r

'MNBSIR 80-2076

Expanded NBSLD Output for

Analysis of Thermal Performance of

Building Envelope Components

Stephen R. Petersen and

James P. Barnett

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

aQC«

July 1980

Sponsored by:

100

IU56

80-2076

1980

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J.S. Department of Energy and

S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, DC

ATIOJfAL BUEICAt or 8TAKDARU8

UBBAKT

NBSIR 80-2076 SEP 1 9 1980

>|V>

EXPANDED NBSLD OUTPUT FOR / ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF 6

BUILDING ENVELOPE COMPONENTS

Stephen R. Petersen

Building Economics and Regulatory Technology Division

James P. Barnett

Building Thermal Performance

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

July 1980

Sponsored by;

U.S. Department of Energy and

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, DC

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
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PREFACE

This Is one of a series of reports planned to document NBS research efforts

in developing the energy and cost data needed to formulate energy budgets for

Building Energy Conservation Criteria (BECC). The work described in this

report was jointly supported by the Department of Energy and the Department

of Housing and Urban Development.

The Applied Economics Group, Building Economics and Regulatory Technology

Division, in the Center for Building Technology, v/as given the lead role in

developing this report to assure that the thermal analysis of building design

modifications was compatible with the need for accurate incremental load

reduction data for economic analysis. Existing methodologies based on steady-state analysis and degree-day data do not provide an adequate basis for

the economic analysis of alternative component specifications. More accurate

load calculation methodologies, such as the NBS Load Determination (NBSLD)

program, provide only the total load and do not make the Individual load com- ponents available to the user. These additional data can be of considerable

use in the building envelope design process, both from an economic and

technical viewpoint.

The NBSLD Program was selected to serve as the basis for these load component

calculations because of its national recognition, sophistication, state of

readiness, and the availability of support from the Thermal Analysis Group,

Building Thermal Performance Division in the Center for Building Technology.

Dr. Tamami Kusuda, Chief of the Thermal Analysis Group and author of the

original version of the NBSLD program, provided invaluable assistance in

developing the modified version of NBSLD described in this report. In

addition, P. R. Achenbach, Bradley Peavy, S. Robert Hastings, and Patricia

Christopher provided many helpful comments in preparing the final manuscript.

lii
ABSTRACT

The NBS Load Determination Program (NBSLD) for the calculation of space

heating and cooling loads in buildings is a potentially useful tool for the

improved thermal design of building envelopes. However, its usefulness is

limited because only the net heating and cooling loads are determined. In

order to design buildings which are to be, from inception, more energy efficient than existing buildings, the thermal performance of the individual

envelope elements (e.g., walls, windows, ceilings and floors) must be known

and the interrelationships among these elements understood. The NBSLD-XO

subroutine will produce an expanded output of an NBSLD heating and/or cooling

load analysis which provides thermal performance data for each envelope element on an hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly basis. This report outlines

the NBSLD-XO program, format, and output and provides several examples of its use based on a prototypical single-family residential building. A considerable amount of information about the thermal performance of the various

building envelope elements and their interrelationships is provided as exempplary of the use of the NBSLD-XO computer program.

Key Words: Building design; thermal performance; HVAC loads; energy con- servation; computer analysis; thermal insulation.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE Ill

ABSTRACT Iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES viii

SI CONVERSION ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. NBSLD-XO OUTPUT FORMAT 3

2.1 FORMAT A: DETAILED HOURLY CALCULATIONS 3

2.2 FORMAT B: MONTHLY AND YEARLY LOAD COMPONENTS 19

3. NBSLD-XO ANALYSES OF A SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING 24

4. INTERPRETATION OF EXPANDED OUTPUT DATA 37

4.1 DESIGN IMPLICATIONS FROM NBSLD-XO ANALYSIS 37

4.1.1 Heating Season Effects 38

4.1.2 Cooling Season Effects 40

4.2 INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG ENVELOPE ELEMENTS 41

5. EFFECTS OF THERMAL ZONING 44

6. LIMITATIONS OF NBSLD 50

7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .. 52

REFERENCES 54

APPENDIX A. IMPLEMENTATION OF NBSLD-XO SUBROUTINE A-1

APPENDIX B. NBSLD-XO (PRTOUT) SUBROUTINE LISTING B-1

APPENDIX C. LISTING OF NBSLD PROGRAM WITH MODIFICATIONS FOR

NBSLD-XO (PRTOUT) SUBROUTINE INTERFACE C-1

APPENDIX D. LISTING OF DATA FOR NBSLD ANALYSIS OF MODEL

HOUSE D-1

V
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Hourly Climate Profile and Net Hourly Heating Loads for

Model House (January 21 Design Heating Day) 4

2. Hourly Inside Surface Fluxes by Envelope Element, Internal

and Air Infiltration Loads (Btu, January 21 Design Heating

Day) 3

3. Hourly Inside and Outside Surface Temperatures (“F) By

Envelope Element (January 21 Design Heating Day) 9

4. Hourly Inside Surface Loads by Envelope Element (Btu,

January 21 Design Heating Day) 10

5. Hourly Climate Profile and Net Hourly Cooling Loads for

Model House (August 21 Design Cooling Day) 13

6. Hourly Inside Surface Fluxes by Envelope Element, Internal

and Air Infiltration Loads (Btu, August 21 Design Cooling

Day) 14

7. Hourly Inside and Outside Surface Temperatures (°F) by

Envelope Element (August 21 Design Cooling Day) 16

8. Hourly Inside Surface Loads by Envelope Element (Btu,

August 21 Design Cooling Day) 17

9. Monthly and Annual Inside Surface Fluxes by Envelope

Element, Internal and Air Infiltration Loads (Heating and

Cooling, Million Btu) 20

10. Monthly and Annual Load Hours, Maximum Loads (Btu) 23

11. Envelope Parameters for Four Variations of the Model House ... 26

12. Hourly Heating Load Components (Btu, 5 a.m. , January 21

Design Heating Day, At=50°F) 28

13. Hourly Heating Load Components (Btu, 1 p.m. , January 21

Design Heating Day, At=30.4“F) 29

14. Daily Heating Load Components (Btu, January 21) 30

15. Hourly Cooling Load Components (Btu, 4 p.m., August 21 Design

Cooling Day, At=19.1°F) 31

vl
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table

E 16.

I

ii

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17.

18.

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19.

20.

21 .

Daily Load Components (Btu, August 21 Design Cooling Day,

‘o > <=!>

Annual Heating Load Components (Million Btu)

Annual Cooling Load Components (to ^ ^i> Million Btu) ....

Annual Cooling Load Components (t^ < t^. Million Btu) ....

Total Conductive Heat Loss (Btu, 5 a.m. , January 21 Design

Heating Day)

Heating Loads, Heating Hours, and Hours of Window Opening

by Zone (January 21 Design Heating Day)

Page

33

34

35

36

47

49

D-1 Input Data for Low Insulation House D-2

/I D-2 Input Data for High Insulation House D-4

D-3 Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the Roof

of the Model House D-6

D-4 Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the Walls

(Cavity Area) of the Model House D-7

D-5 Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the Walls

(Stud Area) of the Model House D-8

D-6 Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the Slab

Floor of the Model House D-10

vii
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. 1600 Square-Foot Symmetrical One-Story House (Unpartitioned)

Used in NBSLD-XO Analysis 25

2. Zoning of 1600 Square-Foot Symmetrical House by Partition

Walls 46

viil
SI CONVERSION

The NBS Load Determination (NBSLD) program for analysis of building energy

performance is currently structured to use customary units of measurement

only. In order to maintain compatibility with NBSLD, the subroutine discussed in this report must also be formatted in customary units. Since the

United States is a signatory to the Eleventh General Conference on Weights

and Measures, which defined and gave official status to the Metric SI system,

the following conversion factors are provided to assist users of SI units:

Energy: 1 Btu = 1.055 kilojoules

Temperature: 1®C = 5/9 (®F-32)

Length: 1 ft = 0.30A8 meters

Weight: 1 lb = 0.4536 kilograms

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1 . INTRODUCTION

Dynamic simulation models for the calculation of heating and cooling loads

in buildings have considerably advanced the state-of-the-art in load estimation at the design stage. In addition, the availability of weather tapes

from the National Climatic Center, which contain representative hour-by-hour

climatic data for an entire year at a given location, provide a much more

accurate basis for estimating annual heating and cooling requirements than

the more traditional methods (e.g., degree-day and bin methods). These

tools can be of considerable value in determining the thermal performance

of alternative building envelope designs over time and thus provide a sound basis for evaluating energy conservation Improvements in new and

existing buildings.

However, the usefulness of a dynamic simulation model and improved climatic

data for the design process Itself is limited when only the total heating

and cooling loads are determined. The design process for buildings of

Improved thermal performance requires information about the components of

those loads as well as their interrelationships. That is, the individual

contributions to the overall thermal performance of the envelope by each

envelope element (e.g., walls, windows, ceilings, and floors) and its

relationship to the total heating and cooling loads encountered must

be understood by the designer. Similarly, the effects of design changes

to each envelope element, both on its own performance and on the overall

envelope performance, should be understood. This component performance

Information is needed if a systematic approach to the design of more

energy conserving buildings is to be undertaken.

The National Bureau of Standards Load Determination Program, NBSLD^, is a research-oriented computer program for the dynamic simulation of heating

and cooling loads Imposed on building heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Its primary purpose is to provide highly sophisticated calculations of these heating and cooling loads for use in HVAC

system design analysis and to Integrate these loads over time in order

to determine annual space heating and cooling requirements. Response

factors for the building envelope elements, solar gains. Internal heat

gains, and hour-by-hour weather data are all utilized in the calculations.

As a result, HVAC system sizing requirements and annual heating and

cooling requirements can be determined with considerably more accuracy

than with more conventional steady-state calculation methods and degreeday data. However, the usefulness of NBSLD for building envelope design

purposes is limited because only the overall load imposed on the HVAC

system is determined by the program.

The purpose of this report is to describe a subroutine for expanding the

output capability of NBSLD and to demonstrate its potential use in the

building envelope design process. The expanded version of NBSLD, NBSLD-XO,

^ Tamaml Kusuda, NBSLD, The Computer Program for Heating and Cooling Loads

in Buildings, Building Science Series 69, National Bureau of Standards,

1975.

1
makes available all of the components of the total heating and cooling loads

in a building as calculated on an hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly basis.

This information is of considerable importance to building researchers and

designers for several reasons;

1. Complex heat transfer mechanisms within the building envelope can

be better observed and understood.

2. The designer can more systematically choose to utilize those

building envelope elements which contribute least to the load

and avoid those which contribute most.

3. The effects of wall and window orientation with respect to solar

heat gain can be readily quantified for each building exposure.

Thus, differential design by orientation can be better evaluated

and more effectively accomplished.

4. Fewer computer runs are needed to analyze the individual effects

of several design modifications made simultaneously.

These features are especially desirable when information as to the most

cost-effective combination of energy-related modifications to a building

envelope design must be developed. Information as to both the relative and

absolute cost-effectiveness of individual design modifications vis-a-vis

other design modifications can be readily generated once their energy-saving

potentials can be quantified. Until now, most of these cost-effectiveness

data have been based on conventional, steady-state, energy-estimating methods

which do not provide accurate energy-savings data, especially in terms of

the saving potential due to a combination of design modifications.

This report is Intended primarily to make available to current NBSLD users

the subroutine for expanding the output of NBSLD along with examples of its use. The data generated for this report are meant to be demonstrative of the

program capabilities and limitations rather than to provide energy data typical of residential buildings. However, some design implications from the

examples analyzed will be useful to designers of single-family housing.

In section 2, data from an expanded output run are shown in complete detail.

In order to demonstrate its potential use for design analysis and to give a better understanding of the interdependent relationships that occur, several

variations of a simple residential-type building are examined in section 3,

and preliminary design implications from these case studies are discussed in

sections 4 and 5. Limitations of NBSLD and NBSLD-XO with respect to their

modeling of heating and cooling requirements are discussed in section 6. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are presented in section 7.

Appendix A contains detailed instructions for interfacing the expanded output

subroutine with exlsiting versions of NBSLD; appendix B lists the expanded

output subroutine; appendix C lists the main NBSLD program and shows the modifications needed to Interface with the expanded output subroutine; and

appendix D lists the data used in generating the results of the case study in

';%ection 3.

2

)
2. NBSLD-XO OUTPUT FORllAT

The expands d-output version of NBSLD, NBSLD-XO, provides load component data

In two primary formats, depending on the type of Information required.

Format A provides detailed hourly calculations of surface fluxes, loads, and

temperatures, as well as the coincident climate profile. Data In Format A are generated for a single 24-hour day. Format B provides the components of the

total monthly and yearly heating and cooling loads, using a weather tape to

simulate climate conditions during those time periods. In addition, the

number of monthly and yearly hours during which heating and cooling loads

occurred are provided.

2.1 FORMAT A: DETAILED HOURLY CALCULATIONS

Detailed hourly calculations are provided In four parts. Including (1) the

coincident hourly climate profile, (2) the Inside surface heat fluxes, (3)

the Inside and outside surface temperatures, and (4) the Inside surface loads.

These calculations are based on a 24-hour "design" day. Weather data for this

24-hour day can be simulated for a design day or can be taken directly from

a specified 24-hour period In a compatable record of hourly climate observations. Tables 1 through 4 show sample printouts of the four parts for a specified design heating day. Tables 5 through 8 are Identical In format to

tables 1 through 4 but are based on a specified design cooling day.

In table 1, the hourly climate profile used In the component analysis and the

calculated net hourly heating or cooling load are printed out as follows:

TIME - WIND - CLOUD - HSOLAR -

DBOUT - WBOUT - DBIN - RHIN - QLS -

QLL -

24-hour clock basis,

average wind speed (mph),

cloud cover modifier (0 = total coverage, 1.0 clear sky),

hourly solar heat gain In Btu per ft^ on the horizontal plane

when CLOUD = 1.0,

dry-bulb outdoor temperature (°F),

wet-bulb outdoor temperature (°F),

dry-bulb Indoor temperature (®F),

relative humidity Indoors (%),

total hourly sensible load: (+) = heating, (-) = cooling.

In Btu, and

total hourly latent load: (+) = heating, (-) = cooling, In Btu.

Dally total heating and/or cooling loads and the maximum hourly loads are provided with this first table.

All conductive heat transfer to or from the Interior of the building Is calculated at the Inside surface of the building envelope elements (e.g., walls,

windows, celling, floor, etc.). These heat gains or losses are referred to as Inside surface fluxes. In table 2, hourly Inside surface heat fluxes In

Btu for all elements of the building envelope plus Infiltration losses (gains),

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Identification

number

for

each

envelope

element

type.

Compass

orientation

for

walls

and

windows

only

(0=

north)

U-value

of

envelope

element

(Btu/h •

ft^•

°F).

Area

in

square

feet

of

envelope

element.
Table

2.

(continuation

from

right

side

of

previous

page)

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6
solar gains, and internal heat gains are made available. Since these add up

algebraically to the hourly net heating or cooling load, these will be

referred to as "load components". Because of the number of building envelope

elements typically evaluated, table 2 usually requires two (or more) pages of

printout. These pages are intended to be read across, with one column for

each load component listed. The top four numbers above each column heading

in table 2, in order and where appropriate, correspond to the identification

number for each envelope element type (assigned in the NBSLD program itself),

compass orientation in degrees for walls and windows, U-values for the envelope elements at winter design conditions, and the area of each envelope element in square feet. Outward heat flux is indicated by (+); Inward heat flux

is indicated by (-). Conduction/convection (CD/CV) fluxes for windows are shown separately from solar gains. Component titles are self-explanatory

except as follows:

OCPS - occupant loads, sensible (Btu/hr),

OCPL - occupant loads, latent (Btu/hr),

INFILS - infiltration loads, sensible (Btu/hr),

INFILL - infiltration loads, latent (Btu/hr),

TOTAL SENSBL - total sensible heating or cooling requirements (Btu/hr), and

TOTAL LATENT - total latent heating or cooling requirements (Btu/hr).

The hourly total sensible and total latent loads printed out in table 2 are

the same as the hourly total sensible and total latent loads shown in table 1.

Inside surface fluxes through the various envelope elements, solar gains,

infiltration losses (gains) and Internal heat gains by source, algebraically

summed over the entire 24-hour period, are shown in row "T" at the bottom of

table 2. Note that a summation of row "T" load components is identically

equivalent to the dally sum of the total hourly sensible and latent loads.

These 24-hour load component totals are not necessarily meaningful, however,

because they may include sources of heat gain and loss which occurred in

hours when there was no net heating or cooling load. (That is, even when

the indoor temperature is within the desired control range during mild

climate conditions there is heat gain and/or heat loss through the various

elements of the building envelope). As a result, the 24-hour sums of individual load components in row "T" may overstate the impact of envelope heat

gains and losses on the actual dally heating or cooling loads. Moreover, on

All solar gains are treated as radiation to inside room surfaces. Internal

heat gains (lights, equipment, and occupants) have both radiation and

convection components.

2 Winter design conditions assume a 15 mph wind speed and heat flow from

inside to outside.

3 These heat losses or gains during non-load hours may have some indirect

effect on loads that occur in later hours, if they have an effect on the

thermal storage of the interior building mass. However, this effect will

show up in terms of reduced loads in those later hours.

7
some days both cooling and heating loads may occur during the same 24-hour

period. In such a case the heating and cooling loads tend to cancel

each other out if simply summed over 24-hours.

Thus, a more meaningful approach to the summation of these load components is

required. This has been done by providing several additional rov;s for sum- ming heat fluxes, infiltration, solar and Internal gains during heating load

hours, no load hours, and cooling load hours, respectively. A check is made

each hour to determine whether there is a net heating or cooling load in that

hour. If there is a net heating load, all of the load components for that

hour are added to the "H" row, immediately below the "T" row in table 2.

Heat transfer outward or inward which occurs when there is no net heating or cooling load present are accounted for in rows "NL+" (heat loss) and "NL-"

(heat gain) in table 2, respectively. The wider the band between maximum

heating and minimum air conditioning setpoints, the greater will be these NL

values

.

If there is a net cooling load, all of the load components for that hour are added to the "C" row in table 2. This "C" row is then further disaggregated

into two parts: load components during cooling hours when the outdoor drybulb temperature (t^) for that hour is equal to or greater than the indoor

dry-bulb temperature, t^ (i.e., the air conditioner thermostat setpoint),

are added to the "TC+" row; load components during cooling hours when t^ is

less than t^ are added to the "TC-" row. This distinction is made because

sensible cooling loads which occur during hours when the outdoor temperature

is below the thermostat setpoint could potentially be eliminated by increased

ventilation. In addition, this distinction avoids a problem in summing the

performance of building envelope elements over all potential cooling hours.

This problem arises because the desirable heat loss that occurs through some building envelope elements, occuring when t is less than t., will cancel out

undesirable heat gains through those same elements when t^ Is greater than

t^. As a result, the actual thermal performance of those elements during all

cooling hours is difficult to assess unless these effects are treated

separately.

Note that the sum of H, TC+, TC-, NL+, and NL- values for each load component are identical to the corresponding values of row "T". These rows

of disaggregated daily load components are summed for each of the 12 months

of the year to serve as the basis of the data provided in Format B; Monthly

and Yearly Load Components, shown in table 9.

In table 3, hourly inside and outside surface temperatures are provided for

each envelope element as a part of Format A. (Exception: the outside ceiling temperature is the attic air temperature.) These surface temperatures

are quite useful in understanding and tracking the changes in the fluxes

through individual envelope elements due to design modifications.

Surface loads, shown in table 4, represent the convective heat exchange

between the interior envelope surfaces and the air in the conditioned space.

Surface loads are shown in table 4. Surface loads are used in NBSLD for the

calculation of actual heating and cooling loads rather than fluxes through

8
Table

3.

Hourly

Inside

and

Outside

Surface

Temperatures

(°F)

by

Envelope

Element

(January

21

Design

Heating

Day)

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9
Table

4.

Hourly

Inside

Surface

Loads

by

Envelope

Element

(Btu,

January

21

Design

Heating

Day)

a.in

30 »- oo <A N Z COM bi03

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11
those surfaces. Thus all interior surfaces whose temperatures are not equal

to the desired room air temperature affect the HVAC load if there is a net

load at that time. This even includes partition walls (interior walls that

have no net heat loss or gain through them), since their surface temperatures

may be somewhat different from the room air temperatures. (Partition walls

are used in zoned models examined in section 5.) While individual surface

fluxes and surface loads are not equal, the algebraic sum of surface fluxes

plus solar gains and all radiative internal heat gains is identical to the sum of the surface loads. Surface loads are provided primarily to help check

the consistency of the overall program. Sums of surface loads do not appear

to be of any other value at present.

Tables 5-8 provide results corresponding to tables 1-A, based on a 24-hour

climate profile that simulates a design cooling day. Again, all heat gain or loss is calculated at the inside surface of each building envelope element.

12
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16588.8
2.2 FORMAT B: MONTHLY AND YEARLY LOAD COMPONENTS

Format B provides monthly and yearly heating and cooling load components for a specified building design using actual hourly weather data from the location

examined. (Test Reference Year^ tapes are typically used with NBSLD.) A sam- ple of this output is shown in table 9. Several pages are generally required

to display the output. The monthly load components are the sum of the daily

heating and cooling load components, as noted above. The sum of these monthly

load components provides the yearly heating and cooling load components. Heat

gains and losses during non-load periods, integrated on an annual basis,

appear in the NL+ and NL- rows of table 9

.

Included in Format B are the number of actual heating and cooling load hours

calculated monthly and annually, shown in table 10. Cooling hours are further

broken down into hours where the outdoor temperature is greater than or equal

to the indoor temperature (+) and hours when the outdoor temperature is less

than the indoor temperature (-). Monthly and annual heating and cooling hours

may change as the thermal efficiency of the building envelope is improved.

The month, day, and hour of the maximum hourly cooling and heating loads are also provided in table 10.

1 For an explanation of the methodology used to select a Test Reference Year, see Stamper, E., "Weather Data," ASHRAE Journal, February 1977, p. 47.

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Table 10. Monthly and Annual Load Hours, Maximum Tx>ads (Btu)

AONTHLV NONTHLV NONTHLV NONTHLV

HEATING COOLING COOLING LOAD KNfTH HOURS H0UAS(4-) HOURS(-) HOURS

i 743 9 9 743

2 S67 9 9 6S7

3 9S3 9 9 653

4 438 45 7 499

6 384 199 4 488

S 33 883 88 338

7 8 376 89 497

8 6 869 36 398

9 61 139 86 886

19 554 9 9 554

11 657 9 9 657

18 789 9 789

TOTALS 4848 1893 184 6175

IMX COOLING LOAD • * 15766. NONTH - 6 DAV - 16 HOUR NAX HEATING LOAD 89949. NONTH - 1 DAV > 18 HOUR

a Cooling hours when _> 78°F.

b Cooling hours when < 78°F.

23
3. NBSLD-XO ANALYSES OF A SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

To illustrate the use of the expanded output version of NBSLD, a 1600 sq.

ft., one-story frame house on a concrete slab located in the Washington, D.C. area was modeled, as shown in figure 1. The house design is square and symmetrical, so that the performance of each wall and window orientation is

readily comparable. Window to gross wall area is 15 percent. Studs make up

17.6 percent of the opaque wall area (representative of 2x4 or 2x6 construction, 24 in. on center); the remainder of the wall area is insulated v/ith a suitable building insulation material. No partition v/alls or interior zoning

are used in this basic design. Four envelopes design combinations are analyzed using low and high insulation levels, each with and without storm windows.

Table 11 provides the specific envelope parameters used in the four cases. Appendix D provides a listing of the data actually used in the NBSLD analysis

for both the low and high insulation levels, including the thermo-physical

properties and response factors for the roof, walls, and slab floor.

Window and ceiling fluxes are calculated in NBSLD using steady-state procedures. Floor and opaque wall fluxes are calculated using thermal response

factors

.

NBSLD does not presently have the capability of simulating a pitched-roof

attic. Thus, attic temperature calculations are based on flat-roof construction over an attic area. In addition, NBSLD presently assumes linear heat

flow normal to the slab floor, ignoring the horizontal heat flow component.

In effect, this simulates well-insulated slab edges. Where the floor itself

is to be insulated, insulation is assumed to be placed uniformly under the

entire slab. The ground temperature under the floor is assumed to be con- stant at 68°F from June to October and constant at 56“F from November to May.

Two design days are examined in some detail. The winter design day has a dry-bulb temperature ranging from 18° to 40°F, and insolation based on a clear January 21st day. The summer design day has a dry-bulb temperature

range from 68 ° to 98°F and insolation based on a clear August 21st day.

Indoor dry-bulb temperatures are assumed to be maintained at 68°F during

heating hours and 78°F during cooling hours. Thus, whenever the interior

air temperature is between 68° and 78°F there is no heating or cooling load.

Hourly internal equipment and occupant loads and solar gains through windows are shown in tables 2 and 6. The same equipment and occupant loading scheddules are used in both winter and summer periods. Infiltration is assumed to

be 0.5 air changes per hour at a wind speed of 15 mph and an indoor-outdoor

temperature differential of 70°F. (The air change rate is modeled in NBSLD

as a function of wind speed and temperature differential.) Windows are assumed to be opened only when doing so will eliminate potential cooling

loads in any given hour. A maximum ventilation rate of 12 times the natural

air leakage rate is assumed with all windows open. However, only the actual

amount of air needed to offset the cooling load is brought in, so that the

Inside temperature remains at the upper bound of acceptability (i.e., 78°F).

(If a lower indoor temperature were achieved, the hourly heat fluxes through

each building envelope element would have to be recalculated.)

24
North

Figure 1

.

1600 Square-Foot Symmetrical One-Story House (Unpartitioned)

Used in NBSLD-XO Analysis

25
Table 11. Envelope Parameters for Four Variations of the Model House

U--Value^

Element Area (ft^) Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Ceiling 1600 0.1170 0.1170 0.0340 0.0340

Wall (insulated) 896 0.0702 0.0702 0.0450 0.0450

Wall (studded) 192 0.1324 0.1324 0.1022 0.1022

Windows 192 1.1300 0.5600 1.1300 0.5600

Floor 1600 0.3122 0.3122 0.0757 0.0757

Total Shell 4480 0.2214^ 0.1970^ 0.1010^ 0.0766^

Winter design conditions.

^ Weighted by area of elements.

26
Results of the first case (low insulation, no storm windows) are shown in

detail in tables 1-4 for the heating design day and in tables 5-8 for the

cooling design day, as described in section 2.1. (Tables 1 and 5 contain the

hourly outdoor temperature profile for each day.) Table 9 contains the

monthly and annual load components for the first case. Partial results of

the three remaining cases (low insulation with storm windows, high insulation

without storm windows, and high insulation with storm windows) are tabulated

along with the results of the first case in tables 12-19.

Table 12 contains the 5 a.m. load components for the four case studies on the

January 21st design heating day. Outdoor and indoor dry-bulb temperatures

are 18® and 68®F, respectively, and the building elements have reached near steady-state thermal performance in the first two cases. In the second two

cases, the insulation under the slab floor has resulted in a more dynamic

performance mode for that element, so that at 5 a.m. it is releasing energy

which was stored up during the previous day. Because there has been no solar

radiation on the building for 12 hours at this point the thermal performance

of all four wall orientations is nearly Identical.

Table 13 provides the 1 p.m. load components for the same four case studies

on the January 21st design heating day. Outdoor air dry-bulb temperature is

37.6®F. In the first three cases, indoor air temperature is 68®F. In the

fourth case, where there is no net heating load at 1 p.m. , indoor dry-bulb

temperature floats up to 71.5®F at that hour. Solar gain through the windows

is at a near peak condition and the building is in a dynamic performance mode.

Note that the Insulated portion of the south wall is shown to provide a net

heat gain due to solar radiation at that time of day. Windows are assumed to

be completely unshaded on the design heating day, with transmission of sun- light at 80 percent.

Table 14 provides the components of the daily heating load. Integrated over

the hours when a net heating load actually occurs. In addition, the number

of heating hours when a net heating load occurs is recorded. Note that the

storm windows and upgraded insulation significantly reduce the number of

heating load hours. This results from their lowering of the "balance point" ' temperature, above which no net heating loads occur. As the number of

heating hours decreases, the solar gains and internal heat gains reported

decrease as well since they are only reported for those hours. In addition,

the heat loss through the slab has been reversed in the last case. This is

due to the heat storage capability of the Insulated slab and the higher

indoor temperature in the afternoon hours when the temperature floats above

the heating setpoint. The slab can then store more heat and release it later

as the room temperature falls back to that set point. Even when the surface

temperature of the floor is lower than the room air temperature, heat release

from the slab floor can occur by radiation exchange to other envelope elements

with still lower surface temperatures (e.g., windows).

Table 15 contains the 4 p.m. hourly cooling load components for four cases calculated for a clear August 21st design cooling day. Outdoor and indoor

dry-bulb temperatures are 97.1® and 78®F respectively. (See table 5 for

the hourly temperature profile for that day.) Net cooling loads for this

27
Table 12. Hourly Heating Load Components®

Design Heating Day, At = 50°F)

(Btu, 5 a.m.

,

January 21

CASE; I II III IV

INSULATION; LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS; NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling 7494 7646 2633 2697

South Face

Insulated Wall 679 692 457 468

Stud Wall 207 213 111 114

CD/CV^ Window 2096 1137 2278 1229

Solar Window 0 0 0 0

West Face

Insulated Wall 679 692 457 468

Stud Wall 217 223 141 144

CD/CV Window 2096 1137 2278 1229

Solar Window 0 0 0 0

North Face

Insulated Wall 679 692 457 468

Stud Wall 226 232 161 164

CD/CV Window 2096 1137 2278 1229

Solar Window 0 0 0 0

East Face

Insulated Wall 679 692 457 468

Stud Wall 224 229 151 154

CD/CV Window 2096 1137 2278 1229

Solar Window 0 0 0 0

Slab Floor 1856 2456 -1176 -1136

Lights 0 0 0 0

Equipment -1324 -1324 -1324 -1324

Occupant (Sensible) -960 -960 -960 -960

Occupant (Latent) -240 -240 -240 -240

Infiltration (Sensible) 6912 6912 6912 6912

Infiltration (Latent) 573 573 573 573

Total Sensible Load 25952 22944 17588 13552

Total Latent Load 333 333 333 333

Total Load 26285 23277 17921 13885

^ Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative values indicate

heat flow Inward, consistent with NBSLD notation.

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

28
Table 13. Hourly Heating Load Components^ (Btu, 1 p.m., January 21 Design

Heating Day, At * 30.4°F^)

CASE: I II III IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling 666 782 309 494

South Face

Insulated Wall -412 -407 -203 -113

Stud Wall 166 167 209 257

CD/CV^ Window 1510 800 1617 924

Solar Window -11534 -11534 -11534 -11534

West Face

Insulated Wall 444 449 340 430

Stud Wall 306 308 253 302

CD/CV Window 1516 803 1621 926

Solar Window -2075 -2075 -2075 -2075

North Face

Insulated Wall 486 491 350 440

Stud Wall 307 309 259 308

CD/CV Window 1514 802 1620 925

Solar Window -988 -988 -988 -988

East Face

Insulated Wall 333 338 199 289

Stud Wall 210 212 225 273

CD/CV Window 1516 802 1620 925

Solar Window -988 -988 -988 -988

Slab Floor 10019 10442 6048 7442

Lights -270 -270 -270 -270

Equipment -2225 -2225 -2225 -2225

Occupant (Sensible) -480 -480 -480 -480

Occupant (Latent) -120 -120 -120 -163

Infiltration (Sensible) 4205 4205 4205 4694

Infiltration (Latent) 321 321 321 163

Total Sensible Load 4229 1944 114 0

Total Latent Load 201 201 201 0

Total Load 4430 2145 315 0

^ Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative values indicate heat

flow inward.

^ Case IV: At = 33.9®F because interior temperature rises to 71.5®F.

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

29
Table 14 Dally Heating Load Components® (Btu, January 21^)

CASE: I II III IV

INSULATIONLOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS; NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Celling 125994 129146 43521 40443

South Face

Insulated Wall 7294 7548 5773 5754

Stud Wall 2931 3033 2212 1061

CD/CW^ Window 42841 23061 43559 18654

Solar Window -76692 -76692 -57921 -9142

West Face

Insulated Wall 11718 11971 7739 5891

Stud Wall 4709 4811 3439 2077

CD/CV Window 42880 23078 43578 18656

Solar Window -24652 -24652 -12382 -856

North Face

Insulated Wall 13493 13747 8622 6478

Stud Wall 5422 5524 3979 2577

CD/CV Window 42879 23078 43579 18657

Solar Window -6453 -6453 -4873 -739

East Face

Insulated Wall 11618 11872 7506 6340

Stud Wall 4669 4771 3490 2214

CD/CV Window 42879 23078 43578 18657

Solar Window -25724 -25724 -24143 -11301

Slab Floor 119665 131855 27877 -7654

Lights -15288 -15288 -15288 -12524

Equipment -61074 -61074 -58426 -43541

Occupant (Sensible) -16810 -16810 -16808 -14335

Occupant (Latent) -4202 -4202 -4203 -3677

Infiltration (Sensible) 133985 133985 126152 102784

Infiltration (Latent) 9042 9042 8399 6792

Total Sensible Load 386284 323865 220764 150150

Total Latent Load 4839 4839 4195 3115

Total Load 391123 328704 224959 153265

Heating Hours 24 24 22 17

a Positive values Indicate heat flow outward, negative values Indicate

heat flow Inward.

^ See table 1 for weather profile.

^ CD/CV Is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

30

/
Table 15 Hourly Cooling Load Components^ (Btu, 4 p.m. , August 21 Design

Cooling Day At ® 19.1®F)

CASE: I II Ill IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling -6126 -6188 -2069 -2087

South Face

Insulated Wall -657 -660 -433 -435

Stud Wall -162 -165 -40 -44

CD/CV^ Window -668 -374 -680 -380

Solar Window -942 -942 -942 -942

West Face

Insulated Wall -982 -986 -554 -556

Stud Wall -90 -94 -2 -7

CD/CV Window -670 -375 -681 -380

Solar Window -4833 -4833 -4833 4833

North Face

Insulated Wall -370 -374 -219 -221

Stud Wall -44 -48 +12 +7

CD/CV Window -666 -373 -679 -379

Solar Window -605 -605 -605 -605

East Face

Insulated Wall -374 -378 -226 -228

Stud Wall -139 -143 -69 -73

CD/CV Window -668 -374 -680 -380

Solar Window -605 -605 -605 -605

Slab Floor +9641 +9464 +3724 +3468

Lights -541 -541 -541 -541

Equipment -3072 -3072 -3072 -3072

Occupant (Sensible) -330 -330 -330 -330

Occupant (Latent) -270 -270 -270 -270

Infiltration (Sensible) -2640 -2640 -2640 -2640

Infiltration (Latent) -3459 -3459 -3459 -3459

Total Sensible Load -15542 -14635 -16167 -15264

Total Latent Load -3729 -3729 -3729 -3729

Total Load -19271 -18364 -19896 -18993

^ Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative values indicate

heat flow inward.

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

31
design day are at a maximum during this hour. Likewise, total solar gain is

also at its peak level. Windows are assumed to be 50 percent shaded during summer months, with net transmission of sunlight at 40 percent. Note that in

the two cases with upgraded insulation, the heat gain through the ceiling,

walls, and windows has been significantly reduced, while the total sensible

load has increased. This is because the heat sink effect of the earth has

been largely removed as insulation is added beneath the floor, and this is more than enough to offset the reductions in heat gain due to the insulation

of the other envelope elements. (Note that the simulation of floor slab performance has not been well validated and thus these particular results may not

be accurate representations of the actual performance of such construction.)

Table 16 provides the daily cooling load components, integrated over those

twelve hours when the outdoor dry-bulb temperature is greater than the indoor

dry-bulb temperature on the August 21st design day. Again, net cooling loads are increased in the better-insulated cases because of the reduced heat sink

effect of the earth.

Tables 17, 18 and 19 provide the annual heating load and cooling load components, respectively, for each of the four cases examined. Total heating

and cooling hours in each case are shown at the bottom of the tables. Note

that heating load hours decrease significantly as storm windows and insulation are added, while cooling load hours increase, due primarily to the

reduced heat sink effect of the earth after the floor is insulated. Changes

in solar gain and internal heat gains are due to the changes in heating and

cooling hours.

32
Table 16 Dally Load Components^

to 1 t.)

(Btu, August 21 Design Cooling Day b

CASE: I II III IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Celling -61914 -62366 -20519 -20637

South Face

Insulated Wall -5658 -5705 -3645 -3683

Stud Wall -1247 -1279 -533 -574

CD/CV^ Window -4977 -2809 -4874 -2758

Solar Window -17157 -17157 -17157 -17157

West Face

Insulated Wall -6021 -6249 -3939 -3977

Stud Wall -1081 -1113 -390 -431

CD/CV Window -4988 -2814 -4882 -2762

Solar Window -23305 -23305 -23305 -23305

North Face

Insulated Wall -2990 -3038 -1903 -1940

Stud Wall -345 -377 -34 -74

CD/CV Window -4961 -2802 -4864 -2754

Solar Window -6368 -6368 -6368 -6368

East Face

Insulated Wall -4689 -4736 -3208 -3246

Stud Wall -1458 -1490 -766 -807

CD/CV Window -4983 -2812 -4880 -2761

Solar Window -10295 -10295 -10295 -10295

Slab Floor +101997 +100670 +32816 +30685

Lights -6878 -6878 -6878 -6878

Equipment -37979 -37979 -37979 -37979

Occupant (Sensible) -4184 -4184 -4184 -4184

Occupant (Latent) -3424 -3424 -3424 -3424

Infiltration (Sensible) -20529 -20529 -20529 -20529

Infiltration (Latent) -41512 -41512 -41512 -41512

Total Sensible Load -130191 -123612 -148317 -142414

Total Latent Load -44936 -44936 -44936 -44936

Total Load -175127 -168548 -193253 -187350

Cooling Hours Over 78® 12 12 12 12

^ Positive values Indicate heat flow outward, negative values Indicate

heat flow Inward.

^ See table 1 for weather profile.

^ CD/CV Is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

33
Table 17. Annual Heating Load Components^ (Million Btu)

CASE: I II Ill IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling 14.333 14.612 4.626 4.105

South Face

Insulated Wall 1.176 1.201 0.748 0.670

Stud Wall 0.386 0.384 0.274 0.237

CD/CV^ Window 4.927 2.560 4.654 2.065

Solar Window -5.157 -4.586 -3.143 -1.884

West Face

Insulated Wall 1.374 1.374 0.829 0.724

Stud Wall 0.466 0.458 0.328 0.280

CD/CV Window 4.928 2.560 4.655 2.066

Solar Window -2.120 -1.872 -1.111 -0.690

North Face

Insulated Wall 1.496 1.486 0.875 0.754

Stud Wall 0.544 0.534 0.371 0.313

CD/CV Window 4.929 2.560 4.655 2.066

Solar Window -0.633 -0.550 -0.332 -0.182

East Face

Insulated Wall 1.343 1.356 0.826 0.727

Stud Wall 0.486 0.481 0.338 0.289

CD/CV Window 4.928 2.560 4.655 2.066

Solar Window -2.832 -2.494 -1.572 -0.884

Slab Floor 22.793 23.104 1.915 1.042

Lights -3.040 -2.941 -1.984 -1.460

Equipment -11.750 -11.321 -7.956 -6.058

Occupant (Sensible) -3.606 -3.536 -2.622 -2.159

Occupant (Latent) -0.906 -0.889 -0.660 -0.544

Infiltration (Sensible) 10.382 10.187 8.976 7.673

Infiltration (Latent) 1.240 1.215 0.964 0.811

Total Sensible Load 45.354 38.118 20.004 11.759

Total Latent Load 0.334 0.325 0.304 0.268

Total Load 45.688 38.443 20.308 12.027

Heating Hours 4848 4705 3429 2737

^ Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative values indicate

heat flow inward.

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

34
Table 18. Annual Cooling Load Components^ ^^o — t^. Million Btu)

CASE; I II III IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling -4.046 -4.061 -1.274 -1.278

South Face

Insulated Wall -0.278 -0.280 -0.179 -0.181

Stud Wall -0.040 -0.042 -0.015 -0.018

CD/CV^ Window -0.273 -0.146 -0.227 -0.126

Solar Window -1.236 -1.234 -1.240 -1.240

West Face

Insulated Wall -0.312 -0.314 -0.196 -0.198

Stud Wall -0.032 -0.033 -0.012 -0.015

CD/CV Window -0.274 -0.146 -0.227 -0.126

Solar Window -1.869 -1.866 -1.883 -1.883

North Face

Insulated Wall -0.158 -0.161 -0.100 -0.103

Stud Wall -0.004 -0.005 +0.006 +0.003

CD/ CV Window -0.272 -0.146 -0.226 -0.125

Solar Window -0.590 -0.589 -0.593 -0.593

East Face

Insulated Wall -0.277 -0.280 -0.187 -0.190

Stud Wall -0.073 -0.075 -0.042 -0.044

CD/ CV Window -0.274 -0.146 -0.227 -0.126

Solar Window -1.037 -1.034 -1.040 -1.040

Slab Floor +9.962 +9.816 +3.436 +3.251

Lights -0.761 -0.758 -0.798 -0.798

Equipment -3.710 -3.695 -3.931 -3.931

Occupant (Sensible) -0.441 -0.436 -0.514 -0.514

Occupant (Latent) -0.360 -0.356 -0.421 -0.421

Infiltration (Sensible) -0.596 -0.593 -0.610 -0.610

Infiltration (Latent) -0.467 -0.461 -0.543 -0.543

Total Sensible Load -6.592 -6.225 -10.080 -9.885

Total Latent Load -0.827 -0.817 -0.964 -0.964

Total Load -7.419 -7.042 -11.044 -10.849

Cooling Hours (t^ > t^) 1203 1194 1322 1322

Q Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative values indicate

heat flow inward. ,

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

35
Table 19. Annual Cooling Load Components^ (t^ < t^, Million Btu)

CASE: I II Ill IV

INSULATION: LOW LOW HIGH HIGH

STORM WINDOWS: NO YES NO YES

LOAD COMPONENT

Ceiling -0.376 -0.420 -0.181 -0.202

South Face

Insulated Wall -0.006 -0.006 -0.008 -0.007

Stud Wall +0.006 +0.008 +0.004 +0.006

CD/CV^ Window +0.023 +0.013 +0.093 +0.058

Solar Window -0.159 -0.182 -0.370 -0.448

West Face

Insulated Wall -0.004 -0.002 -0.008 -0.005

Stud Wall +0.008 +0.010 +0.004 +0.007

CD/CV Window +0.023 +0.013 +0.093 +0.058

Solar Window -0.202 -0.215 -0.400 -0.484

North Face

Insulated Wall +0.008 +0.010 +0.010 +0.015

Stud Wall +0.010 +0.012 +0.011 +0.015

CD/CV Window +0.023 +0.013 +0.093 +0.059

Solar Window -0.073 -0.083 +0.164 -0.195

East Face

Insulated Wall -0.017 -0.020 +0.023 -0.023

Stud Wall +0.004 +0.005 +0.002 +0.003

CD/CV Window +0.023 +0.013 +0.093 +0.058

Solar Window -0.237 -0.276 -0.552 -0.672

Slab Floor +1.041 +1.177 +1.078 +1.263

Lights -0.096 -0.110 -0.384 -0.459

Equipment -0.408 -0.457 -1.320 -1.523

Occupant (Sensible) -0.045 -0.049 -0.183 -0.211

Occupant (Latent) -0.036 -0.039 -0.150 -0.172

Infiltration (Sensible) +0.017 +0.021 +0.076 +0.100

Infiltration (Latent) -0.012 -0.014 -0.098 -0.101

Total Sensible Load -0.437 -0.526 -2.037 -2.586

Total Latent Load -0.048 -0.053 -0.248 -0.273

Total Load -0.485 -0.579 -2.285 -2.859

Cooling Hours (t^ < t^) 124 140 424 495

Positive values indicate heat flow outward, negative va lues Indicate

heat flow inward.

^ CD/CV is conduction/convection component of heat transfer.

36
4. INTERPRETATION OF EXPANDED OUTPUT DATA

The expanded-output version of NBSLD can provide a considerable amount of

information relating to the thermal performance and conservation potential of

buildings. In particular, the identification of the components of heating

and cooling loads can make it easier to determine the load-reducing potential

of individual modifications to the building envelope, especially if several

such modifications are made simultaneously. In addition, the interdependent

relationships among the envelope elements can be quantified to a larger

extent than previously possible. This section of the report will explore

each of these features in greater detail.

4.1 DESIGN IMPLICATIONS FROM NBSLD-XO ANALYSIS

In sections 2 and 3, heat fluxes, solar gains, air infiltration and internal

loads that resulted in net hourly heating or cooling loads were reported for

four variations of a 1600 sq. ft., wood-frame dwelling in the Washington,

D.C. climate. A number of preliminary design implications can be inferred

directly from these data for the house model used.

In interpreting these expanded-output data it must be recognized that the

heating and cooling load components reported in tables 9, 17, 18, and 19

represent sources of heat loss and heat gain only during hours when there is a net heating or cooling load. This is important because as the building

envelope becomes better insulated, the number of hours in which heating and

cooling loads occur annually may change. As the number of heating and cooling hours change, all of the load components reported, not just those modified, change as well. For example, if internal and solar gains are held con- stant as the building is better insulated, the number of hours where heating

is required will be reduced. As a result, the solar and internal gains during the heating hours eliminated are no longer included in the load components that are shown.

This does not imply that energy conservation features incorporated into the

building envelope design are of no energy-saving value during non- load hours.

In fact, without one or more such features there may indeed be a net lieating or cooling load in some of those hours. However, this does imply that any

further thermal improvements to the envelope would have no energy-saving

value in those hours. These data are therefore of considerably more use to

the envelope design process than a report of total annual or even monthly

envelope heat losses. Building envelope heat losses can occur even during

some cooling hours, and thus total monthly or annual envelope heat losses are

a poor indication of corresponding heating loads.

The heat fluxes through the individual building envelope elements and heat

losses or gains due to infiltration during hours with net heating or cooling

loads represent an upper bound on the load reduction potential of modifications to the heat transfer attributes of those elements, under certain conditions. These conditions require that: (1) other design parameters and operational procedures be held constant, and (2) that the heat fluxes through

37
those elements be of the same sign as the load incurred, which is the usual

case.

While the heat loss through individual envelope elements may represent an upper bound on the heating load reduction potential of Improvements to those

elements, it is unlikely that this potential could be fully realized over

the heating season, even if the heat loss through any given element were reduced to zero. This is because the total heat loss through the envelope

elements is generally much greater than the net heating load, due to the

offsetting effects of solar and internal heat gains.

On the other hand, reductions in heat gain through any given element during

hours when net cooling loads are incurred are likely to be more fully realized in terms of reduced cooling requirements. This is because the total

heat gain through the envelope elements is generally considerably less than

actual cooling loads.

4.1.1 Heating Season Effects

The annual heating load data reported in table 17 for the four variations of

the dwelling unit analyzed provide some preliminary implications for basic

envelope design with respect to heating requirements.

(1) Window design . In cases I and II (low insulation) the solar gain

through south-facing windows is greater than the conduction/convection losses

during heating hours, with and without storm windows. However, the windows

on the other three orientations have conduct ive/convectlve heat losses

greater than solar gains, even with storm windows, during heating hours.

This implies that larger windows than modeled on the south side and smaller

windows than modeled on the other orientations would reduce heating loads

further, as might be expected.

In the well insulated house (cases III and IV), the solar gain through the

south-facing windows is less than the conduct ive/convective losses during

heating hours, even with storm windows. This is because the bulk of the

heating load has been shifted toward hours when the sun is not shining.

This would imply that smaller windows than modeled on the south side would

However, there are important cases in which the heat gain may have the opposite sign of the load Incurred. For example, an Insulated slab floor may

provide a heat gain (-) during heating hours (as in cases III and IV of

table 12) or a heat loss (+) during cooling hours. When usable solar gain

(-) is greater than the conduct ion/ convection losses (+) through a window

during heating hours, increasing the size of the window may reduce heating

loads. In addition, when t^ is greater than t^, some envelope elements

(e.g., floors, windows, and below-grade walls) may have heat fluxes out (+)

while net cooling loads (-) are incurred. These cases have a special significance in "passively" heated and cooled houses and deserve special

design considerations.

38
be warranted as well In order to reduce heating loads in a well insulated

house. However, these implications for window design must be considered in

light of the thermal storage capacity of the building Interior. That is, if

solar gain through windows during non-heating hours can be stored for use during heating hours, the larger windows may still be justified, especially

on the south and west exposures. However, this effect requires further

investigation of the interrelationship between window size and thermal storage capacity of the building.

(2) Wall orientation . A comparison of annual heat losses during heating

hours through the four opaque walls, by orientation, can be made based on table 17. The opaque wall area consists of the insulated wall and tlie stud

wall portions. In case I (low Insulation, no storm windows) the north-facing

wall loses approximately 30 percent more heat than the south-facing wall and

11 percent more heat than the east- and west-facing walls per square foot of

wall area during heating load hours. This would imply that the north wall,

and to some extent, the east and west walls, should be more heavily insulated

than the south wall in such a case. In the well insulated house with storm

windows (case IV), where the heating load has been shifted toward the hours

without solar gains, the north wall loses only 18 percent more heat than the

south-facing wall and about 6 percent more than the east and west walls,

making the differential wall insulation less attractive.

By comparing the sum of north and south heat losses with east and west heat

losses by square foot of wall area, a good idea of the effects of orientation

of a rectangular building can be obtained. That is, if the average north and

south losses were less than the average east and west losses, per square foot

of wall area, the implication would be to design the building so that its

longer walls faced north and south. In all four cases analyzed, the advantage of north and south over east and west was approximately 2 percent in

terms of reduced heat loss per square foot during actual heating hours. Thus,

the advantage of differential orientation from a heating standpoint may be

small in this climate, given that all four walls are identically insulated.

(3) Slab floor . Insulation under the slab floor reduced heat loss through

the floor surface during heating hours to a considerably greater degree than

would be expected by comparison of U-values before and after insulation and

the reduced number of heating hours alone. This result is due to the superior

thermal storage properties of the insulated floor, which results in a heat

release from the floor during some heating load hours. (For an example of

this, see table 12, cases III and IV.) This load reduction potential is con- sistent with other NBS research"^ which showed that insulation on the outside

of masonry walls enhances their thermal storage effects and has a greater

impact on heating loads than Insulation on the inside of the walls. It

should be noted that the calculated heat release from the floor is largely

due to radiation exchange to other colder surfaces rather than through

^ Peavy, Powell, and Burch, Dynamic Thermal Performance of an Experimental

Masonry Building , Building Science Series 45, National Bureau of Standards,

1973.

39
conduction/convection to the inside air, as the floor surface is shovm to be

colder than the air temperature in the expanded output for the design-day

analysis

.

4.1.2 Cooling Season Effects

The annual cooling load data reported in table 18 provide some preliminary implications for basic envelope design with respect to cooling

requirements. Cooling load data (t^ < t^^) reported in table 19 will be

discussed separately.

(1) Slab Floor . The slab floor on grade is the factor which has the greatest impact of all of the envelope modifications made in the NBSLD-XO analysis

of the 1600 sq. ft. house. Before the underside of the floor was insulated,

it provided a major heat sink effect. After the slab was insulated, its heat

sink effect was greatly reduced, although not entirely eliminated, so that

the number of cooling hours and the cooling loads increased significantly.

Thus, for cooling purposes, insulation of the entire slab decreased the

energy efficiency of the dwelling.

(2) Other envelope elements . Increasing the insulating effect of the attic,

walls, and windows all served to reduce cooling loads during hours when

t^ ^ t^. The increased attic insulation was particularly effective in reducing heat gain. Solar gains through windows between the months of May and

October, the prime cooling period, are assumed to be halved by shading on all

orientations. Note that solar gains through the western windows during cooling hours were approximately 50 percent greater than the southern windows and

80 percent greater than eastern windows.

In general, western and eastern walls transmitted more heat to the interior

during cooling hours than southern or northern walls. In table 17 the average eastern and western wall heat transmission is approximately 45 percent

greater than the average heat transmission through the northern and southern

walls during cooling hours. This implies that a rectangular building shape

with the long walls facing north and south is substantially more energy

efficient than one with long walls facing east and west.

Finally, some consideration should be given to cooling loads that occur when

the outdoor temperature is lower than the indoor temperature. These loads are of some concern because they potentially can be Increased by further

insulation of the building envelope. In table 19 the reported cooling loads

(t^ < t^) increased from 485,000 Btu to 2,859,000 Btu as a result of the upgraded insulation and addition of storm windows. Most of this increased

cooling load was due to the greatly increased number of hours when such loads occur. As the walls, windows and floor become better insulated, the conductive heat loss pathways for the internally generated and solar heat gains are reduced. While this may only amount to a small reduction in envelope heat

loss during hours when t^ is less than t^, its impact can be greatly multiplied when new cooling hours are incurred because of the need to mechanically

remove solar and internal loads when windows are closed up. In tlie data presented in table 19, the increased cooling loads were due largely to tlie need

to remove solar and internal heat gains mechanically.

40
For this reason, the design of a well insulated house must include increased

consideration for alternative means of reducing internally generated and

solar heat gains during cooling periods. Adequate natural cross-ventilation

direct venting of equipment loads, reduction in lighting usage, and solar

shading should all be considered. In addition, the potential for whole-hous

ventilating as a supplement to mechanical air conditioning should be invest!

gated. As a result of these actions, the cooling loads during hours when t^

is less than t^ can be largely eliminated. This not only reduces air conditioning costs but reduces potentially negative effects of high insulation

levels, making higher Insulation levels more energy efficient and cost effec

tive

.

4.2 INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG ENVELOPE ELEMENTS

Two distinct types of Interdependence characterize the thermal relationships

among the elements of the building envelope. The first is associated

directly with the amount of heat flux through the envelope elements themselves; the second concerns the relationship between these fluxes and the

resulting thermal load.

I. Radiation exchange among the various inside surfaces of a building can significantly affect the heat flux through the various elements of the

building envelope. This exchange mechanism creates a thermal link among all

of the inside surfaces whenever one or more surfaces are at a different temp

erature than the others. If one surface is warmer than another it radiates

energy to that other surface, raising the latter surface temperature and

lowering the former until they reach equilibrium (although not necessarily

an equal temperature). As a result, on a cold day, the inside-outside temperature differential of the latter is increased and that of the former is

decreased, altering the amount of heat flux through the two elements. In

general, as the overall envelope is better insulated, inside surface tempera

tures approach the room temperature and the effects of radiation exchange

become less significant.

II. The shifting "balance point" gives rise to the second type of interdependence which characterizes the load reduction potentials of the individual envelope components. The heating balance point is defined as the outdoor dry-bulb air temperature below which heating loads occur. The cooling

balance point is defined as the outdoor dry-bulb air temperature above which

building cooling loads occur.

It must be recognized that the balance point is not entirely Inherent in

building design and construction, but is somewhat dependent on the amount

of solar gain and internal heat release as well as the indoor temperature

requirements and occupant-induced air infiltration. As these factors

change through the day or year the balance point will change as well.

Thus, an average seasonal balance point may be of more general interest

than the balance point calculated under given operational conditions.

41
When an envelope modification reduces net heat flux in any given hour, it can reduce the net heating or cooling load by a corresponding amount only if

there is a heating or cooling load in that hour at least as great as the

reduction in flux. Whether or not such a load exists depends not only on the

climate but on the overall thermal integrity of the envelope, the amount of

solar heat gain through the windows, and the magnitude of internal heat

release. Thus, the whole building and its mode of operation is, in essence, an interdependent system with respect to heating and cooling loads. As a result, the load reduction potential of a given design modification depends

to some extent on the degree to which these other factors prevail.

While a modification to the building envelope that reduces heat flux cannot

reduce building heating or cooling loads in hours when such loads do not

exist, the benefit of the reduced flux is often realized as a reduction in

the number of hours when such loads do occur. This load-hour reduction

potential is especially typical of the heating season, because the reduced

heat loss allows the internally generated heat (from lights, equipment and

occupants) and solar gains to satisfy the minimum acceptable indoor temperature at a lower outdoor temperature without using the heating system. For

example, in table 17, the lesser insulated house without storm windows

required heating in 4,848 hours while the better insulated house with storm

windows required heating in only 2,737 hours.

In the case of cooling loads, reductions in envelope heat gains do not neces- sarily reduce net cooling load hours. This is because the internally generated heat and solar heat gains add to the net load rather than offset it.

In cooling hours where t^ is greater than t^, one would expect that insulating the walls, windows, and ceiling of a building would have little impact on

the number of cooling hours, since internal and solar heat gains must still

be removed.^ However, insulating the floor may significantly increase cooling load hours because of the reduced heat sink effect. These effects can be

verified by examining table 18, which provides annual cooling loads and the

number of cooling hours when t^ is equal to or exceeds t^^. In hours where t^

is less than t^, increased insulation of the walls, windows, and floor of the

envelope may actually increase the number of cooling hours incurred, because

conductive heat loss pathways for the Internally generated and solar heat

gains are reduced. This effect can be clearly observed in table 19, which

provides both the number of annual cooling hours when t^ is less than t^ and

the components of the associated cooling loads. Note that these calculations were based on the assumption that up to twelve times the normal hourly air

changes with windows closed could be brought in through openable windows and

doors if that would eliminate the cooling load in that hour. Had the house

been closed up at all times, the number of cooling hours where t^ is less

than tj^ would have been considerably greater.

Only a wood-frame structure with relatively little thermal response (or

heat storage effects) was examined in the computer analysis made in this

report. The use of more massive construction materials in the walls

might, in some cases, reduce the number of cooling hours.

42
In estimating the load reduction potential of various modifications to the

building envelope, interdependent relationships due both to radiation

exchange and the shifting balance point should be considered. While interdependence due to radiation exchange decreases as the overall building envelope is insulated, the effects of the shifting balance point in both heating

and cooling operations can be significant regardless of the level of insulation.

Before leaving this subsection, the relationship between heating and cooling

loads and actual energy use must be considered. In particular, it must be

stressed that while hourly heating and cooling loads and daily, monthly, and

annual heating and cooling requirements are calculated, they are not estimates of actual energy use. Moreover, they are not directly additive in any

meaningful sense. In order to estimate the actual energy use corresponding

to these loads, the conversion performance of the HVAC equipment must be

known under part- and full-load conditions.

After converting reductions in heating requirements and cooling requirements

to their respective energy savings, the total annual energy savings due to a given design modification can be calculated by direct addition of the two.

However, this total energy savings may not be entirely meaningful from a design standpoint. If the objective of the design process is not only to

reduce energy use but to reduce energy-related costs, the dollar value of the

heating and cooling energy savings must be estimated separately and the

results summed in dollar terms. Thus, if an additional heating energy unit

is more costly than an additional cooling energy unit, more weight would be

given to the reduction in heating requirements, and vice-versa.

43
5. EFFECTS OF THERMAL ZONING

The four case studies examined in section 3 provide an analysis of a simple

residential model formulated as a single thermal zone. The single-zone

design may provide a satisfactory approximation of an actual residence from

the thermal design standpoint. However, the lack of interior partitions

(e.g., walls) and other massive elements within (e.g., furniture) leads to

several undesirable consequences:

(1) There are no surfaces other than the envelope elements themselves for

which heat transmission by radiation exchange is considered. As a result,

the four envelope walls "see" one another directly, thus minimizing the

effect of radiation exchange when they are (close to) the same temperature.

Because interior surfaces are likely to be closer to the indoor air temperature than the envelope surfaces, they will radiate heat to the envelope sur- faces during heating periods, raise their temperature, and thereby increase

the rate of conductive heat loss through the envelope if the room air temperature is held constant. During cooling periods, the inside surfaces of the

warmer exterior walls will radiate to the cooler interior surfaces, increasing

the rate of conductive heat gain if indoor air temperature is held constant.

As pointed out earlier, the change in surface temperatures can also have an

effect on occupant comfort that will allow an adjustment in the thermostat

setting to reduce heating and cooling loads. However, this consideration is

not made in NBSLD.

(2) In the one-room case, the solar radiation entering through the windows

is evenly distributed to the inside envelope surfaces since no partitions are

modeled. This raises the temperature of these surfaces, increasing conductive losses in winter and reducing conductive gains in summer. In either

case, partition walls and floors and other interior objects would receive a substantial amount of the direct radiation from the sun as it enters through

the windows. If, as an alternative modeling procedure, most of the direct

solar radiation is assumed to fall on the floor, when this is not in fact

the case, the performance characteristics and optimal design characteristics

of that element and the other envelope elements determined through the use of

NBSLD analysis will be distorted.

During heating periods the solar radiation on the inside envelope surfaces

does offset to some degree the lack of partition walls and other bodies

which radiate to those envelope surfaces. However, during cooling periods,

when partition walls and other interior objects would otherwise receive

radiation from these envelope surfaces, the lack of partition walls and other

interior objects, together with the solar radiation on the inside envelope

surfaces, reinforce each other in underestimating the conductive heat gain

to the building interior.

(3) The thermal storage capacity of the interior partitions and other massive elements inside the building is not accounted for. This is especially

significant during periods when heating or cooling loads occur only part of

the day. Heat that is stored during the day when there is no heating load

and released at a later time when there is a heating load provides a net

benefit, even though on a 24-hour basis the net flux may be zero. The same

44
case can be made for cooling loads. (In the past, thermal storage capacity has often been modeled by increasing the mass of the floor. However,

this is inconsistent with the purpose of NBSLD-XO as an aid to envelope

design which includes the floor.)

(4) The room temperatures cannot be maintained at different levels in different parts of the building and internal heat loads (e.g., lights, equipment, occupant) cannot be isolated by zone when modeling a building as a single-zone

.

These undesirable consequences of a single-zone analysis are largely avoided

if the building can be divided into several thermally-coupled zones. However, NBSLD at present has a limited zone-modeling capacity. While two or more zones in a single building can be modeled, each is entirely independent

so that no means of heat transfer among the zones (i.e., "coupling") is

allowed for. Thus, it is possible to have a heating load in one zone and a cooling load in another simultaneously. In large buildings, this may be

realistic. In smaller buildings, especially single-family housing units,

this is not generally realistic.

As an example of the limited zone-modeling capabilities of NBSLD, the 1600

sq. ft. house examined previously was divided into four zones of equal size,

as shown in figure 2. Each of these zones was analyzed by NBSLD-XO for the

heating design day shown in table 1. The results are tabulated in tables 20

and 21.

The effects of the partitioned walls on heat loss through the envelope can be

clearly seen at 5 a.m. on the January 21st design day in table 20. The sun

has not been shining for 12 hours, so that all four zones have approximately

the same total conductive heat loss through the interior surfaces of the

building envelope in cases I and II. In cases III and IV the thermal storage

effect of the slab floor results in substantially lower conductive heat loss

in zones I and II relative to zones III and IV. Note that the total conductive heat loss summed for the four zones is somewhat more than the conductive

heat loss calculated in the single-zone examples (table 12), but that this

difference diminishes as the overall building is better Insulated. Because

the effects of solar gain and internal heat gain are small during this hour,

there is a heating load in all four zones, and thus the fact that four zones are not thermally coupled is not significant at this time.

These 5 a.m. results would imply that a partitioned building loses more heat

than a non-partitioned building during heating hours, given the same interior

temperature in all zones. This is because the partitioned walls absorb heat

from the air by conduction/convection and then radiate this heat to the inside

surfaces of the interior envelope. This in turn increases the temperature

differential across the envelope elements, increasing the rate of heat transmission. However, as stated earlier, this does not imply that partitioned

buildings use more energy than non-partitioned buildings. This is because

the higher inside surface temperatures of all surfaces in the partitioned

buildings increase the mean radiant temperature over that of the single-zone

case, allowing equal thermal comfort at a lower thermostat setting in the

former over the latter.

45
North

Figure 2. Zoning of 1600 Square-Foot Symmetrical House by Partition Vtalls.

46
Table 20. Total Conductive Heat Loss^ (Btu, 5 a.m. , January 21 Design

Day)

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Total

Case 1 5670 5661 5692 5701 22724

Case 2 4835 4828 4862 4870 19395

Case 3 3155 3141 3568 3591 13455

Case 4 2065 2067 2564 2594 9290

® Does not include internal heat gain nor infiltration heat loss.

^ From table 12.

Heating

Single^

Zone

21325

18316

12960

8924

47
In table 21, results of the 24-hour design heating day are tabulated for each

of the four zones for the same four cases examined in section 3. These heating loads are very similar in zones I and II and in zones III and IV. As

might be expected, heating loads in zones III and IV are substantially

greater than in zones I and II. Comparison of the sum of the daily loads in

the four zones with the daily load calculated for the same building modeled

as a single zone (table 14) shows that the former are not only greater than

the latter but as the building becomes better insulated, this difference

increases. This increasing difference results from the fact that excess heat

in one zone is not available to make up simultaneous heat deficits in other

zones. In some hours, windows are actually opened in zones 1 and II in order

to avoid air conditioning loads, while heating is required in zones III and

IV.

In order to make a more realistic model, some means of transferring this excess heat (or cooling effect during hours requiring air conditioning) from

one zone to another as needed must be incorporated into the program. It has

been suggested that rather than analyzing each zone independently for some extended period of time, the several zones should be analyzed sequentially

each hour. At the end of each hour the heating and/or cooling loads would be

balanced by means of "coupling coefficients" which simulate heat transfer by

air movement among the zones. However, this procedure would require some major modifications of NBSLD.

48
Table 21. Heating Loads, Heating Hours, and Hours of Window Opening by Zone

(January 21 Design Heating Day)

Single^

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone A Total Zone

Design Day

Heating Load^

(10^ Btu)

Case 1 89.93 91.92 114.12 113.76 409.74 391.12

Case 2 75.58 76.84 97.54 97.17 347.13 328.70

Case 3 47.10 48.16 73.11 72.62 241.00 224.96

Case 4 31.18 32.21 52.88 52.33 168.60 153.27

Heating

Hours

Case 1 19 19 24 24 - 24

Case 2 18 19 24 24 - 24

Case 3 16 17 24 24 - 22

Case 4 14 14 22 24 - 17

Hours of

Window

Opening^

Case 1 0 0 0 0

- 0

Case 2 0 0 0 0

- 0

Case 3 0 2 0 0

- 0

Case 4 5 4 0 0

- 0

^ From table 14.

See table 1 for weather data.

^ If windows are not opened, air conditioning loads result.

49
6. LIMITATIONS OF NBSLD

NBSLD was originally developed to calculate, with considerable accuracy, the

hour-by-hour heating and cooling loads imposed by a building on its HVAC

equipment. The purpose of the NBSLD-XO subroutine, however, is to identify

the individual components of the HVAC loads for use in envelope design analysis. While the overall load may be computed with acceptable accuracy, several

of the component loads are calculated using algorithms which are not entirely

acceptable by themselves. Thus, the value of the results discussed in this

report is limited by the degree of accuracy of many individual algorithms in

the main NBSLD program. Research to improve certain of these algorithms is

needed if the thermal performance of individual building components is to be

better understood in the design of new buildings and retrofit of existing

buildings

.

Component algorithms which may have significant shortcomings are identified

in the following:

1. Attic . NBSLD does not model an attic with a sloped roof and gable endwalls. Only a flat roof (of area equal to the attic itself) can be modeled,

with gable walls of equal height on the four sides. No solar gain on gable

walls is calculated. In addition, no radiation exchange between the roof,

attic floor, and gable walls is calculated.

2. Slab Floors . While the heat storage capacity of a slab floor is calculated using thermal response factors, only heat flow perpendicular to the

floor surface is calculated. Thus NBSLD does not calculate the horizontal

heat flow component through the edge of a slab on grade, which is known to be

significant. In addition, the modeling of the earth beneath the slab as a semi-infinite heat sink is not addressed in the existing NBSLD program.

Similar inadequacies are encountered on the modeling of basement walls and

floors below grade.

3. VJindows . The effects of the absorption of solar radiation (and other

radiation exchange) on the window glass temperature is not calculated.

Because this may be significant on sunny days, this could have a significant

impact on heat losses and gains through single- and multiple-glazed windows,

especially for heat absorbing or reflecting glass.

4. Partition Walls and Floors . The 1600 sq. ft. house used as an example in

sections 2 and 3 was modeled as an open space rather than as several partitioned spaces. The presence of partition walls may have several effects on heating and cooling loads due to (a) heat storage effects, (b) radiation

exchange, (c) reception of solar gain, and (d) indoor temperature zoning.

5. Multi-Zone Problems . NBSLD is essentially a one-room model and does not

determine the effects of room-to-room heat exchange. This may be a significant problem if there is an appreciable temperature gradient between adjacent rooms (e.g., one space requiring heating and another space requiring cooling).

50
In addition to the problems associated with individual components, other limitations of NBSLD should be kept in mind. For example, NBSLD computes HVAC

loads only; actual energy use must be estimated using equipment simulation

techniques. This may require additional computational software in many

cases, especially where part-load equipment performance must be simulated.

Algorithms to improve simulation of ventilation with outside air must be

improved. This is especially important for buildings which are well insulated. Day lighting effects of windows must be considered if the energy performance improvements for a building are to include the reduction of artificial lighting. And finally, a better index of thermal comfort than drybulb air temperature and relative humidity must be established for use

in the NBSLD program. Such an index should recognize mean radiant temperatures inside rooms as well.

51
7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

The determination of cost-effective thermal designs for a building envelope

requires more than an estimate of the total heating and cooling requirements

of the building. It also requires that the thermal performance of each element of the building envelope be accurately calculated under actual load

conditions and that the interrelationships among the envelope elements be

understood. The thermal design of the building envelope begins with the

design of its individual elements. Only when the individual elements of

the envelope can be optimally designed can the overall envelope design be

optimized with respect to cost. Most current data on individual envelope

element performance are based on steady-state models, often using degree day

data as the basis of the temperature differential driving forces and the

length of the heating and cooling seasons. These steady-state models do not

accurately estimate how the various elements actually perform and interrelate during heating and cooling days. In addition, they provide poor insight

into the differential performance of those elements sensitive to building

orientation, such as walls and windows.

NBSLD, the NBS Load Determination Program, was designed to provide a dynamic

thermal analysis of building envelopes, using actual hour-by-hour weather

data. However, in its present form it provides only the net hourly space

heating or cooling loads, without making available the Intermediate calculations related to the components of those loads. The purpose of this report

is to develop a subroutine for use with NBSLD which provides, in expanded

output form, each component of the heating and cooling load on an hourly,

dally, monthly or annual basis as specified by the user. This subroutine

is called NBSLD-XO. In addition to the load components, the climate profile,

inside and outside surface temperatures and surface loads are printed out

by hour for a design-day analysis, and the number of heating and cooling

load hours per month and per year is made available in the annual analysis.

In order to demonstrate the usefulness of NBSLD-XO in the design process, a prototypical 1600 sq. ft., one-story house was modeled, and the results

reported for four different variations in energy conservation design. Analysis of these data can provide quantitative information as to the contributions

of each element to the total heating or cooling load, the extent to which

the various elements are thermally linked by radiation exchange, the effects

of solar gains and internal heat release on heating and cooling loads, the

differential impact of element orientation on the performance of that element,

the impact of the overall thermal performance of the envelope on the hours

of heating and cooling loads annually, and the effects of thermal improvements to the building envelope on all of these factors.

NBSLD-XO can serve as a useful research tool in evaluating and understanding

the thermal performance of individual envelope elements under actual heating

and cooling load conditions for a wide range of building designs. However,

its usefulness is limited to the accuracy of the algorithms which model the

performance of the various envelope elements. In some cases these algorithms

are in need of considerable improvement. Algorithm improvements are likely

to require major investments in time, manpower, and computer time. However,

52
the data that can potentially be provided by such an upgrading will be invaluable to the determination of optimal envelope designs for new buildings. In

the years to come, billions of dollars will be spent to conserve energy in

buildings through improved envelope design. Accurate data will both assure

that this Increased Investment will be properly allocated and encourage additional investment through improved confidence in the calculation of potential

energy savings.

53
REFERENCES

1. Kusuda, Tamami, NBSLD, The Computer Program for Heating and Cooling Loads

in Buildings, Building Science Series 69, National Bureau of Standards,

1975.

2. Peavy, B., Powell, F, , and Burch, D, , Dynamic Therrral Performance of an Experimental Masonry Building , Building Science Series 45, National Bureau

of Standards, 1973,

3. Stamper, E. , "Weather Data," ASHRAE Journal , February 1977, p. 47,

54

I
APPENDIX A. IMPLEMENTATION OF NBSLD-XO SUBROUTINE

Implementation of NBSLD-XO requires a new subroutine, PRTOUT, two new

arrays in the main NBSLD program, and two data cards for titling at the

end of the standard NBSLD data deck. PRTOUT is a Fortran callable subroutine (written in Fortran IV) which enables NBSLD to print out in tabular form the various load components that contribute to the overall space

heating and cooling loads of a building. An explanation of the PRTOUl

subroutine and the new arrays is provided in this appendix. A listing

of PRTOUT is provided in appendix B.

PRTOUT is called once every 24-hours in the main program of NBSLD. The

parameters passed via the call are:

RUNTYP

NEXP

ND

NEND

LDAY

MONTH

YEAR

UCELNG

ITYPE

AZW

UE

A

QLITE

QEQUP

QPEOPL

AIRLK

AIRLAT

CALDB

DB

H24

TEMPSI

TEMPS

0

QIGAIN

QGLAS

Variable indicating a weather tape (=1) or design day (=2)

calculation

,

Number of different type surfaces bounding the space.

Day loop index (runs from 1 to 366),

Last day of calculation (an integer between 1 and 366),

Day of month for which calculation was made.

Month of year for which calculation was made.

Year for which calculation was made,

U-value of ceiling.

Array identifying each envelope element as a floor,

partition, wall, door, etc..

Array Indicating in degrees the direction normal to the

surface points (i.e., 0-south, 90-west, 180-north, 270-east),

Array containing input U-values of surfaces.

Array containing areas of surfaces.

Array containing hourly heat gain of lights.

Array containing hourly heat gain of equipment.

Array containing hourly latent heat gain of occupants.

Array containing hourly sensible air infiltration load.

Array containing hourly latent air infiltration load.

Array containing hourly calculated space temperature.

Array containing hourly ambient dry-bulb temperature.

Array containing hourly inside surface coefficients.

Array containing hourly inside surface temperatures.

Array containing hourly outside surface temperatures.

Array containing hourly inside surface fluxes, and

Array containing hourly solar heat gains through windows.

The arrays UE, QIGAIN, H24, TEMPSO and TEMPSI are newly defined arrays and

are needed only for PRTOUT and not for any other routines in NBSLD. QIGAIN,

TEMPSO and TEMPSI are storage arrays which hold hourly values of variables

which are calculated in NBSLD and later printed out in PRTOUT. UE was defined because it became apparent that it was more meaningful to print the

input U-values for surfaces rather than the values modified by wind speed

each hour. The array H24 was needed because in PRTOUT the surface loads are calculated by the expression

A-1
where

= surface load of surface,

= air temperature of space,

= inside surface temperature of i

h. = inside surface coefficient of i X th = area of i surface.

surface,

•I" "h

^ ^ surface, and

The array H24 stores the hourly h^|^ values for the various surfaces.

Since PRTOUT is extensively populated with comment cards, a detailed explanation of the subroutine is not needed here. Most simply stated, the above

defined arrays and variables are passed into PRTOUT where they are either

sorted directly into tables or two or more of the values are used in a simple

calculation and the result stored in a table. The titles for columns of the

tables are then chosen and the resulting tables with titles printed out. In

other words, PRTOUT is basically a sorting routine in which a few simple calculations are performed. In addition, it selects titles and prints out predetermined energy components and energy related parameters in tabular form.

In order to use PRTOUT with NBSLD, all that is necessary is to dimension and

properly load arrays UE, QIGAIN, H24, TEMPSO, and TEMPSI and then to call

PRTOUT. Appendix D shows the proper places to do this in the main NBSLD program. The only change in the standard NBSLD data deck is the two additional

titling cards that appear after the NAME ROOM data card.

It is important for the user to note two limitations of the PRTOUT subroutine:

1. The column heading indicating the direction normal to the surface can only be south (-45°_<AZW<45‘’ ) , west (45°_<AZW<135°) , north (135°_<AZW<225®),

and east (225°<AZW<315°) . Note that the calculation is done correctly

for the azimuth angle and the numerical printout of the angle is correct.

2. Even though PRTOUT usually lists the correct values for the hourly total

horizontal solar radiation there are two cases when it does not. The

first case is when the roof is a partition (ITYPE=6). The second case

is when the absorptivity of the roof is set equal to zero. In both cases PRTOUT lists the hourly total horizontal radiation as zero. This

limitation is due to the way NBSLD stores hourly solar radiation. The user can correct this limitation by introducing a new array with appropriate logic in the main NBSLD program.

PRTOUT has two different types of output: one for design day calculations

and another for a load calculation for a predetermined period of time, usually

an entire calendar year. The design day calculation output consists of a steady-state hourly heating load calculation, a table of the 24-hour values

for wind speed, cloud cover modifier, horizontal solar radiation, ambient

dry-bulb temperature, indoor relative humidity, sensible and latent heating

A-2
and cooling loads, daily total heating and cooling loads, and maximum hourly

heating and cooling loads. This printout closely resembles the standard

NBSLD design-day printout. In addition, PRTOUT outputs a table of hourly

inside surface fluxes, internal heat gains, and infiltration loads, a table

of hourly inside and outside surface temperatures and a table of the hourly

space air loads associated with the various surfaces.

A design day output from PRTOUT is shown in tables 1-4. Note that the columns

in tables 2-4 always list the ceiling/roof first, followed by the soutli, west,

north, and east surfaces and floor. In addition, table 2 lists internal heat

gains, air infiltration loads, and finally the horizontal totals. Also note

that the windows are allotted two columns in table 2, one for conduction/

convection heat transfer and one for solar radiation transfer. The surface

loads reported in table 4 are the actual heat transfer to or from the air

attributable to the respective surfaces.

The output from PRTOUT for a load calculation made with a weather tape consists of a table of monthly totals for the surface fluxes and internal and

infiltration loads, a table of monthly heating and cooling hours and the maximum hourly heating and cooling loads. The output from PRTOUT when running

with a weather tape is seen in tables 9 and 10. The information displayed in

table 9 is somewhat different than the design-day table, but the column headings are the same. Table 9 is divided into two parts; one for heating requirements and one for cooling requirements. The table shows the monthly and

annual fluxes for the various envelope surfaces as well as the coincident

solar gains, internal gains, and infiltration gains/losses.

A-3
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V APPENDIX B. NBSLD-XO (PRTOUT) SUBROUTINE LISTING

1 SUBROUTINE PRTOUT( ITYPE, AZW,U, A,QLITE,QEQUP,QOCPS,QPSOPL, AIRLX,

2 ^CAIHLAT, QIGAIN, GGLAS, UC , NS , TI , TO, 224 , D3, JTITLE, DSI

)

3 DIKENSION ITY?E( 1 ) , AZI/( 1 ) , U( 1) , A( 1 ) , QLITE( 1 ) , QEGUP( 1 ) , QCCPS( 1 ) , 4 «QPEOPL( 1) ,AIRLK( 1) ,AIRLAT( 1) ,Q!GAIN(30, 1) ,aGLx4S(30, 1) ,OPNN1(3O,40)

!5 :«,!I(3,40) , IT( 3 , 40) , TI( 30, 1 ) . TO( 30 , 1 ) , ITT(3,30) ,SLI(30,25) ,H24(30, 1) 6 *, IDATE(2) , JTITLE( 19) ,TH(40) ,TC(40) ,TT(40) ,THH(40) ,TCC(40) ,1/LD(24) , 7 *Sm40) .SC(4C) ,DB( 1) ,TCA(40) ,TCB(40) ,DBI( 1)

3 INTEGER TITLES(3, 10)/’EAST CEILNG’ ,’ SOUTH ’

,

’ INSUL ’, 9 «’WALL ’

,

’ IfiEST ’ , ’ CD/CV ’

, ’WINDOW’ , ’ NORTH 9 9 9

9

, ’ BOOR ’

,

10 ,’SLAB ’

, ’ FLOOR 9 9 9

9

, ’PARTY ’

, ’ WALL ’ 9 9 9 9 1

1

;|c’ ’ , ’ FLOOR ’ 9

) ’

, ’CRL SP’ ,

’ FLOOR 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 12 LIGHTS’ 9 9

9 9 ’,’ EQUIP ’ 9 9

9 9 9 9

,

’ OCPS ’

,

13 i!c’ ’ 9 9

9 , ’ OCPL 9 9 9 9

9

9

’

, ’ IIIFILS’ 9 9 9 * 14 , ’ INFILL’ , ’TOTAL’ 9 9

9 9 ’SENSBL’ , ’ TOTAL ’

,

9 9

9 15 LATENT’ /,

13 *EY?H( 130 )/lSG*’

——’ /

17

1

3

19

20

21

22

DEPINE IZ( I, J)=TTTLES( I,J)

C THE FOLLOWING DO-LOCPS SET TEE SUTEIING ARPtAYS INITIALLY TO ZERO

CALL DATEIfK IRATE)

BO 106 1=1,3

DO 106 J=l,30

IT(I,J) = * 23

24

25

106 !TT(I,J)=’

K=0

riG=IXZ+l

DO 107 J=l,40

TCA( ,J)=0.0

TCB( J)=0.0

29 TT( J)=0.O

30 IHIK J)=0.0

31 107 TCC( J)=0.0

oo DO 562 J=l,30

O SU( J)=0.

see J)= 0 . 35 th: j)=o.o

3v> 562 TG( J)=0.0

BO 561 J=l,40

33 BC 561 1=1,30

39 56 1 CPI^TK I, J)=0.0

40 BO IG 1=1, NS

41 10 IF( ITYPE( I) .EQ.3)K=K+1

42 N=NS+K @ N=# OF OPAQUE

43 L=0

G DO-LOO? 20 LOADS TEE EL

45 G FLUX. SOLAR FLUX, INTERNA3

46 BO 20 1=1. NS

47 L=L+1

43 GPIINK l.L) = ITYPEl I) 49 CFIIN1(2,L) = AZW( I) 50 OPIirTl(G,L)=U( I)

3

1

0PriNi(4,L)=A( I) 32 IF( ITiTSl I) .NE.3)G0 TO

o3 0P?2I1( 1,L+1) = ITYPE( I)

54 0PI!N1(2,L+1)=AZW( I)

53 0P:5?1(3,L+1)=U( 1) 56 0PriNl(4,L+l)=A( I)

57 14 BO 20 J=l,24

+ 2 # ^ OF TRANSPARENT SURFACES

B-1
53 TVL3( J)=0.

o'> OPriNK J,N+7)=0.

<0-0 SLI(NS-!-l,J)=0.

6 1 J4=Jr4

62 OPriNK J4,L)=QIGAI!T( I, J)«A( I)

60 IF( ITYPEC I) .NE.3)G0 TO 15

64 0P!IN1( J4,L+1)=-QGLAS( I, J)#A( I)

65 IF( J.EQ.24)L=L+1

66 15 IF( I.GT. DGO TO 20

67 OPrm 1 ( J4 , N+ 1 ) = -QL I TE( J

)

63 OP-'IN 1 ( J4 , R+2 ) = -QEOUP (

J

) 60 OPHNK J4,N+G)=-OOGPS( J)

70 OPIINK J4,N+4)=QPE0PL( J)

71 OPflW 1 ( J4 , N+5 ) = A I RLK( J ) 72 OPIIH 1 ( J4 , IT+6 ) = A I RLAT( J ) 73 OPI'IHK J4,N-r7)=0.

74 OPHN 1 ( J4 , K+8) =QPEOPL( J) +AIRLATC J)

73 20 COUTINUE

•y."

i rTG=N+8

77 H5=N+5

73 DO 30 1=1, N0

70 DO 30 J=5,28

SO iF(OPrEIl( 1, 1) .EQ.3. .ADD.OPMNK J, I) .GT.O. ) WLD( J-4)

3i :i«G.4:0PI!Nl( J, I)/4.

S2 IF( I.EQ. (N+4) .OR. I.GT.TJ5)GO TO SO

83 CPriNK J,N+7)=0PMN1( J,N+7)+OPMNl( J, I) O 4 W V 30 coriTinuz

3<> 1292 FGPJIAT(2X, 13F10.4)

35 IFlUC.CT.G.0)OPMNl(3, 1)=UC @ CHECK IF HOUSE HAS

S7 r;i=s

S3 C THE FOLLOWING DO-LOOPS CHOOSE TEE CORRECT TITLES

30 DO 40 1=1, NS

00 IF( I.GT-N)GO TO 39

01 M( 1 , I)=0PMn(2, D/90.+2.

92 I!(2, I)=OPI‘nn( 1, I) 03 ri(3, I)=0PMN1( 1, I) 94 IF(K(3, I) .LT.2.0R.M(3, I) .EQ.5)M( 1, I) =3

<05 GO TO 40

96 39 N1=N1+1

9? ?!( 1, I) = N1

93 IK 2, I)=N1

99 IK3,I)=N1

100 40 CONTINUE

101 BO 59 1=1,3

102 IWC=0

103 risvG=0

104 .JY=0

103 DO 59 J=1,N8

106 JY=JY4l

10? IF( ITYPE( JY) .E0.2) IWC=I¥C+1

103 IF( ITY?E( JY) .EQ.3)M¥C=IH7C+1

109 IF( ITYP£( JY) .EQ.3.AriD.?I0D(ri¥C,2) . NE. 0) JY= JY1

1 10 TrrLZG(2,2) = ’ INSUL ’

1 1

1

TITLES! 2,3) = ’CD/CV ’

1 12 IF(r:OD( IWC.2) .EQ.O) TITLES! 2,2) = ’STUD ’

1 13 IF!H0D!?D/C,2) . EO. 0) TITLES! 2, 3) = ’ SOLAR ’

1 l-j 59 IT! I,J) = IZ! I,ri! I,J))

1 13 3 F0rjL^T!31 10.A6)

ATTIC

FOR COLUMN HEADIITGS

B-2
116 NQ=I’I8

117 DO 92 IC=1,3

113 IV1= 13

1 1

-> IF( IC.E2.2) IV1=13

120 L= 1-IVl

12.1 K13=0

122 LP= IC-2

123 DO 50 IV= IV1.39, !V1

124 L=L+IVt

25 KI = ?IIKO( IV, KQ)

126 i:C= 10

127 IF( IC.Ea.2)MC=? • 123 J10=(KI-K13)*MC

129 Ki3= IV

133 IF(LP) 41 ,42,43

131 41 inaiTE(47,4 ) 132 l/RiTE( 47,722) JTITLE, IDATE

IGG 722 FC?JDIT( 1X,21A6)

134 V/RiTE(47, 174)

133 174 FCKHAT(2GX’ INSIDE SURFACE FLUXES, INTERRAL 3 AIR INFILTRATION LOADS

136

137 c DO-LOOP 60 PRINTS ITYPE, AZMITH, U-VALUE, AND AREA FOR THE APPROPRIATE COLUMNS

133 BO 60 J= 1 ,4

139 60 URITE(47, 1292) (OPMNK J.K) ,K=L,KI)

i40 17RITE(47,71) f HYPH( J) , J= 1, JIO)

14

1

71 F0RILAT(2X, 130A1)

142 72 FCRiIAT(2X, 13011)

I-IG C BO-LCOP 70 PRINTS SURFACE DESCRIPTION

144 DO 70 J=l,3

145 70 URITE(47,4O0) ( IT( J,IO ,K=L,KI)

145 T.TiITE(47.71) (HYPIK J) ,J=1,J10)

147 400 FORTLATl 6X, A6 , 12A10)

143 DO 80 J=5,29

149 JH=J-4

loO IF(J.LT.29)G0 TO 79

151 c THE FOLLOWING IVRITES PRINT THE VARIOUS SUBTOTALS FOR FLUX TABLE

152 1/RITE( 47 . 72) ( H\TnnO , K= 1 , J 10)

130 WP.ITEC47, 1 ) (OPMNK 29, ID ,K=L,KI)

134 WRITE(47,792)(TH(K) ,K=L,KI)

135 WRITE! 47, 7792) (SnnO ,K=L,KI)

loo irRITE(47,7793) (SC(K) ,K=L,KI)

157 WTJTE( 47 , 793) ( TC( ID , K=L, KI ) 153 l/RITE( 47,7790) (TCA( ID ,K=L,KI)

159 WR:'IE( 47 , 779 1 ) ( TC3( ID , K= L , KI ) 160 IF( IXZ.LT,2)G0 TO 541

161 BO 297 K=L,KI

162 TT: id =TT( K) +OPTIN 1 ( 29 , ID 160 T!IIi( ID = Tmi( ID +TH( ID 164 297 TGG( lO =TCG( K) +TC( K)

165 iF( IXZ.LT.5)G0 TO 541

166 (.RITE! 47, 998)

167 WRITE! 47 , 1 ) ! TT! K) , K= L , KI ) 163 WRITE! 47, 792) (THE! K) ,K=L,KI)

169 WRITE! 47, 793) !TCC! ID ,K-L,KI)

170 541 CONTINUE

171 998 FCEILAT! inO)

172 792 FORMAT! 2H H, 1OF10.1)

170 793 F0R?IAT!2H C. 13F10. 1)

B-3
7790 F0R?IA7< 4H TC+,F8. 1, 12F10. 1)

7791 FORMAT! 4H TC-.FS. 1. 12F10. 1)

7792 FCRJiAT! 4E NL+ , F8 . 1 , 12F 10 . 1

)

7793 FCRILAT! 4H NL- , F8 . 1 , 1 2F 1 0 . 1

)

GO TO 39

79 L0=0PKN1( J,NQ-1)

I RFL6= OPIIN 1 ( . I , N+5 ) S! ( - 1 2 . 0) +lvLD( J-4

)

IF(LD.LT.O.O. AND. INFL6.lt. LD) GO TO 356

GO TO 5.35 556 LD=0.0

OP?iN 1 ( J , N+5 ) =OPMN 1 ( J , N+5) -OPMN 1 ( J , NQr 1 ) +WLD( JH)

GPrS^ 1 ( J . N+6 ) = -OPMN 1 ( J , N+4 ) OPrlNK J,N+8)=0.0

OPTLNK J,Na-l)=0.0

BO 557 MM=1,N

IF(0PIIN1( 1,IIN) .NE.3. )G0 TO 557

!?•: 0?HN 1 ( J , MtD . GT. 0 . ) OPMNK J . MID =0PMN1( J , MM) /4.

557 CONTINUE

535 BO 31 I = L,KI

0Pfi:Tl(29, I)=0PriNl(29, I)+0PMN1(J, I)

31 CCNTINUS

NTaTE(<.7,2 ) JH, (OPMNK J,K) ,K=L,KI)

IF(ABS(LD) .LT. 10.0)G0 TO 379

BO G89 K=L,KI

IF(LD.LT.O.O)GO TO 671

Tn( lO = TIK IC +OPMN 1 ( J , lO

GO TO 330

671 IF(BB( JH) .GE.DBK JH))TCA(K)=TCA(K)+0PMN1(J,ID ® SUMMING COOLING HOURS 1^HEN AMBIENT

IF(DB( JH) .LT.DBK JH) )TCB(K)=TCB(K)+0PMN1( J.K) @ TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE OR BELOW SPACZ

TC(K)=TC(K)+OPI'En( J,K) 3 TEMPERATURE

3S0 CONTINUIi

GO TO SO

379 BO 381 K=L,KI

IF(OPflNl( J,IO .LE.O.)GO TO 373

SH< lO = SH( K) +OPMN 1 v J , 10

GO TO 3S1

373 SC(K)=SC(K)+0PHN1( J,K)

331 CONTINUE

80 CONTINUE

GO TO 50

1 F051I1AT( 2H T, ISF 10 . 1

)

2 FOPJ'IAT! 13 , F9 . 1 , 12F 10 . 1

)

3 FC:-JIAT(/)

4 FOJi'LAT( IHl)

42 BO 100 I=1,N3

SLK i,25) = 0.

BO 100 J=l,24

TK I,J)=T1( I,J)+75. @ SETTING SURFACE TEMPS BACK TO CORRECT VALUE

SLK I, J) = (DBI( J)-TI( I, J) );.’:H24( I, J):SA( I) ® CALCULATING SURFACE LOADS

SLK I,25)=SLI( I,23)+SLI( I,J)

SLKNS+1 . J)=SLI(NS+1, J)+SLK I, J)

100 T0( I,J)=TO( I, J)+73.

NTKTE(6,201) (TOC 14, J) ,J=1, IS)

BO no (=1.0

JJ=G

DO no J=1,N

IF(J.LT.2)G0 TO 109

IF( IT(3, J) .EO.TITLES(3,3) .AND. IT(3,J-1) .EQ.TITL2S(3,3))G0 TO 110

B-4
232

2G-3 109 JJ=JJ+1ITT( I,JJ) = IT( I,J)

234

235

no CONTINUE

1VRITE(47, 171)

236 171 FORHAT( 1H1,40X’ INSIDE SURFACE TEKPERATDBES ’

)

23?

233

c TIE FOLLOWING DO-LOOPS PRINT THE INSIDE AND OUTSIDE

DO 115 J=l,3

2C?

240

241

115 I/RITE(47,5O0)( TTTCJ.K) ,K=L,KI)

miTE(47,71) (HYPH( J) ,J=1,J10)

DO 121 J= 1,24

242

243

121 IVR!TE(47,201) J,(TI( I, J) , I = L,KI)

WiITE(47, 172)

245

172 FORMAT! 40X’ OUTS IDE SURFACE TEMPERATURES’)

BO 116 J=l,3

244

247

243

116 I.'IIITE(47,500)( ITT(J,K) ,!C=L,KI)

WJ.TE( 47 , 7 1 ) ( mTH( J) , J= 1 , J 10)

DO 122 J=l,24

249

250

122 1VRITE(47,201) J,(TO( I,J) , I=L,KI)

GO TO 50

231

232

253

43 WtITE(47,4)

WRITE! 47, 722) JTITLE, IDATE

imiTE!47, 173)

254

255

236

173 FORMAT! 40X’ SURFACE LOADS ’

)

ITT! 1 , NS+ 1

) =

’ HOURLY’

ITT! 3 , NS+ 1 ) = ’ TOTALS * 257

253

259

C THE FOLLOWING DO-LOOPS PRINT THE SURFACE LOADS

DO 135 J=l,3

SLi!NQ,25)=0.

260

261

262

263

135 1VRITE!47,400)! ITT!J,K) ,K=L,KI)

IVRITE! 47,71) !HYPn!J) ,J=1,J10)

DO 136 J=l,24

SL ! ! riQ, 25 ) = SL I ! NQ, 25 ) +SL I ! NO, J)

264

265

266

136 WRITE!47,2) J,!SLI! I, J) , 1=L,KI)

WRITE! 47,71 ) !HY?H!J) , J= 1, JIO)

IvRIl'E!47, l)!SLI! 1,25) , I=L,KI)

267 30 IF! IV.GE.NQ)GO TO 90

263

269

90 Na=NS

IFv iC.EQ.2)NG=NS+l

270 92 CONTINUE

271 201 F0RIL4T! 10, 1SF7.2)

27C

273

27-'*

500 FORIIAT! 3X, 18A7)

RETURN

END

B-5
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ct3 57

APPENDIX C. LISTING OF NBSLD PROGRAM WITH MODIFICATIONS FOR NBSLD-XO

(PRTOUT) SUBROUTINE INTERFACE

Cc

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NBSLD

NBSLD IS A RESEARCH PP.OGRAM OF NBS FOR THE PURPOSE OF

STUDYIiTG HEATING AND COOLING LOAD AND ROOM TEMPERATURE

OF BUILDING UNDER ACTUAL IVEATHER CONDITION

A( I) AREA OF SURFACE I, FT2

ABSF(I) SOLAR HEAT ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT FOR SURFACE I. THIS DATA REQUIRED FOR OPAQUE SURFACES ONLY.

AENDW AREA OF THE ATTIC END WALL, FT2

AG GROUND HEAT TRANSFER APiEA, FT2 (MAY=0.)

AIRCnC NO. OF ATTIC AIR CHANGES PER HR, DAYTIME

AIRNT ATTIC NIGHT TIME AIR CHANGE MULTIPLIER

ARCHGS NO. OF AIR CHAI^GES PER HR IN SUMMER

ARCHGW NO. OF AIR CHANGES PER HR IN WINTER

ATGACG NO. OF ATTIC AIR CHARGES PER HR (DAY OR NIGHT)

AVZHTG A^TIRAGE HOURLY HEAT GAIN ENTIRE BUILDING, 3TU/HR

AZW(I) WALL AZIMUTH ANGLE FOR SUFiFACE I. DEGREES

SOUTH = 0.

WEST = 90.

NORTH = ISO.

EAST = -90.

BLDMAX BUILDING PLAXIMUM SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN, BTU/HR

CFI1L SUIIflER INFILTRATION R-^TE, FT3/MIN.

CFMV VENTILATION PxATE. FT3/MIN.

CFMWT WINTER INFILTRATION, FT3/MIN.

OLDAY DAILY TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR A GRUOP

(NORM OF THEM) OF ROOMS OF 'THE SAI-E CONFIGURATION, BTU

CLDSUM RUNNING TOTAL ENERGY CONSOTIPTION FOR COOLING OF

i\LL THE ROOMS IN A BUILDING OVER A SET THE

PERIOD, B'TU CN CLIHAIINESS NUrfflER

CR(L) RESPONSE FACTOR CODMON RATIO FOR CONSTRUCTION L

DAY DAY OF YEAR

DAYSICP NO. OF DAYS TO BE SKIPPED FROM TEE I7EATHER TAPE

(FROM ITS LAST STARTING POSITION)

DB(J) OUTDOOR DRYBULB TEMPERATURE AT HOUR J, F DBA DAILY AVERAGE OUTSIDE DRYBULB TEl'IPERATURE, F

BBIN DESIGN INDOOR DRYBULB TEMPERATURE, F

BBM DRYBULB lEAN, F

DBI-IAX DESIGN OUTDOOR MAXIMUM DRYBULB TEMPEPlATURE, F

DEIlWr DESIGN WINTER OUTDOOR DRYBULB TEJIPERA’rJFE , F

DENES(J) FP^ICTICN OF RANGE TO USE FOR DESIGN PROFILE

AT HOUR J

DP OUTDOOR DEW POINT, F

BPID INDOOR DEW POINT, F

DP IN DESIGN INDOOR DEW POINT, F DR(L) RESPONSE FACTOR COMMON RATIO FOR CONSTRUCTION L

(S4ME AS €R(D)

DST DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME INDICATOR

ELAPS DAYS ELAPSED SINCE JANUARY 1 G(IV,VI) RADIATION CONFIGURATION FACTORS FOR

RADIATION FROM SURFACE VI TO SURFACE IV

H(I) EXTERIOR SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

FOR SURFACE I, ETU/HR,FT2,F HKD INTERIOR SURFACE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

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79

£0

31

02

S3

34

33

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33

39

90

91

92

93

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100

101

102

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109

1 10

1 1

1 12

1 13

1 14

1 13 n

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COEFFICIEnr, BTU/aR,FT2,F

HIND INDOOR ENTHALPY FOR DESIGN CONDITIONS, BTU/LB

HLDAY DAILY TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HEATING FOR A

GROUP (NORM OF THEM) OF ROOMS OF THE SAME

CONFIGURATION, BTU

HLDSUM RUNNING TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HEATING OF

ALL THE ROOMS IN A BUILDING, BTU

Hour OUTDOOR ENTHALPY FOR DESIGN CONDITIONS, BTU/LB

HR INNER SURFACE RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

( =4 . «!( 535 . JSJRG) *S IGMA)

HT CEILING HEIGHT, FT

IHT( I) HEAT TRANSFER INDEX

=-l FOR GLASS SURFACE

= 0 OPAQUE

= 1 OTHERWISE

IIIAX HOUR OF DAY FOR MAXIMUM COOLING LOAD

INCLUD =0 INCLUDE ROOM IN SUF2MARY

= 1 OTHERWISE

lEF(I) RESPONSE FACTOR INDEX FOR SURFACE I

I ROT DEGREES OF ROTATION

I SKIP = 1 SKIP RESPONSE FACTOR CALCULATION

AND BUILDING DATA INPUT

= 0 OTHERWISE

ITK AND ITHST INDICES FOR ROOM TEMPERATURE COMPUTATION

ITIC=G, ITHST=1 ROOM TEMP PRESCRIBED, EITHER CONSTANT

OR WITH NIGHT TIflE SET-BACK

ITK=1, ITHST=0 ROOM TEMP NOT BEING CONTROLLED. NO A/C.

ITIC=1, ITHST=1 ROOM TEMP FLOAT WITHIN PRESCRIBED UPPER

AND LOlffiR LIMITS. NO A/C T/HEN WITHIN

’fH!'*, LIMITS.

ITIC=0, ITEST=0 EQUIPMENT CAPACITY PRESCRIBED. ROOM TEMP

FLOAT WITHIN PRESCRIBED UPPER AND LOWER

LIMITS, AND WHEN EQUIPMENT CAPACITY IS

EXCEEDED.

ITYPE( I) TYPE OF SURFACE I = 1 ROOF

= 2 EXPOSED WALL

= 3 WINDOW

= 4 DOOR

= 5 GROUND HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE

= 6 INTERNAL MASS, FURNISHINGS, PARTY WALLS,

PARTITION WALLS, AND FLOOR/CEILINGS

= 7 OPEN PASSAGES

= a EXPOSED FLOOR (EXPOSED UNDERSIDE)

LAT LATITUDE, DEGREES

LONG LONGITUDE, DEGREES

LPVH, LEAP YEAR INDICATOR

MONTH NOii'TE OF YEAR

rmCL) NUIIBER OF RESPONSE FACTOR TE.RMS GENERATED BY RESPTK FOR CONSTRUCTION L

SAME AS NR(L)

NAMEBD NAME OF ROOM

NE NXEIBER OF SURFACES IN EAST WALL

NEXP TOTAL NUIIBER OF SURFACES IN ROOM

= 2+NS+irW+NN+NE

NMAX HR OF THE DAY WHEN QLM4X OCCURS

NN NUIIBER OF SURFACES IN NORTH WALL

NCFLR NUMBER OF FLOORS

C-2
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117

113

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121

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129

IGO

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132

133

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136

107

138

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NORM NO. OF ROOMS HAVING THE SAME DATA

NR(L) NUMBER OF RESPONSE FACTOR TERMS CALCULATED BY RESPTX FOR CONSTRUCTION L

NS NUMBER OF SUFJAGES IN SOUTH WALL

NW NUMBER OF SURFACES IN r/EST WALL

PB BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

= 29.921 INCHES OF MERCURY

PI =3.1415...

PV VAPOR PRESSURE, INCHES OF MERCURY

QCU MAKIMUI'I NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS

GDES( I) HEAT GAIN OF SURFACE I AT HOUR I MAX. BTU/HR

ODES INC I, J) HEAT GAIN OF SURFACE I AT HOUR J,

BTU/HR

QEQPO EQUIPMENT MAXIMUM HEAT LOAD, BTU/ER

QEQPX MAXIMUM EQUIPMENT LOAD, WATTS/FT2

QEQUP(J) EQUIPMENT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

QEQUX(J) EQUIPMENT USE SCHEDULE

QGLASC I,J) HEAT GAIN OF GLASS FOR I AT HOUH J,

BTU/HR

QGX(I) HEAT TRANSMISSION OF GLASS FOR SURFACE

I AT HOUR I MAX, BTU/HR

QKI) INSIDE SURFACE HEAT FLUIi OF SURFACE I, BTU/HR, FT2

QISAVE(J,I) INSIDE SURFACE HEAT FLUI£ OF SURFACE

I AT HOUR J, BTU/HR, FT2

OLDS SUM OF LATENT AND SENSIBLE LOAD AT HOUR

J, BTU/HR

GLITE(J) LIGHT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

QLITO ILAXIMOTI LIGHT LOAD, BTU/HR

QLITX(J) LIGHT USE SCHEDULE

QLITY MAXIMUM LIGHTING LOAD, WATTS/FT2

QLMAX ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE MAJC COOLING (OR

HEATING) LOAD OF THE DAY, BTU/HR

QLL(J) LATENT HEAT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

QLS(J) SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

QO*;i) OUTSIDE SUPJACE HEAT FLUX OF SURFACE I, BTU/EHl, FT2

QOCPS(J) OCCUPANT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

QOCUP(J) OCCUPANT SCHEDULE

QPEOPL(J) PEOPLE LATENT LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/ER

QPLX riAX OCCUPANT LATENT LOAD, BTU/HR, PEP^ON

QPSX MAX OCCUPANT SENSIBLE LOAD, BTU/HR, PERSON

CSAVE(H,J) HEAT GAINS AND LOADS AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

M = 1 THE, HR

M = 2 SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN, BTU/HR.

M = 3 LATENT HEAT GAIN, BTU/HR

M = 4 SENSIBLE LOAD, BTU/HR

M = 3 TOTAL LOAD, BTU/HR

GSKYd.J) HE.AT RADIATED TO 3ICY BY SUP.FACE I T

HOUR J, BTU/HR, FT2

QSUMT SUM OF TOTAL HEAT GAINS FOR 24 HOURS,

BTll/HR

QSUN( I, J)

QTL( J)

QWINT

R.ANGE

INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION FOR SURFACE I AT HOUR J, BTU/HR, FT2

LATONT HEAT GAIN FROM INFILTRATION AT

HOUR J, BTU/HR

HEAT LOSS IN WINTER, BTU/HR

DAILY R.ANGE OF OUPBOOR DRYBUL3, F

C-3
174 C REIN DESIGN INDOOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY

173 C RHOUT DESIGN OUTDOOR RELATUTl HUMIDITY

175 C ROOI'INO ROOM NUIIBER

177 C S INFORMATION ARRAY REOUIRED BY SUBROU173 c TINE SUN AND GLASS

179 c SHADE! I) SHADING COEFFICIENT FOR SURFACE I 130 c SIGIIA = 0. 1714E-8

131 c SITELD! J) OVERALL COOLING LOAD AT HOUR J, BTU/HR

132 c SITEQLC J) OVERALL LATENT HEAT GAIN AT HOUR J,

133 G BTU/rni

1 34 c SITEQS! J) OVERALL SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN AT HOUR J,

135 c BTU/HR

136 c SITETH! J) OVERALL TOTAL HEAT GAIN AT HOUR J,

137 c BTU/HR

1S3 c SITMAX OVERALL MAXIIIOTI HEAT GAIN, BTU/HP.

139 c so^mrii OVERALL HEAT GAIN AT HOUR IMAX, BTU/HR

190 c SOXLD TOTAL COOLING LOAD, BTU/HR

191 c SQWINT OVERALL TOTAL HEAT LOSS, BTU/HR

192 c TA ROOM AIR TEMPERATURE, F 193 c TASAVE! J) ROOM AIR TEMPERATURE AT HOUR J, F 194 c TGLLD DAILY RUNNING TOTAL ENERGY CONSUPIPTIOII

195 c FOR COOLING FOR A GROUP ! NORM OF THEf!)

196 c OF ROOMS HAVING im SAME CONFIGURATION,

197 c BTU

193 c TG DESIGN SUMPIER GROUND TEJIPERATURE , F

199 c TGW DESIGN ¥INTER GROUND TEMPERATURE, F

200 c TETLD DAILY RUNNUNG TOTAL ENERGY GONSWIPTION

201 c FOR HEATING FOR A CRUOP ! NORPI OF THEPI)

202 c OF ROOMS HAVING THE SAME GONE IGIHL^iTION,

203 c BTU

204 c TI( J) INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE RELATIVE TO

205 c THE PREFERENCE TEMPERATURE AT HOUR J

206 /n\j TIF(J) INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE AT HOUR J, F

207 c TIFSAV! J, I) INSIDE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF SUR203 c FACE I AT HOTHl J, F 209 G TIPI INDOOR DESIGN PIEAN ! REFERENCE TEPIPERA210 n\j TUflE) , F

211 c TIO INDOOR DESIGN TEMPERATURE, F 212 G T!S( I, J) INSIDE SURFACE TEP3PERATURE RELATIVE TO

213 C THE REFERENCE TEPIPERATURE OF SIHIFACE I 214 G AT HOUR ,J, F 215 C TIX( J) INDOOR DESIGN DRYBULB TEPIPERATURE AT

216 c HOUR J, F

217 G TNE¥( I) UPDATED OUTSIDE SURFACE TEPIPERATURE OF

213 G SURFACE I AT EVERY TIME INCEPIENT, F

219 G TNUSAV! J

,

I) UPDATED OUTSIDE SURFACE TEPIPSRATP,S

220 G OF SURFACE I AT HOUR J, F 22

1

G TOS( I.J) OUTSIDE SURFACE TEPIPEPJiTURE RELATnUL TO

ooo G REFERENCE TEPIPERATURE OF SURFACE I AT

22G C HOUR J, F 224 G TOTHTX TOTAL COOLING LOAD FOR A ROOM, BTU/HR

225 G TOY! J) ARRAY USED FOR TEPIPORARY STORAGE OF

226 C VALUES P/HILE ADVANCING TEPIPERATURE AS

227 G HEGUIRED BY RESPONSE FACTOR PETHCD

223 C TSAVE PLAXmUPI TOTAL COOLING LOAD, BTU/HR

229 c T3ITHT TOTAL OVERALL HEAT GAIN FOR 24 HOURS,

230 G BTU/HR

231 G 'TF TEMPERATURE OF 'vENTILATING AIR, F

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267

263

269

270

27

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O'TT 273

274

275

276

277

273

279

280

, mO a 2S2

225

238

2S7

283

239

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T27I

U( I) UCELNG

UENDW

UC

UGLAS

UT( I) vin

vOiJT

VT( L)

WA

WAZ( I)

IvSID WJPLAX

lvESAVE( J)

WID

WIN

WOUT

IVROT

WT

X(L,N)

XK(N,L)

Y(L,N)

YY^N,L)

Z(L,N)

ZBLDG

zRoon

ZZ(N.L)

TIKE ZONE NUI1BER

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR

SURFACE I OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF

THE CEILING BETI7EEN THE ATTIC AIR AND

TEE ROOn AIR BELOW

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF

THE ATTIC ENDWALL

GROUND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

WINTER GLASS HEAT TILLNSFER COEFFICIENT

U V/\LUE WITHOUT SURFACE RESIST.\NGES

INDOOR AIR SPECIFIC VOLUTE, FT3/LB

OUTDOOR AIR SPECIFIC VOLUTE, FT3/LB

SATE AS UT( I) OUTDOOR AIR HUMIDITY RATIO, LB OF E20

V3\P0R PER LB 07 DRY AIR (= WOUT)

WALL AZITRJrn ANGLE MEASURED CLCCKI^ISE

FROM SOUTH, DEGREES

DESIGN INDOOR TETBULB TETEEP.ATURE, F

DESIGN OUTDOOR VETBULB TEfEERATURE , F

INDOOR lETBULB TEIEERATURE AT HOUR J, F

DESIGN INDOOR HUMIDITY RATIO, LB OF H20

ViV?OR/LB OF DRY AIR

INDOOR HUMIDITY RATIO, LB H20/LB DRY AIR

DESIGN OUTDOOR HUMIDITY RATIO, L3 H20

VAPCR/LB DRY AIR

DEGREES OF ROTATION FOR ROOM

WALL TILT ANGLE (= 90, DEGREES IvnEII 'SENT 1 CAL WALL)

VENTILATION AIR HUMIDITY RATIO, LB H20

VAP0P,/L3 DRY AIR

RESPONSE FACTORS FOR CONSTRUCTION L

TRANSPOSE OF ARRAY X

RESPONSE FACTORS FOR CONSTRUCTION L

TRANSPOSE OF ARRAY Y

RESPONSE FACTORS FOR CONSTRUCTION L

INPUT ARHAY FOR BUILDING MD EIOERNAL DATA

INPUT ARRAY FOR ROOM DATA

TIL^INSPOSE OF ARRAY Z

COMDION /CC/ X( 10, 100) , Y( 10,100) ,Z( 10, 100) , !TY?E(30) , I3T(30) , 2 IRF(30) , ABS?(30) ,U(30) ,H(3G) ,HI(30) ,A(30) ,UT(30) ,TOS(30,48)

,

3 TIS(30,4S) ,G(30,30) ,T0Y(48) ,DB(24) ,QLITX(24,3) ,QEQUX(24,3)

,

4 G9CUP(24,3) ,G0CPS<24) ,QLITE(24) ,QEQU?(24) ,GI(30) ,CR(30) ,NR(30)

,

5 O.GLAS(30,24) , ITHST, UENDW, AZW( 30) ,SEL\DE(30) , PCIDES( 24) , RMDBW( 24) , 6 SHD(30) ,UCELNG

DIMENSION XX( 100, 10) ,YY( 100, 10) ,ZZ( 100, 10) ,TNEW1 100) ,TI(4S)

,

2 XDUM( 100) ,YDUM( 100) ,ZDUM( 100) ,TDUM( 100) ,Q0(30) ,TIF(30) ,TOC(24)

,

3 QSUIK 30 . 24) , GSKY( 30 , 24) , NAHERH( 9) , NAMEBD( 9) , VTi 10) , DR( 10) . MR( 10) , 4 PR(24) ,PS(24) ,I'IDAYS( 12) /3 1 . 28, 31 , 30 , 3 1 , 30 , 3 1 , 31 , 30 , 31 , 30 , 3 1/

DIIIEIT3I0N DPT(24) ,WBT(24) ,PBT(24) , WST(24) ,TC(24) ,NT0C(24) ,nSUN(24) @ NBSLD-XO MOD

DIISNSION SALT(24) , IEDAY( 12) /13,46,74, 105, 135, 166, 196,227,258.288

2,819,349/,CCZ(24)

DIIENSION CALBfi(24) ,CALKH(24) . PGLAS ( 30 , 24 ) ,FSUIU 30,24) ,TATTIC( 100)

2,GLS(24) ,QLL(24) , Z3LDGC 15) , ZR0CM( 12) ,U1«30) , JTITLSC 19) , IDATE12) @ NBSLD-XO MODIF

DIMENSION HEATG(2) ,HEATX(2) ,HEATIS(2) ,HLCG(2) ,HLCX(2) ,HLCIS(2)

DIHENS ION DBPF( 24) / . S7 , . 92 , . 96 , . 99

,
290

291

292

293

294

295

29 5 29T

293

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

3C6

307

30G

309

310

31

1

312

313

314

315

316

31?

3 1 319

320

321

322

323

324

323

325

327

323

329

330

331

332

333

33-^ 335

336

337

333

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

345

347

2 1. CO, .98. .93, .84, .71, .56, .39, .23, . 11, .03,

3 0.0, .03, . 10, .21 , .34, .47, .58, .68, .76, .82/

COraiON /SH3W/ SHAw(30,15)

D HENS ION SHDXC20) ,SHD7(30,24) ,AIRLK(24) ,QS0L(24)

*, Q?EOPL( 24) ,aiGAIN( 30,24) ,UE( 30) ,TEHPS I (30,24) .TEMPSO( 30,24) , @ NBSLD-XO MODIF

:.:H24(30,24) ® NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

DHENSION V( 15) , PLAT( 24) , AIRLAT( 24) ,RALD(24) ,3ASEL(24)

INTEGER DSTX,DSTY,RUNID,RUNTYP,As3HRAE

REAL LAT.LONG.NOFLR

INTEGER YEAR,TAPE2

LOGICAL LL1,LL2,LL3

COn?ION /SOL/ LAT,L0NG,TZN,WAZ,IVT.CN,DSX,LPYR,S(35)

COriMON NSKP

PI=3. 1415927

V/RITE (6, 1790)

NRiTE (6,1800)

ItTlITS (6,1810)

WRITE (6,1829)

WRITE (6, 1270)

CALL DATEII'K I DATE)

READ (5,1460) RUNID.RDNTYP, ASHRAE, IDETAL.METHOD, IDDAY

READ (5,1640) NAIEBD

WHITE (6,1630) N'\?EBD

C RE.-\D 24 HOUR PROFILES FOR LIGHTING, EQUIPMENT AND OCCUPANCY

DO % J=1,J3

IF (J.EQ. 1) imiTE (6,1280)

IF (J.EQ.2) vOlITE (6,1290)

IF (J.EQ.G) WRITE (6,1300)

READ (5,1460) ( QLITX( I , J) , 1= 1 , 24)

IF (J.EQ. 1) WRITE (6,1310)

IF (J.EQ.2) WRITE (6,1320)

IF (J.EQ.3) WRITE (6,1330)

READ (5,1460) ( QEaUX( I , J) , 1= 1 , 24)

IF (J.EQ, 1) WRITE (6,1340)

IF (J.EQ.2) WRITE (6,1350)

IF (J.EQ. 3) WRITE (6,1360)

RE,\D (5, 1460) (QOGUP( I, J) , 1=1,24)

10 CONTINUE

IF (RUNTYP.GT.2) RUNTYP=2

VIRITE (6,1370)

READ (5,1460) RMDBS

WRITE (6,1380)

FiEAD (5,1460) nFIDBW

WRITE (6,1390)

PJS.'U) (5,1 460 ) RMDBWO , RMDBSO , RiH^, RHS

SIGPL4=0. 1714E-3

HR= 4 . .!:0 . 9«S I GHA* ( 530 . 51^*3

)

WRITE (6,1400)

PJSAD (5,1460) NDAY,NSKIP,TAPE2

WRiTE (6, 1410)

READ (5,1460) ZBLDG

DO 1260 IJKLHN=1,10

WRITE (6,1429)

READ (5,1630) NAIERM

C IF TAPE2 IS NOT BLANK B TAPE SHOULD SE ASSIGNED

IF (NATffiPJK 1) .EQ.4H ) STOP

WRITE (6,1430)

C-6
348 READ ( 5 , 1460) IROT, ISKIP, IRCLDD

349 !E( INCLUD.EQ.0)GO TO IS

350 CLBSWI=0.

35 1 HLBSUM=0.

Off <> C IF ISKIP .NE. 0, RESPONSE FACTOR CALCULATION IS SKIPPED

353 c SO NO WALL DATA IS NEEDED

334 15 IF ( ISKIP. NE.O) GO TO 50

355 DO 20 1=1, 10

336 DO 20 J= 1 , 100

357 X( I, J)=0.

358 Y( I,J)=0.

359 20 Z( !, J)=0.

360 IF (RUITID.Ea. 1) GO TO 30

36 i PiEAD (3) X,Y,Z,fIR,DR,VT

362 GO TO 40

363 C TniS RESPONSE FACTOR ROUTINE REQUIRES MANY CONSTRUCTION DATA

364 C PLEASE REFER TO THE INPUT INSTRUCTIONS

365 30 CONTINUE

366 CALL RESFX ( X, Y, Z. XX, YY, ZZ, IIR, DR, VT, 10)

36? \miTE (S) X,Y,Z,riR,DR,VT

363 END FILE 3

369 40 PB=29.921

370 50 IF (IROT. NE.O) GO TO 60

371 l/ROT=G.

372 WRITE (6,1440)

373 READ (5,1460) ZROOM

374 WRITE (6,1450)

375 READ ( 5 , 1460) IW, IL, ISTART, ILEAVE

376 READ (5,1 46© ) TUL , TLL , QCMAX, OHUAX. DBVl'TAX, DBVMIN

377 FE.AD (5,1460) I TEST, I TIC 373 CALL RCOnX (NEXP,NS,NW,NN,NE,HT)

379 ROi)riNO=ZROOM( 1) 330 riONTH=ZSLDG( 1) 331 AG=A( NEXP)

332 NOFLR=

1

o oo GCU=ZRCOM( 4)

33i LAT=ZBLDG( 12)

335 LONG=ZBLDG( 11)

336 TZN=ZBLDG( 13)

337 DAYSKP=NSKIP

333 QLITY=ZR00M(2)

339 QEaPX=ZROOM( 3)

390 CFICV=ZR00M(8)

391 ivb:iax=zblcg(6)

392 FLCG=ZR00M(5)

393 TGS=ZBLBG(C)

394 TGW=ZBLDG(9)

395 LDAY=ZSLDG( 2)

396 YEAR=2O0O

397 DBI/T=ZBLDG(7)

393 DBrLAX=ZPLBG( 4)

399 RHCW=ZBLDG( 15)

4G0 ZLE=ZBLDG( 14)

401 DBIN=RIIDBW( 12)

402 rh:n=khw

403 IF (RUNTYP.EQ.2) CALL PSYl ( DBMAX, WBMAX, PB, DPMA^C, PV, WA, HA, VA

404 UG=ZBLDC( 10)

405 TV=ZROOJI( 7)

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FRAS=ZRG0M(6)

ZN3PJ1=ZR00M( 12)

ARCHGW=ZR00M( 10)

CFIHfr= AG^HT*ARCHGW/60

.

APiCHGM=ZR00M( 11)

CFMI N= AG-:xirr-< ARCHGM/60

.

C0NST= ARCKGW/0 . 695

C THESE AIR CHANGE VALDES ARE FOR THE ATTIC VENTILATION

G ROOM AIR CHANGE VALDES WILL BE DETERMINED AS A FDNCTION OF

C WIND SPEED AND TEMPERATDRE DIFFERENTIAL

60 CONTINDE

WRITE (6, 1510)

IF ( IDETAL.EQ.O) GO TO 70

IVRITE (6, 1550)

WRITE ( 6 , 1560) ROOMNO, HT, AG, NOFLR, QCU, ZROOM( 9) , ZROOMt 10)

WRITE (6, 1740)

70 CONTINUE

S( 1)=LAT

S(2)=L0NG

S(3)=TZN

IF (IDETAL.EQ.O) GO TO 80

WRITE (6,1570)

IVRITE (6,1560) LAT,LONG,TZN,ZNORM

WT.ITE (6,1740)

imiTE (6, 1580)

RHIN=RHS

IVRITE (6,1560) QLITY,QEQPX,CFMV,DBIN,TGW,TV,RHI1I

1/RITE (6, 1740)

WTtITE (6,1600) NEXT, ITK, ITHST

CO CONTINUE

WRITE (6, 1510)

IF (IROT.NE.0) GO TO 90

imiTE (6,1470)

READ (5,1460) UENDW, UCELNG, AENDW, ATCHT, AIRCHG, AIRNT

WRITE (6,1483)

READ (5,1460) lEXTSD, lEXMS , lEXME, NTVNT, NVENT

READ(5.605) JTITLE @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

CF!Err= NTVNT-fsA<;5iiHT/60

.

90 CONTI HUE

IF (IDETAL.EQ.O) GO TO 100

IRITE (6,1740)

IRITE (6,1590)

IR I TE (6,1560) UENDW, UCELNG , AENDW, ATGET

100 CONTINUE

IF (IROT.NE.O) GO TO 210

smi=o.

DO 200 i = 1 , NEXP

K= !RF( I) IF ( Y(K. 1) .GT. 1. .OR.DR(K) .LT.0.01) IRr(I) = 10

NR( I ) = HR( K)

IF( IRF( I) .EQ. 10)NR( I) = l UT< I ) = VT( K)

CR( I ) = DR( K)

IF (NR( !) .EQ.O) NR( I) = l IF (NR( I) .GT.48) NR(I)=48

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ.3) ABS?(I)=0.

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ.5) ABSP(I)=0.

IF ( ITYPE( I) .GE.6) ABSP(I)=0.

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IHT< I)=

1

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ.3) IHT(I)=-1

H( i)=6.0

HI( I) = 1.46-HR

IF ( ITYPE( I) .GE.5) H(I)=0.

IF ( ITY?E( I) .Ea. 1) HI( I) = 1.&30-ER

IF ( ITYFE( I) .EQ.5) HI( I) = 1 .OSO-HR

IF (ITYPE( I) .EQ.7) U(I)=500.

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ.S) H(I) = 1.46

IF ( IRF( I) .NE. 10) U(I)=0.

IF (U( I)) no, 110, 120

no RU=i./irn i) + i./(Hi( D+HR)

IF ( ITYPE( I) .LT.S.OR. ITTYPEI I) .EQ.S) RU=RU+1 ./E( I)

U( I ) = 1 . /RU

120 CONTINUE

IF (X(K,2)) 170,130,170

130 IF (H(D) 140,130,140

140 R=l./U( I)-l./H( I)

GO TO 160

150 R=1./U(I)

160 UT( I) = 1./(R-1./(HI( D+HR))

IF (UT( I) .LE.O.) UT(I)=28.0

IF ( ITYPEI I) .EQ.7) UT(I)=50O.

170 CONTINUE

IF (UCELKG) 190,190,180

10© IF ( ITYPE( I) .NE. 1) GOTO 190

RTA= 1 . /UCELNG- 1 . /( HI( I ) +HR)

UX}i=UT( I) UT< I ) = 1 . /RTA

190 CONTINUE

Ul/( I)=U( I) IF ( ITYPE( I) .GT.4) GO TO 200

SUI1=SU1'I+A( I)>::U( I) 200 CONTINUE

IF(ZLF.EQ.O. )2LF= 1. ZK=SUM/ZLF

FC= 1.-0.02JKZK

210 IF (IROT.EQ.0) GO TO 240

V/ROT= I ROT

DO 220 1=1, NEXT

AZT!K I)=AZW D+imOT

IF (AZTK I) .LT.-180.) AZT/( I ) = AZ¥( I ) +360

.

220 IF ( AZW( I) .GT. 180. ) AZ17( I) =AZW( D-360.

DO 230 I=1,NEXP

DO 23© J=1,NEXP

230 G( I, J)=G( I, J)/HR

240 CONTINUE

IvRITE (6,1689)

DO 250 1=1, NEXT

WITS (6,1650) I, ITYPE( I) , Iirr( I) , IRF( I) ,ABSP( I) ,U( I) ,H( I) ,A( I) ,AZW

2( I) ,SHADE( 1) ,UT( D ,HI( !)

UE(I)=U(I) @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

250 CONTIinJE

IF ( IDETAL.EQ.O) GO TO 280

WRITE (6,1690)

DO 26© I=1,NEXP

260 IHIITE (6, 1560) ( SHAW( I , J) , J= 1 , 15) IF (ASHRAE.EQ. 1) GO TO 300

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579

IvRITE (6,1700) miTE (6, 1710)

DO 270 1=1, NEXT

WITi2(6, 1720) I,(G( I,J) , J=1,NEXP)

270 COKTINXJE

280 DO 290 1=1, NEXT

DO 290 J=1,NEXP

290 G( I, J)=HR:ftG( I, J)

300 TIH=75.

QL i T0= QL I TY*AG*3 . 4 1 3»sN0FLR

Cl£aP0=QEaPX*AG«3 . 4 135SNOFLR

DO 310 I=l,NEXP

Q0( I)=0.

QI( I)=0.

310 COriTINDE

(2RF0=0.

QSFI=0.

C DBfl=TIM= REFERENCE TEMPERATURE

TA=Tin

rio7=o

TCLLD=0.

THTLD=0.

IF (IJKLKN.GT. 1) GO TO 320

329 CONTINUE

NEND= DAYSKP+NDAY

IF (RUNTYP.NE.2) GO TO 340

NEITD=7

BO 330 J=l,24

D3( J ) = ZBLBGC 4) -ZBLDG( 5 ) *DBPF( J)

DPT( J)=CPMAX

UST( J)=0.

PBT(J) =29.921

TC( J)=0.

NTCC( J)=0

330 CONTINUE

340 BO 1250 ND=l,NEND

NSK?=ND-DAYSKP

N=NSKP

IF (RUUTYP.Ea.2) GO TO 380

READ (7) DB, DPT, UBT,UST,PBT,TC, TOC, PR, PS, YEAR, MONTH, LDAY, ICITY

DO 350 IZ1=1,24

NTOC( IZ1)=T0G( IZl)

350 CONTINUE

IF (N.LT. 1) GO TO 1250

INDAY=DAYSiCP+N

IF ( IDETAL.EO.O) CO TO 360

l/RITE (6,1620) N, INDAY, YEAR, MONTH, LDAY

URITE (6,1610) NAIIERM

360 CONTINUE

I2:aY= UKDAY( YEAR, MONTH, LDAY)

CALL nOLDAY ( YEAR, MONTH, LDAY, KDAY, I HOD

CALL DST (YEAR, MONTH, LDAY, DSTX.DSTY)

iD3T=

1

I F ( MONTH . LT . 4 ) I BST=.0

IF (MONTH. GT. 10) IDST=G

IF (K0rTTn.NE.4.OR.M0NTE.NE. 10) GO TO 370

IF ( MONTH. EQ. 4. AND. LDAY. LT.DSTX) IDST=0

IF (MONTH. EO. 10. AND. LDAY.GT.DSTY) IBST=0

C-10
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6G7

370 DSX= IDST

JJ=1

C IF (KDAY.EQ.7.0R.XDAY.EQ. 1) JJ=2

IF (IHOL.EQ. 1) JJ=3

380 IF (RUWTYP.Ea.2) JJ=

1

DO 390 J=l,24

QL I TE( J ) = QL I TO#QL I TX( J , JJ

)

QEQUP ( J ) = QEQPO:ftQEaUX( J , JJ ) 390 CONTINUE

IF (MONTH. Eft. MOT) GO TO 550

TG=TG¥

IF ( MONTH. GT. 5. AND. MONTH.lt. 10) TG=TGS

MOT= MONTH

S( 4) = IEDAY( MONTH)

IF (RUNTYP.EQ.2) S( 4) =ZBLDG< 3)

S(6)=!DST

IF (RUNTYP.EQ.2) S(6)=0.

S(7)=©.2

S(S) = 1.0

S ( “

1

If"( IDETAL.EQ.O) GO TO 400

W.ITE (6,1730)

400 COriTINUE

DO 530 1=1, NEXT

IF ( ITYPE( I) .LT.5) GO TO 420

DO 410 J=l,24

QSUN( I, J)=0.

QGLAS( I, J)=0.

410 QSIOr( I, J)=0.

GO TO 52©

420 WA2=AZWI)

S(9)=WAZ

S( iO)=90.

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ. 1) S(10)=O.

SnDX( 1)=SHAW( I, 1)

SHDX(2)=SHAW( 1,2)

SEDX(3)=SHA¥( 1,3)

SEDX( 4) =SHAW( 1,4)

Sm>X(5)=SHAV( 1,5)

SHDX(6)=SHAW( 1,6)

Sffi)X(7)=SHA¥( 1,7)

SHDX(8)=SEAW( 1,8)

SHDX(9)=SHAW( 1,9)

SIIDX( 10)=SHAW( 1,10)

SnSX( 11)=SHA¥( 1,11)

sm>x( 12) =SHA¥( 1 , 12)

SHDX( 13)=SHA¥( 1,13)

Sm5X( 14) =SnA¥( 1 , 14)

SHDX( 15) =SHA¥( 1 , 15)

430 CONTINUE

DO 510 J=l,24

QSKY( I, J)=0.

TII-E=J

S(3)=TIME

CALL SUN

SALT( J)=S(20)

IF (S(25) .GT.O.) TO 440

QSUN( I,J)=0.

C-11
603 QGLAS( I, J)=0.

6G9 GO TO 510

640 440 0^UN( I, J)=S(25)«ABSP( I)

64

1

HS JN< J)=QSUIT( 1, J)

642 QGLAS( I , J)=0.

643 pni=s(2i);;:Pi/iso.

644 XO=S( 20) ^P 1/130.

643 cosz=siri(XQ)

646 IF (SEDd)) 460,460,450

647 450 SnBF( I , J)=0.

643 GO TO 430

649 • 460 SSDF( I,J) = 1. 630 IF (Sm)}I(l)) 430,430,470

65 1 470 StIDXI l6)=S(9)#PI/iaO.

652 CALL SHADOW ( SEDX, PHI , COSZ, SHDFC I , J)

)

630 430 CONTINUE

654 IF ( ITYPEI I) .NE.3) GO TO 500

655 WSHADE= 1 .

0

656 IF( nONTH. GT. 4 . AND. IIOKTH. LT. 10) l«nADE=0.

5

657 IF ( IE’'rrSD.EG.O) GO TO 490

65 3 IF ( I'lONTH. GE. lEiaS. AND. MONTH. LE. lEXME) , SHDF( I , J) =0.

659 490 CONTINUE

660 CALL GLP.S3 ( SHDF( I , J) , SHADE! I) , 1 ., 1 ., OGLAS( I . J) ) 66 i 500 CONTINUE

662 S34=S(25)-S(26)-S(27)

663 GSUN( I. J)=(S34*SHDF( I , J) +S( 26) +S( 27) ) *A3SP( I) 634 510 CONTINUE

665 320 IF ( IDETAL.NE.O) 1/RITE (6,1660) I 666 IF (IDETAL.NE.O) WRITE (6,1670) ( eSDN( I , J) , J= 1 , 24)

667 IF (IDETAL.NE.O) l/RITE (6,1670) ( QGL;AS( I , J) , J= 1 , 24)

663 530 CONTINUE

669 DO 540 !=1,NEXP

670 DO 340 J= 1 , 24

671 PGLAS( I, J)=QGLAS( I.J)

672 540 PSUN( I , J) =(?J3UN( I , J)

670 550 CONTINUE

674 IF (N.riE. 1) GO TO 640

675 DO 560 J= 1 , 24

676 BO 560 1= 1 .NEXP

677 360 TCS( I, J)=DB(24-J+1)-TIM

673 DO 570 J=25,46

079 DO 570 1=1, NEXP

630 370 TOS( I,J)=TOS( I, J-24)

631 DO 5S0 1=1, NEXP

632 BO 530 J=l,48

633 580 o

II 034 TA=TIM

635 DO 590 J=l,43

633 TTv’EW( J)=0.

637 590 TATTIC( J)=0.

633 IF (ASHRAE) 640,640,60©

639 600 BO 620 1= 1 , NEXP

690 DO 610 J=l,24

691 619 TIS( I, J)=RID3S(24-J+I)-TIM

692 DO 620 J=25,4C

690 620 TIS( I, J)=TIS( I, J-24)

694 BO 630 11=1,2

695 BEATG( I I) =0.

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73 i 752

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HEATX( II)=0.

EEATIS( II)=0.

HLCG( 111=0

HLCX( II)=0.

630 HLGIS(II)=0.

640 CONTiriXJE

C END OF INITIALIZATION

C TIKE CALCULATION BEGINS HERE

DO 1150 NK=1,24

LL 1 = NK. GE . I START. AND . NK. LE . I LEAVE

LL2=KK. LT. ISTART. OR. NK. GT. ILEAVE

LLG=inT:NT.NE.0.AND.DB(l«D . LT. TV. AND. QL. LT. 10.

IF (ITIC.NE.O) GO TO 650

IF (ITHST.NE.l) GO TO 650

GALL TEI'IPSH ( MONTH, JJ , NK, RKDBS , RKDBW, RMDBWO , BMDBSO , TA)

650 CONTINUE

IF (RUNTYP.NS.2) GO TO 660

F0T=4.

AC:iG=ZROG*M( 9)

CH= 1

.

UST( NK)=7.5

GO TO 670

660 USTX=WST(KID

CALL FC (USTX,3,F0C,F0T,0)

C AIR CHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF WIND SPEED

C COBLENZ AND ACHENBACH 1963 ASHPtAE TRANSACTION

WSTZ= WST( NK) « 1 . 1 5

1

ACH= 0.15+0.01 3:tcWSTZ+0 . 005#ABS( DB( NK) -TA)

ACHG=ACH#CONST

CH=CCM( SALT( NK) , NTOC( NIO , TC( NIO ) 670 CFKL= A( 1 ) #ACHG#HT/60 . +CFMI

N

CCZ( NIO =CII CF?ILX=CFHL

IF (LLl) GO TO 680

CFMV=0.

GO TO 690

68© IF (JJ.GT. 1) CFMV=0.

690 CONTINUE

DO 720 I=1,NEXP

NFiR=NR( I) QSUN( I , NK) = PSUN( I , NK) #CM

OGLAS( I . NK) =PGLAS( I ,NK) #CM#¥SHADE

QSICY( I,NK)=0.

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EQ. 1) OSICVC I,NK)=2.#( lO.-TC(NK))

IF (NRR.LT.2) GO TO 720

BO 700 NTT=2,NRil

700 TOY( NTT) = TOS ( I , NTT- 1

)

DO 710 HTT=2,NrJl

7 1 0 TOS ( I , NTT) = TOY( NTT)

720 CONTINUE

BO 800 I=1,NEXP

IUIR=NR( I) IF ( ASHRAE.GT.O) TIS( 1 , 1 ) =TA-TIII

K= IRF( I) BO 730 J=1,NRR

XDUI'K J)=X(K, J)

YDUTK J)=Y(K, J)

ZDUIK J)=Z(K, J)

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753

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4 ft 75;j

7o^

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1

TDUH( J)=70S( I, J) IF ( ITYFE( I) .EQ.6.0R. ITYPE( I) .Ea.7) TDUM( J) =TIS( I , J)

IF ( ITYPE( I) .EG.5) TDUTK J) =TG-TIM

TI( J)=TIS( I, J)

730 CONTINUE

UTi=U( I) IF (mi)) 750,750,740

740 E(I)=FOT

RX=1./UT( I) + 1./(HI( D+HR)

RXX=nXi-l./H( I) U(I) = 1./RXX

UX= 1 . /R-X

750 CONTINUE

IF ( ITYPE( I) .Ea. l.AND.UENDW.NE.O.) GO TO 760

, GO TO 780

760' ATCACG= A I RCHG^A IRHT

IF (LLl) ATCACG=AIRCHG

CALL ATTIC( JIDUM, YDUM, ZDUM, CR( I ) , KRR, UXX, H( I ) , DB( NK) , QSUN( I , RIO , QSK

2Y( I,rnO ,TI)UII,TATTIC,TNEVO.TA,TIM,QRFO,QRFI,QO( I) ,QI( I) ,UERD¥,UCELN

3G,AENDV,A( I) , ATCHT, ATCACG)

TE:IPS0( 1 , NIC) =TATTIC( 1)

DO 770 J=l,NFJl

TI(EW( J)=TDUTI( J)

770 TCS( 1 , J)=TATTIC( J)

GO TO 800

730 CONTINUE

IF (RUNTYP.Ea.2) ITEJIP=0

CALL OUTSID ( XDUM, YDUII, ZDUM, CR( I) , UX, H( I) . DB( RK) , TIM, Q0( I) , OK I) ,

Q

2SUN( I , NX) , QSXY( I , NX) , TDUM, TI , TTIEWO, TA, NRR)

DO 790 J=1,NRR

790 T0S( I, J)=TDUH( J)

300 CONTINUE

G.0CFS ( NK) = OOCUP( lUC, JJ ) ^« 1 0 . ( ! 00 . -TA) sfsQCU <?.GCPL= 10 . TA-60 . ) waocupc NK, JJ) ««acu

IF (TA-100.) 820,810,810

810 QCCPS(NK)=0.

GCCPL=4O0 . *aOGUP( NK, JJ) :(sQCU

GO TO 840

320 IF (TA-65.) 830,840,840

330 <iCCPS( NfO =350 . ;!:GOCUP( NK, JJ) j;:QCU

Q0C?L=50 . *COCUP( NK, JJ)

340 DO 870 I=1,NEXP

NRR=NR( I) IF (NRR.LT.2) GO TO 870

DO 850 NTT=2,NRR

350 TOY( NTT) =TIS( I , NTT- 1

)

DO 860 NTT=2,NRR

860 T!S( I , NTT) =TOY( NTT)

370 CONTINUE

IF (ASIIRAE) 900,900,880

880 QSUKG=0.

QSUnX=0,

DO 890 I=1,NEXP

IF ( ITY?E( I) .LE.3.0R. ITYPE( I) .EQ.8) QSUMX=QSUMX-ai( I) #A( I) IF ( ITYPE( I ) . EQ. 3) QSUMG=QSUMG+GGLAS( I , NIO *A( I) 890 CONTINUE

HEATGC 1)=HEATG(2)

HEATG(2) =QSUWG

C-14
312 nEATX( 1)=HEATX(2)

813 HEAT?« 2) =QSUTIX+Q0CPS( NK) +QEQUP( NX)

814 HEATIS( D=nEATIS(2)

315 NiaC=NK-l

816 IF (NKK.EQ.O) NKIC=24

817 H2ATIS( 2) =GLITE( NKIO

818 HLCCC 1)=HLCG(2)

319 ULCX( 1)=HLCX(2)

820 EL3IS( 1)=HLCIS(2)

321 ISC= 1 822 CALL RHKT ( HEATG, BLCG.HEATX, HLCX, HEATIS, HLCIS, !W, IL, FC, ISC)

823 QL= 1ILCG( 2) +nLCX( 2) +HLC IS( 2) + 1 . 08*CFI1Lj:j( DB( NK) -TA)

824 aGAIN=EEATG( 2) +HEA3’X( 2) +HEATIS( 2)

823 QL=-(1L

828 GO TO 965

827 900 CONTINUE

823 DO 960 I=l,NE)a>

829 HK I) =0.542

830 nn:sT=Tis( i, i)

331 IF ( I.NE. 1) GO TO 930

832 IF (HTEST) 910,910,920

833 910 ni( 1)=0.712

334 GO TO 960

835 920 ni( 1 )= 0. 162

835 GO TO 960

83? 930 IF (I.NE.NEXP) GO TO 960

833 IF (HTEST) 940,940,950

839 940 HI(NEXP)=0. 162

S40 GO TO 960

84 i 950 HI(NEX?)=0.712

842 960 E24( I,NK)=HI( I) @ NESLD-XO MODIFICATION

843 965 CONTINUE

844 IF (NTVNT.EQ.O) GO TO 1010

845 IF (D3(NIO .LT.DBVMIN.OR.DB(NIO .GT.DBVILAX ) GO TO 1010

845 970 IF (TA-DB(NK)) 1010,1010,980

847 980 IF ( JJ.GT. 1) GO TO 99©

848 IF (LLl) GO TO 10 iO

849 990 IF (CL+10) 1000,1010,1010

850 1000 CFEL= CFJILX+CFMNT

851 1010 CONTINUE

852 V(3)=G.

853 V(2)=CFI‘IL

834 V( 1)=D3(NK)

833 IF(LL2 .OR. .NOT. LL3. OR. JJ.GT. 1) GO TO 1011

336 V(3) =CFriV

S3V 1011 CONTINUE

CFIILNC=CFriL+V ( 3)

85) !F( ASHRAE.GT.O. )G0 TO 1040

850 V(4)=FRAS

85 I V(-5)=FLCG

£62 V(6)=TIM

853 V(7)=GCI'IAX

834 V(3)=0HIIAX

OOo IF (JJ.GT. 1) GO TO 1020

C66 IF (LL2) GO TO 1020

857 V(9)=TUL

863 V( 10)=TLL

869 GO TO 1030

C-15
370

871

872

373

ST4

375

376

877

873

379

8S'0 881

232

803

384

SS3

336

88?

833

839

890

891

392

393

894

£95

396

397

893

399

900

901

902

903

904. 905

906

907

903

909

9 L j

9 1

1

912

913

914

915

916

917

913

919

920

921

922

923

924

925

926

927

1020 V(9)=RMDBS0

V( 10)=Rin)BW0

1030 CONTINUE

V( il)=TA

V( 12)=FRAS

V( 13) =HR

V( !4)=HETH0D

CALL RMTmC ( V, TIE, QL,TA, NEXT, RK, ITK)

DO 1031 I=1,NEXP

1031 QIGAINl I,NK)=QI( I) <3 NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

IFILLI .AND.LL3 . AND. QL.GT. 0. . ARD.DB( NK) . GT. 60. ) QL=0.

1040 CALL PSY2 ( DB( NK) , DPT( NK) , PBT( NIO , imT( NK) , PVO, WA. HA, VA, RHA)

IF( ABS(QL) .LT. 10. )QL=0.

PLAT( NK) =-G0CPL*ZN0RM

lfV=WA

Q0CPL=€‘0CPL/ 1060

.

1080 WIN= ( 4 . 5:::GFMLNC5»:WA+aOC?L) /4 . 5/CFMLNC

PVI = PB*WIN/( 0.622+WIN)

aniN= 100.«PV1/PVSF(TA)

IFIRHIN.GT. lO0)RHiN=lOO.

IF(QL.EQ.O. )GO TO 1086

!F(QL.GT.O. )G0 TO 1085

I F ( PBI N . GT. RES ) RHI N= ims

1085 IF(GL.LT.O. )G0 TO 10C6

T F ( RE 1 N . LT . P.HI/) RH IN= RHI/

1086 CONTINUE

CALDB( NK) =TA

CALPiHl NIO=RHIN

CALL DBRE ( TA, REIN, WIN)

AIRLATl NIO =4 . 5*CF?ILNC«( WIN-WA) * 1060 . «ZN0RM

RALD( NK) =QLITE( NK) :;:FLCG.'!!ZNORM BASEL! NK) = ( QL I TE( NIO +QEQUP( NIO ) *ZNORM

AIRLK( NK) = 1 . 08s:CFriLNC>'( TA-D3( NIO ) sUZNORM

GS0L( NK) =?SDN( 1 , NIO

QLATNT= ( 4 . 5*GFMLNC»( WIN-WA) -QOCPL) 1060

.

QPEOPL! NK) =-OOC?L* 1060

IF((QL.GT.O. .AND. REIN. GT.RHIO .OR. (QL.LT.O. . AND. RHIN. LT. RES)

)

1QLATNT=0.

IF (RUNTYP.EQ.2) GO TO 1100

IF ( ASFiRAE.EQ.O) GO TO 1100

CALL ADJUST < QL, QLATNT, MONTH. NK, JJ)

1 100 CONTINUE

C

QLS( NK) =QL»ZNORM

QLL( NIO =QLATNT:.':ZNORM

IF (ABS(QLS(NK))-1.) 1110,1110,1120

1110 QLL(NK)=0.

1 120 CONTINUE

IF (UENDW) 1141,1141,1130

1130 HPiIl=NR(l)

CD 1140 J=1,I'TRR

1 140 TC3( 1 , J) =TNEW( J)

1141 DO U42 J=1,NEXP Q NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

TEMPS I ( J , NIO =TIS( J , 1 ) @ NSSLD-XO MODIFICATION

IFi. J.EQ. DGO TO 1142 @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

TEIIPSO! J , NK) =TCS( J , 1 ) @ NBSLD-XO MOD IF ICATION

1142 CCiNTINUE @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

1150 CONTINUE

C-16
! 928

929 9G0

9S1 932

933

934

933

936

937 933

939 556

940

941 555

942

943 1 160

1 944

943

946 1170

947 943

1 949

953

951 1180

^ 952

950 1 190

954 1200

953

956

i 957

' 958

959 960

961

9'32 1210

963

964

965- 966

967 963

969 970

971

i 972 1207

' 973

974

9?3

975

1 977 1203

i 973

! 979

i 980

1 981

1 982 983 1209

I 984

1 |933

IF ( (RUKTYP.EQ.2.0R. IDDAY.EQ. 1) .AHD.ND.LT.7) GO TO 1250 a ITBSLO-XO MODIFICATION

QLrL4X=ASS(Ca.t5( D)

NMAX= 1 TSUH=0.

QLSSU1'I=0.

CLDAY=0.

HLDAY=0.

DO 1200 NK=1,24

INFL6=AIRLK(NK)«(-12.0) ® NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

IF(QLS(NK) .LT. 0.0. AND. INFL6.lt. QLS(NK) ) CO TO 356 ® NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

GO TO 555 a NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

QL3(NK)=0.0 a NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

QLL(NK)=0.0 a NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

CONTINUE a NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

IF (QLriAX-A3S(QLS(NIO)) 1160,1170,1170

QLrU\X= /iES( GLS( NK) ) NPL\X=NK

GO TO 1170

COIITINUE

TSUII=TSUM+DB( NK)

QLDSUn= GLBSirK+QLS( NK) +QLL( NK)

QLDS=QLS( NIO +GLL( NK)

IF (OLDS) 1180,1130,1190

CLDAY= CLDAY+QLDS

GO TO 1200

HLDAY= HLDAY+QLBS

CONTINUE

TCLLD= TCLLD+CLDAY

THTLD= THTLD+HLDAY

D3A=TSUM/24.

QLMj\X= 0LS( NMAX) +QLL( NMi\X) IF (RUNTYP.E0.2) N=

IF (N.GT. 1) GO TO 1210

imiTE (6,1520) NAJIEIIH, MONTH

CONTINUE

NRI TE (6,1530) MONTH. LDAY, NMAX, QLMAX, CLDAY, HLDAY, DBA

I F(MOD( YEAR, 4) . EG. 0) MDAYS( 2) =29

TirrnH= tmthh+ulday

TMmC=tmthc+clday

IFU;iLI’L\X.LT. YMAXfl)GO TO 1207

YILAXH=0LPL4Ii

NMAJ[H=NMAX

LDAYH=LDAY

LI2!= MONTH

iF(QLI'L4X.GT.YJIA)IC)G0 TO 1208

iT!AXC=QLI'mX

NMA)IC=NMAX

LDAYC=LDAY

LMG= MONTH

IF ( LDAY. NE. MDAYS( MONTH) )

O TO 1209

WIITE( 6 , 127 1 ) TMTHC , TMTEH

TT-'iTi:C=0. TMTEH=0.

IF(ND.EO..NEND)GO TO 1209

UR1TE(6, 1272)

CONTINUE

IF (ND.EG.NSND) WRITE (6,1510)

IF (RUNTYP.NE.2. AND. IDDAY.EQ.0) GO TO 1230 ® NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

C-17
936

98?

9S3

989

990

991

992

993

994

99o 996

997

993

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

100 ? 1008

1009

10 iO

1011

1012

1013

1014

1013

1013

1017

1013

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1025

1027

1023

1029

1030

1031

1032

lOSG

1034

1035

1036

1037

1033

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

606

1230

IF (NB.KE.HErTD) miTE (6,1510)

IvRITE ( 6 , 1540) YEAR, riOimi, LDAY

1/RITE(47, 1830) @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

WRm:(47,606) JTITLE, IDATE ® NBSLD-MODIFICATION

IF (RTJNTYP.EQ.2) GALL WINTER ( A, UILITYPE, NEXT , CFMIvT, DBIN, DBWT, UG, T

2GW, REW, REOW, UENDW, UCELNG, AENDW, ATCHT, AIRCHG)

FGFvJL4T( 1X,21A6)

WilTE (6,1490)

WRITE (47,1491) @ NSSLD-XO MODIFICATION

BO l'^20 J~ 1 WRITE (6,1500) J,DB( J) ,V/BT( J) ,CALDB( J) ,C,\LRH( J) ,GLS( J) ,QLL( J)

1220 l/RITE(47, 1501) J , WST( J) , CCZ( J) , ESUIK J) , DB( J) , WT3T( J) , CALDB( J) , CALBH @ NBSLD-XO MOD IF *( J) ,QLS( J) ,QLL( J) @ NESLD-XO MODIFICATION

WRITE (6, 1510)

^miTE (47,1510) @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

COTTTINTJE

IF ( IDETAL.EO.O) GO TO 1240

VRITE (6,1750) DBA,QLDSUI1

WRITE (6,1760) CLDAY,HLDAY

WRI TE ( 47 , 1 7c0 ) CLDAY, HLDAY

WRITE (6,1770) N , TCLLD , N , THTLD

CONTINUE

IF (TAPE2.EQ.0) GO TO 1250

IRFFE ( TAPE2) NAIERH, MONTH, LDAY, DB , DPT, IVBT, IvST, PBT, TC , NTOC , CALDB , C

2ALRH , QLS , QLL , DBA , CLDAY, HLDAY, TCLLD , THTLD , QL I TE , GEOUP , QSOL , QOCPS , AI

3RLIC

WRITE (10) OLS,PLAT, AIRLAT,DB,DPT,GALDB,RALD,BA3EL

CONTINUE

CLi:SUM= CLDSUM+TCLLD

nLTSUM= HI.DSUTI+THTLD

WRITE! 6 . 1273) YFL4XG , LHC , LDAYC , NMAXG , YMAXH, LIIH, LDAYH, NIIAXH WRITE( 47 , 1273) YMAXC , LMC , LDAYC , NMAXG , YMAI23, LMH, LDAYH, NMAXH @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

WRITE (47,1760) CLDAY, HLDAY @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

WRITE (6, 1780) I JKLMN, CLDSUM, UKLIEI, HLDSUFI

I/RITE (47, 17B0) IJKLMN, CLDSUM, UKLIXI , ELBSUM ® NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

IF(RUNTYP.Ea.2.0R. IDDAY.EO. 1) @ KBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

*Ci\LL PRTOUT( ITYPE,AZW,UE, A,(2LITE,(iEQUP,QOCFS,OPEOPL,AIRLI<:, @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

‘JsAIRLAT, aiGAIN,(iGLAS, UCELNG, NEXT, TEMPSI,TEHPS0,H24,DB, JTITLE, CALDB) @ NBSLD-XO MODI]

REWIND 7

Q N*BSLD-XO MODIFICATION

1240

C

1250

1259

1260 CONTINUE

END FILE

END FILE 10

STOP

'APE2

G

C

1271

1272

FCRI1AT(//’ MONTHLY COOLING LOAD= ’ ,E15. a, ’ BTU’,//’ MONTHLY HEATING

LOAD= ’ ,E15.8, ’ BTU’

)

FG?JIi\T( IHl , ’ MONTE DAY’ , 7X, ’ I-EIR OLIIAX’ , 5X, ’ CLDAY’ , 5X, ’ HLDAY’ , 7X,

::'-'D3A’

)

1270 FOFJ'IAT! ’ MAX COOLING LOAD =’,F10.0,’ MONTH =’,I3,’ DAY =’,I3,’ HOU

«R =

’ , !3,/’ MAX HEATING LOAD =

’ ,F10.0,

’

MONTH = ’ . 13, ’ DAY =

’ , 13, ’ H

:;jGUR = ’ , 18)

FGRFLAT ( //34H RUN I D , RUNTYP , ASHRAE , I DETAL , IIETnOD/4 1 H RUN ID 2 1 BEATIFICATION OF THE RUN /42H 1 NEED RESPONSE FACTO

OR DATA/42H 2 SKIP PtESPONSE FACTOR DATA/26H RUNTYP...

4 TYPE OF RUN/56H 1 ENERGY GALGULATION ..NEEDS m

GATHER TAPE/40H 2 DESIGN LOAD C.ALGULATION/523

6 3 DESIGN AND ENERGY LOAD CALCULATI0NS/2Sn ASHRAE 0

1270

ic;

109:

109;

109.

109:

109;

TO;

1'09;

109; ITO

iiei

C-18

I'
1044

1 04o

1046

1047

1043

1049

1050

1031

1052

1053

1054

1055

1053

1057

1053

1039

1060

100 I 1062

1063

106

1065

1066

1067'

1 'j63

1060

107c; 1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1 or6

1077

1073

1079

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

lOSo

1 036

103?

1GS3

1039

1090

1091

1092

1093

1004

1095

1093

1097

1093

1099

1100

1101

1280

1290

1300

1310

1320

1330

1340

1350

1360

1370

1380

1390

1400

1410

1420

1430

1440

1.450 1460

1470

1480

1490

1491

loOO

1301

1310

1520

1530

1540

1530

1560

1570

loCO

1590

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

1660

1670

1680

7 USE RMTMP/47H 1 USE .4SHRAE WEIGHTING FACT0RS/37H

SIUET.AI 0 NO DETAILED 0DTPUT/34H 1 DETAILE

9D 0U'rPUT/49H METHOD 0 REGULAR TREATIIENT FOR THE R00M/40H.

-;« 1 SPECIAL TREATMENT OF THE ROOM)

FOFJUiT (31H LIGHTING SCHEDULE FOR UEEICDAYS)

FORTUIT (30H LICHTIUG SCHEDULE FOR 1/EEKEND)

FORTL'\T (42.U LICnTING SCHEDULE FOR THE V.4CATI0N PERIOD)

FORMT (38H EQUIP!IENT USAGE SCHEDULE FOR WEEKD.AYS)

FOFiU\T (32H EGUIPMEWT SCHEDULE FOR IffiEKENDS)

F0r2L4T (49H EQUIPMENT USAGE SCHEDULE FOR THE VACATION PERIOD)

FOrJUlT i32H OCCUP.^NCY SCHEDULE FOR 17EEKDAYS)

FCRJIAT (3 in OCCUPANCY SCHEDULE FOR 1/EEIH2ND)

F0B2IAT (43H OCCLT.^HJJGY SCHEDULE FOR THE VACATION PERIOD)

FORTUVT (42H THERMOSTAT SETTING FOR THE COOLING SEASON)

FCRIL4T (42H THERI-^OSTAT SETTING FOR THE HEATING SEASON)

FCRIIAT (22H RI-IDBUO, RMD3S0, RE17, RES)

F0P7U1T (33H DATA SHEET NO 1 : NDAY, NSKIP , T./y’E2)

FORMAT (96H DATA SHEET NO 2 +3 : MONTH. D.4Y, ELAPS , DBMA:{, RANGE, WBM.4X,

2 BBrnvT , TGS , TGW, UG , LO?IG , LAT , TZN . ZLF , REOW)

FORrmT (34H DATA SHEET NO 4: NATE OF ITIE ROOM)

FORimT (35H DATA SHEET NO 5 : IROT. I SKIP , INCLUDE)

F0R7U1T (3511 DATA SHEET NO 3: ROOOTIO, QLITY, GEQPY, QCU, FLCG, FPu4S , TS , C

2Frr? , ARCHGS , ARGHGW, ARCHGM, ZNORM)

FORMi\T (53H DATA SHEET NO. 9; IW, IL, TUL, TLL, GCI14)?, QHIL4X, ITHST, 1710

FO?mT ( ) FORTUIT (56H DATA SHEET NO 13: UENDW, UCELNG, AENDW, ATCHT, AIRCHG, AIRN

2T)

FGRimT (49H DATA SHEET NO 14: lEHTSD, lEHMS , lEHME, NTITIT, mENT//)

FOrjL\T (//69H THE D30UT USOUT DBIIT RHIN

2 OiS OLD

""FOrj'LAT ( //’ THE WIND CLOUD ESOLAR DBOUT @ NBSLD-XO MOD

2 WBOUT DBIN PJIIN OLS QLL’ ) @ ITESLD-XO MODIFICATION

F0R?L4T ( I10,4FI0. 1.2F10.0)

FCRTUIT ( IIO.FIO, 1,2F1O.O,4F10. 1.2F10.0)

F0RI14T (///)

FOPJL^T (//'/14H ROOM N.A[ffi= 9.44, 9H MONTE= I6/56H D.4Y

2rHni QLI142{ CLDAY HLDAY DBA)

FORIL^T ( 14 , 16 , 1 10 , 3F 10 . 0 , F 10 . 1

)

FOPJEIT ( 13H YEAR = ,I5,14H MONTH = ,I3,12E DAY = ,I

/

)

“fORPLAT ( 8H ROOMRO, 6X2HHT, 6IS2HAG, 3IT5HN0FLR. 3X3HOGU, 2X6HARGEGS , 2X6H

2ARCHCW)

FORMAT ( 15F3. 1) FGRM.4T ( 5XGHLAT, 4X4HL0NG , 5X3HTEN , 3X5HZN0PJD

F0RI14T ( SPSHOLITY, 3X5EQEQPX, 4X4HCFHV, 4X4HD3IN, 6X2HTG, 6JI2HTV, 4K4nRH

2 IN)

FORMAT (/31H UENDW UCELIIG AENDW ATCHT)

FORIIAT ( 6X, 4HNEXP, 7X, 3HITK, 5X, 5EITHST/3( 3X, 12)

)

F0FJ'L4T (in ,6A6)

F0RTL4T (24H CLIIL^TIC D.4TA FOR D.4Y=,I3/27H D.4YS ELAPSED SINCE JAN

2 1 ^ , 15 , 7H YZi\R= , 15 , SH MONTn= , 15 , 6H DAY= , 15)

FCPJ14T (IX, 944)

F0RIL4T (9A4)

FORIIAT ( 13 , 3 no , 3F 10 . 2)

F0PI14T ( 1 10, F 10.0)

F0FJL4T (24F5.0)

FCRI'L\T (5£H SUPE.4CE NO ITYPE IHT IRF A3SP U

2 :i, 9X, 1EA9X, SmvAZSX, 5ESEADE3X, 2HUT3X, 2HHI

)

C-19
i 1C2

UC3

1104

1 105

1106

1107

1108

1 109

1110

nil

1112

1113

1114

1113

1116

1117

1113

1119

1120

1121

1 122

1 123

1124

1 125

1 125

1 127

169C

1700

1710

1720

1730

1740

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

605

C

FORMAT (//21H

2 AV

3 FP2

SHADOW/ CASTING DATA/121H HT FL F?

BIflL Bim D FPl A1 Bl Cl

A2 B2 C2)

FORMAT (///33H RADIATION INTERCHANGE FACTORS)

2

FORMAT

5

( 108H

6

SURFACE

7

1234

8 9 10)

FORIIAT (110, 10F10.3)

FORMAT (27H SOLAR DATA ( OSUN/GGLASS)

)

F0P2LAT (4H /5H ) FOPJ'IAT (6H DBA = ,F6.2/9H QLDSUM = ,F10.0//)

FORMAT (36H TOTAL COOLING CONSUMPTION PER DAY =,F10.O,4H BTU/36H T

20TAL HEATING CONSUMPTION PER DAY =,F10.O,4H BTU)

FORILAT (49H TOTAL COOLING CONSUMPTION FOR THE ROOM OVER THE , 13, 14

2H DAY PERIOD =,E11.5,4H BTU/40H TOTAL HEATING CONSUMPTION FOR THE

3 ROOM OVER THE , 13, 13H DAY PERIOD = , El 1 . 5 , 4H, BTU)

FORMAT (31H TOTAL COOLING CONSW.IPTION FOR ,I2,8H ROOMS =,E11.3,4H

2BTU/31H TOTAL HEATING CONSUMPTION FOR , I2,SH ROOi-IS = ,E11.5,4H BTU)

FORMAT (///39H CONGRATULATIONS^^ NOW YOU ARE ON NBSLD)

WE ASSUME YOU HAVE ALREADY PREPARED THE DATA)

ON NBS DATA FORMS.. IF YOU HAD HOT .PLEASE TURN OFF)

THE TERMINAL AND HAVE YOUR DATA READY ON THE DATA FOR

FORTLAT (/46H

FORMAT (52H

FORMAT (57H

2MS)

FORMATC IHl)

FCRfLAT( 13A6) @ NBSLD-XO MODIFICATION

END
APPENDIX D. LISTING OF DATA FOR NBSLD ANALYSIS OF MODEL HOUSE

Tables D-1 and D-2 contain a listing of the input data for NBSLD as used in

the analysis of the "low" insulation and "high" Insulation model houses.

These tables correspond exactly to the NBSLD input fornat.

The thermo-physical properties and response factors computed for the roof,

walls, and slab floor are shown in tables D-3 through D-6. These latter

tables correspond exactly to the standard NBSLD output format. The IRF is an identification code assigned in the main NBSLD program to identify the envelope element type. The data required to describe each layer (1) of a particular envelope element includes its thickness (L(I), in feet), thermal conductivity (K(I), in Btu per (hour) (square foot) (Fahrenheit degree temperature

difference) per foot of thickness), density (P(I), in pounds per cubic feet),

specific heat (C(I), in Btu per (lb) (°F)), and thermal resistance value

(R(I), in (hr) (square foot) (°F) per Btu). (Note that this last parameter

is specified only if the layer has no significant heat storage characteristics; in such a case the first four parameters do not need to be specified.)

The remainder of the parameters shown in tables D-3 through D-6 are explained

in the NBSLD program manual.

D-1
'r

Table D-1 . InpuL Data'^'^ for Low Insulation Modi'l Louse i'

5

I

LOy INSULATION CASE v

t a MT^STVLE HONE ON SLAB

4 .•9,e.»e...l8«.l8«.13«.a2,.31«.53».71,.36,e.

5 .85, .85,. as,. 85«. as,. as,. 33, .46«. 63,. 88,.%,. 58

6 .4a,.a5,.aS, .58,.58,l.,.9a,.68,.68, .68,.5i,.aS

7 l.,l.,l.,l.,l.,l.,l.,.67,.S,.5,.5,.S

8 .5, 8. ,8. ,.5, .5,1.,!., .67,. 67,I.,1.,1.

9 8., 8., 8., 8., 8., 8., .31,1., .48, .16, .36,. 13

18 . 89,8., 8.,. 18,. 18,. 13,. aa,. 31,. S3,. 71,. 36,8.

11 .85, .85, .85, .85, .85, .85, .33, .46, .63, .88, .35,

18 . 48, .85, . 85, . 58 , . 58, 1 . , . 98, . 68, . 68, . 68, . 51 ,

.

13 l.,l.,l.,l.,l. 67, .5, .5, .5, .5 14 .S,8.,8.,.5,.S,l.,l.,.67,.67,l.,i.,l.

15 8. ,8. ,8. ,8. ,8. ,8. ,.31,1.,. 48, . l6, . 36, .13

16 .89,8. ,8. , . 18, .18, . 13, .88, .31, .53, .71, .36,8.

17 .85, .85, .85, .85, .85, .85, .33, .46, .63, .88, .35,

18 .48,. 85, .85,. 58,. 58,1.,. 98,. 68,. 68,. 68, .51,.

19 1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,1.,.67,.5,.5,.5,.5

88 • S # 0 « ^ 0 . , . 5 , . 5, • , . 67 , « 67, 1

«

> # 1 • 8 1. 81 68 * p 68

•

,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. «68.> 0 68 • ,68. ,68

88 68

•

0 68

•

,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68.> 0 68

«

,68. ,68. ,68

83 68

•

0 68

•

,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68.1 0 68

«

1 , 68

«

, 68 . ,68

84 68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68. ,68.> 0 68 4> 0 68

«

> 0 68 • ,68

85 68. ,78. ,86. ,68.

86 365,0,0

87 1., 81. ,88. .48. ,88. ,33. ,18. ,68. ,56. ,8. 1,76. 5,38. ,5. ,168., 88.

88 1688 SQ. FT. SQUAK FRANE HOUSE ON SLAB UITH ATTIC,HEATING NODE, DIURNAL TENP CVC i 89 LE,UASH D.C.,RUN AS 1 SPACE

38 ONE SPACE, NOT ZONED

31 8,8,1

38 3

33 8 . , 8 . , 8 . , 8 . , 8 .

6

34 8.8417,8.87, 34. ,8.89,8. ,8.63 j 35 8 . ,8 . , 8 . , 8 . , 8 .

5

36 INSIDE SURF. RES.

37 1/8 IN. PLYWOOD

38 BUILD. PAP.4-ASPH. SHIG.

39 4 48 8. 8417, 8. 8938, 58. ,8. 8, 8. ,8. 45

41 8.875,8. 885,8. 8, 8. 8,8. ,11.

48 8. 8417,8. 8317,88. ,.31, 8. ,1.38

43 8. 83185,8. 8497,37.,. 89,8., 8. 59 | 44 1/8 IN. GYPBOARD ! 45 3 1/8 IN. INSULATION

46 1/8 IN. SHEATHING

47 3/8 IN. WOOD SIDING

48 4 49 8.8417,8.8938,58. ,8.8,8. ,8.45

58 8. 388,8. 87, 38.,. 33,8.

51 8.8417,8. 8317,88. ,.31, 8. ,1.38

58 8. 83185,8. 8497,37.,. 89,8., 8. 59

.58

85

.58

85

a Lines 2L and 29 contai i rifling data not used in the regular NbbLu

progran bui. needed in the expanded output (PKTOUT) subroutine.

D-2
Tahiti D-1 , (conr. inue^d)

S3 1/2 IH. QVPBOARD

54 2X4 STUD

65 1/2 IN. SHEATHING

55 3/8 IN. UOOD SIDING

57 3

58

59 ••333^1.

69

61

9. 333,9. 75.149.. 9. 2«9.

CARPET&PADDING

68 4 IN. CONCRETE SLAB

63 4 IN. GRAUEL

64 9

65 1... 55. .97,3., 9., 9. 5,75.,

1

66 3,4,1,24

67 78 ., 68 ., 59999 ., 59999 ., 65 .

,

68 1,1

69 3,3,3.3

79 40 • 0 40 * > S • 71 1^1# 1600 • # 0 • # 0 • #0 •^O*9#0t

72 09#0«^0«>0*^0*j0*^0«

73 0«#0*>0*#0*#0*>0«#0*»0*

74 2# 2# 224 « #0* #0* #0* *O«9f0*

75 0* #0* #0* #0* #0* #0* #0*

76 9. ,9. ,9. ,9. ,9. ,9. ,9. ,9.

77 2^3#48« ^0« #0»#0« #0*9#0*

78 0* #0« #0* #0* >0*#0* #0*

79 0* #0«^0* >0* #0*>0« #0«#0«

89 3, 19,48., 9., 1.13, 1.9, 9.,

9

81 0*#0«#0*#0*#0*#0*^0*

82 0*#0*#0«#0«#0*#0*#0*#0«

83 2,2, 224., 99. ,9. ,9. ,9.9,9.

84 0*^0«^0* ^0*#0*#0t#0«

85 0* #0* >0* #0* #0* #0* #0* #0*

86 2»3^48« 0 90 •#0* #0* #0*9#0*

87 0* #0* #0* >0* #0* #04 #0*

88 0»^0*#0*90«#0*#0*#04^0*

89 3, 19,48., 99., 1.13,1. 9,9.,

(

99 0*^0«^0*j0*^0*^0*j0«

91 0* #0* #0* #04 #04 #0* #04 #04

92 2, 2,224., 189., 9., 9., 9. 9,9

93 0* #0* #04 #0* #0* #0* #04

94 0*#0»^0*^0*/0«>0*^0*^0*

95 2#3#48» # 180 *#0» #04 ^049#0«

96 0«>0»^0*#0*#0«^0*#0*

97 04 #0*^0* #04 #04^0* #04/04

98 3#10#48.#1804#l4l3#l40#04

99 04 #04#04 #04 #04 #04 #04

199 0 4 #0 4#O4#04 #84 #04 #O4#04

191 2# 2# 224 4 # **90 4#04#04#049#0

192 04#04#04#04#04#04#04

193 0 4 #0 4#04 #04 #04 #04#04 #04

2# 3# 48 4 0 *90 4#04 #04#049#04

04#04#04#04#04#04#O4

194

195

196 04#04#04#04#04#04#04#04

197 3, 19,48., -99., 1.13, 1.9,9.

198 04#04#04 #04#04 #04#04

199

119

04#04#04 #04 #04#04 #04 #04

5#44l^«.04#04#04#040#0.

111 04#04#0A#04#04#04#04

112

9..

9. .9. .9. .9. .9. .9. .9.

9.4.9. 117.

129..

113 1.8. 2.. 1. 114 9,9,9,9,9

115

116

117

D-J
Table D-2 . Input; Data^ for High Insulatit>n i'lodel llou.so

HIGH INSULATION CASE

12 BASIC RANCH-STVLE HONE

3 42# *16# • 36# *13

4 .es#e.#e. # . la# .is# . 13# .22# .31# .sa# .71#

.

36#g.

5 .25# .25# .25# .25# .25# .25# .33# .46# .63# .88# .35# .58

6 .42# .25# .25# .58# .58# 1 . # .92# .68# .68# .68# .51# .25

7 l.#l.#l.#l.#l. #!.#!.#. 67# .5# .5# .5# .5 8 *5#O.#0.#.5#.5#1.#1.#. 67# . 67#1.#1.#1.

9 0.#O.#0.#O.#6.#0.#.31#1.#. 42 # .16# . 36# .13

10 .09#0.#0.#.18#.18#.13#.22#.31#.53#.71#.36#0.

11 .25# .25#

.

25 # .25# .25# .25# .33# .46# .63# .88# .35# .58

12 . 42# . 25# . 25 # « 58 # . 58 # 1 . # .92# . 68 # . 68# . 68# . 51 # . 25

13 l.#l«#l.#l.#l.#l.#l.#« 67# .5# .5# .5# .5 14 .5#0.#0«#.5#.5#1.#1.#. 67# . 67 #1.#1.#1.

15 0*#0.#0.#0.#0.#0.#.31#1.#.42#.16#« 36# .13

16 .09#0.#0.# .18# .18# . 13. .22# .31# .53# .71# .36#0.

17 .25# .25# .25# .25# .25# .25# .33# .46# .63# .88# .35# .58

18 .42# .25# .25# .58# .58# 1 . # .92# .68# .68# .68# .51# .25

19 l.#l.#l.#l.#l.#l.#l«#. 67# .5# .5# .5# .5 .5#0.#0.#.5# .5#1.#1.#. 67# . 67 #1.#1.#1.

68. #68. #68. #68. #68. #68

68. #68. #68. #68. #68. #68

68. #68. #68. #68. #68. ,68

68. #68. #68. #68. #68. #68

68. ,78. #20. #60.

365#0,0

l.#21.#20.#4O.#22.#33.#18.#56.#56.#O.l#76.5#38.#5.#160.#20.

1600 so. FT. SQUARE FRANC HOUSE ON SLAB WITH AmC#HEATING NODE#DIURNAL TENP CVC

LE#UASH D.C.#RUN AS 1 SP.#HIGH INSUL.

ONE 5PAC€#N0T ZONED

0# 0#1

3

0 .# 0 .# 0 .# 0 .# 0.6

0.0417#0.07#34.#0.29#0.#0.63

0. #0.#0. #0.#0.5

INSIDE SURF. RES.

1/2 IN. PLVUOOD

BUILD. PAP.4ASPH. SHIQ.

4

0.0417#0.0938#50. #0.2#0..0.45

0.47S#0.025#2.0.0.2#0.#19.

0.04i7#0.031?.20.#.h#0.#1.32

0.0312S.0.0497#37.# .29#0.#0.59

l/B IN. 6VPBOMD

5.7 IN. INSULATION

1/2 IN. SHEATHING

3/8 IN. UOOD SIDING

4

0.0417.0. 0938#50.#0.2#0. #0.45

0.458#0.07#32.#.33#0.

0. 0417.0. 0317#20.#. 31,0. #1.38

0.03125,0. 0497,37.,. 89#0. #0.59

Lines 28 and 29 contain titling data not used in the regular HLSI

D

prograD but needed in the expanded output (PitTOLIi) sul)routine.

C-4

a
bL.' 'u-2 ( CO '

i o . C'

d

53 1/8 IN. GVPBOARD

54 8X6 STUD

55 1/a IN. SHEATHING

55 3/8 IN. UOOD SIDING

57 4

58 e.,e.,e.,e.«i.5

59 d.333»i.0,i4e.*e.a,o.

66 A.,e.«0.,e.,iA.

61 e.333,e.75«i40.,e.a,e.

62 CARPET&PADDING

63 4 IN. CONCRETE SLAB

64 Rie FOAd INSUL

65 4 IN. GRAUEL

66 0

67 l.,.S5, . 97,3., 0., 0.5, 75., 640., 0.5. 0.5,. 1,1

68 3,4,1,24

69 78. ,68., 50000., 50000., 65. ,45.

70 1,1

71 3,3,3,3

72 40. ,40. ,8.

73 1, 1, 1600. ,0.,0.,0., 0.9,0.

74 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

75 0. ,0. ,0*,0.,0. ,0. ,0. ,0.

76 2,2,224. ,0.,0.,0. ,0.9,0.

77 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

78 0.,O.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

79 2 , 3, 48 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . 9 , 0

.

80 0.,0.,0. ,0.,0.,0.,0.

81 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

82 3,10,48. ,0.,1. 13,1. 0,0.,0.

83 0. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0. ,0.

84 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

85 2, 2 , 224 . , 90 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 « 9, 0

.

86 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

87 0 • , 0 . ,0 . #0 .,0.,0.,0. #0 * 88 2, 3, 48 . , 90 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . 9, 0

.

89 0. ,0.,0. ,0.,0. ,0.,0.

90 0«,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

91 3,10, 48. ,90. ,1.13.1. 0,0. ,0.

92 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

93 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 • , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

94 2,2,224. , 180. ,0.,0., 0.9,0.

96 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

96 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 • ,0 . , 0 . ,0 . ,0

.

97 2,3,48. ,180., 0*,0«,0. 9,0.

98 0. ,0 . ,0 . ,0. , 0 . , 0 . ,0

.

99 0. , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0. , 0 . ,0

.

100 3,10,48. ,180. ,1.13,1. 0,0. ,0.

101 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0. , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

102 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

103 2,2,224.,-90.,0.,0.,0.9,0.

104 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0. , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

105 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

106 2,3,48. , -90. ,0.,0., 0.9,0.

107 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

108 0.,0.,0.,0. ,0.,0. ,0.,0.

109 3,10,48.,-90.,1.13,1.0,0.,0.

110 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

111 0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,0.

112 5 , 4, 1600 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . 0, 0

.

113 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0 . , 0

.

114 0.,0.,0.,O.,0.,0.,0.,0.

115 0. 4, 0.034, 120. ,1.8, 2. ,1.

116 0,0,0, 0,0

117

118

119
Table D-3. Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for Che

Roof of the Model House

IRF = 1 ROOF COMPOSITION

LAYER L(I) K(I) P(I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

HO. OF LAYERS

1 .000 .000 .00 .000 .60 INSIDE SURF. RES.

2 .042 .070 34.00 .290 .00 1/2 IN. PLYWOOD

3 .000 .000 .00 .000 .50 BUILD. PAP.+ASPH. SHIG

TIME INCREMENT DT=1.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .590

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z

0 .6849 .4916 .7092

1 -.0952 .0981 -.1194

2 -.0001 .0001 -.0001

3 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

4 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

COMMON RATIO CR = .00056

D-6
I. R-11 Insulation

DATA SHEET NO 7; DESCRIPTION OF EACH LAYER

IRF= 2

WALL COMPOSITION

LAYER L(I) K(I) (I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

NO OF LAYERS

1 .042 .094 50.00 .200 .00 1/2 IN. GYPBOARD

2 .275 .025 2.00 .200 .00 3 1/2 IN. INSULATION

3 .042 .032 20.00 .310 .00 1/2 IN. SHEATHING

4 .031 .050 37.00 .290 .00 3/8 IN. WOOD SIDING

TIME INCREMENT DT = 1.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .075

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z 0 .5194 .0231 .6108

1 -.4431 .0459 -.5145

2 -.0015 .0053 -.0203

3 -.0001 .0003 -.0013

4 -.0000 .0000 -.0001

5 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

6 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

COMMON RATIO CR = .06412

II. R-19 Insulation

IRF = 2 VMLL COMPOSITION

LAYER L(I) K(I) P(I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

NO OF LAYERS

1 .042 .094 50.00 .200 .00 1/2 IN. GYPBOARD

2 .475 .025 2.00 .200 .00 5 1/2 IN. INSULATION

3 .042 .032 20.00 .310 .00 1/2 IN. SHEATHING

4 .031 .050 37.00 .290 .00 3/8 IN. WOOD SIDING

TIME INCREMENT DT = 1.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .047

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z 0 .5144 .0051 .6102

1 -.4603 .0279 -.5259

2 -.0063 .0114 -.0319

3 -.0009 .0021 -.0047

4 -.0002 .0003 -.0008

5 -.0000 .0001 -.0001

6 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

7 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

8 -.0000 .0000 -.0000

COMMON RATIO CR = .16328

D-7
Table D-5. Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the l.'alls (Stud Area) of the Model House

I. 2x4 in. Stud Wall

IRF = 3

WALL COMPOSITION

LAYER L(I) K(I) (I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

No OF L\YERS

1 .042 .094 50.00 .200 .00 1/2 IN. GYPBOARD

2 .302 .070 32.00 .330 .00 2x4 STUD

3 .042 .032 20.00 .310 .00 1/2 IN. SHEATHING

4 .031 .050 37.00 .290 .00 3/8 IN. WOOD SIDING

TIME INCREMENT DT = 1.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .149

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z 0 1.0397 .0001 .7132

1 -.0324 .0086 -.4130

2 -.0967 .0265 -.0512

3 -.0501 .0285 -.0297

4 -.0321 .0230 -.0199

5 -.0223 .0172 -.0141

6 -.0159 .0125 -.0101

7 -.0114 .0091 -.0073

8 -.0082 .0066 -.0052

9 -.0059 .0047 -.0038

10 -.0043 .0034 -.0027

11 -.0031 .0025 -.0020

12 -.0022 .0018 -.0014

13 -.0016 .0013 -.0010

COMMON RATIO CR = .72330

D-8
Table D-5. (continued)

B. 2x6 in. Stud Wall

IRF = 3

WALL COMPOSITION

LAYER K(I) (I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

No OF LAYERS

1 .042 .094 50.00 .200 .00 1/2 IN. GYP60ARD

2 .458 .070 32.00 .330 .00 2 X 6 STUD

3 ??? .032 20.00 .310 .00 1/2 IN. SHEATHING

4 .031 .050 37.00 .290 .00 3/8 IN. WOOD SIDING

TIME INCREMENT DT = 1

.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .112

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z

0 1.0397 .0000 .7132

1 -.6324 .0003 - .4130

2 -.0965 .0033 - .0512

3 -.0494 .0084 - .0299

4 -.0314 .0114 - .0206

5 -.0223 .0119 - .0154

6 -.0169 .0112 - .0121

7 -.0134 .0100 - .0098

8 -.0108 .0086 - .0080

9 -.0089 .0074 - .0067

10 -.0074 .0063 - .0056

11 -.0062 .0053 - .0047

12 -.0052 .0045 - .0039

13 -.0043 .0037 - .0033

14 -.0036 .0031 - .0027

15 -.0030 .0026 - .0023

16 -.0026 .0022 - .0019

17 -.0021 .0019 - .0016

18 -.0018 .0016 - .0014

19 -.0015 .0013 - .0011

20 -.0013 .0011 .0010

21 -.0011 .0009 - .0008

22 -.0009 .0008 .0007

COMMON RATIO CR = .83989

D-9
Table D-6. Thermo-Physical Properties and Response Factors for the Slab

Floor of the Model House

I. Uninsulated Slab

DATA SHEET NO 7: DESCRIPTION OF EACH lAYER

IRF = 8

FLOOR COMPOSITION

LAYER

NO

L(I) K(I) (I) C(I) RES(I) DESCRIPTION

OF LAYERS

1 .000 .000 .00 .000 1.50 CARPET & PADDING

2 .333 1.000 140.00 .200 .00 4 IN. CONCRETE SLAB

3 .333 .750 140.00 .200 .00 4 IN. GRAVEL

TDIE INCREMENT DT = 1

.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .439

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z 0 .6084 .0015 5.1720

1 -.0434 .0325 -3.0014

2 -.0260 .0651 -.4822

3 -.0197 .0636 -.2688

4 -.0157 .0534 -.1945

5 -.0126 .0434 -.1523

6 -.0101 .0350 -.1218

7 -.0081 .0282 -.0979

8 -.0065 .0227 -.0788

9 -.0053 .0183 -.0634

10 -.0042 .0147 -.0510

11 -.0034 .0118 -.0411

12 -.0027 .0095 -.0331

COMMON RATIO CR = .80495

D-10
Table D-6. (continued)

II. R-10 Insulated Slab

IRF = 8

FLOOR COMPOSITION

LAYER

NO

L(I) KCI) (I) C(l) P.ES(I) DESCRIPTION

OF f^YERS

1 .000 .000 .00 .000 1.50 CAKP.MI' /v PADDIKC

2 .333 1.000 140.00 .200 .00 4 IK'. CONCRETE SL\li

3 .000 .000 .00 .000 10.00 KIO FOAM INSUL

4 .333 .750 140.00 .200 .00 4 n:. GRAVEL

TIME INCREMENT DT = 1

.

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE U = .081

RESPONSE FACTORS

J X Y Z 0 .6083 .0000 5.1560

1 -.0471 .0009 -3.2744

2 -.0360 .0028 -.8420

3 -.0330 .0040 -.4434

4 -.0306 .0045 -.2395

5 -.0283 .0046 -.1296

6 -.0262 .0045 -.0703

7 -.0242 .0043 -.0382

8 -.0224 .0041 -.0209

9 -.0208 .0038 -.Olio

10 -.0192 .0035 -.0065

11 -.0178 .0033 -.0038

12 -.0165 .0030 -.0023

13 -.0152 .0028 -.0014

14 -.0141 .0026 -.0010

15 -.0131 .0024 -.0007

16 -.0121 .0022 -.0006

17 -.0112 .0021 -.0005

18 -.0104 .0019 -.0004

19 -.0096 .0018 -.0004

20 -.0089 .0016 -.0003

21 -.0082 .0015 -.0003

22 -.0076 .0014 -.0003

23 -.0070 .0013 -.0002

24 -.0065 .0011 -.0002

25 -.0060 .0011 -.0002

26 -.0056 .0010 -.0002

27 -.0052 .0010 -.0002

28 -.0048 .0009 -.0002

29 -.0044 .0008 -.0002

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34 -.0030 .0006 -.0001

COMMON RATIO CR = .92555

D-11
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLIC.ATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 80-2076

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Expanded NBSLD Output for Analysis of Thermal

Performance of Building Envelope Components

5. Publication Date July 1980

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Stephen R. Petersen and James P. Barnett

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

U.S. Department of Energy and

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C.

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Final

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most sigrtificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

The NBS Load Determination Program (NBSLD) for the calculation of space heating and

cooling loads in buildings is a potentially useful tool for the improved thermal

design of building envelopes. However, its usefulness is limited because only the

net heating and cooling loads are determined. In order to design building envelopes

which are to be, from inception, more energy efficient than existing buildings, the

thermal performance of the individual envelope elements (e.g., walls, windows, ceilings

and floors) must be known and the interrelationships among these components understood.

NBSLD-XO is an expanded output version of NBSLD which provides this data on an hourly,

daily, monthly and/or annual basis. This report outlines the NBSLD-XO program, format,

and output and provides several examples of its use based on a prototypical singlefamily residential building. A considerable amount of information about the thermal

performance of the various envelope elements and their interrelationships is provided

as exemplary of the use of the NBSLD-XO computer program.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first tetter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Building design; thermal performance; HVAC loads; energy conservation; computer

analysis; thermal insulation.

18. AVAILABILITY £] Unlimited

c: i' or Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office

Wa.shington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. Cl 3

[

' Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-DC 2904Z-P74
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