1

Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics

for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota,

2002-03

Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5071

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
2

Highland Creek, Wind Cave National Park Bison, Wind Cave National Park

Photograph courtesy of Wind Cave National Park Photograph courtesy of Wind Cave National Park

Snow covered meadow, Wind Cave National Park

Winter view of the sourthern Black Hills,

Wind Cave National Park

Photograph by Allen J. Heakin Photograph by Allen J. Heakin

Front cover photograph is Beaver Creek below the confluence of Cold Spring Creek in Wind Cave 

National Park.

Photograph by Allen J. Heakin.
Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics 

for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 

2002-03

By Allen J. Heakin

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service

Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5071
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2004

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

For more information about the USGS and its products:

Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Heakin, A.J., 2004, Streamflow and water-quality characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03: 

U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5071, 68 p.
 iii

Contents

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Previous Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Description of the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Data-Collection Sites and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Methods for Determining Streamflow Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Sampling and Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Streamflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Instream Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Physical Properties and Major Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Bacteria and Benthic Macroinvertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Trace Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Organic (Wastewater) Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Bottom Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Suspended Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Runoff from Parking Lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Supplemental Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figures

1. Map showing location of study area and sampling sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

2. Photograph showing one of several underground lakes within Wind Cave that

formed within solution openings in the Madison Limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3. Photograph showing a diver exploring an underground lake within Wind Cave . . . . . . . . . .4

4. Graphs showing variations in annual, monthly, and daily mean streamflow for

station 06402430, Beaver Creek near Pringle (site 4), water years 1992-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

5. Graphs showing streamflow measurements for Cold Spring, Beaver,

and Highland Creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

6. Trilinear diagram showing percentage of major ions for water-qualitysampling sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

7. Graph showing relation between streamflow and specific conductance for

Beaver Creek near Pringle (06402430) (site 4), water years 1991-2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
iv 

Tables

1. Water-quality sampling and streamflow measurement site information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. Streamflow data collected during the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3. Water-quality standards for selected physical properties and constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4. Results of bacteriological analysis for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland

Creeks during 2002-03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5. General assessment of relative stream reach health using comparison of

percent EPT to percent Chironomidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6. General assessment of relative stream reach health using percent non-Dipterans. . . . . . 20

7. Selected sediment-quality guidelines and indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

8. Suspended-sediment data collected from selected sampling sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples . . . . . . . . . . . 31

10. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for wastewater compounds in

surface water and ground water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in

Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

13. Wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

14. Concentrations of constituents in bottom-sediment samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

15. Water-quality data including organic compounds in cave drip and

parking lot runoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

16. Water-quality data collected at selected sites, Wind Cave National

Park, 2002-03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CD-ROM
 v

Conversion Factors and Datum

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C = (°F - 32) / 1.8

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 

(NGVD 29).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 

micrograms per liter (μg/L). Milligrams per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as mass (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. Micrograms per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as 

mass (micrograms) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. Micrograms per liter are equivalent 

to milligrams per liter divided by 1,000.

Water year is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30, and is designated by the 

calendar year in which it ends. Thus, the water year ending September 30, 2003, is called the 

“2003 water year.”

Multiply By To obtain

acre 4,047 square meter

acre 0.4047 hectare

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter

inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter
Other Abbreviations, Symbols, and Acronyms Used:

mg/L milligrams per liter

μg/L micrograms per liter

μm micron

μS/cm microsiemens per centimeter

< less than

BMIs Benthic Macroinvertebrates

BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes

CCA Chromated Copper Arsenate

CERCLIS Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, Liability Information System

DENR South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources

ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

EPT Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Tricoptera

E&E Ecology and Environment, Inc.

GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level

MDL Method Detection Limit

MRL Minimum Reporting Level

NIWQP National Irrigation Water Quality Program

NPS National Park Service

NWQL U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PCP Pentachlorophenol

SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level

TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

USGS U.S. Geological Survey
Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for

Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

By Allen J. Heakin

Abstract

A 2-year study of streamflow and water-quality characteristics in Wind Cave National Park was performed by the U.S. 

Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park 

Service. During this study, streamflow and water-quality data 

were collected for three of the park’s perennial streams (Cold 

Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks) from January 2002 

through November 2003. The potential influence of parking lot 

runoff on cave drip within Wind Cave also was investigated by 

collecting and analyzing several time-dependent samples from 

a drainage culvert downstream from the parking lot and from 

Upper Minnehaha Falls inside the cave following a series of 

simulated runoff events. The primary focus of the report is on 

data collected during the 2-year study from January 2002 to 

November 2003; however, data collected previously also are 

summarized. 

Losing reaches occur on both Beaver and Highland Creeks 

as these streams flow across outcrops of bedrock aquifers 

within the park. No streamflow losses occur along Cold Spring 

Creek because its confluence with Beaver Creek is located 

upstream from the outcrop of the Madison aquifer, where most 

streamflow losses occur. 

Physical properties, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, 

bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrates, organic (wastewater) 

compounds, bottom sediment, and suspended sediment are 

summarized for samples collected from 2 sites on Cold Spring 

Creek, 2 sites on Beaver Creek, and 1 site on Highland Creek. 

None of the constituent concentrations for any of the samples 

collected during 2002-03 exceeded any of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, with the 

exception of the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for 

pH, which was exceeded in numerous samples from Beaver 

Creek and Highland Creek. Additionally, the pH values in 

several of these same samples also exceeded beneficial-use 

criteria for coldwater permanent fisheries and coldwater marginal fisheries. Water temperature exceeded the coldwater permanent fisheries criterion in numerous samples from all three 

streams. Two samples from Highland Creek also exceeded the 

coldwater marginal fisheries criterion for water temperature.

Mean concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and 

phosphorous were higher for the upstream site on Beaver Creek 

than for other water-quality sampling sites. Concentrations of 

E. coli, fecal coliform, and total coliform bacteria also were 

higher at the upstream site on Beaver Creek than for any other 

site. 

Samples for the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates 

were collected from one site on each of the three streams during 

July 2002 and May 2003. The benthic macroinvertebrate data 

showed that Beaver Creek had lower species diversity and a 

higher percentage of tolerant species than the other two streams 

during 2002, but just the opposite was found during 2003. However, examination of the complete data set indicates that the 

quality of water at the upstream site was generally poorer than 

the quality of water at the downstream site. Furthermore, the 

quality of water at the upstream site on Beaver Creek is somewhat degraded when compared to the quality of water from 

Highland and Cold Spring Creeks, indicating that anthropogenic activities outside the park probably are affecting the 

quality of water in Beaver Creek.

Samples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were 

collected at least twice from four of the five water-quality sampling sites. Bromoform, phenol, caffeine, and cholesterol were 

detected in samples from Cold Spring Creek, but only phenol 

was detected at concentrations greater than the minimum 

reporting level. Concentrations of several wastewater compounds were estimated in samples collected from sites on 

Beaver Creek, including phenol, para-cresol, and para-nonylphenol-total. Phenol was detected at both sites on Beaver 

Creek at concentrations greater than the minimum reporting 

level. Bromoform; para-cresol; ethanol,2-butoxy-phosphate; 

and cholesterol were detected at Highland Creek; however, 

none of these concentrations were greater than the minimum 

reporting level. 

The geochemical composition of bottom sediments was 

analyzed in one composite sample from each of the three 

streams. Arsenic concentrations of 9.5 micrograms per gram 

in the sample from Cold Spring Creek and of 9.4 micrograms 

per gram in the sample from Beaver Creek exceeded the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency’s threshold effects guidelines for sediment, the NOAA effects range low value, and the 
2 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

National Irrigation Water Quality Program level of concern. 

The bottom-sediment sample from Highland Creek had the 

lowest percentage of organic, organic plus inorganic, and inorganic carbon of any site sampled during this study. 

Samples for the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration were collected from each of the five water-quality sampling sites. Of the five sampling sites, mean concentrations of 

suspended sediment were highest in samples from the upstream 

site on Cold Spring Creek. 

Analyses of water samples collected from the parking lot 

at the drainage culvert on September 4, 2002, following a simulated runoff event showed that toluene, benzene, meta- and 

para-xylene, chloroform, methyl isobutyl ketone, and acetone 

were present in the runoff. Analysis of a background sample 

collected from Upper Minnehaha Falls prior to the initiation of 

the simulated runoff event showed that only very low levels of 

toluene were present and at concentrations less than the minimum reporting level. Traces of acetone, total benzene, ethyl 

benzene, meta- and para-xylene, ortho-xylene, and styrene were 

present in the sequential cave-drip samples collected following 

the simulated runoff event, but at much lower levels than 

reported by a previous study. 

Introduction

Wind Cave National Park is located in the Black Hills of 

southwestern South Dakota (fig. 1) and was established in 1903 

as our Nation’s seventh national park. The park currently (2004) 

encompasses 28,295 acres of rolling grasslands, pine forests, 

hills, and ravines on the southeastern flanks of the Black Hills. 

This area can be characterized as an ecologically significant 

zone of transition between the Black Hills and the prairie. 

Wind Cave National Park is home to a diverse wildlife 

population that includes bison, pronghorn antelope, elk, mule 

and white-tailed deer, coyotes, porcupine, and prairie dogs. 

Various birds of prey such as hawks and eagles also inhabit the 

park. The only threatened or endangered species known to visit 

the park is the threatened bald eagle. Although the park’s original purpose was to protect the cave and its resources, reestablishing native wildlife within the park quickly became another 

important goal.

Wind Cave is one of the world’s oldest caves and the best 

example of an exhumed and modified paleocave (Palmer, 

2000). It is recognized by cave experts throughout the world for 

its extensive deposits of calcite boxwork and uncommon formations of helictite brushes. The cave is the most complex 

example of a network maze cave known and was formed within 

mixing zones at multiple levels by water originating from multiple sources (Palmer, 2000). Wind Cave also is one of the 

world’s largest caves and currently has over 110 mi of explored 

and/or mapped passageways. Although the focus of enabling 

legislation was on establishing Wind Cave National Park for the 

protection of its cave resources, the legislation was later revised 

to include the protection of surface and subsurface resources, 

which includes the quality of infiltrating water (National Park 

Service, 1994). Parts of Wind Cave are located below the 

existing water table, and at times some cave passages can be 

inundated with ground water. Numerous “lakes” and “pools” of 

varying size have been discovered in Wind Cave at depths 

approaching 430 ft below land surface (figs. 2 and 3). The 

cave’s environment is nearly pristine, with the greatest threat to 

the subterranean ecosystem being the introduction of contaminants from the surface.

Much of the recharge to the Madison aquifer comes from 

streamflow losses as streams cross the outcrop areas of the 

karstic Madison Limestone, the geologic unit in which Wind 

Cave is located. Water flowing across outcrop areas enters the 

cave through fractures in the limestone. Water movement 

through karst features is dynamic, with potential for rapid 

changes in ground-water levels during recharge events. Large 

transmissivities related to secondary porosity cause the cave to 

be extremely vulnerable to contamination from the surface. Dye 

tests conducted in 1987 showed a hydrologic connection 

between Beaver Creek and subsurface water. Dye poured into 

Beaver Creek within the park boundaries was detected in the 

park’s public-supply well within 2 months. Age dating indicated that the well water was less than 2 years old (Alexander 

and others, 1989). Therefore, a decline in the quality of surfacewater resources could affect the quality of the park’s subsurface 

resources.

Reductions in the volume or quality of surface water, 

related to anthropogenic activities upstream from the park’s 

boundaries, have the potential to affect the management of fisheries and alter the composition and diversity of both the aquatic 

vertebrate and macroinvertebrate communities within Wind 

Cave National Park. Land use is changing just outside of the 

park boundary as development takes place. Land development 

coupled with other ongoing activities nearby such as agriculture, logging, and mining have potential to increase stream 

sediment and affect water chemistry and nutrient loads. 

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and National Park 

Service (NPS) initiated a cooperative study of streamflow and 

water-quality characteristics in Wind Cave National Park in 

2002. During this 2-year study, streamflow and water-quality 

data were collected for three of the park’s perennial streams 

(Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks) from January 2002 

through November 2003. These data were collected to characterize streamflow loss zones and to provide baseline waterquality data that will help park management determine if 

changing land-use practices outside the park are affecting Wind 

Cave’s water resources. The potential influence of parking lot 

runoff on the quality of infiltrating water also was investigated. 

Several time-dependent samples were collected from a drainage 

culvert downstream from the parking lot and from Upper 

Minnehaha Falls inside the cave following a series of simulated 

runoff events conducted on June 19, August 12, and 

September 4, 2002.
Introduction 3

Figure 1. Location of study area and sampling sites. Distribution of geologic units also is shown (modified from Strobel and 

others, 1999).

Cottonwood

Creek

Creek

Creek

Flynn

South

North

Fork

Fork

Lame

Lame

Lame

Johnny

Johnny

Johnny

Creek

Creek Cr

Cr

Dry

Cold

Spring Creek

Creek

Creek

Beaver

Highland

Beaver

7

4

3

2

1

11

12

5

10

9

8

6

MILES

KILOMETERS

0

0

5

1 3 2 4 5

1 2 3 4

103o32'30" 103o30' 103o27'30" 103o25' 103o22'30" 103o20'

43o40'

43o37'30"

43o35'

43o32'30"

43o30'

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data 1:100,000, 1997

Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 13

Geologic Units (Geologic Age)

Alluvium and colluvium, undifferentiated (Quaternary and Tertiary)

White River Group (Tertiary)

Pierre Shale to Skull Creek Shale, undifferentiated (Cretaceous)

Inyan Kara Group (Cretaceous)

Morrison Formation to Sundance Formation, undifferentiated (Jurassic)

Spearfish Formation (Triassic and Permian)

Minnekahta Limestone (Permian)

Opeche Shale (Permian)

Minnelusa Formation (Permian and Pennsylvanian)

Madison (Pahasapa) Limestone and Englewood Formation

 (Mississippian and Devonian)

Deadwood Formation (Ordovician and Cambrian)

Undifferentiated igneous and metamorphic rocks (Precambrian)

2

12

5

4

Wind Cave National Park boundary

Surface-water-quality sampling site—Number indicates

 site number (table 1)

Ground-water-quality sampling site—Number indicates

 site number (table 1)

Continuous-recording streamflow-gaging station—

 Number indicates site number (table 1)

Miscellaneous surface-water measurement site—

 Number indicates site number (table 1)

EXPLANATION

SOUTH DAKOTA

Study

area

Black

Hills

Missouri

River
4 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Figure 2. One of several underground lakes within Wind Cave 

that formed within solution openings in the Madison Limestone.

Figure 3. A diver exploring an underground lake within Wind 

Cave.

Purpose and Scope

The primary purpose of this report is to describe streamflow and water-quality characteristics for Wind Cave National 

Park. The focus of the report is on data collected during the 

2-year study from January 2002 to November 2003; however, 

data collected previously also are summarized. This report also 

describes the water-quality results of the simulated runoff 

events conducted in 2002.

Specifically, this report summarizes streamflow data 

collected for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks, and 

includes characterization of loss zones within these reaches. 

Water-quality data summarized for these streams include physical properties, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, bacteria, 

benthic macroinvertebrates, organic (wastewater) compounds, 

bottom sediment, and suspended sediment. Water-quality data 

summarized in samples from the drainage culvert and cave drip 

primarily include volatile organic compounds. Major-ion, 

trace-element, and nutrient concentrations also are summarized 

for one cave-drip sample.

Acknowledgments

The author is grateful to several individuals from the Wind 

Cave National Park staff who provided assistance with the 

study. Specifically, Dan Roddy helped with the study design 

and report review; Barbara Muenchau helped with obtaining 

scientific collection permits, streamflow measurements, and 

sample collection activities; Marc Ohms helped with waterquality sampling and provided a compilation of existing waterquality data for the park; and Rod Horrocks suggested the parking lot runoff investigation and also helped with report review.

Previous Investigations

The ground-water resources within Wind Cave National 

Park were described by Gries (1959) and by Alexander and 

others (1989), and explorations and surveys of the cave were 

documented by Nepstead and Pisarowicz (1988). An airflow 

study by Conn (1966) predicted that perhaps as little as 

5 percent of Wind Cave had been explored, whereas a geographic information system approach recently predicted that 

between 9 and 40 percent of the passages had been explored 

(Horrocks and Szukalski, 2002).

In 1998, the NPS produced a summary of water-quality 

data collected for the park (National Park Service, 1998). The 

document presented results of chemical analysis for many of the 

park’s water resources and included data for springs, cave-drip 

water, wells, and creeks. The 1998 report summarized waterquality data from six U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

(USEPA) national databases. The USGS has collected daily 

streamflow data on Beaver Creek at a continuous streamflowgaging station (site 4 in fig. 1) since water year 1991 (U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1992-2004). In addition to the 13 years of 

Photograph courtesy of Wind Cave National Park

Photograph courtesy of Wind Cave National Park
Description of the Study Area 5

streamflow data collected on Beaver Creek, some basic field 

water-quality data also are available for the site (Driscoll and 

Bradford, 1994).

Alexander and others (1989) described the hydrology of 

Wind Cave and conducted a study of the quality of water infiltrating into the cave. They concluded that: (1) the elevated 

levels of sodium, chlorides, and/or nitrates detected in cave-drip 

water appeared to be effective indicators of surface, anthropogenic contamination; (2) there was evidence that low levels of 

hydrocarbon contamination reached at least one of the drip sites 

in the cave; and (3) runoff from the visitor’s parking lot was 

directly reaching the underlying cave within a few days and the 

contamination from a single event persisted for months to years.

The conclusions from the Alexander (1989) study 

prompted a follow-up study by Venezky (1994). Venezky conducted simulated runoff studies by applying known quantities 

of water to a portion of the visitor’s parking lot, then collected 

samples of cave drip at known intervals from several sites 

within the cave. During one simulation, Venezky (1994) 

reported that approximately 15 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of 

total hydrocarbon was washed from the north parking lot, and 

about 8 mg/L was washed from the south parking lot. Furthermore, samples collected inside the cave from Upper Minnehaha 

Falls following a rainfall event showed that concentrations of 

total hydrocarbon in cave-drip water increased from about 0.05 

to 0.56 mg/L in less than 20 hours. This study also provided 

some water-quality data for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland 

Creeks and for various springs located outside the park.

Description of the Study Area

The study area includes all of Wind Cave National Park 

and is located along the southeastern flanks of the Black Hills 

in southwestern South Dakota (fig. 1). Altitudes within Wind 

Cave National Park range from about 3,560 ft above NGVD 29 

in the southeast corner to about 5,010 ft above NGVD 29 in the 

northwest corner. 

The climate of the area is continental, with generally low 

precipitation amounts, hot summers, cold winters, and extreme 

variations in both precipitation and temperatures (Johnson, 

1933). Climatic conditions in the Black Hills area are influenced by orographic effects, with generally lower temperatures 

and higher precipitation at the higher altitudes. At Hot Springs 

(elevation of 3,560 ft above NGVD 29), which is located about 

10 mi south of Wind Cave National Park, the mean annual temperature is about 49°F, and mean annual precipitation is about 

21 in. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). 

Hydrology within the Black Hills area is greatly influenced by geology (Driscoll and Carter, 2001), which is highly 

complex. The Black Hills were formed about 60 to 65 million 

years ago during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980) and encompass an area that is nearly 125 mi long 

from north to south and 60 mi wide from east to west. The 

oldest rocks in the study area are the igneous and metamorphic 

rocks of Precambrian age (fig. 1), which are exposed in the 

“crystalline core” of the central Black Hills. A sequence of 

younger sedimentary rocks is exposed around the periphery of 

the Black Hills area and includes outcrops of the Cambrian- and 

Ordovician-age Deadwood Formation, the Mississippian-age 

Madison Limestone (also locally known as the Pahasapa 

Limestone), the Pennsylvanian- and Permian-age Minnelusa 

Formation, and the Permian-age Minnekahta Limestone 

(fig. 1). This layered sequence has been erosionally removed 

from the crystalline core area. The bedrock sedimentary formations typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles 

that can approach or exceed 15 to 20 degrees near the outcrops 

(Carter and others, 2002).

The headwater areas for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks are dominated by outcrops of Precambrian igneous 

and metamorphic rocks and are within the “crystalline core” 

hydrogeologic setting identified by Driscoll and Carter (2001). 

Streamflow characteristics for the crystalline core setting are 

typified by relatively small base flow and strong correlations 

between annual streamflow and precipitation. Small outcrop 

areas of the Madison Limestone also are present in the headwater area for Cold Spring Creek, and some base flow is provided from springs discharging from the Madison Limestone. 

Most of the streams in the Black Hills area lose all or part 

of their flow as they cross the outcrop of the Madison Limestone (Rahn and Gries, 1973; Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). 

Large streamflow losses also occur in many locations within the 

outcrop of the Minnelusa Formation, and small losses probably 

also occur within the outcrop of the Minnekahta Limestone 

(Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). The confluence of Cold Spring 

Creek with Beaver Creek is just upstream from the outcrop of 

the Madison Limestone, so no loss zones are present along Cold 

Spring Creek. Hortness and Driscoll (1998) estimated maximum streamflow losses of 5 ft3

/s from Beaver Creek and of 

10 ft3

/s or more from Highland Creek. Losses to unsaturated 

alluvial deposits located adjacent to stream channels also can 

occur.

The Precambrian basement rocks generally have low permeability and form the lower confining unit for the series of 

aquifers in sedimentary rocks in the Black Hills area. Driscoll 

and others (2002) assumed negligible regional ground-water 

outflow for Precambrian rocks; however, localized aquifers 

within Precambrian rocks occur in many locations in the crystalline core of the Black Hills, where enhanced secondary permeability results from weathering and fracturing. Ground-water 

discharge from Precambrian rocks provides base flow for 

streams in the study area, especially at higher altitudes where 

moisture surpluses result from increased precipitation and 

reduced evapotranspiration. Base flow can diminish very 

quickly during particularly dry periods.

Within the Paleozoic rock interval, aquifers in the Deadwood Formation, Madison Limestone, Minnelusa Formation, 

and Minnekahta Limestone are used extensively and are considered to be major aquifers in the Black Hills area. These 

aquifers receive recharge from infiltration of precipitation on 

outcrops, and the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers also receive 
6 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

substantial recharge from streamflow losses. These aquifers are 

collectively confined by the underlying Precambrian rocks and 

the overlying Spearfish Formation, where present (fig. 1). Individually, these aquifers are separated by minor confining units 

or by relatively impermeable layers within the individual units. 

In general, ground-water flow in these aquifers is radially outward from the crystalline core of the Black Hills.

Data-Collection Sites and Methods

Streamflow and/or water-quality data were collected at 

12 sites in the study area (fig. 1; table 1). Sites 1-10 were used 

to characterize streamflow and/or water quality for Cold Spring, 

Beaver, and Highland Creeks. Water-quality samples were collected from 2 sites on Cold Spring Creek, 2 sites on Beaver 

Creek, and 1 site on Highland Creek to provide baseline waterquality data. Streamflow measurements were made at all of the 

water-quality sampling sites along these streams. Additional 

streamflow measurement sites along Beaver and Highland 

Creeks were used to determine streamflow losses. Continuousrecord streamflow data have been collected at Beaver Creek 

near Pringle (site 4, station 06402430) since water year 1991 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 1992-2004). 

Water-quality samples were collected from sites 11 and 12 

to investigate the potential influence of parking lot runoff on 

water infiltrating into the cave. The drainage culvert (site 11) is 

just downstream from the parking lot, and Upper Minnehaha 

Falls (site 12) is a site where cave drip occurs within Wind 

Cave.

Methods for Determining Streamflow Losses

Many streamflow measurements were made as part of 

seepage runs that began with measurement at the most upstream 

site and progressed to the most downstream site along each 

stream. During these seepage runs, streamflow measurements 

along each stream were made on the same day, when possible, 

to determine streamflow losses. However, some measurements 

were lagged by a day and are excluded from loss determinations.

Methods used to characterize streamflow conditions followed standard USGS protocols described by Rantz and others 

(1982). The accuracy of streamflow measurements are assumed 

to be ±5 percent. Streamflow losses were calculated by subtracting downstream flow from upstream flow. Thus, a positive 

residual represents a net gain, and a negative residual represents 

a net loss through a given reach. Analyses are arranged by 

stream reach, from upstream to downstream.

Sampling and Analytical Methods

Water samples for determination of instream characteristics for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks were collected from the center of the stream using grab procedures. 

Field measurements were made onsite using USGS standard 

methods as described in the U.S. Geological Survey National 

Field Manual (1997-2004). Field measurements included 

streamflow, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and 

water temperature. 

Table 1. Water-quality sampling and streamflow measurement site information.

Site number

(fig. 1) Station number Site name Site type

1 433444103295200 Cold Spring Creek 0.1 mile from the park boundary on Hwy 385 Water quality and streamflow

2 433451103284000 Cold Spring Creek 200 feet above confluence of Beaver Creek Water quality and streamflow

3 433608103303600 Beaver Creek 1⁄4 mile south of Corey Ranch site A Water quality and streamflow

4 06402430 Beaver Creek near Pringle site B Water quality and streamflow

5 433459103280800 Beaver Creek site C Streamflow

6 433506103273500 Beaver Creek site D Streamflow

7 433745103261900 Highland Creek above Madison outcrop near Pringle site A Water quality and streamflow

8 433706103260400 Highland Creek site B Streamflow

9 433654103254800 Highland Creek site C Streamflow

10 433639103254000 Highland Creek site D Streamflow

11 433328103284700 Drainage culvert (south end of visitor’s parking lot) Surface water (runoff)

12 433310103281701 Upper Minnehaha Falls Ground water (cave drip)
Data-Collection Sites and Methods 7

Major ions, nutrients, trace elements, and organic (wastewater) compounds were analyzed by the USGS National Water 

Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Denver, Colorado. References 

for analytical procedures used by NWQL can be found on the 

World Wide Web at URL http://nwql.usgs.gov/Public/ref_list.html (accessed February 6, 2004) and in Brown and 

others (1999) for the wastewater analyses. Major-ion and traceelement concentrations for this study generally are reported as 

“dissolved” concentrations, which means that the water samples were passed through 0.45-micron (μm) pore-size filters at 

the time of collection, thereby excluding the particulate phase 

from the analysis.

Results for organic wastewater compounds are reported in 

relation to the method reporting level (MRL) or method detection limit (MDL) (Childress and others, 1999). Estimated 

values can be reported that are less than the MRL (the smallest 

concentration of a substance that can be reliably measured by 

using a given analytical method) but greater than the MDL (the 

minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured 

and reported with a 99-percent confidence that the analyte 

concentration is greater than zero).

Grab samples for bacteria analyses were collected from the 

middle of the stream using pre-sterilized containers provided by 

the analyzing laboratory, and were immediately chilled following collection. The samples were analyzed for E. coli, fecal 

coliform, and total coliform bacteria within 12 hours of sample 

collection by Energy Laboratories in Rapid City, South Dakota. 

Energy laboratories has received USEPA certification for biological analysis and used method 9223B outlined in the 19th 

edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and 

Wastewater (Eaton and others, 1995).

Samples for the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates 

(BMIs) were collected using protocols developed by Barbour 

and others (1999), Klemm and others (1990), and Plafkin and 

others (1989) for USEPA’s Environmental Monitoring and 

Assessment Program (EMAP), and by Cuffney and others 

(1993) for the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) 

program. Taxonomic identifications were provided by the 

NWQL’s Biological Group using methods outlined by Moulton 

and others (2000).

Composite bed sediment samples were collected from 

selected depositional zones along the streams using guidelines 

of Edwards and Glysson (1988) and Ward and Harr (1990). The 

samples were thoroughly mixed then wet sieved through a 

62-μm mesh screen, and the fraction less than 62 μm was submitted to the Branch of Geochemistry Laboratory of the USGS, 

Geologic Discipline, Lakewood, Colorado, for analysis. The 

samples were analyzed using procedures described in Arbogast 

(1990). 

Water samples were processed and analyzed for suspended 

sediments by the USGS Iowa District Sediment Laboratory. 

Analytical and quality-assurance procedures are described by 

Guy (1969) and Matthes and others (1991).

Several time-dependent samples were collected from a 

drainage culvert (site 11) downstream from the parking lot and 

from Upper Minnehaha Falls (site 12) inside the cave following 

a series of simulated runoff events conducted on June 19, 

August 12, and September 4, 2002. Samples were collected 

from the drainage culvert at 10-minute intervals following the 

simulated event until flow at the culvert ceased. Cave-drip samples were collected from Upper Minnehaha Falls at 1-hour time 

increments beginning at selected times following the simulated 

runoff event, based on previous dye studies done by Alexander 

and others (1989). The cave-drip samples were collected by 

NPS personnel using pre-cleaned bottles provided by the laboratory.

Source water samples and samples collected from the 

drainage culvert (site 11) following the June 19 and August 12, 

2002, simulated runoff events were analyzed for the petroleum 

hydrocarbons of total benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and 

xylenes (BTEX) using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent 

Assay (ELISA) technique at the USGS South Dakota District 

laboratory. The ELISA technique has an MDL of 20 micrograms per liter (μg/L). Samples collected from the drainage culvert following the September 4, 2002, simulated runoff event 

were analyzed for hydrocarbon compounds at the NWQL using 

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods 

(Connor and others, 1997). All samples collected from Upper 

Minnehaha Falls (site 12) were analyzed for hydrocarbon compounds at the NWQL using GC/MS methods. One sample from 

site 12 also was analyzed at the NWQL for major-ion, nutrient, 

and trace-element concentrations.

Quality Assurance

Quality-assurance samples were used to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the analysis of environmental samples 

collected for this study. The quality-assurance samples consisted of replicate field samples, blanks, and spiked samples. 

Two replicate samples were collected during the study 

and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and trace elements. The 

quality-assurance and quality-control data for the replicate samples are presented in table 9 in the Supplemental Information 

section at the end of this report. Differences between environmental samples and replicate samples were determined to be 

negligible, which indicates that there were no problems with 

sample processing, preservation, or analysis techniques. 

Quality-assurance procedures for the analysis of wastewater compounds followed guidelines developed by the 

NWQL. Basically, two types of quality-assurance samples were 

analyzed—blanks and spiked samples. Blanks are aliquots of 

ultrapure deionized water certified to be analyte free that are 

inserted along with environmental samples submitted for analysis in order to evaluate how the analytical instrumentation is 

operating and to determine if any contamination during field or 

laboratory processing or the analytical process could be affecting the results. Spikes are aliquots of ultrapure deionized water 

that have been fortified with a solution containing known concentrations of specific analytes. The NWQL establishes acceptable percent recovery ranges for specific analytes (table 10 in 

the Supplemental Information section) based upon evaluation 
8 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

of numerous spiked samples. Data for environmental samples 

that have associated percent recoveries for spiked samples that 

are outside the established ranges should be used with caution.

Blank samples were submitted between March 4, 2002, 

and May 13, 2003, and analyzed for wastewater compounds 

along with environmental samples. The results of the blank 

analysis (table 10) indicated “estimated” values for a few 

wastewater compounds; although the estimated concentrations 

were greater than the MDL for the analytical method employed, 

all estimated concentrations were less than the MRL.

Five blank samples were spiked by the NWQL and were 

analyzed along with environmental samples submitted on 

May 12, 2003, from Highland Creek. The results for the spiked 

sample (table 10) showed that a few compounds were outside of 

the established percent recovery ranges. However, the environmental samples analyzed in conjunction with the spiked 

samples had reported values that were all less than the MRL for 

these constituents.

Quality-assurance samples collected during the investigation of potential influence of parking lot runoff on cave drip 

water within Wind Cave consisted of two trip blanks. The blank 

samples were composed of organic-free water that accompanied the runoff samples during shipment to the laboratory on 

June 19 and September 4, 2002. The trip blanks were analyzed 

for volatile organic compounds. The results (table 9) indicate 

that all constituent concentrations were less than the respective 

MRLs. The only compound detected in the blank samples was 

toluene, which was detected in the September 4, 2002, sample 

at an estimated concentration of 0.01 μg/L, which is less than 

the MRL of 0.05 μg/L for that compound.

Streamflow

For the past several years, most of western South Dakota 

has experienced persistent drought conditions. Hydrologic conditions for water year 2002 (October 2001 through September 

2002) and 2003 were much different than the wetter conditions 

experienced in the mid-to-late 1990s, with subsequent precipitation and streamflow levels generally well below normal. 

Throughout the duration of the study described in this report, 

precipitation amounts generally were 2 to 4 in. below average 

in much of western South Dakota. The U.S. Drought Monitor 

map produced by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric 

Administration (2003) indicated that the study area ranked in 

the moderate to severe drought category. Consequently, most 

perennial streams probably would be expected to experience 

reduced streamflow as a result of extended periods of moderate 

to severe drought conditions.

Streamflow data collected during water years 1992-2003 

for Beaver Creek near Pringle (station 06402430, table 1, 

site 4), the only continuous streamflow-gaging station within 

the study area, are represented graphically in figure 4. Data 

from water year 1991 are not included because records for that 

year were incomplete. The annual mean streamflow at site 4 

was 3.18 ft3

/s for water years 1992 to 2003 (Burr and others, 

2004). However, annual mean streamflow for the site was about 

0.8 ft3

/s in water year 2003 (fig. 4A), and only water year 1992 

had a lower recorded annual mean flow value indicating the 

intensity of the drought situation during the study period. The 

highest monthly mean streamflow at site 4 generally occurs 

during May and June (fig. 4B), when the effects of snowmelt 

and spring rains combine to augment surface runoff. Inflows 

from springs coupled with summer storms generally maintain 

streamflow through the summer months until storm frequency 

declines in late summer or early fall. The duration curve shown 

in fig. 4C indicates that daily mean flows at site 4 exceed 

1.65 ft3/s about 50 percent of the time. Between water years 

1992 and 2003, the minimum daily mean flow fluctuated 

between 0.06 and 0.9 ft3

/s (fig. 4D). During the same period, 

the maximum peak flow recorded was 90 ft3

/s on June 10, 

1995.

Streamflow measurements were made at selected sites on 

Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks during January, 

March, May, July, September, October, and November 2002 

and during January, March, May, July, September, and October 

2003. Hydrographs depicting streamflow are presented in 

figure 5. Streamflow measurement sites are shown in figure 1 

and presented in table 1. The uppermost measurement site on a 

creek is the lowest number, and downstream sites continue in 

ascending numerical order. 

During 2002, Cold Spring Creek showed only minor variability in streamflow between site 1 and the downstream site 2 

(table 2). The seven streamflow measurements made during 

2002 indicate that the reach between the two sites generally lost 

a small amount of streamflow, most likely through a combination of plant uptake, evaporation, or seepage to the alluvium. 

However, at the time of the May measurement, the downstream 

site had slightly higher streamflow (0.41 ft3

/s) than the 

upstream site (0.34 ft3

/s).

During 2003, site 2 was discontinued as a water-quality 

sampling site and accordingly, streamflow was only measured 

at the site during January, March, and May. The March streamflow measurement showed that the reach between site 1 and the 

downstream site 2 lost flow.

For Beaver Creek, the uppermost site (site 3), generally 

had less flow than the next downstream site (site 4) located at 

the USGS streamflow-gaging station 06402430. This is because 

the uppermost site is above the confluence of Cold Spring 

Creek, whereas site 4 is below the confluence and includes contributions from Cold Spring Creek. Streamflow measurements 

began in May 2002 for the two downstream sites (sites 5 and 6) 

because those sites were frozen during the previous visits in 

January and March and again in November. Streamflow 

increased at sites 3 and 4 between January and May, then 

decreased at all four sites on Beaver Creek between May and 

September. Measurements between September and October at 

the downstream sites showed a slight increase in streamflow, 

which was probably due to vegetative die off that resulted from 

reduced water uptake by plants and as a result of cooler temperatures. During late fall and winter of 2003, no streamflow 
Figure 4. Variations in annual, monthly, and daily mean streamflow for station 06402430, Beaver Creek near Pringle (site 4), water years 1992-20

A - ANNUAL MEAN FLOW

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MA

B - DISTRIBUTION OF MONTHLY 

NOTE: Percent

C - DURATION CURVE OF DAILY MEAN FLOW

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

PERCENT OF TIME INDICATED VALUE WAS EQUALED OR EXCEEDED

1

0.01 0.5

0.2

0.1

0.05

2

5

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

95

98

99 99.9

99.8

PERCENT OF

TIME

FLOW, IN

CUBIC FEET

PER SECOND

959075502510

5

0.220.380.791.654.036.81

10.90

D - DURATION HYDROGRAPHS OF D

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MA

Maxi25 pe50 pe75 peMinim

Exceedance percent
10 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Figure 5. Streamflow measurements for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks.

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

Beaver Creek (site 3)

Beaver Creek (site 4)

Beaver Creek (site 5)

Beaver Creek (site 6)

0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Highland Creek (site 7)

Highland Creek (site 8)

Highland Creek (site 9)

Highland Creek (site 10)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Cold Spring Creek (site 1)

Cold Spring Creek (site 2)

2002

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

2003

CALENDAR YEAR

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND
Table 2. Streamflow data collected during the study.[Values are in cubic feet per second; --, no data]

Date

Cold Spring Creek Beaver Creek Highland Creek

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5

Gain(+)/

loss(-) 

(from 4

to 5)

Site 6

Gain(+)/

loss(-)

(from 5

to 6)

Site 7 Site 8

Gain(+)/

loss(-)

(from 7

to 8)

Site 9

Gai

los

(fro

to 

01-16-02 0.17 0.12 0.81 0.84 -- -- -- -- 1.4 -- -- -- -- 03-04-02 .16 .16 .85 1.10 -- -- -- -- 1.5 -- -- -- -- 05-13-02 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.2 1.05 -0.15 0.98 -0.005-14-02 .34 .41 .90 1.26 1.06 -0.2 0.72 -0.34 -- -- -- -- -- 06-13-02 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 07-23-02 -- -- .57 -- -- -- -- -- 1.07 .78 -.29 .68 -.107-24-02 .15 .14 -- .72 .66 -.06 .45 -.21 -- -- -- -- -- 09-10-02 .10 -- .66 -- -- -- -- -- 1.1 .59 -.51 .57 -.009-11-02 -- .09 -- .62 .55 -.07 .46 -.09 -- -- -- -- -- 10-09-02 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.14 .75 -.39 .82 +.010-10-02 .13 .13 .63 .70 .61 -.09 .53 -.08 -- -- -- -- -- 11-25-02 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.05 .40 -.65 .61 +.211-26-02 .12 .11 .55 .68 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 01-13-03 -- .22 .64 .63 -- -- -- -- .95 -- -- -- -- 03-12-03 .19 .16 .65 .75 -- -- -- -- .97 -- -- -- -- 05-13-03 .24 -- .75 -- -- -- -- -- .87 .40 -.47 .37 -.005-14-03 -- .41 -- 1.18 1.11 -.07 .89 -.22 -- -- -- -- -- 07-08-03 .20 -- .57 -- -- -- -- -- .89 .27 -.62 .23 -.007-09-03 -- -- -- .51 .48 -.03 .44 -.04 -- -- -- -- -- 09-02-03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- .86 .35 -.51 .33 -.009-03-03 .08 -- .44 .41 .41 0 .35 -.06 -- -- -- -- -- 10-14-03 -- -- .49 -- -- -- .90 .34 -.56 .36 +.010-15-03 .12 -- -- .59 .56 -.03 .43 -.13 -- -- -- -- -- Mean -- -- -- -- -- -.07 -- -.14 -- -- -.46 -- 0.0
12 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

measurements could be made at the two lower sites (5 and 6) on 

Beaver Creek because they were once again frozen. However, 

streamflow increased at sites 3 and 4 between January and May. 

Between May and September, all sites experienced decreased 

streamflow.

Streamflow measurements for Highland Creek for 2002 

did not begin until May for three of the sites because they were 

frozen during the previous visits in January and March. Streamflow at the uppermost site (site 7 in fig. 5) decreased between 

January and May, remained fairly constant between May and 

July, decreased in September, and then increased slightly in 

October. Streamflow between May and September decreased at 

sites 8, 9, and 10. Streamflow increased slightly at all sites on 

Highland Creek between September and October probably as a 

result of reduced water requirements by vegetation and lower 

daily temperatures that decreased evapotranspiration.

No streamflow measurements were made at sites 8, 9, or 

10 on Highland Creek during January and March 2003 because 

during that period, the stream was frozen at those locations. 

Streamflow at site 7 showed a gradual decline between January 

and May. Between May and October no significant changes in 

streamflow were observed.

Hydrographs constructed from data collected during the 

study for Cold Spring and Beaver Creeks show a similar seasonal pattern in streamflow fluctuations. Typically, spring 

months show peak flows followed by gradual declines through 

summer into early fall as shown by the 12 years of data presented in figure 4B. In contrast, the hydrograph for Highland 

Creek shows a relatively steady decline in streamflow at all sites 

with only slight seasonal fluctuation (fig. 5).

Net gains or losses in streamflow were calculated between 

selected sites (table 2). This table also allows for the identification of where the greatest streamflow losses or gains occurred 

between consecutive measurement sites on stream reaches. For 

example, very little change in streamflow was observed 

between sites 1 and 2 on Cold Spring Creek. This is because the 

confluence of Cold Spring Creek with Beaver Creek is just 

upstream from the outcrop of the Madison Limestone; therefore, no loss zones are present along Cold Spring Creek.

Beaver Creek generally gained flow between sites 3 and 4 

largely as a result of inflows from Cold Spring Creek above 

site 4, but lost streamflow between sites 4 and 5 with a mean 

loss of 0.07 ft3

/s. The most substantial losses on Beaver Creek 

generally occurred between sites 5 and 6 with a mean loss of 

0.14 ft3

/s. Streamflow losses between sites 4 and 6 probably are 

a result of recharge to the Madison Limestone.

The most substantial losses on Highland Creek generally 

occurred between sites 7 and 8 with a mean loss of 0.46 ft3

/s. 

Most of these losses probably can be attributed to a combination 

of alluvial recharge and losses to the underlying bedrock 

aquifer. There were no overall net losses or gains in streamflow 

between sites 8 and 9; however, some relatively large losses 

were observed between sites 9 and 10 with an average loss of 

0.15 ft3

/s in that stream reach that are likely the result of alluvial 

recharge and losses to the underlying bedrock aquifer. 

For all measurements made during the study period, 

Beaver Creek lost all of its flow to the Madison Limestone 

within the park at an area called Beaver Creek Cave (just downstream from site 6 in fig. 1). Similarly, flow on Highland Creek 

ceased just downstream from site 10. Low-flow conditions 

during the study period precluded characterization of streamflow-loss conditions for both Beaver Creek and Highland 

Creek.

Water Quality

Water-quality characteristics are summarized in this 

section of the report. Instream characteristics are summarized 

for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks with an emphasis 

on data collected from January 2002 to November 2003. Waterquality data from previous investigations reported in the NPS 

Natural Resources Technical Report (National Park Service, 

1998) also are summarized. Water-quality characteristics of 

runoff from the parking lot also are summarized from analytical 

results of samples collected from the drainage culvert and cave 

drip following simulated runoff events.

Analytical results obtained for some of the constituents 

collected during this study are compared to standards established by the USEPA and the State of South Dakota, as part of 

the Clean Water Act of 1977 (table 3). The Clean Water Act 

requires States to classify streams with regard to beneficial use 

and to establish water-quality criteria that define acceptable 

properties or constituent concentrations to meet those uses 

(South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural 

Resources, 2002). The beneficial-use criteria have been established to protect human health and ensure that a stream can 

support the criteria established for its designated beneficial use. 

Aquatic-life criteria are established to provide protection to 

biota from either acute or chronic toxicity. Acute toxicity refers 

to the ability of a substance to cause adverse effects or death 

resulting from a single short-term exposure. Chronic toxicity 

refers to the ability of a substance to cause adverse effects as a 

result of long-term exposure.

Water-quality criteria, standards, and recommended limits 

for drinking-water and aquatic-life criteria promulgated by the 

USEPA also are presented in table 3. Comparisons are made for 

constituents that have an assigned standard. Two types of standards are typically used to assess the suitability of water for 

human consumption. The Maximum Contaminant Level 

(MCL) represents the maximum permissible level of a contaminant allowed in water delivered to any user of a public-supply 

system. MCLs are enforceable standards under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level 

(SMCL) represents a recommended level for a constituent and 

is considered to be a nonenforceable guideline that is usually 

related to the aesthetic quality of water.
Table 3. Water-quality standards for selected physical properties and constituents.[All constituents in milligrams per liter unless otherwise noted. MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; μS/cm, microsiemens peμg/L, micrograms per liter; mL, milliliters; oF, degrees Fahrenheit; oC, degrees Celsius; >, greater than or equal to; --, no data available]

Property or constituent

U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency drinking-water

standards

Beneficial-use criteria 

Drinking

water

MCL1

Drinking

water

SMCL1

Domestic water

supply

(mean/daily 

maximum)2

Coldwater

permanent

fisheries2

Coldwater

marginal

fisheries2

Immersion

waters2

Limited

contact

waters2

W

pro

an

w

w

Specific conductance 

(μS/cm)

-- -- -- -- -- -- --

34,0

pH (standard units) -- 6.5-8.5 6.5-9.0 6.6-8.6 6.5-8.8 -- -- 6Temperature (oF) 

(maximum)

-- -- -- 65 (18.3oC) 75 (24oC) -- -- 

Dissolved oxygen 

(minimum)

-- -- -- >6.0

>7 during 

spawning

>5.0 >5.0 >5.0 

Total alkalinity (as CaCO3) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 375Total dissolved solids -- 500 31,000/1,750 -- -- -- -- 32,5Total suspended solids -- -- -- 330/53 390/158 -- -- Chloride -- 250 3250/438 3100/175 -- -- -- Coliform, total

(per 100 mL)

-- -- 5,000 (mean)

20,000 (single 

sample)

-- -- -- -- 

Coliform, fecal

(per 100 mL)May 1-Sept. 30

-- -- -- -- -- 200 (mean)

400 (single 

sample)

1,000 (mean)

2,000 (single 

sample)

Fluoride 4.0 2.0 4.0 -- -- -- -- Sulfate 500 250 3500/875 -- -- -- -- Nitrate (as N) 10 -- 10 -- -- -- -- 3Nitrite 1 -- 1 -- -- -- -- Nitrate plus nitrite 10 -- 10 -- -- -- -- Un-ionized ammonia (as N) -- -- -- 0.02 0.02 -- -- Cyanide (free) 0.2 -- 0.2 220 220 -- -- 
Dissolved antimony 0.006 -- 0.006 -- -- -- -- Dissolved arsenic 0.05 -- 0.05 0.00014 0.00014 -- -- Dissolved barium 2.0 -- 2.0 -- -- -- -- Dissolved cadmium 0.005 -- 0.005 -- -- -- -- Dissolved chromium 0.1 -- 0.1 -- -- -- -- Dissolved copper -- 1.0 1.3 -- -- -- -- Dissolved iron -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- Dissolved lead -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Dissolved manganese -- 0.05 -- -- -- -- -- Dissolved mercury 0.002 -- 0.002 0.00015 0.00015 -- -- Dissolved selenium 0.05 -- 0.05 -- -- -- -- Dissolved zinc -- 5 -- -- -- --- -- 

1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, 1998b, 1998c.2South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2002) unless indicated otherwise.330-day average/daily maximum.4U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998a.5Hardness-dependent criteria; value given is an example based on hardness of 100 mg/L as CaCO3.6Chronic criteria based on total recoverable concentration.

Table 3. Water-quality standards for selected physical properties and constituents.—Continued[All constituents in milligrams per liter unless otherwise noted. MCL, Maximum Contaminant Level; SMCL, Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; μS/cm, microsiemens pe

μg/L, micrograms per liter; mL, milliliters; oF, degrees Fahrenheit; oC, degrees Celsius; >, greater than or equal to; --, no data available]

Property or constituent

U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency drinking-water

standards

Beneficial-use criteria 

Drinking

water

MCL1

Drinking

water

SMCL1

Domestic water

supply

(mean/daily 

maximum)2

Coldwater

permanent

fisheries2

Coldwater

marginal

fisheries2

Immersion

waters2

Limited

contact

waters2

W

pro

an

w

w
Water Quality 15

Instream Water Quality

Instream water-quality data that are summarized for Cold 

Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks include physical properties, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, bacteria, benthic 

macroinvertebrates, organic (wastewater) compounds, bottom 

sediment, and suspended sediment. Water-quality samples were 

collected during 2002-03 from 2 sites on Cold Spring Creek, 

2 sites on Beaver Creek, and 1 site on Highland Creek to provide baseline water-quality data. The analytical results for the 

samples collected at the five sampling sites during 2002-03 are 

provided in table 16 (available on CD-ROM at the back of this 

report). 

Summary statistics for major-ion, nutrient, and traceelement concentrations are provided in table 11 in the Supplemental Information section for samples collected at waterquality sampling sites during 2002-03, and data from previous 

studies are presented for comparison. Summary statistics were 

not calculated for bacteria, benthic macroinvertebrates, wastewater compounds, or bottom sediment geochemistry; however, 

the analytical results for these constituents are provided in 

various tables in the Supplemental Information section.

Physical Properties and Major Ions

Physical properties and major-ion concentrations were 

measured in samples collected from the five water-quality 

sampling sites. In addition, selected physical property measurements were collected at the streamflow sites on Beaver and 

Highland Creeks during flow measurements. The physical 

property data for the streamflow sites are presented in table 16 

and are included in the following discussions, but are not 

included in the summary statistics (table 11). 

Mean streamflow values were much lower at Cold Spring 

Creek (sites 1 and 2) than for other water-quality sampling sites, 

and the mean values for specific conductance were highest at 

Cold Spring Creek (table 11). Mean concentrations for dissolved calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, fluoride, and sulfate were lower for Highland Creek than for those 

determined for Cold Spring and Beaver Creeks during this 

study. 

None of the physical properties or major-ion concentrations exceeded any of the USEPA drinking-water standards, 

with the exception of pH. The pH values for several samples 

from Beaver Creek (sites 5 and 6) and Highland Creek (sites 7, 

9, and 10) exceeded the SMCL of 8.5 (table 16). Additionally, 

several of these same samples also exceeded beneficial-use criteria for coldwater permanent fisheries and coldwater marginal 

fisheries of 8.6 and 8.8, respectively. Water temperature 

exceeded the coldwater permanent fisheries criterion of 18.3°C

in 1 sample from Cold Spring Creek (site 1), 3 samples from 

Beaver Creek (2 from site 5 and 1 from site 6), and 11 samples 

from Highland Creek (2 from site 8, 5 from site 9, and 4 from 

site 10). Two samples from Highland Creek also exceeded the 

coldwater marginal fisheries criterion of 24°C (one sample each 

at sites 9 and 10). Almost all of the samples that exceeded the 

temperature criteria were collected during July, indicating that 

temperature may stress fish during unusually warm summer 

periods with lower flows. Furthermore, NPS personnel documented a fish kill along portions of Highland Creek during July 

2001, but a cause has not been identified (Dan Roddy, National 

Park Service, oral commun., 2004).

Major-ion data for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland 

Creeks are presented graphically on trilinear diagrams (fig. 6) 

using a method developed by Piper (1944). Concentrations of 

the major dissolved ionic constituents are determined as milliequivalents per liter and expressed as percentages of the total 

anions and cations present in the water sample. This allows for 

further classification into different water types based on the 

relative proportion of anions and cations present. Classification 

of water into different water types can be useful to determine if 

streams have different or similar water sources. The water type 

of all three streams is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type.

Slight decreases in mean values for pH, specific conductance, water temperature, and calcium were observed at the 

downstream site (site 2) for Cold Spring Creek compared to the 

upstream site (site 1). Slight increases were observed in mean 

values for turbidity, magnesium, sodium, silica, and sulfate 

between the upstream and downstream sites (table 11). Several 

small springs enter Cold Spring Creek between site 1 and site 2, 

and it is possible that spring water could account for some of the 

observed differences in water chemistry. 

There was no substantial difference observed during the 

2002-03 study for specific conductance between sites 3 and 4 

on Beaver Creek. The mean value for specific conductance for 

Beaver Creek was slightly higher at the downstream site (site 4) 

than at the upstream site (site 3) (table 11). Specific conductance data are available for Beaver Creek site 4 for water years 

1991-2003, and a plot showing the relation between streamflow 

and specific conductance for this site is shown in figure 7. For 

most streams in the Black Hills area with headwaters in the 

crystalline core area, such as Beaver Creek, specific conductance generally decreases as flow increases due to dilution 

(Williamson and Carter, 2001). However, this relation is not 

evident in data collected from Beaver Creek, which shows that 

specific conductance does not vary with streamflow (fig. 7). 

Streams with influences from headwater springs in the Black 

Hills area generally show little variability in specific conductance in relation to streamflow (Williamson and Carter, 2001). 

The lack of variability in specific conductance at Beaver Creek 

site 4 is likely due to influences from headwater springs because 

there are several headwater springs that provide base flow to 

Cold Spring Creek (which discharges to Beaver Creek upstream 

from site 4) and to Beaver Creek upstream from site 4. Furthermore, the trilinear diagrams for sites 3 and 4 on Beaver Creek 

(fig. 6) are very similar to those presented for headwater springs 

in the Black Hills (Williamson and Carter, 2001).

Because water-quality sampling occurred during low 

streamflow conditions during this study, it was not possible to 

determine how concentrations of major ions might change 

under higher streamflow conditions. However, based on specific conductance values presented in figure 7 for site 4 on 

Beaver Creek, there appears to be a good indication that there 
16 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

could be only slight variability in major-ion concentrations in 

Beaver Creek with increasing streamflow. However, additional 

data collected during higher streamflow conditions would be 

required in order to confirm this observation.

Differences in water-quality data were observed between 

samples collected from Beaver Creek and those collected from 

Cold Spring and Highland Creeks. Mean turbidity values for 

Beaver Creek were higher for the upstream site than for the 

downstream site, and mean turbidity values at the upper site 

generally were much higher than those determined for sites on 

the other two streams. Mean dissolved-oxygen concentrations 

were lower at site 3 than at sites 1, 2, 4, or 7. Mean water temperature was slightly lower at the upper Beaver Creek site than 

for sites 1, 2, 4, or 7. Mean values for most major ions tended to 

decrease from the upstream site to the downstream site on 

Beaver Creek. Mean concentrations of chloride and sulfate 

were higher at site 3 compared to the other water-quality 

sampling sites.

Only minor variability was observed in the concentrations 

of most major ions over time on Highland Creek (site 7), with 

the exception of dissolved calcium, potassium, and sodium concentrations reported for samples collected on September 10, 

2002. Values for these three major ions were slightly higher 

than concentrations reported from the three other samples 

collected at this site during the study. Small variations in concentrations of these three major ions reported for samples 

collected on September 10, 2002, probably are a result of diminished streamflow measured at the sampling site on that date.

Nutrients

None of the nutrient concentrations from the streams 

sampled exceeded any of the USEPA drinking-water standards. 

Increases in mean values were observed for concentrations of 

nitrite plus nitrate on Cold Spring Creek between the upstream 

and downstream sites. Several small springs enter Cold Spring 

Creek between site 1 and site 2, and it is possible that spring 

water could account for some of the observed differences in 

water chemistry. Higher mean values for some constituents at 

the upstream site could be partially a result of water entering 

Cold Spring Creek from a septic system located just upstream 

from site 1 (outside the park boundary) or from a combination 

of several other potential sources.

Mean concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and 

phosphorous were higher at site 3 on Beaver Creek than at other 

water-quality sampling sites, indicating a general decline in 

water quality at this site when compared to others monitored 

during this study. Mean values for nutrient concentrations 

decreased from the upstream site to the downstream site on 

Beaver Creek. The lower constituent concentrations at the 

downstream site probably result from dilution by inflows of 

Cold Spring Creek.

Figure 6. Trilinear diagram showing percentage of major ions for water-quality-sampling sites.

PERCENTAGE REACTING VALUES, IN MILLIEQUIVALENTS PER LITER

80

60

40

20

80

80

60

40

20

20

20

40

60

80

40

60

80

60

40

20

20

80

60

40

20

40

60

80

80

60

40

20

Calcium + Magnesium

Sulfate

Sodium + Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium

Carbonate + Bicarbonate 

Sulfate + Chloride

Chloride + Fluoride + Nitrite + Nitrate

CATIONS ANIONS

Cold Spring Creek (site 1)

Cold Spring Creek (site 2)

Highland Creek (site 7)

Beaver Creek (site 3)

Beaver Creek (site 4)

EXPLANATION
Water Quality 17

Mean concentrations for most of the nutrients analyzed at 

Highland Creek during this study were similar to those determined for sites on Cold Spring and Beaver Creeks. However, 

site 7 had the highest mean concentration for dissolved nitrite 

plus nitrate of the five water-quality sampling sites. 

Bacteria and Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Samples collected from the five water-quality sampling 

sites in 2002-03 were analyzed for E. coli, fecal coliform, and 

total coliform bacteria. Results of the bacteria analyses are 

presented in table 4.

In samples collected at Cold Spring Creek, E. coli bacteria 

only were detected in one sample, which was collected on 

March 4, 2002. The maximum concentration of fecal coliform 

bacteria in samples from Cold Spring Creek was 70 colonyforming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100 mL) at site 1, and 

the maximum concentration of total coliform bacteria was 

1,100 colonies per 100 milliliters (col/100 mL) at site 1. Concentrations of fecal and total coliform bacteria generally were 

higher at the upstream site (site 1) than at the downstream site 

(site 2). 

Concentrations of E. coli, fecal coliform, and total 

coliform bacteria were highest at site 3 on Beaver Creek than 

for any other site (table 4). The maximum bacteria concentrations for Beaver Creek were 130 col/100 mL (site 3) for E. coli, 

220 CFU/100 mL for fecal coliform, and 2,600 col/100 mL for 

total coliform. However, all values were below beneficial-use 

criteria established for bacteria in surface waters of South 

Dakota (table 3). Concentrations of these bacteria generally 

decreased from the upstream site (site 3) to the downstream site 

on Beaver Creek (site 4). 

Bacterial concentrations determined for site 7 on Highland 

Creek generally were low with the exception of samples 

collected during July 2002 and 2003 (table 4). E coli bacteria 

were detected in two samples from Highland Creek with a maximum concentration of 42 col/100 mL. The maximum concentration of fecal coliform bacteria was 100 CFU/100 mL, and the 

maximum concentration of total coliform bacteria was 

400 col/100 mL. Concentrations of bacterial colonies generally 

were lower in water samples collected from this site than in 

samples collected from other sites during this study.

Figure 7. Relation between streamflow and specific conductance for Beaver Creek near Pringle (06402430) (site 4), water

years 1991–2003.

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000

SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE, IN MICROSIEMENS PER CENTIMETER

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

STREAMFLOW, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND
18 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 4. Results of bacteriological analysis for Cold Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks during 2002-03.

[col/100 mL, colonies per 100 milliliters; CFU/100 mL, colony-forming units per 100 milliliters; <, less than; NA, not analyzed]

Site name

(number refers to fig. 1) Date Bacteria, E-coli(col/100 mL)

Bacteria, fecal 

coliform

(CFU/100 mL)

Bacteria, total 

coliform

(col/100 mL)

Cold Spring Creek 0.1 mile from the park boundary 

on Hwy 385 (site 1)

03-04-02 <2 <2 <2

05-13-02 <2 2 110

07-25-02 <2 70 NA

09-11-02 <2 46 NA

02-05-03 <2 NA <2

03-12-03 <2 NA 5

05-13-03 <2 <2 10

07-09-03 <2 NA 1,100

Cold Spring Creek 200 feet above confluence 

of Beaver Creek (site 2)

03-04-02 2 2 3

05-14-02 <2 2 <2

07-24-02 <2 10 NA

09-11-02 <2 42 NA

02-05-03 <2 NA <2

05-14-03 <2 <2 <2

Beaver Creek 1⁄4 mile south of Corey Ranch 

(site 3)

03-04-02 7 32 44

05-13-02 130 130 1,600

07-23-02 5 220 NA

09-10-02 <2 150 NA

02-05-03 <2 NA 10

03-12-03 <2 NA 77

05-13-03 2 <2 24

07-09-03 100 NA 2,600

Beaver Creek near Pringle (USGS gaging 

station 06402430)

(site 4)

03-04-02 2 5 33

05-14-02 <2 <2 <2

07-24-02 <2 110 NA

09-11-02 <2 56 NA

02-05-03 <2 NA 5

03-12-03 <2 NA 32

05-14-03 <2 <2 2

07-09-03 <2 NA 1,600

Highland Creek above Madison outcrop near 

Pringle (site 7)

03-04-02 2 3 2

05-13-02 <2 2 70

07-23-02 <2 100 NA

09-10-02 <2 28 NA

02-05-03 <2 NA 4

03-12-03 <2 NA 12

05-13-03 <2 <2 14

07-09-03 42 NA 400
Water Quality 19

Samples for the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates 

(BMIs) were collected from Cold Spring Creek site 2, Beaver 

Creek site 4, and Highland Creek site 7 during July 2002 and 

May 2003. Aquatic macroinvertebrate data are presented in 

table 12 in the Supplemental Information section.

The abundance of taxa, reported in number of organisms 

per 0.9 square meter, represents a measure of prevalence. At 

site 2 on Cold Spring Creek, the Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) 

Tricorythodes was the most prevalent taxan in 2002, and the 

Dipteran (true fly) Chaetocladius was the most prevalent taxan 

in 2003.

At site 4 on Beaver Creek, the Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) 

Tricorythodes was the most prevalent taxan in 2002, and the 

Coleoptera (beetle) Optioservus divergens (LeConte) was 

the most prevalent taxan in 2003. A species of Caddis fly 

Mayatrichia ayama previously unreported in the published 

literature for South Dakota was identified in samples collected 

from site 4 in 2002 (Dave Ruiter, written commun., Mar. 26, 

2003). Attempts to confirm the presence of Mayatrichia ayama

at the site in 2003 were unsuccessful. However, this taxan was 

confirmed to be present in samples collected from the Little 

White River, located in south-central South Dakota, in 2003 as 

part of an unrelated study.

Results of the 2002 sampling showed that the 

Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Baetidae was the predominant taxan 

at site 7 on Highland Creek. During 2003, the Coleoptera 

(beetle) Optioservus sp.was most predominant taxan. Two new 

species of Caddis fly Ceratopsyche cf. slossonae (Banks) and 

Brachycentrus occidentalis (Banks) were identified from samples collected at Highland Creek in 2002 that had not previously 

been reported in South Dakota. Attempts to confirm the 

presence of these two macroinvertebrates at the site were 

unsuccessful in 2003. 

A number of methods exist that use BMI data to determine 

or rank the relative amount of environmental stress present 

in the sampled reach of a stream at the time of sampling 

(Rosenberg and Resh, 2001). Two of these methods were used 

to generally assess stream conditions for this study; a brief 

description of two methods used follows. 

The first method used (table 5) compares the total number 

of pollution-sensitive BMIs present from the Orders 

Ephemeroptera (May flies), Plecoptera (Stone flies), and 

Trichoptera (Caddis flies) (EPT) to the total number of more 

tolerant macroinvertebrates from the Family Chironomidae. 

The rationale for this method is that compared with a stream 

that is not environmentally stressed, a stream that is stressed 

will reflect an imbalance favoring the more tolerant organisms. 

However, this method is susceptible to errors from several 

habitat-specific conditions such as substrate size, water temperature, and seasonality that can greatly influence the relative 

abundance of these organisms present in the stream. The 

mesh size of the net used to collect the Chironomidae also is 

critical because the larger the mesh, the fewer Chironomidae 

collected.

Furthermore, information presented for BMIs are limited 

to the duration of this study only, and sampling was restricted to 

a single reach on each stream in an attempt to provide some 

basic background information. Therefore, the BMI data presented should be viewed cautiously and used in combination 

with the other traditional water chemistry, nutrient, and physical characteristics measurements provided in order to obtain a 

more integrated and accurate assessment of stream water 

quality. Multiple sampling sites on these streams visited over a 

period of several years would probably be required to provide 

enough information to definitively assess stream health based 

on BMI data.

These comparisons show that for all three sites sampled 

during July 2002 a substantially higher percentage of EPT taxa 

were present than Chironomidae. Actually, the inequality 

favors the less tolerant EPT taxa and would indicate that on a 

relative basis, the reach on Cold Spring Creek ranked slightly 

higher than Highland Creek (94.5 and 94.0 percent, respectively), and the reach on Beaver Creek ranked lowest 

(73 percent) with respect to the number of EPT taxa. However, 

all streams would be rated as having low environmental stress 

in their respective reaches at the time of sampling due to the 

high percentage of EPT taxa present.

Table 5. General assessment of relative stream reach health using comparison of percent EPT to percent Chironomidae.

[EPT, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera]

Number and percent

of taxa present

Cold Spring Creek

(site 2)

Beaver Creek

(site 4)

Highland Creek

(site 7)

Date sampled 7/2002 5/2003 7/2002 5/2003 7/2002 5/2003

Number of EPT taxa 3,878 708 1,387 1,382 5,004 885

Number of Chironomidae 224 3,367 509 732 322 301

Percent Chironomidae 5.5 79.0 27.0 47.1 6.0 66.0

Percent EPT 94.5 21.0 73.0 52.9 94.0 34.0
20 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Data from May 2003 show a different result because the 

reach on Beaver Creek ranked highest with respect to the number of EPT taxa (52.9 percent), followed by the reach on Highland Creek (34 percent), and the reach on Cold Spring Creek 

ranked lowest (21 percent). It seems likely that these differences can be attributed in part to the timing of the sample 

collection.

The second method used (table 6) compares the total number of organisms collected from the non-Dipteran taxa to the 

total number of organisms from all taxa collected from the 

entire stream reach sampled (percent non-Dipterans). The rationale for this approach assumes that a higher percentage of the 

less tolerant non-Dipteran groups than the more tolerant 

Dipteran groups indicates lower environmental stress. This 

method also is influenced by the same variables described 

previously for the first method.

Results from this comparison show that for July 2002, the 

reach on Cold Spring Creek ranked highest in percentage of 

non-Dipterans (91.5 percent) followed by Highland Creek 

(79.0 percent) and Beaver Creek (78.4 percent). All the 2002 

sites showed a high percentage of non-Dipteran taxa present 

indicating low estimated levels of environmental stress at the 

time of sampling. The ranking from this comparison agreed 

with the ranking obtained by the percentage EPT method for 

data collected in July 2002.

Data from May 2003 show a different result than the 

data collected in 2002 because the reach on Beaver Creek 

ranked highest using the percentage non-Dipteran method 

(84.9 percent), followed by the reach on Highland Creek 

(69.4 percent). The reach on Cold Spring Creek ranked lowest 

with 27.5 percent non-Dipteran taxa present. These results indicate that the estimated level of environmental stress was higher 

at the time of sampling in the reach on Cold Spring Creek than 

at the other two reaches sampled in 2003. However, the ranking 

from this comparison agreed with the ranking obtained by the 

percent EPT method for data collected in July 2003. Differences 

in ranking between years can likely be attributed, in part, to the 

differences in the timing of the sample collection in addition to 

the other factors previously mentioned. 

Trace Elements

Trace-element concentrations reported for this study 

generally are reported as total constituent concentrations, which 

refer to the combined concentration of both dissolved and suspended phases of a water sample. In general, dissolved constituent concentrations are usually less than those obtained for similar samples analyzed for total constituent concentrations. This 

is because total constituent concentrations include trace elements that are adsorbed to suspended sediments in the water 

sample. However, as discussed previously, all stream-water 

samples collected for this study were collected during low-flow 

conditions. The highest streamflow measured at site 4 during 

the study was 1.26 ft3/s on May 14, 2002. The duration curve of 

daily mean flow (fig. 4C) indicates that between water years 

1992 and 2003, that flow value was exceeded over 60 percent 

of the time. Furthermore, suspended-sediment concentrations 

for all sampling sites were very small indicating that concentrations of trace elements associated with the suspended phase also 

would be small.

Water-quality standards and criteria for trace elements 

generally apply to the dissolved phase (table 3). Therefore, 

comparisons between standards and criteria and trace-element 

concentrations determined for this study are not made. However, for any constituent for which a total concentration has 

been reported that is less than the designated water-quality standard, the dissolved concentration for that constituent also would 

be less than the standard.

Deceases in mean values were observed for concentrations 

of iron and manganese on Cold Spring Creek between the 

upstream and downstream sites during 2002-03 (table 11). 

Several small springs provide flow to Cold Spring Creek 

between site 1 and site 2, and it is possible that dilution by 

spring water could account for some of the observed differences 

in water chemistry. Mean trace-element concentrations generally were lower for the downstream site (site 4) than the 

upstream site (site 3) on Beaver Creek.

Table 6. General assessment of relative stream reach health using percent non-Dipterans.

Number and percent

of taxa present

Cold Spring Creek

(site 2)

Beaver Creek

(site 4)

Highland Creek

(site 7)

Date sampled 7/2002 5/2003 7/2002 5/2003 7/2002 5/2003

Total number of taxa 4,780 5,300 2,634 5,631 8,458 4,426

Number of non-Dipterans 4,374 1,458 2,066 4,783 6,685 3,074

Percent Dipterans 8.5 72.5 21.6 15.1 21.0 30.6

Percent non-Dipterans 91.5 27.5 78.4 84.9 79.0 69.4
Water Quality 21

Mean trace-element concentrations generally were lowest 

in samples from Highland Creek (site 7) in comparison to samples collected at the other sites during 2002-03 (table 11). Mean 

concentrations of chromium, iron, manganese, and nickel were 

higher at site 3 on Beaver Creek than the other water-quality 

sampling sites indicating a general decline in water quality at 

this site when compared to others monitored during this study.

The Pringle Post and Pole site is located approximately 

9 mi upstream from the boundary of Wind Cave National Park 

and about 73⁄4 mi upstream from site 3 on Beaver Creek. The 

USEPA listed the Pringle Post and Pole site on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, Liability Information System (CERCLIS) in July 1991. The site was used for 

a wood treatment business for about 50 years (mid-1940s 

through mid-1990s) and covers about 10 acres just east of 

Pringle, South Dakota, which is located about 5 mi northwest of 

the park boundary. Initially, pentachlorophenol (PCP) was 

mixed with diesel fuel to treat wood; later operations used 

pressure treatment with a chromated copper arsenate (CCA) 

solution. 

The USEPA conducted assessments at the site in 1992 and 

1994 under the auspices of Ecology and Environment, Inc. 

(E&E). The results of E&E’s assessments are documented in 

two unpublished reports (Ecology and Environment, Inc., 

written commun., 1992, 1994). These reports documented the 

presence of soils contaminated with PCP, polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, furans, arsenic, chromium, 

copper, and zinc at the site. These investigations also documented the presence of dioxin and furan in the sediment of 

Beaver Creek. A follow-up site assessment was conducted by 

URS Operating Services, Inc. at Pringle Post and Pole between 

September 4-6, 2001. The results of that assessment documented that dioxins and furans were detected in the surface 

water and sediments of Beaver Creek downstream from the site 

(URS Operating Services, Inc., 2002).

Based on USEPA’s results, it is possible that the higher 

concentrations of chromium, nickel, and iron reported for site 3 

than for other sites sampled during this study could have been a 

result of upstream activities. Furthermore, trace amounts of 

organic contaminants detected at this site could have been 

carried downstream from the Pringle Post and Pole site as well.

Organic (Wastewater) Compounds

Samples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were 

collected at least twice from four of the five water-quality 

sampling sites established for this study and the results are presented in table 13 in the Supplemental Information section. 

Samples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were not 

collected from the downstream site on Cold Spring Creek 

(site 2). 

Samples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were 

collected at site 1 on Cold Spring Creek during three sampling 

events. The four compounds detected in samples from site 1 

were bromoform, phenol, caffeine, and cholesterol, but only 

phenol was detected at concentrations greater than the MRL 

(table 13). 

Several wastewater compounds were detected in samples 

collected from sites 3 and 4 on Beaver Creek (table 13). Of 

particular interest are detections of phenol, para-cresol, and 

para-nonylphenol-total. Although concentrations of two of the 

compounds were reported as estimated (less than the MRL but 

greater than the MDL), phenol was detected at both sites on 

Beaver Creek at concentrations greater than the MRL. It is not 

possible to determine the potential source(s) of these three compounds on the basis of the limited sampling undertaken for this 

study; however, it can not be ruled out that they were present as 

a result of activities associated with the operation of Pringle 

Post and Pole described in the Trace Elements section of this 

report. Additional sampling of water and sediments at selected 

intervals along Beaver Creek would be required to identify 

potential sources of the contamination.

Highland Creek was sampled on July 23, 2002, and again 

on May 13, 2003, and no wastewater compounds were detected 

from either sample at concentrations greater than the MRL for 

the analytical method used. Estimated concentrations were 

reported for bromoform; para-cresol; ethanol,2-butoxyphosphate; and cholesterol. However, reported concentrations 

for these compounds were very low and were not considered to 

be indicative of any substantial effect from anthropogenic 

sources.

Bottom Sediment 

The geochemical composition of bottom sediments was 

analyzed in one composite sample from each of the three 

streams (site 2 on Cold Spring Creek, site 4 on Beaver Creek, 

and site 7 on Highland Creek), and the results are presented 

in table 14 in the Supplemental Information section. Selected 

sediment-quality guidelines are presented in table 7 for comparison with sediment-quality results.

Constituent concentrations in bottom sediment samples 

from Cold Spring Creek (site 2) generally were similar to the 

samples from the other two sites with only a few exceptions 

(table 14). Concentrations of calcium, manganese, selenium, 

strontium, and thorium were higher than for the other two sites. 

The arsenic concentration of 9.5 micrograms per gram (μg/g) 

exceeded the USEPA threshold effects guidelines, the NOAA 

effects range low value, and the National Irrigation Water 

Quality Program (NIWQP) level of concern outlined in table 7. 

The percentages of organic plus inorganic carbon and inorganic 

carbon were higher at this site than for the other two sites 

sampled during this study.

The geochemical composition of bottom sediments for 

Beaver Creek generally were similar to the other two sites with 

only a few exceptions. Concentrations of chromium, copper, 

lithium, vanadium, and zinc were all higher in sediment 

samples analyzed from Beaver Creek than from the other two 

sites (table 14). Furthermore, the arsenic concentration of 

9.4 μg/g exceeded the USEPA threshold effects guidelines, the 
22 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

NOAA effects range low value, and the NIWQP level of concern (table 7). The nickel concentration also was higher at this 

site than the other two sites and approached the USEPA threshold effects level.

The sample from Highland Creek had the lowest percentage of inorganic plus organic, inorganic, and organic carbon of 

any site sampled during this study. No constituent concentrations in the sample from Highland Creek exceeded sedimentquality guidelines. 

Suspended Sediment

Samples for the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration were collected from each of the five water-quality 

sampling sites. Sediment data are presented in table 8. Because 

observed streamflow during the study generally was below 

average due to drought conditions, suspended-sediment concentrations measured at all the sites probably were less than 

those expected under more normal streamflow conditions. 

Suspended-sediment concentrations for Cold Spring Creek 

were slightly higher at the upstream site (site 1) than at the 

downstream site (site 2). Sediments at both sites were largely 

composed of fine-grained particles that were less than (<) 

0.062 mm (millimeter) in diameter. Of the five sampling sites, 

concentrations of suspended sediment were highest in samples 

from Cold Spring Creek site 1.

Concentrations of suspended sediment for Beaver Creek 

were slightly higher at the downstream site (site 4) than at the 

upstream site (site 3). The composition of sediments was different at the upstream site compared to the downstream site. Suspended sediments were composed largely of fines <0.062 mm 

in diameter at the upstream site, whereas suspended sediments 

were largely composed of sands greater than 0.062 mm in 

diameter at the downstream site.

Suspended sediments for site 7 on Highland Creek were 

largely composed of fine-grained sediments of <0.062 mm in 

diameter. Concentrations of suspended sediments at this site 

were less than for the other sites sampled.

Table 7. Selected sediment-quality guidelines and indices.

[All values in micrograms per gram. --, not applicable]

Property or

constituent

U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency

sediment-quality

guidelines

(U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, 1998d)

NOAA National Status

and Trends Program

Sediment Quality

Guidelines

(Long and others, 1995)

National Irrigation Water

Quality Program

(U.S. Department of

the Interior, 1998)

Western U.S. soils

(modified from Shacklette

and Boerngen, 1984)

Threshold

effects

level

Probable

effects

level

Effects

range

low1

Effects

range

median2

Level of

concern

Toxicity

threshold

Geometric

mean

Baseline

range3

Arsenic 7.24 41.6 8.2 70 8.2 70 5.5 1.2–22

Cadmium .676 4.21 1.2 9.6 -- -- -- --

Chromium 52.3 160 81 370 -- -- 41 8.5–200

Copper 18.7 108 34 270 34 270 21 4.9–90

Lead 30.2 112 47 220 -- -- 17 5.2–55

Molybdenum -- -- -- -- -- -- .85 .18–4.0

Nickel 15.9 42.8 21 52 -- -- -- --

Selenium -- -- -- -- 1 4 .23 .039–1.4

Silver .733 1.77 1 3.7 -- -- -- --

Vanadium -- -- -- -- -- -- 70 18–270

Zinc 124 271 150 410 150 410 55 17–180

1

Defined as the concentration at which occasional adverse biological effects may result.

2

Defined as the concentration at which frequent adverse biological effects may result.

3Defined as the range in which 95 percent of sample concentrations are expected to occur.
Water Quality 23

Table 8. Suspended-sediment data collected from selected sampling sites.

[mm, millimeters; >, greater than; <, less than; ND, no data]

Site name Date Total sediment

(grams per liter)

Sands >62 mm 

(grams)

Percent of 

total

Fines <62 mm 

(grams)

Percent of 

total

Cold Spring Creek 0.1 mile from the 

park boundary on Hwy 385 (site 1)

01-16-02 0.0377 0.0133 35.3 0.0244 64.7

03-04-02 .0364 .0224 61.5 .0140 38.6

09-10-02 .0169 .0030 17.8 .0139 82.2

11-26-02 .0268 .0122 45.5 .0146 54.5

02-05-03 .0147 .0110 74.8 .0037 25.2

07-09-03 .0497 .0213 42.9 .0284 57.1

09-03-03 .0145 .0055 37.9 .0090 62.1

Cold Spring Creek 200 feet above 

confluence of Beaver Creek (site 2)

01-16-02 .0421 .0226 53.7 .0195 46.3

03-04-02 .0286 .0132 46.1 .0154 53.9

07-24-02 .0236 .0066 28.0 .0170 72.0

09-09-02 .0045 .0017 37.8 .0028 62.2

11-26-02 .0367 .0132 36.0 .0235 64.0

02-05-03 .0063 .0012 19.0 .0051 81.0

05-14-03 .0202 .0139 68.8 .0063 32.2

07-09-03 ND ND ND ND ND

09-03-03 ND ND ND ND ND

Beaver Creek 1⁄4 mile south of 

Corey Ranch (site 3)

11-26-02 .0180 .0133 73.9 .0047 26.1

02-05-03 .0038 .0017 44.7 .0021 55.3

05-13-03 .0171 .0073 42.7 .0098 57.3

07-09-03 .0111 .0038 34.2 .0073 65.8

09-03-03 .0029 .0001 3.5 .0028 96.5

Beaver Creek near Pringle (USGS 

gaging station 06402430) (site 4)

01-16-02 .0327 .0239 73.1 .0088 26.9

03-04-02 .0303 .0210 69.3 .0093 30.7

07-24-02 .0080 .0030 37.5 .0050 62.5

09-11-02 .0024 .0002 8.3 .0022 91.7

11-26-02 .0306 .0111 36.3 .0195 63.7

02-05-03 .0079 .0069 87.3 .0010 12.7

05-14-03 .0262 .0197 75.2 .0065 24.8

07-09-03 .0253 ND ND ND ND

09-03-03 .0029 ND ND ND ND

Highland Creek above Madison outcrop 

near Pringle (site 7)

01-22-02 .0090 .0016 17.8 .0074 82.2

03-04-02 .0088 .0019 21.6 .0069 78.4

07-23-02 .0085 .0043 50.6 .0042 49.4

09-10-02 .0015 .0004 26.7 .0011 73.3

11-25-02 .0020 .0004 20.0 .0016 80.0

02-05-03 .0151 .0133 88.1 .0018 11.9

05-13-03 .0074 .0057 77.0 .0017 23.0

07-09-03 .0094 .0026 27.7 .0068 72.3

09-02-03 .0041 .0011 26.8 .0030 73.2
24 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Runoff from Parking Lot

The potential influence of parking lot runoff on cave drip 

water within Wind Cave was investigated. This investigation 

was prompted by the results of studies completed by Alexander 

and others (1989) and Venezky (1994), which were described in 

the Previous Investigations section. Based on the findings of 

these two studies, NPS asked USGS to collect additional information concerning the composition of parking lot runoff and 

cave-drip water following simulated runoff events. During 

2002-03, several time-dependent samples were collected from a 

parking lot drainage culvert downstream from the parking lot 

(site 11) and from Upper Minnehaha Falls (site 12) inside the 

cave following a series of simulated runoff events conducted on 

June 19, August 12, and September 4, 2002.

To simulate runoff events, NPS personnel from the park’s 

fire management program used hydrants and hoses to apply a 

volume of water approximately equal to what would be deposited on the lot from one-quarter inch of precipitation. Two twoperson teams began applying water at opposite ends of the 

parking lot and met in the middle. The total time for simulated 

runoff events ranged between 30 and 40 minutes. The simulations were conducted during periods of high visitation and 

usually followed a 14-day period with no antecedent precipitation. 

Samples collected from the parking lot drainage culvert 

(site 11) and analyzed for BTEX compounds using ELISA techniques all resulted in non-detections for the target compounds. 

Samples were collected from Upper Minnehaha Falls (site 12) 

following the three simulated runoff events in 2002 and were 

sent to the NWQL for quantification using GC/MS. The results 

of these analyses are provided in table 15 in the Supplemental 

Information section. 

Water samples collected at the drainage culvert (site 11) 

on September 4, 2002, and analyzed by GC/MS had several 

BTEX compounds in the effluent—toluene (0.04 μg/L), benzene (0.02 μg/L), and meta- and para-xylene (0.02 μg/L) 

(table 15). However, all the detected concentrations were much 

less than the MRL for ELISA techniques. In addition, other 

hydrocarbon compounds (table 15) were detected at much 

higher concentrations than the BTEX compounds, including 

chloroform (5.1 μg/L), methyl isobutyl ketone (1.00 μg/L), and 

acetone (23 μg/L), which were not specifically analyzed for 

using ELISA techniques. 

Prior to the initiation of the simulated runoff event 

conducted on September 4, 2002, background samples were 

collected from Upper Minnehaha Falls and analyzed using 

GC/MS. Only very low levels of toluene were present and at 

concentrations less than the MRL. Subsequent samples were 

collected sequentially on September 4, 2002, from Upper 

Minnehaha Falls at time increments of approximately 9, 10, and 

11 hours (1705, 1810, and 1900) following the simulated runoff 

event. These times were selected based on previous dye studies 

done by Alexander and others (1989) between 1985 and 1988. 

Alexander and others (1989) showed that it took about 8 to 

9 hours for dye dumped in and flushed down the parking lot 

drain to appear at Upper Minnehaha Falls.

Traces of acetone, total benzene, ethyl benzene, meta- and 

para-xylene, ortho-xylene, and styrene were present in the 

sequential cave-drip samples collected following the simulated 

runoff event, but at much lower levels than previously reported 

by Venezky (1994). Venezky (1994) reported finding hydrocarbon concentrations of 0.56 mg/L (560 μg/L) in cave-drip water 

following a natural runoff event.

Differences in hydrocarbon concentrations detected in 

water collected at the drainage culvert and at Upper Minnehaha 

Falls could be a result of several factors. First, several of the 

target hydrocarbon compounds are volatile and could have 

partially partitioned to the air prior to entering the ground water. 

Second, some portion of the hydrocarbons could have been 

preferentially sorbed on to soil as infiltrating water passed 

through the soil column on the way to Upper Minnehaha Falls. 

Third, it could take longer than 11 hours for the plume of 

parking lot effluent to arrive at Upper Minnehaha Falls. If so, it 

is possible that the sequential samples contained only the more 

mobile hydrocarbons in the leading edge of the effluent plume 

and peak concentrations arriving later could have been missed.

Summary and Conclusions

The U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service initiated a cooperative study of streamflow and water-quality characteristics in Wind Cave National Park in 2002. During this 

2-year study, streamflow and water-quality data were collected 

for three of the park’s perennial streams (Cold Spring, Beaver, 

and Highland Creeks) from January 2002 through November 

2003. These data were collected to characterize streamflow loss 

zones and to provide baseline water-quality data that will help 

park management determine if changing land-use practices 

outside the park are affecting Wind Cave’s water resources. The 

potential influence of parking lot runoff on cave drip water 

within Wind Cave also was investigated. Several timedependent samples were collected from a drainage culvert 

downstream from the parking lot and from Upper Minnehaha 

Falls inside the cave following a series of simulated runoff 

events conducted on June 19, August 12, and September 4, 

2002. The primary focus of the report is on data collected during 

the 2-year study from January 2002 to November 2003; however, data collected previously also are summarized. 

To determine losing reaches and to quantify streamflow 

losses to the bedrock aquifers along the streams in the study 

area, many streamflow measurements were made as part of 

seepage runs that began with measurement at the most upstream 

site and progressed to the most downstream site along each 

stream. No streamflow losses occurred along Cold Spring 

Creek because its confluence with Beaver Creek is located 

upstream from the outcrop of the Madison Limestone, where 

most streamflow losses occur. Streamflow measurements conducted during this study showed that Beaver and Highland 
Summary and Conclusions 25

Creeks gradually lost flow as the streams crossed outcrops of 

the bedrock aquifers until all flow was lost to bedrock aquifers.

Instream water-quality data that are summarized for Cold 

Spring, Beaver, and Highland Creeks include physical properties, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, bacteria, benthic 

macroinvertebrates, organic (wastewater) compounds, bottom 

sediment, and suspended sediment. Water-quality samples were 

collected from 2 sites on Cold Spring Creek, 2 sites on Beaver 

Creek, and 1 site on Highland Creek to provide baseline waterquality data. 

None of the constituent concentrations for any of the 

samples collected during 2002-03 exceeded any of the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards, 

with the exception of pH. The pH values for numerous samples 

from Beaver Creek and Highland Creek exceeded the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level of 8.5. Additionally, several 

of these same samples also exceeded beneficial-use criteria for 

coldwater permanent fisheries and coldwater marginal fisheries 

of 8.6 and 8.8, respectively. Water temperature exceeded the 

coldwater permanent fisheries criterion in numerous samples 

from all three streams. Two samples from Highland Creek also 

exceeded the coldwater marginal fisheries criterion for temperature. Almost all of the samples that exceeded the temperature 

criteria were collected during July, indicating that temperature 

may stress fish during unusually warm summer periods with 

lower flows.

Mean concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate, and 

phosphorous were higher for the upstream site on Beaver Creek 

than for other water-quality sampling sites, indicating a general 

decline in water quality at this site when compared to others 

monitored during this study. Mean values for nutrient concentrations decreased from the upstream site to the downstream site 

on Beaver Creek. The lower constituent concentrations at the 

downstream site probably result from dilution by inflows of 

Cold Spring Creek. The highest mean concentration for dissolved nitrite plus nitrate of the five sites sampled was from 

Highland Creek.

Concentrations of E. coli, fecal coliform, and total 

coliform bacteria were highest at the upstream site on Beaver 

Creek than for any other site. The maximum bacteria concentrations for Beaver Creek were 130 colonies per 100 milliliters 

(col/100 mL) for E. coli, 220 colony-forming units per 

100 milliliters for fecal coliform, and 2,600 col/100 mL for 

total coliform. Concentrations of bacterial colonies in samples 

from Highland Creek generally were lower than in samples 

collected from other sites during this study.

Samples for the analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates 

were collected from one site on each of the three streams during 

July 2002 and May 2003. At the Cold Spring Creek site, the 

Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Tricorythodes was the most prevalent 

taxan in 2002, and the Dipteran (true fly) Chaetocladius was 

the most prevalent taxan in 2003. At the Beaver Creek site, 

the Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Tricorythodes was the most prevalent taxan in 2002, and the Coleoptera (beetle) Optioservus 

divergens (LeConte) was the most prevalent taxan in 2003. At 

the Highland Creek site, the Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) Baetidae 

was the predominate taxan in 2002, and the Coleoptera (beetle) 

Optioservus sp. was the most predominant taxan in 2003. Two 

new species of Caddis fly Ceratopsyche cf. slossonae (Banks) 

and Brachycentrus occidentalis (Banks) were identified from 

samples collected at Highland Creek in 2002 that had not 

previously been reported in South Dakota.

The benthic macroinvertebrate data were somewhat inconclusive showing that Beaver Creek had lower species diversity 

and a higher percentage of tolerant species than the other two 

streams during 2002, but just the opposite was found during 

2003. However, examination of the complete data set indicates 

that the quality of water at the upstream site was generally 

poorer than the quality of water at the downstream site. Furthermore, the quality of water at the upstream site on Beaver Creek 

is somewhat degraded when compared to the quality of water 

from Highland and Cold Spring Creeks, indicating that anthropogenic activities outside the park probably are affecting the 

quality of water in Beaver Creek.

Samples for the analysis of wastewater compounds were 

collected at least twice from four of the five water-quality 

sampling sites. Four wastewater compounds were detected in 

samples from Cold Spring Creek—bromoform, phenol, caffeine, and cholesterol—but only phenol was detected at concentrations greater than the minimum reporting level. Concentrations of several wastewater compounds were estimated in 

samples collected from sites on Beaver Creek, including 

phenol, para-cresol, and para-nonylphenol-total. Phenol was 

detected at both sites on Beaver Creek at concentrations greater 

than the minimum reporting level. No wastewater compounds 

were detected at Highland Creek at concentrations greater than 

the minimum reporting level; however, estimated concentrations were provided for bromoform; para-cresol; ethanol,2-

butoxy-phosphate; and cholesterol.

The geochemical composition of bottom sediments was 

analyzed in one composite sample from each of the three 

streams. Arsenic concentrations of 9.5 micrograms per gram in 

the sample from Cold Spring Creek and of 9.4 micrograms 

per gram in the sample from Beaver Creek exceeded the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency’s threshold effects guidelines, the NOAA effects range low value, and the National 

Irrigation Water Quality Program level of concern. The bottomsediment sample from Highland Creek had the lowest percentage of inorganic plus organic, inorganic, and organic carbon of 

any site sampled during this study. 

Samples for the analysis of suspended-sediment concentration were collected from each of the five water-quality 

sampling sites. Of the five sampling sites, mean concentrations 

of suspended sediment were highest in samples from the 

upstream site on Cold Spring Creek. 

The potential influence of parking lot runoff on cave drip 

water within Wind Cave also was investigated. Several timedependent samples were collected from a drainage culvert 

downstream from the parking lot and from Upper Minnehaha 

Falls inside the cave following a series of simulated runoff 

events.
26 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Analyses of water samples collected at the drainage 

culvert on September 4, 2002, showed that toluene 

(0.04 microgram per liter (μg/L)), benzene (0.02 μg/L), xylene 

(0.02 μg/L), chloroform (5.1 μg/L), methyl isobutyl keytone 

(1.00 μg/L), and acetone (23 μg/L) were present in the runoff. 

Analysis of a background sample collected from Upper Minnehaha Falls prior to the initiation of the simulated runoff event 

showed that only very low levels of toluene were present and at 

concentrations less than the minimum reporting level. 

Subsequent samples were collected sequentially from Upper 

Minnehaha Falls at time increments of approximately 9, 10, and 

11 hours following the simulated runoff event. Traces of acetone, total benzene, ethyl benzene, meta- and para-xylene, 

ortho-xylene, and styrene were present in the sequential cavedrip samples collected following the simulated runoff event, but 

at much lower levels than reported in a previous study. 

References

Alexander, E.C., Jr., Davis, M.A., Alexander, S.C., 1989, 

Hydrologic study of Jewel Cave and Wind Cave: Minneapolis, Minn., Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Contract CX-1200-S-A047, 196 p.

Arbogast, B.F., 1990, Quality assurance manual for the Branch 

of Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 90-688, 184 p.

Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D., and Stribling, J.B., 

1999, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and 

wadeable rivers—Periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, 

and fish (2d ed.): Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Water, Assessment and Watershed Protection Division, EPA/841-B-99-002.

Brown, G.K., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., 1999, Wastewater 

analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in U.S. 

Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program 

Proceedings of the Technical Meeting: Charleston, South 

Carolina, March 8-12, 1999, p. 431-435.

Burr, M.J., Teller, R.W., Neitzert, K.M., 2004, Water resources 

data, South Dakota, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Data Report SD-03-1, 491 p.

Carter, J.M., Driscoll, D.G., Williamson, J.E., 2002, Atlas of 

water resources in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. 

Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-747, 

120 p.

Childress, C. J. Oblinger, Foreman, W.T., Connor, B.F., and 

Maloney, T.J., 1999, New reporting procedures based on 

long-term method detection levels and some considerations 

for interpretations of water-quality data provided by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-193, 19 p.

Conn, H., 1966, Barometric wind in Wind and Jewel Caves, S. 

Dak.: National Speleological Society Bulletin No. 18, v. 2, 

p. 55-69.

Connor, B.F., Rose, D.L., Noriega, M.C., Murtagh, L.K., 

and Abney, S.R., 1997, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

determination of 86 volatile organic compounds in water by 

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, including detections less than reporting limits: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 97-829, 78 p.

Cuffney, T.F., Gurtz, M.E., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Methods 

for collecting benthic invertebrate samples as part of the 

National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-406, 66 p.

Driscoll, D.G., and Bradford, W.L, 1994, Compilation of 

selected hydrologic data, through water year 1992, Black 

Hills Hydrology Study, Western South Dakota: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-319, 158 p.

Driscoll, D.G., and Carter, J.M, 2001, Hydrologic conditions 

and budgets in the Black Hills area of South Dakota, through 

water year 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 01-4226, 143 p.

Driscoll, D.G., Carter, J.M., Williamson, J.E., and Putnam, 

L.D., 2002, Hydrology of the Black Hills area, South Dakota: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 

Report 02-4094, 150 p.

Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., and Greenberg, A.E., eds., 1995, 

Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (19th ed.): Washington D.C., American Public Health 

Association [variously paged].

Edwards, T.K., and Glysson, G.D., 1988, Field methods for 

measurement of fluvial sediment: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 86-531, 240 p.

Feldman, R.M., and Heimlich, R.A., 1980, The Black Hills: 

Kent, Ohio, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, K/H 

Geology Field Guide Series, Kent State University, 190 p.

Gries, J.P., 1959, Preliminary report on potential ground water 

within the boundaries of Wind Cave National Park, Custer 

County, South Dakota: Consultant’s report, June 1959, 22 p.

Guy, H.P., 1969, Laboratory theory and methods for sediment 

analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of WaterResources Investigations, book 5, chap. C1, 58 p.

Horrocks, R.D., and Szukalski, B.W., 2002, Using geographic 

information systems to develop a cave potential map for 

Wind Cave, South Dakota: Journal of Cave and Karst 

Studies, April 2002, v. 64, no. 1, p. 63-70.

Hortness, J.E., and Driscoll, D.G., 1998, Streamflow losses in 

the Black Hills of western South Dakota: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4116, 

99 p.

Johnson, B.N., 1933, A climatological review of the Black 

Hills: The Black Hills Engineer, Rapid City, South Dakota 

School of Mines and Technology, 71 p.

Klemm, D.J., Lewis, P.A., Faulk, F., and Lazorchak, J.M., 

1990, Macroinvertebrate field and laboratory methods for 

evaluating the biological integrity of surface waters: Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, EPA/600/4-90/030.
References 27

Long, E.R., MacDonald, D.D., Smith, S.L., and Calder, F.D., 

1995, Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of 

chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments: 

Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 1, p. 81-97.

Matthes, W.J., Jr., Scholar, C.J., and George, J.R., 1991, A 

quality assurance plan for the analysis of fluvial sediment by 

laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 91-467, 31 p.

Moulton, II, S.R., Carter, J.L., Grotheer, S.A., Cuffney, T.F., 

and Short, T.M., 2000, Methods for analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—

Processing, taxanomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples, U.S. Geological Survey Open File 

Report 00-212, 49 p.

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 

2003, The U.S. drought monitor: accessed October 9, 2003, 

at URL http://www.state.sd.us/doa/drought.htm

National Park Service, 1994, Final general management plan 

environmental impact statement, Wind Cave National Park: 

NPS D-65A, 169 p.

National Park Service, 1998, Baseline water quality data inventory and analysis Wind Cave National Park: Fort Collins, 

Colo., Water Resources Division, Technical Report 

NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-98/174, 414 p.

Nepstead, J., and Pisarowicz, J., 1988, Wind Cave map with 

text: Black Hills Parks and Forests Association.

Palmer, A.N., 2000, Speleogenesis of the Black Hills maze 

caves, South Dakota, USA, in Klimchouk, A.B., Ford, D.C., 

Palmer, A.N., and Dreybrodt, W., eds., Speleogenesis, evolution of karst aquifers: Huntsville, Ala., p. 274-281.

Piper, A.M., 1944, A graphic procedure in the geochemical 

interpretation of water analyses: American Geophysical 

Union Transactions, v. 25, p. 914-923.

Plafkin, J.L., Barbour, M.T., Porter, K.D., Gross, S.K., and 

Hughes, R.M., 1989, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use 

in streams and rivers—Benthic macroinvertebrates and 

fish: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Assessment and Watershed Protection Division, 

EPA/440/4-89/001.

Rahn, P.H., and Gries, J.P., 1973, Large springs in the Black 

Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming: South Dakota Geological 

Survey Report of Investigations 107, 46 p.

Rantz, S.E., and others, 1982, Measurement and computation of 

streamflow—volume 1, measurement of stage and discharge: 

U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175, 284 p.

Rosenberg, D.M., and Resh, V.H., 2001, Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates: Norwell, Mass., 

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 488 p.

Shacklette, H.T., and Boerngen, J.G., 1984, Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous 

United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

1270, 105 p.

South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural 

Resources, 2002, Drinking water standards: Administrative 

rules of South Dakota, Article 74:04, Chapter 74:04:05, 

accessed October 9, 2003, at URL 

http://www.state.sd.us/denr/des/drinking/dwprg.htm

South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, 2003, List 

of threatened and endangered species: accessed on 

December 17, 2003, at URL 

http://www.state.sd.us/gfp/DivisionWildlife/Diversity/TES.htm

Strobel, M.L., Jarrell, G.J., Sawyer, J.F., Schleicher, J.R., and 

Fahrenbach, M.D., 1999, Distribution of hydrogeologic units 

in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological 

Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-743, 3 sheets, 

scale 1:100,000.

URS Operating Systems, Inc., 2002, Pringle Post and Pole-Site 

Reassessment: Contract No. 68-W-00-118, 26 p.

U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999, Climatological data 

annual summary of South Dakota: Asheville, North Carolina, 

v. 104, no. 13.

U.S. Department of the Interior, 1998, Guidelines for the interpretation of the biological effects of selected constituents in 

biota, water, and sediment: Denver, Colo., National Irrigation Water Quality Program Information Report No. 3, 

198 p.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996, Drinking water 

regulations and health advisories: Washington, D.C., Office 

of Water, February 1996, EPA 822-R-96-001.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998a, National 

recommended water criteria: Federal Register, December 10, 

1998, v. 63, no. 237, p. 68353-68364.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998b, Drinking water 

standards: accessed October 9, 2003, at URL 

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html#mcls

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998c, Secondary 

Maximum Contaminant Levels: accessed October 9, 2003, 

accessed at URL http://www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html#sec

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998d, The incidence 

and severity of sediment contamination in surface waters of 

the United States, Volume 1—National sediment quality 

survey: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report 

823-R-97-006 [variously paged].

U.S. Geological Survey, 1992-2004, Water resources data, 

South Dakota, water years 1991-2003: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water Data Reports SD-91-1 to SD-03-1 (published 

annually).

U.S. Geological Survey, 1997-2004, National field manual for 

the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey 

Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, 

chaps. A1-A9, 2 v., variously paged. [Also available online 

at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri9A. Chapters were originally published from 1997-1999; updates and revisions are 

ongoing and are summarized at: 

http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/mastererrata.html]
28 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Venezky, D.Y., 1994, An exploration of development based 

ground water contamination at Wind Cave: Providence, R.I., 

Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, 8 p.

Ward, J.R., and Harr, C.A., eds., 1990, Methods for collection 

and processing of surface-water and bed-material samples for 

physical and chemical analyses: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 90-140, 71 p.

Williamson, J.E., and Carter, J.M, 2001, Water-quality 

characteristics in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 

01-4194, 196 p.
Supplemental Information

Supplemental Information - Table 9 31

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date Time

Type

of

sample

Turbidity, 

laboratory 

(NTU)

(99872)

Barometric 

pressure

(mm of Hg)

(00025)

Dissolved

oxygen

(mg/L)

(00300)

Dissolved

oxygen

(percent

saturation)

(00301)

pH, whole,

field

(standard

units)

(00400)

pH, whole, 

laboratory 

(standard 

units)

(00403)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 1130 Environmental 5.5 675 -- -- 7.5 8.0

433444103295200 5/13/2003 1135 Replicate <1.0 -- -- -- 7.5 8.1

433451103284000 9/11/2002 0840 Environmental 5.5 676 9.8 84 7.0 7.7

433451103284000 9/11/2002 0841 Replicate 1.8 676 9.8 84 7.0 E7.5

433310103281701 6/19/2002 0800 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 9/4/2002 0741 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --

Date

Type

of

sample

Specific 

conductance, 

laboratory

(μS/cm)

(90095)

Specific 

conductance,

field

(μS/cm)

(00095)

Temperature,

air

(deg. C)

(00020)

Temperature, 

water

(deg. C)

(00010)

Temperature,

(deg. F)

(00011)

Calcium,

dissolved

(mg/L as Ca)

(00915)

Magnesium, 

dissolved 

(mg/L as Mg) 

(00925)

5/13/2003 Environmental 552 575 -- 11.2 -- 70.3 27.4

5/13/2003 Replicate 552 575 -- -- 2 68.7 27.0

9/11/2002 Environmental 544 586 10 9.0 -- 68.3 27.9

9/11/2002 Replicate 545 586 10 8.8 -- 68.7 28.1

6/19/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --

9/4/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Date

Type

of

sample

Potassium, 

dissolved

(mg/L as K) 

(00935)

Sodium, 

dissolved

(mg/L as Na) 

(00930)

Alkalinity, 

laboratory

(mg/L as 

CaCO3)

(90410)

Chloride, 

dissolved

(mg/L as Cl) 

(00940)

Fluoride, 

dissolved

(mg/L as F) 

(00950)

Silica,

dissolved

(mg/L as SiO2) 

(00955)

Sulfate,

dissolved

(mg/L as SO4) 

(00945)

5/13/2003 Environmental 3.53 10.4 272 14.6 0.36 14.0 25.3

5/13/2003 Replicate 3.68 10.2 270 14.2 .35 14.7 25.1

9/11/2002 Environmental 3.95 12.4 273 13.9 .40 18.4 26.9

9/11/2002 Replicate 3.97 12.5 274 13.5 .40 18.1 26.8

6/19/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --

9/4/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --
32 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.—Continued

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

Ammonia plus 

organic, total 

(mg/L as N) 

(00625)

Ammonia, 

dissolved 

(mg/L as N) 

(00608)

Nitrite plus 

nitrate, 

dissolved 

(mg/L as N) 

(00631)

Nitrite, 

dissolved 

(mg/L as N) 

(00613)

Orthophosphate, 

dissolved 

(mg/L as P) 

(00671)

Phosphorus, 

total

(mg/L as P) 

(00665)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental 0.21 E0.008 <0.022 -- E0.004 0.013

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate .19 E.008 <.022 -- E.005 .012

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental -- <.015 .019 <0.002 .007 .015

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate -- E.009 .020 <.002 <.007 .016

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --

Date

Type

of

sample

Arsenic,

total

(μg/L as As) 

(01002)

Beryllium, 

total

(μg/L as Be) 

(01012)

Boron, 

dissolved

(μg/L as B)

(01020)

Cadmium,

total

(μg/L as Cd) 

(01027)

Chromium, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L as Cr) 

(01034)

Copper, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L as Cu) 

(01042)

Iron, dissolved 

(μg/L as Fe) 

(01046)

5/13/2003 Environmental 3 <2 30 <0.2 <0.8 <1.0 E10

5/13/2003 Replicate 6 <2 30 <.2 <.8 <1.0 12

9/11/2002 Environmental 4 <2 40 .1 <.8 <1.0 <10

9/11/2002 Replicate 3 <2 40 E.1 <.8 <1.0 <10

6/19/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --

9/4/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Date

Type

of

sample

Iron, total 

recoverable

(μg/L as Fe)

(01045)

Lead, total 

recoverable

(μg/L as Pb)

(01051)

Manganese, total 

recoverable

(μg/L as Mn)

(01055)

Mercury, total 

recoverable

(μg/L as Hg)

(71900)

Nickel, total 

recoverable

(μg/L as Ni)

(01067)

Selenium, total

(μg/L as Se) 

(01147)

5/13/2003 Environmental 30 <1 8.2 <0.02 <2.0 <3

5/13/2003 Replicate 40 <1 9.1 <.02 <2.0 E1

9/11/2002 Environmental 30 <1 E2.2 <.01 <2.0 E2

9/11/2002 Replicate 30 <1 E2.3 <.01 <2.0 <2

6/19/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --

9/4/2002 Blank -- -- -- -- -- --
Supplemental Information - Table 9 33

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.—Continued

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

Zinc, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L as Zn) 

(01092)

1,1,1,2-

Tetrachloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77562)

1,1,1-

Trichloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34506)

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34516)

1,1,2-

Trichloro1,2,2-trifluoroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77652)

1,1,2-

Trichloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34511)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental <20 -- -- -- -- --

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate E10 -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental <20 -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate <20 -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank -- <0.03 <0.03 <0.09 <0.06 <0.06

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank -- <.03 <.03 <.09 <.06 <.06

Date

Type

of

sample

1,1-Dichloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34496)

1,1-Dichloroethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34501)

1,1-Dichloropropene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77168)

1,2,3,4-

Tetramethylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(49999)

1,2,3,5-

Tetramethylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(50000)

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77613)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.04 <0.04 <0.05 <0.2 <0.2 <0.3

9/4/2002 Blank <.04 <.04 <.05 <.2 <.2 <.3

Date

Type

of

sample

1,2,3-Trichloropropane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77443)

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77221)

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34551)

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77222)

1,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(82625)

1,2-Dibromoethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77651)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.16 <0.1 <0.1 <0.06 <0.5 <0.04

9/4/2002 Blank <.16 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.5 <.04
34 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.—Continued

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

1,2-Dichlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34536)

1,2-Dichloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32103)

1,2-Dichloroethane-d4, 

surrogate, 

Schedule 

2090, total, 

percent 

recovery 

(99832)

1,2-Dichloropropane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34541)

1,3,5-

Trimethylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77226)

1,3-Dichlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34566)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank <0.03 <0.1 108 <0.03 <0.04 <0.03

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank <.03 <.1 112 <.03 <.04 <.03

Date

Type

of

sample

1,3-Dichloropropane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77173)

1,4-Dichlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34571)

1-Bromo-4-

fluorobenzene, 

surrogate, VOC 

schedules, total, 

percent recovery 

(99834)

2,2-Dichloropropane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77170)

2-Chlorotoluene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77275)

2-Ethyltoluene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77220)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.1 <0.05 88.3 <0.05 <0.03 <0.06

9/4/2002 Blank <.1 <.05 87.1 <.05 <.03 <.06

Date

Type

of

sample

3-Chloropropene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(78109)

4-Chlorotoluene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77277)

4-Isopropyltoluene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77356)

Acetone,

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81552)

Acrylonitrile, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34215)

Benzene,

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34030)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.07 <0.05 <0.07 <7 <1 <0.04

9/4/2002 Blank <.07 <.05 <.07 <7 <1 <.04
Supplemental Information - Table 9 35

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

Bromobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81555)

Bromochloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77297)

Bromodichloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32101)

Bromoethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(50002)

Bromomethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34413)

Carbon

disulfide,

total

(μg/L)

(77041)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank <0.04 <0.07 <0.05 <0.1 <0.3 <0.07

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank <.04 <.07 <.05 <.1 <.3 <.07

Date

Type

of

sample

Chlorobenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34301)

Chloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34311)

Chloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34418)

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77093)

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34704)

Dibromochloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32105)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.03 <0.1 <0.2 <0.04 <0.09 <0.2

9/4/2002 Blank <.03 <.1 <.2 <.04 <.09 <.2

Date

Type

of

sample

Dibromomethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(30217)

Dichlorodifluoromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34668)

Dichloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34423)

Diethyl

ether, total

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81576)

Diisopropyl

ether, total

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81577)

Ethyl 

methacrylate, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(73570)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.05 <0.18 <0.2 <0.2 <0.10 <0.2

9/4/2002 Blank <.05 <.18 <.2 <.2 <.10 <.2
36 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.—Continued

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

Ethyl methyl 

ketone, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81595)

Ethylbenzene, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34371)

Hexachlorobutadiene, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(39702)

Hexachloroethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34396)

Iodomethane, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77424)

Isobutyl 

methyl 

ketone, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(78133)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank <5.0 <0.03 <0.1 <0.2 <0.25 <0.4

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank <5.0 <.03 <.1 <.2 <.25 <.4

Date

Type

of

sample

Isopropylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77223)

Methacrylonitrile, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81593)

Methyl acrylate, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(49991)

Methyl 

methacrylate, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81597)

Methyl tertpentyl ether, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(50005)

m-Xylene plus pxylene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(85795)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.06 <0.6 <2.0 <0.3 <0.08 <0.06

9/4/2002 Blank <.06 <.6 <2.0 <.3 <.08 <.06

Date

Type

of

sample

Naphthalene, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34696)

n-Butyl methyl 

ketone, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77103)

n-Butylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77342)

n-Propylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77224)

o-Xylene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77135)

sec-Butylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77350)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.5 <0.7 <0.2 <0.04 <0.07 <0.03

9/4/2002 Blank <.5 <.7 <.2 <.04 <.07 <.03
Supplemental Information - Table 9 37

Table 9. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for blank and replicate samples.—Continued

[mm, millimeters; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; deg. C, degrees Celsius; 

deg. F, degrees Fahrenheit; NTU, nephelometric turbidity units; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data available]

Station number Date

Type

of

sample

Styrene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77128)

tert-Butyl 

ethyl ether, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(50004)

Methyl tertbutyl ether, 

total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(78032)

tert-Butylbenzene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(77353)

Tetrachloroethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34475)

Tetrachloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32102)

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433444103295200 5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

433451103284000 9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

433310103281701 6/19/2002 Blank <0.04 <0.05 <0.2 <0.05 <0.03 <0.06

433310103281701 9/4/2002 Blank <.04 <.05 <.2 <.05 <.03 <.06

Date

Type

of

sample

Tetrahydrofuran, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(81607)

Toluene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34010)

Toluene-d8, 

surrogate, 

Schedule 2090, 

total, percent 

recovery

(99833)

trans-1,2-

Dichloroethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34546)

trans-1,3-

Dichloropropene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(34699)

trans-1,4-

Dichloro-2-

butene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(73547)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <2 <0.05 100 <0.03 <0.09 <0.7

9/4/2002 Blank <2 E.01 101 <.03 <.09 <.7

Date

Type

of

sample

Tribromomethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32104)

Trichloroethene, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(39180)

Trichlorofluoromethane, total 

recoverable

(μg/L)

(34488)

Trichloromethane, total 

recoverable 

(μg/L)

(32106)

Vinyl chloride, 

total recoverable 

(μg/L)

(39175)

Number of 

tentatively 

identified 

compounds 

(TICS) from VOC 

analysis by 

GCMS, number

(99871)

5/13/2003 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

5/13/2003 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Environmental -- -- -- -- -- --

9/11/2002 Replicate -- -- -- -- -- --

6/19/2002 Blank <0.06 <0.04 <0.09 <0.02 <0.1 0

9/4/2002 Blank <.06 <.04 <.09 <.02 <.1 0
Table 10. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.[--, no data; E, estimated value; *, value outside acceptable range; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Acceptable 

recovery 

limits

Blank Blank Blank 

Date 3/04/2002 5/14/2002 7/23/2002 3/12/2003 5/13/2003 -- 3/04/2002 5/14/2002 7/23/2002 3Tetrachloro-ethylene E16.00* 32.68 39.92 12.44* 12.50* 20–110 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 Bromoform E69.00 75.24 78.40 58.21 70.00 40–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Cumene 31.00 44.35 61.49 21.98* 24.00* 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Phenol E87.00 78.86 79.50 74.92 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 1,4-Dichlorobenzene E43.00 54.00 69.87 41.42 47.00 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 d-Limonene E27.00 44.89 63.42 20.04 21.50 20–110 <.500 E.097 <.500 Acetophenone 92.00 94.94 93.71 82.37 100.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Para-cresol 71.00 77.94 99.58 80.76 100.00 50–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Isophorone 84.00 85.04 85.69 76.60 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Camphor 82.00 90.02 80.05 81.47 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Isoborneol 85.00 84.77 83.31 90.39 95.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Menthol 95.00 86.83 83.28 67.22 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Naphthalene 69.00 72.97 77.19 69.78 80.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Methyl salicylate 94.00 86.45 87.54 80.20 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Dichlorvos E98.00 94.80 87.19 80.93 100.00 1–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Isoquinoline 95.00 94.80 87.61 84.04 85.00 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 2-Methylnapthalene 63.00 64.75 73.77 64.20 75.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Indole 89.00 97.30 75.82 79.31 95.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 3,4-Dichlorophenyl 

isocyanate

 E66.00 60.23 88.08 81.88 49.50* 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 

1-Methylnapthalene 86.00 68.37 77.46 64.20 75.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Skatol 68.00 84.39 82.67 76.05 95.00 30–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 2,6-Dimethylnapthalene 24.00* 65.22 76.78 65.31 75.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 BHA E90.00 50.65 70.32 5.75* 39.00 20–110 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 N,N-Diethyltoluamide 

(DEET)

93.00 87.96 94.37 81.24 100.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 

5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazle 80.00 62.64 72.13 59.90 80.00 40–110 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Diethyl phthalate 91.00 91.30 106.45 86.65 95.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 
4-tert-Octylphenol 86.00 86.17 93.37 76.18 90.00 50–110 <1.000 <1.000 E0.110 Benzophenone 90.00 86.48 97.70 80.79 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tributylphosphate 81.00 90.01 97.96 76.41 100.00 60–110 <.500 E.076 <.500 Ethyl citrate 98.00 83.73 87.28 75.56 95.00 70–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Cotinine 63.00 50.29 41.30 57.03 77.50 10–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Para-nonylphenol-total E89.00 74.64 73.24 74.82 88.90 50–110 E8.000 <5.000 <5.000 Prometon 89.00 78.95 83.57 76.57 90.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Pentachlorophenol 6.00* 74.38 74.58 69.58 90.00 20–110 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Atrazine 86.00 82.12 105.59 87.28 95.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tri(2-chloroethyl)

phosphate

85.00 88.92 87.06 78.52 85.00 60–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 

4-n-octylphenol 83.00 89.49 90.77 70.24 95.00 40–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Diazinon 81.00 80.71 78.76 81.64 85.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Phenanthrene 73.00 81.65 92.74 76.83 90.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Anthracene 80.00 81.14 88.90 73.81 85.00 40–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tonalide (AHTN) 79.00 78.07 78.37 77.52 95.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Caffeine 80.00 72.08 81.40 76.57 85.00 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Carbazole 85.00 80.58 90.67 76.89 95.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Galaxolide (HHCB) 79.00 83.41 76.98 79.51 90.00 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 OPEO1 E85.00 85.02 81.57 77.45 100.00 50–110 <1.000 E.130 E.270 4-Cumylphenol 88.00 85.29 83.50 76.98 90.00 50–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Carbaryl E117.00* 85.35 106.78 66.20 110.00 20–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Metalaxyl 87.00 80.89 89.88 84.54 95.00 70–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Bromacil 83.00 84.26 89.88 75.57 95.00 70–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Metolachlor 87.00 85.40 80.82 82.44 100.00 70–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Chlorpyrifos 84.00 83.09 80.78 81.70 90.00 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Anthraquinone 78.00 75.37 88.42 72.57 90.00 0–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 NPEO1-total E83.00 77.39 83.59 71.90 93.80 50–110 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 

Table 10. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.—Continued[--, no data; E, estimated value; *, value outside acceptable range; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Acceptable 

recovery 

limits

Blank Blank Blank 
Fluoranthene 81.00 82.56 93.92 77.19 85.00 50–110 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 Triclosan 83.00 82.12 94.85 69.65 95.00 40–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Pyrene 83.00 85.73 95.79 76.58 85.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 OPEO2 E87.00 47.43 75.48 67.54 100.00 40–110 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Bisphenol A 83.00 83.82 86.98 73.72 95.00 40–110 <1.000 <1.000 E.097 NPEO2-total E84.00 74.69 83.98 67.18 96.90 40–110 E.490 <5.000 <5.000 tri(dichlorisopropyl)

phosphate

80.00 80.33 85.77 71.23 85.00 50–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 

Triphenyl phosphate 100.00 84.38 89.11 73.64 90.00 40–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Ethanol,2-butoxyphosphate 83.00 79.43 99.84 63.89 90.00 40–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 Diethylhexyl phthalate 77.00 -- -- 110.97* 95.00 60–110 <10.000 E.570 <10.000 Estrone 62.00 -- -- 68.22 83.80 40–110 <10.000 <10.000 E .380 17B-Estradiol 81.00 80.79 74.51 67.09 82.50 30–110 <.500 <.500 <.500 17-Alpha-ethynyl 

esterdiol

 84.00 84.99 69.79 73.78 87.50 30–110 <10.000 <10.000 <10.000 

Equilenin E62.03 81.70 74.11 56.13 70.00 20–110 E.041 <5.000 E.380 Benzo(A)pyrene -- 80.93 92.45 77.44 90.00 40–110 <5.000 <5.000 E.079 3-Beta-coprostanol -- 73.45 66.35 65.74 82.50 50–110 <10.000 <10.000 <10.000 Cholesterol -- 79.57 77.49 67.62 80.00 50–110 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 Beta-sitosterol -- 72.85 74.90 64.81 81.30 40–110 E.041 <5.000 <5.000 Stigmastanol -- 79.84 75.76 57.20 77.50 40–110 <10.000 <10.000 <10.000 Decafluorobiphenyl -

SURR percent recovery

38.00* 48.98* 57.24 75.86 80.00 50–120 50.00 45.00* 51.00 

d8-Caffiene -SURR

percent recovery

81.00 77.85 71.34 80.94 95.00 70–120 78.00 94.00 77.00 

d10 - Fluoranthene -

SURR percent recovery

74.00 73.62 69.86 76.85 95.00 50–120 80.00 86.00 68.00 

d8 Bisphenol A -SURR 

percent recovery

80.00 78.76 78.10 75.17 100.00 40–120 44.00 54.00 36.00* 

Table 10. Quality-assurance and quality-control data for wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.—Continued[--, no data; E, estimated value; *, value outside acceptable range; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Spike

percent 

recovery

Acceptable 

recovery 

limits

Blank Blank Blank 
Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP

Discharge (ft3/s) Mean -- -- 0.17 0.19 0.65 3.8 0.77 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.08 0.09 0.44 0.02 0.41 -- Maximum -- -- 0.34 0.41 0.90 60 1.3 -- N -- -- 12 10 13 51 11 -- 

Turbidity (NTU) Mean -- -- 2.3 2.8 7.3 0.9 1.9 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.5 1.0 3.4 0.9 1.2 -- Maximum -- -- 2.9 5.5 13.0 0.9 2.8 -- N -- -- 5 3 3 1 4 -- 

Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Mean -- -- 11.8 12.2 10.0 8.5 11.7 -- 

Minimum -- -- 9.8 9.6 7.5 8.5 9.4 -- Maximum -- -- 14.8 15.8 15.3 8.5 15.5 -- N -- -- 7 7 9 1 9 -- 

pH (standard units) Mean 7.4 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 8.2 7

Minimum 7.4 7.6 7.5 6.6 7.2 7.8 7.7 7Maximum 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.5 8.5 7.8 8.6 7N 1 2 8 9 12 1 12 1 

Specific conductance (μS/cm) Mean -- 567 601 563 517 580 518 -- 

Minimum -- 454 545 448 484 475 470 -- Maximum -- 631 663 593 575 32,360 576 -- N -- 6 10 11 13 51 15 -- 
Water temperature (°C) Mean 8.3 9.2 8.6 8.2 7.5 8.5 7.9 12

Minimum 3.1 4.5 0.2 4.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 2Maximum 13.5 14.6 21.5 13.0 21.0 19.5 18.2 21N 2 6 13 10 14 51 15 2 

Calcium, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 71.1 76.8 68.9 67.4 65.9 79.0 64.3 41

Minimum 65.5 64.2 64.9 65.1 64.2 79.0 61.7 39Maximum 76.6 80.3 71.5 68.7 68.0 79.0 67.0 42N 3 6 4 3 4 1 4 3 

Magnesium, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 29.9 33.1 26.4 28.8 15.9 28.0 18.6 8

Minimum 29.3 30.5 25.1 27.9 15.0 28.0 16.6 8Maximum 30.4 35.6 27.4 28.9 16.7 28.0 20.4 8N 3 6 4 3 4 1 4 3 

Potassium, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 3.3 4.3 3.87 3.86 4.87 4.5 4.60 1

Minimum 2.7 3.7 3.42 3.67 4.30 4.5 3.99 1Maximum 3.6 5.7 5.13 3.97 6.21 4.5 5.53 2N 3 6 4 3 4 1 4 3 

Sodium, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 10.4 10.1 10.4 12.2 13.3 11.0 12.2 8

Minimum 9.4 9.5 9.4 11.7 12.6 11.0 10.8 8Maximum 11.6 11.0 11.4 12.5 14.3 11.0 13.0 9N 3 6 4 3 4 1 4 3 

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Acid neutralizing capacity (mg/L CaCO3) Mean 268 290 270 273 209 -- 217 127 

Minimum 267 278 267 273 200 -- 206 125 Maximum 269 297 272 274 218 -- 227 132 N 3 6 5 3 4 -- 4 3 

Chloride, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 47.7 413.8 13.8 13.3 16.1 413.0 14.5 42

Minimum 47.0 412.0 10.8 12.5 14.5 413.0 12.6 42Maximum 48.0 416.0 15.5 13.9 17.8 413.0 16.6 42N 3 5 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Fluoride, dissolved (mg/L) Mean -- -- 0.33 0.4 0.31 0.30 0.34 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.30 0.4 0.30 0.30 0.30 -- Maximum -- -- 0.36 0.4 0.33 0.30 0.40 -- N -- -- 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Silica, dissolved (mg/L) Mean -- -- 14.4 16.6 14.4 16.0 13.1 -- 

Minimum -- -- 13.9 13.2 8.7 16.0 10.0 -- Maximum -- -- 15.5 18.4 18.4 16.0 18.6 -- N -- -- 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Sulfate, dissolved (mg/L) Mean 422.3 421.7 23.4 27.2 33.8 431.0 32.6 415

Minimum 421.0 420.0 19.4 26.8 31.9 431.0 30.5 414Maximum 423.0 425.0 25.3 27.9 35.1 431.0 33.6 416N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Ammonia plus organic nitrogen, total 

recoverable (mg/L) 

Mean -- 0.13 0.21 0.15 0.24 -- 0.25 -- Minimum -- 0.02 0.15 0.12 0.20 -- 0.14 -- Maximum -- 0.62 0.37 0.18 0.28 -- 0.43 -- N -- 6 5 2 4 -- 4 -- 

Ammonia, as nitrogen total recoverable (mg/L) Mean -- -- 0.01 0.010 0.020 20.01 0.012 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.007 0.007 0.007 20.01 0.007 -- Maximum -- -- 0.23 0.021 0.053 20.01 0.033 -- N -- -- 10 7 8 1 9 -- 

Nitrite plus nitrate, as nitrogen dissolved (mg/L) Mean 0.028 40.038 0.014 0.052 0.339 0.025 0.146 40

Minimum 0.005 40.025 0.006 0.006 0.060 0.025 0.006 40Maximum 0.04 40.100 0.049 0.16 0.649 0.025 0.410 40N 3 6 9 7 8 1 8 3 

Nitrite, as nitrogen dissolved (mg/L) Mean -- -- 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.002 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.001 -- Maximum -- -- 0.001 0.001 0.008 0.005 0.004 -- N -- -- 4 5 4 1 4 -- 

Orthophosphate, as phosphorus dissolved (mg/L) Mean -- 0.05 0.003 0.007 0.038 0.005 0.024 -- 

Minimum -- 0.05 0.003 0.003 0.011 0.005 0.003 -- Maximum -- 0.05 0.003 0.016 0.075 0.005 0.046 -- N -- 2 9 7 8 1 8 -- 

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Phosphorus, total recoverable (mg/L) Mean -- 0.034 0.021 0.017 0.070 50.02 0.046 -- 

Minimum -- 0.010 0.009 0.015 0.041 50.02 0.017 -- Maximum -- 0.06 0.041 0.024 0.119 50.02 0.079 -- N -- 5 9 7 8 1 8 -- 

Arsenic, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean -- 3.8 3.0 3.7 2.5 4.0 2.5 -- 

Minimum -- 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 -- Maximum -- 8.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 -- N -- 2 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Beryllium, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean -- -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- 

Minimum -- -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- Maximum -- -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 -- N -- -- 5 3 4 -- 4 -- 

Boron, dissolved (μg/L) Mean 30.0 -- 36.0 43.0 35.0 40.0 32.0 20

Minimum 20.0 -- 30.0 40.0 30.0 40.0 20.0 10Maximum 40.0 -- 50.0 50.0 50.0 40.0 50.0 30N 3 -- 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Cadmium, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 55.0 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.07 55.0 0.09 55

Minimum 55.0 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.05 55.0 0.05 55Maximum 55.0 0.25 0.10 0.1 0.1 55.0 0.1 55N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Chromium, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 511.7 2.5 0.8 0.7 1.9 50.5 0.5 515

Minimum 55.0 2.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 50.5 0.4 55Maximum 520.0 2.5 2.2 1.3 6.2 50.5 1.0 520N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Copper, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 516.7 3.3 0.05 0.60 0.60 50.5 0.05 55

Minimum 55.0 2.5 0.05 0.50 0.50 50.5 0.05 55Maximum 540.0 7.0 0.05 0.70 0.70 50.5 0.05 55N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Iron, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean -- 49.7 68.0 27.0 272.0 55.0 52.5 -- 

Minimum -- 42.5 30.0 20.0 130.0 55.0 40.0 -- Maximum -- 422.0 110.0 30.0 580.0 55.0 80.0 -- N -- 6 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Lead, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 5123.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50.5 0.5 580

Minimum 555.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50.5 0.5 555Maximiu 5260.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50.5 0.3 5130N 3 6 5 3 4 1 3 3 

Manganese, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 11.7 10.9 17.8 1.9 22.9 52.0 8.0 18

Minimum 5.0 0.5 8.2 1.4 12.0 52.0 2.2 5Maximum 20.0 31.0 34.8 2.3 38.2 52.0 25.5 30N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Mercury, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean -- -- 0.008 0.050 0.007 50.05 0.007 -- 

Minimum -- -- 0.008 0.050 0.005 50.05 0.005 -- Maximum -- -- 0.010 0.050 0.010 50.05 0.010 -- N -- -- 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Nickel, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 5113.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 -- 1.0 520

Minimum 515.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 515Maximum 5310.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 4.2 -- 1.0 530N 3 6 5 3 4 -- 4 3 

Selenium, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean -- -- 1.2 1.7 1.2 50.50 1.2 -- 

Minimum -- -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 50.50 1.0 -- Maximum -- -- 1.5 2.0 1.5 50.50 1.5 -- N -- -- 5 3 4 1 4 -- 

Zinc, total recoverable (μg/L) Mean 5910.0 25.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 58.0 15.0 5243

Minimum 540.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 58.0 10.0 520Maximum 52,600 51.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 58.0 30.0 5380N 3 6 5 3 4 1 4 3 

1Source of analytical data is Alexander and others, 1989.2Source of analytical data is U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.3Value based on U.S. Geological Survey data that was subsequently determined to be erroneous.4Value reported is total recoverable concentration.5Value reported is dissolved concentration.

Table 11. Summary statistics for selected water-quality properties and constituents.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. NPS, data collected by/for the National Park Service and reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; USGS, data collected and analy

ft3/s, cubic feet per second; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; °C, degrees Celsius; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; NTU, nephelo

available; N, number of observations]

Property or constituent Statistic

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1985

NPS1

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

1993-94

NPS2

Cold 

Spring

Creek

(site 1)

2002-03

USGS

Cold 

Spring 

Creek

(site 2)

2002-03

USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

2002-03

 USGS

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

1990-96

NPS2

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

2002-03

USGS

High

Cre

(site 

19

NP
Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 

Cold Spring Creek (site 2)

2002 Aeshna sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Aeshnidae Aesh2002 Aquarius remigis 

(Say)

A ref. 1 Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera Gerridae Gerrinae Aqu

2002 Archilestes grandis

(Rambur)

L ref. 2 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Lestidae Arch

2002 Argia sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae Argi2003 Argia sp. L 115 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae Argi2002 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 504 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae2003 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 518 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae2003 Baetis flavistriga 

McDunnough

L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet

2002 Bezzia/Palpomyia 

sp.

L 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae

2003 Caenis sp. L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caen2003 Caloparyphus sp. L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Calo2003 Ceratopogonidae L indet. 173 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae2002 Chaetocladius sp. L 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Chae2003 Chaetocladius sp. L 1,037 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Chae2003 Cheumatopsyche sp. L 17 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cheu2003 Chrysops sp. L ref. 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tabanidae Chry2002 Coenagrionidae L dam. 280 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae2003 Corduliidae/

Libellulidae

L 115 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata

2003 Corynoneura sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cory2002 Cricotopus/

Orthocladius sp.

L 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2003 Cricotopus/

Orthocladius sp.

L 202 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2002 Cryptochironomus 

sp.

L ref. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Cryp

2002 Dasyhelea sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Dasyheleinae Dasy
Cold Spring Creek (site 2)—Continued

2003 Dasyhelea sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Dasyheleinae Dasy2002 Dubiraphia sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Dub2003 Dubiraphia sp. L 144 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Dub2003 Dytiscidae L imm. 43 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Dytiscidae2002 Enchytraeidae 14 Annelida Oligochaeta Enchytraeida Enchytraeidae2003 Enchytraeidae 72 Annelida Oligochaeta Enchytraeida Enchytraeidae2003 Erpobdellidae 1 Annelida Hirudinea Arhynchobdellae Erpobdellidae2003 Eukiefferiella sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Euki2003 Eukiefferiella/

Tvetenia sp.

L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2003 Euparyphus sp. L 115 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Eupa2002 Fossaria sp. 14 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Lymnaeidae Lymnaeinae Foss2003 Fossaria sp. 15 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Lymnaeidae Lymnaeinae Foss2002 Gerrinae L imm. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera Gerridae Gerrinae2003 Glossiphoniidae 14 Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellae Glossiphoniidae2002 Gomphidae L imm.; dam. 84 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Gomphidae2003 Heleniella sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Hele2002 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

L 98 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2003 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2002 Hemerodromia sp. L 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Empididae Hemerodromiinae Hem2002 Hyalella azteca

(Saussure)

14 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyal

2003 Hyalella azteca 

(Saussure)

2 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyal

2002 Labrundinia sp. L ref. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Labr2003 Labrundinia/

Nilotanypus sp.

L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Cold Spring Creek (site 2)—Continued

2003 Lauterborniella 

agrayloides

(Kieffer)

L ref. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Laut

2003 Leptophlebiidae L dam. 22 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptophlebiidae2003 Limnephilidae L imm.; dam. 3 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae2003 Limnephilidae L indet. 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae2003 Limnephilus sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae Limnephilinae Limn2003 Micropsectra sp. L 893 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Micr2003 Micropsectra/

Tanytarsus sp.

L 144 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae

2002 Nematoda 14 Nematoda2003 Nematoda 115 Nematoda2002 Nilotanypus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Nilo2003 Nilotanypus sp. L 172 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Nilo2002 Notonecta sp. A 1 Arthropoda Insecta Hemiptera Notonectidae Noto2002 Oecetis sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Leptoceridae Leptocerinae Oece2002 Optioservus divergens (LeConte) A 14 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Optioservus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2003 Orthocladiinae L indet. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae2003 Orthocladiinae P 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae2003 Paramerina sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Para2003 Paratanytarsus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Para2003 Paratendipes sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Para2002 Pentaneura sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pent2003 Pentaneura sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pent2002 Pentaneurini L indet. 42 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae2003 Pentaneurini L imm. 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae2002 Physella sp. 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physinae Phys

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Cold Spring Creek (site 2)—Continued

2003 Pisidium sp. 2 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Pisidiinae Pisid2003 Procladius sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Proc2003 Pseudochironomus 

sp.

L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Pseu

2002 Rheotanytarsus sp. L 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Rheo2003 Sialis sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Megaloptera Sialidae Siali2002 Simuliidae L imm. 28 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae2003 Simuliidae L imm. 72 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae2002 Stratiomyidae L imm. 84 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae2003 Tanytarsini L imm.; indet. 130 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae2003 Tanytarsus sp. L 130 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Tany2002 Thienemannimyia 

group sp.

(Coffman and Ferrington, 1996)

L 42 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae

2003 Thienemannimyia 

group sp.

(Coffman and Ferrington, 1996)

L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae

2002 Tricorythodes sp. L 3,262 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico2003 Tubificidae 29 Annelida Oligochaeta Tubificida Tubificidae2003 Tvetenia sp. L 288 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Tvet

Beaver Creek (site 4)

2002 Acari 50.4 Arthropoda Arachnida2002 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 109.2 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae2003 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 461 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae2003 Baetis flavistriga 

McDunnough

L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet

2003 Baetis sp. L 17 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet2002 Bezzia/Palpomyia 

sp.

L 33.6 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Beaver Creek (site 4)—Continued

2003 Caenis sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caen2003 Caloparyphus sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Calo2003 Ceratopogonidae L indet. 173 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae2002 Chaetocladius sp. L ref. 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Chae2003 Chaetocladius sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Chae2002 Cheumatopsyche sp. L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cheu2003 Cheumatopsyche sp. L 245 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cheu2003 Chimarra sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Philopotamidae Chimarrinae Chim2002 Chironomidae P indet. 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae2002 Chironominae P 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae2003 Coenagrionidae L dam. 16 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Coenagrionidae2002 Crangonyx sp. 50.4 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Crangonyctidae Cran2002 Cricotopus bicinctus 

group

L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cric

2003 Cricotopus sp. L 58 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Cric2002 Cricotopus/

Orthocladius sp.

L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2003 Cricotopus/

Orthocladius sp.

L 101 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2002 Cryptochironomus 

sp.

L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Cryp

2003 Cryptotendipes sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Cryp2002 Dubiraphia sp. L 252 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Dub2002 Dubiraphia sp. A 25.2 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Dub2003 Dubiraphia sp. L 115 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Dub2003 Elmidae L imm.; dam. 187 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae2003 Ephemerella sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephe2002 Ephemeroptera A dam. 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera2002 Erpobdellidae 58.8 Annelida Hirudinea Arhynchobdellae Erpobdellidae

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Beaver Creek (site 4)—Continued

2003 Erpobdellidae 30 Annelida Hirudinea Arhynchobdellae Erpobdellidae2002 Eukiefferiella sp. L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Euki2003 Eukiefferiella sp. L 187 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Euki2003 Euparyphus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Eupa2003 Fallceon quilleri

(Dodds)

L 132 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Fallc

2003 Gammarus sp. 14 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Gammaridae Gam2002 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

L 184.8 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2002 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

P 33.6 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2002 Hesperophylax sp. L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae Limnephilinae Hesp2003 Hydropsyche 

depravata group

L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Hydr

2003 Hydropsyche sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Hydr2002 Hydroptila sp. L 126 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae Hydr2002 Hydroptilidae P indet. 25.2 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae2003 Isoperla sp. L 4 Arthropoda Insecta Plecoptera Perlodidae Isoperlinae Isop2003 Labrundinia sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Labr2002 Leptoceridae L imm. 16.8 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Leptoceridae2003 Limnephilus sp. L 3 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae Limnephilinae Limn2002 Mayatrichia ayama 

Mosely

L ref.; confirmed 

new State record1

25.2 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae May

2003 Megadrile 1 Annelida Oligochaeta2002 Microcylloepus 

pusillus(LeConte)

A 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Micr

2003 Microcylloepus 

pusillus (LeConte)

A 173 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Micr

2002 Microcylloepus sp. L 67.2 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Micr

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Beaver Creek (site 4)—Continued

2003 Microcylloepus sp. L 216 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Micr2003 Micropsectra sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Micr2003 Micropsectra/Tanytarsus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae2002 Microtendipes sp. L 50.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Micr2003 Nematoda 29 Nematoda2002 Odontomesa sp. L ref. 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Prodiamesinae Odo2002 Optioservus divergens (LeConte) A 33.6 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2003 Optioservus divergens (LeConte) A 504 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Optioservus sp. L 109.2 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Optioservus sp. A 16.8 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2003 Optioservus sp. L 302 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Orthocladiinae P 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae2003 Orthocladiinae L imm. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae2003 Orthocladiinae L indet. 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae2003 Pagastia sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Diamesinae Paga2003 Paramerina sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Para2002 Paratendipes sp. L ref. 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Para2003 Paratendipes sp. L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Para2002 Pentaneura sp. L 33.6 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pent2003 Pentaneura sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pent2003 Petrophila sp. L 3 Arthropoda Insecta Lepidoptera Pyralidae Nymphulinae Petro2003 Pisidium sp. 58 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Pisidiinae Pisid2002 Polypedilum sp. L 285.6 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Poly2003 Polypedilum sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Poly2003 Procladius sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Proc

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Beaver Creek (site 4)—Continued

2003 Rheocricotopus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Rheo2002 Rheotanytarsus sp. L 42 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Rheo2003 Simuliidae L imm. 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae2003 Simulium piperi 

Dyar and Shannon

P ref. 2 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simu

2003 Simulium sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simu2003 Sphaeriidae imm. 14 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae2002 Stratiomyidae L imm. 16.8 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae2003 Tanytarsini L imm. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae2002 Thienemannimyia 

group sp.

(Coffman and Ferrington, 1996)

L 16.8 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae

2003 Thienemannimyia 

group sp.

(Coffman and Ferrington, 1996)

L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae

2002 Tipulidae L 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tipulidae2002 Tricorythodes sp. L 842 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico2003 Tricorythodes sp. L 375 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico2002 Zaitzevia parvula 

(Horn)

A 8.4 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Zaitz

2003 Zaitzevia parvula 

(Horn)

L 115 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Zaitz

2003 Zaitzevia parvula

(Horn)

A 72 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Zaitz

Highland Creek (site 7)

2002 Acari 138.24 Arthropoda Arachnida2003 Acari 29 Arthropoda Arachnida2002 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 3,386.88 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae2003 Baetidae L imm.; dam. 72 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Highland Creek (site 7)—Continued

2002 Baetis flavistriga 

McDunnough

L 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet

2002 Baetis sp. L 645.12 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet2003 Baetis sp. L 144 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet2003 Baetis tricaudatus 

Dodds

L 308 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baet

2002 Bezzia/Palpomyia 

sp.

L 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae Ceratopogoninae

2002 Brachycentrus 

occidentalis Banks

L ref.; potential 

new State record1

1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Brachycentridae Brac

2003 Brachycera A 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera2003 Caloparyphus sp. L 720 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Calo2002 Ceratopogonidae L dam. 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae2003 Ceratopogonidae L indet. 187 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Ceratopogonidae2002 Ceratopsyche 

alhedra (Ross)

L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cera

2002 Ceratopsyche cf. 

slossonae (Banks)

L ref.; potential 

new State record1

92.16 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cera

2002 Ceratopsyche sp. L 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cera2003 Ceratopsyche sp. L 32 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cera2002 Cheumatopsyche sp. L 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cheu2003 Cheumatopsyche sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Cheu2003 Chironomidae P dam. 29 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae2003 Cricotopus/

Orthocladius sp.

L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae

2002 Dicranota sp. L 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tipulidae Limoniinae Dicr2003 Dicranota sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tipulidae Limoniinae Dicr2002 Elmidae L imm. 184.32 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae2003 Ephemerella sp. L 73 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae Ephe

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Highland Creek (site 7)—Continued

2002 Ephemerellidae L imm. 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemerellidae2002 Ephemeroptera L dam. 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera2002 Eukiefferiella sp. L 253.44 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Euki2003 Eukiefferiella sp. L 72 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Euki2003 Euparyphus sp. L 58 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae Stratiomyinae Eupa2003 Glossiphoniidae 1 Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellae Glossiphoniidae2003 Gomphidae L imm. 14 Arthropoda Insecta Odonata Gomphidae2003 Heleniella sp. L 101 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Orthocladiinae Hele2002 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

L 184.32 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2002 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

P 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2003 Helicopsyche 

borealis (Hagen)

L 29 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Helicopsychidae Heli

2002 Helobdella stagnalis

(Linnaeus)

23.04 Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchobdellae Glossiphoniidae Helo

2003 Hemerodromia sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Empididae Hemerodromiinae Hem2002 Hesperophylax sp. L 2 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae Limnephilinae Hesp2003 Hexatoma sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tipulidae Limoniinae Hexa2002 Hyalella azteca

(Saussure)

23.04 Arthropoda Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyal

2003 Hydropsyche 

depravata group

L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsychinae Hydr

2002 Hydroptila sp. L 115.2 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptilinae Hydr2002 Isoperla sp. L 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Plecoptera Perlodidae Isoperlinae Isop2003 Isoperla sp. L 66 Arthropoda Insecta Plecoptera Perlodidae Isoperlinae Isop2003 Limnephilidae L imm. 72 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae2003 Limnephilus sp. L 1 Arthropoda Insecta Trichoptera Limnephilidae Limnephilinae Limn2002 Lymnaeidae imm. 23.04 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Lymnaeidae

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Highland Creek (site 7)—Continued

2002 Nematoda 23.04 Nematoda2003 Nematoda 29 Nematoda2003 Odontomesa sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Prodiamesinae Odo2002 Optioservus divergens (LeConte) A 276.48 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2003 Optioservus divergens (LeConte) A 284 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Optioservus sp. L 967.68 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2003 Optioservus sp. L 1,786 Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elmidae Opti2002 Pagastia sp. L ref. 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Diamesinae Paga2003 Paratendipes sp. L 43 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Para2003 Pentaneura sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pent2002 Physella sp. 23.04 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physinae Phys2003 Physella sp. 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Physidae Physinae Phys2003 Porifera 1 Porifera2002 Simuliidae L imm. 1,244.16 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae2002 Simulium sp. L 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simu2002 Simulium sp. P 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Simuliidae Simu2003 Sphaeriidae imm. 43 Mollusca Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae2003 Stagnicola sp. 1 Mollusca Gastropoda Basommatophora Lymnaeidae Lymnaeinae Stag2002 Stratiomyidae L imm. 46.08 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Stratiomyidae2003 Tabanidae L imm. 1 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Tabanidae2002 Tanypodinae L indet. 23.04 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Tanypodinae2003 Tanytarsus sp. L 14 Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Chironomidae Chironominae Tany2002 Tricorythodes sp. L 368.64 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico2002 Tricorythodes sp. L ref. 1 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico2003 Tricorythodes sp. L 86 Arthropoda Insecta Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae Trico

1State record means this organism has not previously been reported in the published literature for South Dakota.

Table 12. Benthic macroinvertebrates collected from selected surface-water sites in Wind Cave National Park, 2002 and 2003.—Continued[A, adult; L, larva(e); dam., damaged; sp., species; imm., immature; indet., indeterminate; P, pupa(e); ref., organism placed in a reference collection]

Year

collected Taxonomy Life stage Notes Abundance Phylum Class Order Family Subfamily 
Table 13. Wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.[Site number refers to figure 1. --, no data; E, estimated value; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Highland 

Creek

(site 7)

Highlan

Creek

(site 7)

Date sampled 3/04/2002 7/25/2002 5/13/2003 3/12/2003 5/13/2003 5/14/2002 7/24/2002 5/14/2003 7/23/2002 5/13/200Time 1140 1015 1130 1015 1015 1000 840 930 910 0830 Tetrachloro-ethylene <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 Bromoform <.500 <.500 E.032 <.500 E.025 <.500 <.500 E.036 <.500 E.017 Cumene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Phenol <.500 1.200 <.500 .900 E.130 .810 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 1,4-Dichlorobenzene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 d-Limonene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Acetophenone <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Para-cresol <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 E.037 <1.000 <1.000 E.190 <1.000 E.028 Isophorone <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Camphor <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Isoborneol <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Menthol <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Naphthalene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Methyl salicylate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Dichlorvos <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Isoquinoline <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 2-Methylnapthalene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Indole <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 3,4-Dichlorophenyl 

isocyanate

 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 

1-Methylnapthalene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Skatol <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 2,6-Dimethylnapthalene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 BHA <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 N,N-Diethyltoluamide 

(DEET)

 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 

5-Methyl-1Hbenzotriazle <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 
Diethyl phthalate <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 4-tert-Octylphenol <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Benzophenone <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tributylphosphate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Ethyl citrate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Cotinine <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Para-nonylphenol-total <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 E2.400 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 Prometon <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Pentachlorophenol <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Atrazine <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tri(2-chloroethyl)

phosphate

 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 

4-n-octylphenol <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Diazinon <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Phenanthrene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Anthracene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Tonalide (AHTN) <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Caffeine <.500 <.500 E.013 <.500 <.500 E.056 <.500 E.011 <.500 <.500 Carbazole <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Galaxolide (HHCB) <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 OPEO1 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 4-Cumylphenol <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Carbaryl <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Metalaxyl <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Bromacil <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Metolachlor <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Chlorpyrifos <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Anthraquinone <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 NPEO1-total <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 

Table 13. Wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. --, no data; E, estimated value; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Highland 

Creek

(site 7)

Highlan

Creek

(site 7)
Fluoranthene <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500 Triclosan <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Pyrene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 OPEO2 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 Bisphenol A <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 <1.000 NPEO2-total <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 tri(dichlorisopropyl)phosphate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Triphenyl phosphate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 Ethanol,2-butoxyphosphate <.500 <.500 <.500 E.220 <.500 <.500 E.320 <.500 E.270 <.500 Diethylhexyl phthalate <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 1.70 <.500 <.500 Estrone <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 17B-Estradiol <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 17-Alpha-ethynyl 

esterdiol

 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 

Equilenin <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 <5.000 Benzo(A)pyrene <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 <.500 3-Beta-coprostanol <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Cholesterol E.610 E.820 <2.000 <2.000 E.068 <2.000 E.820 <2.000 E.770 <2.000 Beta-sitosterol <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Stigmastanol <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 <2.000 Decafluorobiphenyl -

SURR percent recovery

41 56 73 68 68 65 62 74 64 73 

d8-Caffiene -SURR

percent recovery

71 59 91 71 86 81 66 78 77 71 

d10 - Fluoranthene -

SURR percent recovery

69 68 100 72 91 77 71 100 91 72 

d8 Bisphenol A -SURR 

percent recovery

69 37 82 63 86 80 70 83 82 63 

Table 13. Wastewater compounds in surface water and ground water.—Continued[Site number refers to figure 1. --, no data; E, estimated value; <, less than; SURR, surrogate. Values in micrograms per liter except as indicated]

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Cold Spring 

Creek

(site 1)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 3)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Beaver

Creek

(site 4)

Highland 

Creek

(site 7)

Highlan

Creek

(site 7)
62 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 14. Concentrations of constituents in bottom-sediment samples.

[All analyses wet sieved, unless otherwise indicated. <, less than; μm, microns; μg/g, micrograms per gram]

Station

number

Site 

number

(fig. 1) Date

Calcium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34830)

Magnesium,

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34900)

Potassium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34940)

Sodium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34960)

Sulfur, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34970)

Phosphorus, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34935)

Carbon

(inorganic 

plus 

organic), 

<62.5 μm, 

(native 

water), 

recoverable, 

percent 

(P49267)

Inorganic 

carbon, 

<62.5 μm, 

(native 

water), 

recoverable, 

percent 

(P49269)

433451103284000 2 7/24/2002 8.7 0.88 1.5 0.28 <0.05 0.13 3.2 2.6

06402430 4 7/24/2002 3.3 .85 2 .48 .05 .12 1.8 .91

433745103261900 7 7/23/2002 1 .28 2.4 .9 <.05 .049 .47 .13

Site 

number

(fig. 1)

Organic 

carbon, 

<62.5 μm, 

(native 

water), 

recoverable, 

percent 

(P49266)

Aluminum, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34790)

Antimony, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34795)

Arsenic, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34800)

Barium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34805)

Beryllium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34810)

Bismuth, 

<177 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34816)

Cadmium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34825)

Cerium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34835)

Chromium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34840)

2 0.55 2.5 0.2 9.5 330 1.6 <1 0.1 54 23

4 .85 4.1 .4 9.4 370 1.7 <1 .1 43 39

7 .34 4.4 <.1 2.8 350 1.6 <1 <.1 34 31

Site 

number

(fig. 1)

Cobalt, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34845)

Copper, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34850)

Europium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34855)

Gallium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34860)

Gold,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34870)

Holmium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34875)

Iron,

<62.5 μm, 

total, 

percent 

(P34880)

Lanthanum, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34885)

Lead,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34890)

Lithium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34895)

2 4 8 <1 6 <1 <1 0.94 26 14 15

4 6 10 <1 9 <1 <1 1.6 22 13 25

7 4 3 <1 9 <1 <1 .83 18 19 18
Supplemental Information - Table 14 63

Table 14. Concentrations of constituents in bottom-sediment samples.—Continued

[All analyses wet sieved, unless otherwise indicated. <, less than; μm, microns; μg/g, micrograms per gram]

Site 

number

(fig. 1)

Manganese,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34905)

Mercury, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34910)

Molybdenum, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34915)

Neodymium,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34920)

Nickel, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34925)

Niobium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34930)

Scandium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34945)

Selenium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34950)

Silver,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34955)

Strontium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34965)

2 460 0.02 0.7 23 10 <4 3 0.7 <0.1 130

4 310 .02 <.5 19 13 8 6 .4 <.1 100

7 110 <.02 <.5 15 7 5 4 .3 <.1 61

Site 

number

(fig. 1)

Tantalum, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34975)

Thallium, 

<62.5 μm, 

dry sieved, 

total 

digestion, 

μg/g 

(P04064)

Thorium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g

(P34980)

Tin,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P34985)

Titanium, 

<62.5 μm, 

(native 

water), 

recoverable, 

percent 

(P49274)

Vanadium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P35005)

Ytterbium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P35015)

Yttrium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P35010)

Zinc,

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P35020)

Uranium, 

<62.5 μm, 

total, μg/g 

(P35000)

2 <1 <1 24 1 0.052 20 <1 12 20 4.2

4 <1 <1 8 2 .15 41 1 12 40 2.6

7 <1 <1 10 2 .096 25 <1 7 21 2
64 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 15. Water-quality data including organic compounds in cave drip and parking lot runoff.

[US/CM, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; MG/L, milligrams per liter; UG/L, micrograms per liter; DEG C, degrees Celsius; LAB, laboratory; 

DISS, dissolved; WAT, water; WH, whole; UNFLTRD, unfiltered; REC, recoverable; TOT, total; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data]

 ELEV. PH PH SPE- 

 AGENCY OF LAND WATER WATER CIFIC SPE- MAGNE- 

 ANA- SURFACE WHOLE WHOLE CON- CIFIC CALCIUM SIUM, SODIUM,

 LYZING DATUM FIELD LAB DUCT- CON- DIS- DIS- DIS- 

 SAMPLE (FEET (STAND- (STAND- ANCE DUCT- SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED 

 Date Station number Date Time (CODE ABOVE ARD ARD LAB ANCE (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L 

 NUMBER) NGVD) UNITS) UNITS) (US/CM) (US/CM) AS CA) AS MG) AS NA)

 (00028) (72000) (00400) (00403) (90095) (00095) (00915) (00925) (00930)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... 433328103284700 20020904 0740 80020 4140.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... 433310103281701 20020618 1715 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... 433310103281701 20020618 1815 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... 433310103281701 20020619 0922 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 AUG 

 06... 433310103281701 20020806 1300 80020 -- 8.5 8.2 453 477 82.3 10.7 3.45 

 12... 433310103281701 20020812 2115 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... 433310103281701 20020812 2215 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... 433310103281701 20020812 2315 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... 433310103281701 20020813 0115 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... 433310103281701 20020813 0515 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 14... 433310103281701 20020814 1545 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 15... 433310103281701 20020815 0830 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 22... 433310103281701 20020822 1000 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 SEP 

 04... 433310103281701 20020904 1705 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... 433310103281701 20020904 1810 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... 433310103281701 20020904 1900 80020 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 NITRO- NITRO- NITRO- NITRO- ORTHO- 

 SILICA, RESIDUE GEN, GEN,AM- GEN, GEN, PHOS- BERYL- CHRO- 

 DIS- AT 105 AMMONIA MONIA + NO2+NO3 NITRITE PHATE, ARSENIC BARIUM, LIUM, CADMIUM MIUM, COBALT,

 SOLVED DEG C, DIS- ORGANIC DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- 

 (MG/L DIS- SOLVED DISS SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED 

 Date AS SOLVED (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (MG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L 

 SIO2) (MG/L) AS N) AS N) AS N) AS N) AS P) AS AS) AS BA) AS BE) AS CD) AS CR) AS CO)

 (00955) (00515) (00608) (00623) (00631) (00613) (00671) (01000) (01005) (01010) (01025) (01030) (01035)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 AUG 

 06... 13.1 283 <.04 .19 .54 <.008 E.01 15 413 <.5 <8 <10 <13 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 14... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 15... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 22... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 SEP 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 
Supplemental Information - Table 15 65

Table 15. Water-quality data including organic compunds in cave-drip and parking lot runoff.—Continued

[US/CM, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; MG/L, milligrams per liter; UG/L, micrograms per liter; DEG C, degrees Celsius; LAB, laboratory; 

DISS, dissolved; WAT, water; WH, whole; UNFLTRD, unfiltered; REC, recoverable; TOT, total; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data]

 

 MANGA- MOLYB- SELE- STRON- VANA- 

 COPPER, IRON, LEAD, LITHIUM NESE, MERCURY DENUM, NICKEL, NIUM, SILVER, TIUM, DIUM, ZINC, 

 DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- DIS- 

 SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED SOLVED

 Date (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L (UG/L 

 AS CU) AS FE) AS PB) AS LI) AS MN) AS HG) AS MO) AS NI) AS SE) AS AG) AS SR) AS V) AS ZN)

 (01040) (01046) (01049) (01130) (01056) (71890) (01060) (01065) (01145) (01075) (01080) (01085) (01090)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 18... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 19... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 AUG 

 06... <6 E6 <.08 5 <2.0 <.01 <50 <30 .4 <9 211 E5 <24 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 13... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 14... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 15... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 22... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 SEP 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 04... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 1,1-DI 123-TRI 1,2- 2,2-DI 2BUTENE 

 1,1,1- 1,1,2- 1,1-DI- CHLORO- CHLORO- DIBROMO TRANS- CHLORO- TRANS-1 2-HEXA-

 TRI- TRI- 1,1-DI- CHLORO- PRO- PROPANE ETHANE 1,2-DI- 1,2-DI- 1,2-DI- PRO- 4-DI- NONE 

 CHLORO- CHLORO- CHLORO- ETHYL- PENE, WATER WATER CHLORO- CHLORO- CHLORO- PANE CHLORO WATER 

 ETHANE ETHANE ETHANE ENE WAT, WH WHOLE WHOLE ETHANE PROPANE ETHENE WAT, WH UNFLTRD WHOLE 

 Date TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL REC TOTAL 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (34506) (34511) (34496) (34501) (77168) (77443) (77651) (32103) (34541) (34546) (77170) (73547) (77103)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.06 <.12 <.07 <.08 <.10 <.32 <.07 <.3 <.06 <.06 <.10 <1.4 <1.4 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 18... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 19... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 12... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 12... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 13... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 13... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 14... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 15... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 22... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 SEP 

 04... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 04... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 

 04... <.03 <.06 <.04 <.04 <.05 <.16 <.04 <.1 <.03 <.03 <.05 <.7 <.7 
66 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 15. Water-quality data including organic compunds in cave-drip and parking lot runoff.—Continued

[US/CM, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; MG/L, milligrams per liter; UG/L, micrograms per liter; DEG C, degrees Celsius; LAB, laboratory; 

DISS, dissolved; WAT, water; WH, whole; UNFLTRD, unfiltered; REC, recoverable; TOT, total; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data]

 BENZENE 

 1,2,3- BENZENE 1,2,4- BENZENE BENZENE BENZENE BENZENE ISO- 

 TRI- 123-TRI TRI- BENZENE 135-TRI 1,3-DI- 14BRFL- 1,4-DI- PROPYL- BENZENE BENZENE

 ACETONE CHLORO METHYL- CHLORO- 124-TRI METHYL CHLORO- SURROG CHLORO- BENZENE N-BUTYL N-PROPY

 WATER ACRYLO- BENZENE WATER WATER METHYL WATER WATER VOC WATER WATER WATER WATER 

 WHOLE NITRILE WAT, WH UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD WHOLE UNFLTRD UNFLTRD

 Date TOTAL TOTAL REC REC REC REC REC REC REC REC REC REC REC 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) PERCENT (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (81552) (34215) (77613) (77221) (34551) (77222) (77226) (34566) (99834) (34571) (77223) (77342) (77224)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... 23 <2 <.5 <.2 <.1 <.11 <.09 <.06 92.9 <.10 <.12 <.4 <.08 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 85.2 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 18... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 85.4 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 19... E6 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 84.7 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 90.0 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 12... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 91.4 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 12... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 89.1 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 13... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 90.7 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 13... 9 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 90.0 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 14... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 90.5 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 15... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 89.6 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 22... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 82.2 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 SEP 

 04... <7 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 <.06 <.04 <.03 86.6 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 04... 12 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 E.02 <.04 <.03 87.8 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 04... 9 <1 <.3 <.1 <.1 E.03 <.04 <.03 90.7 <.05 <.06 <.2 <.04 

 BENZENE BENZENE BENZENE CARBON 

 O-DI- SEC TERT- BROMO- BROMO- DI- CARBON CHLORO- 

 CHLORO- BUTYL- BUTYL- BENZENE ETHENE SULFIDE TETRA- DI- 

 WATER WATER WATER WATER, WATER BROMO- WATER CHLO- CHLORO- BROMO- CHLORO- CHLORO-

 UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD BENZENE WHOLE, UNFLTRD FORM WHOLE RIDE BENZENE METHANE ETHANE FORM 

 Date REC REC REC TOTAL TOTAL REC TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (34536) (77350) (77353) (34030) (81555) (50002) (32104) (77041) (32102) (34301) (32105) (34311) (32106)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.06 <.06 <.10 E.02 <.07 <.2 E.18 <.14 <.12 <.06 .4 <.2 5.14 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 18... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 19... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 12... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 12... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 13... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 13... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 14... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 15... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 22... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 SEP 

 04... <.03 <.03 <.05 <.04 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 04... <.03 <.03 <.05 E.01 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 

 04... <.03 <.03 <.05 E.01 <.04 <.1 <.06 <.07 <.06 <.03 <.2 <.1 <.02 
Supplemental Information - Table 15 67

Table 15. Water-quality data including organic compunds in cave-drip and parking lot runoff.—Continued

[US/CM, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; MG/L, milligrams per liter; UG/L, micrograms per liter; DEG C, degrees Celsius; LAB, laboratory; 

DISS, dissolved; WAT, water; WH, whole; UNFLTRD, unfiltered; REC, recoverable; TOT, total; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data]

 ETHANE, ETHANE, 

 CIS-1,2 DIBROMO DI- DI- DI-ISO- 1112- 1,1,2,2 ETHANE ETHANE ETHER 

 -DI- CIS CHLORO- BROMO- BROMO- CHLORO- PROPYL- TETRA- TETRA- 12DICL HEXA- ETHER TERT- 

 CHLORO- 1,3-DI- PROPANE METHANE DI- DI- ETHER, CHLORO- CHLORO- SURROG CHLORO- ETHYL BUTYL 

 ETHENE CHLORO- WATER WATER CHLORO- FLUORO- WATER, WATER WATER VOC WATER WATER ETHYL 

 WATER PROPENE WHOLE WHOLE METHANE METHANE UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD

 Date TOTAL TOTAL TOT REC REC TOTAL TOTAL REC REC REC REC REC REC REC 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) PERCENT (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (77093) (34704) (82625) (30217) (32101) (34668) (81577) (77562) (34516) (99832) (34396) (81576) (50004)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.08 <.18 <1.0 <.10 .62 <.36 <.20 <.06 <.18 114 <.4 <.3 <.10 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 113 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 18... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 115 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 19... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 115 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 117 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 12... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 121 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 12... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 117 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 13... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 120 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 13... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 119 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 14... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 122 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 15... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 125 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 22... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 129 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 SEP 

 04... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 108 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 04... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 102 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 04... <.04 <.09 <.5 <.05 <.05 <.18 <.10 <.03 <.09 99.6 <.2 <.2 <.05 

 METHYL 

 ETHER FURAN, METHAC- METHAC- METH- METHANE METHYL TERT- 

 TERT- FREON- TETRA- HEXA- ISO- RYLATE RYLATE ACRYLO- BROMO ACRY- METHYL BUTYL 

 PENTYL 113 HYDRO- CHLORO- DURENE ETHYL- METHYL NITRILE CHLORO- LATE IODIDE ETHER 

 METHYL ETHYL- WATER WATER BUT- WATER WATER WATER WATER WAT WATER WATER WATER 

 UNFLTRD BENZENE UNFLTRD UNFLTRD ADIENE UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD

 Date REC TOTAL REC REC TOTAL REC REC REC REC REC REC REC REC 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (50005) (34371) (77652) (81607) (39702) (50000) (73570) (81597) (81593) (77297) (49991) (77424) (78032)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.16 <.06 <.12 <4 <.3 <.4 <.4 <.7 <1.2 <.14 <4.0 <.50 <.3 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 18... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 19... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 12... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 12... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 13... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 13... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 14... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 15... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 22... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 SEP 

 04... <.08 <.03 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 04... <.08 E.01 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 

 04... <.08 E.02 <.06 <2 <.1 <.2 <.2 <.3 <.6 <.07 <2.0 <.25 <.2 
68 Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03

Table 15. Water-quality data including organic compunds in cave-drip and parking lot runoff.—Continued

[US/CM, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; MG/L, milligrams per liter; UG/L, micrograms per liter; DEG C, degrees Celsius; LAB, laboratory; 

DISS, dissolved; WAT, water; WH, whole; UNFLTRD, unfiltered; REC, recoverable; TOT, total; E, estimated; <, less than; --, no data]

 METHYL- METHYL META/ O- P-ISO- 1234- PROPENE

 METHYL ETHYL- ISO- PARA- CHLORO- O- PROPYL- TETRA 1,3-DI- 3- 

 METHYL- ENE KETONE BUTYL XYLENE TOLUENE XYLENE TOLUENE METHYL CHLORO- CHLORO-

 METHYL- CHLO- CHLO- WATER KETONE WATER NAPHTH- WATER WATER WATER BENZENE PROPANE WATER 

 BROMIDE RIDE RIDE WHOLE WAT, WH UNFLTRD ALENE WHOLE WHOLE WHOLE UNFLTRD WAT, WH UNFLTRD

 Date TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL REC TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL REC REC TOTAL REC 

 (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) 

 (34413) (34418) (34423) (81595) (78133) (85795) (34696) (77275) (77135) (77356) (49999) (77173) (78109)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.5 <.3 <.3 <10.0 E1.0 E.02 <1.0 <.05 <.14 <.14 <.5 <.2 <.14 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 18... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 19... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 12... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 12... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 13... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 13... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 14... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 15... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 22... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 SEP 

 04... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 <.06 <.5 <.03 <.07 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 04... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 E.05 <.5 <.03 E.04 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 04... <.3 <.2 <.2 <5.0 <.4 E.06 <.5 <.03 E.05 <.07 <.2 <.1 <.07 

 TOLUENE 

 TETRA- D8 TOLUENE TOLUENE TRANS- TRI- TRI- 

 CHLORO- SURROG O-ETHYL P-CHLOR 1,3-DI- CHLORO- CHLORO- VINYL TICS 

 ETHYL- VOC WATER WATER CHLORO- ETHYL- FLUORO- CHLO- FROM 

 STYRENE ENE UNFLTRD UNFLTRD UNFLTRD TOLUENE PROPENE ENE METHANE RIDE VOC 

 Date TOTAL TOTAL REC REC REC TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL BY GCMS

 (UG/L) (UG/L) PERCENT (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) (UG/L) NUMBER 

 (77128) (34475) (99833) (77220) (77277) (34010) (34699) (39180) (34488) (39175) (99871)

 433328103284700 CULVERT NR WIND CAVE NAT. PARK HQ, SD (LAT 43 33 28N LONG 103 28 47W) 

 SEP 2002

 04... <.08 <.05 103 <.12 <.10 E.04 <.18 <.08 <.18 <.2 0 

 433310103281701 UPPER MINNEHAHA FALLS INSIDE WIND CAVE (LAT 43 33 10N LONG 103 28 17W) 

 JUN 2002

 18... <.04 <.03 101 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 18... <.04 <.03 101 <.06 <.05 E.04 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 19... <.04 <.03 100 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 1 

 AUG 

 06... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 12... <.04 <.03 99.5 <.06 <.05 E.02 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 12... <.04 <.03 101 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 12... <.04 <.03 102 <.06 <.05 E.02 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 13... <.04 <.03 99.5 <.06 <.05 E.02 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 13... <.04 <.03 100 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 1 

 14... <.04 <.03 102 <.06 <.05 E.02 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 15... <.04 <.03 102 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 22... <.04 <.03 99.3 <.06 <.05 <.05 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 0 

 SEP 

 04... <.04 <.03 97.3 <.06 <.05 E.03 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 1 

 04... E.03 <.03 97.0 <.06 <.05 .10 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 1 

 04... E.05 <.03 97.1 <.06 <.05 .11 <.09 <.04 <.09 <.1 2 
Edited by Ella M. Decker.

Graphics by Connie J. Ross.

Prepared by the South Dakota District office, Rapid City, South Dakota.

This publication is available online at URL

 http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045071

Information regarding the water resources in South Dakota is available

 on the Internet via the World Wide Web using the URL

 http://sd.water.usgs.gov/
Heakin—Streamflow and Water-Quality Characteristics for Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, 2002-03—SIR 2004-5071 

Printed on recycled paper