[Cite as State v. Humphrey, 2013-Ohio-40.]

 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO : 

Plaintiff-Appellee : C.A. CASE NO. 25063 

v. : T.C. NO. 11CR420 

PAUL M. HUMPHREY : (Criminal appeal from 

 Common Pleas Court) 

Defendant-Appellant : 

 : 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

O P I N I O N

Rendered on the 11th day of January , 2013. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

R. LYNN NOTHSTINE, Atty. Reg. No. 0061560, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W. 

Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

JAMES S. ARMSTRONG, Atty. Reg. No. 0020638, 131 N. Ludlow Street, Suite 386 

Talbott Tower, Dayton, Ohio 45402 

Attorney for Defendant-Appellant 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FROELICH, J. 

{¶ 1} Paul M. Humphrey appeals from a judgment of the Montgomery 
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County Court of Common Pleas, which, having granted in part and overruled in part his 

motion to suppress evidence, found him guilty on his no contest plea to one count of 

aggravated robbery. Humphrey was sentenced to three years of imprisonment and was 

ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $240. Humphrey appeals from his conviction. 

{¶ 2} For the following reasons, the judgment of the trial court will be 

reversed, the conviction will be vacated, and the case will be remanded to the trial court for 

further proceedings. 

{¶ 3} The State offered the following evidence at the suppression hearing. 

{¶ 4} In January 2011, Dayton police officers were investigating the armed 

robberies of two Cassano’s Pizza restaurants and were aware of the robbery of a third 

Cassano’s outside of the city. Various witnesses described the perpetrator of these crimes 

as a white male with no facial hair, 5'7" to 6'1" in height, wearing a sweatshirt and/or a 

jacket. One person described a specific brand of boots that the perpetrator had been 

wearing; two witnesses stated that he had a “funny walk” or a limp. Based on similarities in 

the descriptions of the perpetrator, the police suspected that the same man had committed 

both of the Dayton offenses. 

{¶ 5} Through Crime Stoppers, Detective Jamie Bullens received a tip from an 

anonymous informant1

 naming Humphrey as a possible suspect in the Cassano’s robberies. 

According to the informant, Humphrey had recently stated that he was going to start 

committing robberies because he had no money. The informant further stated that 

 1

The record does not contain any information about the manner, if any, in which Crime Stoppers tracks the sources of 

its tips, nor does it include an indication that the police knew the identity of the informant or that the informant had provided 

information previously. 
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Humphrey was “extremely violent and dangerous,” and that he had been involved in a 

shooting with police officers many years earlier while robbing a Church’s Fried Chicken 

restaurant. The informant described Humphrey as walking with a limp as a result of the 

earlier shooting with police; the informant also described Humphrey’s car and provided 

detailed information about where Humphrey kept a weapon in his home. Bullens contacted 

Humphrey’s probation officer and confirmed some of the informant’s information, including 

that Humphrey walked with a limp as a result of a shooting with police officers many years 

earlier. 

{¶ 6} In the morning of February 3, 2011, Bullens obtained a search warrant for 

Humphrey’s home at 1627 Coventry in Dayton. Bullens did not request permission to 

execute the warrant at night. Because of the use of a weapon in the offenses at issue, 

Humphrey’s prior offense of violence, and the informant’s statement that Humphrey kept a 

gun in his house, police officers developed a plan to try to execute the warrant after 

Humphrey had been stopped in his car outside the home; in this way, they could avoid 

SWAT team involvement in the execution of the warrant. To this end, Bullens informed 

numerous officers who came on duty in the afternoon of February 3 of Humphrey’s 

description, the location of his home, the description and license plate number of his car, and 

the plan to stop him when he left his house. Officer Matthew Beavers, in particular, was 

asked to watch Humphrey’s house and attempt to stop him when he left the home. 

{¶ 7} Throughout the afternoon and early evening, officers did not see any 

activity that presented an opportunity to stop Humphrey away from the house. During this 

time, Beavers spent some time simply watching the house, but he also responded to 
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occasional calls for other police activity, after which he would return to watch for 

Humphrey’s departure. 

{¶ 8} At approximately 8:00 p.m., Beavers saw Humphrey leave his home in his 

car. Beavers stopped Humphrey a short distance away with help from another officer. 

According to Beavers, the officers ordered Humphrey out of his car at gunpoint, read him his 

Miranda rights, told him they were investigating some robberies, and handcuffed him. 

Humphrey was cooperative, and the officers removed his handcuffs while they waited for 

Detective Bullens to respond to the location of the stop. When Bullens arrived, he informed 

Humphrey that the police had obtained a search warrant for Humphrey’s residence. 

However, because Bullens had not requested permission to execute the warrant at night, he 

informed Humphrey that Humphrey would be detained until Bullens could obtain a 

nighttime warrant, unless he consented to a search of his home. Humphrey signed a consent 

to search. Officer Beavers testified that he had not observed any traffic violation when he 

stopped Humphrey, that Humphrey was not issued a citation, and that the officers did not 

have a warrant for Humphrey’s arrest. 

{¶ 9} Humphrey was transported back to the house, and the officers proceeded to 

search the home. The officers found boots and a firearm matching the descriptions of the 

ones worn and used by the perpetrator of the robberies; they also found a blue Fifth Third 

Bank money satchel like one that had been taken from one of the Cassano’s restaurants. 

Based on the discovery of these items, Humphrey was arrested. 

{¶ 10} Humphrey testified that the officers had screamed at him and that he had 

thought “they were getting ready to shoot” him when he was stopped in his car. He initially 
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denied giving consent to search his home or seeing the consent form that the officers 

produced at the suppression hearing, claiming that he would not have consented because he 

had a weapon in the house. On cross examination, he conceded that it was possible he had 

signed the form. 

{¶ 11} Humphrey was indicted for two counts of aggravated robbery, each with a 

firearm specification, and for having a weapon while under disability. He filed a motion to 

suppress the evidence against him, in which he argued that, because he was seized without 

an arrest warrant, probable cause, or a reasonable suspicion that he had engaged in illegal 

activity, his consent to the search of his house was invalid. As such, he argued that all of 

the evidence found at his house, as well as a photograph of him that was used in a photo 

array, should have been suppressed. The trial court conducted a hearing on this motion. 

During the hearing, the parties and the court repeatedly stated that the search warrant was 

“not an issue” that was to be addressed at the hearing. 

{¶ 12} After the suppression hearing, the trial court granted in part and overruled 

in part Humphrey’s motion to suppress evidence. The trial court found that Humphrey’s 

detention was unconstitutional because 1) there was no evidence that Humphrey was 

engaging in illegal activity, 2) there was no probable cause, and 3) the encounter was not 

consensual. The court further found that Humphrey’s consent to the search of his home was 

invalid because it was not given of his free will, but pursuant to a show of authority by the 

police. The court suppressed any statements made by Humphrey during the stop. 

{¶ 13} With respect to the search of Humphrey’s home, however, the court found 

that, notwithstanding the invalid consent, the search warrant had been issued upon probable 
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cause and was valid. The court further concluded that, although the warrant was issued for 

a daytime search and was executed at night, this distinction violated Crim.R. 41(C) but did 

not violate Humphrey’s constitutional rights, and thus did not require exclusion of the 

evidence. Thus, the trial court overruled Humphrey’s motion to suppress with regard to the 

items found at his home. 

{¶ 14} Pursuant to a plea agreement, Humphrey pled no contest to one count of 

aggravated robbery; the other count of aggravated robbery, the firearm specifications, and 

the count of having a weapon while under disability were dismissed. He was found guilty, 

sentenced to three years of imprisonment, and ordered to pay restitution in the amount of 

$240. 

{¶ 15} Humphrey appeals from his conviction, raising two assignments of error. 

Because these assignments are related, we will address them together. 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING THE MOTION TO 

SUPPRESS. 

APPELLANT WAS DENIED THE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF 

COUNSEL. 

{¶ 16} Humphrey contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to 

suppress the evidence found at his house. He also contends that he was denied the effective 

assistance of counsel insofar as his trial counsel challenged the search of his home only with 

respect to the validity of his consent to the search and did not challenge whether there was an 

adequate basis for the issuance of a search warrant. 

{¶ 17} Although it is not specifically the subject of this appeal, we must discuss 
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the court’s finding concerning consent before addressing the assignment regarding the 

warrant; if the court erred in finding the consent invalid, the question of the warrant is 

moot.2

{¶ 18} A trial court’s decision on a motion to suppress evidence presents a mixed 

question of fact and law. State v. Holtvogt, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24748, 

2012-Ohio-2233, ¶ 7; State v. Ray, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24536, 2012-Ohio-840, ¶ 8. 

“‘We accept the trial court’s view of the facts, provided its findings are supported by 

competent, credible evidence, because “[w]hen considering a motion to suppress, the trial 

court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve factual 

questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.”’ [Ray], quoting State v. Burnside, 100 

Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. However, ‘we determine 

independently whether the evidence satisfies the applicable legal standard.’ Id., citing State 

v. Mackey, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22244, 2008-Ohio-3621, ¶ 9.” State v. Russell, 2d 

Dist. Clark No. 2011-CA-10, 2012-Ohio-4316, ¶ 19. 

 2

Since the State is not challenging the judgment which denied the motion to suppress, but is instead defending the 

judgment on grounds other than that relied upon in the trial court, it was not required to file a cross-appeal. App.R. 3(C). 

{¶ 19} The trial court concluded that the officers did not have probable cause to 

detain Humphrey when they stopped him (a conclusion shared by Detective Bullens 

according to his testimony at the hearing). The court also concluded that Humphrey’s 

consent to the search of his house was “tainted and constitutionally invalid” because he “did 

not voluntarily consent * * * as his own free will,” but did so only pursuant to the police 

officers’s show of authority, and thus that Humphrey’s “consent” did not justify the search. 
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We also agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Humphrey’s consent to search was not 

sufficiently attenuated from the unlawful detention so as to be independent from it, and 

therefore valid despite the illegality. See State v. Gardner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

24308, 2011-Ohio-5692, ¶ 38. The trial court did not err in concluding that the consent was 

invalid under the circumstances presented in this case. 

{¶ 20} As discussed above, the trial court further concluded that the absence of 

valid consent did not require the suppression of the evidence found at Humphrey’s house, 

because the police had a valid search warrant for the house. On appeal, Humphrey contests 

the trial court’s finding that the search warrant was valid, although the issue was not 

contested at the hearing. Specifically, he claims that 1) the information from the 

confidential informant did not “produce reasonable suspicion to justify an investigatory 

detention, let alone probable cause for a warrant” and was not “predictive information,” and 

2) that the confirmation of this information by the police did not “test the informant’s 

knowledge or credibility” with respect to the alleged offenses. Humphrey claims that trial 

counsel was ineffective in failing to raise this issue in the motion to suppress. 

{¶ 21} The Crime Stopper informant indicated that Humphrey had stated, in the 

weeks preceding the Cassano’s robberies, that he was “going to start robbing places” 

because he could not make any money. The informant also stated that Humphrey had 

committed armed robbery in the past and had been involved in a shooting with the police. 

The informant provided a physical description of Humphrey, including his age, race, build, 

shaved head, and the fact that he walks with a limp as a result of the prior police shooting, a 

description of his car and his gun, the location of his house, and the alleged location of the 
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gun kept inside the house. 

{¶ 22} Humphrey claims that the information provided by the anonymous 

informant did not tie him to the crimes in any way that could be independently verified by 

the police, and thus that it provided an insufficient basis for the issuance of a search warrant. 

 Humphrey’s alleged expression of an intent to return to robbery was not verifiable, and the 

informant’s tip did not include any verifiable basis for his suspicion that Humphrey had been 

involved in the Cassano’s robberies. However, the caller’s description of Humphrey, 

particularly the fact that he walked with a limp, matched an unusual physical characteristic 

identified by two of the victims; one person reported that the perpetrator had a “funny walk,” 

and another said that his “right leg dragged as if it didn’t want to follow.” The police 

officers verified this particular characteristic described by the informant with Humphrey’s 

parole officer, who knew Humphrey walked with a limp but did not know why. The parole 

officer retrieved Humphrey’s intake medical record from Lucasville prison, which stated that 

he suffered from “drop foot syndrome” as a result of being shot and having nerve damage in 

his right leg. The police also confirmed that Humphrey’s injury resulted from a shooting 

involving the police. The perpetrator’s other physical characteristics, as described by the 

victims, while not particularly distinctive, did not appear to exclude Humphrey as a suspect. 

Probable cause has been defined as “a reasonable ground for belief of guilty.” State v. 

Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 49, 734 N.E.2d 804 (2000), citing Carroll v. United States, 267 

U.S. 132, 161, 45 S.Ct. 280, 69 L.Ed. 543 (1925). 

{¶ 23} In determining the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted in 

support of a search warrant, “[t]he task of the issuing magistrate is simply to make a 
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practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the 

affidavit before him, including the ‘veracity’ and ‘basis of knowledge’ of persons supplying 

hearsay information, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be 

found in a particular place.” State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989), 

paragraph one of the syllabus, following and quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 

238-239, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). 

{¶ 24} “In reviewing the sufficiency of probable cause in an affidavit submitted in 

support of a search warrant issued by a magistrate, neither a trial court nor an appellate court 

should substitute its judgment for that of the magistrate by conducting a de novo 

determination as to whether the affidavit contains sufficient probable cause upon which that 

court would issue the search warrant. Rather, the duty of a reviewing court is simply to 

ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. 

In conducting any after-the-fact scrutiny of an affidavit submitted in support of a search 

warrant, trial and appellate courts should accord great deference to the magistrate's 

determination of probable cause, and doubtful or marginal cases in this area should be 

resolved in favor of upholding the warrant.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus, following 

Gates. 

{¶ 25} Hearsay information from an informant may be considered in determining 

probable cause so long as the affiant presents the issuing judge or magistrate with the 

affiant’s basis of knowledge and some underlying circumstances supporting the affiant’s 

belief that the informant is credible. State v. Goins, 5th Dist. Morgan No. 05-8, 

2006-Ohio-74, citing George at 329 and Gates, 462 U.S. at 238-239. “Absent this 
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showing, the determination of probable cause is in effect made by the affiant or informant 

rather than a neutral and detached magistrate as required by the United States and Ohio 

Constitutions.” Id., citing Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 78 S.Ct. 1245, 2 

L.Ed.2d 1503 (1958). 

{¶ 26} In this case, Bullens’s affidavit in support of the search warrant did not 

verify any of the assertions made by the informant other than general identifying 

information, such as Humphrey’s address (without any description of the house), the make 

of his car, and the fact that Humphrey walked with a limp. The informant correctly 

recounted some of Humphrey’s distant criminal history, but this information, although 

arguably relevant, could not form the primary basis for the conclusion that evidence of the 

new offenses was likely to be found in Humphrey’s home. The fact that Humphrey walked 

with a limp, as did the perpetrator of at least one of the robberies, seems to have been the 

most compelling, verifiable evidence to have associated Humphrey with the armed 

robberies. But none of the informant’s other information was verified. 

{¶ 27} The search warrant in this case was granted based on the unsubstantiated 

statement of an anonymous informant that Humphrey expressed an intention to commit 

robberies, and the fact that both the perpetrator and Humphrey walked with a limp. In other 

words, the trial court concluded that the informant’s verified statements related to 

Humphrey’s address and physical description, including his limp, as set forth in Detective 

Bullens’s affidavit, sufficiently corroborated the anonymous tip so as to justify the issuance 

of the warrant. We cannot agree. Although we know, in hindsight, that Humphrey was 

involved, the evidence available when the search warrant was issued was not sufficiently 
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reliable to establish a “fair probability” that evidence of the crimes, including a gun which 

was allegedly seen by the informant less than a month before the search, would be found at 

Humphrey’s house. Thus, on the record before us, the search warrant should not have been 

issued. Moreover, in failing to challenge the issuance of the search warrant, trial counsel’s 

representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and created a reasonable 

probability that, but for the error, the result of the hearing would have been different. 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. 

Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). 

{¶ 28} Finally, Humphrey argues that the search warrant could not have formed 

the basis of a valid nighttime search because it did not specify that the warrant could be 

executed at night. Generally, however, “the exclusionary rule is not automatically invoked 

merely because the evidence to be admitted is obtained by officers during a nighttime search 

under a warrant which does not contain an ‘appropriate provision’ authorizing the warrant to 

be executed at night,” and evidence obtained in technical violation of Crim.R 41(C) need not 

be suppressed where there is no showing of bad faith conduct on the part of the officers 

executing the warrant, or where the search did not result in prejudice to the defendant. State 

v. Coburn, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 1744, 1990 WL 85151, *4 (May 31, 1990) (citations 

omitted). “Only a ‘fundamental’ violation of Rule 41 requires automatic suppression, and a 

violation is ‘fundamental’ only where it, in effect, renders the search unconstitutional under 

traditional fourth amendment standards.” Coburn, quoting United States v. Vassar, 648 

F.2d 507 (9th Cir.1980), certiorari denied 450 U.S. 928, 101 S.Ct. 1385, 67 L.Ed.2d 360 

(1981). 
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{¶ 29} The evening search in this case, in itself, did not violate Humphrey’s 

fundamental right to be free from an unreasonable search, and therefore did not require 

suppression of the evidence. When considered in the context of the officers’ unrefuted 

explanation that they waited, for reasons of safety, to execute the search warrant until 

Humphrey left the house and that he did not leave the house until after dark, the officers’ 

failure to obtain last-minute permission for a nighttime search was reasonable. 

{¶ 30} The assignments of error are sustained. 

{¶ 31} The judgment of the trial court will be reversed, Humphrey’s conviction 

will be vacated, and the case will be remanded to the trial court for further proceedings. 

 . . . . . . . . . . 

FAIN, P.J. and DONOVAN, J., concur. 

Copies mailed to: 

R. Lynn Nothstine 

James S. Armstrong 

Hon. Mary L. Wiseman