nystagmus with vertigo occurs in connection
with quick movements of the head. When the
head is tilted back, this rotary nystagmus is
always in the direction of the diseased side.
When the head is tilted toward the shoulder
on the diseased side, rotary nystagmus occurs
toward the diseased side, and, when the head
is tilted toward the shoulder on the healthy
side, rotary nystagmus more rarely occurs
toward the healthy side. These attacks are not
found with every movement of the head of the
kind described, but only occasionally. 28) In
cases where no attack can be induced during
the examination, nystagmus generated by rota-
tion and an identification of the spontaneous
vertigo with the vertigo after rotation at 90°
with the head held forward is obtained from
the patient. 29) Nystagmus attacks even occur
in normal persons, especially smokers, but they
are quite slight and without disagreeable sub-
jective accompanying symptoms, In neuras-
thenics and accident victims, they play a big
role, especially as a consequence of the un-
pleasant subjective symptoms accompanying
the vertigo; in these cases they often cause un-
fitness of the affected person for work. 30) The
symptoms accompanying vertigo in normal
persons are seldom very unpleasant. Rotation
with head upright is almost always tolerated
readily. After rotation with head held forward
slight nausea often occurs, Among neurotics
the symptoms accompanying vertigo are usu-
ally very unpleasant. Severe nausea to the
point of vomiting, paling, outbreak of sweat,
anxiety, trembling, palpitation of the heart,
and loss of consciousness are not rare, espe-
cially in connection with rotary nystagmus.
31) Neither the Breuer-Mach theory nor Rup-
pert’s hypothesis suffices to explain all the
phenomena observed here. It seems indicated
not to modify the Breuer-Mach theory but to
replace it by a new theory. 32) The author’s
theory, in partial conformity with Dr. Abel’s,
consists in the main of assuming that the move-
ment of the endolymph in the ampulla is the
process that sets off the stimulus. This momen-
tary stimulus releases central tonic forces and
thus effects the continuance of nystagmus (and
of the sensation). For complete development
of the theory, some experimental data are still
needed. (Translated summary.)

Feldmann, H. Die Bedeutung des binauralen
Harens fiir die sprachliche Verstiindigung unter
Lirmeinwirkung. (The significance of binaural
hearing for language communication under in-
fluence of noise.) Acta Oto-Laryng., 59: 133-
188, 1965.

Psychoacoustic experiments by the author
have shown that the effective signal-to-noise
ratio is considerably raised by binaural hearing
if certain parameters (intensity, time-delay)
of both components differ in both ears, The
effect of these factors is examined (influence of
frequency, coherence, etc.), and the results are
discussed in view of the central nervous mech-
anisms evaluating binaural information, (Eng-
lish summary.)

Fink, Z., and Trileta, V. Vliv Nekterych Anti-
cholinergik Na Mozkovy Acetylcholin Krys. (In-
fluence of certain anticholinergic compounds on
cerebral acetylcholine in rats.) Casepis lekaru
ceskych, 102: 305-309, 1963.

Effects of Benectyzin, Atropin, 2-PAM,
TMB-~4, and DFP were studied. (Note: Exist-
ing laws relating to copyright require that the
text of this translation be restricted to the
official use of the U.S, Government.)

Giittich, H. Uber das Zusammenspiel der
Endorgane des Vestibularapparates. (The inter-
play of the terminal organs of the vestibular
apparatus.) HNO; Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fiir
Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, 11: 126-
128, 1963.

Each auricular labyrinth works with special
reference to its own side and its own functions,
and the otolith apparatus can, if it comes into
action, suppress the semicircular canal stimu-
lus. (Translated summary.)

Ikegami, H., and Takase, I. Effect of oxygen
breathing on the following hypoxia. (in Japan-
ese) Japanese Journal of Aerospace Medicine
and Psychology, 2, No. 2: 57-63, 1965.

Oxygen inhalation prolongs time of useful
consciousness (TUC) in the following nitrogen
inhalation. The relation between duration of
previous pure-oxygen inhalation and prolonga-
tion of TUC (which means, in this experiment,
the period of time from onset of nitrogen in-
halation to appearance of a high-voltage slow



nuclei and therefore the extent to which it is
useful in a quantitative cytophotometric deter-
mination was investigated.

The dye was tested for purity by paper
chromatography and electrophoresis, and the
changes in the optical properties were investi-
gated after chrome-complex binding and after
the binding to nucleic acids.

Optimum conditions for the production of the
stain solution and for the staining process could
be determined through a series of tests (testing
the influence of the boiling time, age of staining
solution, dye-stuff concentration, staining dura-
tion, pH of stain solution, fixation, treatment
with RNase and differentiation for dyebinding,
and light fastness).

The relatively good specificity for the strong
acid phosphate group (sulfate groups were
stained red (“pseudometachromasia”) and the
validity of the Lambert-Beer-Bouguer Law in
tissue and solution enable a microphotometric
determination of nucleic acid after staining
with GC to be made.

Cytophotometric measurements on RNase-
treated cell nuclei that had been stained with
GC showed that, in the case of mammals,
the GC quantity is parallel to te DNA quantity,
respectively, the ploidy stages. Deviations can
be found in spermatozoa and in the nucleus-
containing erythrocytes of low vertebrates.
This is probably connected with the strong
basic protein component in these cell nuclei.

Results show that GC staining offers a few
advantages over Feulgen staining, such as, for
instance, simplicity of method used and good
reproducibility. The disadvantages of GC stain-
ing primarily involve the lower specificity for
DNA and the effect of pretreatment of the
tissue so that it is possible to compare only
preparations that have been treated in exactly
the same way.

A calculation of the GC quantity left in a
diploid cell nucleus after RNase treatment leads
to the conclusion that every phosphate group of
nucleic acid is charged with only one dye mole-
cule.

From the behavior of the dye in the produc-

10

tion of the staining solution and in the staining
itself come the ideas that the trivalent chrome
is bound to GC in a complex fashion and that
the practically insoluble chrome double complex
with GC and nucleic acid develops during
staining. On the basis of the investigations, the
optimum conditions for staining with GC were
given. (Translated summary.)

Siroky, A., and Krejeova, H. Rozbor Elektro-
nystagmogramu Zdravych Osob. (Analysis of
electronystagmogram of healthy persons.) Ces-
koslovenska Fysiologie, 18: 387-342, 1964.

An analysis of 25 electronystagmograms of
healthy persons has shown that the character-
istic parameters for an evaluation of the func-
tioning of the vestibular organ are the duration
of the first phase of the postrotation nystag-
mus, its amplitude, and its frequency.

The authors have found that among these
parameters the least-reliable parameter is the
duration of the first phase of the postrotation
nystagmus. An evaluation of the functioning of
the vestibular organ by one parameter alone
does not have much of a clinical value. An ac-
curate picture of the functional condition of
the cupuloendolymphatic system is provided
only by a mutual correlation of all these pa-
rameters (duration, amplitude, and frequency
of the first phase of the postrotation nystag-
mus).

It seems that the latency that occurs at the
start of a postnystagmus is physiological and
is caused primarily by an interval coming from
the oculovestibular reflex arch. (Translated
summary.)

Tada, H. Overestimation of farther distance in
depth perception. (in Japanese) Japanese Jour-
nal of Psychology, 27: 204-208, 1956.

Experiments were conducted in bisection of
depth distance to establish whether or not over-
estimation of farther distance in space occurs
at a relatively short distance. The applicability
of a quantitative formula for measuring depth
vision concerning very far distances was tested.

4 U, S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1966  - 217 - 870


admitted to Gifu hospital on April 14, 1962.
Inspection of the aircraft revealed that a tube
of the oxygen mask was disconnected from
oxygen regulator. It seems that this uncon-
sciousness was caused not only by acute hy-
poxia, but the cumulation of several effects,
such as fatigue with shortage of sleep and the
psychomotoric task-requirement during instru-
ment flying. Immediately after the patient was
admitted, a slight leucocytosis (polynucleosis
and relative lymphopenia, -eosinophilia) and hy-
potension of blood pressure was found. The EEG
revealed polyrhythmic irregular low-voltage-
type waves, poor o-waves, and prevailed 8-
waves. (English summary.)

Lavernhe, J. Rhythme de vie et changements
rapides de fuseaux horaires au cours des voy-
ages aérines. (How our vital pacemakers are
upset by rapid shifts in time-zones during air
travel.) La Presse Medicale, 72, No. 44: 2623—
2626, 1964.

The importance of the nychthemeral life
rhythms has been proved both by animal ex-
periments and by the subjective disturbances
reported by human beings who must break the
rhythms. In the days of sailing ships, the psy-
chological effects of a change in time zone were
perhaps negligible, Since then, however, the
extraordinary increase in the speed with which
those zones can be crossed in fast jets makes
the problem an increasingly urgent one. Today,
at 60° north latitude, on a line running from
Oslo to the southern coast of Alaska, a west-
bound jet cruising at 850 km/hr is “turning”
at the same speed as the earth: for people
aboard, the sun stays in the very same place the
whole time. Within a few years, supersonic
jets will have expanded the anomaly even fur-
ther. The Concorde, flying at mach 2, or 2,500
km/hr will make it from Paris to New York in
a matter of about 3 hours (allowing time for
landing procedures, acceleration, and decelera-
tion). That means two time zones crossed in
a single hour.

For flight personnel, these speeds will pro-
vide a neat solution to the time-jump problem:
with speeds like these, a round-trip transatlan-
tie flight will be a matter of a single day’s work,
with no problems in staying on home time, and
no night flights. But if mach 2 or mach 3 jets
are put on the far-eastern flights, for example,

where the flight hours are long and stops fre-
quent, the fatigue/kilometer ratio for flight
personnel will be lessened, although the prob-
lem of time jumps will still be there, since stop-
overs will still be necessary for profitable oper-
ation of the lines.

Usually, the passenger has only rare occasion
to cross any great number of time zones. His
troubles are easier to solve. But it is still a
good idea, if you have delicate business to
transact at your destination, matters requiring
full possession of all your faculties, to give
some thought to the question of time-jumps.
Always allow yourself enough recovery-time
after arrival before you start talking business.
(Translated conclusion.)

Lehwess-Litzmann. Das Tragen von Augenhaft-
schalen bei ausgebildeten Fliegern. (Wearing
of contact lenses by airplane pilots.) Das Deut-
sche Gesundheitswesen, 19: 1781-1786, 1964.

The author reports on the wearing of contact
lenses by fully trained aviators with decreasing
visual power, as well as their tolerance in the
vacuum chamber and at practical flights. The
plastic lenses hitherto applied are compared
with the new gel lenses of polyglycolmonometa-
eryl. The Gel-shells adhere much better and
are much better tolerated. The new porous
substance of the lenses prevents the formation
of gas bubbles under the shell in high altitudes.
Although up to now contact lenses have been
worn only by very few aviators suffering from
light refractional disturbances, the use of con-
tact lenses could greatly increase in the future.
As minus lenses were hardly available among
the new Gel-shells at the time of testing, noth-
ing can be stated so far on their optical qual-
ity. Futher tests will be made. In the author’s
opinion, such contact lenses may be applied
under the following conditions: The tolerance
period must be 7 to 8 hours, The shells must be
designed in such a way as to be put in easily
and safely. There must not occur any troubles
and impairment of the visual faculty under
conditions of altitudinal stress in the vacuum
chamber.

For the time being, applicants who wear con-
tact lenses should not be admitted for an avia-
tor’s training. For all applicants, the following
principle should be maintained: full visual



wave in the EEG) was studied using 10 rabbits
immobilized by curare and artificially respir-
ated. The following results were obtained:

1) The TUC in the hypoxia, which ranged
normally from 36 to 51 seconds, average 43
seconds, was prolonged by previous oxygen in-
halation. This effect of oxygen was saturated
in 1 minute of inhalation, and TUC was fixed
at around 71 seconds in the hypoxia with longer
prebreathing.

2) The period of time in which the pulse
rate decreased to two-thirds of its initial value
was prolonged and saturated by prebreathing
of oxygen in the same way as TUC.

8) These effects of oxygen breathing may be
based on the increased oxygen mainly in the
lung and slightly in blood or tissue.

4) The effects of oxygen prebreathing on
EEG and pulse rate in the following hypoxia
were eliminated quickly by interruption of the
prebreathing. Effects were eliminated more
quickly on EEG than on pulse rate. (English
summary.)

Iwaki, S. Studies on the influence of ethanol
upon the labyrinth function, especially on auto-
mobile driving under conditions of drunken-
ness. (in Japanese) Acta Medica, 31: 1022-
1035, 1961.

The influence of alcohol upon vehicle-driving
skills that depend heavily upon labyrinth and
equilibrium functions was investigated in 51
subjects using seven tests: model-vehicle driv-
ing (miniature driving), visual reaction time,
vehicle-driving skill, slow bicycle riding, psy-
chological aptitude, speed judgment by vision,
and flicker measurement. The summarized re-
sults follow:

1) Regarding the model-vehicle driving test,
an increase in getting off the course was ob-
served even in a mild state of drunkenness, Vis-
ual reaction time was also considerably slowed.

2) Regarding the vehicle-driving skill test,
the increase of mistakes in a mild state of
drunkenness was considerable, and driving skill
was reduced accordingly. The rate of increase
of mistakes versus BAC of 1.053% to 1.095%
was 154% to 212%.

83) Regarding the slow bicycle-riding test,
the increase of mistakes was considerable even
in a mild state of drunkenness, and the fre-
quency of mistakes decreased as the BAC de-

creased as a function of time. The slow bicycle-
riding time was reduced during drunkenness
and gradually approached the preintake level
as the BAC decreased, These effects were more
pronounced as the degree of drunkenness prog-
ressed from the weak state to the mild state.

4) Regarding the psychological-aptitude test,
performance deteriorated in a mild state of
drunkenness, and improved to the preintake
level as the BAC decreased.

Deterioration of performance in the mild
state of drunkenness was clearly observed in
the speed-judgment test and the flicker values.

In summary, it appears that automobile-
driving skill is reduced by one-half even under
a mild state of drunkenness of 1.0% to 1.5%
BAC with 1.5 gm/kg alcohol consumption.
(Translated conclusions.)

Jobst, K., and Sandritter, W. Uber den Quan-
titativen Histochemischen Nachweis von Basi-
schen Kernproteinen mit Gallocyaninchroma-
laun, The quantitative histochemical estimation
of basic nuclear proteins with gallocyanine
chrome alum.) Histochemie, 4: 277-285, 1964.

A technique is developed for bringing out
basic proteins of the cell nuclei with basic dyes
after attachment of metaphosphoric acid. The
results are compared with fast-green staining
pH 8.2 and with biochemical data. The meta-
phosphoric acid-gallocyanine chrome alum
staining gives values similar to those obtained
with fast-green staining on bull spermotozoa,
thymus lymphocytes, and chicken erythrocytes
(trout erythrocytes being an exception.) After
deamination (detection of arginine), the cyto-
photometric results of both stainings agree well
with the biochemical values. With succedaneous
staining with gallocyanine chrome alum (or
toluidine blue or fluorescent dyes) and subse-
quent metaphosphoric acid-gallocyanine chrome
alum staining, an increased dyestuff binding is
observed, which is due to a nonspecific staining
(attachment to DNA.) (Translated summary.)

Kameda, N., Shimoeda, N., and Saito, T. In-
flight loss of consciousness during instrument
flying. (in Japanese) Japanese Journal of Aero-
space Medicine and Psychology, 2: 10-15, 1964.

A student pilot of a T-1A jet trainer, aged

29, fell into unconsciousness during instrument
flying (cabin altitude 16,000 feet) and was


Pialoux, P. La Physiopathologie de [Equilibre
chez VAviateur. (Physiopathology of aviator’s
equilibrium.) Revue de Médecine Aéronau-
tique, 3: 72-77, 1964.

An analysis of equilibrium problems in pilots
is presented. The author offers an anatomical
and physiological review of the vestibular sys-
tem, vision, and “deep sensibility”; i.e., the sys-
tem of striated musculature and the proprio-
ceptive system. The sense of equilibrium is
examined in terms of disorienting stimulation
encountered in flight, and various illusions are
discussed. Corrective measures are presented.
Conclusions concerning the effects of weight-
lessness upon the vestibular apparatus are in-
cluded, and results of several aeromedical stud-
jes of equilibrium are reported.

Rossi, G. L’innervation efférente des récepteurs
vestibulaires. (Efferent innervation of the ves-
tibular receptors.) Acta Oto-Laryng., 58: 230-
238, 1964,

Current literature and personal experimental
findings on the efferent innervation of the ves-
tibular receptors are discussed. (English sum-
mary.)

Rozenfel’d, Ye. L., and Popova, I. A. Izmenenie
aktivnosti «1 y-amilaz pecheni pri vvedenii kro-
likam adrenalina, (Effect of adrenaline on a-
and y-amylases of the rabbit liver.) Voprosy
Meditsinskoy Khimii, 8: 468-471, 1962.

1. The injection of adrenaline in rabbits
produces increased y-amylase activity and re-
duced a-amylase activity in the liver.

2. Differences in the degree of decomposi-
tion of glycogen and amylopectin by y-amylase
obtained from control and test rabbits are par-
ticularly great during the first hours of incuba-
tion and then even off gradually. (Translated
conclusion.)

Saito, I, Fujiwara, H., and Iwane, M. The effects
of G force on body temperature. (in Japanese)
Japanese Journal of Aerospace M edicine and
Psychology, 2, No. 2: 78-88, 1965,

The influence of G forces on rectal tempera-
ture was studied in rats. The rats, fixed in the
appropriate cage, were subjected to +5, +10,
and +15 G, —5 and transverse 5, 10, and 15 G.
The rectal temperature was measured with a
thermistor 3 minutes after the stress and then

every 3 minutes until it recovered near control
level.

The rectal temperature decreased 3.2°, 3.7°,
and 5.4° C, suggesting that the magnitude of
the decrease of the temperature is the function
of the stress. In the case of transverse G, how-
ever, this relation is not clear, as the tempera-
ture decrease is 2.9°, 4.1°, and 3.1° C at 5, 10,
and 15 G, respectively. There were no rats that
could tolerate the —10 and —15 G, and, at
—5 G, temperature decreased 3.1° C.

The recovery of the temperature took piace
immediately after, and the more severe the
stress, the less recovery is revealed. The char-
acteristic finding in recovery is the lack of the
tremor that used to appear in the recovery
from the low-temperature stress. The possible
mechanism for the disappearance of tremor
was discussed. (English summary.)

Saito, I., Iwane, M., and Ishizaki, M. The bio-
logical effects of the Coriolis acceleration. (in
Japanese) Japanese Journal of Aerospace Med-
icine and Psychology, 1: 11-15, 1963.

Twelve healthy subjects were examined in
reference to electrocardiogram, nystagmic eye
movement, galvanic skin reflexes (GSR), ple-
thysmograph of the finger, and blood pressure
under Coriolis acceleration. The Coriolis was
given by inclining their heads right and left
while under a constant force of 14 G. Pulse
rate reacted with transient tachycardia in most
of the cases, but, in a few, transient brady-
cardia took place instead of tachycardia. The
maximal blood pressure was raised moderately
in 11 cases. GSR appeared to correspond with
the susceptibility to motion sickness. Nystag-
mus was noticed in only one case, contrary to
expectations. All subjects experienced the posi-
tional illusion to some extent. Three cases had
nausea. These subjective symptoms did not
seem to be parallel to the motion-sickness con-
stitution of each individual. (English summary.)

Sandritter, W., Kiefer, G., and Rick, W. Uber
die Stéchiometrie von Gallocyaninchromalaun
mit Desoxynribonukleinséure. On the stoi-
chiometry of gallocyanin chrome alum with
desoxyribonucleic acid.) Histochimie, 3: 315-
340, 1963.

In this study, the extent to which GC is com-
bined stoichiometrically with DNA in the cell



AM 66-2

AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS:

‘Annotated Bibliography of Recently
Translated Material. IV.

Mary Ellen Allen
Ruth Ann Crain

Approved by Released by
J. ROBERT DILLE, M.D. P. V. SIEGEL, M.D.
CHIEF, CIVIL AEROMEDICAL FEDERAL AIR SURGEON
INSTITUTE

January 1966

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY

Office of Aviation Medicine



indicated no such differences, It was therefore
concluded that the vestibular apparatus did not
play an indispensably vital role in the subjec-
tive judgment of body tilt. The role appeared
very indirect and minor; however, it seemed to
play a most positive role in posture-righting
reflex.

4. Effects of Luminescent Straight Lines on
Subjective Judgment of Body Tilt. As visual
cues, luminescent straight lines were provided
that maintained a 90° angle to the floor of the
tilting room, a 45° angle, and a position of ver-
ticality with reference to the direction of gravi-
tational forces. After the subjects were pro-
vided with these luminescent straight lines,
they were asked to do similar tasks of evalua-
tion of the angle of body tilt. Of these three
lines, the one at a 90° angle to the floor pro-
duced subjective evaluations closer to the ob-
jective values. In other words, the luminescent
straight line at a 90° angle to the floor acted
as a more potent and dominant visual cue than
the true verticality, probably due to the fact
that the line in alignment with the axis of the
body disturbs the body and the field of vision
less than either the slanted or the vertical line.
(Translated summary.)

Noyere, J. B. (Mission Report—National Sonic
Boom Structural Response Flight Test Pro-
gram.) Document 15/64, 21 December, 1964.

The FAA conducted a very difficult and ex-
pensive operation here that came off very well.
There are a few points, however, that are
rather regrettable, such as the fact that the
structures were put up too quickly and that
these structures were too “young” at the begin-
ning of the investigation. Another point is the
absence of NASA, which could have made pres-
sure measurements and which could perhaps
have profited from the large number of flights
made here in order to conduct other measure-
ments. A third point involves the fact that no
pressure registration was immediately ana-
lyzed. The use of a cathode oscilloscope and a
Polaroid camera, for example, would have easi-
ly made this possible. In general, the small role
played by measurements in the overall cost of
the operation is surprising.

It does not seem that all of the original ob-
jectives of the operation were achieved. The
window-breakage threshold was determined,

but the behavior of the structures could per-
haps have been derived from acceleration and
speed measurements. After the end of the ex-
periment, however, the men in charge thought
that it would not be possible either to determine
why structures respond the way they do or to
extrapolate the results obtained with respect
to other structures.

As for the visual observations, the first anal-
yses that were made did not make it possible
to determine what damage was due to the sonic
boom and what damage was natural.

It is a little too early to arrive at any final
conclusions but, from the European viewpoint,
the range of structure samples was not repre-
sentative of what we would find in European
countries, particularly in France, and the
results are therefore not directly transferable.

It is very likely that the second phase of this
investigation, during January and February,
will be more profitable. By then, the structures
will have had a chance to settle, the test teams
will have had a chance to benefit from the ex-
perience acquired during the first phase, and
finally, NASA will perhaps participate in the
measurements. (Translated conclusion.)

Oshima, M., Fujie, Z., Uyeda, Kondo, T., Kitsu-
moto, K., et al. Physiological and psychological
stresses in operating aircraft and surface ve-
hicles—Symposium. (in Japanese) Japanese
Journal of Aerospace Medicine and Psychology,
2, No, 2: 103-107, 1965.

Today’s presentations on the subject of stress
have shown that the stress on an operator dif-
fers with different vehicles, operating condi-
tions, and environment.

Generally speaking, however, it seems that
there is some level of tension in man, which
differs for different persons, to which stresses
due to work are added. These latter stresses
vary with the work. The total stress then mani-
fests itself in some way. Whether this process
is correct or not seems to be a problem that
should be studied in the future.

In most of the work presented, the results
were based on some unit peculiar to the indi-
vidual occupations. It would be worthwhile to
study the question of the total stress on a per-
son during the course of a day or the effects
of long-term stresses. These are again problems
for the future. (Translated conclusion.)


viduals. 10) In repeated examination with
rotations in immediate succession,-no fatigue
appears. 11) In repeated examination on dif-
ferent days or on the same day, in one-fifth
of the above-average cases and in one-half of
the below-average cases, no difference is found
in the duration of horizontal postnystagmus.
The average difference in above-average cases,
ignoring those with “central continuation of
spin,” is 10 seconds, and among below-average
case, 4 seconds. 12) The variation in duration
takes place in more than one-half the cases so
that one side remains greater; in about one-
third of the cases, right nystagmus predomi-
nates in one examination and left in the other,
and, in about one-sixth of the cases, the dura-
tion for right and left nystagmus is the same
at one examination but one side predominates
at another examination. 18) In normal above-
average individuals, the duration of horizontal
nystagmus is always considerably greater than
the duration of rotary nystagmus. In normal
below-average individuals, the duration of
horizontal and rotary nystagmus is often equal.
14) In above-average cases with vertigo, the
duration of rotary nystagmus is rarely equal to
that of horizontal nystagmus. This is a patho-
logical condition. In below-average cases with
vertigo, the duration of rotary nystagmus is
rarely greater than that of horizontal nystag-
mus; this is also to be regarded as pathological.
15) In cases that suffer from vertigo, the in-
fluence of the side affected on the duration of
horizontal or rotary postnystagmus cannot be
detected. 16) The duration of horizontal
nystagmus without the use of the opaque spec-
tacles is a fraction of its duration behind the
opaque spectacles (one-half to one-third). 17)
Faster rotation either extends the duration of
horizontal postnystagmus or effects an increase
in amplitude of the movements and an increase
in their number. 18) When the duration of
horizontal postnystagmus is determined after
8-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 50-, and 60-time rota-
tions, it is found that postnystagmus after 10-
time rotation constitutes the maximum, The
length of duration falls off on each side, In
nearly all cases, 3- and 5-time rotations give
a slighter duration than 10-time rotation. In
cases where the duration after 10-time rotation
is above the average, 20-time rotation usually
gives lower figures than 10-time rotation;

where the duration after 10-time rotation is
below the average, the duration after 20-time
rotation is equal to or greater than that after
10-time rotation. The same relationship that
exists between 10- and 20-time rotation. also
exists between 10-time and 30-, 40-, 50-, and
60-time rotations. In above-average cases, it
sometimes happens that 3-time rotation gives
a longer duration of postnystagmus than 20-
time rotation, but the nystagmus after 20-time
rotation is always more rapid and more power-
ful. 19) After 20-time and longer rotation,
especially in above-average cases, after the end
of postnystagmus, a so-called “post-postnystag-
mus” sets in, in the original direction of rota-
tion; it can only be centrally conditioned. 20)
After ¥4 and 1 revolution, many persons show
traces of postnystagmus if the opaque spec-
tacles are used in the examination. 21) The
number of twitches in the unit of time is great-
est immediately after halting of rotation and
least toward the end of the postnystagmus.
Postnystagmus after 3- and 5-time rotation
takes place slower than after 10-time rotation.
After 10-time rotation there is an average of
one twitch per second. After 20-time and 30-,
40-, 50-, and 60-time rotations, the nystagmus
is usually more rapid than after 10-time rota-
tion. 22) The number of twitches may vary in
repeated examinations. The subject can also
change it voluntarily. 28) In the study of hor-
izontal nystagmus during rotation on the turn-
table, it is advantageous to use the opaque
spectacles to exclude optical nystagmus. 24) No
diagnostic value is to be attributed to the pres-
ence or absence of the sensation of counter-
rotation upon stopping after rotation. 25)
Examinations of persons who have no labyrinth .
on one side always give a greater duration of
postnystagmus toward the normal side than
toward the defective side; 28 seconds: 14 sec-
onds for horizontal, 18 seconds: 9 seconds for
rotary nystagmus. The twitching movements
also take place more rapidly and are of greater
amplitude. 26) By itself the study of rotational
nystagmus does not suffice to establish a diag-
nosis of unilateral destruction of the vestibular
apparatus, but it constitutes a valuable comple-
ment of the examination in cases where the
ealoric reaction gives a doubtful result. 27) In
many patients with vertigo without destruction
of the vestibular apparatus, an attack of rotary


AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS:

Annotated Bibliography of Recently Translated Material. IV.

Achiary, A., Cabanon, A., Andre, V., and
Richet, J. Décompressions rapides et explosives
en vol Etude de 15 observations. (Rapid and
explosive decompression in flight; a study of
fifteen observations.) La Medicine Aeronautic,
11: 73-86, 1956.

In the cases considered, explosive decompres-
sion was well tolerated.

The strong effects of cold could be counter-
acted by improved equipment for the pilot’s
protection.

Pneumatic shock is benign, posing the prob-
lem of the final altitude only.

Cabin altitude after decompression at high
mach numbers can be, it was observed, much
higher than at ground level. The authors be-
lieve therefore, that fighter aircraft operat-
ing around 48,000 feet should be equipped
with automatic oxygen-overpressure regulators.
(Translated conclusion.)

Barany, R. Weitere Untersuchungen iiber dem
Vestibularapparat des Ohres reflektorisch aus-
gelésten rhythmischen Nystagmus und seine
Begleiterscheinungen. (Further studies of
rhythmic nystagmus set off as a reflex by the
vestibular apparatus of the ear and of its ac-
companying phenomena.) Monatsschrift fiir
Orhenheilkunde und Laryngo-Rhinologie, 41:
477-526, 1907.

Thirty-two points are summarized: 1) Up to
the 50th year in normal individuals, greater age
has no influence on the duration of horizontal
postnystagmus after 10-time rotation. 2) The
average duration of horizontal postnystagmus
in normal individuals amounts to 40 seconds.
There are great physiological differences, with
the minimum being almost 0 and the maximum
1-44 minutes. 3) In dancers who dance only
toward the right, the duration of postnystag-
mus after 10-time rotation to the right is

significantly less than the after 10-time rotation
to the left (80 seconds: 49 seconds). (Habitua-
tion? Predisposition?) Between dancers who
dance to both right and left and nondancers
there is no significant difference. 4) Neurasthe-
nia appears to increase the duration of horizon-
tal postnystagmus (61 seconds). 5) Patients
who suffer from vertigo without neurosis show
a reduction of the duration of horizontal post-
nystagmus compared to the norm (84 seconds).
(Diminution of sensitivity through adaptation
of the centers?) 6) Patients with vertigo and
neurosis show no difference in duration of hor-
izontal postnystagmus compared to the norm,
nor do patients who have suffered cranial
trauma. (Adaptation of the centers inhibited
by the neurosis?) 7) Rotary postnystagmus
after 10-time rotation with 90° forward inclina-
tion of the head shows on the average no sig-
nificant difference in duration between normal
individuals and diseased ones (20 to 25 sec-
onds). The physiological differences in normal
individuals run from almost 0 to 40 seconds.
8) In cases with an “above-average” duration
of horizontal postnystagmus, the duration of
right and left nystagmus is equally great in
only one-sixth of the cases, in contrast to
“below-average” cases, in which more than
one-half show agreeing figures for right and
left nystagmus. In five-sixths of the above-
average cases, there is a considerable difference
in the duration of right and left nystagmus,
averaging about 20 seconds. Among below-
average cases, this difference runs about 10
seconds. For rotary nystagmus, the difference
between right and left nystagmus is 8 seconds
among above-average cases and 4 seconds
among below-average cases. 9) The duration
of horizontal and rotary postnystagmus after
rotation to the left exceeds that after rotation
to the right in both normal and diseased indi-



FOREWORD

This annotated bibliography of recently translated, selected research
papers is presented as a scientific service of the Civil Aeromedical Institute
and the FAA Medical Librarian. The aims of the publication are: (a) to
provide interested researchers with information concerning translations
of foreign-language articles as soon as the translations are available;
and (b) to prevent duplication of translation costs and efforts.

In achieving these aims, bibliographic listings such as the present one
are necessarily limited in number. They are also limited by the range of
activities represented in the agency preparing the material. Thus, selec-
tive factors exist. Further, no attempt is made to evaluate the scientific
worth of a given article. By providing a central repository from which such
translated material can be obtained, however, it is hoped that interested
scientists will derive otherwise unavailable benefits.

Copies of the translated material cited in this report may be obtained
by writing to: Medical Librarian, HQ-640, Federal Aviation Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20553. Please provide the librarian with the complete
reference information.

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