1 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED ENERGY 

CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR EIGHT TYPES OF CONSUMER 

PRODUCTS: ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS, WATER HEATERS, DIRECT 

HEATING EQUI?MENT, MOBILE HOME FURNACES, RANGES AND 

OVENS, POOL HEATERS, FLUORESCENT BALLASTS, AND TELEVISIONS 

INTRODUCTION AND NEED FOR PROPOSEI) ACTION 

This Environmental Assessment (EA) on the candidate energy conservation standards 

for eight appliances (room air conditioners, water heaters, direct heating equipment, mobile 

home furnaces, kitchen ranges and ovens, pool heaters, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and 

television sets) was prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 

(NEPA), regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality, Title 40, Code of Federal 

Regulations, Parts 1500 through 1508. The candidate conservation standards are being 

proposed pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the National 

Energy Conservation Policy Act, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act and the 

National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments. 

The EA presents the results of the associated environmental impacts from a range 

of new candidate energy conservation standards for eight types of household appliances. 

The results are presented for e ch potentiaI standard level for each of the eight appliance 

types. Each measure of possibl 1environmental change is an alternative action, and it is 

compared to what is expected to happen if no new standards for each product were 

finalized, i.e., the "no action" alternative. 

The main environmental concern addressed is emissions from fossil-fueled electricity 

generation. Most of the design options for the eight appliances result in decreased electricity 

use and, therefore, a reduction of power plant emissiohs. The proposed efficiency standards 

will gnerally decrease air pollution by decreasing future energy demand. The greatest 

d6er"eases in air pollution will be for sulfur oxides, listed in equivalent weight of sulfur 

dioxide, or SO,. Reductions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide also occur and are listed 

by weight of NO, and CO,, respective:^. Carbon dioxide (CO,) emissions from fossil-fuel 

burning is considered an environmental hazard because it contributes to the "greenhouse 

effectw by trapping heat energy from the earth that is emitted as infrared radiation. The 

'greenhouse effect' is expected to gradually raise the mean global temperature. Design 

options for many of the appliances (i.e. gas and oil water heaters, gas pool heaters, direct 

heating equipment, mobile home furnaces, and gas ranges and ovens) also reduce in-home 

fuel consumption, resulting in lower in-home emissions from fuel-burning appliances. 

Althougl; the quantity of raw materials used per appliance will remain relatively 

constant, in most scenarir~s increased initial cost is expected to decrease slightly the number 

of appliances sold, resulting in small decreases in raw materials used. The main effect of 

decreased appliance pr~~duction is the SO? emitted in steel production. The decrease is 

small, however, in compiarison to the SO! decreases from fuel burning avoided at power ib 

MASTER 

plants. The contribution from steel production is not included in the estimates for net SO, 

decreases resulting from design changes in these products. 

The effects on particulate emissions related to a standard-induced decrease in 

electricity generation would be minor compared to effects on decreases in SO,, NO,, and 

CO,. For example, in 1984, power plants contributed only 7% of U.S. total particulate 

emissions as compared to contributions of 83% and 34% to total SO, and NO, emissions, 

respectively (1). Though the reduction in particulate emissions would be relatively small, 

any reduction would possibly be beneficial to improving the quality of surfacewater. Since 

the amount of particulates emitted would be decreased, it is very likely that less particulates 

would reach the surfacewater. 

Reductions in particulate emissions accompanied by decreases in SO, and NO, would 

have other beneficial effects on the environment. The resultant improvement to air quality 

and the decreased potential of acid rain formation would help improve the quality of 

wetlands and fish & wildlife as well as aid in the preservation of historical and archaeological 

sites. 

Reduced in-home fuel consumption will decrease the amount of gas or oil burned 

within some homes, thereby decreasing the impact of combustion on indoor air quality. 

Indoor air problems are usually due to a combination of factors, including a tight house 

envelope, insufficient ventilation for cooking appliances, presence of sources such as 

cigarette smokers or formaldehyde containing products, and radon diffusion from soil. In 

comparison to the above factors, and because fuel-burning appliances are normally vented 

to the outside, the projected changes in in-home fuel-burning appliance use is expected to 

have little effect on indoor air quality. 

2 METHODS OF ESTIMATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 

The greatest impacts of the proposed standards would be a reduction in electricity 

demand growth. The main environmental effects of power plants on air and water quality 

result from emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO,), nitrogen oxides (NO,), and carbon dioxide 

(CO,). With the proposed standards lessening the need for electricity generation, power 

plant emissions would be reduced. A second source of these pollutants is fuel-burning 

household appliances. Pollutants from fuel-burning household aplliances will be termed "inhouse" emissions. The proposed standards would also reduce these emissions. Since 

fuel-burning household appliances are normally vented to the outside, both the power plant 

and "in-house" emissions are reported. 

2.1 Baseline Emissions 

The estimates of emissions of SO,, NO, and CO, are also expressed as a percentage 

of U.S. power plant emissions for the year under consideration. In a report that 

accompanies the 1991 National Energy Strategy [NES), the impact on power plant emissions . 	 as a result of revisions to Title V of the 1990 Clean Air Act (i.e., H.R. 3030) are estimated 

(2). 
The legislation calls for SO, emissions reductions in two phases. In the first phase of the 

planned reductions (beginning December 31, 1995 and carrying through the year 2000), electric 

utilities will have several options for ducing their SO, emissions to comply with the allowance 

constraints imposed by the provisions of the Clean Air Act. The major options arc 1) to dtcrtase 

their use of high emission units and increase the use of their clean coal, gas, or oil units, 2) to 

switch units using high sulfur coal to low sulfur coal, 3) to mmfitplants emitting at a high rate 

with emissions duction technologies (e.g., scrubbers), and 4) to purchase allowances from other 

utilities who reduce their emissions below their permitted levels, in order to sell their allowances 

for a pmfit. Most utilities will make use of a combination of these options to mininiizc the cost 

of complying with the allowance constraints. Total SO,emissions by utilities cannot exctcd 8.9 

million tons after December 31, 2000. 

In the second phase of the planned ductions (beginning December 31,2000), the options 

available to electric utilities for maintaining the 8.9 million-ton cap will broaden with the 

expected induction of new, advanced generating technologies. However, during this period 

utilities arc less able to duce emissions by changing the way they utilite their plants. Since 

most plants will ,be fully utilized, there will be few opponunities for ducing emissions by 

decreasing the use of a high emission plant. 

In the repon accompanying the 1991 NES, two possible outcomes an presented, a flexible 

case and a restricted case, so that the effect of different levels of permitted hading of emission 

allowances can be evaluated. (The repon dots not go beyond this explanation in defining the 

differences between the two cases.) As presented in the reporr, the results for the two cases art 

virtually identical. Because the two cases arc so similar, the U.S. power plant emission 

projections for the thrct effluents under the assumptions made in the flexible case art presented 

only. Table 1 summarizes the results. 

Table 1 U.S. CO,, SO,, NO,Power Plant Emissions 

co, so2 NO,

Year 106 tons 106 tons 106 tons 

1995 2232.5 13.8 8.4 

2.2 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

For each of the scenarios analyzed, emissions abated from fossil fuel-burning power plants 

arc estimated. In analyzing the impacts of design changes to each of the appliances, lovier sulfur 

emissions resulting from decreased steel production an not considercd No changes in the 

amount of steel used per unit art expected. Analysis of the impacts resulting from several design 

options includes the consideration of SO,and NO,from in-home combustion of gas and oil. 
In order to capture the effects of cleaner-burning power plants in future years, emission 

rates (tons/Quad) for power plant fuel-burning are calculated from projected emissions and 

electrical generation data. The electrical generation data is mnslated into energy use (Quads) 

by multiplying the generation data by 11.500 BtuflcWh. The source of these projected emissions 

and eltcuical generation data is the =port that accompanies the 1991 National Energy Smttgy 

(data for Table 1 was extracted from the same Service Report). (2) Table 2 presents these data 

and the calculated emission rates for SO2and NO,. 

Table 2 Electrical Generation and Emissions Data and Emission Rates for SO, and NO, at 

Fossil Fuel-Burning Power Plants 

The calculated emissions rate data listed in Table 2 represent the average SO2and NO, 

emissions rates for all fossil fuel-buming power plants in the United States. Emissions rates were 

not calculated for cach fuel-burning source as the emissions data supplied by the Service Report 

wen not disaggregated according to power plant type (i.e. coal, oil, gas). To obtain emissionrate 

values, the amount of emissions were divided by the total energy use of fossil fuel-bumingpower 

plants. The total energy use by fossil fuel-burning power plants was calculated from the 

electrical generation data supplied by the report accompanying the 1991 NES. The electrical 

generation data was disaggregated by fuel source. To obtain the total energy use (input), the 

electrical generation data from cach fossil fuel source was summed and then divided by the 

assumed efficiency of fossil fuel-burning power plants (30.6%). This fossil fuel-burning power 

plant efficiency is consistent with that used by the LBL Residential Energy Model (REM). For 

further information on the assumed efficiency of fossil fuel-burning power plants, refer to 

Appendix B of volume A of the Technical Support Document (TSD). 

The amount of SO, and NO, emissions abated for any particular year is determined by 

multiplying the estimates of energy saved through reduced electricity genenition in that year by 

the e-mission rate for that particular year. For years not covered in the Service Report, Linear 

interpolation was used to derive emission rates and, in turn, the comsponding abated emissions. 

Table 3 presents the emission factors (rates) that we= used for SO, and NO, for in-home 

gas and oil combustion. The values for reduction of SQ and NO, emissions from in-home gas 

and oil combustion are produced by multiplying in-home fuel savings for gas and oil by the 

comsponding emission rates. Emission factors that appear in Table 3 an from a Lawrence 

Berkeley Laboratory report. (3) Emission factors for gas in-home combustion we= assumed to 

equal the average of those for nsidential gas space heaters and water heaters. Emission factors 

Emissions Rim 

Soa No, 

10'tonslQuad 10'tonsIQurrd 

552.5 3363 

3103 23 1.O 

228.6 198.6 

146.9 146.9 

85.2 104.8 

Year 

1995 

UKX) 

2010 

2020 

2030 

Enugy Use 

Tolal 

Quads 

25.74 

29.89 

37.88 

47.0 1 

58.03 

Elcarid Omention 

Coal Oil Gas 

10'kWh 14kWh I@ kwh 

16022 193.7 442.0 

1814.0 179.8 605.0 

2660.6 149.9 4825 

3727.8 672 292.3 

4837.3 29.0 179.2 

Emissions 

SO, NO, 

JO'tonr JO'tons 

13.8 8.4 

9.0 6.7 

8.4 7.3 

6.7 6.7 

4.8 5.9 
for oil in-home combustion were assumed to qua1 those associated with a residential #2 oil 

boiler. 

Table 3 	 Emission Rates for SQ and NO, for In-Home Combustion 

SOaGas Emission SO, Oil Emission NO, Gas Emission NO, Oil Emission 

10' tonslQuad ld ronslQuad Id ronslQuad Id tonslQuad 

23 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

Emission rates for carbon dioxi& were derived in the same manner as those derived for 

SO, and NO,. As presented in Table 1, the report accompanying the 1991 National Energy 

Strategy (NES) also provided emissions data with regard to COP' Table 4 presents the CO, 

emission rate data as derived from the electrical generation data and emissions data supplied by 

the 1991 NES rcpon 

Table 4 	 Elecaical Generation Data, El ~issionsData and Emissisns Rates for CO, at Fossil 

Fuel-Burning Power Plants 

Elewical Generation 

Year 

Coal 

lbkWh 

Oil 

10PkWh 

Gas 

10PkWh 

Energy Use Total oh Emission CO, 

lo' rons 

Emiion Rate CQ 

lo' ~oIL~IQ~ 

1995 1602.2 193.7 442.0 25.74 2232.5 8939 

2000 1814.0 179.8 605.0 29.89 2506.2 86.41 

As with the SO, and NO, emissions, the amount of CO, emissions abated for any 

particular yea. is determined by multiplying the estimates of energy saved through reduced 

electricity generation by the emission rate for that particular year. For years not covend in the 

Service Report, linear interpolation was used to derive emission rates and, in turn, the 

corresponding abated emissions. 
Table 5 presents the emission factors (rates) that were used for C02 for in-home gas and 

oil combustion. The values for the rcduction of C02 emissions from in-home gas and oil 

combustibn arc produced by multiplying in-home fuel savings for gas and oil by the 

comsponding emission rates. Emission facton that appear in Table 5 arc from a Lawrence 

Berkeley Laboratory rcport(3). The emission factor for gas in-home combustion was assumed 

to qua1 the average of those for residen tial gas space heaters and water heaters. The emission 

factor for oil in-home combustion w-us assumed to equal the one associated with a residential #2 

oil boiler. 

Table 5 Emission Rates for CO, for In-Home Combustion 

CO, Gas Emission CO, Oil Emission 

I@ tonstQuad ld tonrlQuad 

rf RESULTS 

The following tabular results indicate what changes can be brought about in the amounts 

t %., ?g' f emitted CQ, SO2, and NO, by imposing efficiency standuds for each of the eight tppliuwrs 

6'$, considered in this analysis. A table is presented for each of the appliances' mal standard levels. 

,P4 h appliance has been analyzed separately in order to determine the emission changes resulting 

5.0.\? from each of their prospective trial standuds levels. Each table details the changes that occur 

\ to cach of the three pollutants (is. m,SO2, and NO,) through the imposition of an appliance's 

'*. 


<$f.% 

$ specific trial standard level. Each table includes the following information for a specific year 

between 1996 and 2030: the amount of pollutant abated from power plant generation, the amount sWs;' . abated from in-home generation; the net change in the pollutant emitted, and the percent the net 

y change comprises of total U.S.power plant emissions. Also included art the cumulative changes 

W' of each pollutant (between the years 1996 and 2030). 

c.a!L For each section that follows, only the results from the last standard level are discussed 

for each appliance. In order to view the results for each standard level, tables for each level are 

- provided after the discussion. 

-


qysc' ? between the eight appliances. The number of standard levels that lue analyzed for a particular 

It should be noted that the standard levels studied for each appliance are not consistent 

g$ appliance depends on the number and type of technologies that viere consided for it. For a 

j) &tailed explanation of the specific technologies considered for each appliance, please refer to 

Qb S\y the vppropriate sections and appendices of the Technical Suppon Document. 

" \d 

3.1 ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS .,a\V~L , 9 ;..*.? hxrcases in the amounts of CO,,S02,and emitted at trial standards levels through 

9

A' S?7'uc ;,-summarized in Tables 6 through 12. $\ .,\'. 


(X 

.t'-

'

..,.'\ 

..' 

-2" 

*-F? 

\' 6 
 ,- t? ,. .b V 
3.1.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 0.78 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 7 scenario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxick will 

represent about 0.11% of the SO2 emissions estimated to come from power 3lants in that ycar. 

In the ycar 2030, decreases in SQ emissions will represent about 0.26% of the SO2 emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. Because of provisions in the Clean Air Act 

Amendments (Pub. L. 101-549, November 15, 1990), the possible reductions of SO,that art 

caused by standards can be earned as dts by the utility realizing the reductions. To the extent 

SO2credits are used for future emissions, the net effect on SO2 emissions from standards would 

be only a postponement of those SO, emissions. 

Level 7 design changes to mom air conditioners would result in all estimated decrease in 

NO, emissions of 0.70 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, decreases would npresent 

0.11% and 0.26% of the NO, emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 

and 2030, respectively. 

3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

The cumularivc reduction in C0,emissions from level 7 design changes is 360 million 

tons of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimated CQ reduction is 2496 thousand tons of CO,or 

about 0.11% of estimated U.S. power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated CO,rcduction is 12,253 thousand tons of CQor about 0.26% of estimated U.S.power 

plant CO,emissions in 2030. 
Table 6 


Rcducdon of Pollulanls for Room Air Conditioners - Lvcl Onc 


C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abaltd from Abated from % U.S. co2 

Yur Power Rant 

Emissions 

0.01% 

0.02% 

0.02% 

0.02% 

0.03% 

0.02% 

0.02% 

0.01% 

Cumulative COZductios 199&2030= 2A million tons of 02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abd from Abued from Net 96 U.S. SO2 

~wcrP~ In-Home 
 QunS mwu Plmt

Emissions 

0.01% 

Cumulrtive SO2 reduction. 19962030= 52274 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abrd from Abued fmm 96U.S. NOx 

hwuPluu Io-bne Powa Plant 

Emissions 

0.01% 

Cumulrtive NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 46839 tons 
Table 7 

Reduclion of Po!lulan~sfor Room Air Conditioners - Levcl Two 

CO2 Reduclion (in Thousand Tons) . 

Abalod from Abated from Net % U.S. 02 

Power Plant In-Home Change mwer Plan1 

Emissions 

0.02% 

Cumulative COZ reduction 1996-2030 = 53 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

AbaM from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Yeu Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Cumulative SO2 reduction 1996-2030 = 1 15,744 lons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abakd from Aba~cdfrom Net %U.S.NOx 

Year Power Plant Ln-Home Change mwer Plant . 

Guraation Genemiion Emissions 

1,213 0 0.0 1% 

a241 0 

3,512 0 

4,047 0 

3,793 0 

3,278 0 

2.399 0 


1,627 0 


Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 103365 lons 
Table 8, 

Reduction of Pollutants for Room Air Conditioners - Level Three 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abaud from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power Plant In-Home Chge Power Plant 

Guraation Generation Emissions 

689 0 0.03% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 105 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abald from Net % U.S.SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Puwer Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

3,866 0 0.03% 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 199C2030= 229357 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Na %U.S. NOx 

Power PIuu In-Home Power Plrnt 

Generation Generation Emissions 

2.427 0 0.03% 

* 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-2030 = 205,243 mns 
Table 9 

Reduction of Pollu~ants for Room Air Conditioners- Level Four 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.C02 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

0.08% 

0.11% 

0.12% 

0.12% 

0.11% 

0.09% 

0.07% 

CumulativeC02 reduction 1996-2030= 119 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons! 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.SO2 

Year Power Plant Lrr..Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

1996 4.832 0 4.832 0.04% 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 1996-2030= 261,109 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abud from Abued from Net %U.S.NOx 

Power Pkru In-Home Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

3,033 0 0.04% 

0.08% 

0.11% 

0.12% 

0.12% 

0.11% 

0.09% 

0.07% 

CumulativeNOx reduction. 1996-2030= 233507 tons 

11 

Table 10 

Reduction of Pollutanu for Room Air Condilioners Lvel Five 

CO2 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from 

Power Pluu In-Home 

&amtion Gemration 

r,a1 0 

w35 0 

4,731 0 

5,9so 0 

6,262 0 

6,409 O 

6,261 0 

5,630 0 

Net 

Change 

% U.S.COZ 

PowuPlmt 

CumulrtiveCC;2reduction, 1996-2036= 181 million tons of Ci)2 

SO2Reducljon (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from 

PowerPlant In-Home 

Oenartion Generation 

7,249 0 

10538 0 

14,379 0 

15525 0 

13,163 0 

10,831 0 

8-211 0 

5,624 0 

Net 

Change 

% U.S.SO2 

PowuPlant 

-!%issioru

0.06% 

0.12% 

0.17% 

0.18% 

0.17% 

0.16% 

0.14% 

0.12% 

Cumulative SO2nducdon, 1996-2030= 394,176 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

A M hm Abated from 

PowcrPlun In-Home 

Net 

-nee 

%U.S. NOx 

PowerPlant 

Emissions 

0.06% 

0.12% 

0.17% 

0.18% 

0.17% 

0.16% 

0.14% 

0.12% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 353,124 tons 
Table 11 

Reduction of Polluun~s for Room Air Conditioners - kvcl Sir 

C02Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abued from Abated from Nu % U.8. C02 

Yur Power Pluu In-Home Change. Powa Plant 

Emissions 

0.07% 

0.15% 

0.22% 

0.24% 

0.23% 

0.21% 

0.19% 

0.16% 

Cumulative CO2duction 1996-2030= 240 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year PowerPlm In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gtmrrtioa Gemtion Emissions 

1996 9,182 0 9,182 0.07% 

Cumulrtive SO2 dudon, 1996-2030= 520335 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated fmm Abued from Net %U.S. NO% 

Yur PowerFlaat 

Gatmtion 

In-Home 

Generation -ge Powu Plan1 

Emissions 

5,764 0 0.07% 

9,863 0 0.15% 

1 5,08 1 0 0.22% 

17,732 0 0.24% 

16,163 0 0.23% 

14.252 0 0.21% 

1 1,995 0 0.19% 

9,658 0 0.16% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 466,729 tons 
Table 12 

Reduction of Pollulants for Room Air Conditioners - Level Scven 

02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated fmm Abated from % U.S. CO2 

Power Pluu In-Home Powu Plant 

Guruation Generation Emissions 

2,496 0 0.11% 

Cumduive C02 reduction. 1996-2030= 360 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abaled from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plaru In-Home change Power Plm 

Emissipns 

0.11% 

0.23% 

032% 

035% 

033% 

0.32% 

0.29% 

0.26% 

Cumulative SO2 rtduction, 1996-2030 = 777,408 tons 

NOx Reduction (inTons) 

Abued from Ahnted from Net %U.S. NOx 

hwcr Pluu In-Home -ge 	 hwer Plant 

Oeneration Generation 	 Emissions 

8,797 0 	 0.1 1% 

0.23% 

032% 

035% 

0.34% 

0.32% 

0.29% 

0.26% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 697,544 tons 
3.2 WATER HEA7'EP.S 

&&cases in the amounts of CQ, SO2, and NO, emitted at trial stan- levels 1 through . 8 arc summarized in Tables 13 through 20. 

3.2.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 7.12 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 8 sanario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxi& will 

repnscnt about 1.14% of the S4emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, dccmses in SO2 emissions will represent about 2.44% of the SOdemissions 

estimated to come hm power plants in that year. As discussed earlier, the possible reductions 

of SOa emissions caused by standards can be earnd as credits. To the extent credits ue used 

for htm emissions, the standards' net effect on those SQ emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 8 design changes to water heaters would result in an estim~td decrease in NO, 

emissions of 7.1 1 million tons between 1996 and 2030. N0,decnases would represent 1.21% 

and 2.81% of the NO, emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 and 

2030, respectively. 

3.23 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

The cumulative reduction in CO, emissions from level 8 design changes is 41 13 million 

tons of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimatd CQreduction is 33,450 thousand tons of -or 

about 1.46% of estimated U.S. power plant CO, emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated CQreduction is 142,630 khousand tons of C020r about 2.97% of estimated U.S. power 

plant CO, emissions in 2030. 
Table 13 


Reduction of Pollul~nls for Water Healers - Level One 


CO2 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abued from Abated from Net % U.S. 02 

Yur Powerpluu 

Gaterrtion 

In-Home 

Gdon 

-ge PowuPlan1 

Emissions 

86 0 0.m 

252 0 0.01% 

338 139 0.02% 

170 0 0.01% 

85 0 0.00% 

169 55 0.01% 

83 55 0.00% 

166 0 0.m 

CumulrtiveC02 reduction, 1996-2030= 7 million tons of 02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abaccd from Abated from % U.S.SO2 

PowerFbt In-Home Powa Plant 

Emissions 

0.00% 

Cumulrtive SO2reduction. 1996-2030= 16,662 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Atwed from Abated from Nct 4bU.S. NOx 

Yur PowuPllru 

Garurtion 

In-Home 

Gurention 

-ge PowuPlant 

Emissions 

303 0 0.00% 

., 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 14,405 tons 
Ta ble 14 

Reduction of Pollutants for Wrtcr Hcrtcrs - Level Two 

C02 Reduaion (inThousand Tons) 

Year 

1996 

Abated from Abated from 

Power Pluu In-Home 

Guruuion Gcncruion 

689 84 

Net 

Change 

773 

% U.S. C02 

PowaPlant 

Emissions 

0.03% 

Cumulative C02duction, 1996-2030= 59 million tom of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.03% 

0.08% 

0.1096 

0.06% 

0.04% 

0.03% 

0.02% 

0.02% 


CumuluiveSO2reduction. 1996-2030= 145,477 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from 6U.S. NOx 

Powcr~ la-Home hwer Plant 

GMeration Oenemtion Emissions 

2.427 65 0.03% 


4.931 182 

6,404 352 

4,433 287 

2.474 352 

1,568 287 

840 235 

610 UK) 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-2030= 118,434tons 
Table 15 

Redudonof Pollutants for Watu Heaters - Lvel Three 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.02 

FbwPlant In-Home -ge Powu Pluu 

Gemation Oeauui Emissions 

18,077 1.991 0.88% 

44.m 4.286 


70,802 6SOO 


n,m 691 1 


74385 7520 


76,651 781A 


78,634 8,128 


81381 8517 


CumulativeC02 duction, 1Y96-2030= 2,607 million tons of 02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.SO2 

Yur hwer Planl In-Home -ge Powu Plant 

Oarartion Oenention Emissions 

101,482 939 0.80% 

161 486 2,035 

215.169 3.287 


192061 3,130 


156360 3443 


329,550 3.600 


1W28 3,756 


81.306 4,069 

Cumulative SO2 duction, 1996-2030 = 5,381.1 23 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abued from Abuedfrom 4bU.S. NOx 

Yur rnw~plm ~a-nome Fbwu Plant 

Emissions 

0.81% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 4,890,115 tons 
Table 16 

Reduction of Pollutantsfor Water Heaters - Levcl Four 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Ahud from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Powa Plant 

Guwation Gtnention Emissions 2 

2 1,263 2,156 1.02% 

50,139 4.645 2.19% 

76,885 6,775 2.92% 

79,727 7,270 2.70% 

80,732 7850 2.47% 

83313, 8,154 231% 

85,563 8598 2.15% 

88,666 8,986 2.03% 

Cumulative 0 2reduction, 1996-2030= 2837 million tons of 02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abawl from Abated from Net % U.S. so2 

Year PowerPluu' In-Home Change Powa Piant 

Gaawation Generation Emissions 

1 19363 939 0.94% 


Cumulative SO2reduction, 1996-2030= 5,885,240 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abrud from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year PowPIuu In-Home Change Powa Plrnt 

Emissions 

0.95% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 5,337,547 tons 
a . 

Table 17 

Reduction of Fblluwu for Watu Healers - Level Five 

CO2 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abpld from %U.S. C02 

Year Pow Plaru In-Home mwu Plrnl 

hention Ourention Emissions 

21,176 2350 1.03% 

49972 S034 2.19% 

76,631 7,278 2.93% 

79.47 2 7,717 2.71% 

80,562 8,271 2.47% 

83,144 8575 2.31% 

85,479 8964 2.15% 

88.583 9,408 2.04% 

CumulativeCO2 reduction, 1996-2030= 2845 million tons of CO2 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from % U.S. SO2 

PowuPlsnt In-Home mwu Plan1 

Emissions 

0.94% 

Cumulative SO2reduction, l%U)U) r 5,890,278 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Pluu 

Generation 

In-Home 

Generation 

-ge Powa Plmt 

Emissions 

74,624 2,135 0.95% 

Cumulative Nor reduction, 1996.2030 = 5,335,580 tons 
Table 18 

Reduction of Polluwu for Water Heaters - Level Six 

' C02 Reduction (in ?hwsand TOM) 

Abated from Abated from % U.S. COZ 

Power Pluu In-Home Powu Pluu 

Gencxati on . Gemtion Emissions 

28,063 2.21 1 132% 

65,986 4B5 

101,218 5620 

105,906 5,785 

108235 6284 

1 12,067 6588 

115530 6977 

119,960 7,475 

CumulativeCO2reduction, 19962030= 3,662 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year PPwerPlw In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Emissions 

1.24% 

266% 

357% 

333% 

3.04% 

2.88% 

2.68% 

2.59% 

CumulativeS02reduction, 19962030= 7,795,782 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abued from Abated from 8U.S. NOx 

PPwerPluu In-Home 	 Powcr Plrnl 

Guruation Gemtion 	 Emissions 

98892 2018 	 1.25% 

2.69% 

3.61% 

336% 

3.09% 

2.92% 

2.73% 

2.61% 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-2030= 6,9953%4tons 
Table 19 

Reduction of Polluunrs for Wua Heatcrs - kvcl Seven 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tom) 

Year 

1996 

Abated from Abrtod from 

PowrPluu In-Home 

Oa#rcion Gemdon 

28,149 3,175 

Ntt 

Change31324 

% U.S. CO2 

PowuPlant 

Emissions 

137% 

CumulativeCOZ mductios 1996-2030 = 3,747 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Yeu Power Pllnr In-Home Qunge- Power Plrnc 

Oarartion Oureration Emissions 

1996 158,023 1896 159.1 18 1.24% 

CumulativeSO2 reduction, 19962030= 7,823,000 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Ahredfrom Abredfrom Ntt 96U.S. NOx 

Year PomrPlrnt In-Home Change- PowaPlant 

Gauxation bration Emissions 

1996 99,195 2923 102,117 1.26% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 7,085,801 tons 

I 









Table 27 

Reduction of Pollumts for Mobile Home Furnaces - Lcvtl TWO 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power Plant In-Home Power Plant 

Generation . Oureration Emissions 

0 11 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

i Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 1 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Genemion Emissions 

1996 0 0 0.00% 

2000 -30 -16 0.00% 

2005 -51 47 0.00% 

2010 -89 -63 0.00% 

2015 -89 -78 0.00% 

2020 -86 -94 0.00% 

2025 -66 -1 10 0.00% 

2030 -58 -1 10 0.00% 

Cumulative SO2reduction, 1996-2030= 46% tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from 9bU.S. NOx 

Year Powa Plant In-Home Powu Plrnt 

Generation Generation Emissions 

0 10 0.00% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 541 tons 
Table 28 

Reduction of Polluumu for Mobile Home Furnaces - Levcl Three 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Ahtd from . Net % U.S. C02 

Year hwer Plrnt In-Home Change Power Plrnt 

Emissions 

0.00% 

Cumulative C02 reduction. 1996-2030= -2 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

PowerPlant In-Home Change PowerPlant 

Geneation Gurention Emissions 

-97 47 0-OOSCI 

-211 -157 0.m 

-385 -297 -0.01% 

-532 423 0.01% 

-534 -548 0.01% 

470 -626 -0.02% 

-350 -626 -0.02% 

-240 -579 -0.02% 

Curnularive SO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = -28,747 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change PowerPlant 

Emissions 

0.00% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = -6.507 tons 
Table 29 

Reduction of Pollutanu for Mobile Home Furnaces - Lcvcl Four 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02' 

Year Powcr Plant In-Home Change Powcr Plant . 

Genmtion Generatian Emissions 

1996 -34 37 3 0.00% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 19%-2030 = -8 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 ' 

Yerr Powcr Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

1996 -193 -94 -287 0.00% 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 1996.2030= -54,358 tons 

NO1 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abued from Net %U.S. NOx 

Powwpluu In-Home chrngc Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.00% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = -15.78 1 tons 
Table 30 


Reduction of Pollutants for Mobile Home Furnaces - Lvcl Fivc 


C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. c02 

PowerPlant In-Home Chrnge PowerPlant . 

Generation Generation Emissions 

-77 111 0.00% 

-268 293 0.00% 

-558 449 0.00% 

-841 527 4.01% 

-1,075 537 4.01% 

-1,164 420 4.02% 

-1.119 264 4.02% 

-1,035 147 4.02% 

CumulativeC02 reduction. 1996-2030= -1 5 million tons of CO2 

SO2 Reduclion (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change PowerPlant 

haation Generation -

Emissions 

435 -141 0.00% 

-964 -579 4.02% 

-1,695 -1,158 4.03% 

-2,196 -1,737 4.05% 

-2,229 -2,301 4.06% 

-1,967 -2,723 4.07% 

-1,467 -2,848 4.07% 

-1,034 -2,801 4.08% 

CumulativeSO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = -122,401 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from 96U.S. NOx 

Power Plant In-Home PowerPlant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

-273 120- 0.00% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= -33.753 tons 
Table 31 

Rcduction of Pollutanu for Mobile Homc Fumaccs - Lcvcl Six 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power H~N In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

1996 -164 159 -5 0.00% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 49 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Powa Plant In-Home Change Powa Plrnt 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

-918 -297 -0.01% 

-2,138 -1,330 

-3,697 -2,676 

4,768 -3,88 1 

4,856 -5,07 1 

4,162 -6,025 

-3,120 -6,370 

-2,266 -6,479 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 1996-2030 = -269,787 tons 

NOx Reduc tion (in Tons) 

Abaud from Abated from Net %US. NOx 

Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plrnt 

Generation Generation Emissions 

-576 181 0.m 

-1591 487 -0.02% 

-2,975 784 -0.03% 

4,144 992 -0.04% 

4.502 1,081 -0.05% 

4,162 91 5 -0.05% 

-3.41 9 673 -0.04% 

-2.786 454 -0.04% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = -87,340 tons 
3.5 RANGES AND OVENS 

Decnases in the amounts of CO,, SO2, and NO, an presented for cooktops, conventional 

ovens and microwave ovens. Trial standards levels 1 through 5 for cooktops are summarid in 

Tables 32 through 36, trial standards levels 1 through 5 for conventional ovens arc summarized 

in Tables 37 through 41, and trial standards levels 1 through 5 for microwave ovens art 

summariztd in Tables 42 through 46. 

3.5.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 0.09 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 5 scenario. I;! the year 1996, decrtases in sulfur dioxide will 

represent about 0.01% of the SO2 emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, decreases in SO2 emissions will represent about 0.04% of the SO, emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed earlier, the possible reductions 

of SO2 emissions caused by standards can be earned as credits. To the extent credits are used 

for future emissions, the standardss net effect on those SO2 emissions would bc only a 

postponement. 

Level 5 design changes to cooktops would result in an estimated demase in NO, 

emissions of 0.21 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, decreases would represent 0.02% 

and 0.1 1% of the NO, emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 and 

2030, respectively. 

Conventional Ovens 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 0.40 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 5 scenario. In the year 1996, decnascs in sulfurdioxidc will , represent about 0.04% of the SO2 emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, decreases in SO2 emissions will represent about 0.15% of the SO, emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed above, the possible reductions 

of SO, emissions caused by standards can bc earned as credits. To the extent credits are used 

.for future emissions, the standards' net effect on those SO2 emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 5 design changes to conventional ovens would result in an estimated chease in 

NO, emissions of 0.45 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, decreases would repsent 

0.05% and 0.19% of the NO, emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 

and 2030, resptctively. 

. 

. , 
Microwave Ovens 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 0.19 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 5 scenario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxide will 

represent about 0.05% of the SO2 emissions estimated to come from power pl~?ts in that year. 

In the year 2030, dcmases in SO2 emissions will repnstnt about 0.02% of the SO, emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed above, the possible reductions 

of SO2 emissions caused by standards can be eamed as cndits. To the extent dts an used 

for fum emissions, the standards' net effect on those SO, emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 5 design changes to microwave ovens would result in an estimated decrease in NO, 

emissions of 0.16 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, &creases would represent 0.05% 

and 0.02% of the NO, emissions estimated to come tbm power plants in the years 1996 and 

2030, respectively. 

3.5.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

Cookiops 

The cumulative reduction in (Qemissions from level 5 design changes is 172 million 

tons of CQ. For the year 1996, the estimated O2reduction is 1028 thousand tons of CQ or . about 0.04% of estimated U.S. power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated C0,reduction is 6139 thousand tons of C020r about 0.13% of estimated U.S. power 

plant CO,emissions in 2030. 

Conventional Ovens 

The cumulative reduction in CQemissions from level 5 &sign changes is 280 million 

tons of C02. For the year 1996, the estimated CO,reduction is 1442 thousand tons of CQor 

about 0.06% of estimated U.S. power plant C02emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated C02reduction is 9897 thousand tons of C020r about 0.21% of estimated U.S. power 

plant CO,emissions in 2030. 

Microwave Ovens 

The cumulative duction in CQemissions hm level 5 design changes is 71 million tons 

of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimated C0,reduction is 1085 thousand tons of CO,or about . 

0.05% of estimated U.S. power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, thc estimated 

CQreduction is 1076 thousand tons of C020r about 0.02% of estimated U.S. power plant CO, 

emissions in 2030. 
Table 32 

Reduction of Pollumts for Cooktops - Lcvcl Onc 

' C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Nct % U.S.C02 

Year Power P~N In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gururtion Generation Emissions 

0 55 	 0.00% 

CumulativeCO2reduction. 1996-2DU)= 1 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plm In-Home Change Power Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

0 0 0 0.00% 

0 0.00% 

0 0.00% 

0 0.m 

0 0.00% 

0 0.00% 

0 0.00% 

0 0.00% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 19962030= 265 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %US. NOx 

Year Power Pluu In-Home change mwu Plant 

Oenention Generation Emissions 

0 53 	 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.0090 

0.0090 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 997 tons 
Table 33 

Reduction or Pollutants lor Cooktops - Level Two 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abed from Net % U.S.c02 

Yur Pow Plant In-Home Change Powu Plarrt 

Gareruion Guruuion 

86 715 

168 1,760 

338 3D80 

510 4.290 

SU 4,675 

422 4675 

417 4675 

580 4565 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 19962030= 144 million tons of C02 

SO2 3eduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from Na 90i.3.SO2 

Ymr Power PlaN In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Garention Gururtion Emissions 

1996 483 0 483 0.0% 

CumulativeSO2 reduction. 1%2030 = 29.529 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abued from Net %US.NOx 

Yur PbwuPluu In-Home Chrnge Powa Plrnt 

Emissions 

0.01% 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-2030= 151.231 tons 
Table 31 

Reduction of Polluwls for Cooktops - kvel Three 

C02Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from % U.S.c02 

Year Power Plant In-Home Powa Plrnt 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

0 880 0.04% 


Cumulative 0 2reduction, 1996-2030= 150million tom of 02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abaid from Nel % U.S.SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change hwa Plant 

Guruation Generation Emissions 

1996 0 0 0 0.m 

CumulativeSO2 reduction, 1996-2030= 17264 tons 

N9x Reduction (in Tons) 

Ahred from Abatd from Net %U.S. NOx 

Yur Pbwer Plant In-Home Chur~t PbwaPlmt 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 150,971 tons 
Table 35 

Reduction of Pollutants for Coohops - Lcvcl Four 

CO2 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative0 2reduction, 1996-2030 = 193 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated fmm Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gamation Generation Emissions 

2,416 0 0.02% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 199&2030 = 156,128 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Year 

Abated from Abucd fmm 

PbwuPk k-Home 

%U.S. NOx 

Power Plrnt 

Emissions 

0.03% 

CumulativeNOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 254,836 tons 
Table 36 

Reduction of Polluwrs for Cooktops - hvcl Fivc 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Power Pluu In-Home Chrnge Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

258 770 0.04% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030 = 172 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gcamtion Generation Emissions 

1996 1,450 0 0.01% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = 92,421 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tom) 

Abued from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Pow Plw 

Ouraation 

In-Home 

Gemration 

kge Powa Plant 

Emissions 

910 735 0.02% 

1,733 

2,479 

3,277 4D43 

3,134 4305 

2,708 4305 

2,279 4305 

2,135 4,200 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 206,040 ions 
Table 37 

Reduction of Polluunts for Overis - bvel Onc 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plan1 

Generation Oeneration 

86 110 


335 275 


676 550 


850 no 


846 880 


843 825 


668 770 


745 715 


Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 46 million tons of CO2 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year . hwPlant In-Home =we Powa Plant 

Geaauion Generation Emissions 

1996 433 0 0.00% 

2000 1.204 0 0.01% 

2005 2054 0 0.02% 

2010 2218 0 0.03% 

2015 1.779 0 0.02% 

2020 1,425 0 0.02% 

2025 876 0 0.02% 

2030 744' 0 0.02% 

Cumul8Iive SO2reduction, 199C2030= 51,111 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abusd from Abated from %U.S. NOx 

hwPlant In-Home hwa Plrnt 

Oawation Generation Emissions 

303 105 0.01% 

Cumulative NOx duc,tion, 1996-2030= 67,149 tons 
Table 38 

Reduction of Polluunts for Ovens - Levcl Two 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abrlcd from Abated from Net % U.S. 02 

Yuu Power Pluu In-Home change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

172 275 0.02% 


Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 93 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Yuu Power Pluu 

hation 

In-Home 

Oeoention 

-ge Powu Plant 

Emissions 

966 0 0.01% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 1996-2030= 91,860tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abucd from Abated from Na 9bU.S. NOx 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change mwu Plant 

Emissions 

0.01% 

0.03% 

0.06% 

0.07% 

0.07% 

0.06% 

0.06% 

0.05% 


Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 130,408tons 
Table 39 

Reduction of Pollutants for Ovcns - hvel Three 

C02Reduction (in nousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.02 

Year Power Rant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Garartion Generation Emissions 

430 385 0.04% 

0.08% 

0.14% 

0.17% 

0.17% 

0.15% 

0.13% 

0.12% 

Cumulative C02reduction, 1996-2030= 165 million tons of 02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Powu Plan1 

-ation Generadon Emissions 

2,416 0 0.02% 


Cumulative SO2reduction, 199C2030= 201,949 tons 

NOx Reduction(in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net 96U.S.NOx 

Year Pbwer Plant In-Home -Be Powa Plant 

Emissions 

0.02% 

Cumulative NOx rtduction, 1996-2030= 249364 tons 
Table 40 

Reduction of Polluolnls for Ovens - Level Four 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abalcd from Abated from Net % U.S. c02 

Power Plaru In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Generation Generadon Emissions 

516 440 0.04% 

Cumulative C02 reduction. 1996-2030 = 187 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 


Power Plant In-Home Change Powu Plant 


Generation Generation 

2.899 0 

5,119 0 

8,2 16 0 

9,980 0 

8,716 0 

6,841 0 

5,255 0 

4,053 0 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 19962030 = 238528 tons 

NOx Rcduc tion (in Tons) 

Abalcd from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Plant 

Gureration 

In-Home 

Generation kge Power Plant 

Emissions 

1,820 420 0.03% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 287.223 tons 
Table 41 

Reduclion of Pollutants for Ovens - Lcvcl Five 

C02Reduction (inThousand Tons) 

Abated from Abed from Net 5% U.S. C02 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Powa Plant 

Generation OenMtion Emissions 

947 495 0.06% 

2,432 1.210 

4.478 W!JO 

6375 2915 

6,939 3.190 

6.999 3,135 

6.928 3W 

7,037 2360 

' Cumulative C02reduction, 19%-2030 = 280 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abrtcd from Net % U.S. SO2 

Power Pluu In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 19962030 = 404,878tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abud from Net %U.S. NOx 

mwer Pluu In-Home Change mwu Plant 

Geaualion Generation Emissions 

3337 473 0.05% 

Cumulative NOx Feduction. 1996-2030= 45 1,360 tons 
Table 42 


Reduction of Polluuvlu for Microwave Ovens - Lcvcl Onc 


C02 Reduc~ion (in Thousand Tons) 

Year 

Abated fmm Abtd fmm 

Power Placu In-Home 

Generation Genention 

723 0 

% U.S. C02 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.03% 

Cumulative02 reduction, 19%-2030 = 39 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plm In-Homc Change Power Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

4,059 0 0.03% 

CumulativeSO2 duction, 1996-2030 = 1 1 8,044 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abaltd from Abated fmm Net %U.S. NOx 

kwer Plan! In-Home Change Powa Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

2,548 0 0.03% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 94.479 tons 
Table 43 

Reduction of Pollutants for Microwave Ovens Level Two 

CO2 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Year 

Abaud Imm Abated from 

Power Plant In-Home 

Generation Generation- 844 0 

1.845 0 

2,737 0 

1643 0 

1,252 0 

295 0 

284 0 

290 0 

Net 

Change 

% U.S.c02 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

CumulativeC02reduction, 19%-2030 = 48 million tons of 02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

. Year 

Abued fmm Abated from 

Power Plm In-Home 

Qauration Generation 

4,736 0 

6.624 0 

8319 0 

6,897 0 

L633 0 

499 0 

372 ' 0 

289 0 

Net 

Change 

%U.S.so2 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

CumulativeS02reduction, 19962030= 138308 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Year 

AbYed from Abued from 

PowuPlant In-Home 

Ciamation Generation 

2,973 0 

Net 

change 

%U.S.NOx 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

CumulativeNOx nduction, ,996-2030= 112.216 tons 
Table 41 


Reduction of Pollulants for Microwave Ovens - Lcvcl Thrcc 


C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) ' 

Abard from Abated from NCI 46 U.S. C02 

Year Power Plant In-H .me Change Power Plant 

Guruation .Gencm:ion Emissions 

938 0 0.04% 

LO12 0 

2,957 0 

2,873 0 

1,498 0 

548 0 


93 0 


563 0 


CumulativeC02 reduction, 1996-2030 = 56 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plm In-Home Change Powu Plant 

hation Generation Emissions 

5,267 0 0.04% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = 156,181 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gumation Generation Emissions 

3306 0 0.04% 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-2030 = 127,936 tons 
Table 45 


Reduction of Polluianui lor Microwave Ovcns - bvcl Four 


C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abaced from Abated from Net % U.S. c02 

Year Power Plaru In-Home Change Power Plant 

Guruation Generation Emissions 

1,024 0 0.04% 

CumulativeC02reducuon, 1996-2030= 65 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Gauxation Generation Emissions 

5,751 0 0.04% 

7,919 0 

9,834 0 

8.272 0 

3,789 0 

1,468 0 

1,139 0 

893 0 

Cumulative SO2rduction. 19962030= 1 77,609tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net 9bU.S. NOx 

Year Power Plaru In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

3.61 0 0 0.0470 


Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 146.928 tons 
Table 46 

Reduction of Pollutan~ for Microwavc Ovcns - Lcvcl Five 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from Net % U.S. c02 

Year Power Hm In-Home Change Power Plan1 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 71 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plm In-Home Power Plant 

Guruation Generation Emissions 

6.089 0 0.05% 

Cumulative S02 reduction, 19962030 = 189,945 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Plm In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

3,822 0 0.05% 

Cumulative NOx reduction. 1996-2030 = 157,793 tons 
3.6 POO'&HEATERS 

~ec&asesin the amounts of CQ, SO2, and NO, emitted at trial standards levels 1 through , 

4 for gas pool heaters arc summarized in Tables 47 through 50. 

3.6.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be dccmsed by a cumulative totalof 0.00 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 4 rxnario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxide will 

represent about 0.00% of the SQ emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, decreases in SQ emissions will represent about 0.00% of the SQ emissions 

estimated to come fim power plants in that year. 

Level 4 &sign changes to pool heaters would nsult in an estimated denease in NO, 

emissions of 0.04 million tons between 1996 and 2030. N0,dcneascs would -sent 0.003% 

and 0.03% of the NO, emissions estimated to cornt; from power plants in the years 1996 and 

2030, nspecti vely . 

3.6.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

The cumulative reduction in CO,emissions from level 4 design changes is 43 million tons 

of CQ. For the year 1996, the estimated CO, reduction is 270 thousand tons of C02or about '

0.01% of estimattd U.S.power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the estimated 

~nductionis 1744 thousand tons of CQor about 0.04% of estimated U.S. power plant COz 

emissions in 2030. 
Table 47 

Reduction or Pollutanu for Pool Heaters - Level One 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abaud from Abated from Net % U.S.c02 

Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

0 110 0.00% 

0.01% 

0.01% 

0.01 % 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.m 

0.00% 

Cumulative CQ2 reduction, 1996-2030 = 4 million tons of CO2 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.so2 

Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.00% 

Cumulative SO2 redudon, 1996-2030 = , 0 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abrred from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Rower Plant In-Home Rower Plant 

Gaxxation Generation Emissions 

0 105 0.00% 

Cumulrtive NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 3864 tons 
Table 48 

Reduction of Polluunu for Pool Healers - Levd Two 

C02Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abued from Abaled from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Pomr Plmt In-Home Powu Plmt 

Emissions 

0.01% 

CumulativeC02 reduction, 1996-2030 12 million tons of CO2 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Qunge Powu Plan1 

Oureration Generation Emissions 

0 0 0.00% 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 1996-2030= 0 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abutd from Abued from Na 9bU.S.NOx 

Year Power PIuu In-Home Qunm- Powu Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

0 142 142 0.m 

Cumulative NOx reduction. 1996-2030= 11,870 tons 
Table 49 

Reduction of Pollu~ants for Pool Healcn - Level Three 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abred from Abated from Net % U.S. 02 

Power Plrnt In-Home Change Power Pluu 

Ocnention Generation Emissions 

0 226 0.0 1% 

0.02% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

Cumulative CO2 reduction. 1996-2030= 32 million tons of 02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Ahled from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Yur Powa Plant In-Home Chmgc: Power Plrnt 

Oareration Generation --- Emissions 

0 0 0 0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

0.00% 

CumulativeSO2reduction, 1996-2030 = 0 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Alulbd from Abated from %U.S. NOx 

Yur Power Pluu In-Home Powa Plant 

hation Generation Emissions 

0 215 0.00% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 30.508 tons 
Table 50 

Reduction of Polluunu for Pool Heatcn - Lvel Four 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Year 

1996 

Abated from Abubd from 

PowerPluu In-Home 

Oeaurtion Chamtion 

0 270 

Net 

Change 

270 

% U.S. C02 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.01% 

CumulativeC02 reduction, 1996-2030= 43 million tons of C02 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change Power Plant 

Geamtion Generation Emissions 

1996 0 0 0 0.00% 

CumuluiveSO2reduction, 1996.2030 = 0 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %US. NOx 

Year Power Pluu Io-Home Change Power Plant 

Gareration Generation Emissions 

0 257 257 0.00% 

CurnulaliveNOx rduction. 1996-2030= 4 1,I 76 tons 
3.7 FLUORESCENT BALLASTS 

Decreases in the amounts of CO,,SO,, and NO, are presented for two baseline cases: a low 

demand side management @SM) case and a high DSM case. Demand side management 

programs are offered by utilities for the purpose of reducing end-use energy demand. Trial 

standards levels 1 through 3 for the low DSM casc an summarized in Tables 51 through 53 

while ha1 standards levels 1 through 3 for the high DSM casc an summarized in Tables 54 

through 56. For an explanation of the differences in the two cases, please refer to the appropriate 

sections and appendices in the Technical Support Document. 

3.7.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Low DSM Case 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 2.99 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 3 scenario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxide will 

represent about 0.06% of the S0,emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, decreases in SQ emissions will represent about 1.18% of the SQcmissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed earlier, the possible ductions 

of SO, emissions caused by standards can be earned as credits. To the extent dts are used 

for future emissions, the standards' net effect on those SO2 emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 3 design changes to fluorescent ballasts would result in an estimated deneast in 

NO, emissions of 2.74 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, decreases would repsent 

0.06% and 1.18% of the N0,emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 

and 2030, respectively. 

High DSM Case 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be decreased by a cumulative total of 0.72 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 3 scenario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxide will 

npresent about 0.06% of the S02emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the year 2030, decreases in SO2 emissions will represent about 0.28% of the S0,emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed above, the possible reductions 

of SO2 emissions caused by standards can be earned as credits. To the extent crtdits are used 

for fum emissions, the standards' net effect on those SO, emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 3 design changes to fluorescent ballasts would result in an estimated decrease in 

NO, emissions of 0.65 million tons between 1996 and 2030. NO, decreases would repnsent 

0.06% and 0.27% of the N0,emissions estimatd to come from power plants in the years 1996 

and 2030, respectively. 
3.7.2 Carbon ~ioxideEmissions 

Low DSM Case 

The cumulative reduction in CO,emissions from level 3 design changes is 1450 million 

tons of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimated CO, rleduction is 1325 thousand tons of CQor 

about 0.06% of estimated U.S. power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated CO,reduction is 56,050 thousand tons of CO,or about 1.17% of estimated U.S. power 

plant C Q emissions in 2030. 

High DSM Case 

The cumulative reduction in CO,emissions from level 3 &sign changes is 338 million 

tons of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimated CO,nduction is 1419 thousand tons of CQor 

about 0.06% of estimated U.S. power plant CO,emissions in 1996. For the year 2030, the 

estimated CO, reduction is 12,957 thousand tons of CO,or about 0.27% of estimated U.S.power 

plant 0,emissions in 2030. 
Table 51 

Reduction of Pollulmls for Fluorescent BdIasls (LOW DSM Case) - kvel One 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.C02 

Year Power Plm In-Home Chrnge Power Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

990 -41 0.04% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 1.174 million tons of CO2 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.SO2 

Yur Power PI- in-Home Chrnge PowerPlant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

5,557 -1 6 0.04% 

Cumulative SO2 nduction, 19962030= 2417.491 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abrued frorn Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Pluu In-Home Change PowaPlant 

Generation Emissions 

-38 0.04% 

Cumulative NOx nduction, 1996-2030 = 2.21 8.305 tons 
Table 52 

Reduction of ?ol!ulants for Fluorescent Ballasts (Low DSM Casc) - Levcl Two 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abatcd from Net % U.S. 02 

Power Plaru In-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 19%-2030 = 1358 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plaru In-Home CRangc Powu Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

0.54% 

1.02% 

1.37% 

1.38% 

1.35% 

1.28% 

1.10% 

CumulativeS02 reduction, 19962030= 2,797,165 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abatod from Abued from Net %US. NOx 

Year Power Plaru In-Home Change Power Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

4,186 -55 0.05% 

36.346 -529 

7 1,749 -1,073 

100,628 -1,550 

98.056 -1,673 

91,127 -1,693 

82,352 -1,723 

65,708 -1 373 

Cumulative NOx reduction. 1996-2030 = 2.566.401 tons 
Table 53 

Reduction of Pollutants for Fluorescent Ballasts (Low DSM Case) - Level Three 

C02 Reduciion (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated frorn Nel % U.S. 02 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Guruation Generation Emissions 

1,386 -61 0.06% 

036% 

1 .05% 

1.41% 

1.44% 

1.a% 

1.35% 

1.17% 

CumulativeCOZ reduction, 1996-2030 = 1,450 million tons of 02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. so2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Chsnge Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

7,780 -31 0.06% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = 2,985,814 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Power Plant 

Generation 

In-Home 

Generation 

change Power Plant 

Emissions 

4,884 -55 0.06% 

Cumulative NOx reduction. 1996-2030 = 2.739.383 tons 
Table 54 

Reduction of hl~uldnts for Huoresceru Ballasu (High DSM Case) - Level One 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abad from Abated from Ner 

Year Pbwer Plant In-Home Change 

% U.S.C02 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 250 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S.SO2 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative SO2 reduction 1996-2030 = 536,129 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

A M from Abated from 


PbwcrPluu In-Home 


Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 = 

Net 

-ge 

(tons) 

3,794 

8,381 

14,518 

18,777 

17,161 

15,446 

13,385 

11,921 

%U.S.Nox 

Powa Plant 


Emissions 


0.05% 


0.13% 


0.21% 


0.26% 


0.25% 


0.23% 


0.21% 


0.20% 


483,s 17 tons 
Table 55 

Reduction of Pollulanls for Fluoresccru Ballasts (High DSM Case) - Lcvel Two 

C02 Reduction (in.Thwsand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. c02 

Power Pluu Ln-Home Change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.05% 

Cumulative C02 reduction. 1996-2030 = 307 million tons of 02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abatd from Net 46 U.S. SO2 

Power Plant In-Home Change Powu Plan1 

Generation Generation Emissions 

7,225 -31 0.06% 

14,197 -78 

22,441 -125 

26,780 -172 

23,116 -157 

19,340 -141 

15,360 -141 

12,080 -63 

Cumulative SO2 reduction, 1996-2030 = 657,463tons ' 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abucd from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

PowerPlan~ In-Home kge hwu Plant 

Emissions 

0.06% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030 2 593,047 tons 
Table 56 

Reduction of Pollulanls for Fluortsceru Ballau (High DSM Case) - Level Three 

C02 Reduciion (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abiued from Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Genuation Generation Emissions 

1996 1,485 46 1,419 0.06% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 19%-2030 = 338 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Powerplant In-Home Change PowuPlant 

Gureration Generation Emissions 

1996 8336 -3 1 8,305 0.06% 

Cumulative S02 reduction, 1996-2030 = 723,969 tons 

NO% Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NO% 

Fower Plant In-Home Change Power Plant 

Otnaation Generation Emissions 

5,233 -60 0.06% 

Cumulative NOx nduction, 1996-2030 = 652.995 tons 
3.8 TELEVISIONS 

Decreases in the amounts of CO,, SO,, and NO, emitted at trial standards levels 1 through 

3 arc summarized in Tables 57 through 59. 

3.8.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 

Sulfur dioxide emissions would be dtcnased by a cumulative total of 0.60 million tons 

between 1996 and 2030 in the level 3 scenario. In the year 1996, decreases in sulfur dioxide will 

represent about 0.08% of the S 4emissions estimated to come from power plants in that year. 

In the ycar 2030, decreases in SQ emissions will repxtscnt about 0.16% of the SQ emissions 

estimated to come from power plants in that year. As discussed earlier, the possible reductions 

ofSO, emissions caused by standards can be earned as dts. To the extent credits an used 

for future emissions, the standards' net effect on those S4 emissions would be only a 

postponement. 

Level 3 design changes to televisions would result in an estimated decrease in NO, 

emissions of 0.53 million tons between 1996 and 2030. N0,decxtases would represent 0.08% 

and 0.16% of the NO, emissions estimated to come from power plants in the years 1996 and 

2030, respectively. 

3.8.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 

The cumulative reduction in CO,emissions from level 3 design changes is 263 million 

tons of CO,. For the year 1996, the estimated CO,nduction is 1902 thousand tons of CQm 

about 0.08% of estimated U.S.power plant CO, emissions in 1996. For the ycar 2030, the 

estimated CO, reduction is 7774 thousand tons of Color about 0.16% of estimated U.S.power 

plant CQemissions in 2030. 
Table 57 

Reduction of Pollulants for Televisions - Level One 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Year 

1996 

Abated from Abated from 

PomrPluu Lo-Home 

Generation Gcncntion 

542 0 

Net 

Change 

542 

% U.S. C02 

Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.02% 

CumulativeC02 reduction, 1996-2030= 43 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated fi#~mAbar d f~om Net % U.S. SO2 

Year hwer Plm In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Generation Genendon Emissions 

3.044 0 3.044 0.02% 

Cumulauve SO2 reduction. 1996-2030= 120,177 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Year Power Pluu &-Home Change hwtr Plrnt 

Gauxation Guwfition (tons) Emissions 

1996 1,911 0 1,911 0.02% 

Cumulative NOx duction, 1996-7B30= 99,42R mns 
Table 58 

Reduction of Pollutants for Televisions - Lcvel Two 

C02 Reduction.(in Thousand Tons) * 

Abated from Abated fm.n Net % U.S. C02 

Year Power Plant &-Home Change Powet Plant 

haation Genemticm Emissions 

981 0 0.04% 


Cumulative 0 2reduction. 19%-2030 = 108 million tons of CO2 

SO2Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. SO2 

Year Power Plaru In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

5509 0 0.04% 

Cumulative SO2reduction, 1996-2030= 261,149 tons 

NOx Reduction (inTons) 

Abattd from Abated from Net %U.S. NOx 

Power Pluu In-Home change Power Plant 

Emissions 

0.04% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 225.217 tons 
Table 59 

Rcduction of Pollu~ants for Televisions - Level Three 

C02 Reduction (in Thousand Tons) 

Abated from Abated from Net % U.S. C02 

Yw Power Pluu In-Home Change Powu Plant 

Generation Emissions 

1,902 1,902 0.08% 

5,115 0.20% 

8364 0.29% 

9,052 0.28% 

8,987 0.2% 

8,146 0.21% 

7555 0.17% 

7,774 0.16% 

Cumulative C02 reduction, 1996-2030= 263 million tons of C02 

SO2 Reduction (in Tons) 

Abad from Abued from Nel % U.S. SO2 

Yw Power Plm In-Home Change Power Plant 

Generation Generation Emissions 

10,680 0 0.08% 

Cum~~lativeS02reduction, 1996-2030= 599.1 66 tons 

NOx Reduction (in Tons) 

Abated from Abated fmm Net %U.S.NOx 

Yw Power Plant In-Home Change PowuPlant 

Generation bration (tons) Emissions 

1996 6.704 0 6,704 0.08% 

Cumulative NOx reduction, 1996-2030= 527.742 tons 
4 REFERENCES 

o Upon phone conversations with David Streets at Argonne National Laboratory 

(February 1992), it was determined that the carbon emissions data provided in the 

report accompanying the 1991 NES were mistakenly reported as tons of carbon 

emitted. David Streets was one of the authors at Argonne who contributed to the 

1991 NES report. 

1. 	 National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, (NAECA). 1987. Public Law 100-12. 

2. 	 1991. Improving Technology: Modeling Energy Futures for National Energy Strategy. 

Service Report to the 1991 National Energy Strategy, SR/NES190-01. 

3. 	 J. Koomey. 1990. Comparative Analysis of Monetary Estimates of External Environmental 

Costs Associated with Combustion of Fossil Fuels. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 

Berkeley CA, LBL-28313, July, 1990.