1 October 1996

Joint Pub 6-02

Joint Doctrine

for Employment of

Operational/Tactical Command,

Control, Communications, and

Computer Systems
PREFACE

i

1. Scope

This publication provides command,

control, communications, and computer (C4)

systems doctrinal guidance across the range

of military operations for those who:

a. Plan C4 systems support for joint

operations;

b. Employ C4 systems in support of joint

operations;

c. Provide operational and technical

direction to C4 systems; and

d. Plan, manage, and employ C4 systems

normally unique to Service or non-US forces

as part of joint operations.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared under

the direction of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to govern

the joint activities and performance of the

Armed Forces of the United States in joint

operations and provides the doctrinal basis for

US military involvement in multinational and

interagency operations. It provides military

guidance for the exercise of authority by

combatant commanders and other joint

force commanders and prescribes doctrine for

joint operations and training. It provides

military guidance for use by the Armed Forces

in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not

the intent of this publication to restrict the

authority of the joint force commander (JFC)

from organizing the force and executing the

mission in a manner the JFC deems most

appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the

accomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established in

this publication apply to the commanders

of combatant commands, subunified

commands, joint task forces, and subordinate

components of these commands. These

principles and guidance also may apply when

significant forces of one Service are attached

to forces of another Service or when

significant forces of one Service support

forces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication is

authoritative; as such, this doctrine (or JTTP)

will be followed except when, in the judgment

of the commander, exceptional circumstances

dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between

the contents of this publication and the

contents of Service publications, this

publication will take precedence for the

activities of joint forces unless the Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in

coordination with the other members of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more

current and specific guidance. Commanders

of forces operating as part of a multinational

(alliance or coalition) military command

should follow multinational doctrine and

procedures ratified by the United States. For

doctrine and procedures not ratified by the

United States, commanders should evaluate

and follow the multinational command’s

doctrine and procedures, where applicable.

DENNIS C. BLAIR

Vice Admiral, US Navy

Director, Joint Staff

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:
ii

Preface

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................. v

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

• Purpose ..................................................................................................................... I-1

• General ..................................................................................................................... I-1

• Joint Force C4 ........................................................................................................... I-1

• Joint Force Planning Factors and Structure Implications for C4 Planning .................. I-2

CHAPTER II

JOINT C4 PRINCIPLES, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT

• Purpose .................................................................................................................... II-1

• General .................................................................................................................... II-1

• Commander’s Joint Force C4 Requirements............................................................. II-1

• Planning Factors for the JFC and C4 Planners .......................................................... II-2

• C4 Planning ............................................................................................................. II-7

• C4 Management ..................................................................................................... II-11

CHAPTER III

JOINT TASK FORCE C4 EMPLOYMENT AND MODULAR C4 PACKAGING

• Purpose .................................................................................................................. III-1

• General .................................................................................................................. III-1

• Predeployment ....................................................................................................... III-1

• Deployment ........................................................................................................... III-1

• Employment .......................................................................................................... III-2

• Sustainment ........................................................................................................... III-2

• Redeployment ........................................................................................................ III-3

• Summary ............................................................................................................... III-3

CHAPTER IV

C4 SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT

• Purpose .................................................................................................................. IV-1

• General .................................................................................................................. IV-1

• Defense-Wide and Joint C4 Systems ...................................................................... IV-1

• Service C4 Systems................................................................................................ IV-7

• The Joint Staff ...................................................................................................... IV-11
iv

Table of Contents

Joint Pub 6-02

APPENDIX

A C4 Planning Considerations .............................................................................. A-1

B References ......................................................................................................... B-1

C Administrative Instructions ................................................................................ C-1

GLOSSARY

Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................... GL-1

Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Command Transactions ................................................................................. I-2

I-2 Information and Resource Transactions ......................................................... I-3

I-3 Targeting Transactions................................................................................... I-4

II-1 Defensive Information Warfare Target Set .................................................... II-4

II-2 Defensive Information Warfare Implementation Process............................... II-5

II-3 Information Warfare ..................................................................................... II-6

II-4 Joint Communications Control Center ........................................................ II-12

IV-1 Military Satellite Communications Architecture ......................................... IV-4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

•

•

•

•

v

Discusses the Impact of Joint Force Commander’s Decisions

on Command, Control, Communications and Computer (C4)

Systems

Provides Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

Considerations

Considers Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4

Packaging

Discusses Major Related C4 Systems and Support

As driven by the mission, the foundations of the command,

control, communications, and computer (C4) systems are

laid by the command and control (C2) organization of

forces assigned to the joint force commander (JFC).

Specific command relationships and the organization of units,

staffs, and battlespace drive the interconnecting

communications methods and means. C4 systems must support

this C2 organization in a complementary fashion and C4

systems must provide for the uninterrupted flow of information

to and from commanders at all levels. Based on the C2

structure, C4 planners will determine the systems that

provide the most effective vertical and lateral information

exchange connectivity. These determinations provide the basic

structure for the information exchange of the joint force. C4

planners will choose from the available resources those

combinations which can be tailored to meet the mission support

requirements. Typically, the combined system will provide

voice, data, facsimile and video communications seamlessly

and securely in an operator-friendly network. The joint force

C4 systems will allow force commanders to “pull”

information from existing theater and national-level

information services. The warfighter’s information “pull”

coupled with the “smart push” of information by higher levels

will provide the joint force commanders with an accurate and

complete picture of their battlespace.

Command, control,

communication and

computer (C4) systems

support the joint force

commander (JFC) and

subordinate commands by

providing the continuous

automated flow and

processing of information.

Introduction
vi

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-02

The C4 needs and capabilities of a small joint force with a

limited humanitarian mission are vastly different from those

of a combatant commander with continuing missions.

Additionally, the different phases of a joint operation necessitate

different and distinct levels of C4 assets and employment. C4

planners also must have a comprehensive knowledge of

the joint force structure and relationships. The type of

command relationships will dictate different information

exchange needs. C4 planning must be an integral part of

the joint force command planning. Reliable C4 is not

planned in a vacuum; it has to be accomplished within the

framework of established planning processes. C4 planners

must understand, expect, anticipate, and be prepared to

deal with change. The size, composition, and deployment of

the joint force will vary as the level or form of operations

escalate or decline in scope and intensity. C4 planners should

clearly understand the capabilities and limitations of all

potentially available strategic, operational, and tactical C4

systems and equipment, whether they are organic to Services

and agencies, belong to non-US forces, are commercial, or are

provided by a host nation.

The joint warfighter’s C4 system must be flexible,

interoperable, responsive, mobile, disciplined, survivable,

and sustainable. These principles provide the foundation on

which the C4 planners build their systems and are applied

during deliberate or crisis action planning. The joint force C4

system provides the JFC the ability to control the flow and

processing of information. It supports the JFC’s decision

making and provides the JFC with the capability to

influence the action during joint operations. The mission,

the JFC’s intent, and the resulting concept of operations

drive the joint force organization.

The JFC requires the capability to obtain information from

any location, at any time, and for any mission. The JFC

and other warfighters must not be overwhelmed with

voluminous amounts of information. They must have the

capability to request and pull the information desired.

C4 planners must

understand the JFC

mission, intent, and

concept of operations.

The primary task of C4

systems is to ensure the

continuous and automated

flow and processing of

information.

Joint Force Planning Factors and Structure

Implications for C4 Planning

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management
vii

Executive Summary

Reviewing the plan for consistency with the C4 principles

as stated in Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control,

Communications and Computers (C4) Systems Support to Joint

Operations,” is a useful first step. The JFC should determine

if the C4 plans rest solidly on these principles and its ability to

support the unit and mission. Other factors to consider in

evaluating a C4 plan are: incremental building, modular C4

packaging, C4 interoperability, standardization, accommodating

change, use of commercial capabilities, spectrum management,

addressal of the level of training of operators of C4 systems,

information protection, discipline, and timeliness.

Planning must proceed at various levels. The JFC’s C4 planners

perform high-level planning to develop comprehensive C4

estimates. The JFC’s C4 detailed planning focuses on

designing and engineering at the systems level; for example,

radio transmission and message switching. The activation of

C4 links and networks occurs when an operation order is

executed. During the execution phase of an operation, C4

planners must consider the next phase of the JFC’s

operational concept and plan for its support. Certain

operational considerations impose limitations on the use of

selected C4 systems, including connectivity, range, and

environment.

C4 management allows the planners to maintain an accurate

and detailed status of the C4 network down to the modular

level. C4 management combines centralized control with

decentralized execution and provides effective and efficient

C4 support for the JFC’s informational requirements.

Management organizations include Command, Control,

Communications, and Computer Systems Division (J-6)

as well as the Joint Communications Control Center

(JCCC) and Services and Component Management. The

J-6 assists the commander in carrying out supervisory

responsibilities for communications, electronics, and

automated information systems. The J-6 is responsible

to the JFC for fulfilling the staff functions on all C4 matters.

The J-6 establishes a JCCC to manage all communications

systems deployed during joint operations and exercises.

Components and subordinate joint commanders establish C4

control centers to serve as their single point of contact and

responsibility for joint C4 matters, and components and

assigned support organizations should designate a single office

The most important factors

to consider in assessing a

C4 plan are the adequacy

of the C4 plan to satisfy

the warfighters

information requirements

and whether or not the

plan is feasible.

Joint C4 management

indicates the exercise of

systems and technical

control over assigned

communications systems.

Planning Factors for the JFC and C4 Planners

C4 Management
viii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-02

within their communications staffs to coordinate with the joint

force staff J-6. Component C4 organizations should formulate

and publish plans, orders, and internal operating instructions

for the use of their component C4 systems.

C4 planning and other related mission support activities

take place in unison with the activation and subsequent

phases of joint task force (JTF) operations. During the

predeployment phase, the JFC is designated and forces are

assigned. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff warning

and alert orders provide the JFC with guidance to initiate

planning. The JFC issues a mission statement and

commander’s intent. Subsequent to the mission statement and

commander’s intent, the concept of operations is developed.

During the deployment phase, the plan is completed and

published. C4 assets incrementally deploy in support of the

buildup in the operational area. Initial tactical communications

is global, but minimal in capacity. Its primary focus is on

decision support to the on-scene commander. In the

employment phase, the JTF and the components continue to

incrementally deploy. As these assets arrive they are added

to the existing C4 system. The system increases in robustness

and capability. During the sustainment phase, improvements

are made to the C4 system. Changes in operation plans are

accommodated using the in-place C4 system as the departure

point. Repair parts and consumables, to include those

necessary for preventive and routine maintenance, become

an increasing concern. As in the predeployment phase,

planning is the most important part of the redeployment.

The C4 system must continue to provide information flow to

the commanders, even as it purposefully disengages and large

pieces of the system are removed and returned.

Joint task force (JTF) C4

planning and operational

considerations depend

upon the phases of a JTF

military operation.

Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4 Packaging
ix

Executive Summary

After identifying the necessary support requirements, the C4

planner will select the system that supports the JFC’s

operational needs. The following are some of the C4 systems

that are available to the JFC and C4 planners to support

joint force information requirements: the Defense

Information Infrastructure; Defense Information Systems

Network; Federal Telecommunications System; Secure Voice

System; Defense Commercial Telecommunications Network;

Automatic Digital Network; Defense Message System;

Defense Data Network; Defense Satellite Communications

System; Military Strategic and Tactical Relay System;

commercial satellite communications; military satellite

architecture; Department of Defense Intelligence Information

System; Defense Special Security Communications System;

Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System; Joint

Deployable Intelligence Support System; Frequency Resource

Record System; Global Positioning System; Defense Satellite

Program; Defense Meteorological Satellite Program;

International Telecommunications Satellites; International

Maritime Satellite System; Fleet Satellite Communications

System; Public Switched Telephone Network; submarine

cable; and the C4 systems of the Services.

This publication discusses the impact of the joint force

commander’s decisions on the employment of C4 assets to

support joint and multinational operations. It covers the

fundamental structural elements of C4 systems. It discusses

the guidelines, basic tenets, and process for C4 planners to use

in planning for the support for joint operations. It covers JTF

C4 planning and operational considerations as they relate to

the phases of a JTF military operation. Finally, this publication

describes major related C4 systems and organizations.

The JFC has the

requirement to exchange

information with the

establishing authority,

components, the Defense

Information System

Agency, home station,

Department of State

representative in the host

nation, internal joint

forces, and multinational

forces.

C4 Systems and Support

CONCLUSION
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Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I-1

1. Purpose

This chapter provides the joint force

commander (JFC) with the principal planning

factors which govern the construction of a

successful command, control, communications,

and computer (C4) system to support the

JFC’s command and control (C2) information

requirements. It speaks to the relationship that

exists among the mission, the commander’s

intent, the selected C2 organization and the

resulting C4 system. It provides information

on the meaningful capabilities that any C4

system should provide the commander.

2. General

C4 systems support the JFC and

subordinate commanders. These systems

provide for the continuous automated flow

and processing of information. This flow of

information generates a common situational

awareness, speeds decision making, and

integrates the action of warfighters during

mission execution.

3. Joint Force C4

a. Joint Force Organization. Joint forces

are established on a geographic or functional

basis at three levels: unified commands,

subordinate unified commands, and joint task

forces (JTFs). See Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified

Action Armed Forces (UNAAF),” for a

detailed discussion.

• All joint forces include Service

component commands and may also

include functional component commands

with operational responsibilities.

• The JFC has full authority to assign

missions, redirect efforts, and direct

coordination among subordinate

commanders.

b. Command and Control Structure. As

driven by the mission, the foundations of

the C4 system are laid by the C2

organization of forces assigned to the JFC.

Specific command relationships and the

organization of units, staffs, and battlespace

drive the interconnecting communications

methods and means. C4 systems must support

this C2 organization in a complementary

fashion and, as indicated in Figure I-1, C4

systems must provide for the uninterrupted

flow of information to and from commanders

at all levels.

c. Systems Requirements. Based on

the C2 structure, C4 planners will

determine the systems that provide the

most effective vertical and lateral

information exchange connectivity. These

determinations provide the basic structure

for the information exchange of the joint

force. C4 planners will choose from the

available resources those combinations

which can be tailored to meet the mission

support requirements. Typically, the

combined system will provide voice, data,

facsimile, and video communications

seamlessly and securely in an operatorfriendly network. The major components

will be mobile or transportable and can be

assembled and very quickly put into

operation. The C4 system can move as

required and maintain connectivity among

its users during such movement. The

system may be modularized.

“Joint doctrine offers a common perspective from which to plan and operate,

and fundamentally shapes the way we think about and train for war.”

Joint Pub 1, Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States
I-2

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-02

the type of command relationships or other

authorities, e.g., direct liaison authorized, all

effect the overlaying C4 system.

“If I always appear prepared, it is

because before entering on an

undertaking, I have meditated and have

foreseen what may occur. It is not

genius which reveals to me suddenly

and secretly what I should do in

circumstances unexpected by others;

it is thought and meditation.”

Napoleon I

4. Joint Force Planning Factors

and Structure Implications

for C4 Planning

C4 planners must understand the JFC’s

mission, intent, and concept of operations.

For example, the C4 needs and capabilities

of a small joint force with a limited

humanitarian mission are vastly different

d. Information, Resource and Targeting

Transactions. As depicted in Figure I-2, the

joint force C4 systems will allow JFCs to

“pull” information from existing theaterand national-level information services. The

warfighter’s information “pull,” coupled with

the “smart push” of information by higher

levels, will provide the JFCs with an accurate

and complete picture of their battlespace. As

shown in Figure I-3, these C4 systems will

also provide sensor data directly to the

warfighter. This sensor information will

provide commanders a common picture of the

battlespace. Armed with the mission, the

higher commander’s intent, and this common

picture, subordinate commanders can quickly

and accurately engage the enemy.

e. Changes. It is crucial that commanders

and staff planners are sensitive to internal

and external changes in their C2

organization. Changes in levels of authority,

UNIT AND

PLATFORM

LEVEL

FORCE LEVEL

THEATER LEVEL

COMMAND TRANSACTIONS

NATIONAL LEVEL

COMMAND

TRANSACTIONS

NCA

CINC

CJTF

Functional Component

Commanders

Joint Task Force

Commanders Service Component

Commanders

JTF UNITS

Figure I-1. Command Transactions
I-3

Introduction

from those of a combatant commander with

continuing missions. Additionally, the

different phases of a joint operation necessitate

different and distinct levels of C4 assets and

employment.

a. C4 planners also must have a

comprehensive knowledge of the joint force

structure and relationships. The type of

command relationships will dictate different

information exchange needs.

b. C4 planning must be an integral part

of JFC planning. Reliable C4 is not planned

in a vacuum; it has to be accomplished within

the framework of established planning

processes.

c. C4 planners must understand, expect,

anticipate, and be prepared to deal with

change. The size, composition, and

deployment of the joint force will vary as the

level or form of operations escalate or decline

in scope and intensity. The nature and the

rate of fluctuation in the operational situation

add to the C4 planner’s challenges. The

command’s information requirements will

change as the mission and the operational and

tactical situations evolve.

d. C4 planners should clearly understand

the capabilities and limitations of all

potentially available strategic, operational,

and tactical C4 systems and equipment,

whether they are organic to Services and

agencies, belong to non-US forces, are

commercial, or are provided by a host nation.

C4 planners should be aware of the following.

• C4 doctrine, tactics, techniques, and

procedures. The principles and

practical mechanics of how to best

protect and move information must be

known and understood.

INFORMATION & RESOURCE TRANSACTIONS

NATIONAL

LEVEL

THEATER

LEVEL

FORCE LEVEL

UNIT AND

PLATFORM

LEVEL

NCA

CINC

CJTF

Functional Component

Commanders

Joint Task Force

Commanders Service Component

Commanders

JTF UNITS

"Reach-Back"

"Split-Base"

QA FUNCTION

INFORMATION

SERVICES

Figure I-2. Information and Resource Transactions
I-4

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-02

• Procedures for accessing and using

systems to provide global C4 connectivity.

• Details of the capabilities and

limitations of assets controlled by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

(CJCS), including the Joint

Communications Support Element

(JCSE) and the process for obtaining its

specialized communications support.

• C4 capabilities and employment

procedures of non-US forces. As part

of a multinational force, the US may have

to provide the bulk of the C4, particularly

to those multinational units above the

tactical level. Release of hardware,

software (operating systems and

applications), data and communication

networks, and C4 systems may be

necessary when operating with

multinational forces. Release should

not be accomplished unilaterally by intheater personnel. Such releases often

require approval by the Secretary of

Defense or coordination with the

Secretary of State (see references DOD

Directive 5230.11, “Disclosure of

Classified Military Information to

Foreign Governments and International

Organizations,” and CJCSI 6510.01,

“Defensive Information Warfare

Implementation”).

e. Multinational O rganizations.

Multinational organizations present special

challenges. C4 planners must ensure that

communications links are established with

non-US and host-nation commanders. C4

interoperability is essential and can be

accomplished through several means,

including equipment interoperability,

standardization, training, and liaison

officers. The requirement for translators

TARGETING TRANSACTIONS

NATIONAL LEVEL

THEATER LEVEL

FORCE LEVEL

UNIT AND

PLATFORM

LEVEL

NCA

CINC

CJTF

Functional Component

Commanders

Joint Task Force

Commanders

JTF UNITS

SENSORS

Service Component

Commanders

Figure I-3. Targeting Transactions
I-5

Introduction

or other translation capabilities may

become significant.

f. Department of State Diplomatic Post.

Combatant commands must consider the early

establishment of direct communications

between the JFC and a United States

diplomatic post using the most effective

methods available. Communications

capabilities and procedures for individual

diplomatic posts are found in the diplomatic

post’s respective emergency action plan.

Emergency action plan communications

include (where available) high frequency

(HF), International Maritime Satellite System

(INMARSAT), tactical satellite (TACSAT),

and ultra high frequency (UHF) or very high

frequency (VHF) radios. The combatant

commander should direct JTF communications

based on the applicable emergency action plan

after coordination with and approval by the

Department of State.
I-6

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank
nodes, and gateways also require responsive

systems and technical control.

b. The C4 infrastructure must be able to

do the following.

• Support the flow and processing of

information across the range of military

operations.

• Support a smooth transition from

peace to any level of conflict.

• Provide decision support for maneuver,

targeting, fire support, intelligence, air

operations, logistics, and information

warfare.

• Support changes in the mission,

operational area, or the size, composition,

command and control structure, or

disposition of the forces. Combatant and

component headquarters should always

consider the likelihood that a singleService operation will become joint or

multinational. C4 planning must

accommodate this possibility.

3. Commander’s Joint Force C4

Requirements

The JFC and subordinate commanders

require the capability to obtain

information from any location, at any time,

and for any mission. The JFC and other

warfighters must not be overwhelmed with

voluminous amounts of information. They

must have the capability to request and pull

CHAPTER II

JOINT C4 PRINCIPLES, PLANNING, AND MANAGEMENT

II-1

1. Purpose

This chapter will provide the JFC with

detailed guidelines with which to judge a C4

plan. It also provides C4 planners with

specific planning factors to consider in

planning and managing a successful C4

system. It also discusses the C4 management

organizations of the JTF.

2. General

As discussed in Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrine

for Command, Control, Communications, and

Computer (C4) Systems Support to Joint

Operations,” the primary task of a C4 system

is to ensure the continuous, automated flow

and processing of information. The joint

warfighter’s C4 system must be flexible,

interoperable, responsive, mobile,

disciplined, survivable, and sustainable.

These principles provide the foundation on

which the C4 planners build their systems and

are applied during deliberate or crisis action

planning. The joint force C4 system provides

the JFC with the ability to control the flow

and processing of information. It supports

the JFC’s decision making and provides

the JFC with the capability to influence

the action during joint operations.

a. The mission, the JFC’s intent, and the

resulting concept of operations drive the

joint force organization. C4 plans which

are based on C4 principles support this intent

and concept of operations. Matching C4

capabilities to C4 requirements requires

detailed planning. The resulting networks,

“War acknowledges principles, and even rules, but these are not so much

fetters, or bars, which compel its movement aright, as guides which warn us

when it is going wrong.”

Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan
II-2

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-02

INTEGRATED TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC SWITCHING

Commercial, high-volume transmission systems...significantly enhanced

throughput and enabled components to extend switched and dedicated voice

and message trunks to many locations. Extensions of strategic

circuits...allowed the component commands to turn their tactical satellite

terminals back to direct support of combat operations.

SOURCE: Jean M. Slupik, “Integrated Tactical and Strategic Switching,”

in Alan D. Campen, editor, The First Information War

the information desired. Certain information

must be disseminated widely in a push

manner, such as warning of nuclear,

biological, or chemical attack. Information

must be resident with the JFC and the

associated components or automatically

updated as required. Information flow is not

one way. The JFC and subordinate

components also provide information both

horizontally and vertically. The joint force’s

horizontal and vertical exchange of

information must occur rapidly, providing

support to the warriors upon demand.

4. Planning Factors for the JFC

and C4 Planners

The most important factors to consider in

assessing a C4 plan are the adequacy of the

C4 plan to satisfy the warfighter’s information

requirements and whether or not the plan is

feasible. Reviewing the plan for consistency

with the C4 principles as stated in Joint Pub

6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control,

Communications, and Computer (C4)

Systems Support to Joint Operations,” is a

useful first step. Other factors to consider in

evaluating a C4 plan are as follows.

a. Incremental Building. Because military

operations seldom occur at the same location

as the preponderance of our military forces,

the JFC should expect to see C4 planners

build the C4 system incrementally. Most

operations will initially rely on satellite

communications to move information

between headquarters and commanders. As

the mission and assets allow, the C4 planners

will install data and voice switching systems.

Connections to the Defense Information

Systems Network and commercial networks

will become more extensive and robust. The

system should also redeploy in an incremental

fashion.

b. Modular C4 Packaging. Based on the

mission, the commander’s intent, the

operation plan, the capabilities, limitations,

and availability of equipment, and the C4

infrastructure in the operational area, the C4

planner will build modular packages to

meet the commander’s needs. C4 planners

tailor these packages to existing conditions

and link the individual C4 modules into a

cohesive C4 system.

c. C4 Interoperability. Interoperability

should be achieved primarily by a

commonality of equipment, software, and

systems. The C4 planner must know the

capabilities and limitations of the other

component C4 systems and must be able to

integrate them into the joint C4 plan.

d. Standardization. Standardization

should be evident in the planned C4 system.

The planner should ensure that equipment

strings and system configurations are

standardized throughout employed units.

The JFC’s C4 requirements must not be

compromised by uncontrolled, widespread

use of nonstandard systems, protocols,

procedures, or terminology. C4 systems
II-3

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

planners and operators must have a shared

frame of reference.

e. Accommodating Change. C4 planners

must anticipate change and be able to respond

in a timely manner to variations in the initial

mission. The C4 plan should include a

diversity of C4 systems. Connectivity among

commanders, headquarters, and units must

incorporate alternate routes and methods.

Ensuring this diversity of systems and

alternate routes will contribute to the C4

systems’ flexibility, survivability, and

responsiveness.

f. Commercial Capabilities. The C4 plan

should consider the use of commercial

systems. The availability of commercial C4

systems may offer an alternative means to

satisfy the JFC’s C4 needs and may reduce

the number and size of deployed modular

C4 packages. Commercial capabilities that

are resident in the operational area may allow

C4 planners to compensate for tactical C4

system shortages and meet the early

information requirements of a joint force

deployment. The use of commercial C4

systems and networks may affect the planned

mix of deployable C4 modules. C4 planners

must ensure that the deployed modular

packages include sufficient capabilities to

interface with commercial systems.

“It cannot be too often repeated that in

modern war...the chief factor in

achieving triumph is what has been

done in the way of thorough preparation

and training before the beginning of

war.”

Theodore Roosevelt

Graduation Address, US Naval

Academy, June 1902

g. Spectrum Management. Frequencies

allocated to critical functions must be

identified and protected. As frequencies

may be claimed by various national or

regional entities, significant potential exists

for problems. To prevent such problems, the

use of radio and radar frequencies at all

organizational levels must be coordinated

through national and international channels.

Frequencies must be managed to reduce the

likelihood for friendly electromagnetic

interference (EMI). This is particularly

important when multiple systems share the

same frequency bands. The increasing use of

frequency hopping radios further complicates

the management process by spreading the

potential for EMI throughout the operational

area. The JFC Frequency Manager has

essential responsibilities in spectrum

management throughout the operational area

and must be an integral part of the planning

process.

h. Training. The level of training of

operators of C4 systems and managers

should be addressed. Resident training

should complement the Joint Mission

Essential Task List. The application of joint

doctrine and tactics, techniques, and

procedures defines the C4 requirements for

training, exercises, equipment, and

organization. C4 training should reflect the

insights gained from past experience.

i. Information Protection and C4

System Defense. A critical aspect of effective

C4 is the successful execution of information

warfare (IW). IW applies across the range of

military operations and at every level of

warfare. Defensive IW (IW-D) integrates and

coordinates protection and defense of

information, information-based processes

(including human decision making processes),

and information systems (including C4

systems, weapon systems, and infrastructure

systems).

• IW-D Process. The IW-D process

integrates and coordinates policies and

procedures, operations, and technology

to protect information and informationbased processes, and to defend

information systems (including C4
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Joint Pub 6-02

6510.01, “Defensive Information

Warfare Implementation.”

• Elements of the IW-D Process. IW-D

occurs within the context of four interrelated processes: information environment

protection process, attack detection

process, capability restoration process,

and attack response process. Figure II-2

illustrates the IW-D implementation

process.

• Information Environment Protection

Process. Information and information

system protection is critical to the

military’s ability to conduct operations

and is the responsibility of information

producers, processors, and users.

Information protection applies to any

medium and form including hardcopy

systems). The objectives of IW-D are to

ensure access to timely, accurate, and

relevant information when and where

needed, and to deny an adversary the

opportunity to exploit friendly

information and systems for their own

purposes. Effective IW-D implementation

ensures the availability, integrity,

authentication, confidentiality, and nonrepudiation of information. Effective

IW-D ensures required service levels of

information systems (and, through

coordination, services provided by nonUS Government entities). Figure II-1

illustrates the elements of the target set

of information and information systems

protected and defended by IW-D

processes. Refer to the CJCS Instruction

3210.01, “Joint Information Warfare

Policy,” and to the CJCS Instruction

Figure II-1. Defensive Information Warfare Target Set

DEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFARE

TARGET SET

INFORMATION INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Human

Factors

Nodes Links
II-5

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

(message, letter fax), electronic,

magnetic, video, imagery, voice

(telephone, including cellular), telegraph,

computer, and human. Information

protection ensures the availability,

integrity, authenticity, confidentiality, and

non-repudiation of information.

• Attack Detection Process. The attack

detection process requires close

cooperation and/or coordination among

information system developers, vendors,

administrators, users, service providers,

law enforcement, and intelligence

agencies. The speeds at which

information system attacks occur have

outpaced our ability to detect and

respond via human means. An

automated way to assess the severity

(including system damage, information

compromise, and malicious logic

insertion) and to mitigate these effects is

essential to effective IW-D. Timely

attack detection and reporting is key to

initiating the restoration and response

processes.

• Capability Restoration Process. The

capability restoration process relies on

pre-established mechanisms for

prioritized restoration to minimum

essential capabilities. Capability

restoration may rely on backup and/or

redundant links or system components,

backup data bases, or even alternative

means of information transfer.

•• In some cases, required technical

restoration capabilities are beyond the

abilities of the affected sites. On-line or

deployable restoration assistance

capabilities provide required expertise

and tools to restore services. Common

types of restoration assistance are the

computer emergency response team and

security incident response capability.

Protected

Information

Environment

Detect

"Attack"

Restore

Deter

"Attack"

Influence

Perceptions

Civil

Criminal

Military

(Force & Non

Force)

Informational

Diplomatic

Economic

Ascertain:

Nature

Severity

Causality

Sponsorship

Complicity

Domestic

International

Motives

&

Actors

Response

DEFENSIVE INFORMATION WARFARE

IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Figure II-2. Defensive Information Warfare Implementation Process
II-6

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Joint Pub 6-02

These restoration assistance programs

exist at the Defense Information Systems

Agency (DISA), the Services, and

commercially.

•• Automated alerting mechanisms

provide system managers and

administrators with enhanced situational

awareness and create decision points.

Immediate termination of adversary

system access to protect against further

actions and information exploitation must

be weighed against the needs of the legal

and intelligence communities to collect

against and exploit the adversary for

effective implementation of the response

process. A decision to allow the adversary

to maintain access in order to gather

information for the response process relies

on a risk assessment of continued access

and consideration of current and future

operational and intelligence impact.

•• A key step in the restoration process is

to inventory system resources to identify

adversary leave-behind capabilities.

•• Finally, post-attack analysis provides

information about vulnerabilities

exploited and leads to security

improvements. Automated recording or

capturing of specific attack techniques

during the incident can provide

information required for analysis.

• Attack Response Process. The attack

response process involves determining

actors and their motives, establishing

cause and complicity, and may involve

appropriate action(s) against perpetrators.

The process contributes to information

environment protection by removing

threats and enhancing deterrence.

j. Discipline. C4 systems and resources

are limited. The JFC should ensure that the

information moving over these limited

resources supports necessary decision

making and overall mission execution. The

mission and the commander’s intent will, to

some extent, guide what information is

provided to the joint force. The

commander should provide additional

guidance on what information is to be

“pushed” and “pulled” to the JTF from

the “global grid.” Consideration

should be given to using long-established

procedures such as “MINIMIZE.”

k. Timelines. The C4 systems goal

should be the transfer of information in

real time; that is, as the event happens. The

JFC can assist in making this goal a reality

by identifying all critical information

requirements. These requirements should be

listed by priority levels, allowing timely

restoration of the most critical information

in case of outages.

Information Warfare

CJCSI 3210

Actions taken to achieve information superiority by affecting adversary

information, information-based processes, information systems, and computerbased networks while defending one’s own information, information-based

processes, information systems, and computer-based networks.

Figure II-3. Information Warfare
II-7

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

“Unless a staff officer is able to assist

his commander in getting things done,

in addition to coordinating, planning

and policy making, he is not serving

his full usefulness.”

General Alexander M. Patch

Quoted in Ray S. Cline,

Washington Command Post, 1951

5. C4 Planning

In Chapter I, “Introduction,” the

important planning factors for the joint

force and their general implications for the

C4 planners were outlined. The following

section further refines C4 planning

processes.

a. Additional C4 Planning Characteristics

and Tasks

• The planning process must

commence as soon as possible. It is

essential that all staff planners get

involved in the planning process early.

The process is continuous and

iterative. Planners employ the C4

principles to guide their activities,

structure tasks, and determine

solutions to C4 requirements.

• Planning must proceed at various

levels. The JFC’s C4 planners perform

high-level planning to develop

comprehensive C4 estimates. The

JFC’s C4 detailed planning focuses

on designing and engineering at the

systems level (for example, radio

transmission and message switching).

The activation of C4 links and

networks occurs when an operation

order is executed. During the

execution phase of an operation, C4

planners must consider the next

phase of the JFC’s operational

concept and plan for its support.

• Certain operational considerations

impose limitations on the use of selected

C4 systems. These considerations

include the following.

•• Connectivity. The comprehensive

linking of C4 systems establishes a

level o f connectivity which

enables communication to and from the

joint force and its users. To the

maximum extent possible, the hardware

and software interfaces should be

transparent to the system user. The

continued flow of information should not

depend on action by an intermediate user.

•• Range. Range will continue to be a

factor in connecting the nodal points

and networks. Equipment capabilities

and the distance between nodal points

must be considered.

•• Environment. The C4 system must

be tailored for the environment to

include hydrographic, terrain, meteorological,

vegetation, manmade structures, and

cultural features. Such environmental

surroundings determine the usable

frequencies, output power, and location

of C4 systems.

b. C4 Planning Methodology. The C4

planning process is divided into five areas:

mission analysis, information needs analysis,

interoperability and compatibility analysis,

capabilities analysis, and allocation of C4

assets.

• Mission Analysis. “What is the desired

military end state?” The key to

answering this question is found in the

commander’s intent, concept of

operations, and C2 organization. C4

planners must clearly understand the C2

structure and how the operation will

evolve, and be able to anticipate likely

developments and problems during each
II-8

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Joint Pub 6-02

phase of the operation. A thorough and

coordinated mission analysis must be

performed by C4 planners. The specified

and implied tasks, coupled with the

concept of operations and commander’s

intent, will provide the framework for a

C4 structure. The C4 structure

identifies elements that need to

exchange information and,

subsequently, C4 systems

terminations. Having a plan that

readily allows for expansion is vital.

• Information Needs Analysis. Information

needs analysis answers the question, “Who

needs to exchange information with

whom?” The information exchange

requirements identify the products to be

transmitted and received and the

throughput, quantity, and characteristics of

those products. This occurs for each phase

of the operation.

• Interoperability and Compatibility

Analysis. This analysis identifies

technical protocols, formats, data

fields, operational, and security

considerations. Global C4 support

depends upon the national systems as

well as tactical, commercial, and hostnation telecommunications systems.

These systems must exchange

information. Personal intervention and

procedural fixes have been the methods

of choice to resolve interoperability and

compatibility issues. Such measures are

not adequate for the long term, and must

give way to equipment-level solutions.

Equipment, connectivity, and procedural

standards must allow for the “seamless”

transmission of information to the user.

Mission success rests, to a great extent,

on interoperability.

• Capabilities Analysis. Based on the

mission analysis, information needs, and

interoperability and/or compatibility

analysis, the planner identifies the C4

systems required to support the

operation plan. C4 planners match

information requirements with capabilities and

assets. The capabilities analysis matches

the means of communication with the

operational needs. The result of this

analysis identifies specific C4 systems

requirements. Some suggested guidelines

follow.

•• Strongly consider the use of the

commercial infrastructure when feasible.

Commercial systems can add capability and

optimize the use of military resources. In

addition to technical issues, planners and

operators must consider contractual

arrangements and the associated costs.

•• In lieu of or in conjunction with

commercial systems, employ military

terrestrial systems as a second alternative.

This reserves military C4 systems for the

strategic and tactical requirements to which

they were originally designed.

•• Use strategic and tactical satellite

communications only when terrestrial

systems cannot meet user requirements.

Operate satellite systems as a last resort.

This limited resource should be employed

in those critical situations where no other

means can fulfill the requirement.

• Allocation of C4 Assets. Having identified

the C4 requirement, the C4 planner must

examine all available resources and plan

a tailored C4 system. To employ all

available C4 resources, planners must be

familiar with Department of Defense

(DOD) and subordinate policies, directives,

and publications. These documents give

the planner specific information on C4

organizations who support the JFC. Some

guidelines for allocating C4 assets are as

follows.

•• Establish the basic C4 system prior

to the arrival of joint forces.
II-9

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

•• Employ additional equipment and

reconfigure connectivities to provide

direct routing to principal organizations

in the operational area.

•• Provide alternate routing. Alternate

paths increase the robustness of a

network and prevent site isolation.

Alternate routing must be provided to

principal organizations and to the

maximum extent possible, to other

subordinate organizations of the joint

force.

•• Have sufficient equipment and

technical personnel on hand for rapid

response to new missions and critical

outages. Establish single points of

contact at each termination site to

troubleshoot network problems.

c. Spectrum Management. C4 planners

must manage the use of the electromagnetic

spectrum. They must ensure that frequency

usage requirements are met and deconflicted

and they must ensure that compatible

frequencies are incorporated into

communications-electronics annexes,

communications-electronics operating

instructions, and joint communicationselectronics operating instructions (JCEOIs).

When networks become active, C4 managers

must monitor the frequency spectrum for

electromagnetic interference. Planners and

controllers must resolve conflicts and, as

necessary, reallocate and reassign

frequencies.

d. Space-Based Asset Management.

Key in the commander’s ability to gather

information and to command and control an

operation is his ability to exploit all of his

assets. Assets that operate in space are critical

to fully understand and exploit. These assets

include communications, imagery, weather,

geographic intelligence, and other related

systems. In order to fully exploit these

resources they must be managed properly and

deliberately. Special individuals are available

to incorporate these assets into the C4 plan.

e. Planning Tools. Generally,

communications requirements are

categorized by the volume of information

to be transmitted, the speed of service

desired, the destination(s), the transmission

media, and the security classification of the

information. The most difficult factor to

estimate is volume. Volume comprises the

quantity and length of transactions to be

transmitted. The volume of traffic a circuit

can handle depends upon its type and

capacity. Capacity represents the size of the

circuit.

• Manual Planning Techniques. A C4

systems planner can use manual methods

to help refine the C4 support requirements.

These include the following.

•• Structural Analysis. Structural

analysis is the foundation of

communications architecture studies.

Given the time and information, this

methodology is probably the best way to

define communications trunking and

switching requirements and long-term C4

needs. Depending on the degree of detail,

the technique can yield estimates of varying

precision. Structural analysis consists of

the following steps. (1) Define the general

environment, distances involved,

geography, and commercial infrastructure.

(2) Evaluate the enemy’s capabilities. (3)

Identify the information required to perform

the mission and tasks, such as

commander’s intent, concept of operations,

and organizations involved. (4) Develop

information flow in terms of connectivity

and information characteristics. Determine

who must communicate with whom and

the volume, type of traffic, security

classification, and frequency of reporting.

(5) Finally, translate functional and

information flow requirements into

performance requirements. How much and
II-10

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Joint Pub 6-02

how fast do particular users need the

information?

•• Stated Requirements. This method

relies on obtaining system performance

and usage estimates from questionnaires

and interviews. This technique is only

applicable when an operational

baseline system exists and when

interviewed personnel have experience

operating, maintaining or, in the case of

warfighters, being supported by this

system. The stated requirement

technique is easier than collecting actual

traffic measurements. The disadvantage

of the stated requirements approach is

that it may be skewed by subjective

inputs or interpretations, while the traffic

measurement approach relies upon

specific, objective inputs.

•• Traffic Flow Experience. This

technique involves using historical

usage data as the basis for developing

requirements estimates. The planner uses

data to lay out the topology of the

baseline system and establish the network

traffic flow. This model is modified

through the use of expert input as

necessary to reflect the parameters of the

projected system. (1) There are

difficulties associated with measuring

communications baseline usage during

specific situations and then applying that

data in hypothetical situations. The

assumption implicit in this technique is

that historical data or current usage is

indicative of actual communications

needs. (2) Traffic records are available

more often for fixed and commercial

communications systems than for tactical

or mobile systems. These fixed systems,

which are primarily common-user

systems, usually have data available for

the number of attempts over a specified

time period, as well as the percentage of

time each circuit was used. Recorded

traffic measurements are presumed to

accurately indicate user communications

requirements. (3) Historical usage is not

necessarily a good indication of future

requirements. Only communications

needs that are supported can be

measured. Historical usage data ignores

any unfulfilled needs and does not

differentiate between “essential” and

“nice-to-have” communications needs.

The adage that system use expands to

fill capacity generally holds true. (4)

The strength of this technique is in its

reliance on accurately measured data

rather than on perceptions.

•• Rule of Thumb. This technique is

used primarily by commercial system

architects who rely on past experience

for the design of systems serving

customers who often share similar needs.

• In a broad sense, the allocation of

telecommunications resources in a military

environment can be correlated to

“standard” needs. During the force

structuring process for a operational area,

it is a normal procedure to allocate

resources according to force size and

composition. C4 planners simply allocate

the “normal” (rule of thumb)

communications support to a command

based on previous requirements and

experience. That allocation is usually a

good starting point for a more detailed

analysis.

• The final communications requirements

estimate will probably result from a

combination of techniques, including

structural analyses, statements of user

requirements, computer-based simulations, and

experienced intuitive judgment. The

combined use of the various

approaches will help to develop precise

estimates. Basic warfighter requirements

can then be defined in terms of volume

estimates, speed of service estimates, and

security levels.
II-11

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

management combines centralized control

with decentralized execution and provides

effective and efficient C4 support for the JFC’s

informational requirements.

a. Management Organizations

• Command, Control, Communications, and

Computer Systems Division. The J-6

assists the commander in carrying out

supervisory responsibilities for

communications, electronics, and

automated information systems. The

J-6 is responsible to the JFC for

fulfilling the staff functions on all C4

matters. This includes the development

of C4 architectures and plans, as well as

policy and guidance for the integration

and installation of operational C4

systems. The J-6 formulates policy and

guidance for all communication assets

supporting the JFC. The J-6 and his or

her staff assist the JFC in publishing C4

plans, annexes, and operating

instructions. They review C4 plans

prepared by subordinate component

commanders, manage the frequency

spectrum within the operational area, and

coordinate with host-nation authorities.

• Joint Communications Control Center

(JCCC). The J-6 establishes a JCCC

to manage all communications systems

deployed during joint operations and

exercises. Components and subordinate

joint force commanders establish C4

control centers to serve as their single

point of contact and responsibility for

joint C4 matters. The JCCC, as an

element of the J-6, exercises control

over all deployed communications

systems. The JCCC serves as the single

control agency for the management and

operational direction of the joint

communications network. As discussed

in detail in the CJCSM 6231 series, the

JCCC performs planning, execution,

technical direction, and management

• While forecasting essential traffic is an

important factor in sizing military

communications systems, there are other

relevant factors. In particular, alternate

routing or added capacity must be

included. This added capacity will allow

the C4 Systems Division (J-6) to maintain

critical communications despite possible

system degradation. The reliability of

user services will vary depending on

wartime conditions, the level of use, and

atmospheric conditions. Planning,

alternate routing, and additional system

capacity will mitigate these fluctuations

and provide the necessary support. The

planned capacity of the C4 system

must meet the needs of a wartime

system.

f. Development of Network Plan. After

the planners identify a system which satisfies

the JFC’s informational requirements, they

coordinate with the transportation planners to

ensure a successful deployment. Finally, they

begin detailed planning to interconnect

modular C4 nodes and gateways into the

systems and the network. The network is

now defined in terms of C4 nodes, gateways,

and associated systems keyed to operational

mission phases and deployment schedules.

g. Continuous Planning. C4 planners

must continuously update their plans, even

after implementation. C4 packages and the

activation of the C4 system must continually

be tailored to changing mission situations.

Once the C4 networks have been activated,

C4 staffs must manage the existing network

and plan future actions.

6. C4 Management

Joint C4 management indicates the

exercise of systems and technical control

over assigned communications systems. C4

management allows the planners to maintain

an accurate and detailed status of the C4

network down to the modular level. C4
II-12

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functions. Figure II-4 depicts a notional

Joint Communications Control Center.

• Services and Component Management.

Components and assigned support

organizations should designate a single

office within their communications staffs

to coordinate with the joint force staff

J-6. Component C4 organizations

should formulate and publish plans,

orders, and internal operating instructions

for the use of their component C4

systems. The Services and components

may have different designations for their

communications control facilities that

manage their deployed C4 assets. The

Army, Air Force, Marine Corps, Navy

and Joint Special Operations Task Force

(JSOTF) normally refer to their

component communications control

centers as systems control (SYSCON).

All of the component’s technical control

facilities perform network control and

reconfiguration. For example, they

change circuit channelization, direct

trouble shooting to resolve problems, and

provide status information.

b. Management Implementation. When

C4 networks are activated, C4 planners and

operators begin monitoring the status of the

systems, networks, and nodes. They

implement corrective actions to restore any

outages. User-detected C4 system problems

are reported to the user’s immediate chain of

command and supporting SYSCON.

SYSCON directs the technical control facility.

The technical control facility then resolves the

problem or coordinates with other technical

control facilities and the user’s chain of

command to solve the problem.

• Technical control facilities continually

monitor and evaluate the condition of

the C4 system, with attention to such

aspects as inter-nodal connectivity,

trunks, and circuits. Technical control

facilities receive status information from

JOINT COMMUNICATIONS CONTROL CENTER

INFORMATION

WARFARE/COMMAND AND

CONTROL WARFARE CELL LIAISON

HEADQUARTERS

SUPPORT

FREQUENCY

PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT

NETWORK

PLANS NETWORK

CONTROL

FUTURE

OPERATIONS

AND PLANS NETWORKS CURRENT

OPERATIONS

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

SUPPORT

DEFENSE INFORMATION

SYSTEMS AGENCY LIAISON

OFFICER

DIRECTOR, JOINT

COMMUNICATIONS

CONTROL CENTER

COMMAND, CONTROL, COMMUNICATIONS, AND

COMPUTER SYSTEMS DIVISION

(J - 6)

CIRCUITS

MSG SWITCH MSG SWITCH

TECHNICAL

CONTROL

FACILITY

CIRCUITS

CIRCUIT

SWITCH

TRANSMISSION

SYSTEMS

TRANSMISSION

SYSTEMS

TACTICAL

AUTOMATIC

SWITCH

CONTROL

OFFICER

COMMUNICATIONS

SECURITY MANAGEMENT

Figure II-4. Joint Communications Control Center
II-13

Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and Management

the system operators and local

monitoring equipment. They regularly

test trunks and circuits for compliance

with technical and quality specifications.

• The technical control facilities

maintain a current status of key

systems, circuits, communicationselectronics facilities, and major

modular C4 packages. The technical

control facilities also report this

information to the JCCC and SYSCONs

through technical management and

direction channels.

• C4 planners at the JCCC and the

components use status information to

obtain an operational profile of the C4

network and to identify problem areas

and solutions. Planners may

reconfigure the network to maintain C4

connectivity and adequate user support.

Status information can also assist in

planning network expansions or

contractions by identifying critical

circuits and alternate routing.

c. The Joint Spectrum Management

System (JSMS). The JSMS is a personal

computer-based application which supports

the JTF and component spectrum managers.

This application includes a planning template,

frequency assignment data base, equipment

characteristics data base, and a collection of

engineering tools to calculate the effects of

current and proposed spectrum use on the

electromagnetic environment.
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Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER III

JOINT TASK FORCE C4 EMPLOYMENT AND

MODULAR C4 PACKAGING

III-1

1. Purpose

This chapter discusses the various phases

of a joint operation and the communications

consideration during each phase.

2. General

a. The notional JTF used in the following

paragraphs is made up of an Army Corps, a

Numbered Air Force, a Marine Expeditionary

Force, a Navy Battle Group, and a JSOTF.

b. C4 planning takes place in unison

with the phases of JTF operations.

Applicable operational phases include

predeployment, deployment, employment,

sustainment, and redeployment.

3. Predeployment

The JFC is designated and forces are

assigned. The Chairman’s warning and alert

order provides the JFC with guidance to

initiate planning. The JFC issues a mission

statement and commander’s intent.

Subsequent to the mission statement and

commander’s intent, the concept of

operations is developed.

a. The C4 Objective. Produce a plan to

support the commander’s intent, mission, and

concept of operations.

b. The C4 Method. Using the planning

methodology previously discussed in Chapter

II, “Joint C4 Principles, Planning, and

Management,” the C4 planner will develop a

“rough” plan that supports the commander.

Automated aids, historical data, previous

experiences, and intuitive judgment will

assist in developing the initial plan.

Subordinate organizations must be contacted

early in the planning process. The planning

is conducted concurrently with subordinate

organizations. Joint force C4 planners supply

subordinate organizations decisions and

information as it becomes available. Close

contact is maintained with supporting defense

agencies such as the DISA, and supporting

unified commanders such as the US

Transportation Command.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of the

operation will rely almost exclusively on the

installed commercial and government

communications infrastructure.

4. Deployment

The C4 system must continue to provide

information flow to the JTF and component

commanders, even as it purposefully deploys

and large pieces of the system are moved

towards the operational area. The plan is

completed and published. C4 assets

incrementally deploy in support of the

build-up in the operational area. Initial

tactical communications is global, but

minimal in capacity. Its primary focus is on

decision support to the on-scene commander.

a. The C4 Objective. Provide for the

continuous flow of information between

commanders during the initial phases of the

operation.

“The Services put more electronic communication connectivity into the Gulf

in 90 days than we put in Europe in 40 years.”

Lieutenant General James S. Cassidy

J-6, The Joint Staff
III-2

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Joint Pub 6-02

b. The C4 Method. Lift assets will deploy

the initial JTF C4 capability. This initial C4

capability is comprised of a modular package

which provides the commander’s voice and

data connectivity. The system is global and

provides a logical point from which to

incrementally build the remainder of the

system. The initial system is not robust and

may be severely degraded when disturbed.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of the

operation will rely on UHF satellite,

commercial and/or military super high

frequency (SHF) satellite, extremely high

frequency (EHF) satellite, and other

commercial assets to support strategic and

long-haul communications requirements.

VHF, HF, and UHF radios assets are used

extensively by subordinate units for internal

information requirements.

5. Employment

The JTF and the components continue to

incrementally deploy. As these assets arrive,

they are added to the existing C4 system. The

system increases in robustness and capability.

a. The C4 Objective. Produce a C4

system which provides for the automated flow

and processing of information.

b. The C4 Method. As dictated by the

mission, commander’s intent, the concept of

operations and, to a certain extent, lift assets,

more capable C4 systems arrive and are added

to the initial network. Large capacity satellite,

terrestrial switching, and transmission systems

arrive. Numerous alternate routes are

established which substantially increase the

robustness of the network. Local area

networks (LANs) abound and connection to

JTF and global wide area networks (WANs)

vastly increase information flow. The network

increases in complexity, necessitating more

sophisticated systems and technical control.

c. The C4 Means. This phase of the

operation will rely on whether large capacity

ground mobile forces (GMF) compatible and

commercial satellite systems will connect to

the global grid. SHF and UHF terrestrial

multi-channel radio will connect voice and

data via digital switches and technical control

facilities. Maximum use is made of existing

commercial and government systems.

6. Sustainment

Improvements are made to the C4 system.

Changes in operation plans are accommodated

using the in-place C4 system as the departure

point. Repair parts and consumables, to

include those necessary for preventive and

routine maintenance, become an increasing

concern.

a. The C4 Objective. Sustain and improve

the automated flow and processing of

information to the commanders.

b. The C4 Method. As guided by the

continuing mission, the needs of the

commander, and the users, changes are made

to the constructed C4 systems. These changes

improve the overall capacity of the system to

seamlessly and transparently move

information among components and national

organizations. Less-than-perfect circuit

design is corrected. As design faults are

corrected and the C4 system becomes

increasingly reliable, attention is turned to

those actions which will keep the system

functioning. Preventive and routine

maintenance, stockage of spare and/or repair

parts and consumables demand increasing

attention.

c. The C4 Means. JCCC directs changes

in the C4 system in response to changing

mission requirements and user demands or

complaints. Technical control facilities take

on an increasingly important role as they make
III-3

Joint Task Force C4 Employment and Modular C4 Packaging

changes in the established systems without

interrupting service to the customers. Organic

and common-user transportation assets move

consumable and repair parts to established

repair facilities.

7. Redeployment

As in the predeployment phase, planning

is the most important part of the redeployment.

The C4 system must continue to provide

information flow to the commanders, even as

it purposefully disengages and large pieces

of the system are removed and returned.

a. The C4 Objective. Disassemble and

return the unnecessary C4 systems while

simultaneously providing automated

information flow and processing to the JFC.

b. The C4 Method. The easiest way to

visualize the redeployment phase is to play

the previous three phases in reverse.

Sustainment capability will decrease.

Redundant systems will redeploy, followed

by the high capacity satellite and terrestrial

systems. In the final days of this phase, the

C4 systems may look very similar to that

which originally deployed. Planning is as

critical for the smooth redeployment of a C4

system as it was for the initial deployment.

c. The C4 Means. The original commercial

and government infrastructure should support

as much of the C4 redeployment as possible.

Lacking such an infrastructure, the last

systems to redeploy will likely be the mobile,

easily transportable assets, such as UHF

single-channel and small SHF satellite

terminals.

8. Summary

The five phases of JTF operations are

highly situation- and mission-dependent.

Timelines between phases may be severely

compressed, with the actual deployment

occurring prior to completion of all of the

predeployment planning. Employment

might follow so quickly on the heels of

deployment as to appear simultaneous.

Redeployment could easily be the

predeployment phase of a follow-on

operation. In other words, these phases do

not follow each other in lock-step. They do,

however, provide a benchmark, a guide post,

for the JFC and J-6 planner.
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Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER IV

C4 SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT

IV-1

1. Purpose

This chapter describes major related C4

systems and organizations which may be

employed in support of joint operations.

2. General

The JFC has the requirement to exchange

information with the establishing authority,

components, DISA, home station, US

Department of State representatives in the host

nation, internal joint forces, and multinational

forces. After identifying the necessary support

requirements, the C4 planner will select the

system that supports the JFC’s operational

needs. The following are some of the C4

systems which are available to the JFC and

his C4 planners.

3. Defense-Wide and Joint C4

Systems

a. Defense Information Infrastructure.

The defense information infrastructure

encompasses the information transfer,

processing, storage, manipulation, retrieval,

and display resources of the Department

of Defense. The defense information

infrastructure is the interconnected system of

computers, communications equipment, data,

applications, security, people, training, and

other support structures which serve the local

and worldwide information needs of the

Department of Defense. The defense

“No matter where we fight in the future, no matter what the circumstances,

we will fight as a joint team. We will have fingers on the team that are

individual Services, but when it comes to the fight we want the closed,

clenched fist of American military power. The days of single Service warfare

are gone forever.”

Admiral David E. Jeremiah, USN

Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 12 June 1993

information infrastructure connects users

through voice, data, video, and multimedia

services.

b. Defense Information Systems

Network (DISN). The DISN is a

subelement of the defense information

infrastructure. The DISN provides the

end-to-end, consolidated worldwide

telecommunications infrastructure for

information transfer in support of military

operations. Its operation is not overtly

apparent to end users. It facilitates information

resource management and is responsive to

national security and defense needs under all

conditions. The DISN will establish a

seamless, secure, robust, agile, reliable, and costeffective telecommunications network that will

satisfy all of the DOD end-to-end information

needs. This C4 system will allow the JFC to

globally focus his efforts at the point of

conflict and dominate the battlespace.

• The DISN provides long haul, end-toend common-user and dedicated voice,

data, and video service. It provides the

connectivity for secure and nonsecure

communications. The DISN architecture

prescribes a global network which

integrates existing DISA assets, military

and commercial satellite communications,

and leased telecommunications services

as well as the existing worldwide

telecommunications infrastructure.
IV-2

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Joint Pub 6-02

c. Federal Telecommunications System

(FTS) 2000. FTS 2000 is the telephone and

data system of the US Government. It is

interoperable with DISN and the Defense

Commercial Telecommunications Network

in the continental U nited States

(CONUS), Hawaii, and the US

territories. The General Services

Administration participates in management

of FTS 2000. FTS 2000 provides the

following services to the Department of

Defense.

• Switching and transmission service for

common-user voice.

• Transmission of compressed and fullmotion video.

• Switching and transmission service for

raw or packeted data.

• Switching and transmission service for

systems requiring high data rates or the

use of the Integrated Services Data

Network.

d. Secure Voice System (SVS). The SVS

uses the transmission and switching

capabilities of the DISN and the public packet

switched network to provide an improved

worldwide secure voice capability. SVS

improves the DOD worldwide secure voice

capabilities by using secure telephone unit III

(STU III) terminals and expanding the number

of subscribers, via bridges, to the Defense Red

Switch Network. SVS also provides pointto-point secure voice, secure conference

calling, and interface capabilities in support

of the National Command Authorities (NCA)

and the Department of Defense.

e. Automatic Digital Network

(AUTODIN). AUTODIN is a store-andforward message switching network

controlled by DISA. It is designed to meet

the operational requirements of the

Department of Defense. AUTODIN consists

of AUTODIN switching centers, Service and

Defense agency processing facilities, and a

variety of terminal facilities. Automated

Message Processing Exchanges (AMPEs)

provide limited switching functions for

attached AUTODIN terminals. Additionally,

AMPEs provide for the conversion of

destination names into internal AUTODIN

addresses and the criteria based distribution of

messages. Local and unit telecommunications

centers are the principal entry and exit points

for AUTODIN messages.

f. Defense Message System (DMS).

DMS consists of all hardware, software,

procedures, standards, facilities, and personnel

used to exchange messages electronically.

DMS combines messaging and electronic

mail using x.400 protocol and addressing

x.500 directory service to increase the speed

and capacity of messaging. DMS adds

reliability, security, and a worldwide directory

capability supporting the interface of tactical

message systems with commercial and allied

message systems. DMS will be the only

message system in the Department of

Defense.

g. Defense Data Transport. The defense

data transport is composed of three separate

networks: Military Net - unclassified level,

Internet Protocol Router Network

(NIPRNET) - Sensitive but Unclassified,

Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNET

- Secret Level), Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communications System (JWICS - Top

Secret Level). User communities are

separated based on security levels and high

speed commercial carriers. Each classified

subnet is protected by encryption devices on

each trunk. The means for achieving the

multi-level network include special security

devices at the user system connection points.

Special security devices are also used at

packet switched nodes and the automated key

distribution centers. This approach converts

older, physically separated networks into

logically separate subnetworks.
IV-3

C4 Systems and Support

h. Global Command and Control

System (GCCS)

• GCCS is the key command, control,

communications, computers and

intelligence (C4I) system in satisfying the

C4I for the Warrior concept. It provides

a fused picture of the battlespace within

a modern C4 system capable of meeting

warfighter needs into the 21st century.

GCCS incorporates the core planning and

assessment tools required by combatant

commanders and their subordinate JFCs

and meets the readiness support

requirements of the Services. In moving

the joint C2 support capability into the

modern era of a client-server open

architecture, GCCS brings to the ongoing

DOD C4I migration strategy the

essential tools for the Services and

agencies to successfully reduce the large

number of systems in use today. GCCS

is a user-focused program under the

oversight of the Office of the Secretary

of Defense and the Joint Staff.

• At each GCCS site, one application

server is configured as the executive

manager (EM) providing LAN desktop

services. It also hosts applications not

loaded on the data base server. The EM

server acts as the user interface,

providing access to GCCS applications

through user identification and discrete

passwords. GCCS software applications

are categorized in four groups: Kernel,

Common Operating Environment

(COE), common, and mission

applications.

i. Military Satellite Communications

Architecture. As indicated by Figure IV-1

the military satellite communications

architecture provides a wide range of

capabilities to the JFC and the C4 planner.

The architecture consists of both commercial

and military satellite capabilities. No one

sub-architecture can effectively satisfy the

wide range of communications services

required by the Department of Defense and

agencies. Access to Military Satellite

Communications (MILSATCOM) is

governed by CJCS Memorandum of Policy

37, “Military Satellite Communications

Systems.”

• The UHF Satellite Communications

System is comprised of the fleet satellites

(FLTSATs), leased satellites (LEASATs),

Gapfiller satellites, and UHF-Follow On

(UFO) satellites. These satellites are

positioned to provide UHF satellite

communications from 70 degrees north

and 70 degrees south latitudes over four

service areas: CONUS, Atlantic Ocean,

Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean.

The constellation requires two satellites

in each service area. The system provides

a variety of low capacity long haul, pointto-point, broadcast, and netted singlechannel communication links among

mobile and shore units. Each UFO satellite

provides 39 discrete channels with

frequencies ranging from 240 to 320

megahertz (MHz). Selected UFO flights

will include an EHF package compatible

with Military Strategic and Tactical Relay

System (MILSTAR).

• Defense Satellite Communications

System (DSCS). DSCS provides multichannel communications services and is

the only DOD-wholly-owned military

long-haul communications system. It

provides worldwide, responsive, wide

band and, under special circumstances,

portions of DSCS and can provide antijam service satellite communications

supporting critical national, strategic, and

tactical C4 requirements. DSCS is the

backbone for high-capacity C2,

intelligence, and multi-channel

communications service among users

worldwide, to include the NCA, the

White House Communications Agency,

Diplomatic Telecommunications Service,
IV-4

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-02

the Department of Defense, national

government agencies, and our allies.

The DSCS constellation consists of five

primary DSCS-III satellites and six

residual satellites, (DSCS-III and DSCSII). DSCS III supports jam-resistant

secure communications for emergency

action message dissemination, missile

warning, integrated tactical warning and

attack assessment information, and

NCA, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and

combatant commander conference

calling. The mission of the DSCS is to

support the tactical, deployed warfighter.

The Navy uses DSCS to provide highcapacity communications to capital

ships. Joint force elements should

consider satisfying long-haul strategic

requirements with commercial systems

before turning to the DSCS, as DSCS is

oriented toward forward deployed

operational forces.

• Military Strategic and Tactical Relay

System. The MILSTAR satellite system

provides a survivable and enduring

warning to and control of strategic forces

during and after nuclear attack. In

addition, MILSTAR provides robust

communications to tactical forces and is

less susceptible to nuclear effects or

jamming than DSCS. To ensure

continued availability, MILSTAR

satellites incorporate a variety of

survivability features. MILSTAR

provides significant protected medium

data rate capability to deployed

operational forces and extends

MILSATCOM support to Army echelons

below corps. Polar EHF coverage

requirements are satisfied by payloads

on polar host satellites.

• Global Broadcast Service (GBS). GBS

provides a revolutionary advancement in

DSCS

EHF

MILSTAR

SHF

TACSAT -

UHF

- Defense

Satellite

Communications System

- Extremely High

Frequency

- Military

Strategic & Tactical

Relay System

- Super-High

Frequency

Tactical

Satellite

- Ultra-High

Frequency

MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

MOBILITY CAPACITY

SURVIVABILITY

UHF SHF

UHF

(TACSAT)

SHF

(DSCS)

EHF

(Milstar)

Commercial

Each System Provides Unique Advantages

Figure IV-1. Military Satellite Communications Architecture
IV-5

C4 Systems and Support

satellite communications. GBS fills two

key needs of the warfighter. It provides

high data rate service to many users at

once and high delivery rates to very

small, low cost user receive-only

terminals. GBS reduces the need to send

information more than once to reach

multiple users and thus reduces the

overall burden on existing

communications means. No other

current DOD satellite provides this

capability. The interim GBS capability

consists of four high-capacity

transponders on selected UFO satellites.

• Commercial Satellite Communications.

The joint force’s growing communications

requirements will increase reliance on the

use of commercial satellite systems. The

use of commercial satellite communications

requires advance planning and

coordination with DISA. DISA manages

leasing arrangements, host-nation

approval, and frequency allocation.

Lease and operating costs must be

considered and added to operational

planning documents. The Commercial

Satellite Commercial Initiative bulk

leases commercial transponders for direct

management by the Department of

Defense through a Broadcast

Management Center. This arrangement

reduces costs and increases

responsiveness to changing DOD

needs. The primary commercial

satellites used by the Department of

Defense are International

Telecommunications Satellite (INTELSAT)

and INMARSAT.

•• International Telecommunications

Satellites. INTELSAT is an international

enterprise of over 120 member countries

and is the largest commercial system in

the world. Its network consists of

satellites in geosynchronous orbit over

the Atlantic, Pacific, and the Indian

Ocean areas. INTELSAT currently has

19 satellites on-orbit and is projecting a

fleet of 33 by 1997. Commercial satellite

(COMSAT) is the US signatory and

owns just over 20% of the INTELSAT

systems. There is nothing in the

INTELSAT agreement that prevents the

Department of Defense from using this

system for military purposes, and the

President has emergency powers over

COMSAT’s facilities and operations.

•• International Maritime Satellite

System. With headquarters in London,

England, the INMARSAT organization

has 74 member nations. It operates a

constellation of four satellites and leased

transponders on other commercial

satellites. Originally designed for

maritime use, INMARSAT has grown to

be a popular system for mobile

applications. There are restrictions

concerning the use of INMARSAT by

combatant elements. Planning should

consider these restrictions listed in the

reference INMARSAT Convention, 16

Jul 79.

j. Department of Defense Intelligence

Information System (DODIIS). DODIIS

is a worldwide computer network which

links intelligence data handling systems.

These systems support the collection,

production, and dissemination of various

defense intelligence products. DODIIS

consists of approximately 40 nodes and is

characterized by various means of intelligence

input processing, including imagery

exploitation, electronic intelligence,

communications intelligence, and human

intelligence.

k. Defense Special Security Communications

System (DSSCS). The DSSCS uses the same

systems as the AUTODIN. Traffic separation

is provided at the various AUTODIN

switches. The Critical Intelligence

Communications Network and the Special

Intelligence Communications Network are
IV-6

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-02

both part of DSSCS. The special intelligence

communication network is a dedicated family

of circuits, terminals, and facilities that serve

the Special Security Office functions at most

major headquarters worldwide.

l. Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communications System. JWICS is high

speed (up to T-1/1.544 megabytes per second

[Mbps]) communications system designed to

provide secure, top secret and sensitive

compartmented information (SCI) data,

interactive video teleconferencing, and video

broadcasting capabilities subscribers.

Subscribers to the system includes the unified

commands, subordinate component

commands of the unified commands,

designated joint task forces, the Services,

Service intelligence centers, science and

technology intelligence centers, DOD

agencies (e.g., Defense Intelligence Agency

[DIA], Defense Mapping Agency, National

Security Agency), and selected non-DOD

agencies (e.g., Department of State, Federal

Emergency Management Agency, and the

White House). Video-capable subscribers will

be able to conduct interactive, point-to-point,

and multi-point video teleconferences with

any one or combination of subscriber(s). All

sites will have the capability to receive highspeed data transmissions (including bulk data

files) and imagery. Sites will have access to

data bases and will be capable of electronic

publishing, in conjunction with the Joint

Deployable Intelligence Support System

(JDISS). INTELINK, available via JWICS,

is an automated intelligence dissemination and

collaboration medium that uses Internet

technology in a secure communications

environment. INTELINK provides uniform

methods for exchanging intelligence among

providers, and between providers and users

of intelligence. INTELINK servers are

updated periodically with a variety of

intelligence products including video,

imagery, and current as well as long-term

intelligence production. Deployable JWICS

are also available to support contingency

operations. The JWICS gives Indications and

Warning centers, Joint Intelligence Centers,

and watch centers, including appropriately

equipped ships afloat, the ability to share and

discuss time-critical information worldwide.

The JWICS uses primarily commercial

satellite communications in combination with

terrestrial transmission media. It also

interfaces with the Washington, D.C., area’s

Secure Video Teleconferencing System and

can transmit in collateral and SCI modes. DIA

is the JWICS program manager.

m. Joint Deployable Intelligence

Support System. JDISS is a standard UNIX

multifunctional workstation. JDISS uses

commercial off-the-shelf hardware and

software to provide a consistent user interface

and interoperable applications across

commands. JDISS is the joint standard

workstation for DOD intelligence. All unified

commands and subordinate commands use

JDISS.

n. Frequency Resource Record

System (FRRS). FRRS is a virtual address

extension and/or video management system

application to support national and

combatant commander frequency

managers. It includes a frequency

assignment data base, a proposal

preparation and validation capability, Defense

Secure Network connectivity, and proposal

coordination and approval notification.

o. Global Positioning System (GPS).

GPS provides users with their latitude,

longitude, altitude, and velocity. Secondly,

GPS detects nuclear detonations and transmits

the detonation locations and characteristics to

proper authorities. Finally, GPS provides

precise global time.

p. Defense Satellite Program (DSP).

DSP is a space-based satellite system

designed to detect and report missile

launches. Launch data is down-linked to

processing stations, evaluated, then
IV-7

C4 Systems and Support

forwarded to strategic and theater users.

Primary means of disseminating launch

information to the geographic combatant

commanders is from US Space Command’s

(USSPACECOM’s) Theater Event System over

two separate UHF broadcast systems.

q. Defense Meteorological Satellite

Program (DMSP). The only DOD weather

satellite system, DMSP provides a 1400

nautical mile swath coverage twice daily.

Weather images (infrared and visual) are

transmitted real time to tactical receivers

during each satellite pass. Information

provided includes atmospheric moisture

altitude profile, cloud cover and environmental

information.

r. Fleet Satellite Communications System is

comprised of the FLTSATs, LEASATs,

GAPFILLERs, and UFO satellites. These

satellites are positioned to provide UHF

satellite communications from 70 degrees

north to 70 degrees south latitudes over four

areas of service: CONUS, Atlantic Ocean,

Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Ocean. The

system provides a variety of long haul, pointto-point broadcast and netted single-channel

communication links among mobile and shore

units. The US Navy and other DOD users

interface through the Fleet Satellite

Communications system into the DISN and

the Naval Telecommunication System.

• The LEASATs are leased commercial

satellites designed as a supplemental

system augmenting the FLTSATs to

ensure fulfillment of non-strategic

MILSATCOM requirements. Each

LEASAT provides users 13 discrete

channels with frequencies ranging from

240 to 320 Mhz.

• The GAPFILLERs are leased UHF

payloads on maritime satellites as a

temporary service designed to fill the

“gap” in UHF MILSATCOM between

the previous TACSATs and the FLTSATs.

s. Public Switched Telephone Network

(PSTN). PSTN is routinely used by the

military for a myriad of purposes. The PSTN

is a highly competitive but smoothly

integrated mix of long-distance carriers,

regional operating companies, and local

service providers. Alongside familiar

technologies such as secure and nonsecure

voice and FAX, military users increasingly

depend on new categories of service,

including pagers, cellular telephones, high

capacity data links such as fractional T-1,

T-3, Integrated Services Digital Network,

Asynchronous Transfer Mode, and video

teleconferencing.

t. Submarine Cable. Submarine cable is

one of the oldest, most reliable long-haul

communications systems available.

Submarine cable systems are used as part of

the DISN system and provide links from

CONUS to Europe, the Caribbean, and the

Pacific.

u. Improved Emergency Message Auto

Transmission System (IEMATS). IEMATS

provides the Joint Staff and single integrated

operations plan combatant commanders with

automated emergency action message

processing capability. IEMATS allows rapid

composition, review, release, receipt, and

acknowledgment of emerging actions

messages and automatic injection into

supporting C4 transmissions means.

4. Service C4 Systems

C4 service systems support strategicthrough tactical-level requirements

including satellite earth terminals and

telecommunications facilities.

a. Army Systems

• Army operational- through tactical-level

C4 systems are designed to support units

from an Army Forces (ARFOR)

headquarters down to the rifle squad. To
IV-8

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Joint Pub 6-02

meet these divergent organizational

needs for voice, message, video and data,

the Army relies upon three primary

tactical communications systems: TriService tactical communications (TRITAC) for echelon above corps, mobile

subscriber equipment (MSE) for corps

and division-size units (with network

access extending down to brigade and

battalion level), and Single-Channel

Ground and Airborne Radio System

(SINCGARS) for combat, combat

support, and combat service support units

at brigade, battalion, and lower levels.

• To meet the Army Service component

command or numbered Army crisis C2,

the Army deploys a uniquely designed

signal company, the Power-Pac

Company. This company includes longhaul military and commercial satellite

communications that interface with

commercial and JTF networks. This

includes single-channel (UHF and

INMARSAT) radio and tri-band

commercial satellite terminals. The

commercial satellites operate in the C- and

Ku-bands while the military SHF satellites

(DSCS) operates in the X-band. TRI-TAC

and commercial switching equipment will

interface with joint communications. In

addition, modern computers that switch

data from within the theater to CONUS is

part of the equipment suite.

• The TRI-TAC trunking and switching

networks at Army Service component

command or numbered Army, echelon

above corps, and the MSE radio

telephone and/or packet switching

system at corps, division, and/or brigade

echelons provide the existing backbone

network for Army C4I. These systems

perform circuit or packet switching and

handle user-operated radios or wire line

voice, record, data, and facsimile traffic.

TRI-TAC can also perform message

switching using the AN/TYC-39.

• In a joint environment, the Army’s voice,

message, and data traffic is routed from

subordinate echelons through the Army

force headquarters to the JTF switches,

and into the DISN over commercial or

military satellite systems. The ARFOR

can also route trunks directly from an

operations area into the DISN using its

own GMF satellite communications or

commercial satellite equipment. Usually,

some trunks on Army systems are

designated as joint circuits and are used

by the JTF, other Services, and special

operations forces (SOF).

• With the appropriate crypto keys, Army

MSE operates up to the top secret level.

TRI-TAC can operate at the top secret

and compartmented levels.

b. Navy Systems

• Command Information System.

Command information system is the

command, control, and intelligence

implementation of the Navy’s

COPERNICUS strategy for a common

C4I architecture to provide the common

tactical picture. Command Information

system uses a COE, common application

programming interfaces, common

integration standards for developers and

a common human and/or computer

interface to ensure modularity and

functional interoperability between

various applications at all levels of

command.

• Navy Tactical Command SystemAfloat (NTCS-A). NTCS-A is the afloat

segment of the command information

system architecture and is GCCS COEcompliant. It provides the tactical

commander with timely, accurate, and

complete all-source information

management, display, and dissemination

capabilities. These include multi-source

data fusion and distribution of
IV-9

C4 Systems and Support

command, surveillance, and intelligence

data and imagery to support warfare

mission assessment, planning, and

execution.

• Joint Tactical Information Distribution

System (JTIDS). JTIDS/Link-16 is a

high capacity digital information

distribution system that provides rapid,

secure, jam-resistant (frequency hopping)

communications, navigation, and

identification capabilities to tactical users.

• Joint Maritime Communications

System (JMCOMS). JMCOMS

provides an integrated network manager

and associated interfaces to dynamically

manage afloat radio frequency (RF)

bandwidth requirements over the entire

RF spectrum in use by forces afloat. By

standardizing the way in which all

computer data (tactical, messaging,

administrative) is packetized, the

shipboard integrated network manager

may then determine, using various

criteria (priority, amount, address), over

what RF media the data will be routed

automatically. This will provide a tactical

Internet Protocol network to forces afloat.

In addition, the integrated network

manager will also implement an

automated tactical voice and video

network.

• Digital Wideband Transmission System

(DWTS). DWTS provides secure, bulkencrypted voice and data, ship-to-ship

and ship-to-shore communication at data

rates up to 2.048 Mbps, operating over

UHF line-of-sight (LOS). This system

is also capable of supporting conditioned

diphase, full duplex, TRI-TAC

communications. DWTS provides the

necessary communications path to

support joint task force, amphibious task

force, and landing force staffs in the

planning and execution of expeditionary

warfare operations.

• Challenge Athena provides full duplex,

commercial satellite T-1 throughput to

afloat warfighters. It allows shipboard

communicators to allocate bandwidth

and channel assignments to fit mission

priorities.

c. Air Force Systems

• Air Force C4 systems provide support

from strategic to tactical levels, including

the support of the DISN and a major role

supporting the orbital management and

control of space-based C4 resources.

• The Air Combat Command’s Wing

Initial Communications Packages and the

Air Mobility Command’s Mobility Initial

Communications Kits will deploy to

support the air wings. The Wing Initial

Communications Package includes a

small group of communicators and

lightweight communications equipment

for initial installation at a deployed air

base. The equipment comprises both

single- and multi-channel satellite

systems for the transmission of voice,

message, and data. The equipment also

includes secure and nonsecure telephone

and facsimile equipment. Once the initial

deployment is completed, elements of the

Combat Communications Groups, the

3rd at Tinker AFB, OK, and the 5th at

Warner Robins AFB, GA, (augmented

by eight Air National Guard combat

Communications Groups), will deploy

more capable communications equipment

to support the mission.

• The Air Force, like the Army, is replacing

older TRI-TAC AN/TTC-39 voice and

AN/TYC-39 message switches and the

AN/TSC-94/-100 GMF satellite

communications terminals with state-ofthe-art digital equipment. It is procuring

commercial telephone switches and

lightweight, multi-band satellite

terminals. The switches are capable of
IV-10

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-02

entering the DISN or PSTN. The multiband satellite equipment is capable of

operating in the C-, Ku-, or X-bands. The

satellite equipment provides integral

voice and data switching capability.

• The Theater Air Control System (TACS)

provides the Air Force component

commander and the joint force air

component commander with the

capability to plan and conduct theater

air operations. Ground elements of the

TACS include the Air Operations

Center, Air Support Operations Center,

Tactical Air Control Party, and Control

and Reporting Center and/or Element.

Airborne elements include the Joint

Surveillance and Target Attack Radar

System, Airborne Warning and Control

System, Airborne Battlefield Command

and Control Center, Forward Air

Controller Airborne, and Tactical Air

Controller Airborne. The Air

Operations Center is the senior element

of the TACS.

d. The Air Operations Center

• The Air Operations Center replaces the

Tactical Air Control Center.

• When providing service to the JTF Air

Force component commander, the Air

Operations Center may require satellite

links back to the unified command Air

Force component commander. Currently,

these “Reachback” links are provided

through the DSCS satellite system or

commercial satellite equipment.

• Multiband Satellite Terminals and

Theater-Deployable Communications

packages provide connectivity to

commercial and DISN networks and

deployed wing locations. TRI-TAC

equipment will provide connectivity to

the JTF and other Service component

headquarters.

• Communications with and from the Air

Force Combat Control Teams to the

Army and Marine Corps units include

HF radio and UHF single channel

satellite for long-haul communications.

UHF and VHF LOS communications

equipment provide for air-to-ground

operations.

• The Theater Battle Management Core

System supports the Air Operations

Center by providing force level planning

and execution through the Contingency

Theater Automated Planning System,

Wing Command and Control System,

global mobility command and control

through the Command and Control

Information Processing System, and

theater-wide intelligence analysis and

dissemination through the Combat

Intelligence System capabilities.

e. Marine Corps Communications

• The Marine Corps’ combat-ready Fleet

Marine Forces are organized into Marine

air-ground task forces (MAGTFs). All

MAGTFs consist of a command element,

ground combat element, aviation combat

element, and a combat service support

element. MAGTFs can be task-organized

as required.

• At the MAGTF headquarters level, and

in some cases at subordinate element

levels, Marine Corps tactical

communications can interface with the

DISN, the Naval Telecommunications

System, and with other US military

tactical communications systems.

• GMF satellite equipment is organic to a

Marine expeditionary force. During

contingency operations, the MAGTF

headquarters can connect to DISN

common-user services through a GMF

satellite gateway or HF radio link. The

limited information throughput of HF
IV-11

C4 Systems and Support

radio usually precludes HF radio as the

primary DISN entry for large MAGTFs.

GMF satellite equipment is also used to

interconnect widely dispersed subordinate

elements with headquarters. A JTF’s

subordinate MAGTF, which is located

beyond the terrestrial wide band multichannel range, will also be

interconnected by a satellite link. The GMF

equipment used to establish the JTFMAGTF communications link is normally

provided by the JTF from JCSE assets.

• A MAGTF may enter the Naval

Telecommunications System by way of

a transportable Common-User Digital

Information Exchange System or by HF

radio to the Naval Computer and

Telecommunications Area Master Station.

Deployable UHF satellite systems also

allow access to the Navy’s High Speed

Fleet Broadcast and Fleet Secure Voice

communications systems.

• A MAGTF and its subordinate elements

are equipped with TRI-TAC compatible

circuit switches and the Unit Level

Circuit Switch. These switches are linked

by a digital wide band terrestrial

backbone consisting of LOS equipment

and troposcatter systems. Using this

equipment, a deployed MAGTF

possesses a high-capacity digital

switching and trunking system capable

of providing the MAGTF commander

and subordinate elements with secure

voice, data, facsimile, and messaging

capabilities. This digital network is

interoperable with TRI-TAC and,

through an appropriate gateway, with

DISN.

• MAGTF elements also possess a variety

of single-channel combat net radios that

include VHF SINCGARS, portable and

vehicular-mounted HF sets, portable and

shelter-mounted LOS radios, and singlechannel satellite UHF radios.

Additionally, the Marine Corps will field

HAVE QUICK compatible UHF radios.

• The Marine Air Command and Control

System has been in existence since the

mid-1960s and is still the principal

MAGTF Aviation Combat Element

command and control system.

Compatible with the Navy Tactical Data

System, the Marine Air Command and

Control System uses standard data links

to exchange and process aviation combat

information between Marine, Navy, Air

Force, Army anti-air combat units, and

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

combat aviation and aviation command

and control facilities.

5. The Joint Staff

Under the direction of the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Joint Staff develops,

recommends, and coordinates policies for C4

systems and assets controlled by the

Chairman. The J-6 develops and coordinates

policies, maintains surveillance over the

readiness of these assets, and develops

recommendations for tasking these assets.

The Operations Division (J-3) establishes

priorities for competing requirements and

makes recommendations when requests do not

comply with established policy. The J-3 also

directs the deployment of JCSE assets after

proper approval. CJCS Instruction 6110.01,

“CJCS-Controlled Tactical Communications

Assets,” governs the deployment of C4 assets

controlled by the Chairman. CJCSI 6110.01,

“CJCS-Controlled Tactical Communications

Assets,” also provides a detailed description

of how to obtain support and the scaleable

capabilities of significant C4 assets,

specifically the JCSE.
IV-12

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX A

C4 PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

A-1

1. Purpose

This appendix provides C4 planners with

questions to assist their planning efforts. The

list is by no means definitive. It simply serves

as a starting point.

2. General

a. C4 planning is inextricably linked with

operations planning. The goal of C4 planning

is to support mission accomplishment. The

mental process C4 planners use is generally

the same regardless of the mission or

geographical area. Although the checklist has

a joint perspective, it can be applied to other

C4 staffs — single-Service, subordinate

component, and multinational.

b. Numerous sources of information may

be used to answer the checklist questions. The

following list is representative.

• Existing operation plans and operation

orders.

• The JFC’s planning guidance, estimate,

intent, and concept of operations.

• Area studies.

• Unit files.

• CJCSM 6230.01, “C4 Planners Handbook.”

• CJCSM 6231, “Manual for Employing

Joint Tactical Communications.”

• CJCSM 6230.04, “Manual for

Employing Revised Battlefield

Electronic CEOI Systems.”

• CJCSM 6230.05, “Joint Have Quick

Planners Manual.”

• DISA Contingency Plan 10-95.

• “Joint Communications Support Element

Planning Guide.”

• Lessons-learned data bases from

previous operations and exercises,

especially the Joint Universal Lessons

Learned System.

• Systems Description Document Volume

I & II.

• Time-phased force and deployment data

and time-phased force and deployment list.

• Joint Pub 5-00.2 “Joint Task Force

Planning Guidance and Procedures.”

3. Common Questions

These questions apply to any mission. They

elicit background information, and each

serves as a data point to answer other

questions.

a. Parameters

• What is the JTF mission?

• What is the signal and/or

communications unit mission?

• What is the geographic operational area?

• What is the JFC’s estimate of the mission

and vision (intent and concept of

operations) to accomplish it?

• What are the JFC’s C4 requirements?

• Who are the subordinate component and

supporting forces? What are the

command relationships?
A-2

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

• How will the forces deploy (means of

transport), and what is the deployment

time line?

• Are there any transport and/or lift

restrictions (availability of assets,

departure and arrival locations)?

• Are there any satellite landing rights?

• When are the operations planning

meetings scheduled? How will C4

planning meetings fit into this schedule?

Has DISA been involved regarding

coordination of technical requirements?

• Are there any planning constraints?

• Are there any special C4 requirements?

Who has them?

• What national space-based assets are

required and/or available to support the

operation? Has a USSPACECOM Joint

Space Support Team been contacted?

• What C4 capabilities are available to

the joint force: SHF and/or UHF

commercial satellite, DSCS, fleet

satellite communications, MILSTAR

satellite terminals, JWICS, MILSTAR,

HF and VHF radio, tropospheric and

LOS microwave systems, LANs and

WANs, AUTODIN, DISN, land mobile

radio, personal communications

systems?

• What frequencies are available for the

joint operations area?

• What are the general communications

security (COMSEC) requirements? Will

the Intertheater Communications

Security Package (ICP) be used? Who

will draft the callout message?

• Who is the potential adversary? What

are their capabilities to conduct offensive

information warfare? Does a joint force

plan exist to counter the threat?

• What are the releasability requirements

for multinational operations?

b. Subordinate Component Forces

• Where will their C4 nodes be located?

• What are their C4 requirements?

• What are their C4 capabilities?

• What type of C4 systems do they have

(power, frequency bands, interoperable

and compatible with other subordinate

components’ equipment, mobility)?

• Who is the component C4 staff point of

contact for planning and technical

management and direction?

• Are there any special C4 requirements

resulting from the mission and the JFC’s

estimate, intent, and concept of operations?

• Are subordinate and supporting C4 plans

consistent with the supported JFC’s C4

plan?

c. Supporting Forces and Activities

• What is the mission of the supporting

forces and/or activities (this includes

allies and coalitions)?

• What are their C4 capabilities?

• What information does the supported

JFC need from the supporting forces and/

or activities (intelligence, weather,

imagery, mapping, deployment) and how

will it be accessed?

• What C4 support will the supporting

forces or activities require from the

supported JFC?
A-3

C4 Planning Considerations

d. Non-organic C4

• DISA

•• Does the operational area have a

DISA Regional Control Center or field

office?

•• Who is the DISA point of contact?

•• What is the DISN infrastructure in the

operational area?

•• Are sufficient gateways available?

What are the interface requirements to

access the gateways? Is the equipment

available?

•• Is Telecommunications Service

Provisioning and/or National Security

Emergency Preparedness involving

authority provided and current?

•• What are the anticipated DSCS and

commercial satellite requirements?

•• Has modeling of space networks been

initiated by DISA?

• Commercial Networks

•• Are commercial networks available

for use? Who can approve access to

them? Are funds available? Has DISA

been contacted to ensure required lead

times for normal allocations? (1)

Satellite (2) Data (3) Voice?

•• What special interfaces are required

to access the commercial network and

where are the access points?

•• What are the locations and types of

switches in the commercial network?

What are their technical parameters?

•• Where are the locations and types

of systems providing the backbone

transmission network?

•• What type of power is used — voltage,

current, commercial grid, or generator?

•• Does the operational area have a

cellular network? What are the

transmission media, frequency band, and

interface requirements? What are the

system standards? Is the system available

for use?

• CJCS Controlled C4 Assets

•• What CJCS controlled assets are

available?

•• What capabilities are available?

•• Will JCSE support be required in the

operational area, or will other defense and

commercial assets be sufficient?

•• Will JCSE support be needed for en

route communications?

•• Has a CJCSI 6110.01, “CJCSControlled Tactical Communications

Assets,” support request for CJCS

controlled C4 assets been submitted?

•• What are the JCSE’s logistic support

and electrical power requirements?

•• What are the JCSE airlift

considerations, allocations, and/or

priority?

• Other C4 Support

•• Is C4 support needed from specialized

communications units?
A-4

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

•• Who are the points of contact (POCs),

and what are the request procedures?

•• What are the units’ C4 capabilities

and limitations?

4. Planning Activities

This paragraph assumes that the basic

questions have been answered and covers

high-level and detailed C4 planning.

Although these functions are listed separately,

they are concurrent rather than sequential

actions. The planners interact to refine the

planning products, C4 estimates, Annex K,

and JCEOI.

a. High Level Planning

• What nodes will be necessary to provide

a global C4 network and where will they

be located?

• Which nodes will have to be connected?

• What transmission media will be used to

interconnect the nodes?

• What types of C4 equipment will be

located at each node (equipment strings,

interoperability of the equipment)?

• What are the frequency requirements for

each node? How will the frequencies be

allotted (joint, multinational, and

subordinate components)? Are there

potential frequency conflicts?

• What are the call signs and/or words for

each node?

• What units will provide, install,

operate, and maintain the equipment

for each node? What is their

operational readiness status?

• What lift assets are available to deploy

these units? When will the units deploy

and activate the nodes or network?

• Is the deployment schedule of C4 assets

consistent with the phases of the plan?

Will it permit the provision of C4 support

when and where needed?

• What is the phased buildup of C4I in the

operational area?

• Has C4 scheduling information been

added to the time-phased force and

deployment data and/or time-phased

force and deployment list?

• Have the JFC and J-3 been informed of

potential C4 shortfalls and recommended

solutions?

• How will keying material be managed

(ordering, generation, storing,

distribution, transferal, and destruction)?

What are the procedures for handling

compromises? Is a COMSEC logistics

management activity needed in the joint

operations area? What access will allies

have to US COMSEC?

• Are network and node diagrams

available?

• Have special C4 requirements been

addressed (search and rescue, SOF, en

route C4, embarkation and debarkation

connectivity)?

• How will the joint, JSOTF, subordinate

component, and supporting forces

networks interface with non-organic

networks (DISN, commercial, JCSE)?

• When and where will the Joint

Communications Control Center be

established?

• Are the subordinate component, JSOTF,

and supporting C4 plans consistent with

the joint C4 plan?
A-5

C4 Planning Considerations

b. Detailed Planning

• Circuit Switches

•• Does a circuit switch network diagram

exist that shows information about the

switch and circuit switch network

connectivity (switch type, area code,

trunk groups, capacity)?

•• How does the switch route calls:

flood, deterministic, or circuit switch

routing task execution plan?

•• Where do circuit switches need to be

located? How will they be connected?

•• What special features or restrictions will

be imposed on subscribers? Who will

authorize and enforce these restrictions?

•• Where are the Defense Switched

Network (DSN) interfaces? Are

precedences authorized? By whom?

•• How will subscriber assistance be

handled?

•• Where is the greatest anticipated

traffic load? Does sufficient capacity

exist to handle it?

•• What types of status reports are

required, and when will they be

submitted?

•• How will traffic metering and network

loading be measured, modeled, and

managed?

•• Who will publish telephone

directories and how will they be

distributed?

• Data Networking

•• What is the anticipated JTF

component data requirements?

•• Has automation been planned and/or

engineered into the network (x.25, IEEE

802.3, TCP/IP)?

•• What and/or where are the network

identifications and gateways?

•• Will data of various classifications “ride”

a secure tactical backbone? How will traffic

of various classifications be controlled and

managed? Are multi-level information

systems security initiative devices needed

and are resources available?

•• What is the joint architecture

topology?

•• Who is the joint data networks

manager?

•• What are the NIPRNET, SIPRNET,

and JWICS connectivity requirements?

•• What Integrated Tactical Strategic

Data Networking points of presence will

be used? Has a gateway access request

been submitted in accordance with DISA

contingency and/or exercise plans?

•• What is the addressing scheme?

• Message Switches

•• Where are the message switches

required?

•• What is the trunking plan?

•• What is the network connectivity of

all message switches?

•• Have routing indicators been

developed and routing tables established?

•• Is this an R and/or Y network?

•• Has a plain language address directory

been created?
A-6

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

•• How will special category traffic be

handled? Who will be authorized to have

access?

•• What are the intranodal and internodal

terminals?

•• What types of status reports are

required and when will they be

submitted?

•• What AUTODIN Switching Centers

are connected to the message switch?

•• Who is the Automated Message

Process System Security Officer?

•• Who will act as the AUTODIN

controller?

• Transmission Systems

•• Are the circuit requirements, routing,

channelization, and other parameters

identified in high-level planning valid?

Have satellite access requests been

submitted? Have frequency requests been

approved and published?

•• What are the characteristics and

connectivity of multiplexers in the

network? Are they compatible?

•• What are the timing requirements for

the network components? How will

timing be accomplished?

•• What types of status reports are required

and when will they be submitted?

5. Technical Management and

Direction

a. Joint Communications Control

Center

• What are the operational procedures for

the JCCC?

• How will the JCCC be manned?

• What reports will be required, how often

will they be required, and when will they

be submitted?

• How will network reconfiguration be

accomplished?

• Who are the POCs at the subordinate

control centers?

• Who will submit the Telecommunications

Service Request and Telecommunications

Service Order?

• Who will coordinate changes to

connectivity with the DISN? With the

commercial networks?

• What kind of statistics will be kept? Who

will analyze them? What will be done

with them?

• How will changes caused by the evolving

tactical situation be handled?

• Can the JCCC direct changes within

subordinate component networks to

optimize C4 within the joint operations

area?

• Where is the boundary between technical

direction and operational direction?

• How will frequency deconfliction be

managed? How can potential conflicts

be anticipated?

• Who will control frequency spares and

authorize their use?

• Who manages the allocated satellite

bandwidth used by the geographic joint

forces?

b. JCSE
A-7

C4 Planning Considerations

• Who is the JCSE POC?

• How will JCSE participate in the

technical management process?

• Are there any special reporting

requirements for systems provided by the

JCSE?

6. Other Planning Functions

a. Spectrum Management

• What are the provisions and procedures

for frequency planning and use for

opposed and/or unopposed entry

operations into a operational area?

• What frequency allotments and

assignments are available for the

operational area?

• Can the allotted and assigned frequencies

support the equipment deployed to the

operational area (communications,

computer LANs and/or WANs, sensors,

surveillance radars, GPS, airspace control

radars)?

• Will the frequencies work (propagation

and topographic analyses)?

• Does the allocation and assignment of

frequencies to subordinate component

commands contribute to mission

accomplishment?

• What are the enemy capabilities to

interfere with allotted and assigned

frequencies? Does a joint plan exist to

counter the threat?

• How will Meaconing, Interference,

Jamming, and Intrusion (MIJI) be

reported?

• Who will submit MIJI reports to the Joint

Spectrum Center (JSC)?

• Will the JCCC resolve electromagnetic

interference issues? Will JSC support be

required to resolve interference issues?

• Are sufficient spare frequencies

available?

• What emission control measures will be

applied?

• Will the JFC implement an electronic

deception plan? Are sufficient

frequencies available to support this

plan?

b. Security

• Will the cryptographic equipment

interoperate?

• What are the keying material

requirements?

• Does a key management plan exist?

• How will cryptographic compromises be

detected and corrected?

• What computer security measures will

be employed on the LANs and WANs in

the operational area?

• How will access to the various

networks be controlled (electronic and

physical)?

• Have COMSEC emergency destruction

procedures been established?

• What is the logistics plan for the

cryptographic equipment?

• Are equipment and keymat sufficient to

support planned and unplanned

operations?

• Have key change times been established

and promulgated?
A-8

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-02

• Have provisions been made for over-theair-rekeying where applicable?

• Is an ICP available? Is it needed?

• What will we transition to and when?

• What is the foreign information warfare

threat facing the C4I system?

• Are virus detection software applications

installed and operational? Are passwords

issued and in use? Has a contingency

plan been developed to guide recovery

actions should data be modified or

destroyed by unauthorized intrusions?

• Do remotely accessed computer systems

possess features to identify users and

substantiate their identification before

allowing information to be processed?

7. Summary

This list of questions is not all-inclusive.

These questions should be asked repeatedly

throughout the planning process as C4

planners adapt to an evolving operational and

tactical situation. They provide a framework

for supporting C4 planning for each phase of

an operation, focusing C4 planners on the

mission and how the JFC intends to

accomplish it.
APPENDIX B

REFERENCES

B-1

The development of Joint Pub 6-02 is based upon the following primary references.

1. DOD Directive 3222.4, 31 July 1992, “Electronic Warfare (EW) and Command, Control

and Communications Countermeasures (C3CM).”

2. DOD Directive TS-3600.1, 21 December 1992, “Information Warfare (U).”

3. DOD Directive 5000.1, 23 February 1991, “Defense Acquisition.”

4. DOD Directive 5105.19, 25 June 1991, “Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA).”

5. DOD Directive 5137.1, 12 February 1992, “Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command,

Control, Communications, and Intelligence (ASD[C3I]).”

6. DOD Directive 5230.11, 16 June 1992, “Disclosure of Classified Military Information

to Foreign Governments and International Organizations.”

7. CJCSI 3210.01, “Joint Information Warfare Policy.”

8. CJCSI 3213.01, 28 May 1993, “Joint Operations Security.”

9. CJCSI 5112.01, 19 September 1994, “Charter for Theater Air Defense Battle Management

Command, Control, Communication, Computers, and Intelligence Joint Oversight

Committee.”

10. CJCSI 6110.01, 25 January 1996, “CJCS-Controlled Tactical Communications Assets.”

11. CJCSI 6211.02, 23 June 1993, “Defense Information Systems Network and Connected

Systems.”

12. CJCSI 6212.01A, 30 June 1995, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of

Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence Systems.”

13. CJCSI 6510.01, 1 September 1993, “Defensive Information Warfare Implementation.”

14. CJCSM 6230.01, “C4 Planners Handbook.”

15. CJCSM 6230.04, “Manual for Employing Revised Battlefield Electronic CEOI

Systems.”

16. CJCSM 6230.05, “Joint Have Quick Planners Manual.”

17. CJCSM 6231, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communications.”
B-2

Appendix B

Joint Pub 6-02

18. CJCSM 6231.01, 17 March 1995, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical

Communications Systems/Joint Communications Systems Architecture and Management.”

19. CJCSM 6231.07, 1 May 1995, “TRI-TAC Equipment, Volume VII, Network

Management.”

20. CJCS MOP 6, 3 March 1993, “Electronic Warfare (U).”

21. CJCS MOP 30, 8 March 1993, “Command, Control, and Communications

Countermeasures.”

22. CJCS MOP 31, 8 May 1992, “Submitting and Assigning Priorities to Requirements

for Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Support.”

23. CJCS MOP 37, 14 May 1992, “Military Satellite Communications Systems.”

24. DISA Contingency Plan 10-95.

25. Joint Pub 1, “Joint Warfare of the Armed Forces of the United States.”

26. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

27. Joint Pub 1-02, “Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

28. Joint Pub 3-0, “Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

29. Joint Pub 3-05, “Doctrine for Joint Special Operations.”

30. Joint Pub 3-13.1, “Joint Doctrine for Command and Control Warfare Operations

(C2W).”

31. Joint Pub 3-51, “Electronic Warfare in Joint Operations.”

32. Joint Pub 3-54, “Joint Doctrine for Operations Security.”

33. Joint Pub 3-56, “Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Operations.”

34. Joint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.”

35. Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning Joint Operations.”

36. Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures.”

37. Joint Pub 6-0, “Doctrine for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer

(C4) Systems Support to Joint Operations.”
APPENDIX C

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

C-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the

Joint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,

VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,

consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director for

Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems (J-6).

3. Supersession

This publication supersedes Joint Pub 6-02, 1 April 1968, “Joint Doctrine for Operational/

Tactical Command, Control, and Communications Systems” and MCM-008-91, 16 January

1991, "Contingency Communications Between the Commander of a Joint Task Force and a

US Diplomatic Post."

4. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J6/J7-JDD//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and

Interoperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in this

publication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an

enclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requested

to notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in

this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes:

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTED

NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
C-2

Appendix C

Joint Pub 6-02

5. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication

centers.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,

Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any classified joint publication to foreign

governments or foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense

Attache Office) to DIA Foreign Liaison Office, PSS, Room 1A674, Pentagon,

Washington, D.C. 20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned

administrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,

“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Naval Inventory Control Point

700 Robbins Avenue

Bldg 1, Customer Service

Philadelphia, PA 19111-5099

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base

Albany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-OPD)

2100 2nd Street, SW

Washington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is

unrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint

publications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.
GLOSSARY

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

AMPE automated message processing exchange

ARFOR Army forces

AUTODIN automatic digital network

C2 command and control

C4 command, control, communications, and computers

C4I command, control, communications, computers, and

intelligence

CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

COE common operating environment

COMSAT communications satellite

COMSEC communications security

CONUS continental United States

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency

DISN Defense Information Systems Network

DMS Defense Message System

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

DOD Department of Defense

DODIIS Department of Defense Intelligence Information System

DSCS Defense Satellite Communications System

DSP Defense Satellite Program

DSSCS Defense Special Security Communications System

DWTS Digital Wideband Transmission System

EHF extremely high frequency

EM executive manager

EMI electromagnetic interference

FLTSAT fleet satellite

FRRS frequency resource record system

FTS Federal Telecommunications System

GBS Global Broadcast System

GCCS global command and control system

GMF ground mobile forces

GPS global positioning system

HF high frequency

ICP Intertheater COMSEC Package

IEMATS Improved Emergency Message Auto Transmission System

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite
GL-2

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-02

INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

IW information warfare

IW-D defensive information warfare

J-3 Operations Division

J-6 C4 Systems Division

JCCC joint communications control center

JCEOI joint communications-electronics operating instructions

JCSE Joint Communications Support Element

JDISS Joint Deployable Intelligence Support System

JFC joint force commander

JMCOMS Joint Maritime Communications System

JSC joint spectrum center

JSMS Joint Spectrum Management System

JSOTF joint special operations task force

JTF joint task force

JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System / Link 16

JWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System

LAN local area network

LEASAT leased satellite

LOS line-of-sight

MAGTF Marine air-ground task force

Mbps megabytes per second

Mhz megahertz

MIJI meaconing, interference, jamming, and intrusion

MILSATCOM military satellite communications

MILSTAR military strategic and tactical relay system

MSE mobile subscriber equipment

NCA National Command Authorities

NIPRNET Unclassified but Sensitive Internet Protocol Router Network

NTCS-A Navy Tactical Command System Afloat

POC point of contact

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

RF radio frequency

SCI sensitive compartmented information

SHF super high frequency

SINCGARS Single-channel Ground Airborne Radio System

SIPRNET Internet Protocol Router Network - Secret Level

SOF special operations forces

STU-III secure telephone unit-III

SVS secure voice system

SYSCON system control
GL-3

Glossary

TACS Theater Air Control System

TACSAT tactical satellite

TRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications

UFO UHF Follow On

UHF ultra high frequency

USSPACECOM US Space Command

VHF very high frequency

WAN wide area network
command and control warfare. The

integrated use of operations security,

military deception, psychological

operations, electronic warfare, and physical

destruction, mutually supported by

intelligence, to deny information to,

influence, degrade, or destroy adversary

command and control capabilities, while

protecting friendly command and control

capabilities against such actions. Command

and control warfare is a warfighting

application of information warfare in

military operations and is a subset of

information warfare. Command and

control warfare applies across the range of

military operations and all levels of conflict.

Also called C2W. C2W is both offensive

and defensive: a. C2-attack. Prevent effective

C2 of adversary forces by denying information

to, influencing, degrading or destroying the

adversary C2 system. b. C2-protect. Maintain

effective command and control of own forces

by turning to friendly advantage or negating

adversary efforts to deny information to,

influence, degrade or destroy the friendly C2

system. (Joint Pub 1-02)

common operating environment. The

common operating environment provides

a familiar look, touch, sound, and feel to

the commander, no matter where the

commander is deployed. Information

presentation and command, control,

communication, computers, and

intelligence system interfaces are

maintained consistently from platform to

platform, enabling the commander to focus

attention on the crisis at hand. Also called

COE. (Approved for inclusion in the next

edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

communicate. To use any means or method

to convey information of any kind from one

person or place to another. (Approved for

inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub

1-02.)

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

computer security. The protection resulting

from all measures to deny unauthorized

access and exploitation of friendly computer

systems. Also called COMPUSEC.

(Approved for inclusion in the next edition

of Joint Pub 1-02.)

deployment planning. Operational planning

directed toward the movement of forces and

sustainment resources from their original

locations to a specific operational area for

conducting the joint operations

contemplated in a given plan. Encompasses

all activities from origin or home station

through destination, specifically including

intra-continental United States, intertheater,

and intratheater movement legs, staging

areas, and holding areas. (Joint Pub 1-02)

information warfare. Actions taken to

achieve information superiority by affecting

adversary information, information-based

processes, and information systems, while

defending one’s own information,

information-based processes, and

information systems. Also called IW. (Joint

Pub 1-02)

global grid. An open systems architecture

that provides global connectivity

instantaneously on warrior demand. The

global grid can support both vertical and

horizontal information flow to joint and

multinational forces. (Approved for

inclusion in the next edition of Joint Pub

1-02.)

joint communications control center. An

element of the J-6 established to support a

joint force commander. The Joint

Communications Control Center (JCCC)

serves as the single control agency for the

management and direction of the joint force

command, control, communications, and

computers systems. The JCCC may

include plans and operations

GL-4 Joint Pub 6-02
GL-5

Glossary

administration, system control, and

frequency management sections. Also

called JCCC. (Approved for inclusion in

the next edition of Joint Pub 1-02.)

node/command, control, communications,

and computers node. The physical and

functional grouping of communications

and computer systems that provide

terminating, switching, and gateway access

services to support information exchange.

(Approved for inclusion in the next edition

of Joint Pub 1-02.)
GL-6

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-02

Intentionally Blank
Assessments/

Revision

CJCS

Approval

Two

Drafts

Program

Directive

Project

Proposal

J-7 formally staffs with

Services and CINCS

Includes scope of project,

references, milestones,

and who will develop

drafts

J-7 releases Program

Directive to Lead Agent.

Lead Agent can be

Service, CINC, or Joint

Staff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2

Program Directive

l

l

l

The CINCS receive the pub and

begin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months following

publication, the Director J-7, will

solicit a written report from the

combatant commands and

Services on the utility and quality

of each pub and the need for any

urgent changes or earlier-thanscheduled revisions

No later than 5 years after

development, each pub is revised

STEP #5

Assessments/Revision

l

l

l

Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staff

to fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services and

CINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

l

l

l

STEP #1

Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy

as shown in the chart above. is in the series of joint doctrine publications.

The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 6-02 C4 Systems

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNEL

and

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT PUB 5-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

OPERATIONS PLANS C4 SYSTEMS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINT

WARFARE

JOINT

DOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makes

required changes and prepares pub for

coordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formal

staffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4

CJCS Approval

l

l

l

Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority

(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,

and Joint Staff

l

l

l

STEP #3

Two Drafts

ENHANCED

JOINT

WARFIGHTING

CAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

LOGISTICS

JOINT PUB 4-0