Joint Pub 6-0

Doctrine for

Command, Control,

Communications, and Computer

(C4) Systems Support

to Joint Operations

30 May 1995
JOHN M. SHALIKASHVILI

Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

This publication is the keystone

document for C4 systems support to joint

operations and provides guidelines to our

commanders regarding automated

information systems and networks.

A vast array of information,

underpinned by joint doctrine, is utilized

to employ combat power across the broad

range of military operations. Command,

control, communications, and computer

(C4) networks and systems provide the

means to synchronize joint forces.

Improved interoperability, greater reliability, and enhanced security—

achieved through rapid advances in information technology—are essential for

effective command and control as we enter the 21st Century. Automated

information systems and networks provide the predominant source from which

the warfighter generates, receives, shares, and utilizes information. The

synthesis of advanced C4 capabilities and sound doctrine leads to battlespace

knowledge essential to success in conflict.
PREFACE

i

1. Scope

This publication is the keystone document

for the command, control, communications,

and computer (C4) systems series of

publications. Subordinate publications

provide more detailed technical discussions

of C4 systems. This publication identifies

approved doctrine for C4 systems support to

joint operations and outlines the

responsibilities of Services, agencies, and

combatant commands with respect to ensuring

effective C4 support to commanders. It

addresses how C4 systems support the

commanders of joint forces in the conduct of

joint operations, including, in general terms,

how systems are to be configured, deployed,

and employed.

2. Purpose

This publication sets forth doctrine to

govern the joint activities and performance

of the Armed Forces of the United States in

joint operations as well as the doctrinal basis

for US military involvement in multinational

and interagency operations. It provides

military guidance for the exercise of authority

by combatant commanders and other joint

force commanders and prescribes doctrine for

joint operations and training. It provides

military guidance for use by the Armed Forces

in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not

the intent of this publication to restrict the

authority of the joint force commander (JFC)

from organizing the force and executing the

mission in a manner the JFC deems most

appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the

accomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and guidance established in this

publication apply to the commanders of

combatant commands, subunified commands,

joint task forces, and subordinate components

of these commands. These principles and

guidance also may apply when significant

forces of one Service are attached to forces of

another Service or when significant forces of

one Service support forces of another Service.

b. The guidance in this publication is

authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be

followed except when, in the judgment of the

commander, exceptional circumstances

dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between

the contents of this publication and the

contents of Service publications, this

publication will take precedence for the

activities of joint forces unless the Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in

coordination with the other members of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more

current and specific guidance. Commanders

of forces operating as part of a multinational

(alliance or coalition) military command

should follow multinational doctrine and

guidance ratified by the United States. For

doctrine and procedures not ratified by the

United States, commanders should evaluate

and follow the multinational command’s

doctrine and procedures, where applicable.
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Preface

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank
TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... vii

CHAPTER I

 INTRODUCTION

• Background .............................................................................................................. I-1

• Basic Doctrine for C4 Systems................................................................................ I-7

CHAPTER II

 C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

• General ................................................................................................................... II-1

• C4 Principles .......................................................................................................... II-4

• C4 Principles for Joint and Multinational Operations .......................................... II-9

• C4 Architectures and Interfaces .......................................................................... II-10

• Decision Support Systems ................................................................................... II-14

CHAPTER III

 C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT,

 CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

• Employment .......................................................................................................... III-1

• Assistance and Coordination ................................................................................ III-4

• C4 Systems Configuration .................................................................................... III-5

• C4 Systems Plans .................................................................................................. III-6

• C4 Systems Resources .......................................................................................... III-9

CHAPTER IV

 C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

• CJCS Responsibilities........................................................................................... IV-1

• Combatant Commander Responsibilities ............................................................. IV-1

• Military Department Responsibilities .................................................................. IV-2

• Service and USCINCSOC Responsibilities and C4 Organizations ..................... IV-2

• DOD Agency Responsibilities ........................................................................... IV-13

• Responsibilities of the JTF Establishing Authority ........................................... IV-14

• CJTF Responsibility ........................................................................................... IV-14

• The JTF Director of C4 Systems (J-6) Responsibilities .................................... IV-15

• Joint Communications Support Element Responsibilities ................................. IV-15

• DISA Liaison Officer Responsibilities............................................................... IV-15
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Table of Contents

Joint Pub 6-0

CHAPTER V

 JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS

 STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES

• Standardization ....................................................................................................... V-1

• Military Communications-Electronics Board (MCEB) ......................................... V-2

• Joint and Allied Publications .................................................................................. V-2

CHAPTER VI

 GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE

• The Nature of the Global Information Environment ........................................... VI-1

• National Communications System ....................................................................... VI-2

• Defense Information Systems Network ............................................................... VI-2

• Global Command and Control System ................................................................. VI-4

• National Military Command System .................................................................... VI-5

• Command Relationships ....................................................................................... VI-7

APPENDIX

 A References ....................................................................................................... A-1

 B Administrative Instructions ............................................................................. B-1

GLOSSARY

 Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................. GL-1

 Part II Terms and Definitions .............................................................................. GL-4

FIGURE

I-1 Information and Command and Control....................................................... I-2

I-2 C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support

 Subsystems............................................................................................... I-3

I-3 The Cognitive Hierarchy .............................................................................. I-4

I-4 Information Quality Criteria ......................................................................... I-5

I-5 Real Time Battlespace Information .............................................................. I-6

I-6 Fundamental Objectives of C4 Systems ....................................................... I-6

II-1 Basic Communications System .................................................................. II-2

II-2 C4 Principles ............................................................................................... II-4

II-3 The Evolution of C4I for the Warrior ........................................................ II-11

II-4 “The Grid” ................................................................................................ II-12

III-1 Mandatory C4 Capabilities ......................................................................... III-2

III-2 C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders ................... III-5

IV-1 US Army Information Systems Command ................................................ IV-4

IV-2 Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations .............................. IV-6

IV-3 Naval Communications Structure .............................................................. IV-7

IV-4 US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure ............................................... IV-8

IV-5 US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview ............. IV-10
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Table of Contents

IV-6 Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone

 Communications Structure ................................................................. IV-11

VI-1 Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture ........................................... VI-3

VI-2 Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements ........ VI-5
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

vii

Describes the Role of Command, Control,

Communications, and Computer (C4) Systems

Outlines Objectives and Components

Provides Basic C4 Systems Principles

Explains C4 Systems Configuration and Infrastructure

Discusses the Planning Process and Employment

Responsibilities

Outlines Joint and Multinational Standardization and

Procedures

Covers the Global C4 Infrastructure

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Command, control,

communications, and

computer (C4) systems

include both the

communications and

computer systems required

to implement the command

and control process.

The Role of C4 Systems

A command and control support (C2S) system, which includes

supporting command, control, communications, and computer

(C4) systems, is the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) principal

tool used to collect, transport, process, disseminate and protect

data and information. C4 systems are the information

exchange and decision support subsystems within the total

force C2S system. C4 systems are based upon the continuous

need for information to support the JFC’s operations. The JFC

controls the C2S system to ensure that data and

information get to the right place on time and in a form that

is quickly usable by its intended recipients and generates

appropriate actions. In this regard, C4 systems play a critical

role in the processing, flow, and quality of data supporting

information requirements throughout the joint force.
viii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

C4 systems must provide authorities at all levels and

functions with timely and adequate data and information

to plan, direct, and control their activities, including operations,

intelligence, logistics, personnel, and administration. Specific

objectives include:

Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems should help a

military force and its supporting elements to combine the

thoughts and impressions of multiple commanders and

key warfighters to allow the views of many experts to be

brought to bear on any given task.

Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4 systems must be

planned as extensions of human senses and processes to

help the commanders form perceptions, make decisions,

and react. This allows commanders to be effective during

high-tempo operations.

Properly Position Critical Information. C4 systems

must be able to respond quickly to requests for information

and to place and maintain that information where it is

needed.

Information Fusion. Fusing of information produces a

picture of the battlespace that is accurate and meets the

needs of warfighters. If they have concise, relevant,

accurate, and timely information, unity of effort is

improved and uncertainty is reduced. This enables the

force as a whole to exploit opportunities and fight smarter.

C4 systems include the following major components:

Terminal devices such as telephones, fax machines, and

computers are the most recognizable components of most

C4 systems. Generally speaking, terminal devices

transform information from forms comprehensible to the

warfighter into a format for electronic transmission, or

vice-versa.

Transmission media connect terminal devices. There

are three basic electronic transmission media: radio

(including space based systems), metallic wire, and fiberoptic cable. Paths may be point-to-point if established

The fundamental objective

of C4 systems is to get the

critical and relevant

information to the right

place at the right time.

 Terminal Devices;

 Transmission Media;

C4 Systems Objectives

C4 Systems and Networks
ix

Executive Summary

 Switches;

 and Control.

The C4 systems

components provide access

to Networks.

There are several basic,

enduring principles that

govern the employment of

C4 systems in support of

the joint forces

commander.

between just two users, or they may be point-to-multipoint

if the same path serves a community of subscribers.

Switches route traffic through a network of transmission

media. Switching may be manual or automatic; it may

serve local subscribers or perform area network functions.

There are basically two types of switches: circuit and

message. Circuit switches generally support telephone

traffic while message switches process data transmission.

There are two basic levels of control: network and nodal.

Network control provides management of area, regional,

theater, or global networks. Its principle focus is in the

management and configuration of long haul transmission

media and switching centers transporting and routing bulk

data between nodal facilities. Nodal control is concerned

with the management of local C4 systems. Its principal

focus is in the switching systems and terminal devices

supporting warriors at locations such as command centers

or C2 facilities.

Networks are formed when terminal devices and transmission

media are inter-connected with switching equipment to ensure

that information (voice, imagery, data, or message) is

transported to appropriate locations. The networks that result

from open systems architectures are called information grids.

They allow warriors to gain access to, process, and transport

information in near real time to anyone else on the network.

Information grids are computer controlled networks that

provide virtual connectivity on the demand of the warrior;

they support local and area network operations. They are also

the basic components of larger grid networks that support

regional, theater, and ultimately a global grid that is also referred

to as the infosphere.

The foundation for C4 is the continuous, uninterrupted flow

and processing of information in support of warrior planning,

decision, and execution. Warfighters must have C4 systems

that are interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile, disciplined,

survivable, and sustainable. Information must be made

accessible. In general, the value of information increases with

the number of users.

C4 principles for joint and multinational operations are

complex and bring together diverse military organizations to

operate as one force. Specific principles for joint and

C4 Principles
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Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

The employment authority

and responsibilities of the

combatant commanders

include control, review,

and coordination of

assigned C4 resources and

actions affecting such

resources within the

geographic or functional

area of responsibility of

the command.

The C4 systems of the

combatant commanders,

Military Departments and

Services are configured

and operated to meet the

necessary requirements of

interoperability and the

individual commands.

multinational operations are (1) establish liaison early, (2)

leverage limited C4 resources, (3) standardize operating

principles, (4) agree on policy in advance of war, (5) use US

interpreters, and (6) use common cryptographic systems.

The most important guiding principle for C4 systems in

support of employment is that they be designed to support

wartime scenarios. C4 systems planners must continually

prioritize and choose from among the individual joint and

Service system capabilities that support different needs in

different conflict levels (across the range of military operations).

However, the joint environment calls for designated joint

systems. Conflict levels impose different, and sometimes

contentious, requirements on the C4 systems that support them.

Various conflict levels can occur simultaneously over a wide

geographic area, each requiring different options and responses.

The C4 systems of the combatant commands are configured

and operated generally to meet the requirements of

interoperability and the command being served; however, the

priority requirement will be to support the National Military

Command System (NMCS). These systems provide the means

through which the commanders send and receive information

and exercise command and control over their forces.

The C4 systems of the Service component commands are

configured and operated generally to meet the requirement of

interoperability and the command being served; however, the

priority requirement will be to support the NMCS. These

systems provide the means through which the commanders

send and receive information and support their forces.

The C4 systems of the Military Departments and Services

are configured and operated generally to meet the requirements

of interoperability and of individual Service commands and

the requirement to provide serviceable wartime capabilities

that can support existing forces logistically, generate new

forces, establish force readiness levels adequate to deal with

existing threats, and provide support for the NMCS. These

systems facilitate coordination of the means by which US forces

are sustained across the range of military operations.

Employment

C4 Systems Configuration
xi

Executive Summary

The combatant

commanders provide broad

guidance for employment

requirements of C4 systems

that affect their

communications posture

and capabilities.

The Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff operates the

National Military

Command System

(NMCS) for the Secretary

of Defense to meet the

needs of the National

Command Authorities and

establishes operational

policies and procedures for

all components of the

NMCS and ensures their

implementation.

The C4 support systems of Department of Defense (DOD)

agencies are configured generally to meet the requirements of

interoperability and the agency being served; however, the

priority requirement will be to support the NMCS. These

systems provide the means through which the directors control

the automated flow and processing of information needed to

accomplish the missions of their agencies.

The combatant commanders review, coordinate, and, when

appropriate, validate command initiated requirements for

systems, networks, projects, and related resources, including

those of the component commands and combat and support

forces. The combatant commanders determine C4 system

deficiencies through operations and exercises, assess C4

system capabilities to support combatant commander missions,

and compare current needs with current capabilities and

planned needs with planned capabilities. C4 systems support

of joint operations is planned and operationally assessed

within the chain of command that extends from the

President to the combatant commanders and is primarily

the responsibility of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

in conjunction with the combatant commanders.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff functions within

the chain of command by transmitting to the combatant

commanders the orders of the President and the Secretary of

Defense. Combatant commander responsibilities include

submitting C4 system requirements, reporting incompatibilities

among C4 systems, and planning for C4 systems. Each

Military Department or Military Service provides

interoperable and compatible C4 systems including personnel

training and equipment maintenance. DOD agency

responsibilities are carried out by the Defense Intelligence

Agency, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA),

and the National Security Agency. The DISA liaison officer

serves as the interface between exercise or joint operation

participants and DISA and also provides staff advice to the

joint task force (JTF) Director of C4 Systems (J-6) on Defense

Information Systems Network matters. The JTF establishing

authority ensures that C4 systems requirements are supported;

coordinates C4 activities; prepares C4 policy and guidance;

and ensures compatibility of JTF C4 systems. The

Commander, Joint Task Force provides overall management

C4 Systems Planning Process

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities
xii

Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

of all C4 systems. The Joint Communications Support

Element possesses a wide range of tactical communications

capabilities and provides tactical communications support to

JTFs and Joint Special Operations Task Forces.

Standardization among allied nations and the United States

is achieved by documented policy which covers all aspects

of interoperability. Areas of particular concern for compatibility

and commonality include automated information systems,

battlefield surveillance systems, target designation systems,

target acquisition systems, and communications security

hardware and software systems.

The Military Communication-Electronics Board is a

decisionmaking instrument of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense for determining

corporate C4 strategy to support the warfighter.

Communications methods and procedures for joint and

multinational communications-electronics matters appear in

Allied Communications Publications (ACPs) and Joint ArmyNavy-Air Force Publications and supplements to ACPs.

The global C4 infrastructure enables the US to accomplish

missions efficiently by leveraging sophisticated information

technologies. The following organizations are part of the

global C4 infrastructure:

The National Communications System is an interagency

group that coordinates the telecommunications assets of

23 Federal departments and agencies to ensure

compatibility and interoperability during emergencies

without compromising day-to-day operations.

The Defense Information Systems Network (DISN) is

a composite of certain DOD information transport systems

and networks under the management control of DISA.

DISN significantly advances the way information is

transported and shared.

The Global Command and Control System (GCCS)

is the cornerstone of the C4I For The Warrior concept; it

establishes interoperability among forces with a focus on

Joint and multinational C4

systems require

standardization and

procedures to enhance

compatibility and

interoperability.

Advances in information

technologies and

continued reduction in

cost of informationrelated equipment and

systems affect the C4

systems infrastructure.

Joint and Multinational C4 Systems Standardization and

Procedures

Global C4 Infrastructure
xiii

Executive Summary

providing a common operational picture to support

situations awareness to the joint warfighter. GCCS will

be a highly mobile, deployable command, control,

communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I)

system that will provide automated decision support for

joint force commanders and key warfighters across the

range of military operations. GCCS will employ

compatible, interoperable, and integrated C4I systems with

information exchange connectivity via the DISN to

support the planning, deployment, sustainment,

employment and redeployment of joint forces worldwide.

GCCS will also allow civilian and military authorities to

respond to natural emergencies or manmade disasters to

which military support may be appropriate.

The National Military Command System is designed

to support the National Command Authorities (NCA) and

the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of their

responsibilities. The NMCS provides the means by which

the President and the Secretary of Defense can receive

warning and intelligence so that accurate and timely

decisions can be made, and direction can be communicated

to combatant commanders or the commanders of other

commands established by the NCA.

This publication identifies approved doctrine for C4 systems

support to joint operations and outlines the responsibilities of

Services, agencies, and combatant commands to ensure

effective C4 support to commanders. It addresses how C4

systems support the commanders of joint forces in the conduct

of joint operations, including, in general terms, how systems

are to be configured, deployed, and employed.

CONCLUSION
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Executive Summary

Joint Pub 6-0

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I-1

“What the Warrior Needs: a fused, real time, true representation of the

battlespace - an ability to order, respond and coordinate horizontally and

vertically to the degree necessary to prosecute his mission in that

battlespace.”

The C4I For The Warrior vision

“War is a process that pits the opposing

wills of two commanders against each

other. Great victories of military forces

are often attributed to superior

firepower, mobility, or logistics. In

actuality, it often is the commander who

makes good decisions and executes

these decisions at a superior tempo

who leads his forces to victory.

Therefore, victory demands that

commanders effectively link

decisionmaking to execution through

the concept of command and control.

Warfare will continue to evolve and

command and control processes,

organization, and supporting systems

will continue to change, but the basic

concept of command and control will

remain the key to the decisive

application of combat power. More

than ever before, a command and

control system is crucial to success and

must support shorter decision cycles

and instantaneous flexibility across

vast distances of time and space.”

Fleet Marine Force Manual 3,

Command and Control

• Today, improved technology in mobility,

weapons, sensors, and C4 systems

continue to reduce time and space,

increase tempo of operations, and

generate large amounts of information.

If not managed, this may degrade the

reactions of warfighters and ultimately

the warfighting force. It is essential to

employ C4 systems that are designed to

complement human capabilities and

limitations.

1. Background

Command of joint forces in war is an

intense and competitive process. The joint

force commander is not only faced with

making tough decisions in complex situations

but must do this in an environment of

uncertainty and limited time. Command is as

much a problem of information management

as it is of carrying out difficult and complex

warfighting tasks. Command, control,

communications, and computer (C4)

systems supporting US military forces must

have the capability to rapidly adapt to the

warfighters demands; to make available the

information that is important; provide it where

needed; and ensure that it gets there in the

right form and in time to be used. The

fundamental objective of C4 systems is to

get the critical and relevant information to

the right place in time to allow forces to seize

on opportunity and meet the objectives across

the range of military operations.

a. Enduring Elements

• Over time, superior command and

control (C2) systems have enabled

victorious commanders to maintain the

unity of effort to apply their forces’

capabilities at the critical time and place

to win. Two characteristics have

remained constant: the human

element and the need for relevant,

timely, and accurate information. The

human element, with its ability to sort

what’s important, absorb the essentials,

and react to the information, remains a

constant factor over time.
I-2

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

b. The Role of C4 Systems in C2. C2

must be viewed from a common

perspective to understand the role of C4

systems that support C2. Figure I-1 provides

an overview of the relationship between

information and the command and control

support (C2S) system.

• The C2S system gives the joint force

commander (JFC) the means to exercise

authority and direct assigned and attached

forces in the accomplishment of the

mission. The JFC uses information to

support decisionmaking and coordinate

actions that will influence friendly and

enemy forces to the JFC’s advantage.

• Information integrates joint force

components, allowing them to function

effectively across vast distances.

Therefore, the structure of the joint

force drives specific information flow

and processing requirements. The

information requirements of the joint

force drive the general architecture and

specific configuration of the C2S system.

• The C2S system must overlay the joint

force to provide the means through which

the JFC and subordinate commanders

drive the joint force toward specific

mission objectives. The C2S forces

that compose the C2S system

(e.g., reconnaissance, surveillance,

intelligence, fire support coordination, air

control, electronic warfare, C4 systems,

sensor management, signals intelligence,

deception, space systems, and others)

should be task-organized and arrayed

to collect, transport, process, and protect

information as well as deny the enemy

the same capability.

• Modern military forces’ growing

dependence upon C2 presents

vulnerabilities that can be exploited by

the capabilities of joint forces.

Command and control warfare (C2W)

seeks to deny the adversary the ability to

command force disposition and

employment while protecting the friendly

joint force from similar efforts. The

Figure I-1. Information and Command and Control

INFO INFO INFO INFO

INFO INFO

ENEMY

FORCES

INFORMATION AND COMMAND AND CONTROL

JOINT FORCE

COMMANDERS

JOINT FORCE

COMPONENTS

C2 SUPPORT

SYSTEM

FEEDBACK

COMMAND AND

CONTROL COLLECTS

PROCESSES & TRANSPORTS

DISSEMINATES

INTELLIGENCE PROTECTS

DISSEMINATES COLLECTS OPREP

ORDERS
I-3

Introduction

objective is to degrade the adversary’s

unity of effort and decrease their tempo

of operations while simultaneously

increasing that of the joint force (see Joint

Pub 3-13, “Joint Doctrine for Command

and Control Warfare (C2W)”).

• In short, the joint force must have

information to operate. This

information should be relevant,

essential, timely, and in a form that

warriors quickly understand and can

use to act. The C2S system is the JFC’s

principal tool used to collect, transport,

process, and disseminate this

information. The C2S system also

supports the implementation of C2W. C4

systems form the information exchange

and decision support subsystems of a

C2S system (see Figure I-2). In time of

war, C4 systems support a continuous

flow of data to provide real time

battlespace information anywhere,

anytime, on demand. C4 systems also

have the broader role of supporting other

functions within joint forces and the

Department of Defense (DOD) forming

the overall Defense Information

Infrastructure.

c. Information. Information is data

collected from the environment and processed

into a usable form (see Figure I-3).

Combining pieces of information with

context produces ideas or provides

knowledge. By applying judgment,

knowledge is transformed into understanding.

• Information Requirements. Data is

gathered in a variety of ways—from

sensors (both active and passive), from C4

systems, and through situation reports

from senior, subordinate, or lateral

commands. Information needs to be

interpreted and correctly applied to be of

use and is valuable only insofar as it

contributes to knowledge and

understanding. Warfighters understand

things best in terms of ideas or images; a

clear image of their commander’s intent

and of the local situation can allow

subordinates to seize the initiative. In this

regard, C4 systems play a critical role

in the processing, flow, and quality of

JOINT FORCE C4 SYSTEMS

INFORMATION EXCHANGE/AUTOMATED DECISION SUPPORT

Army Marines Navy Air Force SOF

Figure I-2. C4 Systems Support Information Exchange and Decision Support Subsystems
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Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure I-3. The Cognitive Hierarchy

JUDGMENT

PROCESSING

COGNITION

THE COGNITIVE

HIERARCHY

INFORMATION

KNOWLEDGE

DATA

UNDERSTANDING

• Information Quality. Many sources of

information are imperfect and susceptible

to distortion and deception. The seven

criteria shown in Figure I-4 help

characterize information quality.

• Information Flow. The flow of

information must be nearly instantaneous

vertically and horizontally within the

organizational structure. An example of

real time battlespace information is

provided in Figure I-5. All levels of

command must be able to immediately

pull the information they need.

d. Functions of C4 Systems. C4 systems

support the following functions:

• Collect. Acquiring or gathering and

initial filtering of information based on a

planned need, determining time

sensitivity, and putting the information

into a form suitable for transporting.

• Transport. Moving or communicating

the information to appropriate receptacles

for processing.

• Process. Storing, recalling, manipulating,

filtering and fusing data to produce the

minimum essential information in a

data to support information

requirements throughout the joint

force.

Multimission space based platforms provide real time information exchange.
I-5

Introduction

usable form on which the warfighter can

take appropriate actions.

• Disseminate. Distributing processed

information, to the appropriate users of

the information.

• Protect. Ensuring the secure flow and

processing of information and access

only by authorized personnel.

e. Fundamental Objectives of C4

Systems. The fundamental objectives are

listed in Figure I-6 and are described below.

• Produce Unity of Effort. C4 systems

should help a military force and its

supporting elements to combine the

thoughts and impressions of multiple

commanders and key warfighters. This

allows the views of many experts to be

brought to bear on any given task.

• Exploit Total Force Capabilities. C4

systems must be planned as extensions

of human senses and processes to help

people form perceptions, react, and make

decisions. This allows people to be

effective during high-tempo operations.

C4 systems must be immediately

responsive, simple, and easily

understandable, especially for systems

planned for use during situations

involving great stress.

INFORMATION QUALITY CRITERIA

ACCURACY

RELEVANCE

TIMELINESS

USABILITY

COMPLETENESS

BREVITY

SECURITY

Information that conveys the true situation

Information that applies to the mission, task, or situation at hand

Information that is available in time to make decisions

Information that is in common, easily understood format and

displays

All necessary information required by the decisionmaker

Information that has only the level of detail required

Information that has been afforded adequate protection where

required

Figure I-4. Information Quality Criteria
I-6

Chapter I

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure I-5. Real Time Battlespace Information

l

l

l

l

Produce Unity of Effort

Exploit Total Force

Capabilities

Properly Position

Critical Information

Information Fusion

FUNDAMENTAL

OBJECTIVES OF

C4 SYSTEMS

Figure I-6. Fundamental Objectives of C4

Systems

• Properly Position Critical Information.

C4 systems must be able to respond

quickly to requests for information and

to place and maintain the information

where it is needed. This not only reduces

critical delays but also reduces the impact

on communications networks.

• Information Fusion. The ultimate goal

of C4 systems is to produce a picture

of the battlespace that is accurate and

meets the needs of warfighters. This goal

is achieved by fusing, i.e., reducing

information to the minimum essentials

and putting it in a form that people can

act on. There is no one fusing of

information that meets the needs of all

warriors. However, with concise,

accurate, timely, and relevant
I-7

Introduction

information, unity of effort is improved

and uncertainty is reduced, enabling the

force as a whole to exploit opportunities

and fight smarter.

2. Basic Doctrine for C4

Systems

a. C4 systems must provide the rapid,

reliable, and secure flow and processing of

data to ensure continuous information

exchange throughout the force. An

unbroken chain of communications must

extend from the National Command

Authorities (NCA) (i.e., the President and the

Secretary of Defense), through the Chairman

of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), to the

combatant commanders, commanders of

Service components, and all subordinate

commanders.

b. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of

Staff, through the combatant commands,

Defense Information Systems Agency

(DISA), and Military Services, ensures that

commanders at each echelon have the

communications necessary to accomplish

their assigned missions.

c. Effective C4 systems are vital to

planning, mounting, and sustaining a

successful joint operation. Operations,

logistic, and intelligence functions all

depend on responsive C4, the central

system that ties together all aspects of joint

operations and allows commanders and their

staffs to command and control their forces.

d. Regardless of the source, C4 systems

provided to combatant commanders

operate under their authority and will be

an integral part of their C2 infrastructure

until such time as the NCA, the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or the combatant

commanders determine that further support

is no longer needed or a higher priority

necessitates redeployment of the assets.

Combatant commanders normally develop

plans that integrate the Defense Information

Systems Network (DISN), National

Communications System (NCS), and

commercial and allied systems and organize

joint and Service organic and component

tactical communications systems into

interoperable and compatible theater networks

to support their mission.

e. JFCs must develop operational

procedures that provide interoperable,

compatible, C4 networks. Component

tactical C4 systems must remain under the

command of and be responsive to JFCs’

needs.

f. The complexity of joint operations and

the finite amount of C4 resources may

require the JFC to adjudicate or assign

subordinate command responsibilities for

providing C4 systems support. This is

normally done in an operation plan (OPLAN).

However, in the absence of such a plan, C4

systems can be employed as follows: senior

to subordinate, supporting to supported,

reinforcing to reinforced, left to right, between

adjacent units as directed by the first common

senior, or by the unit gaining an attachment.

This order is more common to ground forces,

but it may have application to space, naval,

and air forces as well. These rules are

generally followed except when sound

military judgment dictates otherwise for

special situations.

g. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

is responsible for joint C4 doctrine.
I-8

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Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER II

C4 SYSTEMS PRINCIPLES

II-1

1. General

The missions of the US military have

changed dramatically in the last decades of

the twentieth century. The current and

future operating environment of joint

forces will be increasingly characterized by

rapid change. Technological improvements in

mobility, directed energy weapons, and

sensors will continue to reduce factors of time

and space, and demand faster tempos of

operation across vast areas. Increasing global

population, rapidly expanding world

economic markets, and unprecedented

advances in information systems

technology will continue to perpetuate a

global explosion of military and

commercial information networks. These

ever increasing networks are rapidly

creating a global sphere (or infosphere) of

information. The infosphere refers to the rapidly

growing global network of military and

commercial C4 systems and networks

linking information data bases and fusion

centers that are accessible to the warrior

anywhere, anytime, in the performance of any

mission. The infosphere provides a

worldwide, automated information

exchange that supports joint forces, which

is secure and transparent to the warrior. This

emerging capability is highly flexible to

support the rapid task organization and power

projection. Information technology and the

existence and growth of a global infosphere

have irreversibly impacted the

“At the height of the Persian Gulf conflict, the automated message information

network passed nearly 2 million packets of information per day through

gateways in the Southwest Asia theater of operations. Efficient management

of information increased the pace of combat operations, improved the

decisionmaking process, and synchronized various combat capabilities. The

technology developed to support these networks proved to be a vital margin

that saved lives and helped achieve victory.”

General Colin L. Powell, June, 1992

fundamental approach to warfare of

massing effects rather than forces. This has

not only propelled joint forces into the age of

information, but also into information-based

warfare with precision-guided weapon

systems that detect and engage targets based

on the electronic transfer of data. Joint forces

must quickly adapt to this increasingly

complex and highly uncertain operating

environment. For this reason, JFCs must be

able to conceptually view the total joint

force C2S system as a whole to employ it

to the best advantage. The JFC can then

identify how it should be structured; identify

where improvements can be made; and focus

and balance limited C4 resources to best

advantage to control the flow, the processing,

and the quality of information essential to

speed joint force decisions and execution. The

need for C4 systems that can deploy

rapidly to meet crises worldwide has

evolved into a demand for joint,

interoperable systems. Leaders at all

echelons now understand that real battlespace

coverage requires both hierarchical

communications within each Service and

lateral communications between the Services

at all levels. The fast pace of advancements

in C4 systems technology can become very

complex for both the JFC and joint staff

planners. C4 systems exist to extend the

flow of information between warriors who

are beyond audible or visual range or between

machines. All military communication systems,

from ancient semaphore to the most recent
II-2

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Joint Pub 6-0

computer-based systems are but technical

advancements on the same theme of sending

information to warriors and organizations

which are out of sight. However, a basic

understanding of the major components of C4

systems can reduce complexity to gain an

appropriate level of understanding.

a. C4 Systems and Networks.

• C4 systems have the following major

components: terminal devices,

transmission media, switches, and control

and management (see Figure II-1).

•• Terminal devices are the most

recognizable components. Telephones,

radios, facsimile machines, computers,

televisions, or personal digital assistants

are all examples of terminal devices used

to transmit (send) and receive

information. Information, often called

traffic, can take the form of voice, data,

message, video, or combinations thereof.

Traffic may be secure (encrypted/

covered) or nonsecure (clear). Generally

speaking, terminal devices transform

information from forms comprehensive

to the warfighter into a format for

electronic transmission or vice-versa.

•• Information exchanged between

warriors travels from originator to

recipient over paths (sometimes called

links) using one or more transmission

media to connect users employing

terminal devices. There are three basic

electronic transmission media: radio

(including space based systems), metallic

wire, and fiber-optic cable. They may be

used independently or in any

combination of the three. Paths may be

point-to-point if established between

just two users, or they may be point-toFigure II-1. Basic Communications System

BASIC COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

A basic communications system consists

of terminal equipment, transmission media

and switching systems, with control and

management providing network access.

Terminal

Devices

Terminal

Devices

Transmission

Media

Transmission

Media

Switching

Systems
II-3

C4 Systems Principles

multipoint if the same path serves a

community of subscribers. A path may

be part of a multi-subscriber network

with many terminals interconnected by

several switches. The bandwidth in terms

of frequency spectrum and other

technical factors limit how much data can

be transported through a given media.

•• Switching is the means by which

traffic is routed through a network of

transmission media supporting many

commands, units, and warriors.

Switching may be manual (operator

assisted) or automatic; it may serve local

subscribers (in a city or on a military

base) or perform area network functions.

There are basically two types of switches:

circuit and message. Circuit switches

generally support telephone traffic

while message switches process data

communication. Although computers

can be used as terminal devices, they now

play a major role in the operation and

control of switching systems that are

terrestrially based as well as supporting

on board processing in space based

communication systems. Computercontrolled communication links and

switching have increased both the

efficient use of limited resources and

warrior access to extremely flexible

systems that can rapidly be tailored to

meet even unforeseen military

requirements. This trend is commonly

referred to as open systems architecture.

•• The final basic building block of C4

systems is that of control and

management. There are two basic levels

of control: network and nodal.

Network control provides management

of area, regional, theater, or global

networks. Its principal focus is in the

management and configuration of long

haul transmission media and switching

centers transporting and routing bulk

data between nodal facilities. The

specific functions of network control are:

(1) Technical management and direction

(2) Management of C4 resources (e.g.,

C4 personnel, equipment, maintenance,

logistics, and management of the radio

frequency spectrum) (3) Network

performance analysis (e.g., monitor

information flow versus network design

to determine required modifications to

maintain or improve performance) (4)

Fault isolation (5) Security (6) Network

planning and engineering (e.g., link

analysis and engineering of a network

expansion via microwave link), and (7)

Configuration Management.

Nodal control is concerned with the

management of local C4 systems. Its

principal focus is in the switching systems

and terminal devices supporting warriors

at locations such as command centers or

C2 facilities and/or concerned with

extension of the network. (1) Nodal

control centers perform basically the same

functional tasks as do network control

centers except that they are primarily

focused on installing, operating, and

maintaining local operations inside the

nodal vice a larger network distributed

across a larger geographic area. (2) Nodes

points can be manned or unmanned such

as the case with C4 systems in aircraft,

spacecraft, or unmanned aerial vehicles

used to extend the range of radio

communications. Nodes may be entirely

automated or combinations of manual and

automatic control at more complex sites.

• The networks that result from open

systems architectures are called

information grids. They allow the

warrior users to gain access, process, and

transport information in near real time to

anyone else on the network. Information

grids refer to computer controlled

networks that provide virtual

connectivity on the demand of the
II-4

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

warrior; they support local and area

network operations. They are also the

basic components of larger grid

networks that, when interconnected,

support regional, theater, and ultimately

a global grid that is also referred to as

the infosphere. Computers control

connectivity so quickly that wasteful and

inefficient permanent or full period

connectivity is no longer required; an

example could be cellular telephone

networks where mobile users maintain

continuous virtual connectivity even

though they are connected through

numerous links and nodal switching

centers as they move during the course of

a single call. This allows a full range of

user service to be distributed across vast

areas—hence these distributed grid

networks are also extremely redundant;

individual users have hundreds of

computer selectable paths available vice

one or two, making their service many

times more reliable.

b. Emerging open systems architectures

offer significant improvements in the flow

and processing of information; however,

their vulnerability to attack is increased.

JFC’s must ensure that both passive and active

C2-protect operations are conducted continuously

to preserve the integrity and security of

networks and nodal C4 systems from hostile

attack. For example, powerful encryption and

key management systems provide passive

protection of data while active protection

may include technical C4 personnel

monitoring systems to detect and locate

unauthorized network intrusion or attacking

an enemy jammer with anti-radiation missiles.

c. Information throughput expands in

direct relation to the needs of the warfighter

and the handling capacity of information

technology. Likewise, military forces gain

agility, initiative, and flexibility if they have

the information tools to plan, coordinate and

synchronize activities.

2. C4 Principles

To ensure the continuous and uninterrupted

flow and processing of information, joint

warfighters must have C4 systems that are

interoperable, flexible, responsive, mobile,

disciplined, survivable, and sustainable.

See Figure II-2.

a. Interoperable. Joint and Service C4

systems must possess the interoperability

necessary to ensure success in joint and

combined operations. Interoperability is the

condition achieved among C4 systems or

items of C4 equipment when information or

services can be exchanged directly and

satisfactorily between them and their users.

To ensure C4 systems’ interoperability, all

aspects of achieving it must be addressed

throughout the life cycle of a system.

• Additional principles furthering

interoperability include:

°

°

°

°

°

°

°

Interoperable

Flexible

Responsive

Mobile

Disciplined

Survivable

Sustainable

C4 PRINCIPLES

Figure II-2. C4 Principles
II-5

C4 Systems Principles

•• Commonality. Equipment and

systems are common when: (1) they are

compatible, (2) each can be operated and

maintained by personnel trained on the

others without additional specialized

training, (3) repair parts (components or

subassemblies) are interchangeable, and

(4) consumable items are interchangeable.

•• Compatibility. Compatibility is the

capability of two or more items or

components of equipment or material

to exist or function in the same system

or environment without mutual

interference. Electromagnetic

compatibility, including frequency

supportability, must be considered at the

earliest conceptual stages and

throughout the planning, design,

development, testing and evaluation, and

operational life of all systems.

•• Standardization. The broad

objectives of the NCS and the DISN,

coupled with the need for tactical C4

systems to interface with facilities of the

DISN, require that C4 systems be

standardized as far as practical.

Standardization includes aspects of

compatibility, interoperability, and

commonality. Plans for standardization

must ensure that the essential

requirements of all Services and

agencies are accommodated. Space,

weight, or other limitations may prevent

systems used by different Services and

agencies from taking the same form. In

such cases, the equipment should include

the maximum possible number of

components common to all Services, and

operational characteristics must be

coordinated between the Services and

agencies concerned. The following are

objectives of standardization:

Minimize the addition of buffering,

translative, or similar devices for the

specific purpose of achieving workable

interface connections.

Achieve the maximum economy possible

from cross-servicing and crossprocurement.

Permit emergency supply assistance

among Services.

Facilitate interoperability of functionally

similar joint and Service C4 systems.

Avoid unnecessary duplication in

research and development of new

technology.

• Liaison. Liaison is the contact or

communication maintained between

elements of military forces that ensures

mutual understanding and unity of

purpose and action.

•• No amount of technology can

replace face-to-face exchange of

information between commanders.

However, as the pace and complexity of

operations increases, the commander

must extend his presence through liaison.

There are no firm rules for selecting

liaison personnel, but the commander

must trust completely the integrity of his

liaison officer to operate and make

decisions on his behalf. The critical

functions of liaison are to monitor,

coordinate, advise, and assist the

command to which the team is

attached.

•• In terms of mission accomplishment,

liaison is one of the most effective

principles of all and can be enhanced by
II-6

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Joint Pub 6-0

placing competent C4 systems personnel

with the forces employed to extend the

eyes and ears for the commander and the

C4 systems director.

•• C4 systems liaison personnel can

ensure that systems function as intended

and can take corrective action, as

required. C4 personnel that are carefully

selected, trained, and positioned within

liaison teams can significantly enhance

the operation of C4 systems within joint or

multinational forces. They often prevent

C4 systems problems before they occur

and reduce restoral time when a failure

does occur.

b. Flexible. Flexibility is required to meet

changing situations and diversified operations

with a minimum of disruption or delay.

Flexibility can be obtained by system design

(standardization), using commercial

facilities, mobile or transportable C4 systems,

or pre-positioned facilities. Although certain

standard C4 systems (e.g., the Global

Command and Control System (GCCS), or

the DISN) must operate under rather strict

standards, systems requirements and designs

should consider the planners’ needs to tailor

systems to meet strategic, operational,

and tactical requirements. Flexible systems

will allow planners to more readily integrate

all levels of joint and Service C4 systems into

plans. The connectivity that can be achieved

and maintained from flexible systems is

particularly important in providing

commanders’ contingency needs.

Flexibility is a necessary adjunct to other

principles of interoperability, survivability,

and compatibility.

c. Responsive. C4 systems must respond

instantaneously to the warriors’ demands for

information. To be responsive, systems must

be reliable, redundant, and timely.

• Reliable. C4 systems must be available

when needed and must perform as

intended. The reliability of C4 systems

is achieved by designing equipment and

systems with low failure rates and error

correction techniques, standardizing

equipment, establishing standardized

procedures and supervising their

execution, countering computer attacks

and electromagnetic jamming and

deception, and establishing effective

logistic support programs.

• Redundant. Redundancy provides for

alternate paths, back-up systems,

and equipment that recover

communications quickly in the event of

failure. Evolving open systems

architectures are inherently redundant

through the multiplicity of paths available

through the network. Employing selfhealing strategies in the design of these

networks ensures that data is replicated

at several locations in the network which

can be recovered quickly, in the event that

portions of the network or nodal sites are

destroyed.

• Timely. As weapon system technology

makes it increasingly feasible for the time

between warning and attack to be

compressed, so must the processing and

transmission time for warning, critical

intelligence, and operation order

execution information be compressed.

The demand for rapid communications

throughout the defense establishment

concerning C2, logistic, weather,

intelligence, and administrative

information requires that the element of

speed be considered during all aspects

of C4 system planning.

d. Mobile. The horizontal and vertical

flow and processing of information must be

continuous to support the rapid deployment

and employment of joint military forces.

Warriors at all levels must have C4

systems that are as mobile as the forces,

elements, or organizations they support
II-7

C4 Systems Principles

without degraded information quality or

flow. More than ever before, modular design

and micro-electronics can make C4 systems

lighter, more compact, and more useful to

warfighters.

e. Disciplined. C4 systems and associated

resources available to any JFC are limited and

must be carefully used to best advantage.

Discipline begins with the JFC focusing

and balancing the joint force command

and control infrastructure based on

predetermined needs for critical

information (minimum essential information

critical to decisionmaking and mission

execution). This ensures that limited C4

systems and their associated forces and

resources are employed to best advantage.

• Control and Management. The JFC

and joint staff must ensure that the flow,

processing, and quality of information is

deliberately controlled. This requires the

planned complementary employment of all

information related forces and systems.

The C2S system must overlay the rest of

the joint force to provide the means

through which the JFC and subordinate

commanders drive the joint force toward

specific mission objectives. The C2S

forces that comprise the C2S system

should be task-organized and arrayed

to collect, transport, process, and

protect information as well as support

C2W operations that deny the enemy

the same capability. Control and

management of C2S forces is therefore

crucial to the JFC’s ability to implement

effective C2 within the joint force. The

control and management of C4 networks

and nodal operations is central to this

effort.

•• C4 systems supporting current and

future networks operate at high speeds.

It is not uncommon to have little or no

time for coordination through command

and staff channels. Therefore, the JFC

depends on network and nodal control

centers (e.g., Joint Communications

Control Center (JCCC)) to provide the

technical direction essential to maintain

effective C2. Much of this direction is

machine-to-machine while other

directions must be between network and

nodal control center personnel. C4

network control provides technical

management of system configuration

and resources, performance, fault

isolation, security, and system planning

and engineering. Planning and

management of frequency spectrum

resources is critical to this effort.

•• Spectrum Management. The

complexity and vast distances involved

in joint warfighting makes control and

management of the electromagnetic

spectrum a crucial factor in the JFC’s

ability to influence decisive action. The

horizontal flow of information between

adjacent subordinate ommands is equally

critical during mission execution and

demands continuous and uninterrupted

access to the electromagnetic spectrum to

support highly mobile, fast moving

operations. The JFC ensures that

favorable electromagnetic compatibility

exists through the comprehensive

management of the electromagnetic

spectrum.

•• Management of the electromagnetic

(radio frequency) spectrum is fundamental

to the art of communications.

Frequencies and their use are the

foundation for electrical, electronic, and

electromagnetic communications.

Frequency resources are governed by

international law as national (hostnation) resources. Frequency assets

must be coordinated and deconflicted on

a continuous basis at strategic,

operational, and tactical levels via a
II-8

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Joint Pub 6-0

variety of national and international

technical and political channels.

•• During crisis or wartime operations,

the JFC employs C2W operations to

control and dominate the frequency

spectrum while denying this capability

to the enemy. Close and continuous

coordination between frequency

managers and both C2W and C4 system

planners is crucial to ensure the

continuous and uninterrupted access to

the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Information Priority. The prioritization of

information is essential since C4

systems have a finite capacity.

Prioritization of specific types of

information is the responsibility of the JFC,

subordinate commanders, and staff

planners that essentially provides a

benchmark from which discipline on

information flow and processing within C4

networks can be maintained. Prioritization

is also essential to sizing C4 network and

nodal systems requirements (e.g., the level

of C4 assets devoted to intelligence

requirements may reduce network

responsiveness to other users requiring a

decision by the JFC during campaign

and operation planning).

f. Survivable. National policy dictates the

survivability of both the national command

centers and the C4 systems through which

decisions are transmitted to the forces in the

field. It is not practical or economically

feasible to make all C4 systems or elements

of a system equally survivable. The degree

of survivability for C4 systems supporting the

function of C2 should be commensurate with

the survival potential of the associated

command centers and weapon systems. C4

systems survivability can be achieved through

application of techniques such as dispersal of

key facilities, multiplicity of communication

modes, hardening (electrical and physical), or

a combination of these techniques.

• Security. The JFC ensures that both

offensive and defensive C2W actions

are employed to protect friendly C2.

These actions are referred to as C2-

protect operations. Since C4 networks

and associated nodal systems are crucial

to the joint force C2S system, they

present a high value target to the enemy

and must be protected to maintain the

integrity of the joint force C2

infrastructure. C4 systems defense

includes measures to ensure the security

of information and C4 systems through

information protection, intrusion/attack

detection and effect isolation, and

incident reaction to restore information

and system security.

•• Information Protection. Security of

information and C4 systems involves the

procedural and technical protection of

information and C4 systems major

components (terminal devices,

transmission media, switches, and control

and management), and is an integral

component of the JFC’s C2-protection

effort. This is accomplished through

application of information protection

means including: (1) Physical security of

C4 system component facilities. (2)

Personnel security of individuals

authorized access to C4 systems. (3)

Operations security (OPSEC) procedures

and techniques protecting operational

employment of C4 system components.

(4) Deception, deceiving the adversary

about specific C4 system configuration,

operational employment, and degree of

component importance to mission

accomplishment. (5) Low probability of

intercept (LPI) and low probability of

detection (LPD) capabilities and

techniques designed to defeat adversary

attempts to detect and exploit C4 system

transmission media. (6) Emissions

control procedures designed to support

OPSEC and LPI/LPD objectives. (7)

Transmission security capabilities
II-9

C4 Systems Principles

designed to support OPSEC and LPI/

LPD objectives. (8) Communications

security (COMSEC) capabilities to

protect information transiting terminal

devices and transmission media from

adversary exploitation. (9) Computer

security capabilities to protect

information at rest, being processed, and

transitioning terminal devices, switches,

networks, and control systems from

intrusion, damage, and exploitation. (10)

C4 system design and configuration

control (e.g., protected distribution

systems, protection from compromising

emanation (TEMPEST)) to mitigate the

impact of information technology

vulnerabilities. (11) Identifying

technological and procedural vulnerability

analysis and assessment programs.

•• Intrusion/Attack Detection and

Effect. In addition to information

protection, C4 systems security involves

procedural and technical measures

and capabilities to detect and isolate

the effects of C4 system intrusions.

Examples include system auditing tools,

virus scans, authentication procedures

and use of alternate frequencies.

•• Incident Reaction. Incident reaction

measures include offensive actions to

eliminate threats, closing system

component vulnerabilities, use of

alternate frequencies, and changing

COMSEC keying material.

g. Sustainable. C4 systems must provide

continuous support during any type and length

of joint operation. This requires the

economical design and employment of C4

systems without sacrificing operational

capability or survivability. The following are

specific examples:

• Consolidation of functionally similar

facilities, which are closely located, under

one command or Service.

• Integration of special purpose and

dedicated networks into the DISN

switched systems, provided they can

offer equal or better service.

• Careful planning, design, and

procurement of facilities and systems.

• Efficient management and operating

practices and effective communications

discipline.

• Maximum use of the DISN common-user

subsystems.

• Judicious use of commercial services.

h. Other relevant principles. The

principles listed above are by no means the

complete set of C4 systems principles; other

principles or terms have been identified.

Subject to the interpretation and discretion of

the user, these are either encompassed in those

listed above or applied when appropriate.

These principles include: integration,

maintainability, mobility, modularity,

planning, prioritization procedures, readiness,

responsibility, responsiveness, simplicity, and

supportability. (See Joint Pub 6-02, “Joint

Doctrine for Employment of Operational/

Tactical Command, Control, Communications,

and Computer Systems,” for a more detailed

description of C4 principles.)

3. C4 Principles for Joint and

Multinational Operations

Joint and multinational operations are

complex and bring together diverse military

organizations to operate as one force.

Multinational forces may have differences

in C4 systems, language, terminology,

doctrine, and operating standards that can

cause confusion. Confusion increases the

demand for information and also the level of

uncertainty. The lower the echelon of

interface between diverse commands, the

higher the uncertainty becomes and the greater
II-10

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the demand on C4 systems. The JFC should

ensure that great care is taken in

structuring the multinational force prior

to operations to avoid unnecessary

confusion within friendly forces. Once the

JFC establishes the specific C2 organization

for a joint or multinational operation, the

information exchange requirements for C4

systems are then established and several

principles apply:

a. Establish Liaison Early. Effective C4

systems interface in joint and multinational

operations demands the use of liaison teams.

Their importance as a source of both formal

and informal information exchange cannot

be overstated. Requirements for liaison

should be established early and to the extent

possible, liaison teams should be trained

and maintained for known or anticipated

requirements.

b. Effective Use of Limited C4 Resources.

The demand for information often exceeds

the capabilities of C4 assets within joint and

multinational commands. It is crucial that

the JFC identify C4 systems requirements

early that are external to the command or

require the use of national and/or hostnation C4 resources (e.g., space based

systems support, CJCS-controlled assets, Joint

Communications Support Element (JCSE),

and frequency spectrum).

c. Standardization of Principles.

Standardization of principles and procedures

by allied nations and coalition partners for

multinational communications is essential.

d. Agreement in Advance of War.

Combined communications agreements

should be made with probable allies. These

should cover principles, procedures, and overall

communications requirements (including

standard message text formats, standard data

bases and data formats, frequency

management, and procedures for deconflicting

frequency problems between allied and civilian

organizations) and should be arrived at by

mutual agreement in advance of war.

e. Policy in Absence of Agreements.

Where communications agreements have not

been arrived at in advance of war,

multinational forces should adopt the

procedures of one ally or coalition partner

on direction of a duly established

multinational authority.

f. US Interpreters. The United States

will provide its own interpreters to ensure

that US interests are adequately protected.

g. Choice of Cryptographic Systems. The

operational acceptability and disclosure or

release of COMSEC to foreign governments

for multinational use will be determined and

approved by national authorities (National

COMSEC Committee) before entering into

discussions with foreign nationals.

4. C4 Architectures and

Interfaces

C4 systems doctrine seeks to achieve

interoperability and compatibility through

developing joint and Service C4 systems on

a life cycle basis to include architectures,

standards, and life cycle support to functional

systems. (DOD Directive 4630.5, CJCSI

6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and

Integration of Command, Control,

Communications, Computers, and

Intelligence Systems.”)

a. Architecture

• The joint C4 architecture provides

a framework of functional and

technical relationships for
II-11

C4 Systems Principles

achieving compatibility and

interoperability of C4 systems.

Architectures provide the logical link

between operational requirements and C4

systems development. They are based on

doctrine defining command relationships

and information requirements (what

information is exchanged to support the

varied functions of operations,

intelligence, logistics, and planning). The

supporting analyses for architectures

document the doctrinal basis for joint

interfaces and can recommend or prescribe

an equipment solution for each interface.

The equipment solution may be met by

existing, programmed, or yet to be

developed systems.

“We have set the course with the C4I

For The Warrior concept. Many

milestones have been achieved. The

Global Command and Control System

is well underway. We continue to make

progress toward a common global

vision to provide the Joint Armed

Forces with the critical information they

need.”

General John M. Shalikashvili

12 June 1994

• The Common Global Vision. C4I For

The Warrior (C4IFTW) (see Figure

II-3) sets forth a 21st century vision of

a global information infrastructure made

up of a web of computer controlled

Figure II-3. The Evolution of C4I For The Warrior

WWMCCS = Worldwide Military Command and

Control System

National

Strategic

Theater

Tactical

GCCS

Mid-Term

GCCS = Global Command and Control System

Quick Fix

GCCS

JTF Navy

Marine

Corps

Air Force

Army JTF Navy

Marine

Corps

Air Force

Army

CONUS

FIELD

Objective

GCCS Global

Infosphere

JTF

Navy

Marine

Corps

Air Force

Army

WWMCCS

THE EVOLUTION OF C4I FOR

THE WARRIOR
II-12

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Joint Pub 6-0

Forces of the United States on a course

toward an open systems architecture

referred to as the global grid (see Figure

II-4) that will provide virtual connectivity

from anywhere to anywhere

instantaneously on warrior demand. The

architecture of grid networks can

support both vertical and horizontal

information flow to joint and

multinational forces. Commanders at

all levels require a distributed

communications grid comprised of

links employing any electronic

transmission media overlaying an area

of responsibility/joint operations area.

Nodal points may be terrestrial, airborne,

and/or space-based. Nodal points

automatically store, relay, and process

information. Voice, data, and imagery

telecommunications grids that

transcends industry, media, government,

military, and other nongovernment

entities. C4IFTW provides a unifying

theme, guiding principles, and

milestones for achieving global

command, control, communications,

computers, and intelligence (C4I) joint

interoperability that:

•• Will allow any warrior to perform any

mission—any time, any place.

•• Is responsive, reliable, and secure.

•• Is affordable.

• The Infosphere Architecture. The C4I

For The Warrior vision put the Armed

FUSING TIME & PRECISION

MOBILE GROUND

TARGETS AIR TARGETS FIXED TARGETS

TRACK PRODUCERS

SENSOR / SURVEILLANCE GRID

TRACKS

Land Sensors

INTENT, DIRECT, NEGATE

Joint

Link

Joint

Link

Space Sensors Black Sensors Air Sensors Sea Sensors

DYNAMICALLY

MANAGED GRID

"THE GRID"

SHOOTERS

C-2

CENTERS Destroy

Decide

Detect &

Identify

Joint Link

Figure II-4. “The Grid”
II-13

C4 Systems Principles

flows together in digitized form across

all communication paths. Automated

user terminals from man portable to

more stationary types allow personnel to

instantly connect in any fashion desired

(e.g., electronic mail; instantly

reconfigured (virtual) voice radio nets;

imagery; connected sensor grids; or

extended personal presence by creating

synthetic environments such as virtual

reality). The specific paths used to setup virtual connectivity are controlled by

computers. Warriors no longer depend

on a single communication link, but have

vastly increased reliability and

flexibility with access via any of

hundreds or thousands of circuits

available through the GCCS and DOD

information infrastructures, host nation,

commercial service, or any combination.

Virtual connectivity is automatically

determined, established, and maintained

on warrior demand through the grid

network. When no longer needed, the

resource is automatically made available

providing efficient use of C4 resources.

• The Warrior Vision of the Infosphere.

The bottom line is a shared image of the

battlespace between joint decisionmakers

and warfighters at all levels and with

instantaneous sensor to shooter

connectivity. The JFC and subordinate

leaders gain a coherent understanding

of operational situations, regardless of

the enemy’s actions or responses,

strategically, operationally, or tactically.

Commanders see the battlespace

together as a team—they perceive and

move ideas and knowledge in a timely

and coherent fashion. The virtual grid

also links sensors to shooters to allow

rapid exploitation of opportunity and

generate quick, decisive actions.

b. Interfaces. These are based on

standards developed for the purpose of

achieving interoperability and

compatability.

• Technical interface standards specify

the technical parameters of systems that

determine their physical and performance

characteristics.

• Procedural interface standards address

the form and format of the information

to be exchanged and are divided into the

three categories below.

•• Data base standards include both the

logical structure and the data elements.

Computer to computer bulk data transfers

include standard formats for initial or

replacement data loads and for data base

maintenance purposes.

•• Bit oriented message standards

provide message formats for data links

between command centers, sensor

platforms, and weapon platforms.

Related procedural information to

operate the joint interface using these

message standards is contained in the

Joint Pub 3-56.2X, (to be replaced by

CJCSI 6120.0X series) “Tactical

Command and Control Planning

Procedures for Joint Operations,” series.

•• Character oriented message

standards improve interoperability by:

(1) Producing messages that can be read

by humans and processed by machine.

(2) Reducing the time and effort

required to draft, transmit, analyze,

interpret, and process messages. (3)

Improving information exchange

through vocabulary control. (4)

Providing uniform reporting

procedures to be used across the range

of military operations. (5) Facilitating

exchange of information between the

US and multinational commands;

reducing or eliminating dual reporting by
II-14

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

US units when they operate with

multinational commands or units or after

their transfer to a multinational force. (6)

Providing, through the Joint Pub

6-04, “US Message Text Formatting

Program,” (to be replaced by CJCS

manuals), the management and

documentation for these standards.

5. Decision Support Systems

Decision support systems (i.e., reporting,

intelligence, and logistics) are included within

the umbrella definition of C4 systems. A

detailed presentation of the interfaces for each

is beyond the scope of this publication, but

key principles regarding C4 systems support

to the functional areas, vice the systems, can

be presented. Also, all the principles presented

in this chapter apply to these supported

systems as they do to C4 systems.

a. Joint Reporting System Support

• Reporting includes intelligence,

situation reports from maneuver forces,

and logistic status. The information

varies from data required for staff

planning, and significant events requiring

a commander’s immediate attention.

• The principal sources of operationally

significant information are the C4

systems of the combatant commands, the

management and/or information systems

of the Services, the support systems of

the DOD agencies, and the Joint

Reporting Structure (JRS). The Joint Pub

1-03, “Joint Reporting Structure (JRS),”

series (to be replaced by CJCS manuals)

prescribes standard JRS reporting within

and between the Joint Staff, combatant

commands, Services, and agencies and

details the procedures, formats, and

reporting channels for the reports.

• Some principles for reporting:

•• Commanders provide the

organization and procedures so that

reports receive command attention when

required to support decisionmaking and

control of mission execution.

•• Reports adhere to standard formats

when feasible to facilitate their handling

through electronic systems and speed

interpretation by people.

•• Commanders review reporting

requirements for their commands to

assure that the content and frequency of

reports support assigned missions without

needlessly burdening subordinates.

b. Intelligence Support

• Intelligence organizations use a variety

of sensors and other information sources

to collect and analyze data and produce

intelligence products. C4 systems

support to intelligence is normally

limited to providing the communications

interface and media required to move

intelligence information. C4 systems

support does not typically cover the

collection and production of intelligence.

(See Joint Pub 2-0, “Joint Doctrine for

Intelligence Support to Operations,”

series.)

• The basis for system interoperability

is the application of standard data

elements and structures and

information exchange standards

applicable to all levels of command and

to all Services and supporting agencies.

The Services and agencies are

responsible for fielding intelligence

systems based on these standards.

• Basic intelligence system principles:

•• Intelligence requirements must be

incorporated in the planning and
II-15

C4 Systems Principles

execution of military operations.

Intelligence staffs should coordinate with

the J-6 staff to identify requirements and

obtain an assessment of the intelligence

communications required to support

operations. Intelligence requirements

generally exceed communication

capabilities, therefore, communications

and intelligence communities continue to

develop concepts for expanding

communication pipelines and imagery

compression techniques.

•• Each echelon of command receives

organic and external intelligence

support. Commanders direct requirements

for assets through the J-2 staff element.

•• Defense intelligence organizations and

systems operate on a shared information

basis. Accordingly, within limits imposed

by security, intelligence is distributed up,

down, and across echelons.

•• The responsibility for the application

of intelligence information is shared by

intelligence and operations.

c. Logistic Support. Accurate and

timely logistic information is required for

the management of critical resources. A

principle source of operationally significant

logistic information is the JRS. Information

not routinely supplied through the JRS may

be provided in response to specific queries

from combatant command systems, Service

logistic systems, and the DOD agencies.

d. Planning Support. In addition to

conveying force status and intelligence

information, C4 systems provide processing

capabilities for planning. The Joint Pub

5-03, “Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System (JOPES),” series provides

instructions for using GCCS (WWMCCS) for

deliberate and crisis action planning.

e. Decision Support. Operational and

tactical decision support systems also

include maneuver, fire support and target

planning, C2W, air operations, and C4

systems control and management. These are

addressed in detail in other publications.
II-16

Chapter II

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER III

C4 SYSTEMS DOCTRINE FOR EMPLOYMENT,

CONFIGURATION, PLANS, AND RESOURCES

III-1

“It is DOD Policy: That for purposes of compatibility, interoperability, and

integration, all C3I systems developed for use by US forces are considered

to be for joint use.”

DOD Directive 4630.5

1. Employment

a. Authority. The employment authority

and responsibilities of the combatant

commanders include control, review, and

coordination of assigned C4 resourcesand

actions affecting such resources within the

geographic or functional area of responsibility

of the command.

b. C4 Systems Employment Capabilities.

The most important guiding principle for C4

systems in support of employment is that they

be designed to support wartime scenarios.

Procedures used in conflict must be

comparable to those used during peacetime

and not be subject to degradation because of

any subsequent increase in system loading.

Commensurate with the level of employment,

systems must provide the C4 capabilities

described in Figure III-1.

c. C4 Systems Conflict Levels. C4

systems planners must continually prioritize

and choose from among the individual joint

and Service system capabilities that support

different needs across the range of military

operations. Different conflict levels impose

different, and sometimes contentious,

requirements on the C4 systems that

support them. Various conflict levels can

occur simultaneously over a wide geographic

area, each requiring different options and

responses. Given the scope and often

conflicting nature of C4 requirements that

must be accommodated, the following briefly

describes their employment at four levels

of conflict.

• Peacetime C4 Systems

•• Deterrence relies on peacetime forces

having a wartime capability. Therefore,

peacetime C4 systems support three

basic requirements: daily operations,

attack warning, and transition to war.

Day-to-day peacetime communications

are primarily carried out with existing

secure and nonsecure telephone service,

record traffic, and data transmissions.

Dedicated C4 systems using satellite,

radio, and terrestrial links are active and

exercised to provide immediate wartime

capability. Such a deterrence posture

requires that the type and scope of an

enemy action be rapidly recognized and

characterized.

•• Data from intelligence and sensor

systems must be correlated, processed,

and presented by systems within

minutes. To transmit the data, rapid

connectivity via the emergency action

message (EAM) networks, and other C4

networks is required to support

conventional and nuclear responses. This

warning capability supports maximum

preservation of alert forces, response and

retaliatory operations, and US defensive

measures. C4 systems also support the

transition to wartime posture. Systems

that support wartime forces, missions,

and facilities, including appropriate

COMSEC equipment, must be

prepositioned and ready for activation.
III-2

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

MANDATORY C4

CAPABILITIES

Support activities across the range of military operations

Support a smooth, orderly transition from peace to war

Monitor and assess the status of US, multinational, neutral,

and enemy forces and resources

Provide for the collection, processing, transmission, and

dissemination of data and products

Provide warning and attack assessment, and disseminate alert

notification

Monitor the execution of selected options

Provide for the tracking, control, and reporting of reinforcing

forces and materiel

Support reconstitution and resource allocation

Support transition from hostilities to peace

Protect systems/networks through C4 defensive measures

• Crisis and Contingency C4 Systems.

During a crisis, actions must be taken

quickly before the opportunity to

influence events and prevent escalation

is lost. In the early stages of a crisis,

critical C2 connectivity is needed to

establish and maintain communications

with military units, diplomatic personnel,

friendly forces, and, wherever possible,

hostile elements. In addition to the

systems used during the peacetime phase,

•• The vulnerability of C4 networks to

adversary attack or unauthorized

intrusion demands adequate defensive

measures against malicious activities.

Proactive vulnerability analyses and risk

assessments are essential and must be

continuous. When networks are

breached by an unauthorized intruder, the

intruder must be quickly isolated to

minimize damage, the network recovered

and returned to normal operations.

Figure III-1. Mandatory C4 Capabilities
III-3

C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources

the indefinite nature of a crisis

situation may require activation of

contingency C4 circuits and assets such

as the JCSE or component organic

elements. Crisis operations may involve

US forces operating outside of traditional

theaters and areas of operations, as part

of a joint or multinational task force.

When a contingency arises, the need for

accurate, timely national-level

intelligence is paramount. A National

Intelligence Support Team (NIST) is

formed to bridge the gap between theaterlevel and national-level intelligence. The

NIST is an interagency team from

national-level intelligence agencies

deployed to support a combatant

commander’s national-level intelligence

requirements. The team is comprised of

intelligence analysts from the Defense

Intelligence Agency (DIA), National

Security Agency, and Central

Intelligence Agency who provide

immediate access to their respective

agency’s data systems, national experts,

and to the greater intelligence

community. The NIST may also provide

Joint Worldwide Intelligence

Communications System and Joint

Tactical ground mobile forces satellite communications earth station.

Deployable Intelligence Support System

services in support of the deployed Joint

Intelligence Center.

• Conventional War C4 Systems

•• The combatant commander may

take command of C4 forces and

agencies within the theater that are not

organic to tactical forces. C4 systems

control provides network status and

supports reconfiguration and

reconstitution. It also provides priority

for circuits and facilities required to

execute and sustain critical command

functions.

•• Wartime C4 systems support to

joint operations focuses on wartime C2

requirements; they also support

intelligence, logistics, combat service

support, and special operations. As the

C2 functions expand, additional

communications links and C4systems,

constituted during the crisis phase, are

usually brought on line. Targeting,

strike mission planning, and rapid ad hoc

planning must also be supported.

Systems supporting wartime roles are
III-4

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

multifaceted and redundant to ensure

reliable, accurate, and survivable C4

support under the most hostile situations.

•• At this point, essential C4 systems

are comprised of many systems and

modes interconnecting the combatant

commander with component commanders,

supporting combatant commanders and

any multinational forces. Measures to

include controlling emissions and

restricting external communications

are implemented. Systems and facilities

supporting control of nuclear weapons

remain active in case a potential for

escalation to nuclear conflict exists.

• Nuclear War C4 Systems. The planning

for and employment of nuclear weapons

may be US or allied responsibilities. The

combatant commander(s) and the NCA

must be able to consult with each other

and the alliance in the event of a possible

allied nuclear response. Nuclear C4

systems must provide accurate

information to support release

decisions. This support includes situation

assessment, reports of nuclear detonation,

preparation and transmittal of EAMs, and

provision of conferencing communications

for decisionmakers. A combination of

radios, landlines, and satellite systems,

for example, interconnect the

combatant commanders and the NCA.

To ensure maximum survivability,

airborne, ground mobile hardened, and

electromagnetic-pulse-protected systems

and communications platforms are

included in the diverse array of C4

systems specifically designed to support

nuclear operations.

2. Assistance and Coordination

a. Within their capabilities and consistent

with assigned missions, the combatant

commanders assist other combatant

commands, Military Services, and DOD

agencies in satisfying their C4 systems

requirements.

b. Military Services and DOD agencies

are responsible for coordinating with

appropriate combatant commanders those

C4 system projects, plans, programs, and

Service requirements that have an impact on

the systems, networks, or facilities within their

geographic or functional areas of

responsibilities.

Joint warfare requires skilled operators and complex C4 systems.
III-5

C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources

Figure III-2. C4 Systems Responsibilities of the Combatant Commanders

3. C4 Systems Configuration

The configuration of the individual

Service or component C4 systems is too

detailed for this publication.

a. C4 Systems of the Combatant

Commands

• The C4 systems of the combatant

commands are configured and operated

generally to meet the requirements of

the command being served; however,

the priority requirement will be to

support the National Military Command

System (NMCS). These systems

provide the means through which the

commanders send and receive

information and exercise command

and control over their forces.

• The C4 system of a combatant

command includes the C4 systems of

subordinate unified commands and

joint task forces (JTFs) when such

organizations are established and

assigned.

• Combatant commanders’ C4 system

responsibilities are shown in Figure

III-2.

b. C4 Systems of the Headquarters of the

Service Component Commands

• The C4 systems of the Service

component commands are configured

and operated generally to meet the

requirement of the command being

served; however, the priority requirement

will be to support the NMCS. These

systems provide the means through

which the commanders send and

receive information and support their

forces.

• The Service component commander

submits to the parent Service the

operational requirements for the C4

system of the command. The Service

component commander keeps the

combatant commander apprised of these

requirements. The requirements will be

responsive to the NMCS and, in addition

to meeting the commanders own needs,

Provide guidance to subordinate commands to ensure

interoperability of the command-wide C4 systems necessary

to accomplish assigned operational functions

Forward the command's submissions for C4 systems

requirements to the Joint Staff for validation

Designate a joint communications site manager (usually the

joint force commander) when two or more component commands

are collocated within a geographic area

Provide C4 systems reporting for those systems under their

combatant command (command authority) or operational control

C4 SYSTEMS RESPONSIBILITIES

OF THE COMBATANT COMMANDERS
III-6

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

will be in accordance with the

interoperability guidance of the

combatant commander.

c. C4 Systems of the Military

Departments and Services. The C4 systems

of the Military Departments and Services are

configured and operated generally to meet the

requirements of individual Service commands

and the requirement to provide serviceable

wartime capabilities that can support existing

forces logistically, generate new forces,

establish force readiness levels adequate to

deal with existing threats, and provide support

for the NMCS. These systems facilitate

coordination of the means by which US

forces are sustained across the range of

military operations.

d. C4 Systems of DOD Agencies. The C4

support systems of DOD agencies are

configured generally to meet the requirements

of the agency being served; however, the

priority requirement will be to support the

NMCS. These systems provide the means

through which the directors control the

automated flow and processing of information

needed to accomplish the missions of their

agencies.

4. C4 Systems Plans

a. Guidance. The combatant commanders

provide broad guidance for employment

requirements of C4 systems that affect the

communications posture and capabilities

within the command.

JOINT C4 IN THE GULF WAR

The communications network established to support Operations DESERT

SHIELD and DESERT STORM was the largest in history. A flexible and

responsive command, control, and communications system was installed in

record time — and it maintained a phenomenal 98 percent readiness rate. The

final architecture provided connectivity with the NCA, US sustaining bases,

CENTCOM, other Coalition forces, and subordinate component elements. This

was not an easy task.

In addition to equipment differences among various Coalition members, there

were differences among US forces. Ultimately, several generations of

equipment and many different command and staff elements were melded. At

the height of the operation, this hybrid system supported more than 700,000

telephone calls and 152,000 messages a day. Additionally, more than 35,000

frequencies were managed and monitored daily to ensure radio communication

nets were free of interference from other users.

On 8 August, in support of the rapid deployment of US forces, CENTCOM

deployed the first contingent of communications equipment and personnel to

provide crucial links between the in-theater forces and CINCCENT at MacDill

AFB. Included in the initial communications package was a super high

frequency (SHF) multichannel satellite terminal, several ultra high frequency

(UHF) single-channel tactical satellite (TACSAT) terminals, and associated

terminal equipment, to provide secure voice, facsimile and Defense Switched

Network (DSN), Automatic Digital Network (AUTODIN), and Worldwide Military

Command and Control System connectivity to the initial deployed headquarters

elements. The Joint Communications Support Element (JCSE) was among

the first of these deployments (The JCSE is responsible to the CJCS for

providing tactical communications to JTF headquarters and SOCOM.) At the
III-7

C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources

same time, communications equipment from the XVIII Airborne Corps, I MEF,

and the 9th Air Force began arriving and links were established quickly.

The rapidly deployable JCSE provided the primary communications support

to CENTCOM and SOCCENT during the initial deployment. JCSE resources

included UHF and SHF SATCOM radios, line-of-sight radios, High Frequency

(HF) radios, and circuit and message switches. Throughout Operations

DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM, JCSE communications provided

continuous transmission and switching support for CENTCOM headquarters,

linking the command with its components and the NCA. The final JCSE

resources were deployed in mid-January in response to a requirement to

support the CENTCOM Alternate command post, and to provide Ground Mobile

Force/Defense Satellite Communications System (GMF/DSCS) satellite support

to UK forces.

The Saudi national telephone service augmented early deploying

communications packages. There were very limited in-place Defense

Communications System (DCS) facilities anywhere in Southwest Asia (SWA)

and, although the Saudi telecommunications system is modern and reliable, it

has neither the capacity nor the geographical dispersion to support a large

military force. Available international telephone access also was only a small

part of the total requirement.

Parallel to the rapid buildup of combat forces in SWA was the deployment of

organic tactical communications systems from Army, USMC and USAF units

to tie components and subordinate commands into a joint voice and message

switching network. Because of the high demand for limited airlift resources,

initial forces arrived with minimum essential communications capabilities,

usually single channel UHF SATCOM and sporadic access to the local

commercial telephone system using secure telephone units (STU-III). This

level of communications support would have been insufficient to conduct

operations had hostilities begun immediately. The network continued to

expand, however, as air and surface transports brought more communications

equipment into the theater. The arrival of heavy tropospheric scatter and lineof-sight radio equipment (which provided the bulk of the intra-theater

connectivity) improved multiple path routing, adding robustness to the joint

network.

By November, there was more strategic connectivity (circuits, telephone trunks

and radio links) in the AOR than in Europe. By the time Operation DESERT

STORM began, networks that included satellite and terrestrial communications

links provided 324 DSN voice trunks into US and European DSN switches,

along with 3 AUTODIN circuits to CONUS and European AUTODIN switches,

supporting 286 communications centers. The Defense Data Network (DDN)

was extended to the tactical level, providing high-speed packet switched data

communications. At its peak, the joint communications network included 118

GMF satellite terminals, 12 commercial satellite terminals, 61 TRI-TAC voice

and 20 TRI-TAC message switches. (This was the first major operational

employment of the jointly developed TRI-TAC equipment.)

SOURCE: DOD Final Report to Congress:

Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992.
III-8

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

b. Review of C4 Systems Plans. The

combatant commanders review, coordinate,

and, when appropriate, validate command

initiated requirements for systems,

networks, projects, and related resources,

including those of the component commands

and combat and support forces. The review

will ensure essential performance of missions,

establishment of selective implementation

priorities, and agreement with approved plans

and programs, including employment plans.

c. C4 Systems Requirements. The

combatant commanders determine C4

system deficiencies through operations and

exercises, assess C4 system capabilities to

support combatant commander missions (as

detailed in C4 system master plans (see CJCSI

6111.01, “Command, Control, and

Communications Systems Evaluation

Program”)), and compare current

needs with current capabilities and

planned needs with planned capabilities.

Resulting deficiencies are addressed as C4

requirements and submitted in accordance

with published guidance.

d. C4 Systems Operational Planning

Process

• C4 systems support of joint operations

is planned within the chain of command

that extends from the President to the

combatant commanders and is primarily

the responsibility of the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff in conjunction

with the combatant commanders. C4

systems planning is unique in that:

•• It provides the mechanisms (i.e., C4

systems) on which to conduct deliberate,

crisis action, and campaign planning.

•• Planning for C4 systems is

accomplished using those same

systems’ deliberate and crisis action

procedures, from OPLANs down to the

JFC, as well as those joint planning

activities that support the preparation for

strategic direction and integration with

the functions of the Military Services.

• C4 systems planning establishes the

context in which the combatant

commanders and/or subordinate JFCs

identify the requirements for

communications and C4 systems

within the theater or joint operations area.

A determination as to numbers, types,

and locations of C4 systems results from

staff planning at those levels involved in

the operation. Planning would typically

include the combatant command staff,

joint force staff elements, especially the

J-2, J-3, J-4, J-5, J-6, and components

in coordination with supporting

combatant commands and Services.

• Joint Pub 5-0, “Doctrine for Planning

Joint Operations,” establishes doctrine

and general guidance for planning.

Joint Pub 5-00.2, “Joint Task Force

Planning Guidance and Procedures,”

provides an annex on communications

planning from a JFC perspective. The

Joint Pub 5-03 series (to be replaced

by CJCSI 3122.0X series) explains the

JOPES, a C4 system resident on the

GCCS (near term WWMCCS Automated

Data Processing and WWMCCS

Information Network). Joint Pub 6-0

subordinate publications also provide

C4 systems planning guidance.

e. Planning DISN and Non-DISN

(Tactical) C4 Systems Interfaces.

Requirements for interface between the

DISN and tactical C4 systems occur at

various organizational levels and include

DISN switched networks, C2 and support

networks, and transmission capabilities

ranging from a few circuits to many.
III-9

C4 Systems Doctrine for Employment, Configuration, Plans, and Resources

• The combatant commanders designate

where, when, and how DISN and

non-DISN C4 systems interface. In the

preparation of plans, commanders should

ensure that these points, and those

facilities for which interface capability

is required, are identified and that

operational interface requirements are

established. Normally, interface will

occur at the headquarters of the

commanders of component commands,

at the headquarters of other elements

directly controlled by the combatant

commander, or at designated area

communications nodes. Additional

interface points may be specified by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

• When the combatant commander

determines that the extension of the DISN

is appropriate, the combatant commander

may designate certain operational

tactical C4 facilities to replace DISN

facilities or make other appropriate

temporary arrangements until DISN

facilities can be provided.

• New equipment which must interface

with the DISN in joint tactical operations

will conform to the applicable electrical

interface standards developed by DISA,

in coordination with the Joint Staff,

combatant commanders and Services.

5. C4 Systems Resources

a. Allocation of C4 System Resources

• Combatant commanders determine

priorities of C4 systems and allocate

communications circuits and channels

(bandwidth) within the geographic or

functional area of responsibility of their

commands, including those required by

component and other subordinate

commands.

• Where the C4 support services required

by a combatant command, Military

Service, or DOD agency use the

resources or traverse the C4 systems,

networks, or facilities within the area of

responsibility of another combatant

command, the allocation of resources

are accomplished through mutual

agreement of the commands, Military

Services, or agencies concerned.

Component requirements for C4

resources must be validated by the

respective combatant commander.

b. Allocation of Critical C4 Resources

• Where the availability of C4 system

resources is critical and a mutually

acceptable agreement cannot be

achieved by the combatant commander,

Military Services, or DOD agencies

concerned, the matter is referred to the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

for resolution on behalf of the NCA.

• Cases are referred to the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on behalf of

the NCA, by either a joint or individual

communication from the combatant

commanders, Military Services, or DOD

agencies concerned. Referrals include

information on the mission requiring

support; C4 system resources of each

command, Military Service, or DOD

agency concerned; reasons why

common-user systems cannot be used;

and impact if C4 service is not provided.
III-10

Chapter III

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER IV

C4 SYSTEMS EMPLOYMENT RESPONSIBILITIES

IV-1

“The history of command can thus be understood in terms of a race between

the demand for information and the ability of command systems to meet it.”

Martin Van Creveld, Command in War,

Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1985

1. CJCS Responsibilities

a. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

functions within the chain of command by

transmitting to the combatant commanders the

orders of the President and the Secretary of

Defense. The Chairman coordinates all

communications in matters of joint interest

addressed to the combatant commanders

by other authority.

b. The Chairman operates the NMCS

for the Secretary of Defense to meet the needs

of the NCA and establishes operational

policies and procedures for all components

of the NMCS and ensures their implementation.

c. General operational responsibility for

the Nuclear Command, Control, and

Communications (C3) System lies with the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The

Nuclear C3 System is centrally directed

through the Joint Staff. The Nuclear C3

System supports Presidential nuclear C2 and

NCA C2 of the combatant commands in the

areas of integrated tactical warning and attack

assessment, decisionmaking, decision

dissemination, and force management and

report back.

2. Combatant Commander

Responsibilities

Combatant commanders:

a. Submit C4 system requirements, for

joint operations within the scope of their

missions and functions, to the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff. They also provide

information copies of the correspondence to

the Services, and Defense agencies. This

submission will include requirements for

CJCS-controlled mobile, transportable C4

assets, when such requirements are not

satisfied by normal Military Department or

Military Service processes.

b. Collect, provide comments on, and

forward to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff requirements applicable to joint

operations for all C4 equipment that are

generated by subordinate operational

commands and are being submitted directly

to the Military Departments or Services.

DISN/C4 resources must be validated at the

combatant commander level.

c. Report to the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff incompatibilities or lack of

interoperability among C4 systems and

between tactical systems and the DISN.

d. Test the C4 systems portions of

appropriate OPLANs periodically as a part

of a CJCS-sponsored or command-sponsored

exercise. These tests will identify unresolved

issues, verify operational procedures and

interoperability, and provide joint training.

e. Ensure that Service components and

subordinate unified commands submit

requirements for all C4 systems applicable

to joint operations through the combatant

commanders to the Military Departments or

Services in accordance with procedures in

effect.
IV-2

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

f. Submit a C4 system master plan to the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (See

CJCSI 6111.01, “Command, Control, and

Communications Systems Evaluation

Program.”)

3. Military Department

Responsibilities

In accordance with guidelines and direction

from the Secretary of Defense, each Military

Department or Military Service, as

appropriate, has the following common

functions and responsibilities pertaining to

joint operations:

a. To provide interoperable and

compatible C4 systems, warfighters, and

reserves of equipment and supplies for the

effective prosecution of war and to plan for

the expansion of peacetime communications

to meet the needs of war.

b. To provide, organize, and train its C4

systems personnel and provide interoperable

and compatible C4 systems equipment for

joint operations.

c. To install, operate, and maintain

assigned facilities of the DISN, including the

capability of meeting the provisions of

C4 Systems must be mobile to support joint warfighters.

applicable standards. The Service responsible

for operation and maintenance of the DISN

facility will be responsible for providing the

conditioning equipment required to effect the

DISN or non-DISN interface.

d. To maintain mobile, transportable C4

system assets, which are controlled by the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in a

high state of readiness.

e. To cooperate with and assist the other

Services in accomplishing their C4 system

functions, as determined by proper authority.

4. Service and Commander in

Chief, United States Special

Operations Command

(USCINCSOC)

Responsibilities and C4

Organizations

The C4 system responsibilities of each

Service will normally parallel and be

determined by other related assigned

responsibilities and command relationships.

Each Service and USCINCSOC has the

following responsibilities and implements

them through organizations discussed
IV-3

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

below that are unique to their respective

operating environments:

a. To provide, operate, and maintain the

C4 facilities organic to its own tactical forces,

including organic Service elements.

b. To provide, operate, and maintain

terminal equipment on DISN access circuits,

circuits required for communications with

elements of other Services, and associated

circuit facilities as may be assigned or

mutually agreed.

c. To provide, operate, and maintain

interoperable and compatible C4 systems

for distress, disaster, emergency, and safety

as directed by proper authority and in

accordance with applicable international

agreements.

d. To provide the capability for interface

of non-DISN facilities.

• The Service operating a non-DISN

facility that must interface with the DISN

while using existing equipment will meet

required interface standards.

• A Service procuring new non-DISN

facilities that are to interface with the

DISN must ensure that they meet

applicable standards.

e. To provide the combatant commands

with Service C4 system and connectivity

requirements for forces assigned to that

command for inclusion in command

deliberate planning.

f. Army Communications Organizations.

The Army communications organizational

structure extends from the Service

headquarters level down to the Army division

and separate combat brigade. At the

Department of the Army (DA), the Director

of Information Systems for Command,

Control, and Communications is responsible

for the overall planning, programming, and

budgeting of Army communications/

information systems that support both

strategic and tactical requirements worldwide.

The responsibility includes those Defense

Communications System (DCS) facilities that

are assigned to the Army for engineering,

installation, operation, and maintenance.

• The Army communications organizations

are designed around Army strategic

missions as assigned by the Joint

Strategic Capabilities Plan and the DA,

and the tactical communications required

to support deployed Army forces from

the Army level down to the smallest unit.

Strategic communications are designed

to support the Army mission of operating

and maintaining assigned portions of the

Defense Information Systems Network

worldwide. Additionally, in Europe, the

Pacific, and the continental United States,

the mission is to provide Army

forces and other Services with

conductivity into the DCS through Army

communications systems and voice

and message switches. Tactical

communications in support of all Army

forces are provided by tactical mobile

communications units from separate

signal brigades that provide

communications in support of Army and

other non-Army c orps units. Support to

corps, divisions, and below is provided

by organic signal brigades and

battalions designed to meet the

operational requirements of their units.

• United States Army Information

Systems Command (USAISC) has the

principal responsibility of engineering,

installing, operating, and maintaining

all Army DCS facilities and the

communications for theater army at

Echelons Above Corps (EAC).

Subordinate to USAISC are the Army

signal commands and brigades that

implement DCS and EAC communications
IV-4

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure IV-1. US Army Information Systems Command

missions for their respective areas of

operations. USAISC is also responsible

for supporting post communications

facilities that include local switching and

distribution systems. See Figure IV-1.

• The theater Army component commands

are directly responsible to the geographic

combatant commanders and under the

guidance of Headquarters, DA, for

administrative and long-range Program

Objective Memorandum matters.

Component commands include US

Army Europe, Heidelberg, Germany; the

US Army Pacific, Fort Shafter, HI; and

US Army Central at Fort McPherson,

GA. Each Army component command

has a fairly large information systems

staff and intelligence staff (which is

normally part of the Joint Intelligence

Center). During war, the Theater Army

Communications Command has

operational control over the signal

organizations supporting the theater Army

US ARMY INFORMATION

SYSTEMS COMMAND

Ft. Shafter,

HI

Panama

Ft. Huachuca, AZ

Worms, Germany

Dhahran,

Saudi Arabia

Seoul, Korea

US Army Information Systems Command

2nd Signal Brigade

7th Signal Brigade

US Army

Engineering and

Implementation

Activity-Europe

11th Signal Brigade

Ft. Huachuca, AZ

516th Signal Brigade

Ft. Shafter, HI

106th Signal Brigade

Panama

5th Signal Command

Worms, Germany

54th Signal Battalion

Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

1st Signal Brigade

Seoul, Korea
IV-5

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

and its component commands. In

this role, the Theater Army

Communications Command is

responsible for all in-theater Army

communications that are not organic to

Army corps and smaller-sized units. The

Theater ArmyCommunications Command

would operate and maintain in-theater

Army DCS facilities (and, in some cases,

joint facilities) that are, in turn, under the

management/control of the DISA Area

Communications Operations Center.

• In October 1992 the Army modified the

way USAISC operates on an installation.

Previously, the Directorate of

Information Management (DOIM)

worked directly for USAISC and did not

fall under the post commander for the

installation, operation, and maintenance

of communications systems. Today, the

DOIM is assigned to USAISC but is

under the operational control of the

garrison commander. Units that are

part of this directorate provide the

interface between installation

communications and commercial or DCS

communications organizations.

• From a tactical standpoint,

communications units below Army

level are organic to the supported

command (corps, division, or separate

brigade). At most Army corps, a signal

brigade composed of several signal

battalions supports the corps

headquarters and provides

communications between the corps and

its subordinate commands. Each division

and separate combat brigade contains an

organic signal battalion or company to

provide its communications systems.

These units are normally organized to

support a Division Main, Tactical

Command Post, Division Artillery, or

Division Support Command. They use

Mobile Subscriber Equipment to

provide communications access nodes

that connect the combat brigades across

the division. For a separate combat

brigade, a signal company or reinforced

communications platoon normally

will provide the same type of

communications support. Responsibility

for communications support is from

higher echelons to lower organizations.

Figure IV-2 illustrates Army tactical

communications configurations.

• Other units having large-scale

communications systems to support

unique operations in a corps or division

are the military intelligence brigades

(corps level) or Combat ElectronicWarfare Intelligence battalions

(division level) and the Air Defense

Artillery (brigade and battalion level)

that have dedicated communications

systems to support their assigned units

when dispersed across the battlefield.

g. Navy Communications Organizations.

The US Navy is one of two Services within

the Department of the Navy. The other, the

Marine Corps, is discussed later in this chapter.

The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), as the

Navy’s Chief of the Service, is responsible

for recruiting, organizing, training, equipping,

and providing naval forces for assignment to

combatant commands, and for administering

and supporting these forces. Providing

communications support to the forces is the

responsibility of several organizations

subordinate to the CNO. Figure IV-3 shows

the structure of naval communications within

the Department of the Navy.

• The N-6, Directorate of Space and

Electronic Warfare, is the principal

Navy staff responsible to the CNO for

C4I. The N-6 is charged with oversight

and development of the technological

systems and organizational support

systems that focus on the command

and control of forces by naval commanders.

Primary responsibilities include the
IV-6

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Figure IV-2. Representative Theater Army Tactical Configurations

Naval C4I strategy and developing

systems that support C4I For The

Warrior and doctrine governing related

space, Information Warfare, and C4I

systems.

• Subordinate to the N-6 is the Naval

Computer and Telecommunications

Command (NCTC). The NCTC is

charged with the administrative and

technical oversight of the Navy’s shorebased naval telecommunications

facilities—Naval Computer and

Telecommunications Area Master

Stations (NCTAMS), Naval Computer

and Telecommunications Stations

(NCTS), and other computer and

telecommunications shore sites. The

NCTC has administrative control of all

shore-based telecommunications

facilities worldwide, oversees the

operations of the naval portion of the

DCS, and maintains administrative and

logistical oversight of the Naval

Telecommunications Integration Center

and the Naval Electronic Spectrum

Center.

• A NCTAMS is the transmission and

switching hub for routing all fleetoriginated traffic into the DCS and for

distributing DCS and internal Navy

traffic to fleet units. At the tactical

unit level, a ship’s communications
IV-7

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

• The NCTAMS is responsible for all

Naval Computer and Telecommunications

System daily operations within its

assigned region. NCTAMS also

maintain control over subordinate

NCTSs within their area. Fleet

Commanders have operational control

of NCTC facilities, such as NCTAMS,

located in their areas of operation. For

example NCTAMS Pacific, an

administrative subordinate of NCTC, is

under the operational control of the

Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet.

Four NCTAMS: NCTAMS LANT in

Norfolk, VA; NCTAMS MED in Bagnoli

(Naples), Italy; NCTAMS WESTPAC in

Finegayan, Guam; and NCTAMS

EASTPAC in Wahiawa, HI, are the

primary shore-based telecommunications

and computer hubs serving US Navy fleet

activities worldwide.

• The US Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk, VA,

serves as the Navy component command

for the United States Atlantic Command;

the US Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, HI,

for the United States Pacific Command

(USPACOM); the US Naval Forces

Europe located in Naples, Italy, with

administrative staff in London, serves as

the Navy component command for the

United States European Command

(USEUCOM); US Naval Forces

Central, with headquarters at MacDill

AFB, FL, and a forward headquarters in

Bahrain, serves as the Navy component

command for the United States Central

Command (USCENTCOM). These

headquarters have organic

telecommunications staffs who

supervise these activities within their

areas of operations.

h. Air Force Communications

Organizations are shown in Figure IV-4.

The Office of the Chief of Staff of the Air

Force is organized with a Deputy

Chief of Staff for Command, Control,

NAVAL

COMMUNICATIONS

STRUCTURE

Naval Computer and

Telecommunications

Command

Naval Computer and

Telecommunications Area

Master Station

Naval Computer and

Telecommunications

Station

Naval Computer and

Telecommunications

Center

Naval Communications

Detachment

Figure IV-3. Naval Communications

Structure

officer is responsible for all

telecommunications activities. At a

naval base, Naval Computer and

Telecommunications Centers or

Detachments furnish base

telecommunication and computer

services and provide entry into the DCS.

The NCTAMS is administratively

subordinate to the Commander, NCTC.
IV-8

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

Communications, and Computers referred

to as SC. The SC is responsible to the Chief

of Staff of the Air Force for architecture and

technical policy, joint interoperability

matters, future concepts, monitoring

programs, and budgets for the Air Force C4

infrastructure. The SC currently has

responsibility for direct oversight of three

directorates and three Field Operating

Agencies. On the staff side are: Plans, Policy,

and Resources; Architectures, Standards, and

Interoperability; and Mission Support.

Organizations outside the staff include the

Air Force Pentagon Communications

Agency; Air Force Frequency Management

Agency; and the Air Force C4 Agency.

Operational and tactical level communications

are within the Air Combat Command at

Langley AFB, VA.

• The Air Force Pentagon Communications

Agency (AFPCA) is responsible for

supporting Air Force communications in

the Pentagon and the Washington, D.C.

area. They were reorganized in March,

1995 under the single agency manager

for Pentagon Technical Services, but will

continue to function as AFPCA.

• The Air Force Frequency Management

Agency is responsible for all matters

involving frequency management.

• The Air Force C4 Agency is responsible

for carrying out policy directed by the

AF Deputy Chief of Staff for C4. As the

technical arm of Headquarters USAF/SC,

it ensures C4 integration across the Air

Force.

• The 3 Combat Communications Group

(CCG) at Tinker AFB, OK, and the 5

CCG at Warner Robins AFB, GA, are

subordinate to the Air Combat Command

at Langley AFB, VA. The 1 Combat

Communications Squadron (CCS) and

644 CCS are subordinate to US Air

Forces Europe and Pacific Air Forces,

respectively. Additionally, Air National

Guard and Air Reserve Forces Combat

Communications Squadrons are also

employed when required. CCG/CCS

Architectures,

Technology, &

Interoperability

Mission Systems

US AIR FORCE C4

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Air Force

Deputy Chief of Staff

Command, Control,

Communications, & Computers

Infrastructure

Strategic Systems

Visual Information

Tactical / Intelligence

Systems

Architecture

Interoperability &

Integration

Technology &

Standards

Force Management

Resources

Program Evaluation

Plans & Policy

Frequency

Management Agency

Air Force C4 Agency

Air Force Pentagon

Communications

Agency

Field Operating

Agencies

Plans, Policy, &

Resources

Figure IV-4. US Air Force C4 Organizational Structure
IV-9

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

missions will be to deploy equipment and

personnel to augment initial

communications capabilities already in

theater. Their assets provide a more

robust mixture of Tri-Service Tactical

Communications (TRI-TAC) and

commercial communications equipment

than is often found in a theater of

operations. Capabilities provide long

haul communications capabilities to

include ground mobile forces (GMF)

satellite, tropospheric and line of sight

(LOS) microwave, digital and analog

switching, record communications, and

technical control capabilities. Under the

Theater Deployable Communications

program, older TRI-TAC equipment will

be replaced with advanced digital

equipment which includes multi-band

capable satellite terminals capable of

backward compatibility with GMF

terminals while also being capable of

using commercial satellite bands. In

addition to the more robust

communications capabilities, the CCGs

and CCSs provide deployed Air Traffic

Control capabilities to support bare base

operations.

i. Marine Corps Communications

Organizations. The US Marine Corps is a

separate Service within the Department of the

Navy. Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC)

is located at the Navy Annex of the Pentagon,

Washington, D.C. The Commandant of the

Marine Corps (CMC) has the primary

responsibility for recruiting, organizing,

training, equipping, and providing Marine

forces for assignment to combatant

commands. The Service administers and

supports those forces, including C4, through

a senior staff and subordinate commands.

• As shown in Figure IV-5, the CMC’s

principal military staff assistant for

communications and intelligence

functions is the Assistant Chief of Staff

for C4I. The C4I Department located at

HQMC is responsible for all matters

regarding these functional areas, to

include planning, programming,

budgeting, directing, and operations.

• In addition to the headquarters staff, two

large Marine Corps support commands

have communications responsibilities: the

Marine Corps Systems Command

and the Marine Corps Combat

Development Center located at

Quantico, VA. They are responsible for

developing C4I-related doctrine, training

and education, equipment acquisition

strategies, technical development, and

hardware and software program oversight.

• All US Marine Corps operational forces

are organized for combat as Marine airground task forces (MAGTFs).

Regardless of size, each MAGTF

consists of a command element, a ground

combat element, an aviation combat

element, and a combat service

support element. All have

communications requirements and

support organizations. Figure IV-6

illustrates the structure of a notional US

Marine Corps operational backbone

communications structure.

• MAGTFs are assigned to two regional

Marine Forces: Marine Forces

Atlantic and Marine Forces Pacific

(MARFORPAC). These commands are

Marine components of the various

geographic combatant commanders; they

concurrently constitute the Marine

segments of US Navy components to

geographic combatant commanders. For

example, the Commanding General,

MARFORPAC, is the Marine component

commander for USCENTCOM and

USPACOM. The most recent addition

to the organizational structure is

Marine Forces Europe, which is located

near USEUCOM headquarters at

Vaihingen, Germany.
IV-10

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

US MARINE CORPS COMMUNICATION

AND INTELLIGENCE OVERVIEW

Secretary of the

Navy

USMC Combat

Development

Quantico, VA

Commandant

US Marine Corps

USMC Systems

Command

Quantico, VA

Marine Corps Computer and

Telecommunication Activity

Quantico, VA

Intelligence Activity

Quantico, VA

Assistant Chief of

Staff C4I

Intelligence

Division

C4I Systems

Division

Deputy

ACS Intelligence

Deputy ACS C4I

Systems

Integration

Resource

Management

Division

Figure IV-5. US Marine Corps Communications and Intelligence Overview

• Marine Forces Pacific has two

warfighting MAGTFs: I Marine

Expeditionary Force (MEF) located at

Camp Pendleton, CA, and III MEF

assigned to Camp Butler, Okinawa,

Japan. Marine Forces Atlantic, with

headquarters at Camp Lejeune, NC, is

assigned II MEF, which is also homebased at Camp Lejeune, NC. Each MEF

contains a command element, an

infantry division, a Marine aircraft

wing, and a service support group.

MEFs can be further task-organized as

operationally necessary into smaller

MAGTFs; additionally, it is possible to

add elements to a MEF to increase

combat power. During the Gulf War, for

example, both the 1st Marine Division

(from I MEF) and the 2nd Marine

Division (from II MEF), along with
IV-11

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

NOTIONAL US MARINE CORPS OPERATIONAL

BACKBONE COMMUNICATIONS STRUCTURE

Tropo

AN / TRC-170

GMF

SAT

JFACC

Defense

Communications

System (DCS)

Navy

Telecommunications

System (NTS)

MEF

(MAGTF HQ)

Tropo

AN / TRC-170

Tropo

AN / TRC-170

Tropo

AN / TRC-170

GMF

SAT

GMF

SAT

GMF

SAT

GMF SAT

AN / TSC-85

UHF SAT

AN / TSC-96

LOS

AN / MRC-142

LOS

AN / MRC-142

JTF

Division

(GCE)

Air Wing

(ACE)

FSSG

(CSSE)

Figure IV-6. Notional US Marine Corps Operational Backbone Communications Structure

coalition forces, formed the ground

combat element of I MEF—

USCENTCOM’s Marine component.

• Organic telecommunications and

intelligence support to the MEF

headquarters is provided by a

Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and

Intelligence Group (SRIG). Within

SRIGs are a communications battalion,

a radio battalion, and other tactical

surveillance and intelligence organizations.

• The communications battalion, the

major communications unit within a

MEF, is charged with providing

common-user, general service

message, and other telecommunications

support as required to the MEF

headquarters. This includes, but is not

limited to, multi-channel satellite, single

channel satellite, multi-channel

terrestrial, and single channel terrestrial

transmissions systems, along with

circuit, packet, and message switching

services. The communications

battalion also provides necessary

equipment to interface with the DCS,

the Naval Telecommunications System,

JTF systems, and multinational military

systems as required. The communications

battalion may be augmented as
IV-12

Chapter IV

Joint Pub 6-0

directed for joint operations by JTFprovided communications equipment

and systems. A communications

battalion is located with each MEF—

the 7th with III MEF on Okinawa, Japan;

the 8th with II MEF at Camp Lejeune,

NC; and the 9th with I MEF at Camp

Pendleton, CA.

• MAGTF Special Compartmented

Intelligence (SCI) communications

terminal support is provided by dedicated

Special Security Communications

Teams from the SRIG’s radio battalion.

The communications battalion, however,

provides most of the trunking and

switching support for SCI circuits within

the MEF.

• Each Marine aircraft wing has an organic

communications squadron, each Marine

division an organic communications

company, and each service support group

a communications company. These

communications units provide internal

communication to their respective

organizations; the MEF’s communication

battalion provides common-user external

communications.

• The traditional staff functions of

communications-electronics and

computer systems have been

combined in all Marine tactical

organizations from the MEF

headquarters to the battalion/squadron

level into one principal staff officer titled

either the G-6 or S-6, depending on the

size of the unit. For example, a MEF has

a G-6, while an infantry battalion has an

S-6.

j. Coast Guard Communications

Organizations. Although the Coast Guard

is attached to the Department of

Transportation, it has participated, as an arm

of the US Navy, in every national conflict. It

routinely participates in various DOD

activities and in Navy fleet and joint exercises.

The Coast Guard is headquartered in

Washington, D.C., and has an Atlantic and

Pacific area headquarters, ten district

headquarters, ten air stations, and twelve

communications and long-range electronic

aid to navigation (LORAN) stations that

provide C4 support worldwide. The Coast

Guard Office of Command, Control,

and Communications manages

communications organizations that

routinely interact with the Services, as do

subordinate units engaged directly in

operations involving the joint community.

The Coast Guard is directly connected with

all major DOD common-user systems such

as Defense Data Network, Defense Switched

Network, and Defense Commercial

Telecommunications Network. Additionally,

it plays a very active role in the counterdrug

community and has C4 access to systems

supporting that effort.

• In addition to major systems connectivity,

the Coast Guard has mobile/

transportable systems such as ultra high

frequency (UHF) tactical satellite

(TACSAT) and LOS radio systems that

provide secure and nonsecure

connectivity at the operator level. This

is important to the day-to-day operations

where it and the military community

routinely interact. Examples include

search and rescue, aids to

navigation, and maritime law

enforcement. Major missions under the

latter category include customs and

immigration issues such as those recently

experienced with Haitian refugees, and

daily operations in the areas of smuggling

and narcotics enforcement.

• Organizationally, several

communications responsibilities exist

in the mission area of aids to

navigation that are especially important

to the Navy and Air Force. These include

the long-range electronic aid to
IV-13

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

navigation known as LORAN-C,

Differential Global Positioning System,

and OMEGA. In a related mission, the

Coast Guard has an important role in

Global Positioning System (GPS)

management. Specifically, it operates the

GPS Information Center that provides

civil users of that system with system

status and other GPS satellite

information. In that regard, it works

directly with the United States Space

Command in the development of the

DOD Operational Capability Reporting

Management System regarding the

interface of the military with the

nonmilitary GPS community.

k . Special Operations Forces

Communications Organizations. Special

operations forces (SOF) have unique

missions that include direct action, strategic

reconnaissance, unconventional warfare,

foreign internal defense, counterterrorism,

psychological operations, and civil affairs.

The execution of these missions often

requires communications and intelligence

systems support that is distinctly different

from that required by conventional forces.

• Located at MacDill AFB in Tampa, FL,

US Special Operations Command

(USSOCOM) is the combatant

command with oversight of the special

operations community. In normal

circumstances, the orientation of

USSOCOM is support, not operational

control. It does so with the help of its

four component commands, which

similarly have intelligence and

communications staffs, but also have

units and capabilities that can be tasked

to support communications missions.

• SOF units require lightweight, highly

mobile, and efficient communications

that have a low probability of detection

and interception. SOF units have

organic communications capability to

connect tactical headquarters to small

deployed elements operating in the field.

Communications normally consist of

UHF satellite and high frequency (HF)

or UHF/very high frequency LOS

communications equipment. USSOCOM

acquired communications systems under

a program called “Crashout,” that provide

an initial deployable communications

Joint Special Operations Task Force

(JSOTF) package. These packages

include commercial and military

transmission, cryptographic, terminal

equipment, power generation assets,

UHF TACSAT, international maritime

commercial satellite, HF radios, STU-III

secure telephones, and computer

terminals.

5. DOD Agency Responsibilities

DOD Agency Responsibilities:

a. DIA is responsible for developing,

implementing, and managing the

configuration of information, data, and

communications standards for intelligence

systems, in coordination with the Joint Staff,

Services, other agencies, and the Office of the

Secretary of Defense. DIA establishes defense

wide intelligence priorities for attaining

interoperability between tactical, theater, and

national intelligence related systems and

between intelligence related systems and

tactical, theater, and national C4 systems.

b. DISA is responsible for ensuring

that the DCS/DISN meets the worldwide

network and transmission telecommunications

requirements of the NCA, DOD, and other

authorized government agencies and

departments. DISA is further charged with

providing reliable, flexible information

services to all users at acceptable costs.

These services include providing network

service to facilitate information transfer;

planning, programming, and network system

engineering; implementing all DISN
IV-14

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Joint Pub 6-0

programs; and centralized internal DISA

telecommunications services. DISA, for

example, has operational control of the

Defense Network (scheduled to be replaced

1 October 1995 by DISN Internet Protocol

Router Data Services), video teleconferencing

for all DOD, the Red Switch Network, the

Defense Message System, and other extensive

telecommunications and computer networks.

The Director, DISA, is also designated the

Nuclear C3 System Engineer. The Nuclear

C3 System Engineer is charged with providing

technical support to the Joint Staff in carrying

out responsibilities with respect to the Nuclear

C3 System. This nuclear C3 technical support

includes: operational assessments, the drafting

of related Joint Emergency Action Procedures

and Operation Plans, developing battlestaff

certification plans, providing assessments

of engineering or operational issues,

recommending techniques and systems to

counteract the threat, performing threat

assessments to include survivability studies,

and proposing developmental efforts and new

C3 systems to meet Nuclear C3 System

objectives.

• DISA is also responsible for specifying

interfaces with non-DCS/DISN military

and commercial elements and

recommending standards to promote

interoperability between DCS and nonDCS stations. It also analyzes non-DOD

communications activities and facilities

that can be fully integrated or collocated

with DCS/DISN operating facilities.

• A significant quantity of critically

important intelligence circuits traverse

DCS/DISN transmission and switching

networks or commercial networks

maintained by DISA. Consequently,

knowledge of this agency and how it

operates is important for those

intelligence planners who are developing

new requirements that require

communications support.

c. The National Security Agency is

responsible for developing and prescribing

cryptographic standards and principles

that are technically secure and sound;

development and executive management of

DOD cryptographic hardware and software

systems; and providing specialized support to

the NCA and operating forces (e.g., National

Intelligence Support Teams and other special

capabilities).

6. Responsibilities of the JTF

Establishing Authority

The establishing authority:

a. Ensures that C4 systems personnel,

COMSEC, and equipment requirements of

the Commander, Joint Task Force (CJTF), and

Commander, Joint Special Operations Task

Force, are supported.

b. Coordinates C4 activities with the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, DISA,

Services, combatant commands, component

forces, and others, as appropriate.

c. Prepares C4 policy and guidance to

enable subordinate forces to operate within

the unified command structure.

d. Ensures compatibility of JTF C4

systems.

7. CJTF Responsibility

The CJTF:

a. Ensures adequate and effective C4

systems are available to support the joint

force C2 infrastructure.

b. Publishes C4 plans, annexes, and

operating instructions to support the

assigned mission.
IV-15

C4 Systems Employment Responsibilities

c. Provides overall management of all C4

systems supporting the JTF.

d. Reviews and coordinates C4 plans

prepared by subordinate commands.

e . Requests CJCS-controlled

transportable communications assets,

including JCSE assets, in accordance

with CJCS MOP 3, “CJCS-Controlled

Communications Assets” and other established

procedures. (See Chapter II for additional

information on spectrum management

responsibilities.)

f. Ensures compatibility of JTF C4

systems.

8. The JTF Director of C4

Systems (J-6) Responsibilities

The JTF J-6:

a. Responds to the CJTF on all C4

matters.

b. Exercises staff supervision, operational

direction, and management control of all

CJCS-controlled transportable assets,

including JCSE, and C4 assets employed in

joint C4 systems and networks.

c. Establishes the JCCC to support top

level network control and management within

the joint operations area.

9. Joint Communications

Support Element

Responsibilities

The JCSE is a unique communications

organization under the operational control of

the CJCS. Headquartered at MacDill AFB,

the JCSE consists of an active duty element

of about 500 personnel and two Air National

Guard Joint Communications Support

Squadrons. JCSE’s primary mission is to

provide tactical communications support

for two simultaneously deployed JTFs and

two JSOTFs. The JCSE possesses a wide

range of tactical communications

capabilities tailored to meet a variety of

contingency missions. The unit is staffed with

personnel from all the Services and is

equipped with a wide array of tactical and

commercial communications equipment.

10. DISA Liaison Officer

Responsibilities

The DISA Liaison Officer:

a. Serves as the interface between

exercise and/or joint operation participants

and DISA.

b. Provides staff advice to the JTF J-6 on

DISN matters.
IV-16

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Intentionally Blank
CHAPTER V

JOINT AND MULTINATIONAL C4 SYSTEMS

STANDARDIZATION AND PROCEDURES

V-1

1. Standardization

Standardization among allied nations

and the United States is achieved through

international forums in accordance with

policy and procedures in CJCSI 2700.01,

“International Military Rationalization,

Standardization, and Interoperability (RSI)

Between the United States and Its Allies and

Other Friendly Nations.” This policy

document covers all aspects of

interoperability. With respect to C4

systems, the policy focuses on enhancing

multinational combat capabilities for US

military forces to communicate and share

data and information. Areas of particular

concern for compatibility and commonality

include C4 and automated information

systems, battlefield surveillance systems,

target designation systems, and target

acquisition systems, and COMSEC hardware

and software systems.

a. The United States participates in many

forums of RSI negotiations around the

world, including:

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO). All wartime essential

communication computer systems used

in the European theater will comply with

the NATO Air Command and Control

System.

“When masses of troops are employed, certainly they are widely separated,

and ears are not able to hear acutely nor eyes to see clearly.

Therefore officers and men are ordered to advance or retreat by observing

the flags and banners and to move or stop by signals of bells and drums.

Thus the valiant shall not advance alone, nor shall the coward flee.”

Chang Yu: (c. 1000)

Unique operating environments may require specialized C4 systems.
V-2

Chapter V

Joint Pub 6-0

• Other multilateral organizations

(e.g., American, British, Canadian,

Australian Armies, Air Standardization

Coordinating Committee, Multinational

Communications-Electronics Board).

• Bilateral contacts.

b. For C4 systems multinational doctrine,

the Command, Control, Communications,

and Computer Systems Directorate (J-6)

is the Joint Staff office of primary

responsibility.

2. Military

Communication-Electronics

Board (MCEB)

The MCEB is a decisionmaking instrument

of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

and the Secretary of Defense for determining

corporate system C4 strategy to support the

warfighter. The MCEB considers and

resolves issues related to the interoperability,

compatibility, and integration of the C4I For

The Warrior vision. The MCEB is chaired

by the Director for Command, Control,

Communications, and Computer Systems (J6), Joint Staff, and composed of twenty-two

organizations from the Services and Defense

agencies at the flag officer/Senior Executive

Service level.

3. Joint and Allied Publications

Communications methods and

procedures for joint and multinational

communications-electronics matters, which

are established by the MCEB for use by the

Military Services, appear in the following

publications:

a. Allied Communications Publications

(ACPs). These publications are produced in

conjunction with allied nations. MCEB

supervises US participation in the production

of ACPs. ACPs are approved for US use by

the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

b. Joint Army-Navy-Air Force

Publications (JANAPs) and Supplements

to ACPs. JANAPs and US supplements to

ACP’s US C4 publications are developed

under the direction of the Chairman of the

Joint Chiefs of Staff for US use under the

following conditions:

• When no ACP covers a specific subject.

• To expedite the provision of new or

supporting information to the Armed

Forces of the United States pending

acceptance by other allied nations.

• To meet requirements peculiar to

specialized US operations or for

providing such augmenting, supporting,

or new information to enhance or clarify

usage of ACPs.
CHAPTER VI

GLOBAL C4 INFRASTRUCTURE

VI-1

1. The Nature of the Global

Information Environment

Advances in information technologies

and continued reduction in cost of

information-related equipment and

systems continue to fuel an explosion of

networks around the globe that form the

infosphere. In reality, the various labels placed

on systems and networks are misleading as

there are no discrete boundaries in the

information environment. All are inextricably

intertwined and this trend will only intensify

with the continuous application of rapidly

advancing technology.

a. Viewing this environment as an

infosphere reveals its true nature. This

worldwide telecommunications web

transcends industry, media, and the military

and includes both government and

nongovernment entities. The infosphere

electronically links organizations and

individuals around the globe. It is

characterized by a merging of civilian and

military information networks and

technologies. While the benefits received are

tremendous, reliance on this technology and

infrastructure generates dependence and

dependence creates vulnerabilities that have

to be accounted for and overcome.

b. In the post-Cold War era, US military

forces are tasked with a wide variety

of missions, from disaster relief, to

peacekeeping, to fighting a major regional

“Just as we capitalized on our strong base of heavy manufacturing to gain

victory in World War II, we will rely on America’s dynamic new base of

available technologies to tailor our fighting force to tomorrow’s battlefield.

Specifically, we are exploiting advances in information technology to raise

our readiness to respond to unstable situations throughout the world.”

General Gordan R. Sullivan

Timely relevant information is critical for successful military operations.
VI-2

Chapter VI

Joint Pub 6-0

conflict. Declining resources dictate that the

US military accomplish this wider variety of

roles and missions with a smaller force

structure. Historically, the US military has

relied on technology as a force multiplier

to accomplish assigned missions as efficiently

as possible while preserving human life and

limiting the destruction of property. One way

to accomplish such missions efficiently is

to leverage sophisticated information

technologies. Today, and in the future,

efficient use of information technologies will

require the support of the infosphere,

including both an evolving national and

defense information infrastructure.

2. National Communications

System

The National Communications System

is an interagency group that coordinates the

telecommunications assets of 23 Federal

departments and agencies to ensure

compatibility and interoperability during

emergencies without compromising day-today operations.

a. The NCS consists of the

telecommunications assets of the entities

represented on the NCS Committee of

Principals and an administrative structure

consisting of the Executive Agent, the NCS

Committee of Principals, and the Manager.

NCS Committee of Principals consists of

representatives from those Federal

departments, agencies, or entities

designated by the President that lease or

own telecommunications facilities or

services of significance to national security

or emergency preparedness. The NCS

includes, to the extent permitted by law, other

Executive entities that bear policy,

regulatory, or enforcement responsibilities

of importance to national security or

emergency preparedness telecommunications

capabilities.

b. The NCS departments, agencies, or

entities include the Departments of State,

Treasury, Commerce, Defense, Justice,

Interior, Agriculture, Health and Human

Services, Transportation, Energy, and

Veterans Affairs; Central Intelligence Agency,

General Services Administration; US

Information Agency; National Aeronautics

and Space Administration; Federal

Emergency Management Agency; Federal

Communications Commission; Nuclear

Regulatory Commission; Postal Service;

Federal Reserve System; National Security

Agency; National Telecommunications and

Information Agency; and the Joint Staff. The

assets are operated and funded by their

respective parent agencies, pursuant to

cross-Service or mutual support arrangements.

c. The purpose of the NCS is to assist the

President, National Security Council, Office

of Science and Technology Policy, and Office

of Management and Budget to:

• Exercise their wartime and nonwartime emergency functions and their

planning and oversight responsibilities.

• Coordinate the planning for and

provision of national security and

emergency preparedness communications

for the Federal government under all

circumstances.

d. The Secretary of Defense is the

Executive Agent for the NCS. The principal

adviser for NCS matters is the Assistant

Secretary of Defense for Command, Control,

Communications, and Intelligence. The

Director, DISA, is the Manager, NCS.

3. Defense Information Systems

Network

The DISN is a composite of certain DOD

information systems and networks under
VI-3

Global C4 Infrastructure

the management control and C4 systems

operational direction of DISA. The DISN is

a significant effort that has been

undertaken by DOD to transform the way

information is developed, used, and shared.

This includes modifications to the existing

DCS to establish a defense information

infrastructure, the Corporate Information

Management initiative, programs to

implement the CJCS C4I For The Warrior

concept, and the integration of advanced

technology demonstrations conducted under

the global grid initiative. DISN will ultimately

subsume or replace most Service- and

Agency-unique stovepipe networks and

systems.

a. The existing DCS provides the long

haul, point-to-point, and switched network

telecommunications needed to satisfy the C2

requirements of DOD and civil agencies

directly concerned with national security or

other critical emergency requirements. DCS

facilities are employed in support of C2,

operations, intelligence, weather, logistic, and

administrative functions. The objective of

the DCS is to organize the complex of DOD

communications networks, equipment,

control centers, and resources to provide an

effective, responsive, survivable worldwide

communications system. The system provides

maximum security consistent with threat,

cost effectiveness, and acceptable risk factors

and makes use of any DCS circuitry available

at a given time for fulfilling the priority needs

of the users.

b. The DISN architecture (see Figure

VI-1) prescribes a global network

integrating existing DCS assets, military

satellite communications, commercial satellite

communications initiatives, leased

telecommunications services, as well as the

dedicated worldwide enterprise-level

telecommunications infrastructure that

provides the interoperable transport for the

end-to-end transfer of information in support

of military operations.

DIR DIR

ATM

Switch

ATM

Switch

ATM

Switch

ATM

Switch

KEY ELEMENTS OF THE DISN GOAL

BISDN

Tandem

BISDN

Access

BISDN

Tandem

BISDN

Tandem ATM

Switch

ATM

LAN

BISDN

Tandem

ATM

LAN

DIR

IMC IMC IMC IMC

DIR

Airborne /

Mobile

Shipboard,

Transportable,

Personal

User

Elements

User

Elements LOCAL

AREA

LOCAL

AREA

FIXED ELEMENTS DEPLOYED / MOBILE ELEMENTS

WIDE AREA

FIXED DEPLOYED

G

R

C

C

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

C Terminal Connection

DIR Directory

DPI Data Processing Installation

IMC Integrated Management Center

PCS Personal Communications Service

R Radio

V / D / I Voice, Data, Imagery

G SATCOM / Terrestrial Gateway

Terminal

T SATCOM Trunk Terminal

SATCOM or Radio Link

Fiber Optics

Terrestrial Connectivity Whenever Available

Integrated Systems and Network Management and Control

SENSOR

Multilevel

Source V / D / I

Workstation

High Definition

Studio Video

Megacenter

DPI

PCS

Figure VI-1. Key Elements of the DISN Goal Architecture
VI-4

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Joint Pub 6-0

c. The development of DISN will be an

evolutionary process that will support the

military’s move into the 21st century

information age, and will replace the

individual legacy communications systems

with a seamless transport.

4. Global Command and

Control System

GCCS provides a fused picture of the

battlespace within a modern C4 system

capable of meeting warfighter needs into the

21st century. It incorporates the core planning

and assessment tools required by the

combatant commanders and their subordinate

joint force commanders and meets the

readiness support requirements of the

Services. GCCS is required to move the

combatant commanders and subordinate joint

force commanders joint C2 support capability

into the modern era of client/server

architecture using commercial, open systems

standards for both commercial and

government off-the-shelf applications. The

umbrella standards and unifying approach that

GCCS brings to the ongoing DOD C4I

migration strategy are essential for the

Services and agencies to successfully reduce

the large number of systems in use today.

a. Much of what has been defined as GCCS

initial operating capability has been fielded

at several operational sites and networked via

the DISN. GCCS is being implemented at all

combatant commands and their components

and at the Service headquarters. The Joint

Staff, in consultation with the combatant

commanders, will apply a set of user-defined

criteria in determining precisely when GCCS

will be declared fully operational.

b. Until GCCS is fielded, WWMCCS

will continue to provide the means for

strategic and operational direction and

technical administrative and decision

support for the command and control of

US military forces. WWMCCS ensures

effective connectivity among the NCA, the

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and

other components of the NMCS down to the

Service component commanders. The system

is comprised of:

• The National Military Command

System.

• The C4 systems of the combatant

commands.

• The WWMCCS-related management

and information systems of the

headquarters of the Military Departments.

• The C4 systems of the headquarters of

the Service component commands.

• The C4 support systems of DOD

agencies.

c. WWMCCS is described in DOD

Directive 5100.30 and the Joint Pub 6-03,

“WWMCCS Objectives and Management

Plan,” series. The primary mission of

WWMCCS is to support the NCA’s C2

function. On a noninterference basis,

WWMCCS is available to support the

combatant commanders.

d. WWMCCS automation elements are

a subset of WWMCCS and extend through

the various levels of C2. The flow of

information through the system is enhanced

by both formalized reporting systems

defined in the Joint Pub 1-03, “Joint Reporting

Structure,” series (to be replaced by a series

of CJCS manuals) and by standard

compatible communications and computer

systems interconnected to form a network of

reporting systems and data bases. WWMCCS

automation supports joint operation planning

and execution functions. The basic

WWMCCS elements are described in Figure

VI-2.
VI-5

Global C4 Infrastructure

BASIC WORLDWIDE MILITARY

COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM ELEMENTS

Primary and alternate command facilities

Tactical warning systems that notify operational command

centers of threatening events

General and special purpose communications to convey

information, hold conferences, and issue orders

Data collection and processing systems

Executive decision aids such as documents, procedures,

reporting structures, and an interactive system permitting

the user to connect with the system, enter data, and

receive output records, forms, and displays

Figure VI-2. Basic Worldwide Military Command and Control System Elements

5. National Military Command

System

a. The NMCS is the priority component

of WWMCCS (GCCS) designed to support

the NCA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the

exercise of their responsibilities. The NMCS

provides the means by which the President

and the Secretary of Defense can receive

warning and intelligence so that accurate and

timely decisions can be made, the resources

of the Military Departments can be applied,

military missions can be assigned, and

direction can be communicated to combatant

commanders or the commanders of other

commands established by the NCA. The

NMCS must be capable of providing

information so that appropriate and timely

responses can be selected, directed, and

implemented by the NCA.

b. Both the communication of warning and

intelligence from all sources and the

communication of decisions and commands

to military forces require that the NMCS be

a responsive, reliable, and survivable

system. This capability requires that the C4

systems within WWMCCS be configured and

operated for effective support of the NMCS

as well as their specific missions. Systems

must be compatible and interoperable. C4

systems must provide direct connection or realtime relay wherever necessary. Data and

message text formats must be standard. All

details of system configuration and operation

must be as efficient as possible in terms of

both effectiveness and use of resources.

c. An enduring command structure with

survivable C4 systems is both required and

fundamental to NMCS continuity of

operations.
VI-6

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Joint Pub 6-0

• The NMCS includes four primary

nodes—th e Nationa l Military

Command Center,

United States Strategic Command

Center, United States Space Command

Center, the National Airborne Operations

Center, and such other command centers

as may be designated by the Secretary of

Defense. Support of the NMCS will be

the priority function of all primary and

alternate command centers.

• These centers must be linked by

reliable C4 systems, supported by

warning and intelligence systems, and

continuously staffed and ready for use.

Special capabilities must be provided

for communication with strategic

offensive and defensive forces and for

other forces that may be required for

quick reaction in crises. In this case, the

communications will be designated

and operated to ensure minimum

elapsed time for the transmission of

orders to the operating units of these

forces. The NMCS also includes C4

systems connecting its centers with

primary and alternate command centers

of the following:

•• Headquarters of the combatant

commands.

•• Service Headquarters of the Military

Departments.

•• Other designated commands and

DOD agencies that provide support

through the WWMCCS.

•• Major or key intelligence direction,

analysis, and indication and warning

centers.

•• Other functional activities; e.g.,

counterdrug.

d. Effective coordination and liaison

must be established and maintained with

those activities of the US Government

outside the Department of Defense that

have functions associated with the NMCS;

e.g., the White House Situation Room,

Department of State Operations Center,

Central Intelligence Agency Operations

Center, the National Coordinating Center for

Telecommunications, UN Military Mission,

US Coast Guard Operations Center,

Federal Aviation Administration Executive

C4 Systems extend the joint warriors' ability

to exchange information across vast distances.
VI-7

Global C4 Infrastructure

Communications Control Center, and such

other agencies, activities, or centers as may

be designated.

• Appropriate military information will

be provided to these associated systems

through the NMCS, using timely,

secure, and reliable communications

systems. Conversely, political,

intelligence, diplomatic, and economic

information input to the NMCS will be

provided by these same systems. In

addition, the NMCS should provide

communications to support

representatives of the White House

and other Government activities that

may use the NMCS in a politico-military

situation concerning strategic direction

of US military forces.

• The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

will provide for lateral coordination

with US Government activities

external to the Department of Defense

to ensure necessary interchange of data

to and from the NMCS.

6. Command Relationships

a. Commanders of combatant commands

will develop agreements that clearly

delineate the commanders’ relationships with

the DISA field organizations within their areas

of responsibility. The agreements will be

governed by the guidance in DOD Directive

5105.19, “Defense Information Systems

Agency (DISA),” additional guidance issued

by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,

and the following policy:

• Directors of DISA field organizations

and Service component commanders

will be responsive to the operational

needs of the combatant commanders,

who exercise combatant command

(command authority) (COCOM) over

the Service component operating

elements of the DISN. This authority is

normally exercised through the Service

component commanders.

• In accordance with DOD Directive

5105.19, “Defense Information Systems

Agency (DISA),” DISA field

organizations, under the command of

the Director, DISA, exercise operational

direction (the authoritative direction

necessary to ensure the effective

operation of the DISN) over the DISN

operating elements.

• If a major emergency necessitates the use

of all available forces, the combatant

commanders have COCOM over the

Service component operating elements

of the DISN. In exercising this authority,

the combatant commanders will be

cognizant of DISN support to the NCA,

DOD agencies, and other combatant

commanders and will preserve DISN

integrity and standards to the maximum

possible extent.

• Operating elements of the DISN are

subject to authoritative direction from

different sources. To avoid conflicting

direction, the combatant commanders

will normally express their DISN

operational requirements to the senior

DISN field organization serving their

areas of responsibility.

b. Combatant commanders develop

campaign and operation plans with C4

systems annexes that stress the integrated

nature of the theater network. Component

tactical C4 systems will support the overall

network guidance and COCOM of the

combatant commander.

c. The relationships of the Chairman of

the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Military

Departments, and the combatant commanders

to DISA are further defined in DOD Directive

5105.19, “Defense Information Systems

Agency (DISA).”
VI-8

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Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

A-1

1. DOD Directive 4630.5, “Compatibility and Interoperability of Tactical Command,

Control, Communications, and Intelligence Systems.”

2. DOD Instruction 4630.8, “Procedures for Compatibility, Interoperability, and

Integration of Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Systems.”

3. CJCS MOP 30, “Command and Control Warfare.”

4. CJCSI 6212.01, “Compatibility, Interoperability, and Integration of Command,

Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence Systems.”

5. Joint Pub 0-2, “Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).”

6. Joint Pub 1-02, “Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”

7. Joint Pub 6-01.1, “Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) Message Standards.”

(To be replaced by a CJCS Manual)

8. Joint Pub 6-02, “Joint Doctrine for Employment of Operational/Tactical Command,

Control, Communications, and Computer Systems.” (Under revision)

9. Joint Pub 6-03 series, “WWMCCS Objectives and Management Plan.” (To be replaced

by a series of CJCS Manuals)

10. Joint Pub 6-04 series, “US Message Text Formatting.” (To be replaced by a series of

CJCS Manuals)

11. Joint Pub 6-05 series, “Manual for Employing Joint Tactical Communications

Systems.” (To be replaced by a series of CJCS Manuals)
A-2

Appendix A

Joint Pub 6-0

Intentionally Blank
APPENDIX B

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

B-1

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the

Joint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,

VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,

consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the Director for

Command, Control, Communications, and Computer Systems (J-6).

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J6/J7//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and

Interoperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in this

publication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an

enclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requested

to notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in

this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes

CHANGE COPY DATE OF DATE POSTED

NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
B-2

Appendix B

Joint Pub 6-0

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication

centers.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,

Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments or

foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office)

to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington D.C.

20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned

administrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,

“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:

Army: US Army AG Publication Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center

2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply Office

Distribution Division (Code 03443)

5801 Tabor Avenue

Philadelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base

Albany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)

2100 2nd Street, SW

Washington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is

unrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint

publications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.
GLOSSARY

PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

GL-1

ACE aviation combat element (MAGTF)

ACP Allied Communications Publication

AFPCA Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency

C2 command and control

C2S command and control support

C2W command and control warfare

C3 command, control, and communications

C4 command, control, communications, and computers

C4I command, control, communications, computers,

 and intelligence

C4IFTW C4I For The Warrior

CCG Combat Communications Group

CCS Combat Communications Squadron

CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

CJTF Commander, Joint Task Force

CJCSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction

CMC Commandant of the Marine Corps

CNO Chief of Naval Operations

COCOM combatant command (command authority)

COMSEC communications security

CSSE combat service support element (MAGTF)

DA Department of the Army

DCS Defense Communications System

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DISA Defense Information Systems Agency (formerly DCA)

DISN Defense Information Systems Network

DOD Department of Defense

DODD Department of Defense Directive

DODI Department of Defense Instruction

DOIM Directorate of Information Management

EAC Echelons Above Corps

EAM emergency action message

FSSG force service support group (MAGTF)

GCCS Global Command and Control System

GCE ground combat element

GMF ground mobile forces

GPS Global Positioning System
GL-2

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-0

HF high frequency

HQMC Headquarters Marine Corps

JANAP Joint Army, Navy, Air Force Publication

JCCC Joint Communications Control Center

JCSE Joint Communications Support Element

JFC joint force commander

JOPES Joint Operation Planning and Execution System

JRS Joint Reporting Structure

JSOTF Joint Special Operations Task Force

JTF joint task force

LORAN long-range electronic aids to navigation

LOS line of sight

LPD low probability of detection

LPI low probability of intercept

MAGTF Marine air-ground task force

MARFORPAC Marine Forces Pacific

MCEB Military Communications-Electronics Board

MEF Marine expeditionary force

MOP Memorandum of Policy

MSE mobile subscriber equipment

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NCA National Command Authorities

NCS National Communications System

NCTAMS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area

 Master Station

NCTC Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command

NCTS Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations

NIST National Intelligence Support Team

NMCS National Military Command System

NTS Navy Telecommunications System

OPLAN operation plan

OPSEC operations security

RSI rationalization, standardization, and interoperability

SC Deputy Chief of Staff for C4

SCI Sensitive Compartmented Intelligence

SINCGARS Single-Channel and Airborne Radio System

SOF special operations forces

SRIG Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Intelligence Group
GL-3

Glossary

TACSAT tactical satellite

TRI-TAC Tri-Service Tactical Communications Program

UHF ultra high frequency

UNAAF Unified Action Armed Forces

USAISC United States Army Information System Command

USCENTCOM United States Central Command

USCINCSOC Commander in Chief, United States Special

 Operations Command

USEUCOM United States European Command

USPACOM United States Pacific Command

USSOCOM US Special Operations Command

WWMCCS Worldwide Military Command and Control System
PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

GL-4 Joint Pub 6-0

authoritative direction over all aspects of

military operations, joint training, and

logistics necessary to accomplish the

missions assigned to the command.

Combatant command (command authority)

should be exercised through the

commanders of subordinate organizations.

Normally this authority is exercised through

subordinate joint force commanders and

Service and/or functional component

commanders. Combatant command

(command authority) provides full

authority to organize and employ

commands and forces as the combatant

commander considers necessary to

accomplish assigned missions. Operational

control is inherent in combatant command

(command authority). Also called

COCOM. (Joint Pub 1-02)

command. 1. The authority that a

commander in the Military Service lawfully

exercises over subordinates by virtue of

rank or assignment. Command includes the

authority and responsibility for effectively

using available resources and for planning

the employment of, organizing, directing,

coordinating, and controlling military

forces for the accomplishment of assigned

missions. It also includes responsibility for

health, welfare, morale, and discipline of

assigned personnel. 2. An order given by

a commander; that is, the will of the

commander expressed for the purpose of

bringing about a particular action. 3. A

unit or units, an organization, or an area

under the command of one individual. 4.

To dominate by a field of weapon fire or

by observation from a superior position.

(Joint Pub 1-02)

command and control. The exercise of

authority and direction by a properly

designated commander over assigned and

attached forces in the accomplishment of

the mission. Command and control

area of influence. A geographical area

wherein a commander is directly capable

of influencing operations by maneuver or

fire support systems normally under the

commander’s command or control. (Joint

Pub 1-02)

area of interest. That area of concern to the

commander, including the area of influence,

areas adjacent thereto, and extending into

enemy territory to the objectives of current

or planned operations. This area also

includes areas occupied by enemy forces

who could jeopardize the accomplishment

of the mission. (Joint Pub 1-02)

architecture. A framework or structure that

portrays relationships among all the

elements of the subject force, system, or

activity. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combatant command. A unified or specified

command with a broad continuing mission

under a single commander established and

so designated by the President, through the

Secretary of Defense and with the advice

and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint

Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands

typically have geographic or functional

responsibilities. (Joint Pub 1-02)

combatant command (command

authority). Nontransferable command

authority established by title 10 (“Armed

Forces”), United States Code, section 164,

exercised only by commanders of unified

or specified combatant commands unless

otherwise directed by the President or the

Secretary of Defense. Combatant

command (command authority) cannot be

delegated and is the authority of a

combatant commander to perform those

functions of command over assigned forces

involving organizing and employing

commands and forces, assigning tasks,

designating objectives, and giving
functions are performed through an

arrangement of personnel, equipment,

communications, facilities, and procedures

employed by a commander in planning,

directing, coordinating, and controlling

forces and operations in the accomplishment

of the mission. (Joint Pub 1-02)

command, control, communications, and

computer systems. Integrated systems of

doctrine, procedures, organizational

structures, personnel, equipment, facilities,

and communications designed to support a

commander’s exercise of command and

control across the range of military

operations. Also called C4 systems.

(Approved for inclusion in Joint Pub 1-02)

command and control warfare. The

integrated use of operations security

(OPSEC), military deception, psychological

operations (PSYOP), electronic warfare

(EW), and physical destruction, mutually

supported by intelligence, to deny

information to, influence, degrade, or

destroy adversary command and control

capabilities, while protecting friendly

command and control capabilities against

such actions. Command and control

warfare applies across the operational

continuum and all levels of conflict. Also

called C2W. C2W is both offensive and

defensive: a. counter-C2—To prevent

effective C2 of adversary forces by denying

information to, influencing, degrading, or

destroying the adversary C2 system. b. C2-

protection—To maintain effective

command and control of own forces by

turning to friendly advantage or negating

adversary efforts to deny information to,

influence, degrade, or destroy the friendly

C2 system. (Joint Pub 1-02)

commonality. A quality which applies to

materiel or systems: a. possessing like and

interchangeable characteristics enabling each

to be utilized, or operated and maintained, by

personnel trained on the others without

additional specialized training. b. having

interchangeable repair parts and/or

components. c. applying to consumable items

interchangeably equivalent without

adjustment. (Joint Pub 1-02)

communications. A method or means of

conveying information of any kind from one

person or place to another. (Joint Pub 1-02)

communications security. The protection

resulting from all measures designed to

deny unauthorized persons information of

value which might be derived from the

possession and study of telecommunications,

or to mislead unauthorized persons in their

interpretation of the results of such

possession and study. Also called COMSEC.

Communications security includes: a.

cryptosecurity; b. transmission security; c.

emission security; and d. physical security

of communications security materials and

information. a. cryptosecurity—The

component of communications security that

results from the provision of technically

sound cryptosystems and their proper use.

b. transmission security—The component

of communications security that results

from all measures designed to protect

transmissions from interception and

exploitation by means other than

cryptanalysis. c. emission security—The

component of communications security that

results from all measures taken to deny

unauthorized persons information of value

that might be derived from intercept and

analysis of compromising emanations from

crypto-equipment and telecommunications

systems. d. physical security—The

component of communications security that

results from all physical measures necessary

to safeguard classified equipment, material,

and documents from access thereto or

observation thereof by unauthorized

persons. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-5

Glossary
GL-6

Glossary

Joint Pub 6-0

compatibility. Capability of two or more

items or components of equipment or

material to exist or function in the same

system or environment without mutual

interference. (Joint Pub 1-02)

control. 1. Authority which may be less than

full command exercised by a commander

over part of the activities of subordinate or

other organizations. (Joint Pub 1-02)

information. 2. The meaning that a human

assigns to data by means of the known

conventions used in their representation.

(Joint Pub 1-02)

interoperability. 1. The ability of systems,

units, or forces to provide services to and

accept services from other systems, units,

or forces and to use the services so

exchanged to enable them to operate

effectively together. 2. The condition

achieved among communications-electronics

equipment when information or services

can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily

between them and/or their users. The degree

of interoperability should be defined when

referring to specific cases. (Joint Pub 1-02)

National Communications System. The

telecommunications system that results

from the technical and operational

integration of the separate

telecommunications systems of the several

executive branch departments and agencies

having a significant telecommunications

capability. Also called NCS. (Joint Pub

1-02)

National Military Command System. The

priority component of the Worldwide

Military Command and Control System

designed to support the National Command

Authorities and Joint Chiefs of Staff in the

exercise of their responsibilities. Also

called NMCS. (Joint Pub 1-02)

Service component command. A command

consisting of the Service component

commander and all those Service forces,

such as individuals, units, detachments,

organizations, and installations under the

command, including the support forces that

have been assigned to a combatant

command, or further assigned to a

subordinate unified command or joint task

force. (Joint Pub 1-02)

standardization. The process by which the

Department of Defense achieves the closest

practicable cooperation among the Services

and Defense agencies for the most efficient

use of research, development, and

production resources, and agrees to adopt

on the broadest possible basis the use of: a.

common or compatible operational,

administrative, and logistic procedures;

b. common or compatible technical

procedures and criteria; c. common,

compatible, or interchangeable supplies,

components, weapons, or equipment; and,

d. common or compatible tactical doctrine

with corresponding organizational

compatibility. (Joint Pub 1-02)

tactical command, control, communications,

and computer system(s). The facilities,

equipment, communications, procedures,

and personnel essential to theater level and

below commanders for planning, directing,

and controlling operations of assigned and

attached forces pursuant to the mission

assigned and which provide(s) for the

conveyance and/or exchange of data and

information from one person or force to

another. (Approved for inclusion in Joint

Pub 1-02)

telecommunication. Any transmission,

emission, or reception of signs, signals,

writings, images, sounds, or information of

any nature by wire, radio, visual, or other

electromagnetic systems. (Joint Pub 1-02)
Assessments/

Revision

CJCS

Approval

Two

Drafts

Program

Directive

Project

Proposal

J-7 formally staffs with

Services and CINCS

Includes scope of project,

references, milestones,

and who will develop

drafts

J-7 releases Program

Directive to Lead Agent.

Lead Agent can be

Service, CINC, or Joint

Staff (JS) Directorate

STEP #2

Program Directive

l

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l

The CINCS receive the pub and

begin to assess it during use

18 to 24 months following

publication, the Director J-7, will

solicit a written report from the

combatant commands and

Services on the utility and quality

of each pub and the need for any

urgent changes or earlier-thanscheduled revisions

No later than 5 years after

development, each pub is revised

STEP #5

Assessments/Revision

l

l

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Submitted by Services, CINCS, or Joint Staff

to fill extant operational void

J-7 validates requirement with Services and

CINCs

J-7 initiates Program Directive

l

l

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STEP #1

Project Proposal

All joint doctrine and tactics, techniques, and procedures are organized into a comprehensive hierarchy

as shown in the chart above. is the keystone publication for the series of

joint doctrine publications. The diagram below illustrates an overview of the development process:

Joint Pub 6-0 C4 Systems

JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

JOINT PUB 1-0

PERSONNEL

and

ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 4-0 JOINT PUB 6-0

LOGISTICS C4 SYSTEMS

JOINT PUB 0-2

JOINT PUB 1

UNAAF

JOINT

WARFARE

JOINT

DOCTRINE

PUBLICATION

Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Staff

Joint Staff takes responsibility for pub, makes

required changes and prepares pub for

coordination with Services and CINCS

Joint Staff conducts formal

staffing for approval as a Joint Publication

STEP #4

CJCS Approval

l

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Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority

(PRA) to develop the pub

PRA develops two draft pubs

PRA staffs each draft with CINCS, Services,

and Joint Staff

l

l

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STEP #3

Two Drafts

ENHANCED

JOINT

WARFIGHTING

CAPABILITY

INTELLIGENCE

JOINT PUB 2-0

OPERATIONS

JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT PUB 5-0

PLANS