NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 248

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and David E. Knapp, Editors

Volume 248

BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux

Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format

Gloria Rapalee and Eric Davidson, Woods Hole Research Center, Massachusetts

Jennifer W. Harden, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California

Susan E. Trumbore, University of California, Irvine

Hugo Veldhuis, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010023262 2018-05-14T19:06:28+00:00Z
TheNASA STIProgramOffice ... in Profile

Sinceits founding,NASAhasbeendedicatedto

theadvancement of aeronauticsandspace

science.TheNASA ScientificandTechnical

Information(STI)ProgramOfficeplaysakey

partinhelpingNASAmaintainthisimportant

role.

TheNASASTIProgramOfficeis operatedby

LangleyResearchCenter,theleadcenterfor

NASA'sscientificandtechnicalinformation.The

NASASTIProgramOfficeprovidesaccessto

theNASASTIDatabase, thelargestcollectionof

aeronauticalandspacescienceSTIin theworld.

TheProgramOfficeis alsoNASA'sinstitutional

mechanismfor disseminatingtheresultsof its

researchanddevelopmentactivities.These

resultsarepublishedbyNASAintheNASASTI

ReportSeries,whichincludesthefollowing

reporttypes:

• TECHNICALPUBLICATION.Reportsof

completedresearchor amajorsignificant

phaseofresearchthatpresentheresultsof

NASAprogramsandincludeextensivedataor

theoreticalanalysis.Includescompilationsof

significantscientificandtechnicaldataand

informationdeemedto beof continuing

referencevalue.NASA'scounterpartof

peer-reviewedformalprofessionalpapersbut

haslessstringentlimitationsonmanuscript

lengthandextentof graphicpresentations.

• TECHNICALMEMORANDUM.Scientific

andtechnicalfindingsthatarepreliminaryor

of specializedinterest,e.g.,quickrelease

reports,workingpapers,andbibliographies

thatcontainminimalannotation.Doesnot

containextensiveanalysis.

• CONTRACTORREPORT.Scientificand

technicalfindingsby NASA-sponsored

contractorsandgrantees.

CONFERENCEPUBLICATION.Collected

papersfromscientificandtechnical

conferences,symposia,seminars,or other

meetingssponsoredor cosponsoredby NASA.

SPECIALPUBLICATION.Scientific,technical,orhistoricalinformationfromNASA

programs,projects,andmission,oftenconcernedwith subjectshavingsubstantialpublic

interest.

TECHNICALTRANSLATION.

English-languagetranslationsof foreignscientific andtechnicalmaterialpertinentto NASA's

mission.

SpecializedservicesthatcomplementtheSTI

ProgramOffice'sdiverseofferingsincludecreating customthesauri,buildingcustomizeddatabases,organizingandpublishingresearchresults...

evenprovidingvideos.

FormoreinformationabouttheNASASTIPrograinOffice,seethefollowing:

AccesstheNASA STIProgramHomePageat

http://www,sti.nasa.gov/STI-homepage.html

E-mailyourquestionviatheInternetto

help@sti.nasa.gov

Faxyourquestionto theNASAAccessHelp

Deskat(301)621-0134

• TelephonetheNASAAccessHelpDeskat

(301)621-0390

Write to:

NASAAccessHelpDesk

NASACenterfor AeroSpaceInformation

7121StandardDrive

Hanover,MD 21076-1320
NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 248

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and David E. Knapp, Editors

Volume 248

BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux

Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format

Gloria Rapalee and Eric Davidson, Woods Hole Research Center, Massachusetts

Jennifer W. Harden, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California

Susan E. Trumbore, University of California, Irvine

Hugo Veldhuis, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster

Format

Gloria Rapalee, Eric Davidson, Jennifer W. Harden, Susan E. Trumbore, Hugo Veldhuis

Summary

The BOREAS TGB- 12 team made measurements of soil carbon inventories, carbon concentration in

soil gases, and rates of soil respiration at several sites. This data set provides: (1) estimates of soil

carbon stocks by horizon based on soil survey data and analyses of data from individual soil profiles;

(2) estimates of soil carbon fluxes based on stocks, fire history, drainage, and soil carbon inputs and

decomposition constants based on field work using radiocarbon analyses; (3) fire history data

estimating age ranges of time since last fire; and (4) a raster image and an associated soils table file

from which area-weighted maps of soil carbon and fluxes and fire history may be generated. This data

set was created from raster files, soil polygon data files, and detailed lab analysis of soils data that

were received from Dr. Hugo Veldhuis, who did the original mapping in the field during 1994. Also

used were soils data from Susan Trumbore and Jennifer Harden (BOREAS TGB-12). The binary

raster file covers a 733-km2 area within the NSA-MSA.

Note that some of the files of this data set on the BOREAS CD-ROMs have been compressed using

the Gzip program. See Section 8.2 for details.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

Page 1
1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format

1.2 Data Set Introduction

This data set contains soil properties and classification information, particularly soil carbon stocks

and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon area, over the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

(BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA)-Modeling Sub-Area (MSA), gridded to a 30-meter pixel

resolution. The data were reprojected into the ellipsoidal version of the Albers Equal-Area Conic

(AEAC) projection from the original map made by Dr. Hugo Veldhuis (Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada). The original map was then modified by Gloria Rapalee (The Woods Hole Research Center).

1.3 Objective/Purpose

These data are provided by the BOREAS Trace Gas and Biogeochemistry (TGB)-12 team and

include pertinent map data in both hardcopy and digital form. This data set has been processed to

provide a raster file that can be used for modeling or for comparison purposes. The purpose of this

data set is to provide information about the fire history and spatial distribution of soil carbon stocks

and fluxes over the NSA-MSA.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

This data set contains information about the spatial distribution of soil classes around the

NSA-MSA along with soil class properties such as parent material, texture, slope class, and water

table depth, as well as soil carbon stocks and fluxes, time since last fire, and polygon area. A detailed

list of parameters is given in Section 7. The polygon numbers in the American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) table files correspond to pixel values in the binary raster file. The

value of each pixel can link to the table described in Section 7 in order to extract these parameters.

1.5 Discussion

The spatial base of this data set is the vector layer by Dr. Hugo Veldhuis of Agriculture and

Agri-Food Canada. Using aerial photography and field methods, he identified various soil polygons at

a scale of 1:50,000 for the NSA-MSA (what Dr. Veldhuis calls the 'super site'). This data set was also

produced from the detailed field soil data collected by Jennifer Harden and Susan Trumbore

(TGB-12), plus data from related data sets listed in Section 1.6.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AFM-12 1-kin AVHRR Seasonal Land Cover Classification

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

BOREAS

Forest Cover Data Layers of the NSA in Raster Format

TE- 13 Biometry Data

TE- 18 Landsat TM Maximum Likelihood Classification Image of the NSA

TE-20 NSA Soil Lab Data

TE-20 Soils Data over the NSA MSA and Tower Sites in Raster Format

TE-20 Supplementary Soil & Site Information for NSA MSA and Tower Sites (Grab Bag)

TGB-05 Fire History of Manitoba 1980 to 1991 in Raster Format

TGB- 12 Soil Carbon Data over the NSA

Page 2
2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Gloria Rapalee, Graduate Fellow, The Woods Hole Research Center

Eric A. Davidson, Associate Scientist, The Woods Hole Research Center

Jennifer W. Harden, Soil Scientist, United States Geological Survey

Susan E. Trumbore, Associate Professor, University of California, Irvine

Hugo Veldhuis, Senior Pedologist, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

2.2 Title of Investigation

Scaling Soil Carbon Stocks and Fluxes of Super Site Northern Study Area Thompson, Manitoba,

Canada

Part of: Input, Accumulation, and Turnover of Carbon in Boreal Forest Soils: Integrating 14C

Isotopic Analyses with Ecosystem Dynamics

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Gloria Rapalee / Eric Davidson

The Woods Hole Research Center

P.O. Box 296

13 Church St.

Woods Hole MA 02543

(508) 540-9900

(508) 540-9700 (fax)

grapalee@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov / edavidson@whrc.org

Contact 2:

David Knapp

Raytheon ITSS

NASA GSFC

Code 923

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-1424

David.Knapp@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The original soils mapping was performed by using a combination of field samples of the soil and

aerial photographs. The original soils map was then modified by Gloria Rapalee using a variety of

available data to account for changes in vegetation due to a recent fire. These digital map data provide

investigators with a continuous surface of soil parameters plus carbon stock and flux data that can

further be used for modeling purposes.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

Please refer to the separate reports submitted by Drs. Veldhuis and Trumbore et al. regarding

equipment used to perform the soils mapping. See Section 1.6.

In addition to field techniques, aerial photography flown in 1978 at 1:50,000 scale was used to

map the soils of the NSA-MSA. No additional information is available about this photography.

Page 3
4.1.1 Collection Environment

The original vector files were received in digital line graph (DLG) format from Dr. Hugo Veldhuis.

The modified soil polygon file (this data set) was received in binary raster format.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Unknown.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

Unknown.

4.1.4 Key Variables

The key variables of this data set include:

POLYNUM : Polygon number

GRIDLOC : Grid location

COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element)

NUMBER : Component rank number

PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components

KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface

LANDFRM : Local surface form

PMDEPOI = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent material

TXTUREI = Texture of first (upper) parent material

TXTMODI = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material

PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent material

TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material

TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material

PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent material

TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material

TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material

COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral soils

SLOPE = Slope gradient class

DRAINGE : Drainage class

DEPTHWT : Depth to water table, average

PFDISTR : Permafrost distribution or occurrence

DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average)

ICECTNT : Ice content of permanently frozen layer

DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H)

DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit

SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification)

VARIANT = Classification variant or phase

SOILTPI = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component

SOILPHI = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type

SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component

SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type

TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of each soil polygon

COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of each polygon component

DR CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code)

STND AGE : Stand age; time since last fire

ST AGE GRP : Stand age; age ranges since last fire

C SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon stocks of surface layers, including moss

C DEEP = Area-weighted carbon stocks of deep soil horizons

C TOTAL = Area-weighted total carbon stock for entire profile

(C SURFACE + C DEEP)

FL SURFACE = Area-weighted carbon fluxes of surface layers, including moss

Page 4
FL DEEP = Area-weighted carbon fluxes

FL NET = Area-weighted carbon fluxes

(FL SURFACE + FL DEEP)

of deep soil horizons

for entire profile

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Unknown.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Unknown.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Unknown.

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

Unknown.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Unknown.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

Unknown.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Unknown.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

A detailed report of the soils mapping effort, submitted by Dr. Veldhuis, is available. Part 2 of the

report (Methodology) provides detailed information about data acquisition methods. Detailed

documentation of Trumbore and Harden (TGB-12) field data and methods is also available. See

Section 1.6.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

The soils report by Dr. Veldhuis provides observations and descriptions of soils. Additional notes

exist in files (not included here) submitted by Dr. Veldhuis. Site and field descriptions of Trumbore

and Harden (TGB-12) sampling sites are also available. See Section 1.6.

6.2 Field Notes

Not applicable.

Page 5
7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

The soil map in this data set covers a 733 km2 area within the NSA-MSA. Details of spatial

coverage and resolution are given in the following sections.

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The area mapped is projected in the BOREAS Grid system and is bounded by the following points.

These coordinates are based on the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83).

NSA-MSA (1,420 pixels by 956 lines, 30-meter pixel size)

Point BOREAS X BOREAS Y Longitude Latitude

Northwest 759.33175 630.72800 -98.73055 56.06201

Northeast 801.93175 630.72800 -98.05756 55.99320

Southwest 759.33175 602.04800 -98.81086 55.80873

Southeast 801.93175 602.04800 -98.14207 55.74036

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

The soil map in this data set covers a 733 km2 area within the NSA-MSA.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The pixel resolution is 30 meters.

7.1.4 Projection

The area mapped is projected in the ellipsoidal version of the AEAC projection. The projection has

the following parameters:

Datum: NAD83

Ellipsoid: GRS80 or WGS84

Origin: W iii.000 degrees

Standard Parallels: N 52 deg

N 58 deg

Units of Measure: kilometers

N 51.000

30' 00"

30' 00"

degrees

7.1.5 Grid Description

Each pixel represents an area of 30 by 30 meters in the AEAC projection described in Section

7.1.4.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics:

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Dr. Veldhuis collected field samples for mapping the MSA and the NSA tower sites in 1994. Air

photos taken in 1978 at a scale of 1:50,000 were used for extending the field samples to map the

NSA-MSA. Trumbore and Harden collected soil samples in 1993 and 1994. Several data sources (see

Section 1.6) that postdate the 1978 air photos were used to generate the fire history data listed in the

soils table file. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image and forest cover images date from 1988.

Fire history images date from 1980 to 1991. Data from the AVHRR image are from 1992. Tree core

data are from the 1993 biometry inventory of auxiliary sites. Also used was a set of fire history maps

dating from 1937 to 1990 produced by Forestry Canada.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not applicable.

Page 6
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Not applicable.

7.3 Data Characteristics

These data are in an image format in which the value of a pixel represents the polygon number

_om the original vector data, later modified by Gloria RapNee for this data set. This number can be

related to a set of records in the ASCII soils table file. The soils table file contmns parameters for the

various polygons. Lakes are indicated with a polygon number of 237. Polygons with numbers greater

than 237 are split _om Dr. Veldhuis's original polygons.

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

POLYNUM

GRIDLOC

COMPONT

NUMBER

PERCENT

KINDMAT

LANDFRM

PMDEPOI

TXTUREI

TXTMODI

PMDEPO2

TXTURE2

TXTMOD2

PMDEPO3

TXTURE3

TXTMOD3

COFRAGS

SLOPE

DRAINGE

DEPTHWT

PFDISTR

DPTHACT

ICECTNT

DPTHLFH

DPTHORG

SOILDEV

VARIANT

SOILTPI

SOILPHI

SOILTP2

SOILPH2

TOTLAREA

COMPAREA

DR CLASS

STND AGE

ST AGE GRP

C MOSS

C DEEP

C TOTAL

FL MOSS

FL DEEP

FL TOTAL

Page 7
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

Binary Raster Image File

POLYNUM: Number of the map polygon to which the pixel belongs. Unitless

but coded value.

ASCII soil table file:

i. POLYNUM = Number of the map polygon.

2. GRIDLOC = An alphanumeric grid to be used to find a particular polygon

on the map.

3. COMPONT = Polygon component (landscape element) .

The landscape components that make up the area delineated by the polygon.

A polygon may have one or many components. They are listed in order of extent.

Code Class Description

D Dominant

S Subdominant

I Inclusion

W Water

The D-components combined cover >50%

of the land area of a polygon.

The S-components combined cover <50% of

the land area of a polygon.

Each inclusion covers <15% of the

polygon, but the combined area of

inclusions may be 25%.

Surface water in the form of lakes, ponds

or streams may cover between 5 and 100% of

a polygon.

4. NUMBER = Component rank number.

Landscape elements with the similar parent material properties are considered

to belong to the same general component. Thus, these elements together form

the dominant or subdominant component in the polygon, but the individual

elements will not be dominant or subdominant. To show the landscape

relationship or parent material association, the elements are all considered

to belong to the dominant (D) or subdominant (S) group, but are ranked DI, D2,

etc., according to their relative importance within the group. For example,

three drainage conditions exist on a gently undulating glaciolacustrine blanket.

The well-drained portion occupies 30% of the polygon area, imperfectly drained

conditions exist in 15% of the polygon, and poorly drained areas with a thin

peat cover occupy an additional 10%, for a combined total of 55%. This makes

this grouping the dominant component in the polygon. Thus, these three elements

will be labeled DI, D2, and D3, respectively.

In the cases of inclusions (I) and water (W), the rank numbers link these

components to either the dominant or the subdominant components. The convention

is that an uneven rank number (1,3 .... ) links the inclusion or water to the

dominant component(s), while an even rank number links it to the subdominant

component(s).

Page 8
5. PERCENT = Percentage distribution of components.

Percent area is estimated within the nearest 5%. Components <10% are not

listed except for W.

6. KINDMAT = Kind of rock outcrop or other material at the surface.

Code Class Description

OR Organic soil

R2 Hard rock, acidic

SO Mineral soil

WA Water

Contains >30% organic matter by

weight

Granite

Dominant mineral particles, contains

<30% organic matter by weight

Water

7. LANDFRM = Local surface form.

Mineral surface forms. Two classes may be combined. For example, "bh" is

hummocky blanket; "vi" is inclined veneer.

Code Class Description

b blanket

d dissected

h hummocky

i inclined

knoll and kettle

level

r ridged

s steep

u undulating

v veneer

w beach, strandline

Unconsolidated surficial materials >i m

thick.

Gullies or valleys dissect the

component.

A complex sequence of slopes extending

from concavities of various sizes to

knolls or short, discontinuous ridges.

A sloping, unidirectional surface with

a generally constant slope not broken by

marked irregularity or gullies.

A very chaotic sequence of knolls,

ridges, and kettles.

A flat or very gently sloping

unidirectional surface with a generally

constant slope not broken by marked

elevations and depressions; slopes are

generally <2%.

A long, narrow elevation of the

surface, usually distinctly crested with

steep sides.

Erosional slopes on both

consolidated and unconsolidated materials.

A regular sequence of gentle slopes

that extends from rounded and, in some

places, confined concavities to broad,

rounded convexities; low local relief with

slopes usually between 2-5%.

Unconsolidated surficial materials <i m

thick. Veneers may be continuous or

patchy.

Low ridges with steeper slope on one

Page 9
subdued hummocky

side than on the other.

A complex sequence of slopes

extending from concavities of various

sizes to knolls. Local topography is <i0 m.

Organic Surface Forms

The classification of landforms is often the case of "best fit." Often the

landform encountered does not quite meet all criteria of any class. Organic

landforms often are intergrades of one form to another.

Code Class Description

Ba Palsa bog

Bc

Bt

Collapse scar bog

Peat plateau bog

Bv Veneer bog

Fb Basin fen

mc Collapse scar fen

A bog composed of individual or

coalesced palsas, occurring in an unfrozen

peatland. Palsas are mounds of perennially

frozen peat and mineral soil, up to 5 m

high, with a maximum diameter of i00 m.

The surface is highly uneven, often

containing collapse scar bogs.

A circular or oval-shaped wet

depression in a perennially frozen

peatland; the collapse scar bog was once

part of the perennially frozen peatland,

but the permafrost thawed, causing the

surface to subside; the depression is poor

in nutrients, as it is not connected to

the minerotrophic fens in which the palsa

or peat plateau occurs.

A bog composed of perennially frozen

peat, rising abruptly about 1 m from the

surrounding unfrozen fen; the surface is

relatively flat and even, and the bog

commonly covers large areas; the peat was

originally deposited in a nonpermafrost

environment and is associated in many

places with collapse bogs or fens.

A bog occurring on gently sloping

terrain underlain by generally

discontinuous permafrost; although

drainage is predominantly below the

surface, overland flow occurs in poorly

defined drainage-ways during peak runoff;

peat thickness is usually less than 1.5 m.

A fen occupying a topographically

defined basin; however, the basins do not

receive drainage from upstream and the

fens are thus influenced mainly by local

hydrological conditions; the depth of peat

increases toward the center.

A fen with circular or oval

depressions, up to i00 m, occurring in

larger fens, marking the subsidence of

thawed permafrost peatlands. Dead trees,

Page 10
Fh Horizontal fen

Fs Stream fen

remnants of the subsided vegetation of

permafrost peatlands, are often evident.

A fen with a very gently sloping

featureless surface; this fen occupies

broad, often ill-defined depressions, and

may be interconnected with other fens;

peat accumulation is generally uniform.

A fen located in the main channel or

along the banks of permanent or semipermanent streams. This fen is affected by

the water of the stream at normal and

flood stages.

8. PMDEPOI = Mode of deposition or origin of first (upper) parent material.

Code Class Description

AN Anthropogenic

B Bog

FN Fen

Fluvial

Materials modified by human activity so

that their physical properties have been

drastically altered; they include borrow

pits, gravel pits, road beds.

Bogs consist of unspecified organic

materials associated with an ombrotrophic

environment because the slightly elevated

nature of the bog dissociates it from

nutrient-rich ground water or surrounding

mineral soils; near the surface, materials

are usually not or very little decomposed

(fibric), yellowish to pale brown, loose

and spongy in consistence, and entire

sphagnum plants are readily identified;

these materials are extremely acid, with

low bulk density and high fiber content;

at depths they become darker, compacted,

and somewhat layered; bogs are associated

with slopes or depressions on topography

with a water table at or near the surface

in the spring and slightly below it during

the rest of the year; they are usually

covered with sphagnum mosses, but sedges

may also grow on them; bogs may be treed

or treeless, and many are characterized by

a layer of ericaceous shrubs.

Sediment generally consisting of silt

and clay with a minor fraction of sand and

gravel; gravels are typically rounded;

alluvial sediments are commonly moderately

to well sorted and display stratification.

Fens consist of unspecified organic

materials formed in a minerotrophic

environment because of the close

association of the material with mineralrich waters; it is usually moderately well

to well decomposed, dark brown to black,

Page 11
GF

GL

RK

Glaciofluvial

Glaciolacustrine

Organic

Residual

Till (Morainal

Rock

with fine- to medium-sized fibers;

decomposition commonly becomes greater at

lower depths; the materials are covered

with a dominant component of sedges or

brown mosses, but grasses reeds, sphagnum

mosses, shrubs and trees may be

associated.

Material moved by glaciers and

subsequently sorted and deposited by

streams flowing from the melting ice;

deposits are stratified and may occur in

the form of outwash plains, deltas, kames,

eskers, and kame terraces.

Sediment generally consisting of

either stratified fine sand, silt, and

clay deposited on the glacial lake bed or

moderately well sorted and stratified sand

and coarser materials that are beach and

other near-shore sediments transported and

deposited by wave action; these materials

either have settled from suspension in

bodies of standing fresh water or have

accumulated at their margins through wave

action.

A layered sequence of more than three

types of organic undifferentiated material (>30%

organic matter by weight).

Unconsolidated, weathered, or partly

weathered soil mineral materials that

accumulates by disintegration of bedrock

in place.

Sediment generally consisting of wellcompacted material that is nonstratified

and contains a heterogeneous mixture of

sand, silt, and clay particle sizes and

coarse fragments in a mixture that has

been transported beneath, beside, on,

within, or in front of a glacier and not

modified by any intermediate agent.

A consolidated bedrock layer that is

too hard to break with the hands (>3 on

Mohs' scale) or to dig with a spade when

moist.

Page 12
9. TXTUREI = Texture of first (upper) parent material.

Soil texture indicates the relative proportions of the various soil separates

in a soil. Soil separates are mineral particles, <2.0 mm in equivalent

diameter, ranging between specified size limits:

Soil separate Diameter (mm)

Very coarse sand 2.0-1.0

Coarse sand 1.0-0.50

Medium sand 0.50-0.25

Fine sand 0.25-0.10

Very fine sand 0.10-0.05

Silt 0.05-0.002

Clay <0.002

Coarse fragments are rock or mineral fragments >2.0 mm in diameter:

Coarse fragment Diameter (cm)

Gravel 0.2-7.5

Cobble 7.5-25.0

Sands

Sand is a soil material that contains 85% or more sand; the percentage of silt

plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay, does not exceed 15.

Code Class Description

VCS Very Coarse Sand

CS Coarse Sand

S Sand

FS

VFS

Fine Sand

Very Fine Sand

25% or more very coarse sand, and

less than 50% any other one grade of sand.

25% or more very coarse and coarse

sand, and less than 50% any other grade of

sand.

25% or more very coarse, coarse, and

medium sand (but less than 25% very coarse

and coarse sand), and less than 50% of

either fine or very fine sand.

50% or more fine sand, or less than

25% very coarse, coarse, and medium sand

and less than 50% very fine sand.

50% or more very fine sand.

Page 13
Loamy Sands

Loamy sand is a soil material that contains at the upper limit 85-90% sand,

and the percentage of silt plus 1.5 times the percentage of clay is not less

than 15; at the lower limit it contains not less than 70-85% sand, and the

percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay does not exceed 30.

Code Class Description

LCS Loamy Coarse Sand

LS Loamy Sand

LFS

LVFS

Loamy Fine Sand

Loamy Very Fine

Sand

25% or more very coarse and coarse

sand, and less than 50% any other

one grade of sand.

25% or more very coarse, coarse, and

medium sand (but less than 25% very coarse

and coarse sand), and less than 50% fine

or very fine sand.

50% or more fine sand, or less than

50% very fine sand and less than 25% very

coarse, coarse, and medium sand.

50% or more very fine sand.

Sandy Loams

Sandy loam is a soil material that contains either 20% clay or less, with the

percentage of silt plus twice the percentage of clay exceeding 30, and 52% or

more sand; or less than 7% clay, less than 50% silt, and 43-52% sand.

Code Class Description

CSL Coarse Sandy Loam

SL Sandy Loam

FSL

VFSL

Fine Sandy Loam

Very Fine Sandy

Loam

25% or more very coarse and coarse

sand and less than 50% any other one

grade of sand.

30% or more very coarse, coarse, and

medium sand (but less than 25% very

coarse and coarse sand), and less than

30% of either very fine or fine sand.

30% or more fine sand and less than

30% very fine sand; or between 15-30%

very coarse, coarse, and medium sand; or

more than 40% fine and very fine sand, at

least half of which is fine sand, and

less than 15% very coarse, coarse, and

medium sand.

30% or more very fine sand, or more

than 40% fine and very fine sand, at

least half of which is very fine sand,

and less than 15% very coarse, coarse,

and medium sand.

Page 14
Textures finer than sandy loams:

Code Class Description

L Loam

SIL Silt Loam

SI Silt

SCL Sandy Clay Loam

CL Clay Loam

SICL Silty Clay Loam

SC Sandy Clay

SIC Silty Clay

C Clay

HC Heavy Clay

O Organic

F Fibric

M Mesic

H Humic

7-27% clay, 28-50% silt, and less

than 52% sand.

50% or more silt and 12-27% clay, or

50-80% silt and less than 12% clay.

80% or more silt and less than 12%

clay.

20-35% clay, less than 28% silt, and

45% or more sand.

27-40% clay and 20-45 sand.

27-40% clay and less than 20% sand.

35% or more clay and 45% or more

sand.

40% or more clay and 40% or more

silt.

40% or more clay, less than 45% sand,

and less than 40% silt.

More than 60% clay.

Fiber content undifferentiated.

40% or more rubbed fiber content by

volume.

10% or more and less than 40% fiber

content by volume.

<10% rubbed fiber content by volume.

i0. TXTMODI = Texture modifier of first (upper) parent material.

Code Class Description

GR Gravelly

VG Very gravelly

EG Extremely gravelly

MU Mucky

GY Gritty

AY Ashy

WY Woody

15-35% gravel by volume

35-60% gravel by volume

>60% gravel by volume

9-17% organic carbon

Sharp edged particles present

Quantities of volcanic or organic

ash present

Quantities of woody fragments present

(organic soils)

ii. PMDEPO2 = Mode of deposition or origin of second (middle) parent material.

12. TXTURE2 = Texture of second (middle) parent material.

13. TXTMOD2 = Texture modifier of second (middle) parent material.

14. PMDEPO3 = Mode of deposition or origin of third (lower) parent material.

15. TXTURE3 = Texture of third (lower) parent material.

16. TXTMOD3 = Texture modifier of third (lower) parent material.

Page 15
17. COFRAGS = Coarse fragment content in control section of mineral soils.

Code Class Description

A <1% by volume

B 1-15%

C 16-35%

D 36-60%

E >60%

# Not applicable

Rounded, subrounded, flat, angular, or

irregular rock fragment from 2 mm to 60 cm

or more in size.

18. SLOPE = Slope gradient class.

The slope is generally the average or common slope of the unit, but in the

case of complex topography the steepest slope class is listed.

Code Class

1 1-2%

4 3-5%

8 6-9%

13 10-15%

25 16-30%

45 31-60%

19. DRAINGE = Drainage class.

Code Class Description

VR Very rapid

R Rapid

W Well

MW Moderately well

Water is removed from the soil very

rapidly in relation to supply; excess

water flows downward very rapidly if

underlying material is pervious;

subsurface flow may be very rapid during

heavy rainfall provided the gradient is

steep; source of water is precipitation.

Water is removed from the soil

rapidly in relation to supply; excess

water flows downward if underlying

material is pervious; subsurface flow may

occur on steep gradients during heavy

rainfall; source of water is

precipitation.

Water is removed from the soil

readily but not rapidly; excess water

flows downward readily into underlying

pervious material or laterally as

subsurface flow; these soils commonly

retain optimum amounts of moisture for

plant growth after rains or addition of

irrigation water.

Water is removed from the soil

Page 16
I Imperfect

P Poor

VP Very poor

# Not applicable

somewhat slowly in relation to supply;

excess water is removed somewhat slowly

because of low perviousness, shallow water

table, lack of gradient, or some

combination of these; precipitation is the

dominant source of water in medium-to-fine

textured soils; precipitation and

significant additions by subsurface flow

are necessary in course textured soils.

Water is removed from the soil

sufficiently slowly in relation to supply

to keep the soil wet for a significant

part of the growing season; excess water

moves slowly downward if precipitation is

the major supply; if subsurface water or

groundwater, or both, is the main source,

the flow rate may vary but the soil

remains wet for a significant part of the

growing season.

Water is removed so slowly in

relation to supply that the soil remains

wet from a comparatively large part of the

time the soil is not frozen; excess water

is evident in the soil for much of the

time; subsurface flow or groundwater flow,

or both, in addition to precipitation are

the main sources of water; there may also

be a perched water table.

Water is removed from the soil so

slowly that the water table remains at or

near the surface for most of the time the

soil is not frozen; groundwater flow and

subsurface flow are the major sources of

water; precipitation is less important

except where there is a perched water

table.

20. DEPTHWT = Average depth to water table.

Code Class Description

i0 0-20 cm

50 20-75 cm

125 75-150 cm

200 >150 cm

* 0-i00 cm

# Not applicable

Most shallow water table during growing season.

With perennially frozen subsoil.

(Water, ice, rock).

Page 17
21. PFDISTR = Permafrost distribution or occurrence.

Code Class Description

V Very sporadic

S Sporadic

D Discontinuous

C Continuous

# Not applicable

Sparse patches of permafrost are

associated with the component.

Isolated patches or islands of

permafrost occur within the component.

Widespread permafrost occurs within the

component.

Permafrost underlies all or almost

all of the component.

22. DPTHACT = Depth of active layer (average) .

Code Class Description

50 35-75 cm

i00 >75 cm

# Not applicable

Top layer of ground subject to annual

thawing and freezing

in areas underlain by permafrost.

23. ICECTNT = Ice content of permanently frozen layer.

Code Class Description

L Low

M Medium

H High

Ice content (volume) less than

available pore space in nonfrozen soil.

No excess ice; ice content (volume) equal

to pore space of nonfrozen soil.

Excess ice: ice content greater than

pore space in nonfrozen soil; ice usually

in the form of lenses, vein ice, or massive

ground ice.

24. DPTHLFH = Thickness of humus layer (L,F,H) .

The thickness of the humus layer is estimated and based on observations in

the field. However, the frequency of forest fires in the area may reduce

deep LFH layers to nil from one year to the next.

Code Class

0 <5 cm

1 5-10 cm

2 11-20 cm

3 21-40 cm

4 >40 cm

# Not applicable (e.g., borrow pit, organic deposits)

Page 18
25. DPTHORG = Average thickness of peat deposit.

Peat consist of organic material that accumulated under very wet or saturated

conditions.

Code Class Description

0 <0.2 m

0.2-0 6 m

0.6-1 6 m

1.6-3 0 m

>3.0 m

Peat development has just started

(paludification), or depth of peat layer

has been reduced by fire.

Peat depth generally less than 40 cm

if peat depth is rather uniform; or peat

depth is on average about 40 cm but varies

strongly over short distances due to

sphagnum hummock formation.

Shallow peat (fens and bogs

Deep peat.

Very deep peat.

26. SOILDEV = Soil development (soil classification)

The dominant soil development associated with the polygon component. Other

kinds of soil development are usually present, but only as inclusions.

Code Class

Brunisolic

EDYB

GLEDYB

EEB

GLEEB

Eluviated Dystric Brunisol

Gleyed Eluviated Dystric Brunisol

Eluviated Eutric Brunisol

Gleyed Eluviated Eutric Brunisol

Gleysolic

OHG

RHG

OG

FEG

OLG

HULG

Orthic Humic Gleysol

Rego Humic Gleysol

Orthic Gleysol

Ferric Gleysol

Orthic Luvic Gleysol

Humic Luvic Gleysol

Luvisolic

OGL

DGL

GLGL

GLDGL

Orthic Gray Luvisol

Dark Gray Luvisol

Gleyed Gray Luvisol

Gleyed Dark Gray Luvisol

Organic

TYF

MEF

TF

TMEF

HYF

TYM

FIM

Typic Fibrisol

Mesic Fibrisol

Terric Fibrisol

Terric Mesic Fibrisol

Hydric Fibrisol

Typic Mesisol

Fibric Mesisol

Page 19
TH

TFIH

THUH

TH

TFIH

THEH

Terric Mesisol

Terric Fibric Mesisol

Terric Mesic Humisol

Terric Humisol

Terric Fibric Humisol

Terric Mesic Humisol

Cryosolic

OSC

RSC

OTC

RTC

FIOC

MEOC

HUOC

TFIOC

TMEOC

THUOC

Orthic Static Cryosol

Regosolic Static Cryosol

Orthic Turbic Cryosol

Regosolic Turbic Cryosol

Fibric Organic Cryosol

Mesic Organic Cryosol

Humic Organic Cryosol

Terric Fibric Organic Cryosol

Terric Mesic Organic Cryosol

Terric Humic Organic Cryosol

27. VARIANT = Classification variant or phase.

Code Class Description

c Cryic

1 Lithic

p Peaty

This designation has been used to

identify Luvisolic soils with permafrost

within the control section. These soils

are at present not recognized in the

Canadian System of Soil Classification.

A soil that has a lithic contact

within the control section.

A soil that has a peaty layer 15-40

cm thick.

28. SOILTPI = Dominant soil type associated with polygon component.

The dominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy >50% of the

component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined

within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture,

depth of profile, etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape

components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that

are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type

usually represents related, but sometimes quite different, soils. These

variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers,

variation in peat decomposition, etc.

Page 20
29. SOILPHI = Soil phase or variant associated with dominant soil type.

The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the dominant

soil type. These soils vary to some degree from the model due to differences

in parent material (stratification, texture , depth of the LFH layer, peaty

surface, coarse fragment content, etc.

Code Class Description

d Deep

h humus

s Shallow

v Very deep

w Very shallow

x complex

1,2,3 Variant number

A soil that is relatively deep.

A soil with a relatively deep duff layer.

A soil that is relatively shallow.

A soil that is very deep.

A soil that is very shallow.

A soil that varies in a number of

properties from the model (series concept)

A soil that varies in one or more

specific properties from the series

concept.

30. SOILTP2 = Subdominant soil type associated with polygon component.

The subdominant soil type listed represents the soils that occupy <50% of the

component. The soil type may be a soil series, which is a soil type defined

within narrow limits, or a group of soils that vary to some extent in texture,

depth of profile, etc. The soil type used to identify organic landscape

components is the soil that best represents the group or complex of soils that

are associated with that particular landscape component. The organic soil type

usually represents related, but sometimes quite different, soils. These

variations may include peat depth, presence or absence of certain peat layers,

variation in peat decomposition, etc.

31. SOILPH2 = Soil phase or variant associated with subdominant soil type.

The soil phase or variant is used to identify more specifically the subdominant

soil type component. (See no. 29 for codes.)

32. TOTLAREA = Total area (hectares) of soil polygon.

33. COMPAREA = Area (hectares) of polygon component.

Page 21
34. DR CLASS = Drainage class (numerical code used for modeling carbon stocks

and fluxes).

Code Class

i Rock

2 VR Very Rapid

3 R Rapid

4 W Well

5 MW Moderately Well

6 I Imperfect

7 P Poor

8 VP Very Poor

9 Water

i0 Lake

35. STND AGE = Age (years) since last fire of each soil polygon component.

1994 is the reference year. Some are age ranges. Data are from a variety

of sources. (See Sections 1.6 and 7.2.1.)

13 1981 burn scar from Landsat TM image and Terrestrial Ecology (TE)-05

fire history images.

30 1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Manitoba

Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data.

38 1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural

Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.

43 +/- 7 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE-13 tree core data.

45 Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data.

50 Estimate from Landsat TM image and Natural Resources Manitoba 1988

forest inventory data.

59 +/- 15 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE-13 tree core data of forest

stands along Hwy 391.

70 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of

age range 56 +/- 20 yrs.

86 +/- i0 Manitoba Natural Resources 1988 forest inventory data.

89 +/- 14 Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE-13 tree core data of forest

stands near and around OJP tower site.

104 +/- 20 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.

120 Stand age of OBS near and around tower.

146 +/- 20 Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.

199 Fen.

299 Lake.

Page 22
36. ST AGE GRP = Stand age groupings used for estimating carbon stocks and

modeling fluxes. Note: We assumed that the fens do not burn and therefore

did not assign age since last fire for those polygon components that are fens.

13

30

38

43 +/- 7

60

70

9O

120

i

0

1981 burn scar from Landsat TM image and TE-05 fire history images.

1964 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural

Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.

1956 burn scar from Forestry Canada fire history maps and Natural

Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data.

Mean age +/- 1 std deviation from TE-13 tree core data.

50 - 65 grouped.

Natural Resources Manitoba 1988 forest inventory data - high end of

age range 56 +/- 20 yrs.

OJP tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources

Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 86 yrs and older.

OBS tower site and other stands designated by Natural Resources

Manitoba 1988 forest inventory as 104 yrs and older.

Fen.

Lake.

37. C SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m 2) of carbon stock for surface

horizons (including moss) . Note: Stock : 0 for rock outcrops, open water,

and lakes. Stock = 13 for fens and bog collapse.

38. C DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m 2) of carbon stock for deep soil

horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers. Scores computed from average C

stock of soil series. Note: Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water, and

lakes.

39. C TOTAL = Area-weighted score (kg C/m 2) of carbon stock for entire soil

profile (C SURFACE + C DEEP) . Note: Stock = 0 for rock outcrops, open water,

and lakes.

40. FL SURFACE = Area-weighted score (kg C/m2/yr) of carbon flux for surface

horizons (including moss) . Note: Flux : 0 for rock outcrops, open water,

lakes, fens, and collapse bogs.

41. FL DEEP = Area-weighted score (kg C/m2/yr) of carbon flux for deep soil

horizons - humic and mineral A and B layers. Note: Flux = 0 for rock

outcrops, open water, lakes, collapse bogs, and palsa bogs.

42. FL NET = Area-weighted score (kg C/m2/yr) of carbon flux for entire soil

profile (F SURFACE + F DEEP) . Note: Flux = 0 for rock outcrops, lakes, and

open water.

NOTE: Negative (<0) flux denotes carbon released from the soil or surface

horizons to the atmosphere (source) . Positive (>0) flux denotes carbon stored

in the soil or surface horizons (sink).

Page 23
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

See Section 7.3.2.

7.3.4 Data Source

This data product is derived from the soil maps that were produced by Dr. Hugo Veldhuis of

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. See Section 1.5 for more information.

7.3.5 Data Range

Each pixel in the image file contains the polygon number value. This value is matched to the

polygon number listed in the corresponding ASCII soils table file. The values for that polygon number

apply to that polygon.

7.4 Sample Data Record

Not applicable.

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data for this data set is the data set itself.

8.2 Data Format

8.2.1 Uncompressed Data Files

The image file contains binary 16-bit (2-byte) values with the low order byte The overall content of

this product is:

File 1 ASCII text file listing files on tape

File 2 NSA-MSA Binary Soil Map

File 3 NSA-MSA Soils Polygon Data Table (ASCII)

The binary raster file that covers the NSA-MSA is distributed as 16-bit integers with the low-order

byte first. The soils table file that indicates the soil parameters for the polygons in the map is

distributed as an ASCII text file. The files have the following characteristics:

Record Size

File (Bytes) Bytes/Pixel # Records

File 1 80 ASCII text 8

File 2 2840 2 956

File 3 350 ASCII text 690

8.2.2 Compressed CD-ROM Files

On the BOREAS CD-ROMs, files 1 and 3 listed above are stored as ASCII text; however, file 2

has been compressed with the Gzip compression program (file name *.gz). These data have been

compressed using gzip version 1.2.4 and the high compression (-9) option (Copyright (C) 1992-1993

Jean-loup Gailly). Gzip (GNU zip) uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch, 1994) used in the zip and

PKZIP programs. The compressed files may be uncompressed using gzip (-d option) or gunzip. Gzip

is available from many Web sites (for example, ftp site prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety

of operating systems in both executable and source code form. Versions of the decompression

software for various systems are included on the CD-ROMs.

Page 24
9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

See Section 9.1.1.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

The reader is referred to the detailed report submitted by Dr. Veldhuis for details on the derivation

of the original maps (see Section 1.6). Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993)

for methodology on calculating area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes. Refer to Trumbore

and Harden (1997) and Harden et al. (1997) for details on algorithms and their derivation for modeling

carbon stocks and fluxes.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BOREAS Information System (BORIS) personnel processed the data by:

• Visually reviewing the data file contents.

• Copying the ASCII and compressing the binary files for release on CD-ROM.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

Refer to Davidson (1995) and Davidson and Lefebvre (1993) for methodology on calculating

area-weighted scores for carbon stocks and fluxes. Refer to Trumbore and Harden (1997) and Harden

et al. (1997) for details on algorithms and their derivation for modeling carbon stocks and fluxes.

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Errors could result from the change in format from vector to raster. However, the original raster

image was thoroughly checked and compared to the original vector data to avoid such problems. The

vector data were an original mapping using data collected directly from the field along with air photos.

Errors could arise from a typographical error in the field notes.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Any data validation or accuracy assessment would have to have been made by the original sources.

Please refer to the reports mentioned in Section 5.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

The spatial accuracy of these data is considered very good.

Page 25
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

Unknown.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

BORIS personnel viewed and compared the images with the original vector data to identify any

possible discrepancies.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

The reports by Dr. Hugo Veldhuis and TGB- 12 may indicate some limitations of the soil mapping.

See Section 1.6.

Some of the stand age/fire history data are estimates and assumptions for those areas within the

study area for which no data were available. Also, in other areas, estimates are at the high end of the

age ranges listed in the Natural Resources Manitoba forest inventory field manual. (See Section 17.2.)

Carbon stocks and fluxes are area-weighted averages for each polygon component. Moss stocks

and fluxes and deep carbon fluxes were calculated by applying algorithms for soil carbon inputs (I)

and decomposition rates (k) based on field work using radiocarbon analyses. Reference I's and k's are

in the middle of the range for each drainage/vegetation type. They may be under or over estimated. For

further details see Trumbore and Harden (1997),Harden et al. (1997), and Rapalee et al. (in

preparation).

Carbon stocks for the deep soil horizons are also area-weighted averages. That is, the average

stock for a particular soil series for the deeper layers of the soil profile. In some cases, however, there

was only one soil pit for a particular soil series. Also, since many of the profile descriptions of the

study area were missing data on bulk density, we developed a nonlinear regression relating bulk

density to carbon content for the soil profile descriptions that had both. Errors in average C stocks for

the soil series may have arisen from our estimates of bulk density.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Before uncompressing the Gzip files on CD-ROM, be sure that you have enough disk space to

hold the uncompressed data files. Then use the appropriate decompression program provided on the

CD-ROM for your specific system.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

For more information, please consult the soils report by Dr. Hugo Veldhuis and the documentation

by Harden and Trumbore (TGB-12). See Section 1.6.

12. Application of the Data Set

This data set was created for BOREAS investigators who need soils data in the vicinity of the MSA for

further modeling and to generate maps of area-weighted carbon stocks and fluxes.

Page 26
None.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

IDRISI GIS software was used to modify the gridded soil polygon file produced from Dr.

Veldhuis's original soil map. Gzip (GNU zip) uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm (Welch, 1994) used in

the zip and PKZIP commands.

14.2 Software Access

IDRISI is proprietary software with copyright protection. This software is a product of the IDRISI

Project at Clark University, Worcester, MA. Gzip is available from many Web sites across the Internet

(for example, ftp site prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-*.*) for a variety of operating systems in both

executable and source code form. Versions of the decompression software for various systems are

included on the CD-ROMs.

15. Data Access

The raster format soil carbon and flux data from the NSA-MSA are available from the Earth Observing

System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed

Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

Page 27
16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

These data can be made available on 1600 or 6250 Bytes Per Inch (BPI) 8 ram, Digital Archive

Tape (DAT), or 9-track tapes.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

IDRISI for Windows User's Guide (Version 2.0). 1997. Clark University, Worcester, MA.

Welch, T.A. 1984. A Technique for High Performance Data Compression, IEEE Computer. Vol. 17,

No. 6, pp. 8-19.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Becker, G., C. Elliott, G. Peterson, R. Bell, R. Frank, G. Daudet, M. Szmigelski, F. Houston, W.

Hamilton, and D. Bagot. 1996. Forest Inventory Field Instruction Manual. Natural Resources

Manitoba, Forest Resource Surveys.

Clayton, J.S., W.A. Ehrlich, D.B. Cann, J.H. Day, and I.B. Marshall. 1977. Soils of Canada.

Volume 1, Soil Report; Volume 2, Soil Inventory. Publ. 1459, Research Branch Canada Department

of Agriculture.

Davidson, E.A. 1995. Spatial covariation of soil organic carbon, clay content, and drainage class at a

regional scale. Landscape Ecology. 10(6): 349-362.

Davidson, E.A. and P.A. Lefebvre. 1993. Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatially covarying

edaphic factors using soil maps at three scales. Biogeochemistry. 22: 107-131.

Harden, J.W., K.P. O'Neill, S.E. Trumbore, H. Veldhuis, and B.J. Stocks. 1997. Moss and soil

contributions to the annual net carbon flux of a maturing boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical

Research. 102(D24): 28,805-28,816.

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis. 1997. Mapping

drainage patterns and carbon stocks of boreal forest soils in northern Manitoba. Proceedings, Society

of American Foresters National Convention, Albuquerque, N.M., November 1996.

Rapalee, G., E.A. Davidson, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, and H. Veldhuis. 1997a. Scaling soil

carbon stocks and fluxes at the BOREAS northern study area.

http://boreas.gsfc.nasa.gov/BOREAS/Groups/TGB/tgbl2_poster.pdf.

Page 28
Rapalee,G.,E.A. Davidson,J.W.Harden,S.E.Trumbore,andH. Veldhuis. 1997b.Scalingsoil

carbonstocksandfluxesattheBOREASnorthernstudyarea.Proceedings,InternationalBorealForest

ResearchAssociationConference,August1997(in press).

Rapalee,G.,S.E.Trumbore,E.A. Davidson,J.W.Harden,andH. Veldhuis. 1998.Estimatingsoil

carbonstocksandfluxesin aborealforestlandscapestudyarea(submitted).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Trumbore,S.E.andJ.W.Harden.1997.Accumulationandturnoverof carbonin organicandmineral

soilsof theBOREASnorthernstudyarea.Journalof GeophysicalResearch.102(D24):

28,817-28,830.

Zoltai, S.C,C. Tarnocai,G.F.Mills, andH.Veldhuis.1988a.Wetlandsof subarcticCanada.In

Wetlandsof Canada,EcologicalLandClassificationSeries,No.24,by NationalWetlandsWorking

Group,C.D.A Rubec,editor.SustainableDevelopmentBranch,EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa,and

PolysciencePublications,Montreal,Quebec.55-96.

Zoltai, S.C,S.Taylor, J.K. Jeglum,G.F.Mills, andJ.D. Johnson.1988b.Wetlandsof boreal

Canada.In Wetlandsof Canada,EcologicalLandClassificationSeries,No.24,by NationalWetlands

Working Group,C.D.A.Rubec,editor.SustainableDevelopmentBranch,EnvironmentCanada,

Ottawa,andPolysciencePublications,Montreal,Quebec.97-154.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Page 29
AEAC

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

BPI

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

DLG

EOS

EOSDIS

GIS

GMT

GPS

GSFC

MSA

NAD27

NAD83

NASA

NSA

OBS

OJP

ORNL

PANP

SSA

TE

TGB

TM

URL

UTM

WWW

19. List of Acronyms

- Albers Equal-Area Conic

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Bytes Per Inch

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Digital Line Graph

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Global Positioning System

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Modeling Sub-Area

- North American Datum of 1927

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Old Black Spruce

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Southern Study Area

- Terrestrial Ecology

- Trace Gas Biogeochemistry

- Thematic Mapper

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Transverse Mercator

- World Wide Web

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 28-Apr- 1997

Last Updated: 04-May- 1999

20.2 Document Review Dates

BORIS Review: 20-Jun- 1997

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

Page 30
If usingdatafromtheBOREASCD-ROM series,alsoreferencethedataas:

Rapalee,G.,E.A. Davidson,J.W. Harden,S.E.Trumbore,andH. Veldhuis,"ScalingSoil

CarbonStocksandFluxesof SuperSiteNorthernStudyArea,Thompson,Manitoba,Canada"(partof

"Input,Accumulation,andTurnoverof Carbonin BorealForestSoils:Integrating14CIsotopic

Analyseswith EcosystemDynamics").In CollectedDataof TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.

Eds.J.Newcomer,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker, R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers.CD-ROM.NASA,

2000.

Also,citetheBOREASCD-ROMsetas:

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.CollectedDataof

TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 31
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

November 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TGB-12 Soil Carbon and Flux Data of NSA-MSA in Raster Format

6. AUTHOR(S)

Gloria Rapalee, Eric Davidson, Jennifer W. Harden, Susan E. Trumbore

and Hugo Veldhuis

Forrest G. Hall and David E. Knapp_ Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

923

RTOP: 923-462-33-01

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 248

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

G. Rapalee and E. Davidson: Woods Hole Research Center, Mass.; J.W. Harden: U.S.G.S., Menlo

Park, Calif.; S.E. Trumbore: Univ. of Calif., Irvine; H. Veldhuis: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada;

D.E. Knapp: Raytheon ITSS_ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center_ Greenbel L Maryland

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TGB-12 team made measurements of soil carbon inventories, carbon concentration in soil gases, and rates of soil respiration at several sites. This data set provides: (1)

estimates of soil carbon stocks by horizon based on soil survey data and analyses of data from

individual soil profiles; (2) estimates of soil carbon fluxes based on stocks, fire history, drainage, and soil carbon inputs and decomposition constants based on field work using radiocarbon analyses; (3) fire history data estimating age ranges of time since last fire; and (4) a raster

image and an associated soils table file from which area-weighted maps of soil carbon and

fluxes and fire history may be generated. This data set was created from raster files, soil

polygon data files, and detailed lab analysis of soils data that were received from Dr. Hugo

Veldhuis, who did the original mapping in the field during 1994. Also used were soils data

from Susan Trumbore and Jennifer Harden (BOREAS TGB-12). The binary raster file covers a

733-km 2 area within the NSA-MSA.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, trace gas biogeochemistry.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

31

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102