NBSIR 74-467

Simulated Solar Heat Tests on

M.U.S.T. Air-Inflatable, Double-Wall

Hospital Ward Shelters

Larry W. Masters John W. Grimes

and Robert A. Crist

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

May 1974

Final Report

Prepared for United States Army Natick Laboratories

Shelters Branch

Natick, Massachusetts 01760

NBSIR 74-467

SIMULATED SOLAR HEAT TESTS ON

M.U.S.T. AIR-INFLATABLE, DOUBLE-WALL

HOSPITAL WARD SHELTERS

Larry W. Masters

John W. Grimes

and Robert A. Crist

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

May 1974

Final Report

Prepared for United States Army Natick Laboratories

Shelters Branch

Natick, Massachusetts 01760

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUf^AU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts, Director

simulated Solar Heat Tests of M.U.S.T. Alr-Inflatable

,

Double-Wall Hospital Ward Shelters

by Larry W. Masters, John W. Grimes

and Robert A. Crist

Center for Building Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 2023^

At the request of the United States Army Natlck Laboratories (USANLABS),

the Center for Building Technology conducted solar heat load tests on five

sections of M.U.S.T. alr-lnflatable , double-wall hospital ward shelters. The

purpose of the tests was to evaluate the effect of solar heat load, as simulated by Infrared heat lamps, on various materials and construction designs

proposed for use In the shelters.

This report summarizes the results of the tests.

Key Words : Adhesives, alr-lnflatable shelter sections, cloth webs, polyester

and nylon fabrics, sewn seams, sewn seam strapping, solar heat

load, test procedure.

SI Conversion Units

In view of the present accepted practice In this country for building

technology, common US units of measurement have been used throughout this

paper. In recognition of the position of the United States as a signatory

to the General Conference on Weights and Measures, which gave official

status to the metric SI system of units In I960, assistance Is given to

the reader Interested In making use of the coherent system of SI units

by giving conversion factors applicable to US units used In this paper.

Length

1 In a 0.025^ meter (exactly)

1 ft - 0.30^48 meter (exactly)

Force

1 lb (Ibf) - H.khS Newtons (N)

Pressure

1 psf - 47.88 N/m^

1 psl - k89H N/m^

Temperature *»C - 5/9 (Temperature **F - 32)

1
Table of Contents

Page

List of Figures Ill

List of Tables Iv

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Objective 1

1.2 Description of Shelters 1

2. Test Specimens 2

3. Test Apparatus and Procedure 2

3.1 Test Apparatus for Inducing Solar Heat Load 2

3.2 Location of Thermocouples 2

3.3 Use of Thermographics to Verify Thermocouple

Readings 3 3.^ Installation of Manometers 4 3.5 Monitoring the Pressure Relief Valves 4 3.6 Test Procedure ^ Test Results 5

^.1 F-1 Shelter Section 5 Leak Test 5 H.1.2 Solar Heat Load Test 5 ^.1.3 Observations 6

^.2 F-2 Shelter Section 7

i».2.1 Leak Test 7 ^.2.2 Solar Heat Load Test 7

i).2.3 Observations 7 4.3 IP-1 Shelter Section 9 ^.3.1 Leak Test 9

^1.3.2 Solar Heat Load Test 9

4.3.3 Observations 9

4.4 IP-2 Shelter Section 10

4.4.1 Leak Test 10

4.4.2 Solar Heat Load Test 10

4.4.3 Observations 10

4.5 IP-3 Shelter Section 11

4.5.1 Leak Test 11

4.5.2 Solar Heat Load Test 11

4.5.3 Observations 11

5. Summary 11

11
LIST OF FIGURES

1. Shelter Section, Fabricated by Manufacturer IP, Being Prepared for Solar

Heat Load Test

2. Location of Air Inlet Valve Assemblies on Shelter Section Fabricated by

Manufacturer F

3. Exterior Appearance of an Air Inlet Valve Assembly

^. Location of Exterior Surface Thermocouples on Shelter Sections Fabricated

by Manufacturer F

5. Location of Exterior Surface Thermocouples on Shelter Sections Fabricated

by Manufacturer IP

6. Temperature Graph Obtained by the Thermographics System

7. Pressure Relief Valve Monitors

8. Temperature Readings of Selected Thermocouples During the First Cycle of

Shelter Section P-1

9. Temperature Readings of Selected Thermocouples During the First Cycle of

Shelter Section F-2

10. Erected Shelter Section P-2 Following the Deflation of the Bladder in Air

Chamber 1

11. Ruptured Bladder after Removal from Air Chamber 1 of Shelter Section F-2

12. Close-Up of Bladder Failure after Removing the Bladder from Air Chamber

1 of Shelter Section F-2

13. Stressed Seam Due to Crooked Stitching, Seam #8, Shelter Section F-2

1^ . Air Inlet Valve Ring Collar Slippage on Air Chambers 11 and 12 of Shelter

Section F-2

15. Air Inlet Valve Ring Collar Delamination on Air Chambers 11 and 12 of

Shelter Section F-2

16. Wrinkling of Exterior Fabric near Seam #9 of Shelter Section F-2

17. Temperature Readings of Selected Thermocouples During the First Cycle

of Shelter Section IP-1

18. Temperature Readings of Selected Thermocouples During the First Cycle of

Shelter Section IP-2

19. Delamination of Adhesive Bond Joining the Sides and Floor of Shelter

Section IP-2

20. Excess Bladder Pulled from Air Chamber 1 of Shelter Section IP-2

21. Temperature Readings of Selected Thermocouples During the First Cycle of

Shelter Section IP-3

ill
LIST OP TABLES

1. Design Changes in Shelter Section IP-1 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70).

2. Design Changes in Shelter Section IP-2 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70).

3. Design Changes in Shelter Section IP-3 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70).

4. Design Changes in Shelter Section F-1 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES H2-70 (26 August 70).

5. Design Changes in Shelter Section F-2 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES ^2-70 (1 September 70).

6. Results of Four Hour Leak Test on Shelter Section F-1

7. Manometer Readings (psi) at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat

Load Test for Shelter Section F-1, Cycle 1

8. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

F-1, Cycle 2

9. Summary of Observations Relating to Debondlng of the Strapping Following

the First Solar Heat Load Cycle of Shelter Section F-1

10. Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section F-2

11. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

F-2, Cycle 1

12. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

F-2, Cycle 2

13. Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section IP-1

1^. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-1, Cycle 1

15. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-1, Cycle 2

16. Results of Leak Test of Shelter Section IP-2

17. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-2, Cycle 1

18. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-2, Cycle 2

iv
LIST OF TABLES (cont.)

19. Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section IP-3

20. Manometer Readings (psl) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-3, Cycle 1

21. Manometer Readings (psl) and Pressure Relief Valve Observations at Specified time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test for Shelter Section

IP-3, Cycle 2

v

1. Introduction

1.1 Objective

At the request of the United States Army Natick Laboratories (USANLABS),

the Center for Building Technology (CBT) of the National Bureau of Standards

conducted solar heat load tests on five sections of M.U.S.T. (Medical Unit,

Self-contained, Transportable) air-inflatable, double-wall hospital ward

shelters. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the effect of solar

heat load, as simulated by infrared heat lamps, on various materials and

construction designs proposed for use in the shelters.

The need for the tests resulted from various failures which occurred

when shelters purchased by USANLABS were erected in the field. Three types

of observed failures were particularly Important to the performance of the

shelters. The first type of observed failure in field erected shelters was tearing or pulling of the exterior fabric near the air inlet valve assembly.

The second was tearing of the webbing material between the individual airinflated bladder chambers. The third was delaminations of the adhesively

bonded strapping material which covered the exterior sewn seams.

To prevent these failures in future shelters, new techniques were proposed

for Joining the exterior fabric to the valve assembly and for sewing the

webbing and new adhesives were considered for bonding the fabric. The five

sections which were tested contained various construction designs and materials

so that their usefulness could be determined.

1.2 Description of Shelters

Each air-inflatable, double-wall hospital ward shelter section which

was evaluated consisted of either 12 or 13 individual semi-cylindrical chambers

approximately 20 in. in diameter and 35 ft. in length. The dimensions of an erected shelter section measured approximately 2H ft. in width, 12 ft,

in height, and IH ft. in length. Figure 1 is a picture of one of the erected

shelter sections. Shelter sections are designed to be Joined together to

form a shelter of the desired size.

The shelter sections were to conform to USANLAB Purchase Descriptions

except for changes agreed to by USANLAB. According to USANLAB information,

the exterior skin of the shelter sections consisted of polyester fabric

coated on the interior with black neoprene and on the exterior with black

neoprene, olive green neoprene and olive green hypalon. The Interior skin

of the shelter sections consisted of polyester fabric coated on one side

only with black neoprene , *paJ.e green neoprene, and pale green hypalon. The

result of this is that the entire exposed exterior surface was olive green

hypalon and the entire exposed interior surface was pale green hypalon.

The interior and exterior skins were Joined by coated cloth webs which

were sewn to each skin, thus forming the individual semi-cylindrical chambers.

The cloth webs were fabricated from polyester cloth. An air inflatable

bladder, placed inside each semi-cylindrical chamber, was fabricated from

nylon cloth, coated on one side with neoprene.

Each semi-cylindrical chamber and bladder was equipped with an air

inlet valve and an air pressure release valve designed to prevent over- pressurization . Figure 2 shows the location of the air inlet valve assemblies

on one of the shelter sections. Figure 3 is a closeup of an air inlet valve.

The pressure relief valves were located about 7 in. below each air inlet

valve. Upon erection, each bladder was designed to contain an air pressure

of approximately 1.5 psl.

1
2. Test Specimens

The five shelter sections which were tested were supplied by the USANLABS.

Two of the sections were fabricated by manufacturer P and three by manufacturer

IP. In this report, the shelter sections will be designated as P-1, P2, IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3.

The serial numbers of the tested shelter sections are as follows:

Shelter Section Number Serial Number

P-1 S057

F-2 ^ S057

IP-1 S-1 .

IP_2 S-2

IP-3 S-3

Shelter sections IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3 were corridor connectors which

were constructed according to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70) except for the changes listed in tables

1 through 3 respectively. The corridor connector shelter sections contained

a doorway on each side of the section as shown in figure 1. Shelter sections

P-1 and F-2, which were not corridor connectors, were constructed according

to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 42-70 (1 September 70) except for the changes listed in tables H and 5.

One additional shelter section, which was a production line

fabricated by manufacturer IP according to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70), was tested to calibrate the test

apparatus. This shelter section was also used to determine if the test

procedure induced failures similar to those observed in field erected shelter

sections

.

3. Test Apparatus and Procedure

3.1 Test Apparatus for Inducing Solar Heat Load

The test apparatus for inducing the solar heat load consisted of 388

infrared heat lamps attached to a 180" archway. The archway was approximately

15 ft. in length and 30 ft. in diameter and the shelter sections were erected

inside the archway for test. The distance from the surface of the infrared

lamps to the exterior surface of the shelter sections was approximately

2.5 ft. The test apparatus and the position of a shelter section to be tested

are shown in figure 1.

Rheostats, which regulated the amperage of approximately 30 lamps each, were installed to permit adjustment of the surface temperature of each shelter

sedtion to the desired level.

3.2 Location of Thermocouples

Twenty-one thermocouples were used to measure the surface temperature

of shelter sections P-1 and P-2 while 22 were used for shelter sections

IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3. The exterior surface thermocouple locations for the

sections fabricated by manufacturers P and IP are shown in figures h and

5 respectively.

2
In figures h and 5, each thermocouple Is described by a series of letters

and numbers. The meaning of the letters Is as follows:

T - thermocouples designated with a T were Installed on the

exterior surface of the shelter section at the crest of

the seml-cyllndrlcal chamber.

S - thermocouples designated with an S were Installed on the

exterior surface of the shelter section directly above

the sewn seams. The number Immediately following the letter or letters Is the number

of each seml-cyllndrlcal chamber In the test section. The numbering system

Is from left to right when facing a shelter section from the manifold side.

The next number In the series is the distance In feet from the center of

the air valve to the thermocouple. Thus the thermocouple designated T2-

3 was located at the crest of the exterior surface of air chamber number

2 and was 3 feet from the center of the air Inlet valve.

One thermocouple was also Installed on the Interior surface of each

shelter section. This thermocouple was located directly opposite thermocouple

T7-18 on sections P-1 and P-2 and opposite thermocouple T7-7 on sections

IP-1, IP-2 and IP-3.

In addition, one or two thermocouples were used to measure the ambient

air temperature Inside the shelter section during the test.

Thermocouples Installed on the surface of the shelter sections were

held In place by sandwiching them between the fabric of the shelter and

a small piece of the same fabric. The two layers of fabric were Joined

using Eastman 910 adhesive.

3.3 Use of Thermographics to Verify Thermocouple Readings

The NBS thermographics system was used to determine the uniformity

of the temperature distribution over a portion of the exterior surface of

shelter section IP-1 and to verify the temperatures recorded from thermocouple

readings

The thermographics system consisted of an Infrared television camera

and television receivers that display, in real time, thermal Images upon

sensing natural Infrared radiation emitting from the surface of an object.

The infrared camera was aimed at an area of the shelter section which

Included thermocouples Tl-3, T2-3, and T3-3.

A temperature graph, figure 6, was obtained. Also, a color-coded thermograph was obtained. The thermograph is not included because of the difficulty

in reproducing the colors.

The location of each thermocouple on the curve of figure 6 was determined

and the temperature as read in figure 6 compared with the thermocouple readlIngs.

3
The comparisons are as follows:

Thermocouple Number Temperature, °P

Thermocouple Thermographic

System

Tl-3 177.2 l8i|.il

T2-3 19^.5 188.0

T3-3 191.^ 190.0 •

3.^ Installation of Manometers

Manometers were used to provide a continuous measure of the air pressure

In each air Inflatable bladder. The manometer Installation consisted of

drilling a small hole through the air Inlet valve assembly. Inserting a plastic tube In the hole, and connecting the plastic tube to manometer gauges.

The plastic tube, as Inserted In the air Inlet valve, can be observed In

figure 3

3.5 Monitoring of Pressure Relief Valves

Selected pressure relief valves, which were Included on each air Inflatable

chamber, were monitored during the tests of all shelters. The relief valves

were designed to function at 1.75 + 0.25 psl. Figure 7 shows the monitors

for the pressure relief valves of shelter section P-2.

The primary purpose of monitoring the pressure relief valves was to

determine If they did function properly within the design limits.

The monitoring consisted of passing air escaping from the relief valves

Into beakers of water and visually observing the extent of bubbling.

The extent of the bubbling In each pressure relief valve monitor was observed periodically and classified as one of the following: none, slight,

light, medium, or heavy.

3.6 Test Procedure

Each shelter section to be tested was placed under the archway containing

the Infrared heat lamps . following the Installation of the exterior surface

thermocouples, manometers, and relief valve monitors, the shelter section

was erected by inflating It to approximately 1.5 psl. The shelter section

was leak tested overnight before being reinflated to 1.5 psi (shelter section

F-1 was leak tested for four hours rather than overnight). All leak tests were conducted at an ambient temperature of approximately 70*'F.

The sonar heat load test, which then was started, consisted of increasing

the exterior surface temperature of the shelter section to 200°P. The Increase

In temperature from ambient to 200°F was designed to take about 2 hours.

The temperature was maintained at 200*'P for four hours and was then decreased

over a two hour period to ambient. The eight hour procedure described above

was then repeated the following day so that each shelter section was subjected

to two simulated solar heating cycles. The ambient air temperature was controlled during the tests to permit personnel to periodically Inspect the

monitors of the pressure relief valves as well as inspect the shelter section

materials during the tests.
The solar heat load test procedure, which was specified by USANLAB,

was similar to the procedure reported In test method 505 of the Military

Standard 8IOB, "Environmental Test Methods", June 15, 1967.

Periodic recordings were made, during the test, of thermocouple readings,

manometer readings, and the extent of bubbling observed from the pressure

relief valve monitors.

During each solar heat load cycle, the pressure Inside the bladders

decreased due to slow leakage. Additional air was not added to shelter

section P-1 during the first cycle test, but during the second cycle and

during tests of all other shelter sections, additional air was added several

times to relnflate the sections to approximately 1.5 psl. Thus, for practical

purposes, the chambers remained stressed during all tests except the first

cycle of shelter P-1.

Thermocouples Installed on the exterior surface at the crest of the

semi-cylindrical chambers were used to determine when the exterior surface

temperature was 200**F. Temperatures on the surface of the strapping, which

covered the sewn seams, were observed to be 25-30°P less than that at the

crest. The reason for the temperature differential is that the strapping

was farther from the heat lamps than was the crest due to the corrugated

appearance of the surface.

Prior to commencing the tests of shelter sections P-1, P-2, IP-1, IP2, and IP-3, the solar heat load test procedure was conducted on a production

line shelter section, fabricated by manufactures IP according to USANLAB

Limited Production Purchase Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70). The

purposes of this test were to calibrate the test apparatus and to determine

if the test procedure induced failures similar to those observed In field

erected shelter sections. Following this preliminary test, the exterior

fabric near the air inlet valve assemblies had torn extensively and more

than 50^ of the strapping had delaminated. Thus, the solar heat load test

caused some of the same types of failure as had been observed on shelter

sections erected in the field.

4.0 Test Results

i|.l P-1 Shelter Section

4.1.1 Leak Test

A leak test on shelter section F-1 was performed for four hours prior

to starting the first solar heat load cycle. Table 6 shows the results

of the leak test.

The bladder in air chamber 1 lost air very rapidly as can be noted

in table 6. Bladders in chambers 2, 3, 4, 10, and 11 showed a loss of air

pressure to below 1.0 psl.

4.1.2 Solar Heat Load Test

The solar heat load test was conducted as described in Section 3.6.

5
Flgurt 8 contains a plot of data from three rtprtitntatlvt txttrler

surface thermoeouple§ , one Interior surface thermoeouple , and ©nt ambient

air thermocouple during the first cycle of the test. The location of the

exterior surface thermocouples can be noted in figure k. A plot of the

thermocouple readings for the second test cycle Is not Included because

of the similarity of readings obtained In the two cycles.

Table 7 contains representative manometer data In psl for the first

test cycle of shelter section P-1. Air pressure measurements are Included

for each of the twelve air Inflatable bladders at various times from the

start of the test. The monitors for the pressure relief valves were not

installed during the first test cycle of shelter section P-1. The test,

section was not relnflated during this test cycle.

Table 8 summarizes the manometer data and observations of the three

pressure relief valve monitors during the second test cycle of shelter section

F-1. During the second test cycle, the shelter section was relnflated to

approximately 1.5 psl at the following times from the start of the test

(hours: minutes): 2:^5, ^:10, H:HO, 5:10, 5:15, 6:20, 6:^10, 6:55, 7:05,

7:25 and 7:50. The reinflation times are shown by the dashed vertical lines

on table 8.

4.1.3 Observations

The bladder in air chamber 1 lost air rapidly during the leak test

and during the solar heat load test. As evidenced by the data in tables

6 through 8, this bladder deflated much more rapidly than the other eleven.

Following the completion of the solar heat load test, the bladder in

air chamber 1 was removed from the shelter section and inflated to determine

the reason for the excessive leakage. The only source of the leakage was

near the air inlet valve.

The strapping material prior to the test was observed to form some "tunneled" areas directly above the seams. "Tunneled" areas were areas

in which the strapping was bonded on both sides but not in the middle.

Strapping which was well bonded in the seam crease was evidenced by the

stitching imprint through the strapping.

Observations relating to debonding of the strapping following the first

cycle of the solar heat load test are summarized in table 9. Debonding

primarily occurred at the points of diagonal cuts in the strapping and near

the edge of strapping. The tunnels described above were also observed to

expand in length and width.

The debonding of the strapping did not increase substantially in the

second cycle of the test.

The fabric around all air inlet valves remained intact following the

test and no webbing failures were observed.

6
4.2 F-2 Shelter Section

4.2.1 Leak Test

A leak test on shelter section F-2 was performed for 15-5 hours prior

to starting the first solar heat load cycle. Table 10 contains the results

of the leak test. The air pressure in bladders 10, 11, and 12 decreased

to <0.21 psi at the end of 15.5 hours while other bladders retained

substantially more air pressure.

4.2.2 Solar Heat Load Test

The solar heat load test was conducted on shelter section F-2 as described

in Section 3-6.

Figure 9 contains a plot of data from three representative exterior

surface thermocouples, one Interior surface thermocouple, and one ambient

air thermocouple during the first cycle of the test. The location of the

exterior surface thermocouples can be noted in figure 4. A plot of the

thermocouple readings for the second test cycle is not included because of

the similarity of the readings obtained in the two cycles.

Tables 11 and 12 summarize the manometer data and observations of the

twelve pressure relief valve monitors during the first and second test cycles

respectively

.

During cycle 1 of the test, the shelter section was reinflated at the

following times from the start of the test (hours"minutes ) : 2:55, 5:15, and

6:40. The shelter section was reinflated during the second cycle at the

following times from the start of the test (hours :minutes ) : 4:10, 5:57, 6:10,

6:50, 7:35, and 7:42. These reinflation times are shown by the dashed

vertical lines on tables 11 and 12.

4.2.3 Observations

The bladder in air chamber 1 ruptured about 2 hours after commencing

the first test cycle. Figure 10 shows the erected shelter section following

the deflation of bladder 1. The bladder in air chamber 10 lost air rapidly

due to leakage during the first test cycle. At the completion of the first

test cycle, the bladders in air chambers 1 and 10 were removed for Inspection.

Bladder 1 had ruptured at an adhesive bond. The fabric on either side of

the rupture was well bonded. The failure is shown in figures 11 and 12.

The rupture was about 7 in. in length. Bladder 10 was leak tested and the

only observable leak was near the air inlet valve. The bladders which were removed from air chambers 1 and 10 were replaced by the bladders from air

chambers 6 and 5 respectively of shelter section F-1 prior to conducting

the second test cycle.

The strapping on seam 8 showed slight tunneling (2" in length), before

testing about 9 ft. from the ground on the side opposite the valves. During

the first cycle, the tunneling extended to about 4" in length. This

tunneling was located at an area of excess stress due to crooked stitching

as shown in figure 13. The tunneling did not extend farther during the second

test cycle.

Several other strappings were initially observed to exhibit tunneling.

Tunnels of 1/4" widened during the first test cycle to 1/2" or more while those less than 1/4" widened to somewhat less than 1/2" at the end of

the first cycle. The tunnels did not appear to widen further in the second

test cycle.

7
The fabric comprising; the air inlet valve ring collar was observed to

pull or slip slightly from the original location on all 12 air chambers.

This fabric slippage was primarily on the sides rather than at the top and

bottom. The slippage on the collar of air chamber 12 was about 3/32" while

other slippages ranged from 1/13" to 1/18". Figure iH shows the fabric

slippage for the collars of air chambers 11 and 12. The picture in figure

1^ was taken following the second test cycle but most of the slippage occurred

during the first test cycle.

Slight delamlnatlons of some valve ring collars were also observed

at the completion of the first test cycle. The delamlnatlons were noted

on the collars of air chambers 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Figure 15 contains

a picture of the delamlnatlons at air chambers 11 and 12. The delamlnatlons

were not greater than 1/2" in width and 1" in depth and they did not extend

farther during the second test cycle. One screw hole In the collar of air

chamber 2 also pulled out during the first test cycle. The movement was about 1/2".

Several adhesive bonded patches on one side of the Interior of the

shelter section had delamlnatlons during the first test cycle. The air

chamber numbers, number of delaminated patches and total number of patches

are as follows

Air Chamber Number of Total Number of

Number Delaminated Patches Patches on the

The interior patch delamlnatlons varied from 10% to 30% of the bonded

surface areas. The delamlnatlons did not appear to increase during the

second test cycle.

One additional observation was that occasionally the exterior fabric near a sewn seam was wrinkled as shown in figure 16 for seam 9. The wrinkling

leads to difficulty in bonding the strapping and edge lifts and tunneling

were commonly observed at these locations.

The pressure relief valves on air chamber 7 and 10 did not relieve

during the second test cycle as can be noted in table 12. Following the

completion of the second test cycle, the shelter section was slowly inflated

to determine the pressure necessary to relieve the two valves. Relief valve

7 relieved at 2.05 psl while valve 10 relieved at 2.57 psi. During the

second test cycle, the air pressure in chamber 7 reached as high as 2.26

psi without relief of the valve.

Air Chamber

1

2

3

5

67

8

9 10

11

12

0

3

1

1

2

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

n 11

l\

i» 11

iln 11

n

n 11

1»

8
4.3 IP-1 Shelter Section

i».3.1 Leak test

A leak test on shelter section IP-1 was performed for 15 hours prior

to starting the first solar heat load cycle. Table 13 contains the results

of the leak test.

The air pressure In bladders 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 decreased to <0.21

psl at the end of 15 hours.

4.3.2 Solar Heat Load Test

The solar heat load test was conducted on shelter section IP-1 as described in Section 3.6.

Figure 17 contains a plot of data from three representative exterior

surface thermocouples, one Interior surface thermocouple, and one ambient

air thermocouple during the first cycle of the test. The location of the

exterior surface thermocouples can be noted in figure 5.

Tables 14 and 15 summarize the manometer data and observations of the

six pressure relief valve monitors during the first and second test cycles

respectively.

During cycle 1 of the test, the shelter section was reinflated at the

following times from the start of the test (hours :minutes ) : 3:50, 5:10,

6:20, 6:40, 7:30, 7:43, and 8:04. The shelter section was reinflated during

the second cycle at the following times from the start of the test (hours:

minutes): 3:25, 4:20, 5:50, 6:25, 6:53, and 7:40. These reinflatlon times

are shown by the dashed vertical lines on tables 14 and 15.

4.3.3 Observations

The strapping over the sewn seams in shelter section IP-1 was well

bonded prior to the start of the test as evidenced by the visually observable

imprint of stitches through the strapping. Following the two test cycles,

no strapping failures were observed. Also, no fabric failures were observed

near the air inlet valves or in the webbing following the test.

During the second test cycle, a bonded .-Joint on the fabric comprising

the air Intake manifold to air chambers 5-9 pulled apart about 6" from the

shelter section surface. The failure was a cohesive separation within the

adhesive

.

At the completion of the second test cycle, USANLAB personnel determined

that the exterior fabric contained a hypalon coating but no black neoprene

coating on the face side of the base fabric.

A test was run following the solar heat load test to determine the

pressure required to relieve pressure relief valves 12 and 13. Valve 12

relieved at 2.21 psl and valve 13 relieved at 2.14 psl.

9
IP-2 Shelter Section

i».4.1 Leak test

A leak test on shelter section IP-2 was performed for 22 hours prior

to starting the first solar heat load cycle. Table 16 contains the result!

of the leak test

.

The air pressure In bladders 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13 decreased

to <0.21 psl at the end of 22 hours.

4.i|.2 Solar Heat Load Test

The solar heat load test was conducted on shelter section IP-2 as described

in Section 3.6.

Figure l8 contains a plot of data from three representative exterior

surface thermocouples, one interior surface thermocouple, and one ambient

air thermocouple during the first cycle of the test. The location of the

exterior surface thermocouples can be noted in figure 5.

Tables 17 and 18 summarize the manometer data and observations of the

eight pressure relief valve monitors during the first and second test cycles

respectively

.

During cycle 1 of the test, the shelter section was reinflated at the

following times from the start of the test (hours :minutes ) : H-.m, 6:20,

G:k5, and 7:23. The shelter section was reinflated during the second cycle

at the following times from the start of the test (hours :minutes ) : 3:55,

5:05, 6:35, 6:^8, and 7:^8. These reinflation times are shown by the dashed

vertical lines on tables 17 and 18.

^.^.3 Observations

The strapping over the sewn seams in shelter section IP-2 was well

bonded prior to the start of the test as evidenced by the visually observable

imprint of stitches through the strapping. Small tunnels, about 2" long

and 1/4" wide, formed in two places on two strappings during the test. However,

the strapping generally looked very good following the test.

Also, no fabric failures were observed near the air inlet valves or

in the webbing.

At the end of the second test cycle, the adhesive bond Joining the

sides of the shelter section to the floor was delaminated directly below

air chamber 1. This delamination is shown in figure 19.

The bladder in air chamber 1 would not deflate completely at the end

of the test. The reason for this problem was that the excess bladder was compressed near the air inlet valve. Figure 20 shows the excess bladder

which was pulled from the air chamber. The bladder in air chamber 1 was

the only bladder removed for inspection.

The exterior fabric of shelter section IP-2 was determined to contain

a hypalon coating but no black neoprene coating on the face side of the

base fabric.
H.5 IP-3 Shelter Section

4.5.1 Leak Test

A leak test was performed on shelter section IP-3 for 15.5 hours prior

to starting the first solar heat load cycle. Table 19 contains the results

of the leak test.

The bladders of this shelter section retained air better than any of

the other four sections tested. The lowest air pressure measured following

the overnight leak test was psi in bladder 6.

^.5.2 Solar Heat Load Test

The solar heat load test was conducted on shelter section IP-3 as described in Section 3.6.

Figure 21 contains a plot of data from three representative exterior

surface thermocouples, one interior surface thermocouple, and one ambient

air thermocouple during the first cycle of the test. The location of the

exterior surface thermocouples can be noted in figure 5.

Tables 20 and 21 summarize the manometer data and observations of the seven pressure relief valve monitors during the first and second test cycles

respectively

.

During cycle 1 of the test, the shelter section was reinflated at the

following times from the start of the test (hours :minutes ) : 6:13, S:HQ,

and 7:33. The shelter section was reinflated during the second cycle at

the following times from the start of the test (hours rminutes ) : 6:23 and

7:50, These reinflation times are shown by the dashed vertical lines on tables 20 and 21.

4.5.3 Observations

The strapping over the sewn seams in the shelter section IP-3 was well

bonded prior to the start of the test as evidenced by the visually observable

Imprint of the stitches through the strapping. No strapping failures were

observed as a result of the solar heat load test.

Also, no fabric failures were observed near the air inlet valve or .• in the webbing.

The exterior fabric of shelter section IP-3 was determined to contain

a hypalon coating but no black neoprene coating on the face side of the

base fabric.

5 . Summary

1. Indication that solar heat load test induces failures similar to

those observed in field erected shelter sections.

A. Prior to commencing the tests of shelter sections F-1, F-2,

IP-1, IP-2, and IP-3, the solar heat load test procedure was conducted on

a production line shelter section, fabricated by manufacturer IP. The failures

observed on this shelter section were very similar to those observed in

field erected shelter sections.

11
2. Air inlet valve assemblies

A. The exterior fabric, which was bonded to the air inlet valve

assemblies, remained well bonded during the tests with the exception of

the observations of shelter section P-2.

B. The air inlet valve ring collars on all 12 air chambers of shelter

section P-2 were observed to slip somewhat during the solar heat load tests

and slight delaminations of the ring collars were observed on air chambers

7 through 12.

C. The exterior fabric joined to the air inlet valve assembly on air chamber 2 of shelter section P-2 was observed to pull out about 1/2"

at one screw hole.

D. The bladders In air chamber 1 of shelter section P-1 and air

chamber 10 of shelter section P-2 exhibited leakage near the air inlet valve

assembly

.

3. Webbing between air chambers

A. The coated cloth webs, used to form the sides of the individual

air chambers, exhibited no failure during the tests of the five shelter

sections.

^. Strapping covering the sewn exterior seams

A. The strapping on shelter sections P-1 and P-2 was not as tightly

fitted into the seam creases as was the strapping on shelter sections IP1, IP-2, and IP-3.

B. The "tunnels", formed by strapping which was not well fitted

into the seam creases, extended in length and width during the solar heat

load tests.

C. The strapping on shelter section P-1 exhibited some delamination

near the edges of the strapping and also at the points of diagonal cuts

in the strapping.

D. Strapping failures could often be related to excessive wrinkling

of the exterior fabric near the sewn seams or excessive stress developed

at the seam due to crooked seams.

5. Various other adhesive bond failures

A. The bladder in air chamber 1 of shelter section P-2 ruptured

during the first solar heat load cycle due to an adhesive bond failure between

the bonded fabric.

B. Eight of the 3^^ adhesively bonded patches on one side of the

interior surface of air chambers 2, 3, ^, 5, and 7 on shelter section P2, exhibited delamination of 10%-30% during the solar heat load test. Since

all the delaminated patches were located on one side of the shelter section,

this may have been due to fabrication technique.

12
C. A bonded fabric .joint on the air Intake manifold of shelter

section IP-1 failed cohesively during the second test cycle.

D. The adhesive bond between the valve side and the floor of shelter

section IP-2 failed directly below air chamber 1 durlnp; the solar heat load

test

.

6. Pressure relief valves

A. Of the 68 pressure relief valves monitored durlnp; the tests,

8 did not relieve at pressures of less than 2.0 psl.

7. Effect of two solar heat load test cycle

A. The failures which were observed occurred during the first solar

heat load cycle and did not increase substantially during the second cycle.

13




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Table 1. Desip;n Changes In Shelter Section

IP-1 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70)

1. Shelter section constructed with a web reinforcement of 2 1/2" using

1018 adhesive for the web reinforcement; 1095 adhesive with Boscodur #9

otherwise throughout, except as mentioned below.

2. Transition assembly bonded with 1039 adhesive with Boscodur #5.

3. Transition assembly bonded to the shelter section enclosure with 1095

adhesive with Boscodur #9.

4. Corridor ground cloth assembly bonded with adhesive 1039 and Boscodur

#5.

5. Transition floor assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1^11) bonded with adhesive 1039

and Boscodur #5.

6. Floor assembly entryway (Dwg No. 5-^1-1512) bonded with adhesive 1039

and Boscodur #5.

7. Manifold assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1530) bonded with adhesive 1039 and

Boscodur #5.

8. Connector floor assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1511) bonded with adhesive 1039

and Boscodur #5.

9. Shelter section walls bonded to the ground cloth with adhesive 1095

and Boscodur #9.

10. 1 oz. additional coating used on bladder material.

11. Zinc stearate used In all adhesive bonds In the shelter section.

35
Table 2. Design Changes In Shelter Section

IP-2 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70)

1. Shelter section constructed with a web reinforcement of 3 1/2" using

1018 adhesive for the web reinforcement; 1095 adhesive with Bosocodur #9

otherwise throughout, except as mentioned below.

2. Transition assembly bonded with 1095 adhesive and Boscodur if 5.

3. Transition assembly bonded to the shelter section enclosure with 1095

adhesive and Boscodur #9.

^. Corridor ground cloth assembly bonded with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur

#5.

5. Zinc stearate used In all adhesive bonds in the shelter section.

6. Transition floor assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1^11) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

7. Floor assembly entryway (Dwg No. 5-^1-1512) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodor #5. .

8. Manifold assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1530) bonded with 1039 adhesive and

Boscodur #5.

9. Shelter section walls bonded to ground cloth with 1095 and Boscodur

#9.

10. Connector floor assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1511) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

11. 2 oz. additional coating used on bladder material.

36
Table 3. Design Changes in Shelter Section

IP-3 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70)

1. Shelter section constructed with a web reinforcement of 2 1/2" using

1018 adhesive for the web reinforcement.

2. Horizontal strapping of the outer cells bonded with 1039 adhesive and

Boscodur #5.

3. Seam on air chamber #1 bonded with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur #5.

4. Stitching between air chambers #1 thru #6 bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

5. Stitching between air chambers #7 thru #13 bonded with 1095 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

6. Transition assembly bonded with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur #5.

7. Transition assembly bonded to the shelter section enclosure with 1039

adhesive and Boscodur #5.

8. Corridor ground cloth assembly bonded with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur

#5.

9. Zinc stearate used in all adhesive bonds in the shelter section, except

as noted below.

10. 3 inch strapping on air chamber #1 with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur

#5; no zinc stearate used.

11. Strapping between air chambers #1 and #2 bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5; no zinc stearate used.

12. Strapping between air chambers #2 thru #6 bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

13. 3 inch strapping on air chamber #13 bonded with 1095 adhesive and Boscodur

#5; no zinc stearate used.

14. Strapping between air chambers #12 and #13 bonded with 1095 adhesive

and Boscodur #5; no zinc stearate used.

15. Strapping between air chambers #7 thru #12 bonded with 1095 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

16. Unit bonded to ground cloth with 1039 adhesive and Boscodur #5.

17. 1 oz additional coating used on bladder material.

37
Table 3. Design Changes In Shelter Section

IP-3 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 39-70 (26 August 70) (cont.)

18. Transition floor assembly (Dwg No. S-'^-l^ll) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

19. Floor assembly entryway (Dwg No. 5-^-1512) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

20. Manifold assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1530) bonded with 1039 adhesive and

Boscodur #5.

21. Connector floor assembly (Dwg No. 5-^-1511) bonded with 1039 adhesive

and Boscodur #5.

22. A 1 Inch diameter patch was bonded on Inner casing panel Just above the

tie patch assembly.

38
Table ^. Design Changes In Shelter Section

F-1 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES i»2-70 (1 September 70)

1. Inflation valve rings on air chambers #1 thru #6 and ^9 thru #12 were Installed using design of manufacturer P. Inflation valve rings on air

chambers #7 and were Installed using design of USANLAB.

2. Webs #1 thru #6 have 9 regular size (per print) panels each plus two

end pieces. Webs #7 thru #11 have l8 half-size web panels each. All webs

have the 2" wide bias tape bonded to the Inner and outer radii using MAG1265 cement, coated side of tape to coated side of web.

3. All pressure relief valves have the 1.75 + -25 psl springs Installed.

^. Pressure relief valve collars are rubber discs.

5. All webs were sewn to the Inner casing panels using Type 301 lockstitch.

6. Outer seams strapped as follows:

All seams have strappings as specified in LP/P DES 42-70 except web

seams #1 and #2 which have a neoprene gum strip underneath the fabric strapping.

7. The ground cloth has the maximum of 4 transverse splices.

8. Adhesive 1039 and Boscodur #5 was used throughout the shelter except

as otherwise noted above.

39
Table 5. Design Changes in Shelter Section

F-2 Relative to USANLAB Limited Production Purchase

Description LP/P DES 112-70 (1 September 70)

1. All Inflation valve rings on the outer casing were Installed utilizing

design of manufacturer F. Rings on air chambers 1 thru 6 - Installed with

1039-5 cement, rings of air chambers 7 thru 12 - Installed with 525^'^! cement.

2. Webs 1 thru 6 have triangular overlap splice on web panels. No bias

tape. Webs 7 thru 11 have standard 1/2" lap splices on web panels and 2'

wide bias tape bonded to Inside and outside radii using 525'^^1 cememt, coated

side of tape to coated side of web.

3. All pressure relief valves have the 1.75 + .25 psl springs Installed.

^. All pressure relief valve collars are of the fabric patch design in

lieu of specified rubber disc. Each patch was Installed using 525^^1 cement.

5. All webs were sewn to the inner casing panels using Type hOl chalnstltch with the chain portion being exposed.

6. Outer seams strapped as follows:

A. 1 1/2" wide O.G. /black fabric — seams 1, 2, 3, 6, 7

B. 1 1/2" wide O.D. Tedlar w/neoprene gum backing — seams 5, 9, 10,

11 (also used on right end enclosure to outer casing feld seam)

C. ^" wide O.G. /black fabric ~ seams H, Q

7. An acrylic coating compound was applied to the exposed chain portion

of the chain stitch on web seams ^1 and #2 to lock the stitch in place.

8. Adhesive 1039 and Boscodur #5 was used throughout the shelter except

as otherwise noted above.
Table 6. Results of Four Hour Leak Test

on Shelter Section F-1

Air Chamber Air Pressure (psi) at ' Specifled Times In Hours

Number from Start of Leak Test

0_ 0.5 1 .

0

2 .

0

3.0 H . 0

1 1.60 0.77 0.36

2 ' 1.6k 1.16 0.89 0.69 0.55 0.45

3 1.66 1.29 1.07 0.91 0.79 0.69

i| 1.66 1.20 1.04 0.94 0.88 0.80

5 1.63 1.39 1.29 1.24 1.18 1.15

6 1.57 l.i»3 1.38 1.36 1.32 1.28

7 1.57 l.hS 1.41 1.39 1.35 1.30

8 1.60 1.45 1.36 1.30 1.24 1.18

9 1.57 1.41 1.32 1.26 1.17 1.10

10 l.i|8 1.36 1.25 1.17 1.05 0.95

11 1.57 1.45 1.34 1.24 1.11 0.99

12 1.59 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.31 1.21

41
Table 7. Manometer Readings (psl) at Specified

Time (hra) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section P-1, Cycle 1

Air Chamber Time (hrs)

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

1 1.08 0.83 0.38

2 1.66 1.63 1.89 1.94 1.55 1.23 0.87 0.93 0.28

3 1.67 1.72 2.01 1.97 1.74 1.53 1.24 1.42 0.54

1.68 1.39 1.35 1.08 0.85 0.73 0.60 0.72 0.31

5 1.65 1.78 1.97 2.15 2.02 1.92 1.69 1.94 1.06

6 1.61 1.82 1.83 1.67 1.56 1.48 1.31 1.54 0.83

7 1.61 1.86 1.95 1.77 1.61 1.51 1.32 1.57 0. 80

8 1.65 1.74 1.77 1.57 1.32 1.16 0.98 1.17 0.53

9 1.58 1.70 1.75 1.50 1.24 1.09 0.89 1.05 0. 42

10 1.49 1.72 1.79 1.47 1.27 1.11 0.89 1.04 0.39

11 1.59 1.82 1.96 1.86 1.60 1.40 1.12 1.30 0. 49

12 1.63 1.71 1.71 1.54 1.39 1.26 1.04 1.24 0. 49

42
Table 8. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section F-1, Cycle 2*

Manometer Readings

H J. X iJctinu C

I

Time (hrs)

Number' 0 0 1

JL n 2

.

0 3 H .0

1 —0

1 6 . 0 !

i 71 . 0 8 . 0

1 1 .39 0 .81 0 .55

1 1 .23 0 .96| 1 .10, 1

.21i

1~

1 111

1 1 .18

2 1 .5^ 1

.i»3 1 1. 75 ' 1 .58 1 Al 1 .32 1 .39 1

1

.21 1

1

.31

3 1 .59 1 .65 1 .76 2. 08 t 1 .59 1 .591 1 .39, 1 .221 1 .34

H 1 .57 1 .35 1 .30 1. 23 1 .18 1 .11 1 .lil' 1 15 i .30

5 1 .^^5 1 .58 1 .68 2. OH 1 1 .8^ 2 .oh\ 1 81 1 .83. 301 31

6 1 .53 1 .75 1 .78 1. 75 1 Al 1 .59 1 391 1 .53' ,1 20 1 1 .36

7 1 .56 1 .81 1 86 1. 87 1 1 .50 1 .71, 1 H6 1 .55, 231 1

1

38

8 1 .56 1 63 1 60 1. 58 1 .29 1 .il8i 1 36, 1 50' ,i 2il 1 1 38

9 1 .51 1 .59 1 60 1. 66 1 1 .23 1 .i»5 1. 31 1 i<6| 1. 191 11 33

10 1 .^3 1 H6 1 ^3 1. ii8 1 .ih 1 .h6i 1. 30, 1 ill' 11. 12 1 1 25

11 1 .55 1 78 1 89 2. 09 .47 1 .77' 1 36' 1 50, 1. 19, 11 34

12 1 .55 1 65 1. 67 1. 61 .20 1 •^9. 1. 37 1 11. 2l'l ,1. 36

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS |

I None None None None | None Nonei | None I None,' None|||None

None None None None None None None None J None None

Heavy Heavy Heavy Heavy' Med. Medj'Med. Heavy 1 Med. ' I 'Med.

10 '11

12 ' i

i •Dashed vertical lines Indicate air chambers relnflated to

Multiple lines indicate repeated inflation.

1.5 psi

^3
Table 9. Summary of Observations Relating to

Debondlnp; of the Strapping T^'ollowlng

the First Solar Heat Load Cycle of

Shelter Section P-1

Seam Number Observations

1 Two 1" edge lifts about 9' above air Inlet valve

2 Three edge lifts 3"-i|" In length on side opposite

valves

3 Slight debonding at diagonal cut end of strapping

'I One 6" edge lift; one 6" point lift at diagonal

cut end

5 Four small edge lifts (less than 1/2" length) in a rippled area near valve

7 Three edge lifts less than 1" in length (about

deep)

9 Slight debonding at diagonal cut end of strapping

11 Two longitudinal tunnels, each about 3" long and

5/8" wide and present at the start of the test,

elongated and merged to form a tunnel about 2 ft.

in length and 3/^" in width.
Table 10, Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section F-2

Air Chamber Air Pressure (psl at Specified Time In Hours Prom

Number Start of Leak Test

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Ih.o 15.5

1 1.95 1.77 1.69 1.63 1.56 0.78 0.72

2 1.9^ 1.80 1.72 l.Sk 1.5^* 0.52 0.il6

3 1.99 1.89 1.83 1.77 1.70 0.85 0.79

k 1.99 1.90 1.8H 1.80 1.75 1.18 l.lil

5 1.97 1.75 1.55 0.82 0.78

6 2.00 1.88 1.80 1.78 1.6H O.SH 0.78

7 2.03 1.88 1.77 1.68 1.58 0.66 0.61

8 1.96 1.81 1.72 1.66 1.59 1.02 0.97

9 1.79 1.39 1.21 1.11 l.Oil 0.59 0.56

10 1.58 0.83 0.50 0.27 <0.21 <0.21 <0.21

11 1.80 1.33 1.08 0.86 0.71 <0.21 <0.21

12 1.81 l.i\7 1.29 1.10 0.95 <0.21 <0.21

45
Table 11. Manometer Readings (psl) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations Specified Time

(hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test

for Shelter Section P-2, Cycle 1*

Manometer Readings

Chamber Time (hrs)

.mber 0 0.5 1.0 i . 1

J

1

o . u 7.0 8.0

1 1.67 1.92 1.98 U . ^ U

1

i. 1 . Dp 1.95 2.10 i . P 1 1.53 1.09 0.71 1 l.il6 1 . U J n fin 3 1.67 2.01 2.1^1 1.89 1.77 1.5^ 1.25 1 1.63 1 1.07 0.89

H 1.7^ 2.08 2.2^4 2.05 1 1.92 1.7^ 1.5^ 1.78 1.10 0.95

5 1.72 1.90 1.97 1.76 1.70 1.39 1.19 1

1 1.10 0.97

6 1.70 1.96 2.10 1.80 1 1.68 l.i<l 1.2i| ' 1.08 0.97

7 1.70 1.93 2.16 2.10 1.98 1.6i| 1.^2 , , 1.09 0.98

8 1.70 1.9^ 2.23 1.95 1 1.8i« \M 1.31 1 1.41 1 1.01 0.91

9

1.6i| 1.59 1.73 1.55 1.66 1.06 0.80 1.11 0.91 0.74

10 1.58 1.03 0.85 1 \M 0.60 0.78 1 0.73 0.54

11 1.63 1.51 1.68 1.73 1.92 1.35 iTiii 1.34 ' 0.88 0.69

12 1.69 1.70 1.89 1.73 1 1.63 1.2il 1.09 1 1.39 1 1.11 0.70

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

1 None Light Heavy None

1 None None None

j None None None

2 None None Med. None None None None None ' None None

3 None None Sli . None None None None None None None

i| None None None Med. 1 None None None 1 None 1 None None

5 Light Light Med. Heavy Heavy None None ' Sll. None None

6 None None Med. None 1 None None None None None None

7 None None None None None None None

j None 1 None None

8 None None Med. None None None None None None None

9 None None None None 1 None None None None 1 None None

10 None None None None None None None 1 None ' None None

11 None None None None 1 None None None None None None

12 None None None None I None None None 1 None 1 None None

*Dashed vertical lines Indicate air chambers relnflated to 1.5 psl

Multiple lines Indicate repeated Inflation.

46
Table 12. Monometer Readings (psl) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat load

Test for Shelter Section P-2, Cycle 2*

Air Chamber

Manometer Readings

Time (hrs)

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

1

1.8i| 1.86 1.89 1.66 1.31 1.14

' 1.38

2 1.78 2.03 2.18 1.89 1.46 1.21 1.31

3 1.88 2.09 2.14 1.93 1.57 1.37 1 1.43

l\ 2.12 2.20 2.04 1.70 1.53 1.63

5 1.83 2.01 1.98 1.74 1.3^ 1.12 1 1.33

6 1.83 1.96 1.93 1.74 1.37 1.17 ' 1.36

7 1.89 2.18 2.26 2.25 1.84 1.53 1.51

8 1.88 2.15 2.19 1.99 1.56 1.34| 1.40

9 1.89 1.90 1.86 1.62 1.23 1.01 1.28

10 1.90 2.14 2.28 2.39 2.05 1.83 I 1.94

11 1.88 2.05 2.14 1.94 1.50 1.25 1 1.31

12 1.88 1.84 1.85 1.60 1.20 1.01 1 1.27

6.0 , 7.0 8.0

1.58

1.461

1.49

1.73,

1.56|

1.53

1.58|

1.54,

2.07I

1.43,

I 1.52'

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

1.48

1.41

1.47

1.45

1.48

1.49

50

47

45

60

44

45

1 Heavy Med. Heavy Light None None 1 None 1 None! Nonei

1

2 None Heavy Heavy Med. None None

' None ' None None I 3 None Heavy Heavy Med. None None None Nonej None

1 4 Light Heavy Heavy Heavy None None None 1 None None 1 5 Med. Heavy Med. Med. Light None Llghtl Med.| Light 1 6 Med. Heavy Heavy None None None None None' None 1 7 None None None None None None None 1 None None

8 Light Med. Med. Med. None None None Nonel None 1

1

9 Med. Heavy Med. None None None None

I None None

' 10 None None None None None None None 1 Nonei None 1

1

11 None None Light None None None None None' None '

I 12 Med. Heavy Heavy Light None None None 1 Light None '

I1.38

1.33

11.38

40

40

39

44

40

1.36

1.35

1.33

1.35

*Dashed vertical lines indicate air chambers reinflated to —1.5 psi.

Multiple lines indicate repeated inflation.

^7
Table 13- Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section IP-1

Air Chamber Air Pressure (psl) at Specified Time In Hours from

Number Start of Leak Test

n U . 01 n 1 . 0 c . u1 c; n

±Z) . u

1 1.73 1.59 1.^19 1.38 1.29 0.66

2 1.70 1.^3 1.08 0.95 <0.21

3 1.72 1.^2 1.23 1.05 0.92 <0.21

1.6i} 1.39 1.26 1.14 1.04 0.25

5 1.69 l.i|6 1.31 1.16 1.04 <0.21

6 1.70 l.ill 1.21 1.02 0.88 <0.21

7 1.73 1.5^ 1.^40 1.23 1.10 <0.21

8 1.72 1.5'^ 1. 38 1.22 1.09 <0.21

q 1.72 1.5^^ 1.41 1.25 1.14 <0.21

10 1.7^ 1.65 1.60 1.53 1.48 0.92

11 1.75 1.68 1.63 1.56 1.51 0.86

12 1.73 l.SH 1.48 1.50 1.44 0.59

13 1.7^ 1.66 1.59 1.51 1.45 0.58
Table 1^1: Manometer Readlnfrs (psl) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations Specified Time

(hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load Test

For Shelter Section IP-1, Cycle 1*

Air Chamber

1

2

3

ii56

7

8

9 10

11

12

13

Manometer Readlnfrs

Time (hrs)

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3 'Jl 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

1 1.55 1.70 1.75 1.66 1 .65I 1.62 1.51 1.4l'

1 1.19 1.18

2 1.52 1.62 1.76 1.6i| 1 .53, 1.56 1.35 1.31, 1.18| 1.11

3 1.5^ 1.61 1.6i| 1.57 1 .40 ' 1.54 1.26 1 I.24I 1.11 1.10

H l.il8 1.53 1.57 1.55 1 .43 1.49 1.26 1.25 1.10 1.10

5 1.52 1.63 1.70 1.53 1 .42 1 1.51 1.24 1.231 1.061 0.93

6 1.51 1.61 l.HH 1.6il 1 .46 1.53 1.19 ' 1.22 1.13 0.93

7 1.53 1.71 1.79 1.65 1 .50, 1.56 1.35 1.33, 1.211 1.00

8 1.52 1.70 1.83 1.75 1 .69 1 1.69 1.50 j 1.43' 1.23 1.07

9 1.52 1.69 1.80 1.61 1 .52 1.58 1.35 1.35 1.21, 1.07

10 1.5^ 1.73 1.80 1.77 1 .69 1 1.65 1.54 1.501 1. 32I 1.31

11 1.5^ 1.75 1.80 1.76 1 .68 1.64 1.54 1 1.49 1.32 1.29

12 1.55 1.7^ 1.80 1.78 1 .68 1.62 1.48 1.431 1.301 1.28

13 1.5^ 1.7^ 1.72 1.62 1 .54 1 1.51 1.34 1 1.31 1.17 1.14

Sll.

Med.

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

Sli. Sll. None None | None None I None I

1 None I None

Med. Med. Heavy Lip-ht Med. None Light' None None

None Med. Heavy Heavy Med. 'Med. Light Sll. I None , I None , None Med. Heavy Heavy Med. Light None I None 1 None .None'

None None Light None None I None None ' None ' None None

None Hone Med. None None None None I None ,

| None i None'

*Dashed vertical lines indicate air chambers reinflated to

Multiple lines indicate repeated inflation.

1.5 psi

49
V
Table 16. Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section IP-2

Air Chamber Air Pressure (psi) at Specified Time in Hours from

Number Start of Leak Test

0 0 . "5 1 .

0

1 .

5

2 .

0

22 .

0

1 1.77 1.65 1.57 1.50 <0.21

2 1.77 1.61 1.53 1.^7 1.^13 0.29

3 1.77 1.67 1.61 1.56 1.52 0. ilO H 1.79 1.71 1.66 1.63 1.59 0. 5^1 5 1.77 1.63 1.53 l.ilil 1.37 <0. 21

6 1.73 1.5^ l.iJil 1.36 1.2Q <0.21

7 1.7^ 1.59 l.i|8 1.39 1.31 <0.21

8 1.73 1.58 l.hj 1.38 1.30 <0.21

9 1.71 1.56 1.^45 1.35 1.27 <0.21

10 l.lH 1.6H 1.57 1.51 l.hS 0.30

11 1.79 1.69 1.60 1.53 1.^7 0.23

12 1.78 1.68 1.59 1.51 l.ii5 <0.21

13 1.77 1.67 1.59 1.52 l.il6 <0.21

51
Table 17. Manometer Readings (psi) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section IP-2, Cycle 1*

Air Chamber

Manometer Readings

Time (hrs)

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

1 1.71 1.79 1.93 1.77 1.59 1.48 1.48

2 1.75 1.75 1.77 1.6H 1.47 1.38 1.41

3 1.75 1.93 1.88 1.78 1.61 1.52 1.53

1.76 1.96 2.00 1.85 1.66 1.58 1.58

5 1.74 1.90 1.81 1.66 1.45 1.35 1 1.35

6 1.71 1.70 1.65 l.i»5 1.28 1.13 1.05

7 1.73 1.80 1.96 1.81 1.61 1.50 1.40

8 1.73 1.71 1.68 1.55 1.36 1.26 1 1.28

9 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.61 1.45 1.34 1.35

10 1.70 1.81 1.75 1.66 1.49 1.40 1.43

11 1.75 1.86 2.12 1.62 1.43 1.32 1 1.41

12 1.73 1.88 1.89 1.74 1.56 1.44 1. 47

13 1.73 1.79 1.78 1.65 1.50 1.41 i 1.47

6.0 7.0 8.0

1.37

1.33

I.45I

1.51

1.25|

0.93'

28

19

1

25

31'

37

1.58

1.56

60

63

39

17

31

33

1.381

|1.39

1.53 I .1.54,

'1.59

1.63 I

0.87

0.86

0.84

0.86

0.72

0.64

0.68

0.69

0.73

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.93

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

1 Heavy Light None None None None

1 None 1 None

2 Heavy Heavy Light None Light None 1 Med

.

None

3 Heavy Heavy None None None None None 1 None

4 Heavy Heavy Light None None None 1

1 None None

5

6 None None None None None None 'None None

7 Med. Med. None None None None

' iNone None

8 Med. Med. None None None None 1 None ' None

9

10

11

12

13

Heavy Heavy Light None Sli. None None ' None

*Dashed vertical lines indicate air chambers reinflated to

Multiple lines indicate repeated inflation.

1.5 psi.

52
Table 18. Manometer Readings (psl) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section IP-2, Cycle 2*

Manometer Readings

Air Chamber Time (hrs)

Number 0 0 .5 1^_0 2__0 1_0 H .0 5^ 0 6^_0 7 0 8__0

1 1. 68 1 86 1 78 1 75 1 33 1 1 .56 1.72' 1.

30l 1 48 1 1 37

2 1. 71 1 73 1 63 1 57 1 1 .57 1. 36, 1. 28| 1 1 42

3 1. 72 1 86 1 78 1 76 1 35 1 1 .59 1. 48 ' 1. 36' 1 53 ' 1 41

4 1. 7^ 2 00 1 88 1 82 1 39 1 .61 1. 53, 1. 40, 1 53 1 42

5 1. 70 1 83 1 7h 1 62 1 16 1 .50 1. 26 1 1. 21 1 36 I 1 31

6 1. 62 1 il9 1 37 1 23 0 82 1 1 .36 0. 94 0. 89 1 19 1 20

7 1. 68 1 80 1 83 1 78 1 28 1 .61 1. 1. 211 1 29

1 1 31

8 1. 70 1 78 1 64 1 .52 1 07 1 1 .45 1. 20 1 1. 12 1 31 1 1 30

9 1. 65 1 .65 1 58 1 58 1 16 1 .51 1. 30 1. 24| 1 37 1 30

10 1. 68 1 75 1 66 1 66 1 1 .54 1. 39 1 1. 29 1 46 1 1 36

11 1. 70 1 75 1 65 1 60 1 18 1 1 .56 1. 34 ' 1. 26, 1 53

' 1 39

12 1. 71 1 85 1 78 1 73 1 29 1 .58 1. 1. 3l' 52 1 41

13 1. 71 1 80 1 66 1 67 1 28 1 1 .59 1. 44 1 1. 34| I 55 1 44

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

None I None None i None, | None i None

None Heavy Light' SliJ Light! Light

None None None None i None None

None I Light Lightl None' ' None | None

None None None None, None None

None Light None ' None None I None

None j Light None None' ' None None

None I Light Light None' | None I None

Dashed vertical lines indicate air chambers relnflated to 1.5 psi.

Multiple lines indicate repeated inflation.

1 Med. Light

2 Med. Med.

3 Med. Med.

4 Med. Med.

5 None None

6

7 None Sli.

8 Light Sli.

9

10

11

12 Med. Med.

53
Table 19. Results of Leak Test on Shelter Section IP-3

Air Chamber Air Pressure (psl) at Specified Time in Hours from

Number Start of Leak Test

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 15.5

1 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.59 0.99

2 1.75 1.66 1.60 1.52 0.81

3 1.76 1.73 1.68 1.60 0.75

H 1.7^ 1.70 1.66 1.58 0.66

5 1.67 1.56 1.52 0.61

6 1.63 1.50 1.61 1.35 0.^5

7 1.71 1.66 1.62 1.53 0. 58

8 1.7^ 1.70 1.65 1.55 0.52

9 1.71 1.70 1.65 1.55 0.56

10 1.71 1.71 1.69 1.61 0.83

11 1.71 1.68 1.66 1.58 0.81

12 1.69 1.62 1.58 1.^9 0.75

13 1.68 1.59 1.53 l.il3 0.5^

5^
Table 20. Manometer Readlnpis (psi) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section IP-3, Cylce 1*

Air Chamber

Manometer Readings

Time (hrs)

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 H.O 5.0 6.0 7.0

1 1.68 1.83 1.71* 1.63 1.49 1.46 1.36 1.3^11 1.56 1 2 1.68 1.75 1.67 1.51 1.3^ 1.30 1.23 1.18' 1.53 , 3 1.71 1.91 1.89 1.75 1.61 1.56 1.48 1.42| 1 1.61 1 H 1.68 1.79 1.7l» 1.65 1.52 1.48 1.40 1.33 . 1.57

5 1.59 1.64 1.59 l.kS 1.35 1.30 1.23 1.17 ' 1.39 1 6 1.5^^ 1.58 1.50 1.36 1.2h 1.19 1.12 1.05' 1.34

7 1.65 1.89 1.85 1.65 1.56 1.50 1.41 1.33 1 1.46 I 8 1.69 1.79 1.7^ 1.67 1.56 1.49 1.38 1.281 1.52 1 9 1.68 1.79 1.70 1.56 1.38 1.30 1.19 1.11

1 1.52

10 1.66 1.75 1.67 1.59 1.47 1.43 1.36 1.30 ' 1.55 1 11 1.66 1.79 1.71 1.59 1.47 1.43 1.37 1.32| 1.60 ' 12 1.6iJ 1.70 1.6i< 1.58 1.50 1.48 1.43 1.38 1 1.60

13 1.62 1.69 1.60 1.55 I.I16 1.43 1.36 1.29| 1.54 1

8.0

1.18

1.14

1.16

1.14

1.00

0.96

,02

,04

.05

,11

,11

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

1 Sll . Heavy Heavy Med. Light Light None

2 Med. Heavy Heavy Med. None None None

3 Heavy Med. Med. Med. None None None

45

None Heavy Med. Med. None None None

6

7

8

None None Light

9

10 None Heavy Med. Med. None None None

11

12 Med. Heavy Med. Light None None None

13

I I Lighti

1.14

1.13

None

None

*Dashed vertical lines Indicate air chambers reinflated to 1.5 psi.

Multiple lines indicate repeated Inflation.

** Connector gasket broke.

55
Table 21. Manometer Readings (psl) and Pressure

Relief Valve Observations at Specified

Time (hrs) from Start of Solar Heat Load

Test for Shelter Section IP-3, Cycle 2*

Air Chamber

Manometer Readings

Time (hrs)

1

2

3

H5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Number 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

1 1.68 1.79 1.62 1.44 1.34 1.29 1.24 1 1.15 1 1.40

2 1.70 1.68 1.45 1.25 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.07 1.39

3 1.71 1.86 1.76 1.56 1.45 1.39 1.33 1 1.14 1 1.42

4 1.69 1.74 1.63 1.47 1.36 1.29 1.23 ' 1.13 ' 1.42

5 1.63 1.54 1.40 1.23 1.14 1.08 1.02 , 0.91 1.32

6 1.62 1.53 1.35 1.16 1.06 1.03 0.92 1 0.84 1 1.30

7 1.67 1.81 1.66 1.51 1.39 1.29 1.19 0.93 ' 1.35

8 1.70 1.76 1.68 1.50 1.36 1.25 1.14 1 0.99 1.38

9 1.69 1.74 1.55 1.30 1.16 1.07 0.98 1 0.99 1 1.38

10 1.66 1.71 1.59 1.42 1.33 1.26 1.21 , 1.10 1.40

11 1.66 1.71 1.58 1.41 1.32 1.27 1.21 1 1.11 1 1.41

12 1.66 1.66 1.57 1.45 1.38 1.33 1.28 1.15 ' 1.43

13 1.64 1.62 1.50 1.38 1.30 1.23 1.16 1 1.15, 1.47

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE OBSERVATIONS

Med. Heavy

Heavy Heavy

None Heavy

Med . Heavy

Heavy Light Light None None

Heavy None None None None

Heavy None None None None

Heavy None None None None

Med. Heavy

Med. Heavy

Heavy None None None None

Heavy None None None None

None I None

None None

None I None

None I None

None I None

None I None

*Dashed vertical lines indicate air chambers reinflated to — 1.5 psl.

56
NBS-1 HA (REV • o

u s. DEPT. OF COMM

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. I'l m il A 1 IO\ OK Kl I'DK 1 NO. NBSIR 74-4672. (.ov'i A, . , No.

3. K. . ipiciii . A, , , . ,1,111 \m

4. I rn.i' A\'n si n 1111.1 Simulated Solar Heat Tests of M.U.S.T. Air-Inflatable,

Double-Wall Hospital Ward Shelters

5. Pull! i( 111 ion D.iii'

6. 1 'i r 1 or 111 1 ii;; Or^Mii i / .it ion ' .i.li

7. Ai 1 ii()R(S^Larry W. Masters, John W. Grimes, Robert A. Crist 8. 1 'irl oriiiini; Ori;,in. Kipoii No. NBSIR 74-467

9. l'i:HI'(lKMIN(i OUr.ANI/A TION NAMl' ANH AnOKI-SS NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. i'roicd I'.i.sk Vt'ork lliiii No.

1 1. (^)tHrai 1 dr. lilt No.

12. Sponsoring; Orj;,!!! iz.it ion N.imc luul ( omplcti' AJdn ss (Strovt, City, Stulv, ZIP)

United States Army Natick Laboratories

Shelters Branch

Natick, Massachusetts 01760

13. Type of Krpori \; I'rrioil

Final

14. .Sponsoring A^ciu y < o.K

15. suppi.i-;Mi-:NTAKv Nori;s

16. .'M^STRAC 1 (A 200-word or less tactual summary ot most si^iticanl information. If documvnt includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) At the request of the United States Army Natick Laboratories (USANLABS) , the

Center for Building Technology conducted solar heat load tests on five sections

of M.U.S.T. air-inflatable, double-wall hospital ward shelters. The purpose

of the tests was to evaluate the effect of solar heat load, as simulated by

infrared heat lamps, on various materials and construction designs proposed for use in the shelters.

This report summarizes the results of the tests.

17. KH'>' WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key aord unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Adhesl'ves; air-inflatable shelter sections; cloth webs;

polyester and nylon fabrics; sewn seams; sewn seam strapping; solar heat load;

test procedure.

18. AVAILABILITY [ Unlimited 19. si:c;uRir\ class

(THIS RLPOR 1)

21. NO. OF PAGFS

XXXX' '"- Official Distribution. Ho Not Rclea.sc to NTIS

UNCI, assii- ii:n 56

Order From Sup. of Hoc, U.S. Government

Wa.shington, D.C. 20102, SD Cat. No. C.U

Print ing Office 20. SK( URI l ^ ( l.ASs (THIS PACl-:)

22. Prue

Order l-'rom National Technical Information

Springfield, Virginia 221'Sl Service- (NTIS)

lINf LA.SMI' n il U5COMM-DC c904.2-P'4