NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 207

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 207

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux

and Meteorological Data

J. Harry McCaughey and Dennis E. Jelinski

Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022739 2018-05-14T18:58:16+00:00Z
TheNASA STIProgramOffice ... in Profile

Sinceits founding,NASAhasbeendedicatedto

theadvancement of aeronauticsandspace

science.TheNASA ScientificandTechnical

Information(STI)ProgramOfficeplaysakey

partinhelpingNASAmaintainthisimportant

role.

TheNASASTIProgramOfficeis operatedby

LangleyResearchCenter,theleadcenterfor

NASA'sscientificandtechnicalinformation.The

NASASTIProgramOfficeprovidesaccessto

theNASASTIDatabase, thelargestcollectionof

aeronauticalandspacescienceSTIin theworld.

TheProgramOfficeis alsoNASA'sinstitutional

mechanismfor disseminatingtheresultsof its

researchanddevelopmentactivities.These

resultsarepublishedbyNASAintheNASASTI

ReportSeries,whichincludesthefollowing

reporttypes:

• TECHNICALPUBLICATION.Reportsof

completedresearchor amajorsignificant

phaseofresearchthatpresentheresultsof

NASAprogramsandincludeextensivedataor

theoreticalanalysis.Includescompilationsof

significantscientificandtechnicaldataand

informationdeemedto beof continuing

referencevalue.NASA'scounterpartof

peer-reviewedformalprofessionalpapersbut

haslessstringentlimitationsonmanuscript

lengthandextentof graphicpresentations.

• TECHNICALMEMORANDUM.Scientific

andtechnicalfindingsthatarepreliminaryor

of specializedinterest,e.g.,quickrelease

reports,workingpapers,andbibliographies

thatcontainminimalannotation.Doesnot

containextensiveanalysis.

• CONTRACTORREPORT.Scientificand

technicalfindingsby NASA-sponsored

contractorsandgrantees.

CONFERENCEPUBLICATION.Collected

papersfromscientificandtechnical

conferences,symposia,seminars,or other

meetingssponsoredor cosponsoredby NASA.

SPECIALPUBLICATION.Scientific,technical,orhistoricalinformationfromNASA

programs,projects,andmission,oftenconcernedwith subjectshavingsubstantialpublic

interest.

TECHNICALTRANSLATION.

English-languagetranslationsof foreignscientific andtechnicalmaterialpertinentto NASA's

mission.

SpecializedservicesthatcomplementtheSTI

ProgramOffice'sdiverseofferingsincludecreating customthesauri,buildingcustomizeddatabases,organizingandpublishingresearchresults...

evenprovidingvideos.

FormoreinformationabouttheNASASTIPrograinOffice,seethefollowing:

AccesstheNASA STIProgramHomePageat

http://www,sti.nasa.gov/STI-homepage.html

E-mailyourquestionviatheInternetto

help@sti.nasa.gov

Faxyourquestionto theNASAAccessHelp

Deskat(301)621-0134

• TelephonetheNASAAccessHelpDeskat

(301)621-0390

Write to:

NASAAccessHelpDesk

NASACenterfor AeroSpaceInformation

7121StandardDrive

Hanover,MD 21076-1320
NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 207

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 207

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux

and Meteorological Data

J. Harry McCaughey and Dennis E. Jelinski

Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

J. Harry McCaughey, Dennis Jelinski

Summary

The BOREAS TF-10 team collected tower flux and meteorological data at two sites, a fen and a young

jack pine forest, near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, as part of BOREAS. A preliminary data set was

assembled in August 1993 while field testing the instrument packages, and at both sites data were

collected from 15-Aug to 31-Aug. The main experimental period was in 1994, when continuous data

were collected from 08-Apr to 23-Sep at the fen site. A very limited experiment was run in the

spring/summer of 1995, when the fen site tower was operated from 08-Apr to 14-Jun in support of a

hydrology experiment in an adjoining feeder basin. Upon examination of the 1994 data set, it became

clear that the behavior of the heat, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes throughout the whole growing

season was an important scientific question, and that the 1994 data record was not sufficiently long to

capture the character of the seasonal behavior of the fluxes. Thus, the fen site was operated in 1996 in

order to collect data from spring melt to autumn freeze-up. Data were collected from 29-Apr to 05-Nov

at the fen site. All variables are presented as 30-minute averages. The data are stored in tabular ASCII

files.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The meteorological data collected from the fen and Young Jack Pine (YJP) towers represent, in

some sense, polar opposites of the range of surface climate conditions expected in the boreal forest.

The fen is normally characterized by abundant water close to, or located at, the surface, whereas the

Page 1
YJPsitecanbeoneof thedriestsurfacesin theborealforest.Jackpinegenerallyinhabitwell-drained,

sandysoilswhere,in theabsenceofregularprecipitation,asignificantwaterdeficitcandevelop.The

datapresentedherebearoutthecontrastin thesurfaceclimateconditionsexperiencedby thetwo sites.

For example,in thedriestperiodsin thesummerof 1994it wascommonto measuremid-afternoon

Bowenratiosin therangeof 10to 15,leadingto thecharacterizationof thesiteasa"GreenDesert";at

thesametime,thetypicalBowenratioatthefenseldomexceeded1.0,andwasusuallycloserto 0.8.

TheYJPsitecanbefairly describedasafastresponsesurfacein thatthereweremajorandrapid

changesin flux behavior,especiallyin evaporation,asthesitewaswettedor whenit drieddown.No

suchbehaviorcouldbeascribedto thefenbecauseof thesteadiersupplyof surfacewater.

A broadarrayof supportingdatawasalsocollectedto describethesurface'sstateandto provide

theinformation,in associationwiththeflux data,to buildSoil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer

(SVAT)models.At thefen,ourancillarydatacollectionfocuseduponthespatialpatternof vegetation

presentonthefen.Theseancillarydataareavailableuponrequestfrom thePrincipalInvestigator(PI)

for thefen site,Dr. D. Jelinski.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

This project is concerned with the spatial heterogeneity of surface energy fluxes in the northern

boreal forest. The study was designed to compare surface radiation, energy, water, CO2 fluxes, and

their biophysical controls at both wetland and upland forest sites within the northern boreal forest.

Specific objectives of the study were as follows:

• To quantify the differences between surface-atmosphere interactions between the sites.

• To compare hydrological estimates of basin evaporation to modeled water loss values

(computed from knowledge of the vegetational composition of homogeneous landscape units

and their ecotones, and the functional response of these units to climatic forcing.

• To provide continuous tower fluxes of water, sensible heat, CO2 in support of the

development of SVAT models at the stand and regional scales.

Data for this study were collected on two sites in the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

(BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA) at Thompson, Manitoba: a young jack pine forest (YJP), and

a fen wetland.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The following variables were measured at the fen: net radiation, incoming and reflected solar

radiation, incoming and outgoing longwave radiation, incoming and reflected photosynthetic photon

flux density (PPFD), wind speed, wind direction, wet- and dry-bulb temperature, soil temperature,

soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, CO2 flux, rainfall, and water level.

1.5 Discussion

The primary objective of this project was to develop a full suite of radiation, energy, and CO 2 flux

measurements for the two flux tower sites. At both towers, identical instrumentation was used for data

collection. The measurement systems used can be briefly summarized as follows:

• Radiation balance fluxes, including PPFD, were monitored using standard instrumentation

mounted near the top of the flux towers.

• Soil heat flux (G) was measured using soil heat flux plates combined with calorimetric

calculations of heat storage (see Sections 4.1 and 9.1).

• Convective fluxes of latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat were measured directly via the eddy

covariance technique.

• Net CO2 flux (Feco2) was measured using an eddy covariance system; this system consisted

of a single-axis sonic anemometer and a fast-response infrared CO2 gas analyzer. The air

intake was located at the same level as the sonic anemometer, and air was drawn down to the

gas analyzer at the base of the tower. Lag times between the gas analyzer signal and the sonic

anemometer signal were included in the online processing of the flux; offline processing

included heat flux density corrections (Webb et al., 1980) and CO2 storage in the air layer

between the intake and the surface.

Page 2
Flux dataweresupportedwith accompanyingmeteorologicalmeasurements. At eachsite,profilesof

wind speed,temperature,andhumidityweremeasuredin thelowerboundarylayer.In addition,soil

andbiomasstemperatures,wind direction,andrainfall weremonitored.

Towerdataatbothsiteswerecollectedfrom 15-Augto 31-Aug-1993.In 1994,theYJPtowerwas

operationalalmostcontinuouslyfrom23-Mayto 30-Sep,andthefentowerwasoperationalfrom

08-Aprto 23-Sep.Before01-Jun,onlyconvectiveenergyfluxesandthesupportingprofiledatawere

measuredatthefento supportanassociatedhydrologicalstudyof snowmeltin anadjoiningbasin

duringtheFocusedFieldCampaign(FFC)from 12-Aprto 02-May.CO2flux datacameonlineatthe

fenby 01-Jun-1994.In 1995,only thefenwasoperationalto supportthecontinuationof the

hydrologicalexperiment;datawerecollectedfrom thetowerfrom 15-Aprto 10-Jun.In 1996,the

measurementperiodattheYJPextendedfrom 08-Mayto 07-Novatthefen,datawerecollectedfrom

29-Aprto 05-Nov.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS HYD-01 Volumetric Soil Moisture Data

BOREAS TGB-01/TGB-03 NEE Data over the NSA Fen

BOREAS TF- 11 SSA-Fen Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Porometry Data

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey

(Principal Investigator at NSA-YJP)

Department of Geography

Queen's University

Dr. Dennis E. Jelinski

(Principal Investigator at NSA-Fen)

Department of Geography

Queen's University

Two PIs were associated with the Tower Flux (TF)-10 group: Harry McCaughey and Dennis Jelinski.

Harry McCaughey oversaw the tower fluxes at both the NSA-YJP and the NSA-Fen sites. Dennis

Jelinski was responsible for the vegetation work at the NSA-Fen site. Peter Lafleur shared

responsibility for measurements at both sites. David Fitzjarrald (Principal Investigator for the TF-08

group) kindly loaned the TF-10 team a sonic anemometer and associated equipment that were used at

the NSA-Fen site in 1996. The TF-10 team is grateful for Dr. Fitzjarrald's contribution, his help with

field deployment of the equipment, and his advice at all stages of the work. As well, the TF-10 team

acknowledges the help and advice of Kathy Moore and R.K. Sakai, members of the TF-08 team.

In addition, a large group of very competent graduate students, field assistants, and technicians

contributed to the overall success of the work. Special mention goes to David Joiner and Paul Bartlett

(Queen's University). David developed and built the CO2 measurement system. Paul started work as a

technician in the group and later stayed at Queen's University as a doctoral student. He made many

contributions, but special mention must go to his work on assembling and organizing the deployment

of equipment in 1993 and to his porometry work at the YJP site in 1994 and 1996. Andrew Costello

(Queen's University), helped in the field setup in 1993 and did most of the initial stand measurements

on the YJP canopy. He was assisted by Blair Mantha from Trent. Bob Metcalfe, Queen's and Trent,

worked on an associated hydrology project focused upon the feeder basin north of the fen. He was

supervised jointly by Jim Buttle, Trent University, and Harry McCaughey. Mike Skarupa and Greg

Bryant, Trent, assisted in the data collection efforts at both sites. Kristan Boudreau was an outstanding

field assistant and she performed excellent work in 1994 in all facets of the experiments at both sites.

Page 3
BruceRobertsonandDerekMuellerwereablefield assistantsin 1996.

Finally,a specialthanksto LauraLiblik, whodid themajorityof thework associatedwith the

preparationof thedatabeforeits submissionto theBOREASInformationSystem(BORIS).Her

attentionto detail,herwriting, andhereditorialskillsaremuchappreciated.

2.2 Title of Investigation

Surface Energy and Water Balances of Forest and Wetland Subsystems in the Boreal Forest -

Surface Atmosphere Links and Ecological Controls

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey

Dept. of Geography

Queen's University

Kingston, ON

CANADA

K7L 3N6

(613) 545-6035

(613) 545-6122 (fax)

mccaughe@post.queensu.ca

Contact 2:

Dr. Peter M. Lafleur

Dept. of Geography

Trent University

Peterborough, ON

CANADA

K9J 7B8

(705) 748-1487

(705) 748-1205 (fax)

plafleur@trentu.ca

Contact 3:

Dr. Dennis Jelinski

School of Environmental Studies

Queen's University

Kingston, Ontario

CANADA

K7L 3N6

(613) 545-6875

(613) 545-6617 (fax)

dj4@ qsilver.queensu.ca

Contact 4"

K. Fred Huemmrich

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-4862

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Karl.Huemmrich@gsfc.nasa.gov

Page 4
3. Theory of Measurements

Many of the individual measurements made during the study involved routinely collected data obtained

with a single instrument (e.g., incoming solar radiation and temperature measurement with

thermocouples). Such measurements represent standard data collection techniques, and specific,

detailed elaboration is not provided in this report. However, there is discussion of some limited aspects

of these routine measurements where such detail is required for a complete understanding. Readers are

referred to the manufacturers' specifications for details on the theory of measurement and operation of

individual instruments.

The following section describes only the measurement method used for the fluxes.

Sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, and the net flux of CO2 (Feco2) (net ecosystem exchange,

NEE) were found using the eddy covariance technique (Campbell and Unsworth, 1979; Tanner et al.,

1993). Fluxes are computed as the time-averaged product of the fluctuations of vertical wind velocity

(w') and fluctuations of the appropriate scalar (the covariance). For example, fluctuations of

temperatures (T') for H, water vapor density (q') for LE, and CO2 concentration (C') for Feco2, give:

LE = L <w'q'> (3.1)

H = rho Cp <w'T' (3.2)

Feco2 = rho(c) <w'C' (3.3)

where L is the latent heat of vaporization of water (J/kg), rho is the density of air (kg/m3), Cp is the

specific heat of air at constant pressure (J/kg/°C), rho(c) is the density of CO2 (kg/m3), and the < >

symbol represents a time averaged product or covariance.

In practical terms, the eddy covariance technique is very sensitive to site conditions and instrument

response. For one-dimensional measurements the site is assumed to be perfectly fiat. This eliminates

net positive or negative horizontal advection. Ideally, the response time of the instrument should be

fast enough to monitor the complete spectrum of frequencies occurring in the turbulent flow.

However, the total response is determined by the response time of the individual sensor, the

instrument size and orientation, and the capacity to monitor the signal. Where two sensors are

required, one to monitor w' and the other to monitor the appropriate scalar variable (T', q', or C'),

then separation of the instruments in horizontal space introduces a possible error of mismatched

frequencies sensed by the two systems. It is desirable to have the instruments as close together as

possible; however, this can result in distortion of the wind field of one instrument by the presence of

the other. A compromise is needed to overcome these two opposing problems, and sensors are

typically placed 0.30 m to 0.40 m apart. Given the current status of data logging capacity, eddy

covariance instruments are usually sampled at a rate of 10 Hz or greater.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

Micrometeorological Instruments

Meteorological and flux data at both sites were collected with similar instrumentation. Instruments

were mounted on towers as described in Section 4.1.2. A listing of instrumentation follows.

• Net radiation was measured with a net pyrradiometer (model CN- 1 Middleton, Carter-Scott

Design, Victoria, Australia) aspirated with dry nitrogen gas.

• Incoming and outgoing solar radiation was measured with pyranometers (model 8-48, Eppley

Laboratories Inc., Newport, RI, USA).

Page 5
Outgoing longwave radiation was measured with a pyrgeometer (model PIR, Eppley

Laboratories Inc., Newport, RI, USA).

Incoming and outgoing PPFD were measured with quantum sensors (model LI-Q190SA,

LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA).

Absolute wet- and dry-bulb temperatures were measured with psychrometers constructed

from PVC tubing covered with reflective tape. Ventilation was supplied by a 12-volt DC fan

that gave an air flow between 4-6 m/s across the sensor. The sensors were single-junction 24

a.w.g, copper-constantan thermocouples sealed with epoxy in stainless steel tubing (250 mm

in length, 3.5 mm in diameter). The wet-bulbs were covered with cotton wicking to a length

of 150 mm.

Wind speeds were measured with 3-cup anemometers (model 12102, R.M. Young Co.,

Traverse City, MI, USA). The anemometers contained a DC generator that produced an

analog signal proportional to wind speed.

Wind direction was measured with a vane (model 12302, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City,

MI, USA) containing a potentiometer that designated direction as proportional to the voltage

output.

Rainfall was measured with tipping bucket gauges (model TE252M, Campbell Scientific,

Inc., Logan, UT, USA).

Soil temperatures were measured with single-junction copper-constantan thermocouples (24

a.w.g.) fixed into a 3.18-cm-diameter wooden dowel inserted into the soil. Two soil

temperature rods were installed at each site in order to sample soil temperatures below

different cover types.

At the fen, one soil temperature rod was installed in a moss hummock where the zero level

(effectively the surface of the moss) was, on average, 25-30 cm above the water table. The

second rod was placed in an adjacent hollow, where zero was effectively at the mean water

table level. In each location, temperatures were measured at depths of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75,

100, 150, and 200 cm during both 1993 and 1994.

Soil heat flux was measured at each site with two soil heat flux plates (model HFT-3,

Radiation Energy Balance Systems, Inc. (REBS), Seattle, WA, USA). Values from these

instruments, combined with the soil temperature profiles, were used to calculate soil heat flux

at each site as follows.

At the fen, measurements were taken at a depth of 2 cm below the moss surface at a

hummock and at a depth of 7.5 cm below the surface water in a hollow, which corresponded

to a depth of 17 cm below the moss surface of the hummock. Heat flux plates, traditionally

used to measure the soil heat flux, are known to perform poorly in organic (peat) soils. This

may occur because the thermal conductivity of the plate is usually much greater than that of

organic material and/or because it is difficult to get good thermal contact between the plate and

the surrounding soil. For these reasons, it is recommended that heat flux plate readings be

adjusted with a correction factor determined from calorimetric calculations of total heat storage

(Halliwell and Rouse, 1987). According to this technique, heat storage in distinct soil layers is

calculated from soil heat capacity and measured temperatures. Heat storage in each layer is

accumulated, and conduction beneath the lowest layer is added to compute total heat storage.

This value is then divided by the heat flux value measured from the plate to give a correction

factor. The calculations are usually done over periods of several days, and the correction

factor is applied to the half-hourly heat flux plate measurements (see Section 9.1). We divided

that it was necessary to use a correction factor only for the 1994 data set. In 1996, the values

of soil heat flux measured by the plates in the hummock and hollow were reasonable, and

applying a correction similar to that used in 1994 would have produced values of flux that

were unreasonably high. It was concluded that the thermal contact between the plates was

better in 1996 than in 1994. However, it must be acknowledged that the measurement of heat

storage in a fen remains a scientific concern.

Data Logging: All tower variables (except eddy covariance) were recorded on data loggers

(model CR7X, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA). The eddy covariance signals

were recorded on data loggers (model 21X, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA).

Page 6
CO2 concentration and flux densities were measured with a system designed at Queen's

University by D. Joiner. It consisted of a single-axis sonic anemometer (mentioned above)

and a fast response infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) (model LI-6252, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln,

NE, USA).

Air is drawn by an AC pump from the intake of a tube (1/4" i.d. Bev-a-line IV) situated on

the sonic anemometer arm to the IRGA at the base of the tower. The flow is split before

reaching the IRGA, and the line to the IRGA passes through a fine particle filter. Air from the

IRGA passes a pressure transducer (model PX142, Omega Engineering, Stamford, CT,

USA) and a mass flow sensor (model 5860E, Brooks Instruments Division, Hatfield, PA,

USA).

Cross-correlation analysis was used to determine the travel time of the air from the tube

inlet to the gas analyzer. The CO2 flux density was then determined with the eddy covariance

technique by finding the covariance of the 10-Hz direct output from the gas analyzer with

time-lagged vertical wind velocity measured with a one-dimensional sonic anemometer (model

CA-27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA).

The direct output from the IRGA was calibrated once a day using calibration gases

flowing through the gas analyzer at the same pressure as that of the air down the tower. These

field calibrations, linear over the range of ambient CO2 concentrations and unchanging with

temperature, were constantly corrected for pressure changes recorded with the gauge pressure

transducer.

Data processing and storage were done on data loggers (model 21X, Campbell Scientific,

Inc., Logan, UT, USA), using the covariance at 10-Hz data and a 15-minute averaging

subinterval. The CO2 flux data were corrected for fluctuations of temperature and water vapor

density during postseasonal analysis (Webb et al., 1980).

Absolute concentrations of CO2 were calculated using the factory calibration equation

supplied with the LI-6252 and were corrected for air pressure fluctuations. Station values for

air pressure (obtained from the Thompson airport) were entered daily as a constant into the

data loggers. Daily field calibration of the IRGA showed that the absolute concentration may

exhibit a drift of up to 3 ppmv over a 24-hour period.

Final CO2 flux density values combine the contributions from both the eddy flux and the

changes in CO2 storage for the volume of air beneath the eddy covariance instruments.

Biophysical Instruments

Water level in the fen was monitored continuously at the tower with an electronic water level

recorder, which consisted of a weighted float connected to a potentiometer. The continuous output of

the potentiometer is proportional to the relative water level in the fen. Water level is reported as a

relative height in mm from an arbitrary datum. The datum zero represented the water level on the first

day/hour of measurements: day of year (DOY) 230 at 1800 Universal Time Code (UTC) in 1993,

DOY 127 at 1030 UTC in 1994, and DOY 140 at 2300 UTC in 1995.)

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The instruments were operated mainly under summer conditions with maximum temperatures

around 35 °C. Data were collected over the growing season of 1994, the spring of 1995, and the

spring through fall/winter of 1996. In the spring and fall/winter seasons, more extreme low

temperatures were experienced. During these periods, the environment was more severe, and freezing

temperatures were common; the lowest temperatures experienced were around -30 °C.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

The towers erected at the YJP and fen sites were 12-meter-tall triangular communications type,

guyed on three sides, and anchored into the mineral soil. At the fen, the mineral soil was

approximately 6 m below the mean surface. A floating boardwalk was constructed from the shore to

the tower, and a 2.44-m by 2.44-m platform was built at the base of the tower.

Page 7
At bothsites,all sensorsweremountedonthetowerswith fixedaluminum(3.18cm diameter)

extensionarms,with theexceptionof theeddycovarianceequipment,whichwasmountedona swivel

system,allowingfor orientationof theinstrumentsintothewind.Sensorheightabovethesurface,

distancefromthetower,andorientation(degreesfrom magneticnorth)aregivenin Table1.

Table 1.Sensorheightsontheflux towerat thefenin 1993,1994,1995,and 1996.The

orientationof thearmholdingthesensorisgivenin degreesmeasuredfrom magneticnorth,andthe

distance(m) from thetowerisgiven.Thesymboln/a,indicating"not applicable,"meansthatno

measurementsweretaken.Theorientationof thearmholdingthesonicanemometerandthekrypton

hygrometerwasvariableonaswivelmountthatcouldbesetanywherefrom 150° from magneticnorth

through360° to 55° frommagneticnorth.

IVariable [Sensor]

IIncoming Solar Radiation [pyranometer]

I Outgoing Solar Radiation [pyranometer]

I Outgoing Longwave Radiation

I [pyranometer]

Net Radiation [net pyrradiometer]

IIncoming PPFD [quantum sensor]

I Outgoing PPFD [quantum sensor]

l Wet- and Dry-bulb Temperatures

I [thermocouples]

I Level 1

II Level2

II Level3

II Level 4

II Level5

Level 6

l Wind Direction [vane]

l Wind Speed [cup anemometer]

Level 1

II Level2

II Level3

II Level 4

Level 5

IVertical Wind Speed [sonic anemometer]

IVapor Density [krypton hygrometer]

IRelative Humidity [T/RH sensor]

Height(m)

1993 1994 1995 1996

10.47 10.47 10.47 10.47

10.23 10.23 10.23 10.23

10.33 10.33 10.33 10.33

10.45 10.45 10.45 10.45

10.49 10.49 10.49 10.49

10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31

2.57 2.50 2.50 2.50

3.59 3.25 3.25 n/a

4.65 4.00 4.00 n/a

5.75 5.00 5.00 n/a

6.55 6.00 6.00 6.00

7.65 7.50 7.50 n/a

7.65 6.00 6.00 6.00

3.59 2.50 2.50 2.50

4.65 3.25 3.25 n/a

5.75 4.00 4.00 4.00

6.55 5.00 5.00 n/a

7.65 6.00 6.00 6.00

6.00 4.50 4.50 4.50

6.00 4.50 4.50 4.50

n/a n/a n/a 4.00

Distance

(m)

1.5 135

1.5 135

1.5 265

2.3 155

1.5 145

1.5 145

0.6 295

0.6 295

0.6 295

0.6 295

0.6 295

0.6 295

1.4 24

1.4 24

1.4 24

1.4 24

1.4 24

1.4 24

1.0

1.0

0.2 25

Orientation

(degrees)

150-360-55

150-360-55

Page 8
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The primary objective of the towers was to support the needed instrumentation.

4.1.4 Key Variables

The key meteorological variables are incoming and reflected solar radiation, PPFD, outgoing

terrestrial radiation, net radiation, wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, wind speed, wind direction, latent

and sensible heat fluxes, net CO2 flux, soil temperature, biomass temperature, rainfall, and water

level.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Sonic Anemometer

The sonic anemometer system (model CA27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) obtains

the velocity fluctuations of vertical wind speed from the measured Doppler shift induced by the wind

velocity on an ultrasonic frequency pulse broadcast across a 10-cm path. The effect of temperature on

sound velocity is eliminated by determining the Doppler frequency from the difference between

forward and reverse path observations. Electronic processing of the signals from the ultrasonic

transducers produces a real-time analog output voltage in the range +4.0 V DC.

Air temperature fluctuations for the Campbell Scientific eddy covariance system are measured with

a fine-wire thermocouple mounted about 4 cm from the anemometer sound path. The thermocouple

output is amplified to a +4.0 V DC signal. The thermocouple temperature is referenced to the

instrument case, which is thermally lagged and responds slowly to temperature changes.

Absorption Hygrometer

The absorption hygrometer (model KH20, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) measures

the ultraviolet light transmission across a nominal 1-cm path in a water vapor absorption band

corresponding to a krypton emission line (Campbell and Tanner, 1985). Instrument response is at least

sufficient to resolve fluctuations of 80 Hz. The instrument output is a voltage in the range 0 to 4 V DC.

The signal strength may be subject to gradual diminution as a result of scale accumulation on the

optical surfaces.

Longwave Radiation Measurement

The sensing surface of a pyrgeometer (model PIR, Eppley Laboratories, Inc., Newport, RI, USA)

consists of a differential thermopile that measures net longwave radiation fluxes between itself and the

sky or ground (depending on orientation). The dome of the pyrgeometer is composed of silicon with a

vacuum-deposited interference filter on its inner surface. The composite dome transmission shows an

abrupt transition between approximately 3 and 4 micrometers from complete opaqueness to maximum

transparency.

The outgoing longwave radiation from the instrument is calculated using the temperature of its

blackbody cavity and the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. This flux is added to the thermopile signal to get

the total incoming flux. The temperature of the blackbody radiator can be measured using a thermistor.

The thermopile output signal is measured as a single-ended voltage in the Campbell Scientific

CR7X data logger. The case thermistor is not polarized and is connected between an analog input

chalmel and ground. A 1000-ohm resistor is connected between the analog input chalmel and a

switched analog output channel (725 card). The thermistor is excited with 1350 mV across the

1000-ohm resistor, and the thermistor (pyrgeometer) temperature is calculated as a function of the

thermistor voltage (a function of its resistance). This method corresponds to the protocol for using the

Eppley pyrgeometer proposed by the National Atmospheric Radiation Center (NARC). This method

does not use the pyrgeometer's battery-powered temperature compensation circuit, and no battery

should be installed when using the pyrgeometer in this manner.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

See Table 1 in Section 4.1.2.

Page 9
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Massflow sensorand control unit for eddy covariance system:

Brooks Instruments Division

Emmerson Electric Co.

407 W Vine St.

Hatfield, PA 19440

USA

(215) 362-3500

Sonic anemometer; krypton hygrometer; fine-wire thermocouple; CR7X and 21X data loggers; rain

gauge (fen):

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT, 84321

USA

(519) 354-7356

Sonic anemometer:

Applied Technologies, Inc.

Boulder, CO

USA

Pyranometer; pyrgeometer:

Eppley Laboratories, Inc.

P.O. Box 419

Newport, RI -2840

USA

(401) 847-1020

Quantum sensor; CO2 IRGA:

LI-COR, Inc.

4421 Superior Street

P.O. Box 4425

Lincoln, NE 68504

USA

(402) 467-3576

Net pyrradiometer:

Carter-Scott Design

22 Ailsa Street

Box Hill

Victoria, 3128

AUSTRALIA

+61-3-9899-4277

Pressure transducer; thermocouple wire:

Omega Engineering

One Omega Drive

P.O. Box 4047

Stamford, CT 06907

USA

(203) 359-1660

Page 10
Soil heatflux plate:

RadiationEnergyBalanceSystemsInc.(REBS)

P.O.Box 15512

Seattle,WA 98115-0512

USA

(206)624-7221

Cupanemometer;windvane:

R.M. YoungCo.

2801AeroParkDrive

TraverseCity, MI 49648

USA

(616)946-3980

All otherinstrumentswereproducedin theclimatelaboratoriesateitherQueen'sUniversityor Trent

University.

4.2 Calibration

Pyranometers,pyrgeometers,andnetpyrradiometersusedatbothsiteswerecalibratedatNARC,

AtmosphericEnvironmentService(AES),Downsview,Ontario.

In addition,followingtheintersitecalibrationonnetpyrradiometersperformedin thefield in 1994

with therovingREBS6-netpyrradiometer(HodgesandSmith,1997;Smithet al., 1997),acorrected

setof netradiationdatawascalculatedforthe 1994,1995,and1996experimentalperiodsfor boththe

fenandtheYJP.Thecorrectednetradiationdatawill potentiallyfacilitatetheintercomparisonof flux

behaviorbetweenthetowerflux sites.

CO2concentrationsfor high-andlow-spancalibrationgasesweredeterminedattheCarbonCycle

ResearchSection,AES,Downsview,Ontario,Canada.

Factorycalibrationswereusedfor severalinstruments,andtherecalibrationdetailsfor individual

sensorsaregivenbelow.

• Quantumsensorsandporometer(LI-COR, Inc.,Lincoln, NE, USA)

• Cupanemometersandwindvane(R.M.YoungCo.,TraverseCity, MI, USA)

Followingthe1993field experiment,eachindividualcalibrationfor thegroupof cupanemometers

wascheckedusingthewind tunnelatTrentUniversity,andnochangeswereneededto theoriginal

factorycalibrations.Becausethepotentiometeronthetwowindvaneswassetin thefield eachtimethe

instrumentsweredeployed,bothcanbeconsideredto havehadregularfield calibrationchecks.

• Soilheatflux plates(REAS,Seattle,WA, USA)

Thefactorycalibrationswereacceptedfor all fourtransducers,two ateachsite.

• Raingauges(CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT,USA, andWeathermeasureCorporation,

Sacramento,CA, USA)

Routinecalibrationchecksweredoneonall rain gaugesby pouringaknownamountof waterintothe

gaugeandnotingtheresponse.In all cases,thegaugeswerewithin themanufacturer'specification.

• Sonicanemometersandkryptonhygrometers(CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA)

ThehygrometersatboththefenandtheYJPsiteswererecalibratedin March1994followingthe 1993

experimentandbeforeredeploymentforthe 1994experiment.Minor changesresulted,buttheywere

notlargeenoughto requirecorrectionto the1993data.

Thermocouples

• For all thermocouples,theappropriatecalibrationequationavailablein thedataloggers

(CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA) wasused.

Page11
4.2.1 Specifications

Wheneveranewcalibrationwasdeterminedfor aninstrument,thenewcalibrationwasapplied

from thetimeof therecalibration.Therewasnoattemptto blendthecalibrationsbeforeandafterthe

recalibration.Any step-upor step-downin thedatavaluesasaresultofrecalibrationwasaccepted.For

all instruments,thecalibrationchangeswereminor,andtherewerenoinstanceswhereablendingof

thecalibrationswasnecessary.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Theprecisionof themeasuredmeteorologicalvariablesandthecorrespondingtransducersare

summarizedbelow.

I[variable

Isolar radiation

]llongwave radiation

l net radiation

]PPFD

l carbon dioxide concentration

] soil heat flux

]l air, soil, and biomass temperature

]horizontal wind speed

IIwind direction

IIrelative humidity

]vertical wind speed

]rainfall

[rainfall

Transducer Precision

Eppley pyranometer 1 W/m 2

Eppley pyrgeometer 1 W/m 2

Middleton net pyrradiometer

LI-COR quantum sensor

LI-COR IRGA

1W/m2

1 pmol/m2/s

1 ppmv

REBS heat flux plate 1 W/m 2

Copper/constantan thermocouple 0.1 °C

R.M. Young cup anemometer

R.M. Young wind vane

R.M. Young T/RH sensor

Campbell Scientific sonic anemometer

Campbell Scientific tipping bucket

Weathermeasure tipping bucket

0.1 m/s

O

1%

0.1 m/s

0.1 mm

0.254 mm

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

All radiometers used in the study were on a regular, 2-year calibration cycle. This calibration

frequency was increased during BOREAS, and each radiometer was calibrated before each major field

experiment. Full calibrations were done in April 1994, October 1994, and March 1996.

One sonic anemometer (model CA27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) was

recalibrated by the manufacturer in May 1995 following water damage to the instrument in September

1994 at the fen.

The krypton hygrometers from the YJP and fen were calibrated in 1993 before deployment in the

field and were recalibrated in March 1994.

Calibrations were determined on all CO2 reference gas tanks prior to both major field seasons in

March 1994 and March 1996.

Routine calibration checks were made on the rain gauges, following the protocol suggested by the

manufacturers, prior to their deployment in all field experiments. No calibration change was necessary

to either gauge.

Page 12
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

A summary follows of the instruments used at each site along with their calibration histories.

Solar Radiation was measured using Eppley pyranometers. The instruments, identified by serial

number, used at both sites for each experiment are given in Table 2.

Table 2. Eppley pyranometers used at the fen in all experimental years. Each pyranometer is

identified by its serial number.

Table 2. Eppley pyranometers used at the Fen

IIVariable

IIKd

Year

1993

15889

1994

13762

1995

13762

1996

13762

IKu 14713 13855 13855 13855

The calibration histories of the pyranometers are shown in Table 3. All calibrations remained stable

through the BOREAS field periods, and the largest change in any calibration was -0.57%.

Table 3. Calibration history of the Eppley pyranometers used in all experimental years. The change

in calibration is given as a percentage from the previous value. The units of calibration are

microvolts/(Wm2).

Table 3. Calibration history of the Eppley pyranometers

I Serial number

13762

13855

14713

15889

Year

1992

Calibration

12.21

%change in

calibration

-1.12

1994 12.14 -0.57

1996 12.20 0.49

1992 10.92 -0.55

1994 10.89 -0.27

1996 10.92 0.28

1992 11.17 -0.62

1994 11.14 -0.27

1996 11.14 0.00

1992 11.09 -1.10

1994 11.05 -0.36

1996 11.06 0.09

Longwave radiation was measured using Eppley pyrgeometers.

Page 13
Eppleypyrgeometer(serialnumber29583F3)wasusedatthefenfrom 1993to 1996.The

calibrationhistoryof theinstrumentis givenin Table4.Thefirst calibrationof instrument29583F3in

1994provedto bewrongbecauseof amalfunctioningreferencetemperaturebathatNARC.Thiswas

correctedby arecalibrationof theinstrumenthesameyear,andall of thedatawerecorrectedin

postprocessing.

Table4. Calibrationhistoryof theEppleypyrgeometersusedin all experimentalyears.Thechange

in calibrationis givenasapercentagefrom thepreviousvalue.Theunitsof calibrationare

microvolts/W/m2.

Table 4. Calibration history of the Eppley pyrgeometers

Iserial number Year Calibration %change in calibration

29583F3 1993 3.97

1994 3.62 -8.82 (calibration is suspect)

1994 3.83 -3.53 (recalibration for 1994)

1996 3.83 0.00

Net radiation was measured using Middleton net pyrradiometers. The instruments used are listed in

Table 5.

Table 5. Middleton net pyrradiometers used in the field experiments. Each instrument is identified

by serial number.

Table 5. Middleton net pyrradiometers

IISerial number

11330

I11333

II

Site

Fen in 1993, and from DOY 97-145 in 1996

Fen in 1994, and 1995, and from DOY 146 in

1996

The calibration histories of the net pyrradiometers are given in Table 6. For all net pyrradiometers, the

calibration values are given separately for shortwave (SW), longwave (LW), and combined the

arithmetic average of SW and LW. The combined value was used for all times of the day, including the

nighttime, when only longwave radiation is present. All instruments had two calibrations in 1994. The

first calibration proved to be wrong because of a malfunctioning reference temperature bath at NARC.

This was corrected by a recalibration of the instrument the same year, and all of the data were corrected

in postprocessing. With the exception of the aberrant first calibration in 1994, all instruments remained

stable for the duration of the experiments; changes were normally less than 1% and the largest was less

than 4%.

Table 6. Calibration history of the Middleton net pyrradiometers used in all experimental years.

The change in calibration is given as a percentage from the previous value. The units of calibration are

microvolts/W/m2. Separate calibrations are given for shortwave (SW), longwave (LW), and combined

the arithmetic average of the SW and LW values. The calibration constant (cal. constant) is the ratio of

the SW to LW calibration.

Page 14
Table 6. Calibration history of the Middleton net pyrradiometers

l Serial % % % change cal.

Inumber change change combined constant

II Year SW SW LW LW combined

1330 1992 37.52 -0.87 35.18 -3.98 36.35 -2.42 1.07

1994 38.16 1.17 32.40 -7.90 35.28 -2.94 1.18

1994 37.55 0.08 34.82 -1.02 36.19 -0.44 1.08

1996 35.54 -5.35 34.13 -1.98 34.84 -3.73 1.04

1333 1992 37.74 -2.15 34.90 -6.46 36.32 -4.27 1.08

1994 38.41 1.78 32.85 -5.87 35.63 -1.90 1.17

1994 38.17 1.14 34.62 -0.80 36.39 0.22 1.10

1996 38.12 -0.13 35.17 1.59 36.64 0.69 1.08

PPFD was measured using LI-COR quantum sensors. Table 7 shows the instruments used at each site

in each experimental year, and Table 8 gives the calibration constants.

Table 7. Quantum sensors used at the experimental sites and the variables measured: PPFDd is

incoming PPFD, and PPFDu is reflected PPFD. Instruments are identified by serial number.

Table 7. Quantum sensors used

IISerial number

IIQ17605

Site

Fen 1993 to 1996

Variable

PPFDd

16754 Fen 1993 to 1996 PPFDu

Table 8. Calibration constants in units of ]amole/s/m2/mv for the quantum sensors used in the

experiments. The instruments are identified by serial number.

Table 8. Calibration constants

ISerial

IIQ17605

[Q16754

Calibration

293.25

355.87

C02 concentration and C02 flUX density were measured using an IRGA (model LI-6252, LI-COR,

Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) and a sonic anemometer (model CA27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan,

UT, USA). Table 9 lists the IRGAs and the sonic anemometers used at both sites. Sonic 1353 was

damaged by water seeping into the lower arm at the conclusion of the 1994 experiment. This

instrument was repaired and recalibrated before being deployed again in 1996.

Table 9. The sonic anemometers and IRGAs used at the fen. The instruments are identified by

serial number. No CO2 flux was measured at the fen in 1995; the sonic anemometer measured the

convective fluxes only.

Page 15
Table 9. The sonic anemometers and IRGAs

IISonic anemometer

II

[IRGA

Serial number

1201

1353

IRG2-208

Site

Fen in 1995, YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Fen in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Fen in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Soil heat flux was measured using REBS soil heat flux plates. The calibrations of the plates and the

sites where they were deployed are given in Table 10.

Table 10. Calibrations for the soil heat flux plates, in units of W/mZ/mV, and the sites where they

were deployed. Individual plates are identified by serial number.

Table 10. Calibrations for the soil heat flux plates

IISerial number

1933060

Calibration

40.0

Site

Fen in 1993,1994,1995, and 1996

933061 38.7 Fen in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996

Horizontal wind speed was measured using 3-cup anemometers (model 12102, R.M. Young Co.,

Traverse City, MI, USA). These instruments have calibrations in units of mv at 1800 rpm, and this is

combined with a second general calibration equation to convert rpm to m/s. The calibrations of the

anemometers are given in Table 11.

Table 11. Calibration of the 3-cup anemometers used at each site for horizontal wind speed

measurement at the levels identified; e.g., U1 is the anemometer at level 1. The units of the calibration

are mv at 1800 rpm.

Table 11. Calibration of the 3-cup anemometers

lSite: Fen

IILevel

IIUm

IIU2

IIu4

Year

1993

2400

2397

2396

2401

1994

2400

2397

2396

2401

1995

2400

2397

2401

2401

1996

2397

2395

Iu5 2399 2399 2399 2401

Relative humidity was measured using a combination temperature/relative humidity probe (model

41372VC, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City, MI, USA) at each site in 1996 (Table 12). The

temperature is measured with an RTD sensor, and the relative humidity is measured with a capacitance

element. This probe was ventilated naturally and shielded by a 12-level plate shield. Each probe has the

same calibration and specifications (Table 13).

Page 16
Table12.Temperature/relativehumiditysensorsusedat thesitesin 1996.

Table 12. Temperature/relative humidity sensors

used at the sites in 1996.

lModel Serial number Site

41372VC 1762 Fen

Table 13. Calibration and specifications for the temperature/relative humidity sensor

(model 41372VC, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City, MI, USA).

IIRelative humidity:

IITemperature:

operating temperature: -10 °C to 60 °C

measuring range: 0 to 100%

accuracy at 20 °C: 2% from 0-90% RH

3% from 90-100% RH

stability: better than + 2% RH for 2 years

response time: 15 sec

sensor element: Vaisala intercap

output signal: 0-1 volt DC

calibrated measuring range: -50 °C to 50 °C

accuracy at 20 °C: + 0.3 °C

output signal: 0-1 volt DC

Rainfall was measured using tipping bucket rain gauges at both sites in all years at the fen. The gauge

(model TE525, Texas Instruments, supplied by Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) was at a

height of 1 meter above the surface, and 1 tip of the gauge represented 1 mm of rain.

Atmospheric pressure was measured at each site in 1996 using a Vaisala pressure transmitter

(model PTB 101B, Vaisala, Oy, Finland, and supplied by Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT,

USA). Each instrument had been calibrated against a working standard in February 1996. The

instrument at the fen was S/N R0940004.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

The outputs from all instruments producing voltages were recorded on data loggers. Data from the

loggers' memories were downloaded at regular intervals to either cassette tape or electronic storage

module, and all data were transferred in the field to microcomputers and backed up on either floppy

diskette or 1-GB Jaz drives (Iomega Corporation, Fenton, MO, USA).

Specific details for each major system are given below.

• Tower data (except eddy covariance) -- All signals were recorded on data loggers (model

CR7X, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) at a scan rate of once per 10 seconds.

Output was processed every 3, 15, and 30 minutes depending on the variable. Only 30-minute

data are reported in the BORIS data base.

Page 17
Eddycovariance-- All signalswererecordedondataloggers(model21X, Campbell

Scientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA) ata scanrateof onceper0.1 seconds.Intermediate

processingwasdoneevery15minutes,andoutputdatawereprocessedevery30minutes.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

See Section 6.2.

6.2 Field Notes

SPECIAL NOTES: 1993

All data were averaged over thirty minutes, starting on the hour and half-hour, and ending thirty

minutes later. Sampling was continuous and each day's data is from 0600 UTC to 0600 UTC the next

day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1033CM was calculated as a residual.

• Small nighttime values for SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM,

PPFD IN 1049CM, and PPFD_OUT_1031CM were set to zero to account for very slight

zero depressions and elevations in the radiometers.

• HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL is the sum of HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE AIR, and SOIL HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM.

Data Period: August 15/93 (DOY 227)

• Data collection began on DOY 228 at 0000.

• All wet bulb temperatures are flagged DOY 227-228(2015).

Data Period: August 16 - August 29/93 (DOY 228-241)

• WET_BULB_TEMP_465CM is flagged DOY 228(2030)-229(730), and 229(1830-2130).

SPECIAL NOTES: 1994

All data were averaged over thirty minutes, starting on the hour and half-hour, and ending thirty

minutes later. For example, data tagged at 0630, were collected between 0600 and 0630. Sampling

was continuous and each day's data is from 0600 UTC to 0600 UTC the next day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1033CM was calculated as a residual.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN was calculated by multiplying

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM by a correction factor of 3.04 for DOY 132 through

DOY 262 (see documentation for details).

• R NET_1035CM_CORRECTED was calculated using day and night time equations

developed by Hodges and Smith (1997) (see documentation for details).

• Small nighttime values for SOLAR_RAD IN 1023, SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1045CM,

PPFD IN 1049CM, and PPFD_OUT_1031CM were set to zero to account for very slight

zero depressions and elevations in the radiometers.

• HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL is the sum of HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR, and SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN.

Data Period: April 8 - April 11/94 (DOY 098-101)

• PPFD_OUT_1031CM sensor installed on DOY 105 at 0030.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor installed on DOY 122 at 1900.

• WATER LEVEL DEPTH sensor installed on DOY 127 at 630.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and

H20_FLUX_450CM installed on DOY 101 at 630.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM sensor installed on DOY 107 at 1700.

Page 18
CO2_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W MEAN_450CMandW_STDEV_450CMsensorsinstalledonDOY 151at 1800.

SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM,SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM,NET_SOLAR_RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM,LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CMTOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM,R_NET_1035CM,PPFD IN 1049CM,

PPFD_OUT_1031CM,SURFACE_ALBEDO,SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_5CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_I0CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_25CM,SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_50CM,SOIL

TEMP_HUMMOCK_75CM,SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_100CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_150CM,SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_200CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_ICM,SOIL TEMP_HOLLOW_5CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW25CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_50CM,SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW75CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_100CM,SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_150CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 200CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,WET BULB_TEMP_400CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM,WET BULB_TEMP_750CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_250CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_325CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_500CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_600CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM, RAINFALL_100CM

andWATER LEVEL_DEPTHvaluesaremissingonDOY 098from 630-1700and1830

(startof field season)andonDOY 100from 1700-1730dueto programming.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW,all wetbulbtemperatures,andall vaporpressuresare

missingDOY 98-131.

WIND_SPEED_250CMis notavailableuntil DOY 98at 1900duetoprogramming.

WIND_SPEED_325CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at0000.

WIND_SPEED_400CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at0030.

WIND_SPEED_500CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at 1930.

WIND_SPEED_600CMisnot availableuntil DOY 105at 1530.

WIND_DIR_600CMandWIND_DIR_STDEV_600CMarenotavailableuntil DOY 104at

220.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,

HEAT_STORAGETOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENTAIR valuesaremissingonDOYs098through101.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_600CMand

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CMsensorsarefrozenonDOYs099through101.

Data Period: April 12 - April 25/94 (DOY 102-115)

• PPFD_OUT_1031CM sensor installed on DOY 105 at 0030.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor installed on DOY 122 at 1900.

• WATER LEVEL DEPTH sensor installed on DOY 127 at 630.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM sensor installed on DOY 107 at 1700.

• CO2_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM sensors installed on DOY 151 at 1800.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values missing on DOYs 107 through 115.

• LATENT_HEAT FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 107

from 1600-600 and on DOY 108 from 630-600 due to weather.

Page 19
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,and

H20_FLUX_450CMvaluesaremissingonDOYs 110from 2230-600,onDOY 111from

630-1430,onDOY 112from 1930-2030and2230-600,onDOY 113from 630-600,onDOY

114from 630-1600andfrom 2100-600andonDOY 115from 630-1530and1730-600due

to weather.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,

HEAT_STORAGETOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIRvaluesaremissingonDOYs 104,105,110,111and

114.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_600CMand

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CMsensorsarefrozenonDOYs 102through115.

WIND_SPEED_325CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at0000.

WIND_SPEED_400CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at0030.

WIND_SPEED_500CMisnot availableuntil DOY 103at 1930.

WIND_SPEED_600CMisnot availableuntil DOY 105at 1530.

WIND_DIR_600CMandWIND_DIR_STDEV_600CMarenotavailableuntil DOY 104at

220.

Data Period: April 25 - May 9/94 (DOY 116-129)

• DOY127(1800) RAINFALL_100CM and WATER LEVEL DEPTH are interpolated.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor installed on DOY 122 at 1900.

• WATER LEVEL DEPTH sensor installed on DOY 127 at 630.

• CO2_FLUX_450CM, C02_CONC_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM sensors installed on DOY 151 at 1800.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 116 through 129.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and

H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOYs 116 from 630-1600 and from 2230-600,

on DOY 117 from 630-1600, on DOY 119 from 2300-600, on DOY 120 from 630-1430, on

DOY 121 from 2000-600, on DOY 122 from 630-2030 and from 2200-600, on DOY 123

from 630-600, on DOY 124 from 630-1530, on DOY 126 from 1600-600, on DOY 127 from

1830-600, on DOY 128 from 630-600 and on DOY 129 from 630-1500 due to weather.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_ 10CM, SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,

HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR, and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR values are missing on DOYs 117 and 118.

• SOIL HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor had instrument malfunction on DOY 128

from 1400-600.

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are frozen on DOYs 116 through 124, 126 and 129.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW, all wet bulb temperatures, and all vapor pressures are

missing DOY 98-131

Data Period: May 10 - May 23/94 (DOY 130-143)

• CO2_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM sensors installed on DOY 151 at 1800.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOYs 130 through 143.

Page 20
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and

H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOYs 130 from 1830-600, on DOY 131 from

630-1430, on DOY 132 from 2030-600, on DOY 133 from 630-600, on DOY 134 from

630-1630 and from 2030-600, on DOY 135 from 630-1500, and from 200-600, on DOY 136

from 630-1100 and from 1830-600, on DOY 137 from 630-1530 and from 1830-600, on

DOY 138 from 630-1530 and from 2100-600, on DOY 139 from 630-1430, on DOY 140

from 1600-600 and on DOYs 141 through 143 due to weather.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and

H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 132 from 1600-1630 and on DOY 135 at

1630 due to instrument adjustment.

SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CM sensor was broken from DOYs 135 at 1600

through to 147 at 2100. Reinstalled on DOY 147 at 2130.

WIND_SPEED_600CM sensor had incorrect offset from DOYs 131 through 142. Correct

offset used on DOY 142 at 1500.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are frozen on DOYs 130 through 136, and 139-141.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW, all wet bulb temperatures, and all vapor pressures are

missing DOY 98-131.

Data Period: May 24 - June 6/94 (DOY 144-157)

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM, W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM

sensors installed on DOY 151 at 1800.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values missing on DOYs 144 and 145.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and

H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 144 from 630-1530.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 148

from 500-600, on DOY 149 from 630-600 and on DOY 150 from 630-600 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM, and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 151 from 630-600 and on DOY

152 from 630-1530 due to weather.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM, W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM

values are missing on DOY 151 from 630-1730.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values

missing on DOY 153 from 1500-2000 due to instrument replacement.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W_MEAN_450CM and W MEAN_STDEV_450CM values are missing on DOY 153 from

2330-600 due to instrument failure.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM, W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM

values are missing on DOY 154 at 1930 due to lag tests.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 157 from 450-600 due to weather.

Page 21
SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,

HEAT_STORAGETOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENTAIR valuesaremissingonDOY 147.

SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CMsensorwasbrokenfrom DOYs 135at 1600

throughto 147at2100.ReinstalledonDOY 147at2130.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_600CMand

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CMsensorsarefrozenonDOY 148.

Changedhummockandhollow groundtemperaturerodsonDOY 147atapproximately2100.

WET_BULB_TEMP_325CMsensorhadadrywick onDOY 155.

WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM

WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM

DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM

DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM

DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM

sensorhadadrywick onDOY 155.

sensorhadadrywick onDOY 156.

sensorhadinconsistentdataonDOYs 155and156.

sensorhadinconsistentdataonDOYs 154and156.

sensorhadinconsistentdataonDOY 154.

sensorhadinconsistentdataonDOYs 150and154.

Data Period: June 7 - June 20/94 (DOY 158-171)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 158 from 630-1200 due to instrument

failure.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W MEAN_450CM and W_STDEV_450CM values are missing on DOY 162 from 1600-600,

on DOY 163 from 1530-600 and on DOY 164 from 630-1700 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM, and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 162 from 630-1500 due to

weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 165 from 1130-600, on DOY 166 from 630-600, on DOY 167

• from 630-600, on DOY 168 from 630-1200, on DOY 169 from 330-600, on DOY 170 from

630-1630 and on DOY 171 from 730-600 due to instrument failure.

• CO2_CONC_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are missing on

DOY 165 from 1500-600 and on DOY 166 from 630-1600 due to weather.

• CO2_CONC_450CM values are missing on DOY 171 from 2030-600 due to weather.

• WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 169.

• WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 168.

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM sensor had inconsistent data on DOYs 169 and 170.

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM sensor had inconsistent data on DOY 170 and was rewicked on

JDay 164 from 1800-2030.

Data Period: June 21 - July 4/94 (DOY 172-185)

• PPFD_OUT_1031CM sensor had instrument malfunctions on DOY 180 from 1900-600 and

on DOY 181 from 1100-1400.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 174 from 2030-600 due to weather.

Page 22
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 175 from 630-600, on DOY 176 from 630-1630, on DOY 177

from 1800-600, on DOY 178 from 630-1730, on DOY 179 from 100-600 and on DOY 180

from 630-1800 due to instrument malfunction.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 172 from 630-1800, on DOY 176

from 1700-600 and on DOY 177 from 630-1730, due to weather.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 180 from 200-600 and on DOY 184

from 1230-600 due to instrument malfunction.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM and CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM are missing on DOY 172 from

2200-600 due to weather.

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 172 from 400-600 due to

weather.

CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 179 from 1730-1900 due to

instrument calibration.

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM values missing on DOYs 181

through 184 at 1200 due to instrument malfunction.

LATENT HEAT_FLUX_450CM and H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 184

at 630 due to instrument malfunction.

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are missing on DOY 184 from 1700-600

due to instrument malfunction.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are

missing on DOY 185 from 630-600 due to instrument malfunction.

SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM, NET_SOLAR_RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM, R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,

PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 1CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_5 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 10CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_25 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_50CM, SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_75CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 100CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 150CM,

SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_200CM, SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_5CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_10CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_50CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_75CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_100CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_150CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_200CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_250CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_325CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_500CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_600CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM, WIND_SPEED_250CM, WIND_SPEED_325CM,

WIND_SPEED_400CM, WIND_SPEED_500CM, WIND_SPEED_600CM,

WIND_DIR_600CM, WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM, RAINFALL_100CM and

WATER LEVEL_DEPTH values are missing on DOYs 181 at 1450 through to DOY 186 at

1530 due to loss of generator power.

Page 23
SOIL HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM, SOIL_HEAT FLUX_HUMMOCK_10CM,

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN, HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE AIR, and HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR values are

missing on DOYs 181 through 185.

WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 181.

WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET BULB_TEMP_400CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM had dry wicks from DOY 178 through to 180 at 1630.

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM and VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM sensors had data

inconsistencies on DOY 175 from 1830-600 due to rewicking, and on DOYs 176 from

630-600 and 177 from 630-1900 due to instrument malfunctions.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM had data inconsistencies on DOYs 173 through 177.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensor had inconsistent data on DOY 175 from 1830-600 due

to rewicking.

WET_BULB_TEMP_325, 400, 500, and 600 had a dry wick on DOY 178

Data Period: July 5 - July 18/94 (DOY 186-199)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are

missing on DOYs 186 through 189 at 1930, on DOY 193 from 2300-600, on DOY 194 from

630-600 and on DOY 195 from 630-1830 due to instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are

missing on DOY 191 from 2030-600 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are missing on DOY 192 from 630-1600

due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 196 from 1300-1900 and from 300-600 and on DOY 197 from

630-1700 due to instrument malfunction.

• W_MEAN_450CM and W_MEAN_STDEV_450CM values are missing on DOY 192 at

1600.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1047M, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM, NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM, R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,

PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 1CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_5 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 10CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_25 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_50CM, SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_75CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 100CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 150CM,

SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_200CM, SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_5CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_10CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_50CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_75CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_100CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_150CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_200CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_250CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_325CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM,

Page 24
VAPOUR_PRESSURE_500CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_600CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM, WIND_SPEED_250CM,WIND_SPEED_325CM,

WIND_SPEED_400CM,WIND_SPEED_500CM,WIND_SPEED_600CM,

WIND_DIR_600CM,WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM,RAINFALL_100CMand

WATER LEVEL_DEPTHvaluesaremissingonDOYs 181at 1450throughto DOY 186at

1530dueto lossof generatorpower.

SOIL HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_HEAT FLUX_HUMMOCK_10CM,

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,HEAT_STORAGETOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLEAIR, andHEAT_STORAGELATENT AIR valuesare

missingonDOYs 186and 193.

WET_BULB_TEMP_325CMsensorhadadrywick onDOY 190.

WET_BULB_TEMP_500CMsensorhadadry wick onDOYs 189,190and195through

198.

WET_BULB_TEMP_600CMsensorhadadry wick onDOYs 186through192.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CMhaddatainconsistenciesonDOYs 191and192.

Data Period: July 19 - August 1/94 (Julian Days 200-213)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM values are

missing on 201 from 630-2000 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 200 from 1330-600 due to weather.

• CO2_CONC_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 200

from 1800-600 due to weather.

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM values are missing on DOY 205

from 1530-1730, on DOY 207 from 030-200 and on DOY 213 from 1930-2230 due to

instrument calibration.

• LATENT HEAT_FLUX_450CM and H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 206

from 1200-1500 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 203 from 1230-1450 and from

230-330 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 211 from 1030-1130 due to

instrument malfunction.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM, NET_SOLAR_RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM, R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,

PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 1CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_5 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 10CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_25 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_50CM, SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_75CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 100CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 150CM,

SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_200CM, SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_5CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_10CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_50CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_75CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_100CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_150CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_200CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

Page 25
VAPOUR_PRESSURE_250CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_325CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_500CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_600CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM,

WIND_SPEED_250CM,WIND_SPEED_325CM,WIND_SPEED_400CM,

WIND_SPEED_500CM,WIND_SPEED_600CM,WIND_DIR_600CM,

WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM,RAINFALL_100CMandWATER LEVEL DEPTHvalues

aremissingonDOYs202from 2030-2200dueto psychrometerwork andonDOYs 211from

2030-600andDOY212from 630-1530dueto instrumentrepair.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,

HEAT_STORAGETOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIRvaluesaremissingonDOYs 202,211and212.

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CMsensorhadadrywick onDOY204andwassubsequently

rewicked.

WET_BULB_TEMP_325CMsensorhadadrywick onDOYs 202,203 and204.

WET_BULB_TEMP_600CMsensorhadadry wick onDOYs 201,202,203through207,

andon209.

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CMsensorhadadry wick onDOYs 204and208.

Data Period: August 2 - August 15/94 (DOY 214-227)

• PPFD_OUT_1031CM sensor is broken on DOY 216 through 217 from 630-2230.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 214

from 1800-600 and on DOY 218 from 630-1730 due to weather.

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM values are missing on DOY 214

from 1600-600 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 215 from 630-1600 due to

weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 224 from 630-600 and on DOY

225 from 630-1600 due to instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 217 from 2330-600, on DOY 218 from 630-1730 and on DOY

223 from 2200-600 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 216 from 900-1230 due to

instrument malfunction.

• WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM sensor had a dry wick on DOYs 221 through 227.

Data Period: August 16 - August 29/94 (DOY 228-241)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

values are missing on DOY 234 from 130-600, on DOY 235 from 630-1530, on DOY 240

from 300-600, and on DOY 241 from 630-1730 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 240 from 630-1530 and on

DOY 241 from 1800-600 due to weather.

• LATENT HEAT_FLUX_450CM and H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 228

from 630-1130 due to instrument malfunction.

Page 26
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 239

from 2200-600 due to weather.

CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM values are missing on DOY 239

from 1730-600 due to weather.

WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM sensor had a dry wick on DOYs 228 through 239.

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 240.

DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensor had data inconsistencies on DOY 240.

Data Period: August 30 - September 12/94 (DOY 242-255)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 242 from 630-1450, due to

instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are

missing on DOY 243 from 630-1330, on DOY 254 from 400-600 and on DOY 255 from

630-730 due to instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

values are missing on DOY 246 from 830-1300, on DOY 247 from 1400-600, and on DOY

248 from 630-1700 and from 2030-600 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 244 from 900-1400 due to

instrument malfunction.

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM values are missing on DOY 249

from 1730-600 due to instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM values are missing on DOY 249

from 2200-600 due to instrument malfunction.

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 250 from 530-630 and on DOY

251 from 630-800 due to instrument malfunction.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM and

H20_FLUX_450CM values are missing on DOY 251 at 630 due to instrument malfunction.

• WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 254

• WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM sensor had a dry wick on DOYs 245 through 255.

• WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensor had a dry wick on DOY 255.

Data Period: September 13 - September 19/94 (DOY 256-262)

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_10323M, NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM, R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,

PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 1CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_5 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 10CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_25 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_50CM, SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_75CM,

SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 100CM, SOIL_TEMP_HUMMOCK_ 150CM,

SOIL TEMP_HUMMOCK_200CM, SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP HOLLOW_5CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_10CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_50CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_75CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_100CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW_150CM, SOIL_TEMP_HOLLOW_200CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

Page 27
WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_500CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_250CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_325CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_500CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_600CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_750CM,

WIND_SPEED_250CM,WIND_SPEED_325CM,WIND_SPEED_400CM,

WIND_SPEED_500CM,WIND_SPEED_600CM,WIND_DIR_600CM,

WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM,RAINFALL_100CMandWATER LEVEL DEPTHvalues

aremissingonDOY 262from 1500-600(endof field season).

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CMand

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CMvaluesaremissingonDOY256from 630-1700andon

DOY 258from 2200-600dueto weather.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CMand

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CMvaluesaremissingonDOY 258on630-1700andonDOY

259from 630-600,onDOY 260from 630-1530andfrom 2200-600andonDOY261from

630-1530dueto instrumentmalfunction.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CMand

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CMvaluesaremissingonDOY256from 1800-1830dueto

instrumentcalibration.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CMandSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMvaluesare

missingonDOY 257from 1530-1730dueto weather.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,CO2_CONC_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

W_MEAN_450CMandW MEAN_STDEV_450CMaremissingonDOY262from

1530-600dueto theendof thefield season.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM

andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMvaluesaremissingonDOY 257from

900-1300dueto weather.

SOIL_HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,SOIL_HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_FEN,HEAT_STORAGETOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLEAIR, andHEAT_STORAGELATENT AIR valuesare

missingon262(endof field season).

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CMsensorhadinconsistentdataonDOY 261.

SPECIAL NOTES: 1995

All datawereaveragedoverthirty minutes,startingonthehourandhalf-hour,andendingthirty

minuteslater.Samplingwascontinuousandeachday'sdatais from 0600UTC to 0600UTCthenext

day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1033CMwascalculatedasaresidual.

• Smallnighttimevaluesfor SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM,SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM,

PPFD IN 1049CM,andPPFD_OUT_1031CMweresetto zeroto accountfor veryslight

zerodepressionsandelevationsin theradiometers.

• R NET_1035CM_CORRECTEDwascalculatedfromdayandnighttimeequations

developedby HodgesandSmith(1997)(seedocumentationfor details).

• HEAT_STORAGETOTAL is thesumof HEAT_STORAGELATENT AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,andSOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM

Page28
Data Period: April 8 - April 11/95 (DOY 098-101)

• R_NET_1035CM sensor installed on DOY 098 at 1830.

• WIND_SPEED_250CM sensor installed on DOY 098 at 2000.

• WIND_SPEED_325CM sensor installed on DOY 098 at 2030.

• WIND_SPEED_400CM and WIND_SPEED_500CM sensors installed on DOY 098 at 2100.

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, and

DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM sensors installed on DOY 099 at 2000.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM and SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM sensors installed on JDay

099 at 2000.

• LONGWAVE_RAD_OUT_1033CM sensor installed on DOY 099 at 2200.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM not installed until DOY 100 at 630.

• WIND_SPEED_600CM, WIND_DIR_600CM and WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM sensors

installed on DOY 100 at 2200.

• PPFD IN 1049CM and PPFD_OUT_1031CM sensors installed on DOY 101 at 2000.

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOYs 098 through 101.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM are missing on DOY 101 from 1630 to 1930 due

to programming error.

Data Period: April 12 - April 25/95 (DOY 102-115)

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOYs 102 through 115.

• SENSIBLE HEAT_FLUX_450CM value is missing on DOY 116 from 130 to 600 due to

broken thermocouple wire.

Data Period: April 25 - May 9/95 (DOY 116-129)

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOYs 116 through 129.

• SOIL HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM installed on DOY 127 at 1600.

• SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM value is missing on DOYs 116 through 124 at 1430 due

to a broken thermocouple wire.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 116 at 1330 through DOY 118 at

1530.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 130 from 230-430 due to ice on the

hygrometer.

Page 29
Data Period: May 10 - May 23/95 (DOY 130-143)

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET BULB_TEMP 750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOYs 130 through 138 and

143.

• PPFD IN 1049CM sensor has intermittent open circuit from DOY 136 through 142.

• PPFD IN 1033CM sensor has open circuit on DOY 143.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM are missing on DOY 130 from 830 through 1300 due to ice

on the hygrometer.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM and

H20_FLUX_450CM are missing on DOY 130 at 1330 to 131 at 1830 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

H20_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM readings end on DOY 132 at 1930.

Data Period: May 24 - June 6/95 (DOY 144-157)

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOY 144 through 145 and

on DOY 147.

• PPFD IN 1049CM sensor has open circuit on from DOY 144 through 157.

Data Period: June 7 - June 14/95 (DOY 158-165)

• DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_325CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_500CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_750CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_250CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_325CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_400CM,

WET BULB_TEMP_500CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_600CM and

WET_BULB_TEMP_750CM sensors are intermittently frozen on DOY 158 through 161.

• PPFD IN 1049CM sensor has open circuit on from DOY 158 through 165.

Data Period: April 29 - May 8\96 (DOY 120-129)

• SOIL HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor not installed until DOY 133 at 2230 due to

• frozen ground conditions.

• WIND_SPEED_400CM not available until DOY 189 at 0630.

• SOIL TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CM not available from DOY 123(1430) to DOY

132(1730).

• HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL, and HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR not available until

134(1700).

• HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR not available until DOY 133(0630).

• DOY 120(1600) CO2_EDDY_FLUX 450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM were linearly

interpolated.

• DOY 122 CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM(2000), and CO2_CONC_450CM(1730) were linearly

interpolated.

• DOY 123(1700-1900,2030) CO2_CONC_450CM(1700-1900), and

CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM

• were linearly interpolated.

• DOY 126(1700) and 129(1500-1530) CO2_CONC_450CM and

CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM were linearly interpolated.

Page 30
DOY 120(0630-1600)LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,andVAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CMarenot

available.

DOY 126(2130)to 129(1500)LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

andCO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CMnot available.

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMmissing

DOY127(1800-2300).

SPECIAL NOTES: 1996

All data were averaged over thirty-minute intervals, starting on the hour or half-hour, and ending

thirty minutes later. Sampling was continous, and each day's data is from 0600 UTC to 0600 UTC the

next day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1033CM was calculated as a residual.

• Small nighttime values for SOLAR RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM,

PPFD IN 1049CM, and PPFD_OUT_1031CM were set to zero to account for very slight

zero depressions and elevations in the radiometers.

• Negative values of NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM were set to zero, as were corresponding

values of SOLAR RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM, and

SURFACE ALBI_DO.- -

• Corresponding changes were also made in the calculations of LONGWAVE IN 1033CM,

TOTAL RAD IN 1041CM, and TOTAL RAD_OUT_1028CM.

• R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED was calculated from day and night time equations

developed by Hodges and Smith(1997) (see documentation for details).

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is flagged if <-50.00 W/m^2.

• SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is flagged if <-70.00 W/m^2.

• HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL is the sum of HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR, and SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM.

• CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM is the sum of CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, and

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM.

• Where only CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM is missing, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM is

based on CO2_EDDY_FLUX 450CM only.

• When SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM is zero, any negative CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM

values are set to zero as well.

Data Period: May 9 - May 22\96 (DOY 130-143)

• SOIL HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM sensor not installed until DOY 133 at 2230 due to

frozen ground conditions.

• WIND_SPEED_400CM not available until DOY 189 at 0630.

• SOIL TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CM not available from DOY 123(1430) to DOY

132(1730).

• HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL, and HEAT_STORAGE LATENT AIR not available until

134(1700).

• HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR not available until DOY 133(0630).

• DOY 135(1430-1500) and 136(1930-2000) CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM and

CO2_CONC_450CM are linearly interpolated.

• DOY 132 (1600-1730) SOLAR RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM,

NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM, LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1028CM,

TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM, TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM,

R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM,

SURFACE_ALBEDO, all soil temperatures in the hummock and hollow,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, WIND_DIR_600CM, and

WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM missing due to processing problems.

Page 31
DOY 132(1830)to 134(1630)LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM, W_MEAN_450CM,W_STDEV_450CM,

RELATIVE_HUMIDITY_400CM,AIR_PRESSURE,andCO2_CONC_450CMmissing

dueto processingmalfunctions.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,andH20_FLUX_450CM(137 1600-1520500),

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM(137 1600-1522000),CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM,andCO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM(1371300-155

1800)aremissing.

DOY 132(1800),134(1700),and137(1300)CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CMaremissing.

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMis

unavailablefrom DOY 139(1030-1400)andDOY 139(1730)to 142(1300).

Data Period: May 23 - June 5\96 (DOY 144-157)

• WIND_SPEED_400CM not available until DOY 189 at 0630.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM (137 1600-152 0500),

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM (137 1600-152 2000), CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM, and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM (137 1300-155 1800)

are missing.

• DOY 155(1800-1830) sign of CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM is corrected.

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM, and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM unavailable

DOY 152 (1200-1400), 152(1700) to 153(1700), 153(0700) to 154(1830), and 156(0500) to

157(1330).

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM and H20_FLUX_450CM unavailable DOY 153(0700) to

154(0830), and 156(0500) to 157(1330).

• DOY 158(2100)-160(0630) CO2_CONC_450CM is missing.

Data Period: June 6 - June 19\96 (DOY 158-171)

• WIND_SPEED_400CM not available until DOY 189 at 0630.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM unavailable DOY

158(2100)-159(1830), 161(0400-1400), 162(1530-1900), 164(0730-1500),

165(1700-1900), 166(0500)- 167(2130), and 167(0400)- 168(1130).

• SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM unavailable DOY 158(2100)-159(1830), and

165(1700-1900).

• CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM, and

CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM are unavailable DOY 158 (2100)- 160(0630),and

165(1700-1900).

• CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM is missing DOY 158(2030), 160(0630), and

165(1630,1930).

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM, and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM unavailable

DOY 160(0400)-161(1400), 162(1530-1900), 164(0730-1500), 166(0500)-167(2130),

167(0400)- 168(1130).

Data Period: June 20 - July 3\96 (DOY 172-185)

• WIND_SPEED_400CM not available until DOY 189 at 0630.

• DOY 180(1530)- 189(0630) SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CM is unavailable.

• Linear interpolation of CO2_CONC_450CM occurred DOY 176(1800-1930), 177(1900),

179(1730-1800),and 185(1530) and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM DOY 176(1800-2030),

177(1900), 179(1730-1800), and 185(1530).

• DOY 172 (0900-2230) SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM are unavailable.

Page 32
LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMmissingatfollowingtimes:DOY

171(0430)-173(1800),174(1100-1400),181(0230)-182(1430),182(0400)-183(1500),

185(0730-1230),185(0430)-186(1630).

DOY 180HEAT_STORAGETOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,and

HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIRis unavailable.

DOY 180(0030-0600)SOLAR RAD IN 1047CM,SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM,

NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM,LONGWAVE IN 1033CM,LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM,

TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM,R_NET_1035CM,

R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,PPFDIN 1049CM,PPFD_OUT_1031CM,

SURFACEALBEDO,SOIL HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,all hummockandhollow

temperatures,DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,

WIND_SPEED_250CM,WIND_SPEED_600CM,

WIND_DIR_600CM,WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM, andRAINFALL_100CMare

unavailable.

Data Period: July 4 - July 17\96 (DOY 186-199)

• WIND_SPEED_400CMnotavailableuntil DOY 189at0630.

• DOY 180(1530)-189(0630)SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CMisunavailable.

• DOY 185(0430)-186(1630)LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMare

missing.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM,SOLAR RAD_OUT_1023CM,NET_SOLAR_RAD_1035CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1033CM,LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM,TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM,

TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM,R_NET_1035CM,

R_NET_1035CM_CORRECTED,PPFDIN 1049CM,PPFD_OUT_1031CM,

SURFACEALBEDO,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HUMMOCK_10CM,

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM,all soiltemperaturesfor bothhummockandhollow,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM,WIND_SPEED_250CM,

WIND_SPEED_400CM,WIND_SPEED_600CM,WIND_DIR_600CM,

WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM,andRAINFALL_100CMunavailableDOY

189(1530-1700),189(0500)-190(1200),and190(1630-1830)andlinearlyinterpolatedDOY

189(1800-1830,2300-2330,0030,0130,0300,0400),DOY 190(1300- exceptfor

RAINFALL_100CM,WIND_DIR_600CM,andWIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM).

• SOIL TEMPERTURE_HUMMOCK_ICMlinearlyinterpolatedDOY 193(2000).

• Linearinterpolationof CO2_CONC_450CMandCO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CMoccurred

DOY 187(1800),193(1730-1800,1930),196(1800), and199(2100).

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMunavailableDOY 188(1100)-189(1330),

198(1930-2200),198(2330-0630).

Data Period: July 18 - July 31\96 (DOY 21111-213)

• SOIL TEMPERATUREHUMMOCK_ICM linearlyinterpolatedDOY 202(2200),

209(2030,2100),212(2000,2030).

• Linearinterpolationof CO2_CONC_450CMDOY 202(2100-2200),207(1730-1930),

209(1930)and212(2130)andCO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CMDOY202(2000-2200),

207(1930),209(1930),and212(2130).

• AIR_PRESSURElinearlyinterpolatedDOY 202(2100,2130),207(1730-1900).

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMmissingonthefollowing days:DOY

201(0730-1130),202(0630-1630),and203(0730-1300).

• DOY 202(1900-2130)LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,andH20_FLUX_450CMis

missing.

• SOIL_TEMPERATUREHUMMOCK_50CMis missingDOY 203(1830)-209(2100),

212(2100)-217(2000).

Page33
Data Period: August 1 - August 14\96 (DOY 214-227)

• DOY 214(2000) AIR PRESSURE linearly interpolated.

• DOY 214(2000), 217(2100), 221(1830-1930), 226(2030) CO2_CONC_450CM is linearly

interpolated.

• DOY 220 SOIL TEMPERATURE HUMMOCK_ICM (1830-2030) and

SOIL TEMPERATURE_HOLLOW_10CM (2000) linearly interpolated.

• DOY 224(1530) linearly interpolated SOLAR RAD IN 1047CM,

SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM, NET_SOLAR RAD_1035CM, LONGWAVE IN 1033CM,

LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM, TOTAL RAD IN 1041CM, TOTAL RAD_OUT_1028CM,

R_NET_1035CM, PPDF IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO,

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HUMMOCK_10CM, SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM, all soil

temperatures for both hummock and hollow, DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, WIND_SPEED_250CM, WIND_SPEED_400CM,

WIND_SPEED_600CM, WIND_DIR_600CM, WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM, and

RAINFALL_100CM. These variables are also missing DOY 224(1830-2100).

• DOY 226(2030)AIR PRESSURE and RELATIVE_HUMIDITY_400CM is linearly

interpolated.

• DOY 226(1930-2030) CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM is linearly interpolated.

• DOY 214(630)-224(2130) WIND_SPEED_400CM is missing.

• DOY 214(1800-2130) LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM are

missing.

• DOY 214(1800-2030) SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM are missing.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM are unavailable DOY 215 (1000-1330)

218(2030-2300), 219(1300-2230), 219(0200-0700), 220(1000-1300, 1600-1830),

220(0400)-221 (1530), 222(1430-2100), 223 (0930-1530), 223 (0200)-224(1400).

• DOY 226(2030)-233(1300) LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is missing.

• DOY 226(2030)-233(0630) SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is missing.

• SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HUMMOCK_50CM is missing 214(0630)-217(2000),

220(2200)-221 (2100)

• SOIL_TEMPERATURE_HOLLOW_5CM is missing DOY217(2000)-218(2000),

218(1930)-220(2000)

• DOY 223(1800-2330) WIND_DIR_600CM, WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM are missing.

• HEAT_STORAGE_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_SSENSIBLE_AIR, and

HEAT_STORAGE LATENT_AIR are missing DOY 224

• H20_FLUX_450CM unavailable DOY 227(0630-1200), 227(0230-0530).

Data Period: August 15 - August 28\96 (DOY 228-241)

• DOY 226(2030)-233(1300) LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is missing.

• DOY 226(2030)-233(0630) SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is missing.

• CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, and CO2_CONC_450CM are linearly interpolated on DOY

238(1830), 239(1930), and 241(1930).

• DOY 236(1930-2000) CO2_CONC_450CM is linearly interpolated.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM unavailable DOY 233 (0530)-234(1200), 237 (900-1330),

237 (2000)-238 (1500), 238 (0530)-239(1300).

• H20_FLUX_450CM unavailable 227(0630-1200), 227(0230-0530), 228(0370-1200),

228(0100)-229(1830), 229(0100)-233(1300)

• DOYs 230, 231, and 232 CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM, CO2_CONC_450CM,

HEAT_STORAGE_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT AIR,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_400CM, W_MEAN_450CM, W_STDEV_450CM,

RELATIVE_HUMIDITY, AND AIR_PRESSURE are unavailable.

Page 34
DOY 236(1830-2100) CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, CO2_STORAGE FLUX_450CM, and

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM is unavailable.

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV are missing DOY

228 (0100)-229(1800), 230(0630)-233(1300), 233(0530)-234(1200), 237(0900-1330),

237(2000)-238(1500), 238(0530)-239(1300)

WIND_DIR_600CM, and WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM are missing DOY 223(1800-2330),

228 (2000-2300), 233( 1900-2130), 234(0130)-242( 1830).

Data Period: August 29 - September 11\96 (DOY 242-255)

• DOY 244(1130-2000) LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM, are

unavailable.

• DOY 249(1830)-255(1600) LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, and H20_FLUX_450CM are unavailable.

• DOY 249(1830)-258(1800) CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM, and CO2_CONC_450CM

are unavailable.

• DOY 248(1600)-248(0230) WIND_DIR_600CM, and WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM are

unavailable

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM, and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM are

unavailable DOY 244(1130-2000), 249(0430-0800), 250(0930-0100),

251(0500)-252(1330), 253(1200-1500, 1600-2030), 253(0100)-255(1530).

• Due to power supply problems, SOLAR_RAD IN 1047CM, SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1023CM,

NET_SOLAR RAD_1023CM, LONGWAVE IN 1033CM, LONGWAVE_OUT_1033CM,

TOTAL_RAD IN 1041CM, TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1028CM, R_NET_1035CM,

PPFD IN 1049CM, PPFD_OUT_1031CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO unavailable DOY

250(0230)-258(1800), and SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_HUMMOCK_10CM,

SOIL_HEAT FLUX_HOLLOW_10CM, all soil hummock and hollow temperatures,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_250CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_600CM, WIND_SPEED_250CM,

WIND_SPEED_400CM, WIND_SPEED_600CM, WIND_DIR_600CM,

WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM, and RAINFALL 100CM are unavailable DOY

250(0230)-259(0630), and HEAT_STORAGE_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR,

and HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE AIR are unavailable DOYs 250 to 258.

Data Period: September 12 - September 25\96 (DOY 256-269)

• DOY 261(1830), and 264(1930-2000) CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM and

CO2_CONC_450CM are linearly interpolated.

• DOY 267(1730) CO2_CONC_450CM is linearly interpolated.

Data Period: September 26 - October 9\96 (DOY 270-282)

• CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM and CO2_CONC_450CM are linearly interpolated on the

following days: 270(2000), 273(1930), 276(1730), 278(1730-1800), 279(1730),

281 (0800-0900), and 282(0630-0700).

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV 450CM are unavailable at the following times:

DOY270(0130)-271 (0800), 271 (0930-1330), 271 (2300-0400), 272(1600-1900),

281 (2230)-282(1830).

Data Period: October 10 - October 23\96 (DOY 283-297)

• CO2_EDDY FLUX_450CM, and CO2_CONC_450CM are linearly interpolated DOY

283 (2130), 289(1730-1800), 291 (1730), 292(2000), 293 (0500-0530), 295 (1630),

297(1830).

• CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM is linearly interpolated DOY294(0730, 1230, 1530-1830).

• CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM are missing DOY

286(2130-2200), 287(0700-1800, 0130-0530), 28990700-1500), 289(1630-1730),

Page 35
296(0900-1100).

DOY 286(0900-1530)CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM,CO2_STORAGEFLUX_450CM,and

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CMisunavailable.

LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_450CM,H20_FLUX_450CM,SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM,

andSPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CMareunavailableDOY284(1600)-285(1100),

286(0900-1930),286(0130)-287(1800),287(0130)-288(0100),288(0250)-289(2130),

293(0330-1630),296(2100-2330).

SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CMis unavailableDOY 286(0900-1530),287(0700-1800),

287(0130-0530),289(0700-1500).

WIND_DIR_600CM,andWIND_DIR_STDEV_450CMareunavailableDOY

290(0700-1130),291(0030)-292(1630),293(2200)-294(1730),294(0200-0500),

295(0630-1700),296(2330)-297(1500).

W MEAN_450CM,andW_MEAN_STDEV_450CMaremissingDOy 287(0700-1800),and

287(0130-0430).

RAINFALL_100CMis missingDOY 283(2230)-310(0600).

Data Period: October 24 - November 5\96 (DOY 298-310)

• DOY 300(2000), 303(1700) CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_450CM is linearly interpolated.

• RAINFALL_100CM is missing DOY 283(2230)-310(0600).

• LATENT HEAT_FLUX_450CM, H20_FLUX_450CM, are unavailable DOY

298 (0230)-301 (1900), 301 (0200)-303 (1400),303 (1830-0300), 306( 1730)-307(1600),

308(2330)-309(1800), and 309(0330)-310(0600).

• SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_450CM is unavailable DOY 303(2000-0300),

306(1730)-307 (1600), 308 (2330)-309(1800).

• CO2_EDDY FLUX_450CM and CO2_TOTAL FLUX 450CM are missing DOY

302(1730-1800, 2230-2300), 303 (2000-0300), 306(1730)-307 (1600), 307 (0330-0430), and

308 (2330)-309(1800).

• CO2_EDDY_FLUX_450CM, CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_450CM, and

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_450CM are missing DOY 305(1830-1930).

• SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_450CM and SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_450CM are

unavailable DOY 298 (0230)-299 (1900), 299 (2100)-301 (1900), 301 (0200)-303 (1430),

306(0330)-307(0730), 309(0830-1530), 309(0330)-310(0600).

• WIND_SPEED_250CM, and WIND_SPEED_600CM are unavailable DOY 301(0800-1630).

• WIND_DIR_600CM and WIND_DIR_STDEV_600CM are unavailable DOY

301 (0830-1500), 302(0930-1530), 302(0230)-303(1830), 306(1700)-308(1100),

309 (0730-1930), 310(1100-0600).

• W MEAN_450CM, and W_MEAN_STDEV_450CM are unavailable DOY 303(2300-0300),

306(1730)-307(1330), 308(2330)-309(1800)

• All variables are missing DOY 310(1730-0600) due to the shut-down of power.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

All data were collected at the BOREAS NSA fen site. North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)

coordinates for the site are latitude 55.91481 °N, longitude 98.42072 °W, and elevation of 211.33 m.

The fen site is located along Hwy. 391 west of Thompson, Manitoba. The fen site is located

approximately 9 km to the west of the YJP site. The fen is located in a natural depression, and the fetch

is limited to the east of the tower, where the forested shore is located 150 m from the tower. Cold-air

drainage at night could be a factor at this site.

Most of the micrometeorological data were collected on the flux towers at the fen. The soil heat

flux, biomass temperatures, and rainfall data were collected in the immediate vicinity of the flux

Page 36
towers.All of themicrometeorologicaldatanotcollectedonthetowersweremeasuredmorethan30m

awayfrom thetowers.GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)locationcoordinatesareavailablefor all

samplelocationsoneachsite.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data collected from towers are usually thought of as point data. However, they actually

represent an integrated response to the surface/atmosphere interaction, especially in terms of the eddy

flux data, which are considered to represent an integrated upwind surface source region (Leclerc and

Thurtell, 1990; Schmid and Oke, 1990). In general, at the YJP the fluxes apply to the surface between

20 to 400 meters upwind. At the fen, where fetch in certain wind directions is limited, data

uncertainties may occur (see Section 10.1).

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The start and stop times for the experiments were as follows:

15-AUG-1993 to 31-AUG-1993

10-APR-1994 to 19-SEP-1994

15-APR-1995 to 10-JUN-1995

25-APR- 1996 to 10-NOV- 1996

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

With one exception, the data values submitted to BORIS were integrations of the conditions for the

30-minute reporting periods.

Meteorological data were output at 15- and 30-minute intervals depending upon the variable. The

15-minute data included only absolute wet- and dry-bulb air temperatures and soil temperatures, which

were used for heat storage calculations (described below). All signals, except temperature differences,

were averaged over 30-minute periods. Only the 30-minute data were reported to BORIS. Eddy

covariance data were output every 30 minutes.

7.3 Data Characteristics

Page 37
7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 25@CM

WIND SPEED 325CM

WIND SPEED 359CM

WIND SPEED 4@@CM

WIND SPEED 465CM

WIND SPEED 5@@CM

WIND SPEED 575CM

WIND SPEED 655CM

WIND SPEED 765CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN--WIND DIR FIAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR HAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 1CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 25CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 75CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 2@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 1CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 75CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 2@@CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

Page 38
UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 25@CM

AIR TEMP 257CM

AIR TEMP 325CM

AIR TEMP 359CM

AIR TEMP 4@@CM

AIR TEMP 465CM

AIR TEMP 5@@CM

AIR TEMP 575CM

AIR TEMP 6@@CM

AIR TEMP 655CM

AIR TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP 25@CM

WET BULB TEMP 257CM

WET BULB TEMP 325CM

WET BULB TEMP 359CM

WET BULB TEMP 4@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 465CM

WET BULB TEMP 5@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 575CM

WET BULB TEMP 6@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 655CM

WET BULB TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 25@CM

VAPOR PRESS 257CM

VAPOR PRESS 325CM

VAPOR PRESS 359CM

VAPOR PRESS 4@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 465CM

VAPOR PRESS 5@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 575CM

VAPOR PRESS 6@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 655CM

VAPOR PRESS 765CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

WATER TABLE HGT

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

CORR--NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AYR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

Page 39
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 250CM

WIND SPEED 325CM

WIND SPEED 359CM

WIND SPEED 400CM

WIND SPEED 465CM

WIND SPEED 500CM

WIND SPEED 575CM

WIND SPEED 655CM

WIND SPEED 765CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument, e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) of the start of the

data collection.

The sensible heat flux measured above the canopy.

Instrument heights: in 1993 at 6 m, 1994 and 1996

at 4.5 m.

The latent heat flux measured above the canopy.

Instrument heights: in 1993 at 6 m, 1994 and 1996

at 4.5 m.

The net radiation measured above the canopy,

in 1993, 1994, and 1996 at 10.35 m height.

The carbon dioxide flux measured above the canopy

Instrument heights: in 1994 and 1996 at 4.5 m

The carbon dioxide concentration measured above

the canopy. Instrument heights: in 1994 and 1996

at 4.5 m.

The storage term of carbon dioxide under the eddy

flux system.

The sum of the above canopy carbon dioxide flux

and the under flux instrument storage term.

The downward (incoming) photosynthetic photon

flux density measured above the canopy. In 1993,

1994, and 1996 at 10.49 m height

The reflected photosynthetic photon flux density

measured above the canopy. In 1993, 1994, and

1996 at 10.31 m height

The wind speed measured 2.5 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 3.25 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 3.59 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 4 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 4. 65 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 5 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 5.75 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 6.55 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured 7. 65 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured above the canopy, in

Page 40
MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX HUMMOCK 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX HOLLOW 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK ICM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 10CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 25CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 50CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 75CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 100CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 150CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 200CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW ICM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 10CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 50CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 75CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 100CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 150CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 200CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 250CM

AIR TEMP 257CM

AIR TEMP 325CM

1994 and 1996 at 6 m height.

The average wind direction over 30 minutes

measured above the canopy, in 1993 at 7.65 m,

in 1994 and 1996 at 6 m height

The standard deviation of the wind direction over

30 minutes measured above the canopy.

The air temperature measured above the canopy,

in 1994 at 7.5 m and 1996 at 6 m height.

The water vapor flux measured above the canopy,

in 1993 at 6 m, in 1994 and 1996 at 4.5 m height.

The soil heat flux in a hummock measured at i0

cm depth.

The soil heat flux in a hollow measured at i0 cm

depth.

The soil heat flux for the whole fen surface,

calculated as the product of the measured flux

at the hollow and a factor (3.04 in 1994) .

Soil temperature in a hummock at 1 cm depth.

Soil temperature in a hummock at 5 cm depth.

Soil temperature in a hummock at i0 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hummock at 25 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hummock at 50 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hummock at 75 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hummock at 1 m depth.

Soil temperature in a hummock at 1.5 m depth

Soil temperature in a hummock at 2 m depth.

Soil temperature in a hollow at 1 cm depth.

Soil temperature in a hollow at 5 cm depth.

Soil temperature in a hollow at i0 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hollow at 25 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hollow at 50 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hollow at 75 cm depth

Soil temperature in a hollow at 1 m depth.

Soil temperature in a hollow at 1.5 m depth

Soil temperature in a hollow at 2 m depth.

The amount of rainfall measured above the canopy

in the 30 minute period following the time of

observation, measured at 1 m height all years.

The downward (incoming) solar radiation measured

above the canopy, measured at 10.47 m height in

all years.

The reflected (outgoing) solar radiation measured

above the canopy, measured at 10.23 m height in

all years.

The net solar radiation measured above the

canopy, measured at 10.35 m height in all years.

The total upward (outgoing) radiation measured

above the canopy, in 1993 at 10.28 m, in 1994 at

10.23 m, and in 1996 at 10.28 m height.

The air temperature measured at 2.5 meters above

the ground.

The air temperature measured at 2.57 meters above

the ground.

The air temperature measured at 3.25 meters above

Page 41
AIR TEHP 359CH

AIR TEMP 400CM

AIR TEMP 465CM

AIR TEMP 500CM

AIR TEMP 575CM

AIR TEMP 600CM

AIR TEMP 655CM

AIR TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP 250CM

WET BULB TEMP 257CM

WET BULB TEMP 325CM

WET BULB TEMP 359CM

WET BULB TEMP 400CM

WET BULB TEMP 465CM

WET BULB TEMP 500CM

WET BULB TEMP 575CM

WET BULB TEMP 600CM

WET BULB TEMP 655CM

WET BULB TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 250CM

VAPOR PRESS 257CM

VAPOR PRESS 325CM

VAPOR PRESS 359CM

VAPOR PRESS 400CM

VAPOR PRESS 465CM

VAPOR PRESS 500CM

the ground

The air temperature measured at 3.59 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 4 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 4.65 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 5 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 5.75 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 6 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 6.55 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 7.65 meters above

the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 2.5 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 2.57 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 3.25 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 3.59 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 4 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 4.65 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 5 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 5.75 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 6 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 6.55 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 7.65 meters

above the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured above the

canopy, in 1994 at 7.5 m height.

The vapor pressure measured at 2.5 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 2.57 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 3.25 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 3.59 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 4 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 4.65 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 5 meters above

Page 42
VAPOR PRESS 575CH

VAPOR PRESS 600CM

VAPOR PRESS 655CM

VAPOR PRESS 765CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

WATER TABLE HGT

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

the ground.

The vapor pressure measured at 5.75 meters above

the ground.

The vapor pressure measured at 6 meters above

the ground.

The vapor pressure measured at 6.55 meters above

the ground.

The vapor pressure measured at 7.65 meters above

the ground.

The vapor pressure measured above the canopy, in

1994 at 7.5 m and in 1996 at 4.5 m height.

The atmospheric pressure measured at the station

Water table height above a reference surface.

The downward (incoming) longwave radiation

measured above the canopy, in all years measured

at 10.33 m height

The upward (outgoing) longwave radiation measured

above the canopy, in all years measured at 10.33

m height

The total downward (incoming) radiation measured

above the canopy, in all years measured at 10.41

m height

The corrected net radiation measured above the

canopy, using equations developed by Hodges and

Smith (1997).

Surface solar albedo.

Total of minor heat storage terms including soil

heat flux and sensible and latent heat storage

in the air.

Sensible heat storage in air column between the

surface and net pyrradiometer.

Latent heat storage in air column between the

surface and net pyrradiometer.

The 30 minute mean specific humidity measured

above the canopy, in 1994 and 1996 at 4.5 m

height.

The 30 minute standard deviation of specific

humidity measured above the canopy.

The 30 minute mean of the vertical wind speed

measured above the canopy, in 1994 and 1996 at

4.5 m height.

The 30 minute standard deviation of the vertical

wind speed measured above the canopy.

The relative humidity measured above the canopy,

in 1996 at 4 m height.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised

Page 43
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 25@CM

WIND SPEED 325CM

WIND SPEED 359CM

WIND SPEED 4@@CM

WIND SPEED 465CM

WIND SPEED 5@@CM

WIND SPEED 575CM

WIND SPEED 655CM

WIND SPEED 765CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN--WIND DIR _IAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR HAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 1CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 25CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 75CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 2@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 1CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 75CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 2@@CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[HHMM GMT]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[parts per million]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[degrees from magnetic north]

[degrees from magnetic north]

[degrees Celsius]

[millimoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[millimeters]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

Page 44
UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 25@CM

AIR TEMP 257CM

AIR TEMP 325CM

AIR TEMP 359CM

AIR TEMP 4@@CM

AIR TEMP 465CM

AIR TEMP 5@@CM

AIR TEMP 575CM

AIR TEMP 6@@CM

AIR TEMP 655CM

AIR TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP 25@CM

WET BULB TEMP 257CM

WET BULB TEMP 325CM

WET BULB TEMP 359CM

WET BULB TEMP 4@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 465CM

WET BULB TEMP 5@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 575CM

WET BULB TEMP 6@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 655CM

WET BULB TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 25@CM

VAPOR PRESS 257CM

VAPOR PRESS 325CM

VAPOR PRESS 359CM

VAPOR PRESS 4@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 465CM

VAPOR PRESS 5@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 575CM

VAPOR PRESS 6@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 655CM

VAPOR PRESS 765CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

WATER TABLE HGT

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

CORR--NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AYR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[millimeters]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[unitless]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[grams] [kilogram^-l]

[grams] [kilogram^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[percent]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

Page 45
7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 25@CM

WIND SPEED 325CM

WIND SPEED 359CM

WIND SPEED 4@@CM

WIND SPEED 465CM

WIND SPEED 5@@CM

WIND SPEED 575CM

WIND SPEED 655CM

WIND SPEED 765CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN--WIND DIR _IAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR HAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 1CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 25CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 75CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 2@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 1CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 75CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW I@@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 15@CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 2@@CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[sonic anemometer and thermocouple]

[sonic anemometer and krypton hygrometer]

[net pyrradiometer]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[IRGA]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[quantum sensor]

[quantum sensor]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[wind vane]

[wind vane]

[thermocouple]

[sonic anemometer and krypton hygrometer]

[heat flux plate]

[heat flux plate]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[tipping bucket gauge]

[pyranometer]

Page 46
UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 25@CM

AIR TEMP 257CM

AIR TEMP 325CM

AIR TEMP 359CM

AIR TEMP 4@@CM

AIR TEMP 465CM

AIR TEMP 5@@CM

AIR TEMP 575CM

AIR TEMP 6@@CM

AIR TEMP 655CM

AIR TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP 25@CM

WET BULB TEMP 257CM

WET BULB TEMP 325CM

WET BULB TEMP 359CM

WET BULB TEMP 4@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 465CM

WET BULB TEMP 5@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 575CM

WET BULB TEMP 6@@CM

WET BULB TEMP 655CM

WET BULB TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 25@CM

VAPOR PRESS 257CM

VAPOR PRESS 325CM

VAPOR PRESS 359CM

VAPOR PRESS 4@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 465CM

VAPOR PRESS 5@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 575CM

VAPOR PRESS 6@@CM

VAPOR PRESS 655CM

VAPOR PRESS 765CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

WATER TABLE HGT

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

CORR--NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AYR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[pyranometer

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[pressure sensor]

[water level recorder]

[pyrgeometer]

[pyrgeometer]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[krypton hygrometer]

[krypton hygrometer]

[sonic anemometer]

[sonic anemometer]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

Page 47
7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the flux data files on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX

ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV

CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS

STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 250CM

WIND SPEED 325CM

WIND SPEED 359CM

WIND SPEED 400CM

WIND SPEED 465CM

WIND SPEED 500CM

WIND SPEED 575CM

WIND SPEED 655CM

WIND SPEED 765CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG

ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG

ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX

HUMMOCK 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX

HOLLOW 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK

ICM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK

5CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK

10CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK

25CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK

50CM

NSA-FEN-FLXTR NSA-FEN-FLXTR None None None None

9TFI0-FLX01 9TFI0-FLX01 None None None None

15-AUG-93 06-NOV-96 None None None None

0 2330 None None None None

-69.58 431.78 -999 None None None

-49.08 351.22 -999 None None None

-95.93 746.88 -999 None None None

-18.984 22.981 -999 None None Blank

287.4 647 -999 None None Blank

-9.46 6.5 -999 None None Blank

-20.341 21.233 -999 None None Blank

0 2035 -999 None None None

0 1085 -999 None None None

197 8.48 -999 None None Blank

198 9.38 -999 None None Blank

198 5.331 -999 None None Blank

198 i0 -999 None None Blank

198 5.647 -999 None None Blank

198 10.35 -999 None None Blank

198 5.917 -999 None None Blank

197 6.052 -999 None None Blank

194 6.063 -999 None None Blank

194 10.33 -999 None None Blank

031 360 -999 None None Blank

0 194.6 -999 None None Blank

-26.63 30.46 -999 None None Blank

-1.4033 8.0233 -999 None None None

-94.12 169.65 -999 None None None

-52.86 207.5 -999 None None None

-137.4 315.2 -999 None None Blank

-18.14 33.19 -999 None None None

-12.43 29.44 -999 None None None

-8.18 24.94 -999 None None None

-3.379 22.29 -999 None None None

-.949 15.78 -999 None None None

Page 48
SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK .05

75CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK .42

100CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 1.28

150CM

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 2.04

200CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW ICM -8 76

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM -5 ii

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

10CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

25CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

50CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

75CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

100CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

150CM

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW

200CM

RAINFALL 0

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV

CNPY

AIR TEMP 250CM

AIR TEMP 257CM

AIR TEMP 325CM

AIR TEMP 359CM

AIR TEMP 400CM

AIR TEMP 465CM

AIR TEMP 500CM

AIR TEMP 575CM

AIR TEMP 600CM

AIR TEMP 655CM

AIR TEMP 765CM

WET BULB TEMP 250CM -5

WET BULB TEMP 257CM -2

WET BULB TEMP 325CM -5

WET BULB TEMP 359CM -2

WET BULB TEMP 400CM -5

WET BULB TEMP 465CM -2

WET BULB TEMP 500CM -5

WET BULB TEMP 575CM -2

WET BULB TEMP 600CM -5

WET BULB TEMP 655CM -2

-2 19

-i 032

-.172

.31

.77

1 .57

2 .32

202 6

-28 22

-2.283

-27 57

-2.227

-27 44

-2.211

-26 81

-2.238

-27 2

-2.234

-2 207

504

373

506

296

556

215

512

165

514

268

12.87

ii.i

8.94

7.49

34 52

31 25

24 19

17 77

13 85

ii 76

9.94

7.48

6.23

ii .2

975

536.5

854.9

775.8

30.46

26 74

29 66

26 66

29 31

26 56

29 83

26 42

29 84

26 46

26 34

19 35

19 24

19 42

19 12

19 04

19 1

19 03

18 88

19 01

19 13

Page 49

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Blank

None

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank
WETBULBTEMP765CM -2.165 m m m

WET BULB TEMP ABV

CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 250CM .2806

VAPOR PRESS 257CM .5071

VAPOR PRESS 325CM .3295

VAPOR PRESS 359CM .51

VAPOR PRESS 400CM .2968

VAPOR PRESS 465CM .5173

VAPOR PRESS 500CM .2865

VAPOR PRESS 575CM .5236

VAPOR PRESS 600CM .3273

VAPOR PRESS 655CM .5148

VAPOR PRESS 765CM .5222

18.88 -999 None None Blank

-5.437 18.84 -999 None None Blank

2 0161

2 0547

i 9958

2 0302

i 9958

2 0225

i 9925

2 0413

1 9918

2 0275

2 0096

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None Blank

-999 None None None

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY .0809 2.2266

SURF PRESS 96 99.9

WATER TABLE HGT -110.7 87.33

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD 118.78 433.6

ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV 202.6 513.8 -999 None None None

CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV 139.39 1295.8 -999 None None None

CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV -92.41 717.96 -999 None None Blank

CNPY

ALBEDO 0 .9177 -999 None None None

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE -137.8 317.7 -999 None None None

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT -32.2 38 -999 None None None

STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT -39.5 36 -999 None None None

STORAGE

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM 1.57 26.23 -999 None None Blank

ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM 0 56.297 -999 None None Blank

ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED -1.998 3.28 -999 None None Blank

ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED 0 3.815 -999 None None Blank

ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY 15.2 107 -999 None None Blank

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None None None None

REVISION DATE 07-DEC-98 08-DEC-98 None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

Below Detect Limit -- The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

Page 50
indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

Data Not Cllctd -- This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of data record from a sample flux data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,NET RAD ABV CNPY,CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY,CO2 CONC ABV CNPY,

CO2 STORAGE,CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE,DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY,UP PPFD ABV CNPY,

WIND SPEED 250CM, WIND SPEED 325CM, WIND SPEED 359CM, WIND SPEED 400CM,

WIND SPEED 465CM, WIND SPEED 500CM, WIND SPEED 575CM, WIND SPEED 655CM,

WIND SPEED 765CM, WIND SPEED ABV CNPY,MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY,

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY,AIR TEMP ABV CNPY,H20 FLUX ABV CNPY,

SOIL HEAT FLUX HUMMOCK 10CM, SOIL HEAT FLUX HOLLOW 10CM, SOIL HEAT FLUX FEN,

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK ICM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 5CM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 10CM,

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 25CM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 50CM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 75CM,

SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 100CM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 150CM, SOIL TEMP HUMMOCK 200CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW ICM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 5CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 10CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 25CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 50CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 75CM,

SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 100CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 150CM, SOIL TEMP HOLLOW 200CM, RAINFALL,

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY,AIR TEMP 250CM, AIR TEMP 257CM, AIR TEMP 325CM,

AIR TEMP 359CM, AIR TEMP 400CM, AIR TEMP 465CM, AIR TEMP 500CM, AIR TEMP 575CM,

AIR TEMP 600CM, AIR TEMP 655CM, AIR TEMP 765CM, WET BULB TEMP 250CM,

WET BULB TEMP 257CM, WET BULB TEMP 325CM, WET BULB TEMP 359CM, WET BULB TEMP 400CM,

WET BULB TEMP 465CM, WET BULB TEMP 500CM, WET BULB TEMP 575CM, WET BULB TEMP 600CM,

WET BULB TEMP 655CM, WET BULB TEMP 765CM, WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY,

VAPOR PRESS 250CM, VAPOR PRESS 257CM, VAPOR PRESS 325CM, VAPOR PRESS 359CM,

VAPOR PRESS 400CM, VAPOR PRESS 465CM, VAPOR PRESS 500CM, VAPOR PRESS 575CM,

VAPOR PRESS 600CM, VAPOR PRESS 655CM, VAPOR PRESS 765CM, VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY,

SURF PRESS,WATER TABLE HGT,DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY,UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY,

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY,CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY,ALBEDO, TOTAL HEAT STORAGE,

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE,LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE,MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY,

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY,MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY, SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY,

REL HUM ABV CNPY,CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-FEN-FLXTR', '9TFI0-FLX01',01-JUN-96,0,-18.87,-999.0,26.36,-999.0,-999.0,

-999.0,-999.0,0.0,0.0,3.129,,,-999.0 ...... 3.576,65.29,19.19,3.38,-999.0,.5,

-.2,,4.4,4.83,5.43,5.84,.28,.4,.81,1.63,2.42,5.57,5.72,5.54,2.5,.29,.72,1.16,

2.04,2.74,.2,36.1,3.05,33.05,338.15,3.64 ..................................

.7545,98.6,,328.41,335.1,364.51,28.43,.085,-.5,-.2,-.1,-999.0,-999.0,-.018,

.585,98.2, 'CPI',08-DEC-98

Page 51
'NSA-FEN-FLXTR', '9TFI0-FLX01', 01-JUN-96,30,3.7,-999.0, 19.64,-999.0,-999.0,

-999.0,-999.0, 80. 6, .337,3.128,,,-999.0 ...... 3. 567, 72.3, 18.73, 7.7,-999.0, .27,

1.45, , 8.05, 8.49, 9.28, 9.42, .16, .4, .82, 1.64,2.43, 8.7, 9.08, 8.89,3.27, .29, .72,

1.16,2.04,2.74,0.0,33.29,2.99,30.3,356.39,7.95 ............................

....... 9495, 98.2, ,342.74,353.4,376.03,22.0, .09,2.3, .9, 0.0,-999.0,-999.0,

-.006, .54, 91.0, 'CPI', 08-DEC-98

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by BORIS was data collected at a given site on a given date.

8.2 Data Format

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

Net Solar Radiation (W/m2)

Net solar radiation (K*) is the difference between incoming solar radiation (Kd) and reflected solar

radiation (Ku):

K* = Kd - Ku (9.1)

Incoming Longwave Radiation (W/m2)

Incoming longwave radiation (Ld) is calculated as a residual from the net radiation balance, where

net radiation (Q*) is the sum of net solar radiation (K*, see e.g. 9.1) and net longwave radiation (L*).

L* is the difference between incoming longwave radiation (Ld) and outgoing longwave radiation (Lu).

Q* = Kd - Ku + Ld - Lu (9.2)

Total Incoming Radiation (W/m2)

Total incoming radiation (Qd) is the sum of all incoming radiation:

Qd = Kd + Ld (9.3)

Total Outgoing Radiation (W/m2)

Total outgoing radiation (Qu) is the sum of all outgoing radiation:

Qu = Ku + Lu (9.4)

Page 52
Net Radiation corrected (W/m2)

Measured net radiation (Q*) was corrected using a set of site-specific day- and night-time equations

developed by Hodges and Smith (1997). These equations (shown below) were used for all years of

data, excluding data collected in 1993 at both fen and YJP. The use of the day or night equation is

based on measured incoming solar radiation. When Kd > 5.00 W/m2, daytime equations are used. The

relevant equations are:

Time of day Correction equation

DAY

NIGHT

Q*corr = 0.957(Q*) + 3.2 (9.5)

Q*corr = 1.079(Q*) + 11.1 (9.6)

Surface Albedo (dimensionless)

Surface albedo (a) is the ratio of the amount of radiation reflected by a body to the amount incident

upon it:

a = Ku/Kd (9.7)

Total CO2 Flux (_mol/m2/s)

The total CO 2 flUX (Fee02) is the sum of the eddy flux (Fee02) and the storage flux (Fsc02):

Fc02 = Fec02 + Fsc02 (9.8)

Heat Storage (W/m2)

Total heat storage (G_total) is based on the sum of heat storage from several environmental

compartments:

G_total = G + Ga + Ge + Gveg (9.9)

where: G = soil heat flux

Ga = sensible heat storage in the air

Ge = latent heat storage in the air

Gveg = heat storage in the vegetation

Only G is measured, and the remaining variables are calculated using the formulae given by Thorn

(1975):

Ga(T) = 0.33 zr dTa(t) (9.10)

Ge(T) = 0.5 zr de(t) (9.11)

Gveg(T) = 0.8 Mv dTb(t) (9.12)

where zr is the reference height (in this case the height of the net pyrradiometer)(m); dTa, de, and dTb

are the rates of change in air temperature (°C/s), vapor pressure (kPa/s), and biomass temperature

(°C/s), respectively, for time step t; and Mv is the standing green mass of vegetation over unit area

(kg/m2). Theoretically, Ga and Ge are integrated over the height interval between the surface and zr. In

this study, the calculations were performed for discrete layers represented by the profile psychrometer

heights and summed to get the totals. The calculation of all minor heat storage terms in the energy

balance were calculated with the Fortran program called STORAG. An explanation of this program is

given in Section 9.1.1, and a description of the command files used to process the data is given in

Section 9.2.1.

Ground heat flux at the fen in 1994 only (Gfen) was computed by adjusting the heat flux plate

readings from the hollow (Ghol) with a correction factor determined from calorimetric methods. In the

Page 53
following explanation,Gplais equalto Ghol.Hence,

G = G(z)CF (9.13)

whereCF= Gcal/Gpla (9.14)

in whichCFis acorrectionfactor(3.04)determinedfrom calorimetriccalculationsof heatstoragein

thesoilprofile (Gcal)andthetimeintegratedflux measuredby theheatflux plates(Gpla).Gplais

calculatedby summingthe30-minuteaverageheatflux platereadingsmultipliedby 1800secondsover

a specifiedtimeinterval(usually10-14days).Gcalisthetotalheatstoragein thesoilprofilecalculated

from individualsoillayersrepresentedby themeasuredtemperatureprofile(s),plustheheatflux out

thebottomof thesoilprofile (GB).

Heatstoragein theindividuallayers,S(i)is computedas:

S(i) = CdT(t)z (9.15)

wheresymbolsaredefinedasabove.Cvariesbetween3.48x 106J/m3/°Cfor saturatedpeatsoil and

0.58x 10<SUP>6</SUP>J/mU°Cfor drypeatsoil.Theflux outthebaseof thesoilprofileis

calculatedas:

GB= -Ks dT/dz (9.16)

where-Ks isthethermalconductivityof saturatedpeatsoil (0.5W/m/°C)anddT/dzisthetemperature

gradientatthebaseof thesoilprofile.

In 1993,1995,and1996,no correctionfactorwasappliedto thefen'ssoilheatflux data(see

Section10.2.2).In theseyears,thesoilheatflux from thehollow (Ghol)wasusedin thecalculations

of G_total.

Specific Humidity (g/kg)

Specifichumidity(SH)andthestandarddeviationof specifichumidity(sSH)werecalculated

usingmeasuredairtemperature(T_air),vapordensity(q), andthestandarddeviationof in q (slnq).

Air density(rho)isfoundasafunctionof T_air,where:

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

T air>30 then rho

25>T air>30 then rho

20>T air>25 then rho

15>T air>20 then rho

10>T air>15 then rho

5>T air>10 then rho

0>T air>5 then rho

-5>T air>0 then rho

-10>T air>-5 then rho

-15>T air>-10 then rho

-20>T air>-15 then rho

= 1.149 -

= 1.168 -

= 1.188 -

= 1.209 -

= 1.230 -

= 1.252 -

: 1.275 -

= 1.229 -

: 1.324 -

: 1.350 -

: 1.376 -

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

036

038

040

042

042

044

046

048

O5O

O5O

054

(T air

(T air

(T air

(T air

(T air -

(T air -

(T air -

(T air +

(T air +

(T air +

(T air +

- 30

- 25

- 20

- 15

i0

5

0

4

9

14

19

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

99

99

99

99

9 17)

9 18)

9 19)

9 2O)

9 21)

9 22)

9 23)

9 24)

9 25)

9 26)

9 27)

The specific humidity is found from the vapor density (g/m3), measured by the krypton hygrometer at

each site, and

q = (in s - in v)/kx (9.28)

where s = the signal voltage from the hygrometer (mv), v is the intercept of the hygrometer's

calibration (4054 mv for the fen and 4528 mv for the YJP), k is absorption coefficient for water vapor

(-0.141 m3/g/cm for the fen and -0.133 m3/g/cm for the YJP), and x is the path length of the

hygrometer (1.542 cm for the fen and 1.400 cm for the YJP). Then,

Page 54
SH= q/rho (9.29)and

sSH= (eIslnql)/rho (9.30)

wheresindicatesthestandarddeviation.

Convective Heat Fluxes (H and LE)

The sensible heat flux was found from equation 3.2 which states that

H = rho Cp <w'T'> (9.31)

where the variables have their usual meanings. Webb (1982) showed that the air density and specific

heat of air are functions of both the air's temperature and vapor pressure, and that air temperature had

the largest control. Thus, in our calculations, the rho Cp term was corrected for changing temperature

and air pressure as follows:

rho Cp = Cp(d) (P M/R T) (9.32)

where Cp(d) is the specific heat of dry air, P is the atmospheric pressure, M is the molecular weight of

dry air, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the air temperature. In the 1994 experiments, P was

obtained from Thompson airport and read into the data logger once a day, usually about 1500 UTC,

when the site was first visited. In 1996, analog pressure sensors at the YJP and fen were recorded P

every half-hour. The air temperature that was used was the average value from the previous half-hour,

which was updated on a continuous basis automatically by the data logger. The precision of this

correction was improved in 1996 because we incorporated air pressure sensors into the measurement

packages at each site, and this allowed the use of the previous half-hour's air pressure as well as

temperature in equation 9.41.

The value of L, the latent heat of vaporization, in the eddy covariance measurement of latent heat

flux (equation 3.1) was found as a function of air temperature from the equation

L = 2501 + (-2.363) T + (-0.00023) T2 (9.33)

where T is the air temperature averaged over the previous half-hour. Equation 9.42 was part of the

online calculations.

The krypton lamp in the hygrometer has two emission lines, a major line at 123.58 rim, and a

minor line at 116.49 rim. Both lines are absorbed by both water vapor and oxygen. It is necessary to

account for the effect of absorption by oxygen on the value of vapor density in order to correct the

latent heat flux. The oxygen correction is a function of atmospheric pressure and temperature, and

Tanner, et al. (1993) provide the appropriate equations to find the oxygen correction. At standard

atmospheric pressure (101.3 kP) and temperature (305 K), the pressure correction is small in

comparison to that caused by temperature, and it is usual to correct for oxygen absorption based only

on temperature. This procedure was followed in this experiment.

Webb et al. (1980) described the influence of sensible heat and vapor fluxes that cause changes in

the density of atmospheric constituents, and the necessary corrections to the flux associated with these

fluctuations. These corrections are usually termed the Webb, Pearman, and Leuning (WPL)

corrections, and they were applied to the latent heat flux in this experiment (Joiner, 1994). The WPL

correction due to the sensible heat flux is approximately five times larger than that due to the vapor flux

itself (Tanner et al., 1993).

Carbon Dioxide Flux

Because we used a closed-path IRGA and the air sample was delivered to the instrument through a

sample tube, there is a time delay, or lag, in the concentration of CO2, measured in the IRGA, and the

measured vertical wind in the free atmosphere around the sonic. If the CO2 concentration data were not

corrected for lag, we would not calculate the correct covariance, and the flux of CO2 would be

Page 55
incorrect.Wefoundthelagfor our CO2 systems at fen and YJP empirically. While continuously

monitoring the output of CO2 and vertical wind, we introduced a bubble of nitrogen in the vicinity of

the sample tube intake. The arrival of the nitrogen in the sample cell of the IRGA caused a discernable

spike in the CO2 time series. We identified formally the time of occurrence of the spike by lag

correlation analysis of CO2 concentration and vertical wind. The lag was where the correlation

coefficient between CO2 and vertical wind was a maximum. Site-specific lag times were programmed

into the data loggers at each site, and these lags allowed us to compute a covariance using the correct

values of CO2 and vertical wind.

The concentration of CO2 measured by an IRGA is dependent on pressure. Changing pressure

changes the calibration of the instrument (span/voltage difference) by changing the span. The span is

the difference in concentration between the high and low span gases; in our case approximately 30 to

40 ppmv. The effect of changing pressure on the IRGA's calibration was corrected online.

Changes in the air's temperature and water vapor density, which in turn are related to the sensible

and latent heat fluxes, affect the concentration of CO2 and hence the flux of CO2 (Webb et al., 1980).

In postprocessing, the CO2 flux was corrected for changing density and vapor flux (Joiner, 1994).

The correction includes a correction for the cross-sensitivity of the IRGA to water vapor and carbon

dioxide (Leuning and Moncrieff, 1990; Leuning and King, 1992).

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

STORAG is the general name for a Fortran program that calculates the minor heat storage terms in

the energy balance. There are several operational versions of the program that differ depending upon

the available data (see Section 9.2.1). Also, ENBAL, a Fortran program to solve for the terms of the

radiation balance, was used in the analysis. Both STORAG and ENBAL work on the principle of GET

commands that read input data into memory from various files, and when sufficient variables are read

to solve the control equations, the calculations get done and are stored in output tables that can be

delivered to spreadsheets or plotting packages for further processing and plotting. An example of the

operation of STORAG is given in Section 9.2.1 that illustrates not only the specific features of

STORAG but also the general nature of both programs.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

Two versions of STORAG were used in the calculations of heat storage depending on what data

were available: STORY94.exe and STORY96.exe. STORY94.exe, used on 1993, 1994, and 1995

data, calculated heat storage variables from wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures, net radiation, soil heat

flux, and soil temperatures. STORY96.exe was used on the 1996 data where relative humidity (RH)

was an input measured variable, which replaced its calculation using wet-bulb temperatures.

A command file is used to run the STORAG program. It comprises a list of GET statements that

select variables from a specified column in a specified file. The last two numbers in the GET statement

are the slope and intercept of the equation to be used with those data. This is useful if the input data are

in the wrong units, because a linear calibration can then be applied. Other variables are set using SET

statements. Variables used in the STORY94 program are:

Q_

QGZ

TSl-3

TB

TDI-6

Twl-6

XW

HCS

TOL

DS

Net radiation

Soil heat flux

Soil temperatures from depths of i, 5, and i0

Biomass temperature (see Section 9.2.2)

Dry-bulb temperatures

Wet-bulb temperatures in STORY96, RH is used

Soil moisture content

Heat capacity of soil

Thickness of the organic layer

Depth of temperature measurements

cm, respectively

instead)

Page 56
ZR Height of the net radiation measurement

ZCQ Height of canopy, height of net pyrradiometer

MV Green mass of vegetation

CON Constant used in equations determining Ga, Ge, and Gveg

An example of the command file used to run STORAG is listed in Table 14 for one day. All commands

must be in capital letters, Q* and QGZ data must

be 30-minute averages, and the remaining temperatures are 15-minute averages.

Table 14. Example command file for STORAG, a program to find the minor heat storage terms in

the surface energy balance.

SETPAUSE OFF

CLEAR

TITLE YJP NORTH FOREST SITE

SETTIME 0.25 0.25 95

GET(Q*) Y94307E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

0.08

5 0.2067

GET (QGZ)

GET (TSl)

GET (TS2)

GET (TS3)

GET (TB)

GET (TDI)

GET (TD2)

GET (TD3)

GET (TD4)

GET (TD5)

GET (TD6)

GET (TWI)

GET (TW2)

GET (TW3)

GET (TW4)

GET (TW5)

GET (TW6)

SET (XW)

SET (HCS)

SET (TOL)

SET (ms)

SET (ZR)

SET (ZCQ)

SET (MV)

SET (CON)

SHOW

WRITE

WRITESTO

Y9430

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

0 O8

0 145

0 O3

0 01

155

301

0 888

0 8

ENERGY STORAGE MAY-24-1994 (144)

(24X,F8.0

(II2X,FS.

(200X,FS.

(208X,FS.

(216X,FS.

40X,F8 0

48X,F8 0

56X,F8 0

64X,F8 0

72X,F8 0

80X,F8 0

88X,F8 0

96X,F8 0

104X,F8.

104X,F8.

120X,F8.

128X,F8.

136X,F8.

0.05 0.i

.07 6.0

1.60

7.05 7.6 10.2

Y94STORN.144

Y94QSN.144

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

9.2.2 Processing Changes

Where one level of air temperature was missing from a file used in STORAG, the GET statement

was changed to read the value from the nearest level. For example, if the third level of temperature is

missing, the value from the fourth level could be used instead.

Mass of vegetation (MV) is zero in the fen calculations. For heat storage calculations at YJP in the

west site, MV = 2.22. Because there were only small trees in the north site, MV was equal to 0.888

for this site. Biomass temperature (TB) is zero in the fen calculations, whereas it is based on the stem

temperatures at YJP. In the north site, TB = Tbsn. In the west site, the following weighted average,

based on the percentage occurrence of small, medium, and large trees, was used to determine TB:

Page 57
TB = 0.4 Tbsw+ 0.486Tbmw+ 0.114Tblw (9.34)

TheSTORAGprogramdoesnot acceptzeroin thecommandfile; therefore,theTB multiplier,the

thicknessof theorganiclayer(TOL), theheightof thecanopy,andMV weresetto 0.000001in thefen

calculations,creatinginsignificantvaluesin thecalculatedheatstorage.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

The following rules were followed in preparing the data files:

• Any small negative values of Kd and Ku (< 1 W/m2) were changed to zero, and Ld, Qd, Qu,

and the albedo were recalculated accordingly; negative values occur as a result of zero

depression on the instruments.

• All negative values of incoming and reflected PPFD (PPFDd and PPFDu) were changed to

zero; as is the case with pyranometers, small negative values result from zero depression.

• When FsCO2 was missing and Kd>0, then Fc02 = Fec02.

• When FsCO2 was missing and Kd=0, then Fco2 = COznight.

• Latent heat flux (LE) was flagged (i.e., changed to -6999) when LE<-50 W/m2.

• Sensible heat flux (H) was flagged when H<-70 W/m2.

• All negative wind speeds were flagged.

• Where LE was flagged and vertical wind speed (w) was >2 or <-2 m/s, w was flagged.

• Where between one and three half-hourly average values of a variable were missing, a linear

interpolation was done, assuming that the meteorological conditions were steady and a clear

temporal trend was present before and after the data gap.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

Formulae for the following list of calculated variables can be found in Section 9.1: K*, Ld, Qd,

Qu, Q*, Q*corr, a, Fco2, COznight, G_total, Ga, Ge, Gveg, G10, SH, and sSH.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

Day 260 in 1996 was chosen because it was a clear day and it shows many interesting contrasting

features of the radiation, energy, and CO2 balances of the two sites (Figure 4). The time shown in the

figure is UTC. The most notable differences in the radiation balances between the two sites (Figure 4A

and 4B) occur in the net radiation (Q*) and reflected solar radiation (Ku) components: the latter is

larger and the former is smaller at the fen as a result of i) the larger albedo at the fen and ii) the higher

surface temperatures on the jack pine; which increase the outgoing longwave radiation (Lu) from the

drier surface; the greatest contrast in Lu occurs early in the day. The incoming solar radiation (Kd) and

incoming longwave radiation (Ld) do not indicate substantial differences between the sites.

The fen had started to senesce by day 260; as a result, the majority of the available energy goes into

sensible heat flux (average Bowen ratio 2.0) (Figure 4C). The YJP was still actively transpiring

(average Bowen ratio 1.0), except for a short period in the middle of the day when the sensible heat

flux exceeds the latent heat flux (Figure 4D). The value of the total heat storage (G_total) includes the

soil heat storage and biomass storage from the north site.

The impact of senescence is very noticeable in the different net CO2 flux patterns. The fen is either

effluxing or in a state of zero net exchange for the majority of the day (Figure 4E), but there is some

very weak uptake in the late morning. The jack pine shows vigorous uptake for the whole daylight

period and consistent efflux in the nighttime period at the start of the day (Figure 4F). The pattern of

efflux breaks down late in the day under the very calm wind speed conditions (Figure 4H).

The pattern of wind at the fen is characterized by very low wind speed or complete calm during the

night and maximum values of 5 m/s during the daylight period (Figure 4G). The increase of wind

speed in the morning and the decrease in the evening are very sharp. The pattern at the YJP is quite

different early in the day, when the wind speed increases gradually to a maximum of only 3 m/s by the

evening. The precipitous drop in wind speed at 0000 UTC is the same pattern as at the fen. The

Page 58
direction of the wind was steadier at the fen, where it blew from the southeast from 1200 UTC

onwards. At the YJP, the direction was more easterly for the majority of the day. It is clear that the fen

has its own particular wind climate, and on very calm nights such as the start of day 260, it is much

calmer than the more open YJP site (compare Figures 4G and 4H).

The slightly higher and more gradually declining air temperatures at the YJP in the early part of the

day (Figure 4H) are consistent with the presence of the higher wind speeds, which would have mixed

the lower atmosphere more effectively. The increased mixing would hinder the development of a

surface temperature inversion and raise the air temperature. It is important to note that the eddy

covariance measurement of CO2 was very successful at this time of the day, when a constant efflux of

1 pmole/m2/s was measured (Figure 4F). The same is not true for the fen, where the CO2 series is

quite jagged (Figure 4E) as a result of measured negative fluxes that have been set to zero as part of the

data management. Clearly, the measurement of the flux was breaking down at the fen under the totally

calm wind speed conditions (Figure 4G).

Figure 4 : Radiation,

FEN

600 7" ._'---_,

1 A +.+" \

+o0 4 /

4

#00 -J ]+-+ \

w _- 4 ....,_Z _ \

_ooI // *,\

i00 J ,' \

/>-....................... -h'?,

-i00

0630 .Lzuu 1800 0000 u6uu

U IC

600

k

$00

4OO

300 ??'_,

w ra2 200 / .,..,_....-:;_:..._k

-i00

0630 .... IUUL 0000 0630

UT¢

4 ..1'_

-2° -.._++_( _' _%J %'°'-+_'_++_+'++_+"++++_"+++++++_ "+"-_+' _I I

umoi -4 i. l.t.l- ') s- i

:_ .1- wittd clir+ e tie tt t

]

-12

0630 1200 1800 0000 u6uu

UTC

2b

__ G .................................. _ 5

..... f ,, .................

........._,a ', L

oc: ...... ........ ] t F_

U6JL 120C 1800 muu U6UU

U IC

energy_

600

500

400

300

Win, 2 200

100

0

-i00

.q*

..... LE 400500

...... G _tot&l 300

.2200

Win. 100

0

-i00

and carbon balances , FEN and YJP sites on D0Y

YJP

..... B ,/,'P--'"\,

......................... X ....................... V ..............................

U6JU t_:UU 180C uuuu 060C

UTC

6O0

D

............................. i..#%:;...........

_,.,,._ ..... 'e,_

0630 t,'uu 1800 ]000 0630

UTC

a

" __

4 "+. a,_ _--T

' ] ": :...."" I "° 76

;_+-] -8 _ ++i'+. ,,.,,-i_.,+. ai_++,+tio+.I

-10 1 ........ _'_'7--

-12 , , ,

0630 1200 18_0 0000 060(

UTC

ttt _- 1

260, 1996,

15

tu

°C .3

u

-5

.+

+.

a

............... ._,_,.,¢_ 3

+.,,+...0,,+_++..++,,,_ f + _ m s"

+,..,m,.+. _ \ .+

m.

1200 1800 0000 U6UO

U 'I'C

-*u

3630

Figure 4: Contrasting Radiation, Energy, and CO2 Balances

Between NSA-Fen and NSA-YJP

Page 59
10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

There are a number of sources of error in the data. In general, these sources can be identified as:

• instrument error, i.e., the error component from the transducer itself

• a component from the measurement device

• a component dependent upon field placement.

Not all of the components of error are easily evaluated, and the most difficult to evaluate through a

formal analysis is that due to field placement. We believe that we minimized field placement error, but

we do not have a formal way of verifying this claim. We do claim that all instruments were located

according to normal field practice, and a close watch was kept by field staff for any apparent aberrant

output from the instruments.

10.2 Quality Assessment

All aberrant data occurrences found in the field were noted in the field log and examined in detail

during postprocessing. There are a number of reasons for the occurrence of aberrant values. In our

particular case, the two most common reasons were i) shutdown of the CO2 system for calibration,

which was done once a day and which resulted in the loss of one 30-minute average value, and ii)

covering of the sonic anemometer to prevent its damage by heavy rain. There were various other

occurrences of apparently aberrant values unrelated to these two causes. In order to try to identify

aberrant behavior more formally, during postprocessing all raw time series were scanned for each day

and the outliers from the series were identified and examined in detail. In addition, the calculated time

series of fluxes were examined for outliers. Typically, when an outlier was found, the field notes were

consulted to see if some action on the tower or in the vicinity of the instrument had been recorded that

would have caused the outlier to occur. Irrespective of whether we could tie the outlier to a cause, a

simple linear interpolation was applied if the outlier was judged aberrant, the period of bad data was

short, and steady state conditions applied. If it was clear that the data point was wrong and it could not

be corrected or mterpolated, it was flagged and a missing value place holder inserted. It is admitted that

this process is not totally objective and it does involve some judgments based upon field experience.

We do claim that the data acceptance criteria were conservative; i.e., it was normal to reject an

apparently aberrant data point unless there was very strong evidence to the contrary.

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

The data set has been checked for internal consistency, and all aberrant values have been either

removed or interpolated. Aberrant values that could not be interpolated, along with truly missing

values, have been designated in the files as missing data. See Section 10.2 for elaboration.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

The overall best estimate of accuracy of the primary variables are as follows:

net radiation: ± 5%

PPFD: ± 7%

solar radiation: ± 1%

soil heat flux: ± 5% for YJP; no estimate is made for fen

latent heat flux: ± 15 to 20%

sensible heat flux: ± 15 to 20%

CO 2 flux : ± 20% or ± 0.2 _mol/m2/s, whichever is larger

wind speed (model 12102) : ± 0.3 m/s from 0 to 30 m/s

wind direction (model 12302) : ± 3.0 degrees

air temperature(T/RH sensor, model 41372) : ± 0.3 ÜC from -50 to + 50 ÜC

relative humidity (T/RH sensor, model 41372) : ± 3% between i0 and 90% RH,

± 5% between 0 and 10% and between 90 and 100% RH

rainfall (model TE525M, Texas Instruments) : ± 1% up to i0 mm/h

± 3% between i0 and 20 mm/h

± 5% between 20 and 30 mm/h

and

Page 60
In 1993,1995,and 1996,nocorrectionfactorwasappliedto thefen'ssoilheatflux data.Rather,we

reporttheflux valuesmeasuredby theplate(s).Thisis apuzzlingresult,butif thesamecorrection

valuehadbeenappliedasin 1994,totallyunreasonablevaluesof flux wouldhaveresulted.In fact,the

energybalanceclosureswouldhaveconsistentlybeenmuchgreaterthanunity asaresult.Thispoints

outthedifficulty of measuringheatstoragein thepeatsoil.We suggestthatourapplicationof different

methodologiescanbeexplainedin thefollowing way.In 1994,onlytheplatein thehollow exhibited

anydiurnalpattern,butthesizeandamplitudeof themeasuredflux wastiny. Thesignalfromtheplate

in thehummockshowedzeroamplitude,andwasaflat line duringthewholeday,webelieveasa

resultof poorthermalcontactbetweentheplateandthepeat.Suchpatternswerenotobservedin the

othersampleyears,whenbothplatesexhibitedsimilarandsignificantsignalsizesanddiurnal

amplitudes.Furthermore,acceptingthemeasuredfluxesin thesesampleyearsresultsin reasonable

energybalanceclosures.However,themeasurementof soilheatflux onafenremainsaconfounding

problem,andit requiresfurthercarefulassessment in termsof measurementmethodology.

Anotherproblemthatcausedseriousquestioningof ourmethodologywasthemeasurementof the

CO2flux atnight.ThisproblemwasmostapparentattheYJP.After examinationof thedata,it was

concludedthatthemeasuredfluxesshouldbereplacedwith modeledvaluesin orderto obtain

reasonablediurnalpatterns.Theissueof howbestto measureCO2fluxesatnightunderlow turbulent

mixing conditionsremainsapriority. In addition,thereareoutstandingissuesonthebestway to

modelthenighttimeCO2flux.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

See Section 10.2.2.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined to check for spikes, values that are four standard deviations from the mean,

long periods of constant values, and missing data.

1 1. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

At this time (June 1998), the data series are not continuous. Where there were measurement

problems, e.g., as a result of a sensor failure or a power failure, missing value place holders have been

inserted. We are working toward providing robust methods for reconstruction of large data gaps. One

method that has been fairly successful is to construct the diurnal patterns of fluxes using ensemble

averaging. However, for users who require unbroken time series of 30-minute averages, these data

will fall short. In most instances of a small gap, say one or two contiguous half-hours, in a period of

steady-state atmospheric conditions, straight linear interpolation should work satisfactorily. If the

atmospheric conditions are changing rapidly, or if the gap is large, say half a day, then a rigorous

interpolation method will be required. Please consult the PI for progress on the development of

interpolation routines for large data gaps.

At this time (June 1998), the eddy covariance flux data (sensible and latent heat and CO2) at the

YJP site are from the Campbell Scientific single-axis sonic anemometer. A second sonic anemometer

(Applied Technologies, Inc., (ATI), Boulder, CO, USA) was operational at the site in 1996, and both

were located at the same height and orientation on the flux tower. The final calculation of the fluxes

based on the ATI sonic data are not yet complete and are not included in this data set.

Page 61
11.2 Known Problems with the Data

Where tower flux sites do not have adequate upwind fetch, uncertainties are introduced into the

interpretation of the flux data. We believe this may have been a problem at the fen. The eddy

covariance instruments were located at a height of 4.5 m above the surface. Using the standard

micrometeorological "rule-of-thumb" for fetch-to-height ratio of 100:1, a 4500-m fetch is required in

all directions around the fen tower. The site did not meet this criterion. Fetch was limited along the

northeast shore in the azimuth directions (from magnetic north) 350-0-125 degrees. Minimum fetch in

this quadrant was approximately 150 m at a bearing 65 degrees. Similarly, fetch was limited along the

south shore in the bearing 160-235 degrees. Minimum fetch in this quadrant was 220 m at the bearing

205 degrees. Fetch in all other directions exceeded 450 m. Measurements for all wind directions were

reported in the data set, and users are cautioned as to this possible source of uncertainty.

11.3 Usage Guidance

Data gaps have been filled using linear interpolation. This method applies only to short periods, a

few half-hours at best, under steady-state conditions. If the meteorological conditions are changing,

linear interpolation fails. It also fails if the data gap is longer than a few half-hours. When we

encountered a long data gap, we left the data field blank and assigned a "missing value" place holder.

Given that we did have significant gaps in the flux series because of the difficulties of the Campbell

sonic anemometer in rainy weather, we have used ensemble averaging to create complete average

diurnal curves of fluxes for publications. We recognize that ensemble average data are not necessarily

the ideal kind for modelers who prefer unbroken time series for each variable.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

These data can be used for various applications. For example, they will provide meteorological input

variables for a wide range of models. Also, for those models that estimate fluxes, the data set provides

flux data series for sensible and latent heat and CO2 for model verification.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

Once the data processing is complete, we will submit the convective and CO2 flux data for YJP in

1996 based on measurements from the ATI sonic anemometer. Secondly, we are working on a more

objective method to fill data gaps.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

The measurement of the raw data was principally on Campbell Scientific data loggers, and all of

the specific control programs for these data loggers are available.

A variety of software was used in the data assessment and analysis. STORAG, a Fortran program

to find the minor heat storage terms in the energy balance, calculated the surface soil heat flux, the

biomass heat storage, and the latent and sensible heat storage in the air up to the level of measurement

of net radiation, where the surface balance was closed. RADBAL, a Fortran program to solve the

terms of the energy balance, was used in the analysis of the radiation balance data, including the

calculation of shortwave and PPFD albedos, and the radiative surface temperatures. We developed a

number of QuattroPro spreadsheets for the calculation of convective fluxes (H and LE) and the CO2

flux, including the correction of the fluxes for density effects and ensemble averaging to construct

Page 62
averagedailyflux patternsfor thedaysincludedin theaverage.Ensembleaveragingwasusedasa

meansto find themeandiurnalpatternfrom oftenincompleteflux dataseriesonindividualdays.This

methodologywassuccessfulandwasfavoredoverthedevelopmentof othermeansfor filling data

gaps.However,activeresearchontheissueof how bestto fill datagapscontinues.

14.2 Software Access

All software developed for the analysis of the data is available by contacting J.H. McCaughey (PI).

15. Data Access

The NSA-Fen tower flux and meteorological data are available from the Earth Observing System Data

and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active

Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

Page 63
17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

All persons from Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, who worked on the flux towers received

training on tower climbing techniques, tower rescue methods, and the operation of a safe field site.

The material is summarized in McCaughey (1993), and a summary of the training materials can be

found in the tower safety document.

The data analysis to find the minor heat storage terms in the energy balance was accomplished with the

software program titled STORAG, and details of this software are available in McCaughey (1991).

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Alemdag, I.S. 1983. Mass equations and merchantability factors for Ontario softwoods. Inf. Rep.

PI-X-23, 27, Natl. For. Inst., Petawawa, Ontario, Canada.

Brand, D.G. 1987. Estimating the surface area of spruce and pine foliage from displaced volume and

length. Can. J. For. Res. 17:1305-1308.

Campbell, G.S. and B.D. Tanner. 1985. A krypton hygrometer for measurement of atmospheric water

vapor concentration. Moisture and Humidity 1985, Measurement and Control in Science and Industry,

Proc. 1985 Intl. Syrup. on Moisture and Humidity, Washington, D.C, 609-612.

Campbell, G.S. and M.H. Unsworth. 1979. An inexpensive sonic anemometer for eddy correlation.

J. Appl. Meteorol. 18:1072-1077.

Chen, J.M. and T.A. Black. 1992. Foliage area and architecture of plant canopies from sunfleck size

distributions. Agric. For. Meteorol. 60:249-266.

Costello, A.M. 1995. Canopy Characteristics and Surface-Atmosphere Interactions of a Young Jack

Pine Forest Near Thompson, Manitoba, M.Sc. Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 125

PP.

Gower, S.T. and J.M. Norman. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf

plantations. Ecology 72:1896-1900.

Halliwell, D.H. and W.R. Rouse. 1987. Soil heat flux in permafrost: Characteristics and accuracy of

measurement. J. Climatol. 7:571-584.

Hodges, G.B. and E.A. Smith. 1997. Intercalibration, objective analysis, intercomparison, and

synthesis of BOREAS surface net radiation measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research

102(D24): 28,885-28,900.

Joiner, D.W. 1994. Corrections to TF-10 eddy covariance fluxes. Queen's University internal report,

23 pp.

Lafleur, P.M., J.H. McCaughey, D.W. Joiner, P.A. Bartlett, and D.E. Jelinski. 1997. Seasonal

trends in energy, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes at a northern boreal wetland. Journal of

Geophysical Research 102(D24): 29,009-29,020.

Leclerc, M.Y. and G.W. Thurtell. 1990. Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian

analysis. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 52:247-258.

Leuning, R. and J. Moncrieff. 1990. Eddy-covariance CO2 flux measurement using open- and

closed-path CO2 analyzers: Corrections for analyzer water vapor sensitivity and damping of

fluctuations in air sampling tubes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 53:63-76.

Page 64
Leuning,R. andK.M. King. 1992.Comparisonof eddy-covariancemeasurementsof CO2fluxesby

open-andclosed-pathCO2analyzers.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.59:297-311.

McCaughey,J.H. 1991.Safetyin Climatology:aSeminaronTowerClimbing. 7pp., 1987,last

revisionin 1993.

McCaughey,J.H.RTDMSProgramManual,SecondEdition,DeltaT Documents,50pp..

McCaughey,J.H.andW.L. Saxton.1988.Energybalancestoragetermsin amixedforest.Agric.

For.Meteorol.44:1-18.

McCaughey,J.H.,P.M. Lafleur, D.W. Joiner,P.A. Bartlett,A.M. Costello,D.E. Jelinski,andM.G.

Ryan.1997.Magnitudesandseasonalpatternsof energy,water,andcarbonexchangesat aboreal

youngjackpineforestin theBOREASnorthernstudyarea.Journalof GeophysicalResearch

102(D24):28,997-29,007.

Mueller-Dombois,D. andH.Ellenberg.1974.Aims andMethodsofVegetationEcology.J.Wiley &

Sons,New York, 547pp.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Saxton,W.L. andJ.H.McCaughey.1988.Measurementconsiderationsandtrendsin biomassheat

storageof amixedforest.Can.J.For.Res.18:143-149.

Schmid,H.P.andT.R.Oke.1990.A modelto estimatethesourceareacontributingto turbulent

exchangein thesurfacelayer overpatchyterrain.Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.116:965-988.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Page65
Smith,E.A., G.B. Hodges,M. Bacrania,H.J.Cooper,M.A. Owens,R. Chappell,andW.

Kincannon.1997.FinalReportNASA GrantNAG5-2447,BOREASNetRadiometerEngineering

Study.GoddardSpaceFlight Center,Greenbelt,Maryland.51pp.

Smith,N.J.,J.M. Chen,andT.A. Black. 1993.Effectsof clumpingonestimatesof standleafarea

indexusingtheLI-COR LAI 2000.Can.J.For.Res.23:1940-1943.

Tanner,B.T.,E. Swiatek,andJ.P.Greene.1993.Densityfluctuationsanduseof thekrypton

hygrometerin surfaceflux measurements. Proceedingsof the 1993NationalConferenceonIrrigation

andDrainageEngineering,AmericanSocietyof Civil Engineers,ParkCity,Utah.

Thom,A.S. 1975.Momentum,massandheatexchangeof plantcommunities.In: Vegetationandthe

Atmosphere,Vol. 1(Ed.J.L. Monteith),AcademicPress,London.pp.57-109.

Webb,E.K. 1982.On thecorrectionof flux measurementsfor effectsof heatandwatervapor

transfer.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.23:251-254.

Webb,E.K., G.I.Pearman,andR. Leuning. 1980.Correctionof flux measurementsfor density

effectsdueto heatandwatervaportransfer.Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.106:85-100.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Symbol Quantity Units

a Albedo dim.

AT Total needle area cm2

C Volumetric heat capacity of soil J/m3/°C

C' CO2 concentration per volume fluctuation ppmv

CF Correction factor dim.

Cm Heat capacity of mineral fraction J/m3/°C

Co Heat capacity of organic soil J/m3/°C

CO2night Net CO2 flux from model when Kd<5 W/m2 _mol/m2/s

CON Constant used in STORAG to find heat storage in J/m3/°C/s

air, soil, and vegetation

Cp Specific heat of air at constant pressure J/kg/°C

Cw Heat capacity of water J/m3/°C

dbh Diameter at breast height cm

de Rate of change in vapor pressure kPa/s

dim. Dimensionless number dim.

DS Depth of temperature measurements m

dTa Rate of change in air temperature °C/s

dTb Rate of change in biomass temperature °C/s

dTs Rate of change in soil temperature °C/s

FeCO2 Eddy flux of CO2 (equivalent to net flux at height _mol/m2/s or

of measurement) mg/m2/s

FsCO2 Storage flux of CO2 _mol/m2/s

FCO2 Total CO2 flux _mol/m2/s

G Soil heat flux at surface W/m2

G(z) Soil heat flux measured at depth z W/m2

GI0 Heat storage in the soil volume above 10-cm depth W/m2

Page 66
Ga

GB

Gcal

Ge

Gfen

Ghol

G(z)n

Gpla

G(z)w

G total

G totaln

G totalw

Gveg

Gvegn

Gvegw

h

H

HCS

Kd

Ku

Ks

k

K*

L

LE

Ld

Lu

L*

M

mis.

Mv

P

PA

PA(S)

PPFDd

PPFDu

Qd

QGZ

Qu

Q*

Q*corr

q

q'

R

R'

rho

rho (c)

S

S

SH

sSH

Sensible heat storage in air

Heat flux out the bottom of the soil profile at

the fen

Total heat storage in the soil profile at fen

Latent heat storage in air

Ground heat flux at the fen in 1994

Ground heat flux in hollow at the fen

Soil heat flux at YJP (north site)

Time-integrated soil flux from plate at fen

Soil heat flux at YJP (west site)

Total heat storage

Total heat storage at YJP (north site)

Total heat storage at YJP (west site)

Heat storage in biomass at YJP

Heat storage in biomass at YJP (north site)

Heat storage in biomass at YJP (west site)

Tree height

Sensible heat flux

Heat capacity of soil in STORAG

Incoming solar radiation

Reflected solar radiation

Thermal conductivity of saturated peat soil

Instrument H20 vapor absorption coefficient

Total shortwave radiation

Latent heat of vaporization of water

Latent heat flux

Incoming longwave radiation

Outgoing longwave radiation

Net longwave radiation

Molecular weight of dry air

Missing value

Standing green biomass

Atmospheric pressure

Total projected needle area

Shoot projected area

Incoming PPFD

Reflected PPFD

Total incoming radiation

Soil heat flux from flux plate (for STORAG only)

Total outgoing radiation

Net radiation

Corrected net radiation (following Hodges and

Smith (1997))

Water vapor density

Water vapor density fluctuation

Universal gas constant

Conifer correction factor

Density of air

Density of CO2

Signal voltage from hygrometer

Flux equivalent to the heat stored between

individual soil layers

Specific humidity

Standard deviation of specific humidity

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

m

W/m2

J/m3/°C

W/m2

W/m2

W/m/m

m3/kg/cm

W/m2

S/kg

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

Mole

dim.

kg/m2

kPa

cm2

cm2

_mol/m2/s

_mol/m2/s

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

g/m3

g/m3

J/mol/K

dim.

kg/m3

kg/m3

mv

W/m2

g/kg

g/kg

Page 67
T !

T air

TB

Tblw

Tbmw

Tbsn

Tbsw

TD

TOL

Ts

Tsl0avg

Ts75avg

TW

U

V

W I

X

Xm

Xo

Xw

XW

Z

ZCQ

zr

ZR

Temperature fluctuation

Air temperature

Biomass temperature in STORAG

Stem temperature of large trees (west site)

Stem temperature of medium trees (west site)

Stem temperature of small trees (north site)

Stem temperature of small trees (west site)

Dry bulb temperature in STORAG

Thickness of organic layer in STORAG

Soil temperature

Average soil temperature at 10-cm depth

Average soil temperature at 75-cm depth

Wet-bulb temperature

Wind speed

Intercept of the krypton hygrometer calibration

Vertical wind velocity

Path length of the hygrometer

Soil volumetric mineral fraction

Soil volumetric organic soil fraction

Soil volumetric water fraction

Soil moisture content in STORAG

Depth to soil heat flux plate

Control variable in STORAG; used to read two

variables: height of canopy and heightof net

pyrradiometer

Reference height

Height of net radiation measurement in early

version of STORAG

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

m

o C

o C

o C

o C

m/s

mv

m/s

cm

fraction

fraction

fraction

fraction

m

m,m

m

m

19. List of Acronyms

AES

AFM

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

CCRS

CD-ROM

CGR

CPI

- Atmospheric Environment Services

- Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Certified by Group

- Certified by PI

CPI-??? - Certified but questionable

DAAC

DC

DOY

ENBAL

EOS

EOSDIS

Fen

FFC

FPAR

GIS

GMT

GPS

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Direct Current

- Day of Year

- Energy Balance (analysis program)

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Fen wetland site

- Focused Field Campaign

- Fraction of PPFD absorbed by the vegetation canopy

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Global Positioning System

Page 68
GSFC

HTML

HYD

IRGA

LAI

LW

MV

N/A

NAD83

NARC

NASA

NEE

NOAA

NSA

ORNL

PANP

PAR

PCQM

PNFI

PPFD

RADBAL

REBS

RH

RSS

SB

SCF

STORAG

SVAT

SW

TA

TB

TF

URL

UTC

UTM

WAB

WPL

YJP

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- HyperText Markup Language

- Hydrology

- Infrared Gas Analyzer

- Leaf Area Index

- Longwave

- Mass of Vegetation

- Not available

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Atmospheric Radiation Center

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Net Ecosystem Exchange

- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Point Center Quarter Method

- Petawawa National Forest Institute

- Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

- Radiation Balance (analysis program)

- Radiation Energy Balance Systems Inc.

- Relative humidity

- Remote Sensing Science

- Short, below breast height

- Shoot Clumping Factor

- (heat) storage (analysis program)

- Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer

- Shortwave

- Tall, above breast height

- Tall, below breast height

- Tower Flux

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Time Coordinated

- Universal Transverse Mercator

- Wind Aligned Blob

- Webb, Pearman, and Leuning flux correction

- Young Jack Pine

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 06-Jun- 1998

Revised: 20-Dec-1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 03-Dec-1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

Page 69
20.4 Citation

Thesedatawereprovidedby BOREASTeamTF-10;theprimaryconsultantsinclude:

Flux andmeteorologicaldata(YJPandFen):

Dr. J.Harry McCaughey,Departmentof Geography,Queen'sUniversity,Kingston,ON,

CANADA, K7L 3N6 (PI)andDr. PeterM. Lafleur,Departmentof Geography,TrentUniversity,

Peterborough,ON,CANADA, K9J 7B8.Bothinvestigatorsshouldbeacknowledgedin all future

publications.

Fenbiophysicaldata:

Dr. DennisE. Jelinski,Departmentof Geography,Queen'sUniversity,Kingston,ON,

CANADA, K7L 3N6 (PI).

YJPbiophysicaldata:

Dr. J.Harry McCaughey,Departmentof Geography,Queen'sUniversity,Kingston,ON,

CANADA, K7L 3N6 (PI).

In addition,pleaseincludecitationsofrelevantpapersin Section17.2.

If usingdatafromtheBOREASCD-ROM series,alsoreferencethedataas:

McCaughey,J.H.andD.E. Jelinski,"SurfaceEnergyandWaterBalancesof ForestandWetland

Subsystemsin theBorealForest- SurfaceAtmosphereLinks andEcologicalControls."In Collected

Dataof TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.Eds.J.Newcomer,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.

Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker, R.Strub,T.

Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers.CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also,citetheBOREASCD-ROMsetas:

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.CollectedDataof

TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 70
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

November 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

6. AUTHOR(S)

J. Harry McCaughey and Dennis E. Jelinski

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

923

RTOP: 923-462-33-01

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 207

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

J.H. McCaughey and D.E. Jelinski: Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario;

K. Huemmrich: University of Maryland, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TF-10 team collected tower flux and meteorological data at two sites, a fen and a young

jack pine forest, near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, as part of BOREAS. A preliminary data set was

assembled in August 1993 while field testing the instrument packages, and at both sites data were

collected from 15-Aug to 31-Aug. The main experimental period was in 1994, when continuous data

were collected from 08-Apr to 23-Sep at the fen site. A very limited experiment was run in the spring/

summer of 1995, when the fen site tower was operated from 08-Apr to 14-Jun in support of a hydrology experiment in an adjoining feeder basin. Upon examination of the 1994 data set, it became clear

that the behavior of the heat, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes throughout the whole growing season

was an important scientific question, and that the 1994 data record was not sufficiently long to capture

the character of the seasonal behavior of the fluxes. Thus, the fen site was operated in 1996 in order to

collect data from spring melt to autumn freeze-up. Data were collected from 29-Apr to 05-Nov at the

fen site. All variables are presented as 30-minute averages. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, tower flux, meteorological data.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

70

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102