacy Practice, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Banker and Chalmers, eds., pages 238-250 (1982), and ASHP Handbook on Injectable Drugs, Toissel, 4th ed., pages 622-630 (1986)).
It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that, in addition to the above-described pharmaceutical compositions, the inventive PE materials of the invention can be formulated as inclusion complexes, such as cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, or liposomes.
For purposes of the invention, the amount or dose of the inventive PE material administered should be sufficient to effect a desired response, e.g., a therapeutic or prophylactic response, in the mammal over a reasonable time frame. For example, the dose of the inventive PE material should be sufficient to inhibit growth of a target cell or treat or prevent cancer in a period of from about 2 hours or longer, e.g., 12 to 24 or more hours, from the time of administration. In certain embodiments, the time period could be even longer. The dose will be determined by the efficacy of the particular inventive PE material and the condition of the mammal (e.g., human), as well as the body weight of the mammal (e.g., human) to be treated.
Many assays for determining an administered dose are known in the art. An administered dose may be determined in vitro (e.g., cell cultures) or in vivo (e.g., animal studies). For example, an administered dose may be determined by determining the IC50 (the dose that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms), LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population), and the therapeutic index in cell culture and/or animal studies. The therapeutic index is the ratio of LD50 to ED50 (i.e., LD50/ED50).
The dose of the inventive PE material also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of a particular inventive PE material. Typically, the attending physician will decide the dosage of the inventive PE material with which to treat each individual patient, taking into consideration a variety of factors, such as age, body weight, general health, diet, sex, inventive PE material to be administered, route of administration, and the severity of the condition being treated. By way of example and not intending to limit the invention, the dose of the inventive PE material can be about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg body weight of the subject being treated/day, from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg body weight/day, about 0.01 mg to about 1 mg/kg body weight/day, from about 1 to about to about 1000 mg/kg body weight/day, from about 5 to about 500 mg/kg body weight/day, from about 10 to about 250 mg/kg body weight/day, about 25 to about 150 mg/kg body weight/day, or about 10 mg/kg body weight/day.
Alternatively, the inventive PE materials can be modified into a depot form, such that the manner in which the inventive PE material is released into the body to which it is administered is controlled with respect to time and location within the body (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,150). Depot forms of inventive PE materials can be, for example, an implantable composition comprising the inventive PE materials and a porous or non-porous material, such as a polymer, wherein the inventive PE materials is encapsulated by or diffused throughout the material and/or degradation of the non-porous material. The depot is then implanted into the desired location within the body and the inventive PE materials are released from the implant at a predetermined rate.
The inventive PE materials may be assayed for cytoxicity by assays known in the art. Examples of cytotoxicity assays include a WST assay, which measures cell proliferation using the tetrazolium salt WST-1 (reagents and kits available from Roche Applied Sciences), as described in International Patent Application Publication WO 2011/032022.
It is contemplated that the inventive pharmaceutical compositions, PEs, chimeric molecules, nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cells, or populations of cells can be used in methods of treating or preventing cancer. Without being bound by a particular theory or mechanism, it is believed that the inventive PEs destroy or inhibit the growth of cells through the inhibition of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, e.g., by the inactivation of the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Without being bound to a particular theory or mechanism, the inventive chimeric molecules recognize and specifically bind to cell surface markers, thereby delivering the cytotoxic PE to the population of cells expressing the cell surface marker with minimal or no cross-reactivity with cells that do not express the cell surface marker. In this way, the cytoxicity of PE can be targeted to destroy or inhibit the growth of a particular population of cells, e.g., cancer cells. In this regard, the invention provides a method of treating or preventing cancer in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal any of the PEs, chimeric molecules, nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cell, population of cells, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, in an amount effective to treat or prevent cancer in the mammal.
The terms “treat” and “prevent” as well as words stemming therefrom, as used herein, do not necessarily imply 100% or complete treatment or prevention. Rather, there are varying degrees of treatment or prevention of which one of ordinary skill in the art recognizes as having a potential benefit or therapeutic effect. In this respect, the inventive methods can provide any amount of any level of treatment or prevention of cancer in a mammal. Furthermore, the treatment or prevention provided by the inventive method can include treatment or prevention of one or more conditions or symptoms of the disease, e.g., cancer, being treated or prevented. Also, for purposes herein, “prevention” can encompass delaying the onset of the disease, or a symptom or condition thereof.
For purposes of the inventive methods, wherein host cells or populations of cells are administered, the cells can be cells that are allogeneic or autologous to the host. Preferably, the cells are autologous to the host.
With respect to the inventive methods, the cancer can be any cancer, including any of adrenal gland cancer, sarcomas (e.g., synovial sarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma uteri, angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, and teratoma), lymphomas (e.g., small lymphocytic lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma), hepatocellular carcinoma, glioma, head cancers (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma), neck cancers (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma), acute lymphocytic cancer, leukemias (e.g., hairy cell leukemia, myeloid leukemia (acute and chronic), lymphatic leukemia (acute and chronic), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), myelomonocytic leukemia (acute and chronic), and lymphocytic leukemia (acute and chronic)), bone cancer (osteogenic sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor, chordoma, osteochondroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, osteoid osteoma, and giant cell tumors), brain cancer (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma (pinealoma), glioblastoma multiforme, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, and retinoblastoma), fallopian tube cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the anus, anal canal, or anorectum, cancer of the eye, cancer of the intrahepatic bile duct, cancer of the joints, cancer of the neck, gallbladder, or pleura, cancer of the nose, nasal cavity, or middle ear, cancer of the oral cavity, cancer of the vulva (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and fibrosarcoma), myeloproliferative disorders (e.g., chronic myeloid cancer), colon cancers (e.g., colon carcinoma), esophageal cancer (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and lymphoma), cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma and pre-invasive cervical dysplasia), gastric cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, hypopharynx cancer, larynx cancer, liver cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, and hemangioma), lung cancers (e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, and adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, chondromatous hamartoma, small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma), malignant mesothelioma, skin cancer (e.g., melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, nevi, dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, and keloids), multiple myeloma, nasopharynx cancer, ovarian cancer (e.g., ovarian carcinoma (serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, and clear cell adenocarcinoma), granulosa-theca cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, and malignant teratoma), pancreatic cancer (e.g., ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, and VIPoma), peritoneum, omentum, mesentery cancer, pharynx cancer, prostate cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma and sarcoma), rectal cancer, kidney cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma, Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), and renal cell carcinoma), small intestine cancer (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, and fibroma), soft tissue cancer, stomach cancer (e.g., carcinoma, lymphoma, and leiomyosarcoma), testicular cancer (e.g., seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, Leydig cell tumor, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, and lipoma), cancer of the uterus (e.g., endometrial carcinoma), thyroid cancer, and urothelial cancers (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, ureter cancer, and urinary bladder cancer).
As used herein, the term “mammal” refers to any mammal, including, but not limited to, mammals of the order Rodentia, such as mice and hamsters, and mammals of the order Logomorpha, such as rabbits. It is preferred that the mammals are from the order Carnivora, including Felines (cats) and Canines (dogs). It is more preferred that the mammals are from the order Artiodactyla, including Bovines (cows) and Swines (pigs) or of the order Perssodactyla, including Equines (horses). It is most preferred that the mammals are of the order Primates, Ceboids, or Simoids (monkeys) or of the order Anthropoids (humans and apes). An especially preferred mammal is the human.
Also provided is a method of inhibiting the growth of a target cell comprising contacting the cell with the PE of any of the PEs, chimeric molecules, nucleic acids, recombinant expression vectors, host cell, population of cells, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein, in an amount effective to inhibit growth of the target cell. The growth of the target cell may be inhibited by any amount, e.g., by about 10% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 25% or more, about 30% or more, about 35% or more, about 40% or more, about 45% or more, about 50% or more, about 55% or more, about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or about 100%. The target cell may be provided in a biological sample. A biological sample may be obtained from a mammal in any suitable manner and from any suitable source. The biological sample may, for example, be obtained by a blood draw, leukopheresis, and/or tumor biopsy or necropsy. The contacting step can take place in vitro or in vivo with respect to the mammal. Preferably, the contacting is in vitro.
In an embodiment of the invention, the target cell is a cancer cell. The target cell may be a cancer cell of any of the cancers described herein. In an embodiment of the invention, the target may express a cell surface marker. The cell surface marker may be any cell surface marker described herein with respect to other aspects of the invention. The cell surface marker may be, for example, selected from the group consisting of CD19, CD21, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD79b, transferrin receptor, EGF receptor, mesothelin, cadherin, and Lewis Y.
The following examples further illustrate the invention but, of course, should not be construed as in any way limiting its scope.
EXAMPLES
Patient's Whole Blood Sample Collection, Storage, and RNA Isolation
Blood samples were obtained from 6 patients who were treated with recombinant immunotoxins (RITs). 2.5 ml blood samples were collected in PAXGENE tubes containing a cationic detergent and additive salts (PreAnalytiX GmbH, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland), mixed thoroughly by inverting the tube gently 4-6 times and incubated at room temperature 10 hours, and then stored at −80° C. Intracellular RNA from patient's whole blood samples was purified using the PAXGENE Blood RNA Kit (PreAnalytiX) according to the manufacturer's instructions and stored at −80° C.
Heavy Chain and Light Chain cDNA Synthesis, PCR Amplification and Assembly of ScFv Genes:
A restriction enzyme site or vector linker was connected (Table 2) to some primers. Heavy chain repertoires and light chain repertoires were prepared separately and connected with a linker to provide ScFv formation. Heavy chain repertoires were prepared from IgG having mature B lymphocytes. The first-strand cDNA synthesis was performed by using a first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (GE Healthcare, NJ) with an IgG constant region primer: HuIgG1-4CH1FOR (Table 2). Light chain repertoires were prepared from Vκ genes using a κ constant region primer: HuGκFOR (Table 2). 40 pmol primers were added into 15 μl reaction mixture for cDNA synthesis.
VH and Vκ genes were amplified separately by a three-step process using the first-strand cDNA synthesis production. The IgG constant region primer: HuIgG1-4CH1FOR and an equimolar mixture of the appropriate family-based human VH back primers (Table 2) were used at the first-step PCR to cover the VH gene in the intracellular RNA from patient's whole blood samples. A κ constant region primer: HuGκFOR and the appropriate family based human Vκ back primers (Table 2) were used for the Vκ gene. First-step PCR was carried out using high-fidelity polymerase PHUSION (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass.) in a final volume of 50 μl reaction mixture with 10 pmol of each primer according to the manufacturer's recommendation.
High-fidelity polymerase PRIMESTAR (Takara, Kyoto, Japan) was used for the second step PCR, Splicing by Overlapping Extension (SOE) PCR, and the last step for insert preparation with 10 pmol of each primer according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The sequence of 5′-GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 185) including an NcoI site (underlined) was connected to human VH back primers for human VH back nco primers (Table 2). The pCANTAB vector was used for phage library construction. The sequence of 5′-ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC GGA TCC GCC TCC GCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 186) including a pCANTAB linker was connected to human JH forward primers for human JH forward linker primers. Human VH back nco primers and human JH forward linker primers were used in the second PCR to add a Nco I site at the back of the VH gene and a pCANTAB linker forward of the VH gene.
At the second step for amplifying the Vκ gene, the sequence of 5′-GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC GGA AGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 187) including a pCANTAB linker was connected to human Vκ back primers for human Vκ back linker primers. The sequence of 5′-GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 184) including a NotI site (double under lined) was connected to human Jκ forward primers for human Jκ forward Not primers. Human Vκ back primers and human Jκ forward primers were used at the second PCR to add a Not I site forward and a pCANTAB linker at the back of Vκ gene.
VH and Vκ genes were prepared at the third step separately using (a) the primer pair of human VH back Nco primers and a pCANTAB linker primer of R′ linker (Table 2) for the VH gene, and (b) the primer pair of human Jκ forward not primers and a pCANTAB linker primer of the F′ linker (Table 2) for the Vκ gene.
The primers of R′ linker and F′ linker which were used at the third step were complementary primers. VH and Vκ genes were combined to provide a ScFv formation using SOE-PCR. Finally, the ScFv library fragment was amplified using the primers of VHIgGFOR and VLREV (Table 2) for insert preparation.
Phage Library Construction:
The amplified ScFv fragment was digested with NcoI and NotI, and subcloned into pCANTAB 5E digested with the same enzymes to construct ScFv library using T4 ligase. The ligation solution was purified by extraction with QIAQUICK spin column (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), and resuspended in water. The resulting concentration was approximately 50 ng/ml. 4 μl samples were electroporated into 50 μl TG1 electrocompetent cells (Lucigen, WI) by using a gene pulser and pulse controller unit (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and repeated 6 times for a large sized library. Cells were incubated in 6 ml of SOC (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for 1 hr at 37° C. with shaking at approximately 250 rpm. A 20 μl sample was collected, diluted, and plated on a TYE ampicillin plate to calculate the library size. 2YT medium in an amount of 6 ml with 200 μg/ml ampicillin and 4% glucose was added and incubated another 1 hr. The medium was made up to 200 ml with 2YT medium with 100 mg/ml ampicillin and 2% glucose. Cells were grown OD600=0.4 and infected by 1011 pfu M13K07 helper phage (New England Biolaboratories) with shaking at 250 rpm for 30 min after standing 30 min. Cells were collected for 5 min at 5,000 rpm in a GSA rotor and resuspended in 2YT medium in an amount of 100 ml with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 50 μg/ml kanamycin overnight at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm.
The phages were precipitated from the supernatant with 1⁄5 volume of PEG/NaCl (20% polyethylene glycol 6000, 2.5 M NaCl) and resuspended with 2YT medium. The titer of phage library was determined by making serial dilutions of 10 μl of phage and adding 90 μl of TG1 cells, OD600=0.4, plated on LB agar supplemented with 100 μg/ml of Amp and 1% glucose. The number of colonies was determined after overnight growth, and the titer was calculated.
Phage Library Panning:
LMB-9 (B3(dsFv)-PE38, specific for a LewisY antigen) was used as antigen for phage library panning. LMB9 was biotinylated using EZ-Link sulfo-NHS-Biotin (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) at a molar ratio of 50:1, and the number of biotin groups on each LMB9-biotin was determined using the biotin quantitation kit (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 350 ml phage and streptavidin modified magnetic beads (DYNABEADS MYONE Streptavidin T1, diameter 1 μm, binding capacity of biotinylated Ig 40-50 μg mg−1, hydrophobic, tosyl activated beads (Invitrogen)) were pre-blocked in 3% BSA/Phosphate Buffered Saline and Tween (polysorbate) 20 (PBST) (0.1% tween-20). Phage was applied to de-selection with beads.
A magnetic rack was used to separate the beads from the liquid phase causing the beads to become immobilized along the side of the tube. The blocking buffer was removed, and beads were resuspended in phage solution and incubated at room temperature on rotor for 30 min. Phage solution was moved to another tube with pre-blocked beads for additional de-selection. De-selection was repeated with 1 mg beads for two times and 2 mg beads one time. Phage was moved to a pre-blocked tube, and biotinylated LMB9-biotin antigen was added to allow phage-antigen-biotin complexes to form with LMB9-biotin in an amount of 10 μg for the first-round and 5 μs for subsequent rounds. Reaction solution was incubated at room temperature on rotor for 2 hr and removed to a tube with 2 mg beads for an additional 45 min incubation on rotor. The supernatant was removed, and beads were washed 12 times by using PBST. Phage was released from beads by the addition of cold 0.1 M HCl in an amount of 1 μl and the pH was neutralized with 200 μl Tris-HCl solution (pH 8.0). This is the output of panning, and it was rescued for additional panning rounds, and the titer calculated. The output phage in an amount of 0.6 μl was used to infect 5 ml TG1 (OD600=0.4) for rescue.
Phage ELISA and Phage Clone Sequencing:
Following three or four rounds of panning and phage rescue, 198 single clones from the final round of palming were selected for further analysis, A signal clone was removed to a round-bottom 96-well plate with 150 μl 2YT medium (100 μg/ml ampicillin, 2% glucose) for 4 hr at 37° C. with shaking at 250 rpm, and 108 pfu M13K07 help phage in 50 μl 2YT medium (100 μg/ml ampicillin, 2% glucose) was added into the well with shaking at 250 rpm for 30 min after standing 30 min. Cells were collected by 2700 rpm for 10 min with inserts for 96-well plates and resuspended in 2YT medium in an amount of 200 μl with 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 50 μ/ml kanamycin overnight at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. The pellet was resuspended with 100 μl 2YT medium with 100 μg/ml ampicillin, 2% glucose, and 30% glycerol and stored at −80° C. for stock. The phages were precipitated from the supernatant for phage ELISA by 2700 rpm for 10 min. A 96-well flat bottom NUNC MAXISORP plate (Nunc USA, Rochester, N.Y.) was coated with LMB9 (5 μg/ml in PBS) overnight at 4° C. The plate was washed and blocked with 2% nonfat milk (cell signaling). The supernatant with phage (50 μl) and 2% milk (50 μl) were added and incubated for 1 hr at room temperature. The plate was washed 3 times with PBST, and the peroxidase-conjugated anti-M13 (1:1000, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis.) was added for 1 hr at room temperature. The plate was washed 3 times with PBST, and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) was added for 15 min. The results were read in a spectrophotometer at 450 nm to determine the positive and negative clones. The positive clone was picked up for small-scale phage isolation from the appropriate well of stock plate, and the sequencing was performed by using BIGDYE Terminator v1.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The clones with the same sequence were removed, and the resulting sequences were aligned with the IMGT/V-Quest (imgt.org/IMGT_vquest/vquest).
Competition ICC-ELISA:
The phage-antibody was made with the above mentioned method with a 20 ml scale culture. The dilution of phage-antibody was determined with ELISA. SS1P antibody in an amount of 50 μl/well at a concentration of 1 μg/ml in 2% nonfat milk was added to ELISA plates coated overnight at 4° C. with rFc-Mesothelin in an amount of 50 μl/well at a concentration of 4 μg/ml in PBS. The plate was washed 3 times with PBST; phage-antibody with various dilutions was added and detected by using HRP-conjugated anti-M13 and TMB substrate. The dilution of phage-antibody was determined by a dilution curve, and the desired A450 was set at about 1.0. A competition ICC-ELISA assay was conducted to determine the phage-antibody-binding epitope of the PE38 antigen by using patient serum, PE38 without Fv, or the signal mutation in PE38. The phage-antibody was mixed with serial dilutions of the single mutant overnight at 4° C. and added to SS1P-rFc-Mesothelin combination ELISA plate. The competition of the single mutant for the binding of phage-antibody to SS1P was determined by measuring the remaining binding of phage-antibody using HRP-conjugated anti-M13. The competition effect was normalized to the binding to HA22-LR in which PE38 lacked a substitution.
Serum Antigenicity:
The binding of HA22 or substituted HA22 to antibodies in human sera was analyzed in a displacement assay. Human sera were obtained under protocol 10C0066. Mesothelin-rFc was added to the ELISA plate (100 ng in 50 μl PBS/well) and incubated overnight at 4° C. After washing, an antimesothelin/SS1P (100 ng in 50 μl blocking buffer/well) was added for 1 h to capture unbound human anti-PE38 antibodies. In separate tubes, sera (97- to 30658-fold dilutions) was mixed with 2 μg/ml of HA22 or substituted HA22 and incubated overnight at 4° C. After washing the plate, 50 μl of immunotoxin-antibody mixtures were transferred to each well. The human antibodies not bound to HA22 or substituted HA22 were captured by SS1P and detected by HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-human IgG Fc (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, Pa.), followed by TMB substrate kit (Thermo Scientific Inc., Waltham, Mass.). Binding curves were fitted using a four-parametric logistic curve model by SoftMaxPro 4.0 (Molecular Devices). The IC50 values indicate the concentration of RIT that inhibit 50% of the antibody reactivity with SS1P.
Statistics:
Mann-Whitney nonparametric method was used; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Example 1
This example demonstrates the isolation and sequencing of human ScFv specific for PE38.
Blood samples were obtained from 6 patients who were treated with different recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) containing PE38 (Table 1). RNA was isolated from blood samples using PAXGENE Blood RNA Kits (PreAnalytiX GmbH, Hombrechtikon, Switzerland). First strand cDNA was synthesized from RNA using primers with the appropriate constant region (Table 2). Single bands of the correct size for VH and Vκ cDNA were obtained by using first strand cDNA as template. VH and VL fragments were amplified individually in three steps. Restriction enzyme site and linker were added into the fragment. 100 ng of the VH and VL fragments were combined in a Splicing by Overlapping Extension Polymerase Chain Reaction (SOE-PCR) for scFv formation. The scFv fragment was digested with Nco I and Not I, and subcloned into pCANTAB 5E digested with the same enzymes to construct a scFv library.














TABLE 1










Rate of









positive





Library
Phage
clone





size × 108
library
after
DNA




Used
independent
size: × 1013
fourth
sequence
Independent


Library
Disease
RITs
clone
fpu/ml
round
analysis
clone






















L1
ATL
LMB2
1.08
2.35
174/188
170
14


L2
HCL
HA22
1.27
2.3
177/188
176
20


L6
HCL
BL22
1.15
2.44
 14/211
14
3


L7
Pleural Mesothelioma
SS1P
1.05
2.06
172/190
172
4


L8
Pleural Mesothelioma
SS1P
0.73
2.15
 98/190
98
63


L9
Lung cancer
SS1P
0.86
2.29
 80/190
80
2








Total: 710
103
















TABLE 2







SEQ 








ID



NO:
First-strand cDNA synthesis












Human heavy chain constant region primer









146
HuIgG1-4CH1FOR
5′ GTC CAC CTT GGT GTT GCT GGG CTT 3′


 









Human   constant region primer









147
HuG FOR
5′ AGA CTC TCC CCT GTT GAA GCT CTT 3′


 









First-step PCR



Human VH back primers









148
HuVH1aBACK
5′ CAG GTG CAG CTG GTG CAG TCT GG 3′


 


149
HuVH2aBACK
5′ CAG GTC AAC TTA AGG GAG TCT GG 3′


 


150
HuVH3aBACK
5′ GAG GTG CAG CTG GTG GAG TCT GG 3′


 


151
HuVH4aBACK
5′ CAG GTG CAG CTG CAG GAG TCG GG 3′


 


152
HuVH5aBACK
5′ GAG GTG CAG CTG TTG CAG TCT GC 3′


 


153
HuVH6aBACK
5′ CAG GTA CAG CTG CAG CAG TCA GG 3′


 









Human V  back primers









154
HuV  1aBACK
5′ GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CC 3′


 


155
HuV  2aBACK
5′ GAT GTT GTG ATG ACT CAG TCT CC 3′


 


156
HuV  3aBACK
5′ GAA ATT GTG TTG ACG CAG TCT CC 3′


 


157
HuV  4aBACK
5′ GAC ATC GTG ATG ACC CAG TCT CC 3′


 


158
HuV  5aBACK
5′ GAA ACG ACA CTC ACG CAG TCT CC 3′


 


159
HuV 6aBACK
5′ GAA ATT GTG CTG ACT CAG TCT CC 3′


 









Second-step PCR



Human VH back Nco primers









160
HuVH1aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC CAG GTG CAG CTG




GTG CAG TCT GG 3′


 


161
HuVH2aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC CAG GTC AAC TTA




AGG GAG TCT GG 3′


 


162
HuVH3aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC GAG GTG CAG CTG




GTG GAG TCT GG 3′


 


163
HuVH4aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC CAG GTG CAG CTG




CAG GAG TCG GG 3′


 


164
HuVH5aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC GAG GTG CAG CTG




TTG CAG TCT GC 3′


 


165
HuVH6aBACKnco
5′ GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG GCC CAG GTA CAG CTG




CAG CAG TCA GG 3′


 









Human JH forward linker primers









166
linkerHuJH12FOR
5′ ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC GGA TCC GCC




TCC GCC TGA GGA GAC GGT GAC CAG GGT GCC 3′


 


167
linkerHuJH3FOR
5′ ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC GGA TCC GCC




TCC GCC TGA AGA GAC GGT GAC CAT TGT CCC 3′


 


168
linkerHuJH45FOR
5′ ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC GGA TCC GCC




TCC GCC TGA GGA GAC GGT GAC CAG GGT TCC 3′


 


169
linkerHuJH6FOR
5′ ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC GGA TCC GCC




TCC GCC TGA GGA GAC GGT GAC CGT GGT CCC 3′


 









Human V  back linker primers









170
linkerHuV  1aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CC 3′


 


171
linkerHuV  2aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAT GTT GTG ATG ACT CAG TCT CC 3′


 


172
linkerHuV  3aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAA ATT GTG TTG ACG CAG TCT CC 3′


 


173
linkerHuV  4aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAC ATC GTG ATG ACC CAG TCT CC 3′


 


174
linkerHuV  5aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAA ACG ACA CTC ACG CAG TCT CC 3′


 


175
linkerHuV  6aBACK
5′ GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT GGA GGT GGC




GGA AGC GAA ATT GTG CTG ACT CAG TCT CC 3′


 









Human J  forward not primers









176
HuJ 1BACKNot
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC ACG TTT




GAT TTC CAC CTT GGT CCC 3′


 


177
HuJ 2BACKNot
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC ACG TTT




GAT CTC CAG CTT GGT CCC 3′


 


178
HuJ 3BACKNot
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC ACG TTT




GAT ATC CAC TTT GGT CCC 3′


 


179
HuJ 4BACKNot
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC ACG TTT




GAT CTC CAC CTT GGT CCC 3′


 


180
HuJ 5BACKNot
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC ACG TTT




AAT CTC CAG TCG TGT CCC 3′


 









Third-step PCR









181
R′linker
5′ GCT TCC GCC ACC TCC AGA TCC GCC ACC ACC




GGA TCC GCC TCC GCC 3′


 


182
F′linker
5′ GGC GGA GGC GGA TCC GGT GGT GGC GGA TCT




GGA GGT GGC GGA AGC 3′


 









ScFv fragment preparation









183
VHIgGFOR
5′ GTC CTC GCA ACT GCG GCC CAG CCG GCC ATG




GCC 3′


 


184
VLREV
5′ GAG TCA TTC TCG ACT TGC GGC CGC 3′









Biotinylated immunotoxin LMB-9 (B3-Fv-PE38) was used as the antigen for selection of phage expressing Fvs that bound to PE38. Each LMB-9 molecule contained 6 biotins. 6 human antibody libraries were obtained by electroporations into Escherichia coli (E. coli.) TG1 containing 7.3×107-1.27×108 VH-VL scFv clones (Table 2). The phage library was rescued by superinfection with helper phage (Table 2), and 350 ml of each library obtained about 7×1012 scFv fragments displayed on the surface of phage.
710 Fv containing phage clones were obtained and sequenced. Sequencing revealed that there were 103 unique human heavy chain and human kappa light chain sequences present except for 2 clones that had the same light chain sequence. To show that the Fvs were derived from B cells making anti-immunotoxin antibodies, competition studies were performed and showed that immune anti-sera blocked the binding of the phage to the PE38 portion of LMB-9, and none of the clones bound to the Fv portion of the immunotoxin. The strength of binding was then measured using an ICC-ELISA. 47 clones had weak binding and were not studied further. The other 56 clones were used to determine the human-specific epitopes in PE38.
Example 2
This example demonstrates the location of human B cell epitopes.
LMB-9 contains both domains II and III of PE. To identify the phage which only binds to domain III, the binding of each clone to HA22-LR, which only had domain III and lacks domain II, was measured. Fifteen of the 56 phage clones could not bind to HA22-LR, indicating that the epitopes recognized by these 15 phage clones were located on domain II. The remaining 41 phage clones were used to identify the residues that make up the B-cell epitopes in domain III by measuring their binding to 36 substituted proteins in which individual amino acids on the surface of domain III of the protein were changed from a large bulky amino acid to alanine or glycine. These substitutions eliminated the large bulky side chains that are involved in antibody recognition and binding. The data are shown in FIG. 1 where clones with poor binding (<10%) are shown in black cells, and substituted proteins with normal reactivity are shown with blank cells. The results show that a single substitution decreased the binding of many clones, thereby indicating that they are in the same epitope group.
The location of the residues that, when substituted, reduced phage binding by >90% to the various epitopes are shown in Table 3. The amino acids associated with each human (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6) and mouse (2c, 4a, 4b, 5, 6a, 6b, and 7) epitope are shown in Table 3. Human epitope H1 contained D403, E420, R427, and E431. R427 and E431 belonged to mouse epitope 4a, and E420 to mouse epitope 7; these 3 residues were involved in both mouse and human antibody binding. Human epitope H2 contained residues R467 and D463, which belonged to mice epitope 2c, E548 which belonged to mouse epitope 6a, and D581 which belonged to mouse epitope 6b. D461, Y481, L516, E522, and R551 were human specific epitopes. Human H3 epitope contained only R458 that belonged to mouse epitope 4b. Human epitope H4 contained R432 and R505. R432 belonged to mouse epitope 4a and R505 was a human specific residue. Human epitope H5 was composed of R490 and R576, which belonged to mouse epitope 5. Human epitope H6 was composed of R538 and R563. R538 belongs to mouse epitope 2c and R563 to mouse epitope 4a. D406, R412, K606, R513, L597, Q592, D589 and K590 were mouse specific epitopes and not involved in human epitope binding.










TABLE 3









Human epitopes




H1
D403, R427, E431, E420



H2
R551, D581, E548, L516, E522,




D463, D461, Y481, R467



H3
R458



H4
R505, R432



H5
R490, R576



H6
R538, R563



Mouse epitopes



2c
D463, R467, R538



4a
R427, E431, R563, R432



4b
R406, R458



5
R412, R490, R576, K606



6a
L597, R513, E548



6b
Q592, D581



7
E420, K590, D589










Phage clones reacting with epitope H1 were affected by substitutions at residue D403, E420, R427, or E431. A substitution of any of these residues with alanine greatly affected the binding of many phages that recognized the epitope (FIG. 1). As expected for substitutions that make up an epitope, these residues were spatially adjacent on domain III. Epitope H2 was complex. The phages reacting with epitope H2 were affected by substitutions at 8 residues. Substituting R467 with alanine destroyed binding of six of the eight phages that defined epitope H2. Substituting residue D463 prevented the binding of four phages, substituting Y481 or R551 prevented the binding of three phages, substituting R551 prevented the binding of two phages and, and substituting residues D461, L516, E522, E548 or D581 prevented the binding of one phage. Structurally, these residues resided in a restricted area and made up a cluster. Epitope H3 was defined by 2 phages that bind to R458. Epitope H4 was recognized by 11 phages and binding was destroyed by a R505A substitution. A substitution at R432, which was close to R505, affected the binding of 1 of the 11 phages. Epitope H5 was defined by reactivity of 4 phages. Binding to all four was affected by a substitution at R490 and a substitution at R576 affected binding of three of four phages. These residues were spatially adjacent on domain III, even though they were separated by 86 amino acids in the sequence. Finally, epitope H6 was defined by reactivity with 2 phages. Substitution at R563 affected binding of both phages and a substitution at R538 eliminated binding of one of the two. In summary, substituting highly exposed surface residues with alanine identified the residues that bind to the phages that bind to domain III, showing that the epitopes were located at distinct sites on the surface of domain III.
Example 3
This example demonstrates the production of a low antigenic recombinant immunotoxin (RIT) for humans.
The identification of individual residues that were involved in binding to human antisera was used to design and construct immunotoxins with substitutions that eliminated reactivity with the human anti-sera yet retained cytotoxic activity and could be produced in sufficient amounts to be useful. In most cases, residues were replaced with alanine, because its small side chain reacts poorly with antibodies and it usually does not affect protein folding. Serine was also used to substantially avoid an especially hydrophobic surface.
Based on the information in the epitope mapping studies, substitutions selected from the different amino acids that destroyed the binding of the human Fvs to domain III of HA22-LR were combined. The substitutions are shown in Table 4 below. LR05 had all the substitutions present in HA22-LR-8M (406A, 432G, 467A, 490A, 513A, 548S, 590S, 592A) and 4 new substitutions, LR06 had only 2 substitutions from HA22-LR-8M and 4 new substitutions, and LO10 was like LR06 but had an additional 463A substitution (Table 5).










TABLE 4









LO5:
406A, 432G, 467A, 490A, 513A, 548S, 590S, 592A,




427A, 505A, 538A, 458A



LO6:
467A, 490A, 427A, 505A, 538A, 458A



LO10:
467A, 490A, 427A, 505A, 538A, 458A, 463A



LR-
467A, 490A, 427A, 505A, 538A, 463A



LO10R




















TABLE 5







Substituted
Substituted residue in domain III
Yield
Activity






















Protein
406
427
432
458
463
467
490
505
513
538
548
590
592
(mg)
(%)

























LR-8M
X

X


X
X

X

X
X
X

100


LO5
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3
16


LO6

X

X

X
X
X

X



4.3
41


LO10

X

X
X
X
X
X

X



3
60


LR-LO10R

X


X
X
X
X

X



5.8
141









The substituted proteins were expressed and purified. SDS gel analysis showed that the substituted proteins were more than 95% homogeneous. The purified proteins were then analyzed for cytotoxic activity on several CD22 positive cell lines and for antigenicity in terms of their ability to bind to antibodies present in the serum of patients who had made neutralizing antibodies to immunotoxins containing PE38. 25 sera from patients who had received several different immunotoxins (LMB-9, SS1P and HA22) were analyzed.
The data in Table 6 show that 3 new immunotoxins were active on CD22 positive lymphoma lines with an IC50 around 1 ng/ml, but less active than HA22-LR. The most active was HA22-LO10, which was 60% as active as HA22-LR on Daudi cells, 27% as active on Raji cells, and 29% as active on CA46 cells. These new immunotoxins were CD22 specific and had no activity on the A431 cells that do not express CD22 (Table 6).









TABLE 6









IC50 (ng/ml)












HA22-LR
HA22-LO5
HA22-LO6
HA22-LO10















Raji
0.41
3.74
2.23
 1.5 (27%)


CA46
0.11
2.08
0.53
0.38 (29%)


Daudi
0.18
1.25
0.57
 0.3 (60%)


A431
>100
>100
>100
>100 (0%)  









Antigenicity is defined as the binding of immunogens to preexisting antibodies. To assess the antigenicity of the substituted HA22-LO with human patient sera, competition experiments were carried out in which the concentration of each of the substituted immunotoxins that reduced the level of antibodies reacting with HA22 by 50% was measured. Typical competition results with two patient sera are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. FIG. 2A shows that the concentration of HA22, HA22-LR, HA22-LO5, HA22-LO6, HA22-LR-8M, and HA22-LO10 at which binding to PE38 was inhibited by 50% (IC50) was 84.8, 38.1, 4580, 1440, 3610, >396000 nM, respectively. The binding (IC50) ratio of HA22 to HA22-LR, HA22-LO5, HA22-LO6, HA22-LR-8M, and HA22-LO10 was 223, 1.85, 5.89, 2.35, and <0.0214%, respectively. FIG. 2B shows that the concentration of HA22, HA22-LR, HA22-LO5, HA22-LO6, HA22-LR-8M, and HA22-LO10 at which binding to PE38 was inhibited by 50% (IC50) was 50.9, 67700, >396000, >396000, >396000, >396000 nM, respectively. The binding (IC50) ratio of HA22 to HA22-LR, HA22-LO5, HA22-LO6, HA22-LR-8M, and HA22-LO10 was 0.752, <0.0129, <0.0129, <0.0129, and <0.0129%.
Overall sera from 32 patients who were treated for more than 10 years with PE38 containing immunotoxins SS1P, HA22, and LMB9 were analyzed. The binding ratios using the substituted immunotoxins are shown in Table 7. It was found that the antigenicity of HA22-LR-LO10 with human sera was substantially reduced compared to HA22, HA22-LR, and HA22-LR8M. FIG. 3 is a graph showing percent binding of antibodies to HA22, HA22-LR-8M, HA22-LRLO10, or HA22-LR-LO10R in the sera of patients treated using PE38. HA22-LR-LO10R is similar to HA22-LO10 except that HA22-LR-LO10R lacks the R458A substitution that is present in HA22-LO10 (Tables 4 and 5). FIG. 3 shows that twenty-three of thirty-two patients demonstrated binding (antigenicity) that was reduced by more than 100-fold (100-10000-fold). Only in four of the thirty-two patients could a decrease in antigenicity not be detected.










TABLE 7







Pa-

Dilu-
Binding (%)













tient
ITs
tion
HA22
LR
LO10
LO10R
















1
BL22
1192
100
1.2072
0.0118
0.0241


2
BL22
2057
100
372.4138
493.1507
3000.0000


3
BL22
1231
100
528.0992
358.9888
1228.8462


4
BL22
9485
100
202.3988
431.3099
2947.5983


5
BL22
4187
100
5.9797
0.0021
0.0031


6
BL22
1430
100
2.2597
0.0016
0.0033


7
BL22
6673
100
50.1718
0.0057
<0.00147


8
SS1P
1698
100
<0.00187
<0.00187
<0.00187


9
SS1P
26789
100
<0.0289
<0.0289
<0.0289


10
SS1P
3876
100
<0.00686
<0.00686
<0.00686


11
HA22
962
100
<0.00194
<0.00194
<0.00194


12
HA22
10127
100
0.0219
<0.00120
<0.00120


13
HA22
1093
100
0.4298
0.0056
<0.00555


14
LMB9
38802
100
191.2500
0.0031
382.5000


15
SS1P
121598
100
0.0034
<0.00274
0.0060


16
SS1P
379861
100
0.4770
<0.00247
0.0047


17
SS1P
269987
100
0.0433
0.0019
0.0026


18
SS1P
63115
100
0.0040
<0.00272
<0.00272


19
SS1P
12938
100
<0.0623
<0.0623
<0.0623


20
SS1P
132398
100
<0.00583
<0.00583
0.0093


21
SS1P
10634
100
<0.00293
<0.00293
<0.00293


22
SS1P
17989
100
<0.00893
<0.00893
<0.00893


23
SS1P
20184
100
<0.0359
<0.0359
<0.0359


24
SS1P
29387
100
<0.00185
<0.00185
0.0019


25
SS1P
77031
100
<0.00755
<0.00755
<0.00755


26
SS1P
131839
100
<0.0133
<0.0133
<0.0133


27
SS1P
23165
100
30.4545
12.6415
26.5347


28
SS1P
1792
100
17.8081
113.0324
40.1708


29
SS1P
12443
100
<0.00721
<0.00721
<0.00721


30
SS1P
12873
100
<63.3
<63.3
<63.3


31
SS1P
4793
100
100.0000
100.0000
100.0000


32
SS1P
443961
100
41.5094
9.1667
36.3208


Less


100
59
75
72


reac-


tive


sera


(%)









All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

## Claims

1. A Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) comprising the amino acid sequence comprising Formula I:


furin cleavage sequence (FCS)-R1m-R2p-R3n-PE functional domain III   (Formula I),

wherein:
m, n, and p are, independently, 0 or 1;
FCS comprises a furin cleavage sequence of amino acid residues, which sequence is cleavable by furin;
R1 comprises 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
R2 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 285-364 of SEQ ID NO: 1;
R3 comprises 1 or more continuous amino acid residues of residues 365-394 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and
PE functional domain III comprises residues 395-613 of SEQ ID NO: 1 having a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581, as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, with the proviso that when the amino acid residue at position 516 is substituted with alanine, at least one of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, R563, and D581 is substituted,
wherein the PE has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more B cell epitopes, and the further substitution for an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is a substitution of, independently, one or more of amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of E282, E285, P290, R313, N314, P319, D324, E327, E331, Q332, D403, D406, R412, R427, E431, R432, R458, D461, R467, R490, R505, R513, E522, R538, E548, R551, R576, Q592, and L597, as defined by reference to SEQ ID NO: 1, and
wherein the PE optionally has a further substitution of one or more amino acid residues within one or more T-cell epitopes.

2. The PE of claim 1, wherein the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581 is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine in place of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581.

3. The PE of claim 1, wherein the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581 is a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues D463, Y481, and L516.

4. The PE of claim 1, wherein the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581 is a substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, Y481, R563, and D581.

5. The PE of claim 1, wherein FCS comprises residues 274-284 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is a substitution of alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for amino acid residue E282 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

6. The PE of claim 1, wherein the PE has the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is a substitution of, independently, alanine, glycine, serine, or glutamine for one or more of amino acid residues D403, D406, R412, R427, E431, R432, R458, D461, R467, R490, R505, R513, E522, R538, E548, R551, R576, K590, Q592, and L597 of SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or a substitution of valine, leucine, or isoleucine in place of amino acid residue R490 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

7. The PE of claim 1, wherein
m, n, and p are each 0;
FCS comprises residues 274-284 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and
the substitution of one or more of amino acid residues E420, D463, Y481, L516, R563, and D581 is a substitution of alanine in place of amino acid residue D463 and the further substitution of an amino acid within one or more B-cell epitopes is:
(a) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R427;
(b) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R458;
(c) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R467;
(d) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R490;
(e) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R505; and
(f) a substitution of alanine for amino acid residue R538.

8. A chimeric molecule comprising (a) a targeting moiety conjugated or fused to (b) the PP of claim 1.

9. The chimeric molecule of claim 8, wherein the targeting moiety is a monoclonal antibody.

10. The chimeric molecule of claim 9, wherein the monoclonal antibody specifically binds to a cell surface marker selected from the group consisting of CD19, CD21, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD79b, transferrin receptor, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, mesothelin, cadherin, and Lewis Y.

11. The chimeric molecule of claim 8, wherein the targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of B3, RFB4, SS, SS1, MN, MB, HN1, HN2, HB21, MORAb-009, antigen binding portions thereof, and the antigen binding portion of HA22.

12. The chimeric molecule of claim 8, wherein the targeting moiety is the antigen binding portion of HA22.

13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (a) the PE of claim 1, and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

14. A method of inhibiting the growth of a target cell, wherein the method comprises contacting the cell with the PE of claim 1, in an amount effective to inhibit growth of the target cell.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the target cell is a cancer cell.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the target cell expresses a cell surface marker selected from the group consisting of CD19, CD21, CD22, CD25, CD30, CD33, CD79b, transferrin receptor, EGF receptor, mesothelin, cadherin, and Lewis Y.

17. A method of producing the PE of claim 1, wherein the method comprises (a) recombinantly expressing the PE, and (b) purifying the PE.

18. A method of producing the chimeric molecule of claim 8, wherein the method comprises (a) recombinantly expressing the chimeric molecule, and (b) purifying the chimeric molecule.

19. A method of producing a chimeric molecule comprising the PE of claim 1, wherein the method comprises (a) recombinantly expressing the PE of claim 1, b) purifying the PE, and (c) covalently linking a targeting moiety to the purified PE.