Katioi: of Standards

8EP2E

PB 161616

*92c. 115

4

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF

GAS-LUBRICATED BEARINGS WITH

INHERENT ORIFICE COMPENSATION

USING NITROGEN AND HELIUM GAS

BY

H. SIXSMITH, W. A. WILSON, B. W. BIRMINGHAM

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

lATiONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

echnicul ^^ote

115

August 1961

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF GAS-LUBRICATED BEARINGS

WITH INHERENT ORIFICE COMPENSATION USING

NITROGEN AND HELIUM GAS

by

H. Sixsmith, W. A. Wilson, B. W. Birmingham

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

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DISTRIBUTED BY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

Price $1.00

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF GAS- LUBRICATED BEARINGS

WITH INHERENT ORIFICE COMPENSATION USING

NITROGEN AND HELIUM GAS

by

H, Sixsmith, W. A. Wilson, B. W. Birmingham

Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado

ABSTRACT

A static flat plate test apparatus was used to determine the load

carrying capacity of circular thrust plates. The load carrying capacities of nine different pad and orifice combinations were determined

experimentally using nitrogen and helium gas as the pressurizing

medium. Actual load vs. plate separation curves were developed at

plate supply pressures ranging from 25 to 250 psig. The paper includes

a description of the apparatus in addition to the curves which were

developed for gas -lubricated bearing design.
1. INTRODUCTION

A gas -lubricated bearing can provide shaft support which is

particularly suitable for high speed applications such as gyroscopes or

expansion turbines where a support with negligible friction is required.

A gas-lubricated bearing may be either self-acting (hydrodynanaic) or

externally pressurized (hydrostatic). In applications where a load

must be carried over a wide range of speeds, the externally pressurized type is often found to be more satisfactory. Externally pressurized bearings may be of the recessed pool type or of the inherently

compensated orifice type. Inherently compensated orifice type bearings are easier to fabricate and are more stable than bearings which

have a recessed pool volume.

A knowledge of the load carrying capacity and gas film stiffness

is required by the designer in order to design bearings to perform a

specific function. The applications of such bearings cover a wide

range of conditions for which reliable data must be available. Inherently compensated orifice type bearings have been studied by [Midwood

and Duncan, 1957] , [Woztech and Deuker, 195l] , [Crinnell and

Richardson, 1955], [Comolet, 1959], [Mori, I960], [Licht and

Fuller, 1954], [Robinson, 1957] and others. These authors have

presented theoretical analyses for determining the flow patterns and

load carrying capacities of gas-lubricated bearings. To make the

theoretical computations these investigators had to make certain

assumptions, and in some cases these assumptions do not agree

implying that a valid computation is not yet possible. Where the flow

in the bearing is laminar there appears to be good agreenaent between

experinaent and theory; however, the authors of this paper do not know

of a simple theoretical treatment which will reliably predict the performance of a gas-lubricated bearing in the non-laminar region. In

this region inertia effects and shock waves complicate the treatment

and it was considered desirable to experimentally develop a set of

design charts to show the relationship between load carrying capacity

and plate separation as a function of bearing supply pressure, the type

of gas, and injector hole size. Such charts clearly can not cover an

unlimited range of variables; however, they should provide a basis to

assist in the correlation of theory and experiment in the non-laminar

region.

This paper is a precise, experimental study of the simplest

type of inherently compensated bearing covering a wide range of

variables. The apparatus consists of a pair of static, circular oppo-
3

sed flat plates with gas supplied under pressure to an orifice in the

center of one of the plates. Flat plates of three different diameters

were employed, 3/8", 1-1/8", and 3-3/8". Experiments were made

with three different sizes of orifices in each plate: one-third, oneninth, and one-twenty seventh of the diameter of the plate. Thus,

there were nine different plates. The load vs. plate separation curves

were obtained for each plate using a range of supply pressures from

25 to 250 psig. In order to provide data which can be used for the

design of gas-lubricated bearings in certain cryogenic applications,

the tests w^ere conducted using nitrogen and helium gas. The temperature of the gas was held constant at 16°C by the use of a heat exchanger submerged in a water bath. [Richardson, 1958] and others have

concluded that information obtained with circular thrust plates is

applicable to rotating, multiple pad journal bearings when differences

in geometry are taken into account.

As mentioned above, there is duplication in the laminar flow^

region with work done by other investigators. However, it is in the

non-laminar region that the data provided here should be most valuable.

Since the specific objective of this experiment was to establish

load carrying capacity and stiffness (slope of load carrying capacity vs. clearance curves) of the gas film, the added complication of measuring gas flow was not considered justified for this particular experiment.

While gas flow is ultimately needed in any gas bearing design, it can

be estimated reasonably well assuming that sonic flow conditions exist

at the constriction described by the circumference of the injector hole

and the plate clearance.

2. TEST APPARATUS

Figure 1 is a diagram of the simple thrust bearing where D is

the pad diameter d is the orifice diameter, and h is the plate separation. Gas is supplied to the central orifice and flows radially outward

in the gap formed by the clearance between the two plates. The flat

plates under investigation were fabricated from stainless steel and

consist of a stationary member and a movable member. The movable

plate is in the form of a cylindrical piston 3-1/2" in diameter and

1-1/2" long. The piston is radially positioned by a gas-lubricated

journal bearing, the gas being supplied through eighteen -l/l6" diameter holes equally spaced around the periphery of its mating cylinder.
INSULATED

ELECTRODE

PLATE

SUPPLY

STATIONARY

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PLATE

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PRESS.

LOAD SUPPLY TO PRESS. TRANS.

Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram of Test Fixture
5

The radial clearance between the piston and cylinder is . 002". The

load is applied to the thrust plates by supplying gas to the bottom of

the piston.

Figure 2 is a photograph of the nine different stationary plates

and the loading piston. The plates are shown upside down relative to

their orientation in the test fixture. For the smaller pad diameters, a

multiplicity of pads was used to insure that the mating pads remain

parallel during a test. The mating surfaces of both the stationary

plates and the piston were lapped true and flat within 1 to 2 light bands

in order to obtain as perfect a surface as possible.

The dimensions of the flat plates and orifices as given in

figures 6 through 27 were actual sizes as measured with precision

instruments. The plate diameters were accurate within ±0. 3% while

the orifice diameters were accurate within ±1. 5% of the recorded sizes.

A diagram of the complete test apparatus, including the test

fixture, the gas supply arrangement, and the supporting instruraentation, is shown in figure 3. The clearcince between the active surfaces

of gas-lubricated bearings is of the order of . 001". As it is desired

to measure the plate separation to an accuracy of 1%, a measuring

device that is sensitive to about 10 microinches is required. The

measuring device described in the following paragraphs was therefore

used.

An invar pin passes through the center of the upper plate and

rests on the surface of the lower plate (see figure 1). The diameter

of the pin is 5/32" and the diameter of its cylindrical head is 3/8".

An insulated electrode 7/l6" dianaeter is situated about . 001" distant

from the top surface of the invar pin. The pin is drilled axially and

transversely so that some of the supply gas escapes through the

clearance space between the top of the pin and the electrode. The

pressure of the escaping gas in the clearance space provides a force

which keeps the pin in contact with the lower plate.

The insulated electrode is fixed to a movable carriage with a

vertical excursion of about . 012". The carriage is mounted on

flexures and coupled to a micrometer screw gauge through a mechanical linkage (see figure 3). The reduction ratio of the linkage is 20:1.

Thus a movement of 0. 001" of the micrometer screw gauge corresponds

to a movement of 50 microinches of the electrode. The micrometer

screw gauge is coupled to a servo motor through gears with a ratio

of 1:1.
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Figure 3 - Diagram of Test Apparatus
8

The capacitance between the invar pin and the insulated electrode

forms part of the capacitance of the bridge circuit of a proximity meter.

As the signal from the proximity meter has the same polarity on either

side of the balance point of the capacitance bridge, it is unsuitable for

feeding directly to the input of the servo amplifier. In order to obtain a

suitable signal, on opposing bias of 30 volts is included in the output

circuit of the proximity meter. The battery is connected with its

polarity in opposition to the output signal from the proximity meter.

With this modification, the input signal to the servo amplifier on either

side of this adjustment results in signals of opposite polarity as required at the input to the servo amplifier. The servo control is stable on

one side of zero and unstable on the other side; the stable side is chosen

by trial and error. With this servo system any movement of the invar

pin is followed by the insulated electrode. A 10-turn linear potentiometer is coupled to the micrometer screw through gears with a 1:1

ratio. The potentiometer provides cui electrical signal which is

directly proportional to the plate separation. This signal is used to

control the x-axis of an x-y recorder.

The load is applied by means of gas pressure supplied to the

bottom side of the piston. The magnitude of the load is a function of

this pressure and the area of the piston. The pressure is naeasured

by means of a pressure transducer and the signal from the transducer

is fed to the y-axis of the recorder. Two pressure transducers of

different ranges were used to obtain precision measurements over a broad range.

In order to obtain reliable and reproducible results it is imperative that the supply gas is pure, clean, and held at a constant temperature. Both the nitrogen and helium gas used had a purity of better than

99. 8%. The gas was passed through a 10-13 micron sintered bronze

filter and through a water bath heat exchanger to maintain constant

temperature prior to entering the test fixture.

Figure 4 is a photograph of the test apparatus and supporting

components. The supply gas manifold and controlling equipment are

shown on the right and the sensing and recording instrumentation on

the left. The gas cylinder was connected to the piston loading supply

line and used as a ballast volume to obtain very close control of the

loading pressure. Figure 5 is a photograph showing the test fixture in

more detail.
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Figure 5 - Flat Plate Test Fixture
11

3. TEST PROCEDURE

Prior to starting a particular series of tests, both axes of the

x-y recorder were calibrated. The x-axis was calibrated against the

precision micrometer screw gauge. The y-axis was calibrated against

an area-corrected, precision pressure gauge reading. The bearing

load was determined by naultiplying the pressure on the piston by the

ratio of the piston area to the total pad area.

In order to obtain reliable results it was necessary that the

piston be floating freely within its cylindrical housing when supported

with a load and positioned by the gas-lubricated journal bearings.

Such a condition was insured by spinning the piston with a jet of gas

directed on the small blades raachined in the outside of the piston.

When it was determined by visual observation that the piston was free

and floating, the rotation was stopped and a test started.

The load was initially set to obtain zero separation between the

plates for a specific plate supply pressure. The load was then reduced

gradually by manual operation, while maintaining a constant plate

supply pressure. As the load was decreased, the plate separation

increased and a plot of load vs. plate separation was obtained on the

x-y recorder. This operation was continued until the constant plate

supply pressure could no longer be raaintained. Thus the test for a

specific set of conditions was completed. For each set of conditions

the tests w^ere conducted first using nitrogen gas and then using helium

gas. A set of curves for each orifice and pad combination was develop^

ed with both gases at plate supply pressures ranging from 25 to 250 psig.

Every effort was made to minimize the experimental error in

conducting these tests. In many cases the tests were repeated to

insure that the results were reproducible.

4. TEST RESULTS

The results of this experimental program are presented in

figures 6 through 27, which are graphs of load vs. plate separation,

with plate supply pressure as a parameter. Curves for both nitrogen

and helium gas are included. The slope of these curves provides a measure of bearing stiffness at any selected point.

The curves in figures 17, 18, and 27 show changes in the

regular shape of the curves as the plate separation is increased. This

change in shape occurs only with plates having orifice diameters and
12

plate separations that are large relative to the plate diameter. This

change is a function of the supply pressure as well as the plate separation and indicates that a definite change in the gas flow occurs. Audio

observation during the tests confirmed that a change in gas flow did in

fact occur. The normal sound of escaping gas suddenly increased at

the point of change of slope in the above curves. Both Mori [i960] and

Robinson [l957] have suggested that a shock wave could exist within the

effective areas of a flat plate thrust bearing. If this is the case, the

above observation suggests that the compression shock wave moved to

the outside of the plates and that only a supersonic flow condition exists

between the plates.

Laub [i960] has developed a set of experimental curves for a

plate and orifice combination with dimensions close to those shown in

figure 13. He used air as the pressurizing medium but limited the

maximum supply pressure to 48 psig. His results were similar to those

obtained here.

5. CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that the curves presented herein can be used for

the design of gas-lubricated bearings within the range of orifice to plate

diameter ratios, gas medium, and gas supply pressures investigated.

To the authors' knowledge this infornnation has not been published previously.

This design information is not readily determined by theoretical

computation; consequently, it should prove useful to the designer of gaslubricated bearings for practical applications. The intervals of plate

supply pressure are relatively small permitting linear interpolations

accurate to within 3%.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions to this work

made by J. A. Brennan of the National Bureau of Standards' staff. His

able assistance in the design, fabrication and, installation of this test

apparatus has been greatly appreciated.
13

7. REFERENCES

Comolet, R. , Radial Flow of a Compressible viscous fluid between

parallel plates; theoretical study and experimental research

on thrust bearings, First International Synaposium on GasLubricated Bearings, 242-250 (Oct. 1959)

Grinnell, S. K, . and H. H. Richardson, Design study of a Hydrostatic

gas bearing with inherent orifice conapensation, ASME Paper No,

55-A-177 (Nov. 1955)

Laub, J. H. , Hydrostatic gas bearings, Journal of Basic Engineering,

Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 82, Series D, No. 2,

276-286 (June I960)

Licht, L. , and D. D. Fuller, A preliminary investigation of an

air -lubricated hydrostatic thrust bearing, ASME Paper No.

54-Lub-18 (Oct. 1954)

Midwood, G. F. , and R. W. Duncsui, Tests on an air -lubricated

thrust bearing, Aero Technical Memo No. 5, Royal Aircraft

Establishment, (Oct. 1957)

Mori, H. , A theoretical investigation of pressure depression in

externally pressurized gas-lubricated circular thrust bearings,

ASME Paper No. 60-Lub-6 (Oct. I960)

Richardson, H. H. , Static and dynamic characteristics of compensated

gas bearings, ASME Transactions, Vol. 80, No. 7, 1503-1509

(Oct. 1958)

Robinson, G. M. , A special Analytical Study of Air-lubricated

bearings for jet aircraft engines, Technical Report F-al914,

National Advisory committee for aeronautics (Feb. 1957)

Woztech, H. , and E. A. Deuker, Ecoulement radial d'un fluide

visqueux entre deux disques tres rapproaches- theory du

palier a air, Revue Generale de L'Hydraulique, 285-294

(Sept. 1951)
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J^""9i '*T**'» I'x '•'nI '*^'^I»| "**» ""^^^ '*'*"!»i J—"*^"* "*"?* *"^^^ '"'^^^cH*' '^*"'« "*'**'>• ^^ ^^ 1 1^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^^ "*^^*» 1 '"'""2s» »i^ "

"T"~ "•.— *"?^ _ ± i::i

.00! .002

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

Figure 10 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves

.003
1 1 1 1 1

1 11 1 1 1 1 1 - z-.u-h prccsire) — SUPPLY GAS : NITROGEN —-. II 1 1 II V i->^ps!g — 1 .132 Dia

^k. kv^ Ul

A-^ 1^i ^

E^

ftn \ <^^%^ ou ^ //^^^

V 1 3 nin 5 1 o DiQ . \\

k- 1 DAD -PARR Y 1 Nl fi CAPACITY OF

J ^AO IIIOOI^A^rr\ TLIDMOT DCTADIKI^ , GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

7n ^

I U - rJ

V

1 V^

,

\

L\ ^ r\ E 60 --^z ^^

_,1, _ inn A 1 UU r- ^ s 5

5 ^l

\. J ^ r \ "^

L \

(^n - 5^ - ^ OU c ^,

\ \ * ^ LOAD \ ^1.

• L ^ pSI

-- 7«S ^>^ ^w

1 ' ^ \ \, ^^ V "^ An '^t \ \ *tU S \ \

*\ S '^ %. V V \

V V ^s. ^ ^ . v^

v ^^^

S *"*"'*'1«L \ S "*>" c ^

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k ^ k V A.

(-/-v ^ k ^ ^ ~~~~p^^ L ^k *S k, s ^S Ik, ^fc. S k >

s ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ s ^^^ CO S "^ ^ *T— ^^ ^\J 5

^ ****»

S ^ 5j "^"HiBi

k ^ ^ "

s ^ ^ »• ^ "*^ ^ s * ** 25 > ""^^-x* — ""*"*"•. ^^v *•----_

\ r\ ^ ^-^ ""^ •» \\j •» ^ ^^^

"^ fc, ' 1.,^ ^^ S "'*'"* *^x ^""""——^ ^^^ ^

"" * * " " * B It ^S

^^^x

^^"^*-x..^

i^ii'i-s

.001 .002

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.003

Figure 11 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
1 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 fciinnlv/ vsuppiy pressurtj; nrocciirc.^ oUrrLT CIIDDI V /^oAoA C ' U CT 1 1 1 1 ^A • n t L 1 U M

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 <. lOf psig 1

1 .132 Dia.

k Is J 1 o) \ ^ K^ \ t^ 1^

onoU --A y///// ^. ////-v: S 1 1 3 r^• L 1 \ "5 DlQ.

5

kA 1 OA n -PARR Y 1 N R rAPACITY OF

J ^AC IIIC3DI/^ATCr» TLJDIICX DCAOIM^ ^ oAo LUbnlLAItU InnUbl bhAnlNo

7n . ru C

^.$

\

I k*

V

1 cr\ A — "0 ~----" -^ = -«^ c\c\ UU VV *^ L

w J

S S t ' V \

t k C ^ Krv _ _ _ S- A OU ^r r

'-^ ^V ^1. ^^ ^ ^

LOAD l_V^MU , ^^r A^ ^

^L ^ pSi - = - 75 N. ^ > S

A r\ > A. H\J *'^ >. 5 ^

.

S. ^

.

V. V. ^ ^ !k s ^ ^ w ^ 5

S ^ J. ^n - - ^^ s,. OU •'. "^^

c; (^ S ^ S

""* ** S "^ ^

* ^ »l ^ ^ '^ s "* ^^ S ^ s V^ ** (^ ^^

> s

^ s ^ s on - - -^*r ^^- C\J s '^^ S ^ ^^ fc > * ^ ^^fc * * »

N *""** 25 **^"^ "* """'s** -1- ^•l^

in """""a *^'* ***» ^""^^

1 ""* i ^ *" * ^Li

* s^^

* "••« a, j^ ***** ±

.001 .002

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.003

Figure 12 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
oUrrLY CIIDOI V ^AC oAo .

• MIXD/^r*CM |\J 11 KUbtN

1

1 n<4'^ "^ ni

n

1

1 .utoo uia

.

-(supply pressure) -- [\\\x\\^ \\\\\^

on ^s*^50psK \/////////////A OU A \//// ^ '''''' '/// \ \ 1 1 1 l-^DlQ:—

1

1 1 nA n -PARR Y 1 N fi TAPAriTY OF

1 GAS LUBRICATED THKUbl btAKIIMG

"7 C\ 1 ( \J 1

1

11 c>nn p ^uu

^ r

^ly 1 \ T

1 1 ars \ 1 oU I 1

1 1 \ 1

~l 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 [T

tzr\ 11

1 1 11 1 c /^

1 1 1 o u

LOAD "-^^ 1 1 111

p S 1 \ 1

1

111 111

/\r\ 1 ill ill

III 111

III

III III

I

1 I 1 \

1 r\r\ 'ill

^0 ^^I,iij \\\

« III

\ \ I v \ 1 \ \

\ \\\

I I 1 \

\ \ \ \

•yC. \\\.\ ,.^^0 \ \ \ \

'^ o ' ' *\ * V \ 1 V \ \ y ^

' \ \ 1 V \ \ \ V

_i \ \ \ ^

*

1 ^[\ L II V

c.r\ \ 1 1 L A.

,

, OU \ ^ V y \

"i*^^«- '

k. \ ^

TV. V 1 ^ A. ^

1 r\ ^V v S k. S

1 y \ A. ^V k. ^ k.

1 ^ VP ^S ^^ s

rye. \\\^ \. ^ S ^W

'^•^•-- xJ^S^i "^s ^"fc ^fc. II iSl ^^^ ^^ ^^'k. ^^"fc ^ ^ s ^ ^K ^x ** v^ ^x J ^ ^

*'H^ ^» rSi ^ •

*' ^ "« ^n * "1 *^*

^^-1 iHi 1^ ^& ^1^'^ > '"^^"i***"^

'^n ^J^ 1^ * --VT^* "^^^ ^ '"*^^ti*"'»

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 13 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
ClIDDIV r*AC ' LJCI IIIKil ^Z oUrrLY oAb . ntLIUM —1

1— 0433 Dia

k\^v^^ON \\v\\\^ f>\\\^ ^^^^^^^^ °^ —Juupply pressure)- V////////////A

V 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 rN:_ 1 \ OrA n«;in - 1 a DlU^H ^ c.\j\j ps 1 9 ° V 1 HAD -PARR Y

1

NR PAPACITY OF

1 oAo iMODioATrrv xuDiiCT nrrADiMO

\ oAo LUDnlLAItU iMKUol DtAnlrMo

7n "^ 1 AU j^ t ± ^'ht

onn ^UU

«mh b, 1 s \ r t eir\ \ \ - ... ... L.... . "0 IL XX1 1 r f

\ T

1 1 \ 1 \ 1 \ I I I c; p. 11 ...... ._. OU j \ \ .^ 1 Kn -L_L-1

' ^^ \ J LOAD ""^^ li X

I \ 1 pSI 3 dtl

k I 1 \ ji r hU/in \ 1 \ \ I \ \ V \

\ Yk \ \ \ \ tJ

\ \ \

1 \ \

1 \ \ \ i/^/^\Vi\

30

^

-ri2j \ \\ ^v \ \ \

V 1 \ \

A \ L \ V \ \ \

I \ \ k _ _ \ \ S \

} y 'l V ^. ^i H

V- 1

1

!

' \ \ \ ^

"^ r\ II 1 1 Nk. \ i. \ ^

i 1 v. N ^ A. ^ 1 1 "ti \k. t \ k. S ^ V V N s S

cr\ V^L ^?^^

, r" ^J,^ S -Sir^S

Tl'"TM'"^^ ^ \ ^S^ "*^ >. ^ ^ ^ ** k. S 1

\ C\ ^— > N N ^ fc. s ^

1 v _j , s^ **^^\ s ^ ^ ^1s

: I [ ^^ S^fc. ^S ^h^S

—1— 9R '^^ '^S^ ^^ ^fc^^

j j 1 -+- """^i '*'***•«>( ^^*^**'*s.*''^^*N^5- , ** < ^ _t * te ^^ ^ ^ ^ >J "^ ^^^^ ^ * h ^BSniiM

. 1 "^ « ^ ****«.^ L^ ** H'-^B ""*""""• — * T* • «•. n 1 M 1 1 1 M 1 1 1 Tl1n m 1 1 1 M 1 M t 1 1 1 1 1

1'

'' r" i f'ffl .002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 14 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
ClIDDIV ^AC • MIXDl^^CTM oUrrLY oAb .Nil KUoLIn

1 , 1 or\ ri : «. —I

1—. 1 d.\j Ul Q . I J I OJ — {supply pressure- — ^\\N\^ ^^^^

on 1 1 1 1 M 1 1

1 '///////////////'A oU ^^ ' onn .IL ^'^ ^^/I ^^ 200 iS

JL

q

1 ,1,1 J^DlQ:—

1

\ ^ \

\ 1 nAD-CARR Y INfi CAPACITY OF

^^ li ^Ao iiior^i^ATTn'r^ TiiniiOT n^AOikiiT*

r GAS LUBRICAThD THRUST BEARING

7n 1 /^U +J1

I1

I

IJ

cr\ ,'^^ bU — I

*i- L

I

\ T

\ 1 y I

1 \

\ V r ][ Y J

DU'^r\ 11

\ \ r r

V T

LOAD 4 ^

1 1 psi [ V \ \ ^n^^ t \

in.-, V 1 --1 ' ^"^ \ \

~^ik. \ \

^. I \

\ \ \ \ \ \

t 5^ J \ t \ \

"^n \ ^ \

75 \ -1 \

*'"TMT*s \ \ \

t ' ' > ^ \ f V

* ' , * k \ \ c ^

.

L L A. \ \ ^ ^N. O /^ L ' , V k. 1 50 t S -S '^ a^a^^ k \ V ^

_J_^«I| \ W ^^ S. S Cl. > 3

^. V > "^L ^ .Nc^N ^ ^N ^ ». S. ^^

v ^ ^ S "^^i_

\ C\ k * ^^ ^S ^h

OSn !^ S

^ "* s ^ s«

[ ^—^ . S S^ *^^ "^s '^>»^ ^ '*""~^*^ S. *^^ '*""s ''^ '*"'*^ "s^ s ^v ^^ ^^^

""^"t ^^-fc ^^^"1 *"^^ ^^*

^^ifc. ^^^ «iii '^"^ ^ * "• *

" *"^>> ^ ""^^^ *" ^ ^ 1 "'Tr-'^'^^T^'^^T^^'^Tii ' .002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 15 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
1

1 r^ 1 1 r\r\ 1 \j ^NAr^>iii~liiiftj SUPPLY GAS . HELIUIvl

-(supply pressure —- ^ ^.129 Dia.

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 K \1 |.\sx\v\\1 ^nn nc n

IN\N<;\\n1 t;NNNNNNNl or\ «B^. c.\J\J DS C 1/'/' >/• /'/'/'/' /'/'/'/'/'/' J 00 -•"c --• Y/////////////,

5 .

1 ^•

-- \^ 1 1 -H-DiaH g lyi VI . 1 \4^ 1 rJAD -TARRY 1 N R PAPAriTY DF

T~ GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

ir\ \

1 \J \T

1\I1

1r

1 e^^\ \

rn «J^^ 1 bU f^ "-*.. \

A V ^i \

\ \ c r

^ \

i \

\

V \

en -J- J^ - - - DU V \

\ v \ \ LOAD A S

V \ psi 1 s \ \

\ r Ar\ I r'^n .....\ \ . _

' U- ^^'^'

'~ \ \ *^s \ \

V \ \ ^ k J

*

k- t ^ \ \

L r

* \

^ \ I ^n ^j_i . -7c w j^ ou -----.. ^ f J \ t

*"*^ \ '

.

—t— ""s k J •> t \ S \ 'k S ^ ^ L s ^ > ^

. Si > ^ 5 ^ s ^ o S S ^

*~ 1 KA S \ S

\ A 5 *^

^ ^s s ^ ^ k 5 ^ ^ S ''*^ ^ifc

, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ s^ s ^ ^^

S s ^Si 1 "* ^ 10 ±^-z^-- 25 ::v^-_^L_-_!;s^ :5sJ_ **** ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^fc *^N *^^ ""^fc ^^^^ ''Ni^

1 ^^^ ^ ^^ *"^fc ""^^^ ^^^ *^ * ^'^^^ '*'"*•• **^ ^^ ^^ A

""^ * "1 ^ ^^^*^^ *^ * * * ._ ___:_: : !^

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

Figure 16 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves

.006
4 i_ l^fp SUPPLY GAS: NITROGEN

l-|{supply pressure) 1i—.379 Dia

P^?t>. .|50nsint loupsig -- - VV\ ^\V ^S^^ \\\

ou

j:±j~\i

^ ^ y//////A // ^

{

' //

V 1 — nia

\

\ 1 DA n -TARRY 1 N R rAPACITY OF

1 .:^- QjAb LUbnlLAItU InnUol DtAnINo

Tn \ ( \J \ y

V

TV^k

k^

^^ .x

en it S " 60 . .+^^.^ t

^

" *ii \ |>^IUU """^v \C\C\ V>^ Ik. S

N V OUKr\ \ \ L ^i. >

X ^

1 ^ *^ LOAD \ \

*\ s ^ psi ^ s^

s. s. A r\ ""i^i-i ^L k tU ' H'HL __ >

V

\. I O ^ k V ^

A. A. L k- V. S

W ^

V. \

V. *^ ^OOU ^S '^L> ^\ »k *k s

- — iTM V. ^^ ""^^ V^ SL > cr\ S. S

'w V ^'^

S| ^S, "^fc^ s^ ^s ^ o f\ VL S

el U ^"^ ^^

s ^^^ ^X ^^ .^ _l |_ "^

J, s^ I S^ ^^

%. l^S

s ^^^ -_ ^^s 1 "^-o

1^ ~ -^ ^^

25 ^^>^ 1 1 1 -1- ^^^ ^"

**^ S *^»_1 ^^"1 ^^s *^*"LJ ""^^^-i *^ •, *" * "1 **

^^^«, ^^fc "^^ ^^^^ ***^ ***»

^^"^^fc *"*^»».

1 ""^^^i* "*»

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, Inches

.006

Figure 17 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
T1^ O 1 1 1 jr Ti SUI^PLY GAS : HELIUM

(su33 y pressure) —1 1 379 Dia Mill --—B^ 50 psig

^

kWN ^

onoU ^^>~ ^x^^^

\

\

'. 1— 1 4 Dia.-^

\

ti X

1L-VJM DA nU -CARRYING CAPACITY OF

\ GAS LUl3RICATED THRUST BEARING

7rt \

I \j y

1

1 1 V 1 k I

1 ^

.

1

1 ^

{ y

t ^

.

\

y cr\ bU ' \V

! ^ k'^ "t"""!*"^^ \C\C\ 1 "^^ lUU

1 OU"^^n 1 V

} 'y "

1

' ^ 1 LOAD 1 \

• 1 \ psi X it ^ i—.s - 7*S ^ -^ H-U Is A

-1— —|— —|— - "^S^ Sj^

^

1 L s

**

k. 1

1 \ s ' ^n 1 s ^ i OU ' i

1 ^y ^ v! I

1 1 ^». 'S

1 1 ii^i - 50 -s^- 1 ^s 1

1

'

1 i1 * "'^ ^

; ^~ : 1

{ N<^ -1—1- -'- ^\ i

' ^^<

"^•k 1I i

' ^

S ^"k SL ' j "^^ '^n 1

1 ""^sl 1*^ c_U 1 ! '^V^ 1 lis '

'

1 Ss'

_i_ 1 i _; 1 ^i. I'M s

" ^ 1 1

'

1 *'s S . ' ^^'s S ^ I^S

_J 1 L . pC , ^hj 1 1

' 1^ S ^^Wsd i '^

!

1 ^s J ! in - - ""'^i* Ill i^^.

1 \j ^**^g ' ^s»^

" ** ' ^s ^^^^ ^ * ^ fc> * *^ "« •

"* ^^^'^^^^

^-4 *** * fc _|- =i»^^^_^^^ *

:: ::___ ±_ __ :_

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

,006

Figure 18 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
r« 1 1 n\r\ 1 \ f r» A r K 1 1 -r r r\ r* r- n ourr«_i V3MO • in i i nvy o c in —1 h— .137 Dia.

40 7 /

1 3-|-Dia

'-'-'/

/

i

LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF

GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

(supply pressure

)

100 psig;

30

SV

\

\

\

)

LOAD, I psi \ 75

- \

-*s ^> \

\ \

20 \ \

V \ \ \

\ \ r\ \

50 \ \

-^ •^^

} v^

V sV \

\ N

V \L ^ ^

V\

10 \

\

>

s. >V \

\V

\

1 ^v\

\

\

\, s

^^ 25 s

\V s

•^

•> s

>J s ^% \S^

v^k.V Ss, ^s Vs« V^, ^^ ^

^s> ^ ^*s., <

^*1^ *v.

•-J ^-^« ^£ i

» ^ 5

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 19 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
1 bUrrLY CIIDDI V OAC oAb • M 1 X D /~» ^ IT M • IMMKUotN

k|(supp y pressure )M^|-W —i i— \t,j pj^

1 i

1 1 1 1 I - ~j I -N --,^- 250 psi g nWWWWWWV \\\\\\\\\\\\\\

80 —-^ y/////////////////////////// jr r ^ ^ //

I 1 "^ - n i n 1 \ 1 O A UIQ . 1 1

I 1 nAH -CARRY 1 N fi rAPACITY OF

1- A^AO IIIDOI/^ATITr\ TLIOII^T D^ADIkl^

t GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

7n 1 , ,. r U 1 r Odd \

C.\J\J 8 n« 1

k, t

5 T

fl T

\ J

\ 1 /~o .» .L... _ ,. _ bU \ I \ \

I 1 I 1 1 1

I I

1 1 J t

J

T

=;o 1 I -**-' ^^

|«so 1 jvj Xa-II

""^ fc. I L LOAD \ 1 I \ \ \ psi JU t t P Y A

1 1 \ 40 \ \ \

\ 1 \

\ 1 \

\ \ \ r r \

1 1 \

\111\ \

\ \ \ ^n \ \ \ ou V \ \ \ \ \

\ \ L X 5 -S J L_ L- L S S

V 1 k

. . v * v ' L 1^ "^ r\ L J S

5 ^ A

f

* > ^ k ^ . ^ ik J t

s .V . ^s

^S *w ^s

S S '^ fc t S ^ V ^ S

^>fc

\ r\ _[_ *^ ^ ^^ ^^

Ivy |~ ^^ S j^ *^

1 ^^ ^^ '^^^fc

I ^^fc ^^K ^^^*

^^'fc ''^^fB ***»

?Sfc "'""•i **""»

—L **** ^L- """*"

*^fc-J, """"^^^

\ """""" — —

i^ - ~~

_ __.±: ±

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 20 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
r* 1 1 n»m 1 \ t r^ A r 1 r- ' 1 1 1

1

k • o u rrL. I V3MO • nc-iuivi —1

1 .137 Dia.

b\\\\\\\\\\\\^ l^^^\\\\\\\\\\S^^

40 7///////////////////////////

1 3|Dia 1

• ^ LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF

GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

(supply pressure)

*^ ^^ 100 psig

30

SV

>

V

\

V

\

LOAD, s, psi \>

k **

"N.7 5 \ N^ >

L 20 \^ \ \ \\ 1 Sy \ \L \\ \ \

1 V

\

V —J— •«,-.50 > \ ^h.s \ s

s

\

V V

\

\V. > \

10 \

\V > s \

Nv s

s

>^ Vs^

sk^ s«»w. ^s

^_i _^ ^^ 25 \hs ^^^1 N, •^ ^* ^

**, - Vv

^^^ •v ^^

•** -

^^^

•v•^ •^ -^

"^ *-. **- ,^ - *"— —

-A

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure Zi - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
. CIIDDI V r*AC ' UCI lllftil oUrrLY bAb . ntLIUM

1 1 1 "^ 7 rv i /n i-lsupply pressure)- k. ... . / '^^. ^'.^.\

. ..x\N

1 M 1 1 1 I 1 WWWWWWW \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

on ""-tt. ^^^ ^^'^ y///////////// //// ////////// OU ^s. v//'////////////////////////

^\. 1 » >3 r\ : ''l >. 1 OpDia. i \ "

' \ 1 DA n -PARR Y 1

N

R TAPAriTY DF

^^ Ik /^Ao iiinr^i/^A^r"P\ tiioiiot r>r"Ar>iM/^

\ GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING

7nf U Vf

\ ~» 1

,

1 ""*'^._

"^ OOid \ C.\J\J \

\. \

k. 1 N I

k r

ar\ \ \ bU \ \ y I \ I

k \

\ 1 \ \

\ I \ \

J, jl so " ' \ \

\ y 1 • ^^ _ _ _. 1 p; /^ I 1 -------I.,, 1^0 k 1 LOAD *S \ ^

• k. ^ \ psi > x r

k i \

/\.r\ t+U \ \ \ 1 \ \ \ ' \ \ \ \ 1 \ 1 y k

I J \ t

\ k L \ V \ ' \ V. i. 1 \ 1 rv •an OU -- . \ ^ i \ \ *k. '

k. N V

y y V

k ~ k k 1 _^

' \ ^ i. y \ ^

.

A 5 Ai

k ^^ k \ 5 k. onCKJ ^L N^ A \ S ^ V Sj s ^ ^ S ^ k^ ' s \

^

SyJ ^ ** '^^ S ** k T'^^ "^^^

1 r\ *"^^ ^•i

1 _i_ a " ^*^^

—t— *"^^ ^-J ^^ ta *^*fc """^^^^ * *** * M ±± ::

'_ .002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure 22 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
C^ 1 1 r»r» 1 s t r^ A C« 1 k 1 1 TT\r\ n 1r h -( su ppiy P re ss ur sr o u rri- I vjMO • in i i nv-/ 'j c in —1 1— .384 Dia.

K\\\\\\\\\\^ l^\\\\\\\w^

40 lOOpsig ^

r^

// / / //////''^^'/

1 3|Dia.

' ' / / / y / / /A

S^

k -\ \ LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF

GAS LUBRICATED THRUST BEARING > y

\

\

\

\

30 \ 75 ^- ), N \

\ \

\

\

L LOAD, N V

psi V \

\ V

V \

\

\ \ 20 bL

V \ \ \

\ •Mi ^

V

V \

s \

\\ \ \ \

\

\ \

^ V

k \ \

> \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ \ k

10 \ ^

\S^

)

1 \ s

^

"^ V ^

\ sh. "^

**> V

*N s VV

^*>. ^ •"S* V NVj

vJ V ^

V, — vj

s,, ^

s^ W •vi ^"^ ^•^ •*., - >». ^

•** •>«. "^ ^

* —

— .^

.002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION , inches

.006

Figure 23 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
-

*

' +7 i't'^ SUPPLY GAS: NITROGEN

(supply pressure)

" —1 1

,384 Dia. ± - - - K N \ \1

"^POOnsia" " s\\\\NN\N\\\^ nWWNWWW

JT 1 'i ^ n i n 1 I 1 O p U 1 . 1 Y

\ 1 OAD -CARRY 1 NG CAPACITY OF

V OAOIIIOOI^ATCrN TLJDIIOT DCADIKI^ \ GAS LUBRICATED THnUbl BLAKINb

7r» I fU IYT

1\

\ {•^o 5 n r\ .1_ ^V . .. 1 ,. bU ^^ S, \

\ \

J \

V \

J

r \ \

\ \

J $ \ ' cr\ a I \ ., . _ .- OU \ \ k y

\ ' k LOAD jt S

\ \

psi t

^

k V

/in b k 'fU i >

k. N

\ V

V \ * . ^ k S k. k ^

.

k. k. S V. ^noU S ^k ^^ ^r

A. ^

W ^ k

^ s

'k. ^ V. S ^5«i k ^ s ^^

^ ^>

O /^ 1 S ^fci ^\J % ^ * ^ s ^

* * *

w *^l»

i* "l^*

^^ "* ^s ^>^% ,^ * * ^ ** ^ in - - -- *"» lU — —

i

: : .002 .004

PLATE SEPARATION, inches

.006

Figure Z4 - Load vs. Plate Separation Curves
—

(s

1

uppl>

1

-.

' t)re ssure) —

SUPPLY GAS : -H

N\1

HELIUM

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II. S. DEPAUTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, U.C, and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity, Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology. Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Class. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical

Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Opt- erations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems.

Applications Engineering.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryogenic Technical Services. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research.

Prediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research.

Navigation Systems.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.
-SLt,