Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A03-1408-CR-285 | March 31, 2015 Page 1 of 10

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this 

Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as 

precedent or cited before any court except for the 

purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

P. Jeffrey Schlesinger

Public Defender

Crown Point, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Gregory F. Zoeller

Attorney General of Indiana

Jesse R. Drum

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

John Randall Portis,

Appellant-Defendant,

v.

State of Indiana,

Appellee-Plaintiff,

March 31, 2015

Court of Appeals Case No.

45A03-1408-CR-285

Appeal from the Lake Superior 

Court

The Honorable Samuel L. Cappas, 

Judge

Trial Case No. 45G04-1306-FB-52

Robb, Judge.

Case Summary and Issues

[1] Following a jury trial, John Portis was convicted of one count of dealing in 

cocaine, a Class B felony. Portis appeals, raising the following two restated 
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issues for our review: (1) whether the State established a sufficient chain of 

custody for the cocaine purchased during a controlled buy on January 30, 2013; 

and (2) whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support his 

conviction. Concluding that the State established a sufficient chain of custody 

and presented evidence sufficient to support a conviction, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

[2] In mid-January 2013, Walter Howard agreed to work for the Hammond Police 

Department as a confidential informant. Howard identified “Smokey” as a 

person from whom he could buy cocaine and agreed to participate in controlled 

buys from Smokey. Howard had known Smokey “for a long time” but did not 

know Smokey’s real name. Transcript at 27.

[3] On January 30, 2013, Howard called Smokey to arrange a controlled buy.

Detective Michael Darnell of the Hammond Police Department supervised. 

Prior to the buy, Detective Darnell searched Howard for contraband, equipped 

Howard with an audio/video recording device, and provided Howard with buy 

money. Detective Darnell drove Howard from the police station to a grocery 

store parking lot at the corner of Sohl Avenue and Thornton Street. Howard 

called Smokey from the parking lot and proceeded to walk east on Thornton 

Street toward Calumet Avenue. 

[4] Howard stopped at the corner of Thornton Street and Calumet Avenue and 

waited for approximately fifteen minutes. Detective Darnell spoke with 
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Howard on the phone while Howard was waiting, and Howard said that 

Smokey told him to wait on the corner. Detective Darnell testified that he did 

not see Howard come into physical contact with any other person while he 

waited. 

[5] Smokey eventually exited a nearby building and met Howard at the corner.

Smokey and Howard walked west on Thornton Street for about a block and 

then made the exchange at the corner of Thornton Street and Beall Avenue. 

Howard used the buy money to purchase two bags of cocaine. Detective 

Darnell was parked at the corner of Calumet Avenue and May Street,“about 

half a block” away. Id. at 200. From this vantage point, Detective Darnell 

personally observed the entire transaction, including the fifteen minutes that 

Howard waited on the corner. The transaction was also captured on video with 

the recording device Howard was wearing. 

[6] After the buy, Howard continued walking west on Thornton Street—towards 

the grocery store parking lot—until Detective Darnell picked him up. Detective 

Darnell then drove Howard back to the police station to remove the recording 

equipment and search for contraband. Howard no longer had the buy money.

Detective Darnell inventoried the suspected cocaine and took it to the 

Hammond Police Department vault. The inventory sheet is dated January 30, 

2013, and references a particular case number. It identifies “[t]wo clear plastic 

bags with a white in color rock like substance inside of them” as items 

recovered in reference to an ongoing investigation. State’s Ex. 8. The bags of 

suspected cocaine are listed as “EX#2” on the inventory sheet. Id. The 
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evidence envelope is also marked “EX#2” and references the same case number

as the inventory sheet. State’s Ex. 4. 

[7] After the controlled buy on January 30, 2013, Howard was unable to set up 

additional buys. The police had not yet learned Smokey’s real name and were 

unable to locate him. The investigation was revived when Howard called 

Detective Darnell approximately a month later and said he saw Smokey driving 

a black Crown Victoria in the neighborhood where the controlled buy had 

taken place. After conducting surveillance on the area, Detective Darnell found 

Smokey, determined Smokey’s real name, and put together a photo lineup. On 

April 7, 2013, Howard picked Portis out of the photo lineup and identified him 

as the person who sold cocaine to him on January 30, 2013. 

[8] Portis was arrested on June 6, 2013, and charged with two counts of dealing in 

cocaine, both Class B felonies.1 Between January 30, 2013, and March 25, 

2014, the suspected cocaine was kept in the Hammond Police Department 

vault. On March 25, 2014, Detective Anthony Mosier of the Hammond Police 

Department transported the suspected cocaine to the Indiana State Police

(“ISP”) Lab for testing. Sara Wildeman, a forensic drug chemist employed by 

the ISP Lab, received the evidence in a sealed envelope and determined that the 

“off-white rock-like substance” was indeed cocaine. State’s Ex. 5. Wildeman’s

 

1

Portis was the target of two controlled buys. The first controlled buy occurred on January 25, 2013, and 

was charged as Count 1. The second buy occurred on January 30, 2013, and was charged as Count 2. Both

buys were conducted by Howard and supervised by Detective Darnell. The jury returned a verdict of not 

guilty as to Count 1.
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initials are written on the evidence envelope, and her certificate of analysis 

references the same case number listed on the evidence envelope and Detective 

Darnell’s inventory sheet. She testified at trial that the evidence was returned to 

the Hammond Police Department upon completion of testing. 

[9] A jury trial was held on April 21, 2014, at which time Detective Mosier 

retrieved the cocaine from the Hammond Police Department vault. At trial, the 

cocaine was admitted without objection. Portis was found guilty on one count 

of dealing in cocaine for delivering cocaine to Howard on January 30, 2013. 

The trial court sentenced Portis to fourteen years, with eleven years to be served 

in the Indiana Department of Correction followed by three years in Lake 

County Community Corrections. Portis now appeals.

Discussion and Decision

I. Chain of Custody

A. Standard of Review

[10] Portis contends that the State failed to establish a sufficient chain of custody for 

the cocaine purchased during the controlled buy on January 30, 2013. 

Specifically, Portis argues that the chain of custody is insufficient because 

neither Howard nor Detective Darnell testified that Detective Darnell received 

the cocaine purchased from Portis that day. Because there was no chain of 

custody objection at trial, however, this claim is not available on appeal unless 
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the admission of the evidence constituted fundamental error. Troxell v. State, 778 

N.E.2d 811, 814 (Ind. 2002). 

[11] To establish fundamental error, the defendant must show that the alleged errors 

constitute blatant violations of due process and are so prejudicial to the 

defendant’s rights that a fair trial is impossible. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 668 

(Ind. 2014). Our supreme court has stressed that “[f]undamental error is meant 

to permit appellate courts a means to correct the most egregious and blatant 

trial errors that otherwise would have been procedurally barred, not to provide 

a second bite at the apple for defense counsel . . . .” Id. 

B. Chain of Custody for the Cocaine Purchased on January 30, 2013

[12] “The State is required to show a chain of custody for the purpose of showing 

the unlikelihood of tampering, loss, substitution or mistake[,]” but a perfect 

chain of custody is not required. Vaughn v. State, 13 N.E.3d 873, 882 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2014) (citation omitted), trans. denied. “If the State presents evidence that 

strongly suggests the exact whereabouts of the evidence at all times, that is 

sufficient.” Id. To successfully challenge chain of custody, the defendant must 

present evidence that overcomes the presumption that public officers exercise 

due care in handling evidence. Troxell, 778 N.E.2d at 814. Merely raising the 

possibility of tampering or mistake is insufficient. Id. 

[13] Although neither Howard nor Detective Darnell testified that Detective Darnell 

received the cocaine from Howard, the State established a sufficient chain of 

custody for the cocaine. Howard testified that Portis gave him “two bags” of 
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cocaine for sixty dollars. Tr. at 76. Detective Darnell testified that he searched 

Howard prior to the buy and that he personally observed the transaction. 

Before the buy, Howard did not possess cocaine. After the buy, Howard no 

longer had the buy money, and Detective Darnell inventoried two bags of 

cocaine as “EX#2.” State’s Ex. 8. The inventory sheet is dated January 30, 

2013, and references a specific case number. The evidence envelope, also 

marked “EX#2,” references the same case number. State’s Ex. 4. The cocaine

was transported to the Hammond Police Department vault, where it was stored 

until Detective Mosier took it the ISP lab for testing. After testing, the evidence 

was returned to the Hammond Police Department. It remained there until the 

day of trial. 

[14] Because the evidence presented at trial “strongly suggests the exact whereabouts

of the [cocaine] at all times,” Vaughn, 13 N.E.3d at 882, the State established a 

sufficient chain of custody. Portis is merely raising the possibility of tampering 

or mistake, which is insufficient to overcome the presumption of due care in 

evidence handling. Troxell, 778 N.E.2d at 814. Portis has not established error, 

let alone the kind of prejudice necessary to support a claim of fundamental 

error. 

II. Sufficiency of Evidence

A. Standard of Review

[15] Portis also argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support 

his conviction for dealing in cocaine as a Class B felony. When reviewing the 
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sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we neither reweigh the 

evidence nor judge witness credibility. Wright v. State, 828 N.E.2d 904, 905-06 

(Ind. 2005). We consider “only the evidence most favorable to the verdict and 

any reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence.” Freshwater v. 

State, 853 N.E.2d 941, 942 (Ind. 2006). The conviction will be affirmed unless 

no reasonable trier of fact could find the elements of the offense proven beyond 

a reasonable doubt. Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). 

B. Evidence to Support the Dealing Conviction

[16] To convict Portis of dealing in cocaine as a Class B felony, the State was 

required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Portis knowingly or

intentionally delivered cocaine. Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1(a)(1)(C) (2013). 

[17] Portis was the target of a controlled buy. This court has described a controlled 

buy as follows: 

A controlled buy consists of searching the person who is to act as the 

buyer, removing all personal effects, giving him money with which to 

make the purchase, and then sending him into the residence in 

question. Upon his return he is again searched for contraband. Except 

for what actually transpires within the residence, the entire transaction 

takes place under the direct observation of the police. They ascertain 

that the buyer goes directly to the residence and returns directly, and 

they closely watch all entrances to the residence throughout the 

transaction.

Ross v. State, 908 N.E.2d 626, 630 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (quoting Mills v. State, 

177 Ind. App. 432, 434, 379 N.E.2d 1023, 1026 (1978)). A properly conducted 
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controlled buy with adequate controls permits an inference that the target had 

prior possession of a controlled substance. Vaughn, 13 N.E.3d at 888. 

[18] Here, the controls were in place but largely unnecessary because the entire

transaction took place on the street rather than inside a residence. Detective 

Darnell testified that he could see Howard the entire time and personally 

witnessed the exchange of cash for cocaine. He described the buy: “[A]s soon 

as [Portis] made contact with the informant, they started walking west on 

Thornton to about Beall Street. There is a tree right there where they kind of 

stopped right there and the transaction occurred.” Tr. at 165. Moreover, the 

State admitted video of the transaction, and the confidential informant testified 

at trial. Howard testified that he called Portis on January 30, 2013, to set up 

the buy and that he did in fact purchase “two bags” of cocaine from Portis that 

day. Id. at 76. Howard likewise described the buy: “We made the buy right on 

the street . . . . He handed it to me when we came across Beall . . . . He handed 

me the stuff and I handed him the money.” Id. at 71. Finally, the substance 

that Portis sold to Howard tested positive for cocaine. 

[19] The evidence is more than sufficient to support Portis’s conviction for dealing 

in cocaine. See Hudson v. State, 462 N.E.2d 1077, 1083 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984)

(“[T]he sole uncorroborated testimony of the informant-buyer is sufficient to 

convict, despite any arguable inadequacies in the controls of the buy.”).
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Conclusion

[20] The State established a sufficient chain of custody for the cocaine and presented 

evidence sufficient to support the conviction. Portis’s conviction is therefore 

affirmed.

[21] Affirmed.

Bailey, J., and Brown, J., concur.