NBSIR 75-688

Performance of Mobile Homes • A Field Inspection Study

L. F. Skoda

J. H. Pielert W. E. Greene

W. G. Street

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services and

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234 .

June 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 75-688

PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HOMES -

A FIELD INSPECTION STUDY

L. F. Skoda

J. H. Pielert W. E. Greene

W. G. Street

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services and

Office of Housing Technology

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

June 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Rogers C.B. Morton. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Richard W. Roberts. Director

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract 11

SI Conversion Units Ill

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Mobile Home Industry 1 1.2 Project Objectives and Approach 1 1.3 Field Inspection Task 1

2.0 Summary of Field Inspection Procedures 2

2.1 Interdlsciplanary Team Approach 2 2.2 Field Inspection Techniques 2 2 . 3 Data Recording Techniques 2 2.3.1 Inspection Forms 2 2.3.2 Photographic Documentation 2 2.4 Mobile Homes Inspected 3

3.0 Characteristics of Field Inspected Mobile Homes 3

3.1 Manufacturing Characteristics 3 3.2 ANSI A119.1 Standard Compliance Data 3

4.0 Data Analysis Methodology 4

4.1 Problem Catalog Development 4 4.2 Computer Techniques 4

5.0 Problem Summation Tables 4

5.1 Organization and Usage of Tables 4 5.2 Distribution of Problems 7 5.2.1 ANSI A119.1/Enforcement Process Related

Problems 7 5.2.2 Routine Maintenance Problems 8 5.2.3 Mechanical/Electrical Appliance Problems 9

6.0 Summary Comments 9

References 10

Acknowledgements 11

Tables 12

Figures 22

Appendix A - Field Inspection Forms 28

Appendix B - Performance Problem List and Rank Ordered Summations 37

Appendix C - Photographic Documentation 57

i
Abstract

A field Inspection study of mobile homes was conducted for the Department of Housing and

Urban Development. The objective of the study was to evaluate the causes of mobile home

problems by physically Inspecting available units at various locations In the United States.

A total of 257 units were Inspected consisting mostly of mobile homes purchased by HUD

and used as temporary housing for victims of the 1972 Hurricane Agnes disaster. The total

number of problems found was 3,528 for the 257 units inspected. Of these problems, 2120 were directly related to inadequacies in the ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes or the

mobile home enforcement process (plan review, certification of designs, plant inspection),

934 were routine maintenance problems, and 374 were attributed to mechanical/electrical

appliances and equipment. This report presents a computer listing of all problems plus

photographic examples of observed problems.

The number of mobile homes included in this study is small when compared to the total

number of mobile homes now in use in the United States. Additionally, this was a problem

oriented study and did not attempt to document the many areas of satisfactory mobile home

performance.

Key Words: Enforcement process; field inspection; house trailers; housing; Hurricane Agnes;

mobile homes; performance data; standards.

li
SI Conversion Units

In view of the present accepted practice in this country for building technology, common U.S. units of measurement have been used throughout this publication. In recognition

of the position of the United States as a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and

Measures, which gave official status to the metric SI system of units in 1960, appropriate

conversion factors have been provided in the table below. The reader interested in making

further 'use of the coherent system of SI units is referred to:

NBS SP330, 1972 Edition, "The International System of Units"

E380-72 ASTM Metric Practice Guide (American National Standard Z210.1)

Table of Conversion Factors to Metric (S.I.) Units

Physical To convert to Quantity from multiply by

Length inch meter 2.54* X 10-2,

foot m 3.048* X

10--L

Area inch2 m2 6.4516* X 10-^

foot2 in2 9.290 X 10-2

Volume inch-' m-* 1.639 X 10-5

foot3 m3 2.832 X 10-2

Temperature Fahrenheit Celsius tc = (tF-32)/l

Temperature difference Fahrenheit Kelvin K = (AtF)/l.8

Pressure inch Hg (60F) newton/m2 3.377 X 103

Mass Ibm kg 4.536 X 10-1

Mass/unit area lbm/ft2 kg/m2 4.882

Moisture content rate Ibm/f t2week kg/m2s 8.073 X 10-6

Density lbm/ft3 kg/m3. 1.602 X loi

Thermal conductivity Btu/hr ft2 (F/inch) W 1.442 X 10-1

mK

U-value Btu/hr ft2 F W 5.678

Thermal resistance F/ (Btu/hr ft2) K/(W/m2) 1.761 X 10-1

Heat Flow Btu/hr ft2 W/m2 3.155

*Exact value; others are rounded to fourth place

lii

1.0 Introduction

1.1 MOBILE HOME INDUSTRY . One of the solutions to the lower-cost housing shortage in the

United States today is the use of mobile homes as permanent dwellings. Mobile homes re- present one-fifth of all housing units produced in each of the last five years (1970 through

1974) and included 96% of houses under $20,000 produced in 1973. The production of mobile

homes increased dramatically from 100,000 units in 1960 to around 600,000 units in 1973.

This growth has resulted primarily from the mobile home industry's ability to produce adequate housing at lower initial cost as compared to conventional housing. The production

of mobile homes is regulated at the state and local level. An existing standard, ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes [1]— , has been adopted in total, or with slight modifications, by

45 states for use in mobile home enforcement programs.

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND APPROACH . Recently, many individuals and groups have questioned

the effectiveness of mobile homes in providing safe, adequate and low-cost shelter. Although

life-safety aspects such as questionable fire safety and susceptibility to wind damage

receive the most publicity, functional characteristics appear to be of broader concern to mobile home owners. It is recognized that the mobile home supply process (manufacturing,

transportation, siting2^/) differs greatly from conventional housing and is partly responsible

for some of their unique performance problems. Unfortuanately , there is a limited amount of

organized documentation of these problems making it difficult to pinpoint which aspect of

the mobile home supply process may be deficient.

In response to this recognized problem of lack of information, a project funded by the

Department of Housing and Urban Developments' Office of Policy Development and Research,

was structured around the following objectives:

A. Identification and documentation of the significant mobile home performance

problems

.

B. Determine the relationship of these identified problems to provisions of the

ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes, the mobile home enforcement process

(plan review, certification of designs, plant inspection), and durability of

materials (mortgage insurance concern)

.

C. Identification of needed areas of research relative to the mobile home supply

process

.

To achieve these objectives the project was divided into three principal tasks. Task I was organized to collect and analyze problem data in the structural, electrical, heating,

plumbing and transportation areas. The object of Task II was to evaluate the cause of

mobile home problems by physically inspecting mobile homes. Task III will summarize the

data obtained in Tasks I and II and determine if a relationship exists between the identified

problems, the Standard, and/or the enforcement process. Reference [2] outlines the data

acquisition and analysis methodology developed for these tasks.

1.3 FIELD INSPECTION TASK . Since the degree of problem detail obtained in Task I varied considerably, the field inspecion of mobile homes was necessary to determine

specific causes and consequences of the performance problems. Units inspected included

those used by HUD for temporary housing following the Hurricane Agnes disaster and mobile

homes from the private sector.

This report provides a description and documentation of the field inspection effort entailed

in the completion of Task II. The nvunber of mobile homes included in this study is small

when compared to the total number of mobile homes now in use in the United States. Additionally, this was a problem oriented study and did not attempt to document the many areas

of satisfactory mobile home performance.

\J References are listed at end of report.

Ij Siting encompasses placement and leveling the mobile home on its foundation, installing

steps, skirting and connecting utilities.

1
2.0 Summary of Field Inspection Procedures

2.1 INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM APPROACH . The personnel capabilities available at the National

Bureau of Standards made it possible to assemble a field inspection team that was interdisciplinary in nature and capable of providing expertise in many phases of the building

process. The team consisted of a project manager - structural engineer and five other members with engineering background in the fields of building materials, plumbing, heating,

electrical and fire technology.

Prior to initiation of the field inspection task, the inspection team members visited

several manufacturing plants in order to become more familiar with the mobile home con- struction process. Also, facilities established by HUD in Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania for

training of repair crews that were responsible for maintenance of mobile home heating,

plumbing and electrical systems were visited by the field inspection team.

2.2 FIELD INSPECTION TECHNIQUES . Field inspection techniques were developed in WilkesBarre for use in both HUD and private mobile home inspections. Mobile homes in various

states of disrepair at several locations around the Wilkes-Barre area were used to develop

field inspection techniques. The condition of the units varied from those which were damaged beyond repair to units in good shape that were being kept by HUD for possible use in

future disasters. Inspection of severely damaged units made it possible to observe structural framing techniques, plumbing trees, wiring techniques, heat duct assemblies and insulation. Both destructive and non-destructive inspection procedures were developed by

the inspection team utilizing these units.

The "non-destructive" inspection procedures used for the vast majority of mobile homes con- sisted of a visual Inspection with no permanent construction removed. Partition construction

could be observed in unfinished closets, water heater compartments and furnace enclosures.

Plumbing inspections were confined to the hot water heater compartment, under kitchen and

bathroom sinks and at washer hookups. Heating system evaluation was confined to the furnace

compartment and by removal of floor registers. The electrical system could be evaluated at the load center and by removal of switch plates and duplex outlet covers.

"Destructive" inspection procedures included the selective removal of ceiling panels, wall

paneling (interior and exterior) , floor decking and underside weather barrier material so that

structural framing, insulation, vapor barriers, electrical wiring methods, and plumbing trees

could be inspected and overall workmanship evaluated. It was possible to use the "destructive" inspection procedure on eighteen mobile homes set aside for NBS use by HUD at WilkesBarre. While some of these units were damaged, most were in good condition and NBS was granted permission to perform any type of destructive evaluation down to and including

complete dismantling of the unit. Samples of materials such as cabinet doors, wall paneling,

ceiling material, electrical and plumbing parts and fixtures were removed and returned to NBS

for study.

2.3 DATA RECORDING TECHNIQUES . The data recording techniques used in the field inspection

effort were both written and photographic. Inspection forms and photographs along with available maintenance data (173 of the 257 mobile homes) formed the basis for evaluation of the

individual mobile homes examined during the field inspection task.

2.3.1 Inspection Forms . Appendix A contains examples of the inspection forms used in the

field inspection effort. A set of these forms were filled out on each mobile home inspected

and included unit identification, structural, plumbing, heating and electrical data. These

"check list" type forms were designed to obtain as much information as possible without

destroying or damaging components of the mobile home. Applicable paragraphs of the ANSI

A119.1 Standard are included adjacent to each item on the electrical, plumbing and

heating forms whenever possible for reference.

2.3.2 Photographic Documentation . To augment the inspection data and to provide a tool

for future evaluation, a photographic record of each mobile home inspection was made. In addition to a photograph to identify the mobile home, photographs were taken of ANSI A119.1

Standard violations, component or system failures and any other unusual conditions related to performance that existed on the interior and exterior of the unit.

2
2.4 MOBILE HOMES INSPECTED . A total of 257 mobile homes were field inspected, of which,

237 were HUD Hurricane Agnes units located at Wilkes-Barre . Since these units had been manufactured at approximately the same time and many were transported over unusually long

distances and had been sited under emergency conditions, the field study was planned to include units from the private sector. Sources were sought which would allow access to a large number of units at a single location because of the difficulty of locating and arranging inspections of individually owned mobile homes. Also, it was desirable to have access to purchase specifications and maintenance records of any homes inspected.

A privately owned mobile home park was visited in Lexington Park, Maryland consisting of 25 new single wide units which had just been installed and occupied. These duplex rental units

had been built to a specification established by the park owner and had unique construction

characteristics. Each unit was divided into two living areas with separate bath, kitchen

and sleeping facilities. Discussions with the owner and the park maintenance staff and the

inspection of the only unoccupied unit revealed no special problems other than those of a routine maintenance nature.

Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne, Wyoming was visited to obtain data which could be related

to durability of mobile homes constructed in 1962 and 1965. The maximum number of units

deployed at Cheyenne was 246. The Air Force was in the process of moving these units to other sites. Four of the 94 mobile homes remaining at Cheyenne were given detailed inspections. Maintenance records for these 4 units, kept since purchase, were also obtained.

These units which are being used as housing for families of construction personnel have each

been moved 11 times over an average distance of 650 miles per move. The mobile homes were

purchased under an Air Force specification and had been maintained for the Government by a private company. Construction characteristics appeared to be significantly better than

present mobile home construction, possibly as a result of the unique Air Force procurement

and manufacturing requirements.

A private mobile home park containing 200 mobile homes manufactured in 1971 and 1972 was visited in Montgomery, Alabama, and 11 units were physically inspected. These units were

owned by the Alabama Farm Bureau (not state affiliated) and rented to Air Force personnel

attending 12 week courses at Max^rell Air Force Base. In addition to inspection of these

11 units, maintenance records for one 12 week occupancy period were obtained for all 200

units

Five mobile homes being modified under a HUD Grant for use by handicapped students were

inspected at St. Andrews College in Laurinburg, North Carolina. These units were obtained by

the College from the HUD Agnes stockpile and purchase, maintenance, and refurbishment data

for the units were available,

3.0 Characteristics of Field Inspected Mobile Homes

3.1 MANUFACTURING CHARACTERISTICS . Table 1 identifies the twenty-two states where 188 of

the 257 field inspected units were manufactured. The state of manufacture for the remaining

69 units could not be determined. Tables 2 and 3 indicate the year of manufacture and the

width of all units in the field inspection study for which this data is available.

Figure 1 describes the distribution of mobile homes by manufacturer for those units in the

field study. The manufacturer was known for 232 units of the 257 units inspected. These

232 units were built by 80 different manufacturers with only 8 manufacturers supplying more

than 6 units each.

3.2 ANSI A119.1 STANDARD COMPLIANCE DATA . Certification seals are attached to mobile homes

by enforcement officials to indicate that construction of the unit complies \jith a prescribed

code or standard. Seals were found on 173 of the 257 units in the sample. In this report,

it is assumed that mobile homes with certification seals were constructed according to the

ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes or a modified version of that Standard in effect during the year of manufacture. Table 4 presents the seal data for the field inspected mobile

homes

3
4.0 Data Analysis Methodology

4.1 PROBLEM CATALOG DEVELOPMENT . Because of the large quantity of data being collected, it was necessary to develop a data handling system using computer techniques. The system

devised consisted of a listing of performance problems, a coding technique to record the

problems and computer programs to organize and present the data.

The Performance Problem List is organized around three major subsections and a miscellaneous

subsection. The mobile home performance problems significant to the project are categorized

under one of the three major subsections listed below and indicated in figure 2.

A. Problems Related to ANSI A119.1 Standard for Mobile Homes and Enforcement

Process

B. Routine Maintenance Problems

C. Appliance and Equipment Problems

This categorization of problems allows documentation of all mobile home performance problems

encountered during the inspections

The ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process Subsection represents virtually the entire

1974 edition of the Standard [1], with coding symbols being assigned for appropriate

paragraphs. In the case of the Plumbing (Part C) , Heating (Part D) and Electrical (Part E)

sections of the Standard, the paragraph numbers and key words appear just as they do in the

Standard. Construction (Part B) differs in that it is organized around major construction

components, such as roof, walls, doors, etc. Therefore, some Standard paragraph numbers

which pertain to several components are repeated, i.e., weather resistance. It should be

noted that the problems reported under the ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process Subsection

are related either to inadequacies or omissions in the Standard itself or to deficiencies in

the Standard enforcement process. No attempt is made in this report to segregate the problems into these two areas. Such an evaluation will be made in a later report of this series

where the significant problems will be examined in greater detail by considering all data

accumulated in the project.

The Routine Maintenance Subsection is organized under the same general headings as the ANSI

A119. 1/Enforcement Process Subsection; i.e., construction, plumbing, heating and electrical.

The Appliance and Equipment Subsection is grouped by appliance; i.e., furnace, range, hot

water heater, refrigerator, exhause fan and smoke detector. Since components of each appliance are listed, it was possible to pinpoint the component problem where the detail of the

data permitted.

A problem level concept is employed in the Performance Problem List to organize and assist in

the evaluation of the data. Figure 2 illustrates problem levels 1, 2, and 3 and figure 3 isolates ANSI A119.1 (Construction) to illustrate levels 2 through 7. The problem summation

lists in Appendix B show the problem level for each item in the last column and in some cases

the problem list has been extended to an 8th level. It must be remembered, however, that

the problem level concept was established as a tool to order the existing data and does not

impart any degree of importance or significance to the individual problems as they relate to one another .

A coding system was developed which facilitated the rapid tabulation of mobile home performance problems. Each problem in the list was represented by an alphanumeric code with which

problems were entered by a reviewer on a computer coding sheet along with available identification information (manufacturer, size, year of manufacture, etc.) for each mobile home.

4.2 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES . Data processing programs were developed to process the data and to delineate problem areas. The most important of these was a program which printed out summation tables of the problems relative to the levels within the problem list (Appendix B) . In addition, the program rank ordered the problems by "frequency-of-occurrence" within each level.

5.0 Problem Summation Tables

5.1 ORGANIZATION AND USE OF SUMMATION TABLES . Figures 4, 5 and 6 indicate the organization

of the problem summation tables.

4
Figure 4 - 1st through 3rd level grouping of problems

Figure 5 - 2nd through 4th level grouping of problems

Figure 6 - 2nd through 8th level grouping of problems

Each grouping deals with the same problems but progressively more detail is shown in going

from the first through the third grouping.

Columns labeled (A), (B) , (C) , (D) , (Homes), (% Homes), and (Level) in figures 4, 5 and 6 are defined below.

Column (A)

Column (B)

Column (C)

The code assigned to identify a particular problem.

priate part or paragraph number in the ANSI A119.1 Standard.

The number of problems that have been coded with the code identified

on that line in Column A. Reported information on the problem has not

allowed coding below the level of detail of the particular line. For

example, in figure 4, consider problem code NPL^l (Plumbing - Routine

Maintenance) ; 17 of the 216 problems were recorded under the general

plumbing category, while problem description allowed the remaining 199

problems to be recorded with greater detail (See page 53 of

Appendix B)

Column (D) - The summation of all problems at a discrete level. For example.

Figure 4 shows that the total number of problems associated with Routine

Maintenance is 934 which is made up of the following:

Construction

Plumbing

Electrical

Heating

550

216

124

44

Total 934

The number of problems at a given level is the summation of problems at the next lower level. As an example, the number of level 1 problems

(3528) consists of the following level 2 problems: 2120 ANSI A119.1/

Enforcement Process problems, 934 Routine Maintenance problems, 374

Mechanical/Electrical Appliance problems, and 100 Miscellaneous problems.

Column (Homes) - The values in this column indicate the number of mobile homes in the

sample that had one or more of the problems identified on each line

(235 mobile homes for Construction, ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process, in

fig. 4).

Column (% Homes) - The entries in this column indicate the percentage of the total

number of mobile homes reviewed in the sample which had the

problem identified on each line. For example, under Construction,

ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process, in figure 4:

235 homes with problems X 100 = 91.4%

257 homes in sample

Column (Level) - These entries define the level of detail of the problem for each

line.

Columns labeled (% 2nd) and (% 1st) in figure 4 are defined below :

In figure 4 consider the example of "Construction (CONS) - ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement

Process .

5
Column ( % 2nd) - The entries in this coluinn are the percentages of 2nd level problems

that are contained at the third level of detail.

Level 3 Problems - 730 X 100 - 34.4%

Level 2 Problems 2120

Column (% 1st) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 1st level problems

that are contained at each lower level of detail.

Level 3 Problems = 730 X 100 = 20.7%

Level 1 Problems 3528

Columns labeled (% 3rd), (% 2nd), and (% 1st) in figure 5 are defined below :

In figure 5 consider the example of "Exterior Walls (EXTW) - Construction - ANSI Standard

A119 . 1/Enforcement Process."

Column (% 3rd) - The entries in this column are the percentages of 3rd level problems

which are contained at each Ath level of detail.

Level 4 Problems = 237 X 100 = 32.5%

Level 3 Problems 730

Column (% 2nd) - Percentages relating 3rd and Ath levels to the 2nd level of

detail.

Level 4 Problems = 237 X 100 = 11.2%

Level 2 Problems 2120

Column (% 1st) ~ Percentages relating 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels to the first level.

' Level 4 Problems = 237 X 100 = 6.7%

Level 1 Problems 3528

Columns labeled (% 7th), (% 6th), (% 5th), (% 4th), and (% 3rd) on figure 6 are defined below .

In figure 6 consider the example of "Rain Leak at Membrane Joint (RLMPl.) - Roof System - Construction, ANSI Standard A119 . 1/Enforcement Process."

Column (% 7th) - Entries in this column are percentages denoting the portions of

7th level problems for each 8th level problem. This column is blank

in figure 6 since there are no 8th level problems shown on this

sample table.

Columns (% 6th) , (% 5th) , (% 4th) , (% 3rd) - Entries in these columns relate the

number of problems at a given level to preceeding levels (6, 5, 4 and 3).

Level 7 Problems = 2 X 100 = 28.6% (Column % 6th)

Level 6 Problems 7

Level 7 Problems 2 X 100 = 1.2% (Column % 5th)

Level 5 Problems 162

Level 7 Problems = 2 X 100 = 1.1% (Column % 4th)

Level 4 Problems 184

Level 7 Problems 2 X 100 = 0.3% (Column % 3rd)

Level 3 Problems 730

6
5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF PROBLEMS . The summation of all 3528 problems attributed to the 257

mobile homes inspected in the field survey is presented in Appendix B. These data are rank ordered at level 2 with 60.1% of the problems being ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process

connected, 26.5% related to Routine Maintenance, 10.6% included under Mechanical/Electrical

Appliances and Equipment and 2.8% classified as Miscellaneous problems. These data are summarized in table 5 and the problems under these main headings are discussed below. The

referenced photographs in Appendix C show construction details along with problems

encountered.

5.2.1 ANSI A119.1/ENF0RCEMENT PROCESS RELATED PROBLEMS . Those problems that could be

related to the ANSI A119.1 Standard/Enforcement Process category comprised 60.1% of the

total problems. Of these 2120 problems, the rank ordered distribution as summarized in table

6 is 730 construction, 701 plumbing system, 409 heating system and 280 electrical system.

5.2.1.1 Construction . A rank ordering of construction problems through level 4 can be seen on page 39 with expansions to all levels tabulated on pages 42 through 44. Table 7 shows the distribution of construction problems by building component. Of the 730 con- struction problems found, 32.5% were attributed to "Exterior Walls" with a distribution as shown on table 8. Corrosion of exterior fasteners (durability) was the largest problem

area (figures C-1, C-2 and C-3) while weather resistance-rain leaks (figures C-5 and C-6) was second and wall cladding attachment (figures C-4 and C-7) was third. Other exterior

wall problems are shown in figure C-8.

The second most troublesome component was the "Roof System" which encompassed 25.2% of the con- struction problems. Of the roof problems, 88% were attributed to rain leaks, i.e., penetration

of the water resistant membrane (see figures C-9 through C-18) . In this context, the membrane is considered to be the metallic roof material and sealants that forms the covering

for the roof truss structural system. Figures C-19 through C-28 are examples of roof con- struction and some of the problems encountered.

"Partition Walls" at 16.4% (fig. C-29 through C-33) , "Transit Considerations" 11.4% (fig.C-34

through C-38) and "Floor Systems" 10.3% (fig. C-39 through C-52) form the bulk of the remaining construction problems. The remaining 4.2% of the construction problems were attributed

to "Exterior Doors," "Windows" and "Tiedowns" and are illustrated in figures C-53 through C-60.

5.2.1.2 Plumbing . The next category in order of f requency-of-occurrence was plumbing. Of

the 2120 ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process related problems, 33.1% or 701 were attributed

to the plumbing system (see table 6) . A rank ordering of plumbing problems through level

4 can be seen on page 39 with expansions to all levels tabulated on pages 44 through 48.

Table 9 summarizes the problem order. Of the 701 plumbing problems found, 31.0% were attributed to the "Water Distribution System" with the greatest single problem area being the

water outlets and supply connections. These problems were concerned with the absence of

adequate marking of the fresh water connection and the lack of a cap for sealing the water

inlet. Other "Water Distribution System" problems had to do with water heater relief valves

and outlets, figures C-62 through C-64, corrosion of piping, figures C-65 and C-66 and poor

workmanship illustrated in figures C-61, C-67 through C-72.

The second most prevalent plumbing problem area was with the "Drainage System", which encompassed 21.7% of the problems. The most frequent problem encountered was the absence of quick

disconnect couplings for the drainage system. This violation should not be considered

serious due to the emergency conditions in Wilkes-Barre that necessitated "hook-up" expedience. Other drainage system violations can be seen in figures C-73 and C-74 where negative

slopes of drain pipes are pictured.

In the "Plumbing Fixtures" section (20.4% of problems), the most frequent violation was the

inadequate floor connection of toilets, figure C-79 . A submerged ball cock flushing device

that could possibly allow flush tank water to back flow into the potable water supply is

shown in figure C-78. Other problems were lack of watertightness of shower stall enclosures,

figure C-32; and poor access to hot water heaters, figures C-80 and C-81.

"Protective Requirements" were next in order with 7.1%, of the plumbing problems. These were

attributed to inadequate rodent resistance, figures C-47, C-48, C-50, C-51 and some freezing

of pipes, figure C-75.

7
"Vtnts and V©ntin|" rilattd prebltms eompris© 3.9^ of th© plumblni prablsms, Vsnt pip©

ptngtratlQiii of tht roofing mtmbran© whieh do not txttnd abovt th© roof by 2 ineh©s as r©quir©d

by tb© ANSI A119.1 Standard can b© s©©n in figurss C-14 and C-15. Th© Standard r©quir©8 vsnt

caps to b© removabl© without requiring removal of flashing from th© roof. Figur©s C-76 and

C-77 are photographs of a vent cap which violates this requirement.

5.2.1.3 Heating . The next category in frequency of problem occurrence was "Heating Systems."

Of the 2120 ANSI A119 . 1/Enforcement Process related problems, 19.3% or 409 problems were

placed in this category. A rank ordering of heating problems through level 4 can be seen on page 39 with expansions to all levels tabulated on pages 48 through 50. The "Heating System"

category had only two main divisions, i.e. "Piping Systems" with 51.3% of the problems and

"Appliances" with 48.4% of the problems as shown in table 10. Piping systems could only be

inspected at the furnace connection and under the mobile home. Piping system problems are illustrated in figures C-82 through C-85 . The misuse of flexible piping and inadequate

rodent resistance of floor penentrations were the most prevalent problems.

The "Appliance" section included the air distribution portion of the heating system. Deficiencies are shown in figures C-86 through C-89 where a variety of problems concerning

registers and risers are illustrated. Inadequate accessibility to heat producing appliances

constituted 50 problems that were mainly attributed to hot water heaters as shown in

figures C-80 and C-81.

The remaining problems are shown in figures C-90 through C-94. The venting problems are violations of the ANSI A119.1 Standard (figures C-90 and C-91) but the location of the

furnace thermostat (figure C-92) and the location of furnace registers (figures C-93 and

C-94) are not violations in the strict sense but were prevalent enough to be considered

omissions in the Standard or poor construction practice.

5.2.1.4 Electrical . Only 13.2% of the total ANSI A119 .1/Enforcement Process problems were electrical. Of these 280 electrical problems, 179 were categorized as "Wiring Methods,"

36 were "Receptacle Outlets Required" and 19 were listed under "Materials and Equipment."

The remaining problems were attributed to Outdoor Outlets, Branch Circuits, Power Supply,

Grounding and Bonding, and Lighting Fixtures. The rank ordering of electrical problems

through the 4th level can be seen on page 39 with a further breakdown to succeeding levels

on pages 50 through 52. Table 11 summarizes these problem areas.

"Wiring Methods" deficiencies are illustrated in figure C-8 and figures C-95 through C-104.

The greatest single problem was loose outlet boxes, fixtures and switch boxes. The most

prevalent problem under "Receptacle Outlets Required" was simply the lack of, or improper

placement of, receptacle outlets. The "Materials and Equipment" violations were all attributed to the use of aluminum wire with switches and receptacles not approved for such use

(figure D-107).

An example of properly grounded and improperly grounded pendant type light fixtures are illustrated in figures C-105 and C-106. Figure C-107 shows a load center of a 12' x 60'

mobile home with an insufficient number of branch circuits which constitutes an ANSI A119.1

Standard violation.

5.2.2 ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS . The 934 problems classified as Routine Maintenance

are grouped as follows: 550 Construction, 216 Plumbing, 124 Electrical and 44 Heating.

A rank ordering of Routine Maintenance problems through level 4 can be seen on page 40

with expansion to all levels tabulated on pages 52 through 54.

Problems in the construction area included exterior doors (244 or 44.4% of construction

problems), windows (122 or 22.2%), exterior stairs (41 or 7.5%), partition doors (40 or 7.3%), skirting (32 or 5.8%), hot water heater compartment (27 or 4.9%) and blocking (20 or 3.6%). Predominate problems with exterior doors included hardware, improper fit, and

glass breakage. Partition door problems were all related to hardware and improper fit.

Window problems included reglazing, hardware, and improper fit causing water and air leakage. Hot water heater compartment problems included the lack of proper thermal insulation

and repairs to exterior access doors.

8
The majority of plumbing problems were involved with water supply piping (79 or 36.6% of

Routine Maintenance plumbing problems), fixtures (69 or 31.9%) and drainage piping (30 or 18.1%). Water supply piping problems were ranked as follows; general exterior piping (64)

and exterior frozen piping (18). Other problem areas included leaking, clogged or frozen

drains, faucet assembly and flushing device malfunctions, and the site water supply.

The 124 electrical problems were distributed as follows; distribution panel board (55 or 44.4%), receptacle outlets (33 or 26.6%), power pole/lifeline (18 or 14.5%), switches (7 or 5.6%) and exterior light fixtures (3 or 2.4%).

The 44 heating problems consisted mainly of gas and oil supply piping concerns.

5.2.3 MECHANICAL /ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE PROBLEMS . The 374 problems in this area were separated

by appliance type; furnace (181 or 48.4% of all Appliance problems), hot water heater (82 or 21.9%), range (72 or 19.3%), exhaust fan (25 or 6.7%), refrigerator (10 or 2.7%), and

smoke detector (2 or 0.8%). A rank ordering of these problems through level 4 can be seen

on pages 40 and 41 with expansion to all levels tabulated on pages 54 through 56. The major

malfunctioning components of the furnace were the pilot (40) , burner and blower controls

(35), fuel gun (32) , thermostat (21), and blower motor (4). Hot water heater problems were mainly with heating elements (electric), pilots (gas), and pressure relief valves. Pilot

light, temperature control and gas leak problems were the major complaints attributed to ranges

.

6.0 Summary Comments

A field inspection data collection effort has been described which had as its objective the

identification of mobile home performance problems. These data will compliment the Task I performance data and allow a determination of the cause and consequence of the problems

which will then be related to Standards, Enforcement and Durability aspects of mobile home

construction. A unique interdisciplinary field inspection procedure was developed to efficiently accumulate problem data. Computer techniques were used to organize and assist in

the evaluation of these data. The extensive photographic documentation presented in Appendix

C is valuable in this evaluative process.

It is important to keep in mind that the number of units included in the field survey is

small when compared to the total number of mobile homes now being occupied in the U. S. This study concentrated on problems with mobile homes that owners may not have even realized

existed and does not reflect the many cases where mobile home occupants have been satisfied

with the performance of their units.

9
1. Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B, 1973 and ANSI A119.1, 1974) are available from

National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210;

Mobile Home Manufacturers Association, 14650 Lee Road, Chantllly, Virginia 22021; and

the Trailer Coach Association, 3855 E. LaPolma Avenue, Anaheim, California 92806.

2. Plelert, J.H., Greene, W.E., Skoda, L.F., Street, W.G.; Performance of Mobile Homes - Data Acquisition and Analysis Methodology; NBSIR 75-641, National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D.C. 20234, February 1975.

10
Acknowledgemen t

The authors are indebted to many persons for contributions and guidance that made this

report possible. Special thanks are given to NBS staff members who participated in the

regulatory and field inspection activity and provided invaluable assistance in the data

reduction effort discussed in this report. Staff members from the Center for Building

Technology included R. Beausoliel, T. Ray, and W. Niessing. E. Budnick and J. Scott of

the Center for Fire Research provided expertise in Fire Protection Engineering and

J. Peebles of Plant Division was responsible for the electrical discipline. M. Vogt

of Technical Analysis Division prepared the computer programs used for data analysis.

J. Finnan and T. Porter, working under outside contracts, provided valuable support

to important project tasks.

The outstanding cooperation of John Gibson, Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness

(OEP) of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and his staff, both in Washington,

D. C. and at Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania, contributed significantly to the success of this

project. Mr. James McCollom of HUD, Office of Policy Development and Research provided

liaison between NBS staff and OEP operations personnel as well as valuable technical advise

resulting from a previous HUD study of the Hurricane Agnes mobile homes.

A special thanks is due to those private and governmental organizations which provided mobile

homes for field inspection at various locations around the country.

11
TABLE 1

NtH^er of Unite vs. Statt of Manufaetur©

Field Data

State No. of Units

Alabama 37

Arkansas 12

Florida 6

Georgia 20

Illinois 2 Indiana 25

Kentucky 3

Maryland 2

Michigan 7 Minnesota 2

Mississippi 9

Missouri 1

North Carolina 13

North Dakota 2

Ohio 3

Pennsylvania 23

South Carolina 5

Tennessee 10

Texas 1

Utah 2

Virginia 1

Wisconsin 2 Unknown 69

TOTAL 257

12
Table 2

Year of Manufacture vs. Number of Units

Year No. of Units

1962 2

1965 2

1971 7

1972 154

1973 1

Unknown 91

Total 257

Table 3

Width vs. Number of Units

Width No. of Units

10 foot

12 foot

2

255

Total 257

13
Agency

TABLE 4

Seals of Certifying Agencies

Field Data (257 Units)

Type of Agency Number of

Seals

Alabama

Florida

Georgia

Mississippi

Tennessee

State

State

State

State

State

40

2

5

3

7

TOTAL STATE 57

Nationwide Consumer Testing Lab

Underwriters Lab

Third Party

Third Party

3

10

TOTAL THIRD PARTY 13

MHMA/TCA-'' Trade Association 137

TOTAL TRADE ASSOCIATION 137

OVERALL TOTALS 207 (173 units)

2/ Units With No Seals Attached" 84

3/ TOTAL SEALS- 291

_!/ Trade Association - Mobile Home Manufacturers Association and Trailer

Coach Association.

2_/ Field Inspection revealed no attached seals.

V Exceeds 257 field inspected units because some units had more than one

seal.

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MOBILE HOKE UNITS PER MANUFACTURER

Figure 1 - Distribution of Mobile Homes by Manufacturer in Field Study

over 30

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27
Appendix A

Field Inspection Forms

28
HUD No. Date of Inspection

Construction Data

Length

Width

Feet Feet

Manufacturer

Model

Serial Number

Year

Seals Number

Under Frame

Number of Axles

Type of Outrigger

Outrigger Spacing

Long Beam Spacing

Long Beam Depth

Metal Under Frame Damage

Moisture Barrier Damage

Hurricane Straps

Numb er

Yes

Z Member

C Member

Open Web Joist

Other

Feet

Feet

Inches

No Picture

Wall Framing

Exterior Wall

Interior Wall

Not Seen Framing Type

Floor Framing

Not Seen Framing Type

Roof System

Type of TrussBowstring

Peaked

Other (Identify)

Not Seen

Flame Spread

Ceiling

Paneling

Gypsum Bb. Veg. Fiberbd.

Fire Rated

Not F.R. Flame Spread

Roof Construction (Check)

Ceiling Material

Vapor Barrier

Insulation

Roof Truss Insulation

Vapor Barrier

Metal Covering

Kitchen Cabinet

Wood

Pressed Wood

Plastic

ue PR 6? 8R

6e

29
6. General

Rusted Exterior Fasteners

Interior Rain Leaks

Emergency Egress Window

^°od _____ (No obstructions)

Bad (Obstructions)

Comments;

30
HUD No. Date of Inspection

Electrical DJ ta

1. Distribution Panel Box (Part E-9 - 10)

Ampere Rating: 50 - 60 - 100 - 125

10.9 Located in roar third of hone:

9.2 Mininum 24 in. from floor:

9.3 Mininum 6 in. -clear space in front

9 Fastened to: Paneling

Other (indicate)

2. Type of Wire : Copper Aluminum Cu Clad Alutoinum

3. Branch Circuits (Part E-7)

4-15 Amp. Circuits: Yes No 2-20 Amp. Circuits: Yes No

4. Receptacle Outlets Required (Part E-6) ^ Yes No

Receptacles Approved for wire used:

6.1 Maximum 12 foot spacing:

6.1a. Counter tops in kitchens

6.1b Adjacent to refrigerator and range:

6.1c Built-in vanities:

6. Id Counter tops under all cabinets:

6.2 Within/adjacent shower/tub space:

- 150

Yes No _ Yes No ^ Yes No Stud Framing

Outside Fixture : Yes No Weathertlght : Yes No

5. Wiring Methods (part E-11; Yes No Not Seen

11.3 Nomet. cable with nomet. boxes:

11.4 Outlet boxes flush with surface:

11.5 Boxes securely fastened:

11.6 Continued sheath between boxes:

11.7 Cable thru studs protected:

11.9 .Cable supported within 12" boxes, etc.:

11.10- Support nonmet. cable 8":

Lighting; Fixture (Part E-20)

Celling fixture securely fastened: Yes No

6. Hot Water Heater Enclosure

A. Accessibility : Good Bad

Interior Exterior

B. Enclosure Construction

Unfinished (backside of paneling, exposed studs)

Paneled - Thickness

Gypsum Wallboard - Tliickness

Insulation - Foil backed

Cable across H'.\H door: Yes No

31
M— n-—J N^""^^ Brand

Name Brnnd , ——————— — , ^ odd No. Model No. ^ ^ —

Fuel L.l'.G. ^^>^tural Elec.

Clearances: _________________________ Overlicad Distance to Cabinets

Exhaust Hood (Yes or No)

Charring of adjacent cabinets: Yos No

Conr.ents:

>

32
HUD No. Date of Inbpecdon

Heating Data

1. Heating System

Name Brand

Model No . Fuel Type Gas

' Electric

LPNatural

Input Capacity _^ BTU Output Capacity BTU

Heating Unit Enclosure Construction

Unfinished (backside of paneling, exposed studs)

Paneled - Thickness

Gypsum Wallboard - Thickness

Insulation - Foil backed

Certificate: Yes No Where: Furnace Company

Electric Panel

Others

Yes No Wall -thermostat

3 ft. or more from furnace

Floor register w/dampers

Smooth riser connection

(5.1.1.1) Combust, intake rodent proof

(6.4.2b) Drafthood aligned & secured

Pipe material and size

Fitting material

2. Fuel Burning Appliances

A. Information on clearances,

Input, etc., attached to appliance (6.6.1)

B. Type of fuel marked on each

fuel burning appliance

(6.6.2)

C. Appliance accessible for

Inspection, repair, replace- ment w/o removing construction (6.7)

Furnace HWH Dryer AC

Yes No Yes • No Yes No Yes No

33
3» LP " Natural Caa Piping

(5.1.10.1) Supply location on "A" fram«

18" from roadside _______

(5.1.11) Metal tag at gas supply con. , ^

(5.1.2.2) Alua. connectors used outdoors

' (5.1.16) Gas piping ueed for electric ground

(5.1.18) Adequate pipe hangers & 'supports —

'

4. Outside Venting No Roof Inspection

Tes Me Mot Seen

Furnace vent roof jack «____ __—. ____ Secured _____ ^^^^^ HWH drafthood aligned/secured ______ ______

Roof Jack secured _____

Vent terminating under mobile home ______

3 ft. or more from air intake _^ ^ Cooking Appl. vent within 10 ft. Wall

Celling

Attic vents . Eaves

Roof

Roof jack secured ______

nts:

34
HUD No Date of Inspection

Plumbing Data

Approved Materials (Table C-1 Appendix C) Yes No DWV Piping

Water Piping

Valves

Water Closet

Lavatory

Bath Tub Kitchen Sink

Not Labeled Not Seen

Yes

Yes

2 . Plumbing Facilities

At Least One Water Closet

At Least One Lavatory

At Least One Kitchen Sink

Adequate Washer Drain

Adequate Washer Water Supply

Accessible Facilities

3. Water Distribution (Part C-11)

Minimum Size Piping (11.1.1)

Proper Water Connection Location

(11.2.1)

Cap and Chain

Tagged

Minimum Size

Backflow Protection (11.2.2.1)

Adequate air gaps (11.2.3)

Anti-siphon Ball Cock (11.2.6)

Dishwasher (11.2.4)

Clothes Washer (11.2.4)

Types of Piping Materials

Copper Location

Galv, Street Location

Plastic Location

No Hissing

No Not Seen

Indication of External Corrosion Yes Indication of Frozen Water Piping Yes

No

No

4. Hot Water Heater (11.3) Gas Electric

_Interior Access

_Exterior Access

_Not Accessible

_Mis8lng

Yes No Not Seen Labeled Heater

Valve(s) T&P Relief (11.3.1.1)

Approved & Listed T&P Valves

(11.3.1.1)

Proper Location T&P Valves

(11.3.1.2)

Proper Location Relief Valve

Drain (11.3.1.3)

Threated End (11.3.1.3)

Terminated in floor

5. Drainage System (Part C-12)

Drain Outlets

Drain Outlets

Proper Location (12.2.1)

Proper Clearance (12.2.2) Hose Coupler (12 .2 .3) Cap and Chain (12.3.3)

Min. Outlet Size (12.3.3.3)

Proper Trap Arm Length (12.5.3)

Adequate Traps (8.1)

Clean Outs (8.2)

Trap Arm Grade (8.1.9.1)

Yes No Not Seen

35
Ym No Not Setn R«mov*blllty of Trtpt (8.1.9.4)

Accasi to Bathtub Slip Joint _________ _______

' Connaction and Trap (9.1.4)

Diahwaahar Drain Air Gap (9.2.3)

Clothea Washer (9. 2. A)

Proper Drain (9.2.4.1)

St&ndpipe Dimensions (9.2.4.2)

Trap for Standpipe (9.2.4.2)

Vented Standpipe Trap (9.2.4.2)

Accessible Standpipe (9.2.4.7)

Type of DWV Piping Materials

ABS ^PVC

6. Vents and Venting (Part C-13) Yes No Not Seen

, Main Vent Through Roof (13.3.1)

Individual Vents (13.3.2)

Individual Vent Valves

Vent Grade (13.4)

Adequate Horizontal Vents Adequate Vent Term (13.5) Water Tight Flashing (13.5.2) _____ Removable Vent Caps (13.5.2)

7. Protective Requirements (Part C-5.2) Yes No Not Seen Protection of Piping/Weather

Protection of Piping/Road Damage ^_______

Rodent Resistance

Conmants ;

36
Appendix B

Performance Problem List and Rank

Ordered Summation

37
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56
Appendix C

Photographic Documentation

57
Figure C-1 Exterior Wall Fasteners Which Have

Corroded and Worked Loose

Figure C-2 Rusted Exterior Fasteners

58
Figure C-3 Rusted Exterior Fasteners

Causing Staining of Siding

Figure C-4 Exterior Fasteners Pulled

Through Exterior Siding

59
Figure C-5 Water Staining At Wall-Floor Due to

Rain Leak Through Exterior Wall

I

Figure C-6 Rain Leak Staining at

Exterior Door ^r,
1 v :

Figure C-7 Buckled Interior Wall Paneling on Exterior Wall

Due to Water Penetration of Exterior Skin.

Figure C-8 No Insulation in Exterior Wall Stud Space

and Unprotected Electrical Wire Running

• Through Notched Stud
Figure C-9 Water Stained Ceiling Material

Due to Rain Leak

62
Figure C-10 Damaged Metal Roof Allowing Rain Leak With

Resulting Damage Shown in Figure C-11
Figure C-12 Water Damage to Ceiling Due to Rain Leak

at Vent Stack Penetration Through Roof

Figure C-13 Application of Coating Material' to Vent Stack

Penetration in Roof to Correct Rain Leak

64
Figure C-14 Rain Leak at Flashing of ' Plumbing Vent Pipe

65
Figure C-16 Ungasketed Heating Vent Pipe Attached With

Sheet Metal Screws to Metal Roofing

Figure C-17 Application of Coating Material to Repair

Water Leak at Tip-out Joint

66
Figure C-18 Location of Rain Leak

at Tip-out Joint

Figure C-19 Bowstring Roof Truss Cut

Passage of Furnace Vent

67
Figure C-20 Compression and Tension Chords of Bowstring

Roof Truss Cut for Passage of Furnace Vent

Figure C-21 Deflection of Ceiling Indicating Failure

of Attachment to the Roof Truss -

68
Figure C-22 Insulation Missing in Roof System. Note

Metal Roofing Loosely Lying on Roof Truss

Which Would Likely Result in "Roof Rumble"

in Windy Condition

Figure C-23 Insulation Cut Short at Juncture of Roof

Truss and Exterior Wall

69
Figure C-24 Improperly Crimped Metal

Membrane at Roof Edge

Figure C-25 Crack in Crimped Steel Roof

Membrane-Water Leak Potential

70
Figure C-26 Crimped Steel Membrane at Change in Slope of Roof

Figure C-27 Rusting Steel Roofing Membrane Near Roof Penetrations

Which Have Been Coated With Roofing Sealant

71
Figure C-28 Failure of Ceiling/Roof Truss Attachment

as Indicated by Sagging Ceiling

Figure C-29 Loose Interior Paneling to Wall Framing Attachment

At Intersection of Exterior Wall and Ceiling

72
Figure C-30 Distortion of Interior Partition With

Door - Due to Undercarriage Damage.

Figure C-31 Load Carrying Failure of Partition Wall Structural

Member Due to Inferior Lumber Grade 73
Figure C-32 Distortion of Shower Enclosure

Wall Due to Effects of Moisture

Figure C-33 Construction Detail - Gypsum Board

Lining of Furnace Enclosure Wall

74
Figure C-34 A-Frame Assembly and Outrigger Failure

Resulting in Damage to Mobile Home - Exterior View

Figure C-35 Result of A-Frame Assembly and Outrigger

Failure - Interior View Looking Toward Tongue

End of Home Shown in Figure C-34.

75
Figure C-36 A-Frame Assembly Failure

Figure C-37 Longitudinal Member Failure.

76
Figure C-38 View of Underside of Mobile Home

Weld Failure of Open Web Outrigge
Figure C-39 Buckled Floor Covering at Joints

of Floor Sheathing

Figure C-40 Damaged Floor Covering at

Entrance to Bedroom

78
Figure C-41 Damaged Floor Covering

Figure C-42 Buckled Flooring and Covering Due to Distortion

of Floor System Caused by Undercarriage Damage 79
Figure C-43 Buckling of Particle Board Floor Decking

Due to Water Damage Caused by Plumbing Malfunction

Figure C-44 Damage to Bottomboard on Underside of Mobile Home

Exposing Floor Insulation Resulting in Diminished

Rodent Resistance and Excessive Air Infiltration.

80
Figure C-A6 Combustible Material on Hot

Water Heater Compartment

Floor

81
Figure C-A7 Failure of Fastening of Bottomboard

to Underside of Floor.

Figure C-48 Failure of Fastening of Bottomboard

to Underside of Floor.

82
Figure C-49 Failure of Fastening of Bottomboard

to Underside of Mobile Home

83
Figure C-50 Inadequate Rodent Resistance Due to Oversize Hole

Cut for Passage of Plumbing Piping. No Attempt

Was Made to Seal Holes.

1

Figure C-51 Rodent Protection Was Provided

at These Pipe Penetrations

84
Figure C-52 Notching of Floor Joists for

Passage of Plumbing Piping

Figure C-53 Exterior Door Construction of Paper Honeycomb

Core and Vegetable Fiber Board Skins. (This Mobile

Home Had Been Abused and Experienced Exterior

Water Damage)

85
Figure C-54 Exterior Door Construction of Paper Honeycomb

Core and Aluminum Skins - Exterior Skin Was Buckled

^^^^^

Figure C-55 Racked and Damaged Exterior Door Frame

86
Figure C-56 Water Leak Through Closed Awning Type

Windows (Interior Storm Windows)

•

Figure C-57 Space for Air Leakage (Shows Light)

Between Window and Wall Framing

87
Figure C-58 Extensively Rusted Under-the-Skin Tie Down Strap
Figure C-60 Under-the-Skin Tie Down Strap Located Between Roof

Trusses (Better Design Would Locate Tie Down Straps at

Roof Trusses to Insure Load Transfer Between Walls)

.

89
Figure C-62 Hot Water Heater Pressure Relief Overflow

Pipe With Threaded End. 90
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91
Figure C-65 Excessive Corrosion of Galvanized Steel Water

Pipe in Hot Water Heater Compartment. Also,

Electrical Cable Not adequately Supported

Figure C-66 Corrosion of Dissimilar Metals

(Copper to Galvanized Steel) Used

for Water Supply Under Bathroom Sink

92
Figure C-67 Example of Poor Workmanship - Water

Supply Piping and Electrical Wiring Passing

Through the Same Undersize Wall PenetrationFigure C-68 Example of Poor Workmanship - Excessive

Amount of Water Supply Piping Used Under

Kitchen Sink

93
Figure C-69 Plumbing Pipe Running Along Inside Wall in Sleeping

Quarters Covered With Lightweight Plastic Cover. Also,

Electrical Box Inadequately Attached to Wall

Figure C-70 Lightweight Plastic Pipe Cover Removed in

Sleeping Quarters to Expose Plumbing Pipe

Running Along Wall (See Figure C-69).

94
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95
Figure C-73 Negative Slope of Drain Pipe

Under Kitchen Sink

Figure C-74 Negative Slope of Vent Pipe

Under Kitchen Sink

96
75 Copper Water Supply Tubing Failure Due to

Freezing in Hot Water Heater Compartment

97
ure C-76 Vent Cap on Roof Which is Not the Removable

Type Required by ANSI A119.1 Standard

Figure C-77 Vent Cap Removal Damaged the Flashing.

98
Figure C-78 Submerged Valve Flushing Device Which Could

Allow Flush Tank Water to Back Flow Into The

Potable Water Supply

Figure C-79 Loose Toilet at Floor Connection.

99
-Figure C-80 Inadequate Hot Water Heater Access From

Within Closet. Wall Paneling Would Have to

be Removed to Replace Hot Water Heater

Figure C-81 Hot Water Heater Access Under Kitchen Cabinet

Kitchen Cabinetry would Have to be Removed to

Replace Hot Water Heater LOO
Figure C-82 Flexible Gas Connector on Furnace Through

Floor to Gas Supply Piping

Figure C-83 Flexible Gas Connector Through Floor to Underside

of Mobile Home

101
Figure C-84 Flexible Gas Connector on Furnace

with Sharp Radius Bend

Figure C-85 Improper Grounding of Gas Supply

Pipe to Mobile Home Frame

102
Figure C-86 Riser From iteat Duct in Floor to Register

Constructed of Fabric Materxal.

Air Flow from Heat Duct Blocked by Sheet

Figure C-87 fjJ^'^Zh Which Protrudes into the Axr Stream,

103
Figure C-88 Riser from Heat Duct to Floor Register

Missing. Air Supply System Not Tight.

Figure C-89 Dirt and Flooring Material in Heat

Duct Blocking Air Flow.

104
Figure C-90 Clothes Dryer Venting to Underside of

Mobile Home (Probably Site Installed)

105
Figure C-91 Example of Poor Workmanship - Hole Cut

Through Ceiling for Passage of Furnace Vent

ure C-92 Furnace Thermostat Located Adjacent to Furnace on Common to Furnace Compartment Causes Problems

of Temperature Control. 106
Floor Register Located Eight Inches From Furnace

Compartment Wall in Bedroom Creating Non-Uniform

Distribution of Heat.

Floor Register Location Adjacent to Kitchen

Cabinets (high traffic area) constituting a Safety Hazard 107
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108
Figure C-97 Loose Receptacle Box Attached

Only to Wood Paneling

Figure C-98 - Loose Exhaust Fan In

Ceiling

109
Figure C-99 - Overwrapped Aluminum

Wire in Wall Receptacle

Figure C-100 - Loose Connections

(Copper Wire) in Wall

Switch

110
Figure C-101 Cable Inadequately Supported and

Exposed in Bedroom Closet.

Figure C-102 - Cable Sheath Cut Short

of Box 111
Figure C-103 Inadequate Electrical Cable Protection - Cable Wedged Between Wall Stud and Belt Rail

Figure C-104 Oversize Hole Cut for

Outlet Box Installation

112
113
114
NBS-1 14A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLIC ATION OR RI-:|JORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Rci Ipicnt's Accession No.

4. TITL1-; AND SUBTITLE

PERFORMANCE OF MOBILE HOMES

A FIELD INSPECTION STUDY

5. Publication Date June 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR{S)

L. F. Skoda, J. H. Pielert, W. E. Greene, W. G. Street

8. Perfornning C^rgan. Rfrport No. NBSIR 75-688 ) 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proj4;t7Task/VlWj/Unlt No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organizacion Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Department of Housing and Urban Development

451 7th Street, S.W.

Washington, D. C. 20410

13. Type of Report 8d Period Covered

Interim

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-woTd or /ess factual sutnmary of most si^ificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) A field inspection study of mobile homes was conducted for the Department of Housing

and Urban Development. The objective of the study was to evaluate the causes of mobile

home problems by physically inspecting available units at various locations in the

United States. A total of 257 units were inspected consisting mostly of mobile homes

purchased by HUD and used as temporary housing for victims of the 1972 Hurricane Agnes

disaster. The total number of problems found was 3,528 for the 257 units inspected.

Of these problems, 2120 were directly related to inadequacies in the ANSI A119.1

Standard for Mobile Homes or the mobile home enforcement process (plan review,

certification of designs, plant inspection), 934 were routine maintenance problems, and

374 were attributed to mechanical/electrical appliances and equipment. This report

presents a computer listing of all problems plus photographic examples of observed

problems

.

The number of mobile homes included in this study is small when compared to the total

number of mobile homes now in use in the United States. Additionally, this was a problem oriented study and did not attempt to document the many areas of satisfactory

mobile home performance.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Enforcement process; field inspection; house trailers; housing; Hurricane Agnes;

mobile homes; performance data; standards.

18. AVAILABILITY [jj Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

UNCLASSIFIED 201

Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing

Washington. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

Office 20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

Order From National Technical Information Service

Springfield, Virginia 22151 (NTIS)

UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74