NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 208

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and K. Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 208

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Tower Flux,

Meteorological, and Porometry Data

J. Harry McCaughey and Laura Liblik

Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022905 2018-05-15T06:40:14+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 208

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and K. Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 208

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Tower Flux,

Meteorological, and Porometry Data

J. Harry McCaughey and Laura Liblik

Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Porometry

Data

J. Harry McCaughey, Laura Liblik

Summary

The BOREAS TF-10 team collected tower flux and meteorological data at two sites, a fen and a young

jack pine forest, near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, as part of BOREAS. A preliminary data set was

assembled in August 1993 while field testing the instrument packages, and at both sites data were

collected from 15-Aug to 31-Aug. The main experimental period was in 1994, when continuous data

were collected from the young jack pine site from 23-May to 20-Sep. Upon examination of the 1994

data set, it became clear that the behavior of the heat, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes throughout the

whole growing season was an important scientific question, and that the 1994 data record was not

sufficiently long to capture the character of the seasonal behavior of the fluxes. Thus, the young jack

pine site was operated from 08-May to 07-Nov in 1996 in order to collect data from spring melt to

autumn freeze-up. All variables are presented as 30-minute averages. Supporting data were also

collected to describe the surface's state and to provide the information, in association with the flux

data, to build SVAT models. For the young jack pine site, these supporting data included stomatal

conductance measurements. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

Page 1
1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TF- 10 NSA-OJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Porometry Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The meteorological data collected from the fen and Young Jack Pine (YJP) towers represent, in

some sense, polar opposites of the range of surface climate conditions expected in the boreal forest.

The fen is normally characterized by abundant water close to, or located at, the surface, whereas the

YJP site can be one of the driest surfaces in the boreal forest. Jack pine generally inhabit well-drained,

sandy soils where, in the absence of regular precipitation, a significant water deficit can develop. The

data presented here bear out the contrast in the surface climate conditions experienced by the two sites.

For example, in the driest periods in the summer of 1994 it was common to measure mid-afternoon

Bowen ratios in the range of 10 to 15, leading to the characterization of the site as a "Green Desert"; at

the same time, the typical Bowen ratio at the fen seldom exceeded 1.0, and was usually closer to 0.8.

The YJP site can be fairly described as a fast response surface in that there were major and rapid

changes in flux behavior, especially in evaporation, as the site was wetted or when it dried down. No

such behavior could be ascribed to the fen because of the steadier supply of surface water.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

This project is concerned with the spatial heterogeneity of surface energy fluxes in the northern

boreal forest. The study was designed to compare surface radiation, energy, water, CO2 fluxes, and

their biophysical controls at both wetland and upland forest sites within the northern boreal forest.

Specific objectives of the study were as follows:

• To quantify the differences between surface-atmosphere interactions between the sites.

• To compare hydrological estimates of basin evaporation to modeled water loss values

(computed from knowledge of the vegetational composition of homogeneous landscape units

and their ecotones, and the functional response of these units to climatic forcing.

• To provide continuous tower fluxes of water, sensible heat, and CO2 in support of the

development of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models at the stand and

regional scales.

Data for this study were collected at two sites in the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Northern Study Area (NSA) at Thompson, Manitoba: a young jack pine forest (YJP), and a fen

wetland.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The following micrometeorological variables were measured at the YJP site: net radiation,

incoming and reflected solar radiation, incoming and outgoing longwave radiation, incoming and

reflected photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), wind speed, wind direction, wet- and dry-bulb

temperature, biomass temperature, soil temperature, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux,

CO2 flux, rainfall, and soil moisture.

In addition, the following biophysical variables were measured: stomatal conductance, leaf

temperature, leaf area index (LAI), tree height (h), diameter at breast height (dbh), and tree stem

density.

Page 2
1.5 Discussion

Data collected for this study can be divided into two primary groups: micrometeorological

measurements and biophysical measurements.

Micrometeorological Measurements:

The primary objective of this project was to develop a full suite of radiation, energy, and C02 flUX

measurements for the two flux tower sites. At both towers, identical instrumentation was used for data

collection. The measurement systems used can be briefly summarized as follows:

• Radiation balance fluxes, including PPFD, were monitored using standard instrumentation

mounted near the top of the flux towers.

• Soil heat flux (G) was measured using soil heat flux plates combined with calorimetric

calculations of heat storage (see Sections 4.1 and 9.1).

• Convective fluxes of latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat were measured directly via the eddy

covariance technique.

• Net CO2 flux (Feco2) was measured using an eddy covariance system; this system consisted

of a single-axis sonic anemometer and a fast-response infrared CO2 gas analyzer. The air

intake was located at the same level as the sonic anemometer, and air was drawn down to the

gas analyzer at the base of the tower. Lag times between the gas analyzer signal and the sonic

anemometer signal were included in the online processing of the flux; offline processing

included heat flux density corrections (Webb et al., 1980) and CO2 storage in the air layer

between the intake and the surface.

Flux data were supported with accompanying meteorological measurements. At each site, profiles of

wind speed, temperature, and humidity were measured in the lower boundary layer. In addition, soil

and biomass temperatures, wind direction, and rainfall were monitored.

Tower data at both sites were collected from 15-Aug to 31-Aug-1993. In 1994, the YJP tower was

operational almost continuously from 23-May to 30-Sep, and the fen tower was operational from

08-Apr to 23-Sep. Before 01-Jun, only convective energy fluxes and the supporting profile data were

measured at the fen to support an associated hydrological study of snowmelt in an adjoining basin

during the Focused Field Campaign (FFC) from 12-Apr to 02-May. CO2 flux data came online at the

fen by 01-Jun-1994. In 1995, only the fen was operational to support the continuation of the

hydrological experiment; data were collected from the tower from 15-Apr to 10-Jun. In 1996, the

measurement period at the YJP extended from 08-May to 07-Nov; at the fen data were collected from

29-Apr to 05-Nov.

Biophysical Measurements

The micrometeorological data at YJP were supplemented with biophysical data collected from areas

surrounding the tower. These measurements included (h), (dbh), (LAI), and stomatal conductance of

the coniferous overstory. The measurements, combined with the tower data, represent the basis for

intersite comparisons of surface-atmosphere interactions.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS HYD-01 Volumetric Soil Moisture Data

BOREAS TF- 10 NSA-Fen Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-04 SSA-YJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

Page 3
2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey (Principal Investigator (PI) at YJP)

Department of Geography

Queen's University

Dr. Dennis E. Jelinski (PI at Fen)

Department of Geography

Queen's University

Two PIs were associated with the Tower Flux (TF)-10 group: Harry McCaughey and Dennis Jelinski.

Harry McCaughey oversaw the tower fluxes at both the YJP and the fen, and Dennis Jelinski was

responsible for the vegetation work at the fen. Peter Lafleur shared responsibility for measurements at

both sites. In addition, a large group of very competent graduate students, field assistants, and

technicians contributed to the overall success of the work. Special mention goes to David Joiner and

Paul Bartlett (Queen's University). David developed and built the CO2 measurement system. Paul

started work as a technician in the group and later stayed at Queen's as a doctoral student. He made

many contributions, but special mention must go to his work on assembling and organizing the

deployment of equipment in 1993 and to his porometry work at the YJP site in 1994 and 1996.

Andrew Costello, Queen's, helped in the field setup in 1993 and did most of the initial stand

measurements on the YJP canopy. He was assisted by Blair Mantha from Trent. Bob Metcalfe,

Queen's and Trent, worked on an associated hydrology project focused upon the feeder basin north of

the fen. He was supervised jointly by Jim Buttle, Trent University, and Harry McCaughey. Mike

Skarupa and Greg Bryant, Trent, assisted in the data collection efforts at both sites. Kristan Boudreau

was an outstanding field assistant, and she performed excellent work in 1994 in all facets of the

experiments at both sites. Bruce Robertson and Derek Mueller were able field assistants in 1996.

Finally, a special thanks to Laura Liblik, who did the majority of the work associated with the

preparation of the data set before its submission to the BOREAS Information System (BORIS). Her

attention to detail, her writing, and her editorial skills are much appreciated.

2.2 Title of Investigation

Surface Energy and Water Balances of Forest and Wetland Subsystems in the Boreal Forest -

Surface Atmosphere Links and Ecological Controls

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey

Dept. of Geography

Queen's University

Kingston, ON

CANADA

K7L 3N6

(613) 545-6035

(613) 545-6122 (fax)

mccaughe@post.queensu.ca

Page 4
Contact 2:

Dr. PeterM. Lafleur

Dept.of Geography

TrentUniversity

Peterborough,ON

CANADA

K9J 7B8

(705)748-1487

(705)748-1205(fax)

plafleur@trentu.ca

Contact 3:

Dr. DennisJelinski

Schoolof EnvironmentalStudies

Queen'sUniversity

Kingston,Ontario

CANADA

K7L 3N6

(613)545-6875

(613)545-6617(fax)

dj4@qsilver.queensu.ca

Contact 4:

K. FredHuemmrich

Universityof Maryland

Code923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt,MD 20771

(301)286-4862

(301)286-0239(fax)

Karl.Huemmrich@gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

Many of the individual measurements made during the study involved routinely collected data obtained

with a single instrument (e.g., incoming solar radiation and temperature measurement with

thermocouples). Such measurements represent standard data collection techniques, and specific,

detailed elaboration is not provided in this report. However, there is discussion of some limited aspects

of these routine measurements where such detail is required for a complete understanding. Readers are

referred to the manufacturers' specifications for details on the theory of measurement and operation of

individual instruments.

The following section describes only the measurement method used for the fluxes.

Sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes and the net flux of C02 (Feco2) (net ecosystem exchange,

NEE) were found using the eddy covariance technique (Campbell and Unsworth, 1979; Tanner et al.,

1993). Fluxes are computed as the time-averaged product of the fluctuations of vertical wind velocity

(w') and fluctuations of the appropriate scalar (the covariance). For example, fluctuations of

temperatures (T') for H, water vapor density (q') for LE, and CO2 concentration (C') for Feco2, give:

LE = L <w'q'> (3.1)

H = rho Cp <w'T' (3.2)

Page 5
FeCO2= rho(c) <w'C' (3.3)

whereL is thelatentheatof vaporizationof water(J/kg),rhois thedensityof air (kg/m3),Cpis the

specificheatof airat constantpressure(J/kg/°C),rho(c)is thedensityof CO2(kg/m3),andthe< >

symbolrepresentsatime-averagedproductorcovariance.

In practicalterms,theeddycovariancetechniqueisvery sensitiveto siteconditionsandinstrument

response.Forone-dimensionalmeasurements, thesiteis assumedto beperfectlyfiat. Thiseliminates

netpositiveornegativehorizontaladvection.Ideally,theresponsetimeof theinstrumentshouldbe

fastenoughto monitorthecompletespectrumof frequenciesoccurringin theturbulentflow.

However,thetotalresponseis determinedby theresponsetimeof theindividualsensor,the

instrumentsizeandorientation,andthecapacityto monitorthesignal.Wheretwo sensorsare

required,oneto monitorw' andtheotherto monitortheappropriatescalarvariable(T', q', or C'),

thenseparationof theinstrumentsin horizontalspaceintroducesapossibleerrorof mismatched

frequenciessensedby thetwo systems.It is desirableto havetheinstrumentsasclosetogetheras

possible;however,thiscanresultin distortionof thewindfield of oneinstrumentby thepresenceof

theother.A compromiseis neededto overcomethesetwo opposingproblems,andsensorsare

typicallyplaced0.30m to 0.40m apart.Giventhecurrentstatusof dataloggingcapacity,eddy

covarianceinstrumentsareusuallysampledat arateof 10Hzor greater.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

Micrometeorological Instruments

Meteorological and flux data at both sites were collected with similar instrumentation. Instruments

were mounted on towers as described in Section 4.1.2. A listing of instrumentation follows.

• Net radiation was measured with a net pyrradiometer (model CN- 1 Middleton, Carter-Scott

Design, Victoria, Australia) aspirated with dry nitrogen gas.

• Incoming and outgoing solar radiation were measured with pyranometers (model 8-48,

Eppley Laboratories, Inc., Newport, RI, USA).

• Outgoing longwave radiation was measured with a pyrgeometer (model PIR, Eppley

Laboratories, Inc., Newport, RI, USA).

• Incoming and outgoing PPFD were measured with quantum sensors (model LI-Q190SA,

LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA).

• Absolute wet- and dry-bulb temperatures were measured with psychrometers constructed

from PVC tubing covered with reflective tape. Ventilation was supplied by a 12-volt DC fan

that gave an air flow between 4-6 m/s across the sensor. The sensors were single-junction 24

a.w.g, copper-constantan thermocouples sealed with epoxy in stainless steel tubing (250 mm

in length, 3.5 mm in diameter). The wet-bulbs were covered with cotton wicking to a length

of 150 ram.

• Wind speeds were measured with 3-cup anemometers (model 12102, R.M. Young Co.,

Traverse City, MI, USA). The anemometers contain a DC generator that produces an analog

signal proportional to wind speed.

• Wind direction was measured with a vane (model 12302, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City,

MI, USA) containing a potentiometer that designates direction as proportional to the voltage

output.

• Rainfall was measured with tipping bucket gauges (YJP: model P501, Weathermeasure

Corporation, Sacramento, CA, USA; Fen: model TE252M, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan,

UT, USA).

• Soil temperatures were measured with single-junction copper-constantan thermocouples (24

a.w.g.) fixed into a 3.18-cm-diameter wooden dowel inserted into the soil. Two soil

temperature rods were installed at each site in order to sample soil temperatures below

different cover types.

Page 6
At YJP,onerodwasplaced14m from thetowerat 323° amongyoungjackpinetrees1.5

m inheight.In 1993,temperaturesonly from 1-,5-, and10-cmdepthsareavailablefrom the

northsite.Temperaturesfrom 1-,5-, 10-,25-, 50-,and75-cmdepthsareavailablefrom this

sitein 1994.Thesecondrodwasplaced6.7m to thewestof thetower(253°) amongtrees

2-3m in height.Temperaturesat thewestsitewererecordedatdepthsof 1,5, 10,25,50,75,

and100cmin bothyears.

Soilheatflux wasmeasuredat eachsitewith two soil heatflux plates(modelHFT-3,

RadiationEnergyBalanceSystems,Inc. (REBS),Seattle,WA, USA).Valuesfrom these

instruments,combinedwith thesoiltemperatureprofiles,wereusedto calculatesoil heatflux

ateachsiteasfollows.At YJP,measurementswereobtainedatadepthof 10cmbelowthe

soil surface.Heatstoragein thesoil layerabovetheheatflux plateswascalculatedusing

temperaturesmeasuredatthe 1-cm,5-cmand10-cmlevels(seeSection9.1).

All towervariables(excepteddycovariance)wererecordedondataloggers(modelCR7X,

CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA).Theeddycovariancesignalswererecordedon

dataloggers(model21X, CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA).

CO2concentrationandflux densitiesweremeasuredwith asystemdesignedatQueen's

Universityby D. Joiner.It consistedof asingle-axissonicanemometer(mentionedabove)

andafastresponseinfraredgasanalyzer(IRGA) (modelLI-6252,LI-COR, Inc.,Lincoln,

NE, USA).

Air isdrawnby anAC pumpfrom theintakeof atube(1/4"i.d.Bev-a-lineIV) situatedon

thesonicanemometerarmto theIRGA atthebaseof thetower.Theflow is splitbefore

reachingtheIRGA, andthelineto theIRGA passesthroughafineparticlefilter. Air from the

IRGA passesapressuretransducer(modelPX142,OmegaEngineering,Stamford,CT,

USA) andamassflow sensor(model5860E,BrooksInstrumentsDivision, Hatfield,PA,

USA).

Cross-correlationanalysiswasusedto determinethetraveltimeof theairfrom thetube

inlet to thegasanalyzer.Theflux densityof carbondioxidewasthendeterminedwith the

eddycovariancetechniqueby findingthecovarianceof the10-Hzdirectoutputfrom thegas

analyzerwithtime-laggedverticalwindvelocitymeasuredwith aone-dimensional sonic

anemometer(modelCA-27,CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT,USA).

Thedirectoutputfrom theIRGA wascalibratedonceadayusingcalibrationgases

flowing throughthegasanalyzeratthesamepressureasthatof theairdownthetower.These

field calibrations,linearovertherangeof ambientcarbondioxideconcentrationsand

unchangingwith temperature,wereconstantlycorrectedfor pressurechangesrecordedwith

thegaugepressuretransducer.

Dataprocessingandstorageweredoneondataloggers(model21X,CampbellScientific,

Inc.,Logan,UT, USA),usingthecovarianceat 10Hz dataanda 15-minuteaveraging

subinterval.TheCO2flux datawerecorrectedforfluctuationsof temperatureandwatervapor

densityduringpostseasonalanalysis(Webbet al., 1980).

Absoluteconcentrationsof CO2werecalculatedusingthefactorycalibrationequation

suppliedwith theLI-6252andwerecorrectedfor airpressurefluctuations.Stationvaluesfor

airpressurewereobtainedfromtheThompsonairportandentereddailyasaconstantintothe

dataloggers.Daily field calibrationof theIRGA showedthattheabsoluteconcentrationmay

exhibitadrift of upto 3ppmvovera24-hourperiod.

FinalCO2flux densityvaluescombinethecontributionsfrom boththeeddyflux andthe

changesin CO2storagefor thevolumeof airbeneaththeeddycovarianceinstruments.

Page7
Biophysical Instruments

• Biomass temperatures at YJP were measured with copper-constantan parallel thermocouples

(30 a.w.g.) embedded directly into the boles. Thermojunctions were placed at the approximate

center of the biomass volume (1/3 of the way up the tree and 1/3 of the radius into the boles)

(McCaughey and Saxton, 1988; Saxton and McCaughey, 1988). Four parallel thermocouples,

each one consisting of three thermojunctions wired in parallel, were used. One set was placed

in three large trees (N5.0 m in height) 12.6 m from the tower at 185 °, the second set was

placed in three medium trees (N2.5 m in height) 9.6 m from the tower at 218 °, the third set

was placed in three small trees (_1.5 m in height) 14 m from the tower at 230 °, and the fourth

set was placed in three small trees (_1.5 m in height) near the northern soil heat flux plate at

323 ° .

• Leaf stomatal conductance was measured with a steady state diffusion porometer (model

LI-1600, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements on jack pine shoots required that

the sensing head was fitted with a cylindrical chamber (model LI-1600-07, LI-COR, Inc.,

Lincoln, NE, USA).

• Projected LAI was measured with an optical Plant Canopy Analyzer (model LAI-2000,

LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA).

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The instruments were operated mainly under summer conditions with maximum temperatures

around 35 °C. Data were collected over the growing season of 1994 and the spring through fall/winter

of 1996. In the spring and fall/winter seasons, more extreme low temperatures were experienced.

During these periods, the environment was more severe, and freezing temperatures were common; the

lowest temperatures experienced were around -30 °C.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

The towers erected at YJP and fen were 12-meter-tall triangular communications type, guyed on

three sides, and anchored into the mineral soil. At both sites, all sensors were mounted on the towers

with fixed aluminum (3.18 cm diameter) extension arms, with the exception of the eddy covariance

equipment, which was mounted on a swivel system allowing for orientation of the instruments into the

wind. Sensor height above the surface, distance from the tower, and orientation (degrees from

magnetic north) are given for the YJP in Table 1.

Biomass temperatures were measured at two sites in the vicinity of the flux tower at YJP. One site,

directly west of the tower, was named the "west site," and the other, located north of the tower, was

named the "north site." Biomass temperature sensors consisted of three-junction parallel

thermocouples, and one thermojunction was inserted into three separate trees in three chosen height

categories (small, medium, and large) at the west site. At the north site, only small trees existed. Each

thermojunction was inserted into the bole to a depth of one-third the radius depth at a height of

one-third the height of the tree (see Section 4.1). Table 2 shows the height and dbh for all trees

sampled at the two measurement sites.

Page 8
Table 1. Sensor heights on the flux tower at the YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996. The orientation of

the arm holding the sensor is given in degrees measured from magnetic north, and the distance (m)

from the tower is given. The symbol n/a, indicating "not applicable," means that no measurements

were taken. The orientation of the arm holding the sonic anemometer and the krypton hygrometer was

variable on a swivel mount that could be set anywhere from 120 ° from magnetic north through 360 ° to

25 ° from magnetic north.

Table 1. Sensor heights on the flux tower at the YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996.

IVariable [Sensor]

IIncoming Solar Radiation [pyranometer]

Outgoing Solar Radiation [pyranometer]

Outgoing Longwave Radiation [pyranometer]

INet Radiation [net pyrradiometer]

IIncoming PPFD [quantum sensor]

I Outgoing PPFD [quantum sensor]

l Wet- and Dry-bulb Temperatures [thermocouples]

I Canopy

II Level 1

II Level 2

II Level 3

II Level4

I Level 5

l Wind Direction [vane]

l Wind Speed [cup anemometer]

I Level 1

II Level2

II Level 3

II Level 4

I Level 5

IVertical Wind Speed

I [sonic anemometer]

IVapor Density [krypton hygrometer]

IRelative Humidity [T/RH sensor]

Height (m)

1993 1994 1996

11.82 11.82 11.82

11.58 11.58 11.58

11.38 11.38 11.38

11.70 11.70 11.70

11.54 11.54 11.54

11.36 11.36 11.36

1.60 1.60 n/a

5.10 5.17 5.17

6.10 6.10 n/a

7.10 7.15 n/a

9.10 7.70 7.70

11.10 10.30 10.30

11.10 10.30 10.30

5.10 5.17 5.17

6.10 6.10 n/a

7.10 7.15 n/a

9.10 7.70 7.70

11.10 10.30 10.30

9.35 9.00 9.00

9.35 9.00 9.00

n/a n/a 10.30

Distance

(m)

Orientation

(degrees)

1.5 143

1.5 143

1.5 203

2.3 133

1.5 213

1.5 213

1.5

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.8

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

1.0

233

233

233

233

233

233

323

323

323

323

323

323

120-360-25

1.0 120-360-25

0.2 232

Page 9
Table 2. Location of biomass temperature sensors at the west and north measurement sites at YJP. The

same locations were used in all three experimental years: 1993, 1994, and 1996. h is tree height (m)

and dbh (m) is the diameter at breast height. At the west site, three sizes of trees were sampled: small,

medium, and large. Three trees in each size range were sampled with three-junction parallel

thermocouples, and one thermojunction was located in each tree.

Table 2. Location of biomass temperature sensors

at the west and north measurement sites at YJP.

West site:

I small trees

I medium trees

I large trees

INorth site:

I small trees

h(m)

1.45

dbh(m)

0.0045

1.20 <0.0030

1.75 0.0070

2.70 0.0210

2.35 0.0160

2.90 0.0190

5.80 0.0600

4.20 0.0420

4.30 0.0430

1.75 0.0120

1.72 0.0088

0.97 <0.0030

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The primary objective of the team was to collect and analyze the micrometeorological data from the

two flux towers on a continuous basis during all of the experiments. In addition, data were assembled

to characterize the surface's state in terms of LAI, type, distribution, height, and density of the

vegetation, and stomatal conductance at the YJP only. Subsidiary experiments in 1996 at the YJP

measured soil evaporation, throughfall, and rainfall interception of the canopy.

4.1.4 Key Variables

The key meteorological variables are incoming and reflected solar radiation, PPFD, outgoing

terrestrial radiation, net radiation, wet- and dry-bulb temperatures, wind speed, wind direction, latent

and sensible heat fluxes, net CO2 flux, soil temperature, biomass temperature, rainfall, and water

level. The key biophysical variables are LAI, leaf stomatal conductance, h, stem density, and dbh.

Page 10
4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Sonic Anemometer

The sonic anemometer system (model CA27, Campbell Scientific ,Inc., Logan, UT, USA) obtains

the velocity fluctuations of vertical wind speed from the measured Doppler shift induced by the wind

velocity on an ultrasonic frequency pulse broadcast across a 10-cm path. The effect of temperature on

sound velocity is eliminated by determining the Doppler frequency from the difference between

forward and reverse path observations. Electronic processing of the signals from the ultrasonic

transducers produces a real-time analog output voltage in the range +4.0 V DC.

Air temperature fluctuations for the Campbell Scientific eddy covariance system are measured with

a fine-wire thermocouple mounted about 4 cm from the anemometer sound path. The thermocouple

output is amplified to a +4.0 V DC signal. The thermocouple temperature is referenced to the

instrument case, which is thermally lagged and responds slowly to temperature changes.

Absorption Hygrometer

The absorption hygrometer (model KH20, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) measures

the ultraviolet light transmission across a nominal 1-cm path in a water vapor absorption band

corresponding to a krypton emission line (Campbell and Tanner, 1985). Instrument response is at least

sufficient to resolve fluctuations of 80 Hz. The instrument output is a voltage in the range 0 to 4 V DC.

The signal strength may be subject to gradual diminution as a result of scale accumulation on the

optical surfaces.

Longwave Radiation Measurement

The sensing surface of a pyrgeometer (model PIR, Eppley Laboratories, Inc., Newport, RI, USA)

consists of a differential thermopile that measures net longwave radiation fluxes between itself and the

sky or ground (depending on orientation). The dome of the pyrgeometer is composed of silicon with a

vacuum-deposited interference filter on its inner surface. The composite dome transmission shows an

abrupt transition between approximately 3 and 4 micrometers from complete opaqueness to maximum

transparency.

The outgoing longwave radiation from the instrument is calculated using the temperature of its

blackbody cavity and the Stefan-Boltzmann equation. This flux is added to the thermopile signal to get

the total incoming flux. The temperature of the blackbody radiator can be measured using a thermistor.

The thermopile output signal is measured as a single-ended voltage in the Campbell Scientific

CR7X data logger. The case thermistor is not polarized, and is connected between an analog input

channel and ground. A 1000-ohm resistor is connected between the analog input channel and a

switched analog output channel (725 card). The thermistor is excited with 1350 mV across the

1000-ohm resistor, and the thermistor (pyrgeometer) temperature is calculated as a function of the

thermistor voltage (a function of its resistance). This method corresponds to the protocol for using the

Eppley pyrgeometer proposed by the National Atmospheric Radiation Center (NARC). This method

does not use the pyrgeometer's battery-powered temperature compensation circuit, and no battery

should be installed when using the pyrgeometer in this manner.

Plant Canopy Analyzer

The plant canopy analyzer (model LAI-2000, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) is composed of a

LAI-2070 control unit and a LAI-2050 sensor head. The sensor head projects the image of its nearly

hemispheric view onto five detectors arranged in concentric tings (approximately 0-13, 16-28, 32-43,

47-58, and 61-74 degrees of zenith angle). Radiation above 490 nm is rejected. Data are stored and

processed in the control unit. LAI is calculated by the reduction in light intensity measured between an

above-canopy reading and a below-canopy reading. Normally, simultaneous measurements of these

two quantities can be achieved with two sensors connected to the same control unit. Where this is not

possible, two sensors and separate control units can be used and the data later integrated, or a single

sensor and control unit is used for above- and below-canopy measurements. The LAI value obtained

from the LAI-2000 relates directly to projected leaf area; corrections can be applied for clumping within

the canopy or conversion to total surface area. For further information, consult the LAI-2000 plant

canopy analyzer instruction manual.

Page 11
Diffusion Porometer

Leaf stomatal conductance was measured with a steady state porometer (model LI-1600, LI-COR,

Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). Leaf samples are placed in contact with a cuvette by clamping a portion of

the leaf over an aperture in the cuvette wall. The relative humidity in the cuvette is held constant by

flowing dry air directly into the cuvette at an appropriate rate.

Diffusive resistance/conductance is determined by measuring the flow required to obtain a balance

between the flux of water transpired from the leaf and the flow of moist air out of the cuvette at a set

humidity (usually ambient). The instrument also measures leaf temperature, cuvette temperature, and

transpiration rate. For measurements of coniferous needles, the LI-1600-07 cylindrical chamber is

used. This allows a small portion of a branch containing needles to be inserted into the cuvette. The

LI-1600 is also outfitted with a quantum sensor for instantaneous measurement of PPFD.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

See Table 2 in Section 4.1.2.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Mass flow sensor and control unit for eddy covariance system:

Brooks Instruments Division

Emmerson Electric Co.

407 W. Vine St.

Hatfield, PA 19440

USA

(215) 362-3500

Sonic anemometer; krypton hygrometer; fine-wire thermocouple; CR7X and 21X data loggers; rain

gauge (fen):

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT 84321

USA

(519) 354-7356

Pyranometer; pyrgeometer:

Eppley Laboratories, Inc.

P.O. Box 419

Newport, RI 02840

USA

(401) 847-1020

LAI-2000 Plant canopy analyzer; diffusion porometer; quantum sensor; CO2 IRGA:

LI-COR, Inc.

4421 Superior Street

P.O. Box 4425

Lincoln, NE 68504

USA

(402) 467-3576

Net pyrradiometer:

Carter-Scott Design

22 Ailsa Street

Box Hill

Victoria, 3128

AUSTRALIA

+61-3-9899-4277

Page 12
Pressuretransducer;thermocouplewire:

OmegaEngineering

OneOmegaDrive

P.O.Box 4047

Stamford,CT 06907

USA

(203)359-1660

Soil heatflux plate:

REBS

P.O.Box 15512

Seattle,WA 98115-0512

USA

(206)624-7221

Cupanemometer;windvane:

R.M. YoungCo.

2801AeroParkDrive

TraverseCity, MI 49648

USA

(616)946-3980

Raingauge(YJP):

WeathermeasureCorporation

P.O.Box 41257

Sacramento,CA 95841

USA

(916)481-7565

4.2 Calibration

Pyranometers,pyrgeometers,andnetpyrradiometersusedatbothsiteswerecalibratedatNARC,

AtmosphericEnvironmentService(AES),Downsview,Ontario.Followingtheintersitecalibrationon

netpyrradiometersperformedin thefield in 1994with therovingREBS6-netpyrradiometer(Hodges

andSmith,1997;Smithetal., 1997),acorrectedsetof netradiationdatawascalculatedforthe 1994,

1995,and1996experimentalperiodsfor boththefenandYJP.Thecorrectednetradiationdatawill

potentiallyfacilitatetheintercomparisonof flux behaviorbetweenthetowerflux sites.

CO2concentrationsfor high-andlow-spancalibrationgasesweredeterminedattheCarbonCycle

ResearchSection,AES,Downsview,Ontario,Canada.

Factorycalibrationswereusedfor severalinstruments,andtherecalibrationdetailsfor individual

sensorsaregivenbelow.

Thedetailsof therecalibrationperformedontheporometers(LI-COR,Inc.,Lincoln,NE,USA)

usedin theexperimentsaregivenin Section4.2.2.

Followingthe1993field experiment,eachindividualcalibrationforthegroupof cupanemometers

andwind vane(R.M.YoungCo.,TraverseCity, MI, USA) wascheckedusingthewind tunnelat

TrentUniversity,andnochangeswereneededto theoriginalfactorycalibrations.Becausethe

potentiometersonthetwo windvanesweresetin thefield eachtimetheinstrumentsweredeployed,

bothcanbeconsideredto havehadregularfield calibrationchecks.

Forthesoilheatflux plates(REBS,Seattle,WA, USA), thefactorycalibrationswereacceptedfor

all four transducers,two ateachsite.

Routinecalibrationchecksweredoneonall rain gauges(CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT,

USA, andWeathermeasureCorporation,Sacramento,CA, USA) by pouringaknownamountof

waterintothegaugeandnotingtheresponse.In all cases,thegaugeswerewithin themanufacturer's

specification.

Thesonicanemometersandkryptonhygrometers(CampbellScientific,Inc.,Logan,UT, USA) at

boththefenandYJPsiteswererecalibratedin March1994following the1993experimentandbefore

Page13
redeploymentfor the1994experiment.Minor changesresulted,buttheywerenotlargeenoughto

requirecorrectionto the 1993data.

Forall thermocouples,theappropriatecalibrationequationavailablein thedataloggers(Campbell

Scientific,Inc., Logan,UT, USA) wasused.

4.2.1 Specifications

Wheneveranewcalibrationwasdeterminedfor aninstrument,thenewcalibrationwasapplied

from thetimeof therecalibration.Therewasnoattemptto blendthecalibrationsbeforeandafterthe

recalibration.Any step-upor step-downin thedatavaluesasaresultofrecalibrationwasaccepted.For

all instruments,thecalibrationchangeswereminor,andtherewerenoinstanceswhereablendingof

thecalibrationswasnecessary.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Theprecisionof themeasuredmeteorologicalvariablesandthecorrespondingtransducersare

summarizedbelow.In thefollowing list, micromoleis abbreviatedto pmol.

I[variable

1solar radiation

]llongwave radiation

1net radiation

]PPFD

1carbon dioxide concentration

] soil heat flux

]1air, soil, and biomass

]temperature

]horizontal wind speed

IIwind direction

IIrelative humidity

IIvertical wind speed

II

]rainfall

H

[rainfall

Transducer Precision

Eppley pyranometer 1 W/m 2

Eppley pyrgeometer 1 W/m 2

Middleton net pyrradiometer

LI-COR quantum sensor

1 W/m2

1 pmol/m2/s

LI-COR IRGA 1 ppmv

REBS heat flux plate 1 W/m 2

Copper/constantan

thermocouple

R.M. Young cup anemometer

R.M. Young wind vane

R.M. Young T/RH sensor

Campbell Scientific sonic

anemometer

Campbell Scientific tipping

bucket

Weathermeasure tipping bucket

0.1 °C

0.1 m/s

O

1%

0.1 m/s

0.1 mm

0.254 mm

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

All radiometers used in the study were on a regular, 2-year calibration cycle. This calibration

frequency was increased during BOREAS, and each radiometer was calibrated before each major field

experiment. Full calibrations were done in April 1994, October 1994, and March 1996.

One sonic anemometer (model CA27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) was

recalibrated by the manufacturer in May 1995 following water damage to the instrument in September

1994 at the fen.

Page 14
Two porometers(model1600,LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln,NE, USA) wereusedin the study.Each

onewascalibratedby themanufacturerprior to the1993field experiment;theywerealso

intercalibrated.Thesingleonethatcontinuedto beusedin 1996attheYJPwasrecalibratedby the

manufacturerin April 1995.

Thekryptonhygrometersfrom theYJPandfenwerecalibratedin 1993beforedeploymentin the

field andwererecalibratedin March1994.

Calibrationsweredeterminedonall CO2referencegastanksprior to bothmajorfield seasonsin

March1994andMarch1996.

Routinecalibrationchecksweremadeontheraingauges,followingtheprotocolsuggestedby the

manufacturers,prior to theirdeploymentin all field experiments.No calibrationchangewasnecessary

to eithergauge.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

A summary follows of the instruments used at each site along with their calibration histories.

Solar radiation was measured using Eppley pyranometers. The instruments, identified by serial

number, used at both sites for each experiment are given in Table 3.

Table 3. Eppley pyranometers used at the YJP and Fen in all experimental years. Each pyranometer

is identified by its serial number.

Table 3. Eppley pyranometers used at the YJP

IIVariable

IIKd

Year

1993

13762

1994

15889

1995 1996

15889

IKu 13855 14713 ...... 14713

The calibration histories of the pyranometers are shown in Table 4. All calibrations remained stable

through the BOREAS field periods, and the largest change in any calibration was -0.57%.

Table 4. Calibration history of the Eppley pyranometers used in all experimental years. The change

in calibration is given as a percentage from the previous value. The units of calibration are

microvolts/W/m2.

Table 4. Calibration history of the Eppley pyranometers

I Serial number Year Calibration %change in

II calibration

13762

13855

1992 12.21 -1.12

1994 12.14 -0.57

1996 12.20 0.49

1992 10.92 -0.55

1994 10.89 -0.27

1996 10.92 0.28

Page 15
14713 1992 11.17 -0.62

1994 11.14 -0.27

1996 11.14 0.00

15889 1992 11.09 -1.10

1994 11.05 -0.36

1996 11.06 0.09

LongwaveradiationwasmeasuredusingEppleypyrgeometers.Instrument20837F3wasusedatYJP

in 1993,1994,and1996,andinstrument29583F3wasusedat Fenfrom 1993to 1996.The

calibrationhistoryof eachinstrumentis givenin Table5.Thefirst calibrationof instrument29583F3

in 1994provedtobewrongbecauseof amalfunctioningreferencetemperaturebathNARC.Thiswas

correctedby arecalibrationof theinstrumenthesameyear,andall of thedatawerecorrectedin

postprocessing.

Table5.Calibrationhistoryof theEppleypyrgeometersusedin all experimentalyears.Thechange

in calibrationis givenasapercentagefrom thepreviousvalue.Theunitsof calibrationare

microvolts/W/m2.

Table 5. Calibration history of the Eppley pyrgeometers

Iserial number Year Calibration %change in calibration

20837F3

29583F3

1992 3.96 -2.22

1994 3.88 -2.02

1996 3.86

1993 3.97

1994 3.62 -8.82 (calibration is suspect)

1994 3.83 -3.53 (recalibration for 1994)

1996 3.83 0.00

Net radiation was measured using Middleton net pyrradiometers. The instruments used are listed in

Table 6.

Table 6. Middleton net pyrradiometers used in the field experiments. Each instrument is identified

by serial number.

Page 16
Table 6. Middleton net pyrradiometers

IISerial number

11330

11333

[1408

Site

Fen in 1993, and from DOY 97-145 in 1996

Fen in 1994, and 1995, and from DOY 146 in 1996

YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

The calibration histories of the net pyrradiometers are given in Table 7. For all net pyrradiometers, the

calibration values are given separately for shortwave (SW), longwave (LW), and combined - the

arithmetic average of SW and LW. The combined value was used for all times of the day, including the

nighttime, when only longwave radiation is present. All instruments had two calibrations in 1994. The

first calibration proved to be wrong because of a malfunctioning reference temperature bath at NARC.

This was corrected by a recalibration of the instrument the same year, and all of the data were corrected

in postprocessing. With the exception of the aberrant first calibration in 1994, all instruments remained

stable for the duration of the experiments; the largest change was less than 4% and was normally less

than 1%.

Table 7. Calibration history of the Middleton net pyrradiometers used in all experimental years.

The change in calibration is given as a percentage from the previous value. The units of calibration are

microvolts/W/m2. Separate calibrations are given for shortwave (SW), longwave (LW), and combined

- the arithmetic average of the SW and LW values. The calibration constant (cal. constant) is the ratio

of the SW to LW calibration.

Table 7. Calibration history of the Middleton net pyrradiometers

ISerial

Inumber

I

1330

Year

1992

SW

37.52

%

change

SW

-0.87

LW

35.18

%

change

LW

-3.98

combined

36.35

%

change

combined

-2.42

cal.

constant

1.07

1994 38.16 1.17 32.40 -7.90 35.28 -2.94 1.18

1994 37.55 0.08 34.82 -1.02 36.19 -0.44 1.08

1996 35.54 -5.35 34.13 -1.98 34.84 -3.73 1.04

1333 1992 37.74 -2.15 34.90 -6.46 36.32 -4.27 1.08

1994 38.41 1.78 32.85 -5.87 35.63 -1.90 1.17

1994 38.17 1.14 34.62 -0.80 36.39 0.22 1.10

1996 38.12 -0.13 35.17 1.59 36.64 0.69 1.08

1408 1992 38.58 -1.36 35.99 -5.01 37.28 -3.14 1.07

1994 38.53 -0.13 35.83 -0.44 37.18 -0.29 1.08

1996 38.17 -0.93 35.36 -1.30 36.77 -1.10 1.08

Page 17
PPFDwasmeasuredusingLI-COR, Inc.,quantumsensors.Table8 showstheinstrumentsusedat

eachsitein eachexperimentalyear,andTable9givesthecalibrationconstants.

Table8. Quantumsensorsusedat theexperimentalsitesandthevariablesmeasured:PPFDdis

incomingPPFD,andPPFDuisreflectedPPFD.Instrumentsareidentifiedby serialnumber.

Table 8. Quantum sensors used

I[serial number

IIQ17605

IIQ16754

17614

[Q17613

Site

Fen 1993 to 1996

Fen 1993 to 1996

YJP 1993,1994,1996

YJP 1993,1994,1996

Variable

PPFDd

PPFDu

PPFDd

PPFDu

Table 9. Calibration constants in units of pmole/s/m2/mv for the quantum sensors used in the

experiments. The instruments are identified by serial number.

Table 9. Calibration constants

IISerial

17613

IIQ17614

llQ176o5

[Q16754

Calibration

295.12

307.74

293.25

355.87

CO2 concentration and CO2 flUX density were measured using an IRGA (model LI-6252, LI-COR,

Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) and a sonic anemometer (model CA27, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan,

UT, USA). Table 10 lists the IRGAs and the sonic anemometers used at both sites. Sonic 1353 was

damaged by water seeping into the lower arm at the conclusion of the 1994 experiment. This

instrument was repaired and recalibrated before being deployed again in 1996.

Table 10. The sonic anemometers and IRGAs used at the fen and YJP. The instruments are identified

by serial number. There was no CO2 flux measured at the fen in 1995; the sonic measured the

convective fluxes only.

Table 10. The sonic anemometers and IRGAs

IISonic anemometer

II

IIIRGA

II

Serial number

1201

1353

IRG2-208

IRG2-209

Site

Fen in 1995, YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Fen in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Fen in 1993, 1994, and 1996

YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Page 18
Soil heatflux wasmeasuredusingREBSsoilheatflux plates.Thecalibrationsof theplatesandthe

siteswheretheyweredeployedaregivenin Table11.

Table11.Calibrationsfor thesoilheatflux plates,in unitsof W/mZ/mV,andthesiteswherethey

weredeployed.Individualplatesareidentifiedby serialnumber.

Table 11. Calibrations for the soil heat flux plates

I[serial number

1933o6o

1933o61

1933o62

1933063

Calibration

40.0

38.7

39.0

40.7

Site

Fen in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996

Fen in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996

YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996

Horizontal wind speed was measured using 3 cup anemometers (model 12102, R.M. Young Co.,

Traverse City, MI, USA). These instruments have calibrations in units of mv at 1800 rpm, and this is

combined with a second general calibration equation to convert rpm to m/s. The calibrations of the

anemometers are given in Table 12.

Table 12. Calibration of the 3-cup anemometers used at each site for horizontal wind speed

measurement at the levels identified, e.g., U1 is the anemometer at level 1. The units of the calibration

are mv at 1800 rpm.

Table 12. Calibration of the 3-cup anemometers

Site: YJP

Level 1993 1994

u1 2400 2400

u2 2398 2398

u3 2404 2404

u4 2404 2404

Iu5 2402 2402

1995 1996

2400

2404

2402

Site: Fen

Level 1993 1994

u1 2400 2400

u2 2397 2397

u3 2396 2396

u4 2401 2401

Iu5 2399 2399

1995

2400

2397

2401

2401

2399

,996I

.....II

2397II

2395II

.....II

24Ol I

Page 19
Relativehumiditywasmeasuredusingacombinationtemperature/relativehumidityprobe(model

41372VC,R.M. YoungCo.,TraverseCity, MI, USA) ateachsitein 1996(Table13).The

temperatureis measuredwith anRTD sensor,andtherelativehumidityis measuredwith acapacitance

element.Thisprobewasventilatednaturallyandshieldedby a 12-levelplateshield.Eachprobehasthe

samecalibrationandspecifications(Table14).

Table 13. Temperature/relative humidity sensors used at the sites in 1996.

IIModel

II41372vc

Serial number

1762

Site

Fen

41372VC 1763 YJP

Table 14. Calibration and specifications for the temperature/relative humidity sensor

(model 41372VC, R.M. Young Co., Traverse City, MI, USA).

IIRelative humidity:

IITemperature:

operating temperature: -10 °C to 60 °C

measuring range: 0 to 100%

accuracy at 20 °C: 2% from 0-90% RH

3% from 90-100% RH

stability: better than + 2% RH for 2 years

response time: 15 sec

sensor element: Vaisala intercap

output signal: 0-1 volt DC

calibrated measuring range: -50 °C to 50 °C

accuracy at 20 °C: + 0.3 °C

output signal: 0-1 volt DC

Rainfall was measured using tipping bucket rain gauges at both sites in all years. At the YJP, the gauge

(model P510, Weathermeasure Corporation, Sacramento, CA, USA) was mounted at canopy top, and

at the fen, the gauge (model TE525, Texas Instruments, supplied by Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan,

UT, USA) was at a height of 1 meter above the surface. For the Weathermeasure gauge, 1 tip equals

0.01 inches (0.254 mm of rain), and for the Texas Instruments gauge, 1 tip equals 1 mm of rain.

Leaf stomatal conductance was measured using a steady-state diffusion porometer (model LI-1600,

serial number SSP1094, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The onboard quantum sensor (serial

number Q11174) has a calibration constant of 5.21 microamps/(1000 _amoles/s/m2). This calibration

remained stable from 1993 to the end of the experiment in 1996; there was no change at the 1995

recalibration.

Atmospheric pressure was measured at each site in 1996 using a Vaisala pressure transmitter

(model PTB 101B, Vaisala, Oy, Finland, and supplied by Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT,

USA). Each instrument had been calibrated against a working standard in February 1996. The

instrument at YJP was S/N R0940044, and that at the fen was S/N R0940004.

Page 20
5. Data Acquisition Methods

The outputs from all instruments producing voltages were recorded on data loggers. Data from the

loggers' memories were downloaded at regular intervals to either cassette tape or electronic storage

module, and all data were transferred in the field to microcomputers and backed up on either floppy

diskette or 1-GB Jaz drives (Iomega Corporation, Fenton, MO, USA).

Specific details for each major system are given below.

• Tower data (except eddy covariance). All signals were recorded on data loggers (model

CR7X, Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT, USA) at a scan rate of once per 10 seconds.

Output was processed every 3, 15, and 30 minutes depending on the variable. Only 30-minute

data are reported in the BORIS data base.

• Eddy covariance. All signals were recorded on data loggers (model 21X, Campbell Scientific,

Inc., Logan, UT, USA) at a scan rate of once per 0.1 seconds. Intermediate processing was

done every 15 minutes and output data were processed every 30 minutes.

• Leaf conductance. Porometric data from the LI-1600 were recorded on cassette tapes and later

downloaded to microcomputers. The measurement frequency was variable. Data were

collected on selected days under chosen weather conditions and only when the canopy was

dry. Typically, measurements started early in the morning and continued every hour until

evening.

• Forest canopy measurements. Canopy parameters (dbh, h, stem density) were recorded

manually in field notebooks and later transposed to digital files.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

Biophysical Measurements

The micrometeorological data at YJP were supplemented with biophysical data collected from areas

surrounding the tower. These measurements included h, dbh, LAI, and stomatal conductance of the

coniferous overstory. The measurements, combined with the tower data, represent the basis for

intersite comparisons of surface-atmosphere interactions. The sections below include descriptions of

the major sampling programs.

Forest Stand Parameters

Forest stand parameters were measured along transects within the zone designated as the wind

aligned blob (WAB), the area of the site, centered on the experimental tower and of radius 500 m,

within which the majority of the surface fluxes originate. There was no sampling in the zone from 60 °

to 120 °. The parameters measured included h, dbh, and stem density. Five transects were sampled in

both 1993 and 1994. In 1993, each transect radiated a distance of 500 m from the tower to the edge of

the WAB at orientations of 10 °, 130 °, 190 °, 250 °, and 310 °. In 1994, the transects started at a distance

of 125 m from the tower and continued out to 500 m at bearings of 40 °, 160 °, 220 °, 280 °, and 340 °,

which are midday between the orientations of the earlier lines. Two sampling methods were employed.

First, in 1993, tree density and height were measured in square, 25 m2 plots every 100 m along each

transect. A total of 20 plots were measured, and these data were designated as quadrat data. Tree

height was measured with a survey stadia rod or tape, and dbh for trees with h greater than 1.3 m was

measured with calipers. Using a subsample of 312 trees, a relationship was found between dbh and h.

This relationship was then used to calculate tree heights for all trees sampled subsequently along the

transects. The results of the quadrat survey indicated significant variation in stand parameters between

transects and within a single transect. For example, stem density varied from 8,000 to 11,000 trees/ha

within the 20 sample plots. To investigate smaller-scale spatial variation, a denser sampling was

conducted by measuring dbh and stem density every 10 m along all transects using the Point Center

Quarter Method (PCQM) (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974). Trees with h >1.3 m and trees with

Page 21
h < 1.3m weresampledseparately.A summaryof the1993PCQMtransectdatais shownin Table

15.Aggregatingthesedatarevealedthatthegreateststemdensityoccurredwithin 200m of thetower

at avalueof 20,000trees/ha,andadecreaseoutto theedgeof theWAB wherethevaluedroppedto

around10,000trees/ha.Thevariationin stemdensitywasassociatedwiththreevegetationpatterns:

densecoverof shorttrees,sparsecoverof tall trees,andamixtureof shortandlongtrees.Theaverage

treeheightonthesitewas2.27m.Destructivesamplingof ninetreesyieldedavalueforthetotalgreen

biomassof thecanopyof 2.24kg/m2usingthemodeldevelopedby Alemdag(1983).

Table15.Averagecanopyparametersfor theYJPsitedevelopedfromPCQMdatafrom five

transectssampledin 1993.Eachtransectranfrom thetowerto theedgeof theWAB, andsamples

weretakenevery10m. Theorientationof thetransectsisfrom magneticnorth.Unitsof measurement

areasfollows: dbhin cm,heightin m,andstemdensityin trees/ha.Source:Costello(1995).

Table 15. Average canopy parameters for the YJP site

W Transect Orientation (degrees)

variable 10 130 190 250 310

Idbh 1.39 1.77 1.51 2.05 1.60

]Tree height 2.08 2.35 2.17 2.55 2.23

I Stem density 16800 14400 7000 13200 10000

IINumber of 200 88 168 196 200

IIsamples

Stomotal Conductance

Stomatal conductance was measured with a steady-state diffusion porometer (model LI-1600,

LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA) fitted with a cylindrical chamber aperture. Shoot samples were

prepared at least 24 hours prior to the first measurements. Preparation involved isolating a clump of

needles that would fit completely into the porometer's sample chamber. To achieve this, some needles

were removed from the twig on either side of the sample clump. The bare twig, thus exposed, allowed

the soft foam of the sample chamber to close around it and provided an air-tight seal around the sample

clump.

After the needles were removed, the shoots were given 24 hours for sap to close over the scars.

The sample needle clump was tagged for identification. Following several measurement sessions

(generally over a few weeks), the tagged needles were collected, counted, and bagged for later

determination of needle areas.

The true leaf surface area of each needle was calculated using the volume displacement technique

described by Brand (1987). The true sample area was then used to correct the porometer conductance

values as described in the porometer's manual.

1993 Experiment

Sampling in 1993 was designed to investigate the variability of stomatal conductance in the YJP

forest within the tower WAB. Measurements were stratified according to needle age, position in the

tree, and location in the forest. These subcanopies were selected to be representative of the range of

canopy morphologies (tree height and spacing) within the WAB as determined from the analysis of tree

size distribution (described above). The mean values of the three canopy parameters are summarized

for each subcanopy below, where n/a means "not applicable":

Page 22
iSub canopy dbh (cm) h (m) stem density

II (trees/ha)

I 1 n/a 1.2 63000

I2 3.65 3.7 8000

13 2.02 2.5 18000

14 n/a 1.2 78000

15 3.39 3.5 7000

16 1.96 2.5 15000

Three canopy parameters are encoded in the variable CANOPY_ID, a three-digit number. The first

(left-most) digit of CANOPY_ID represents location in the forest. This single digit ranges from 1 to 6,

representing six different locations or subcanopies within the WAB. The second digit represents needle

age classification. A 0 represents current year needles, and a 1 represents all needles aged 1 year and

greater. Finally, the third (right-most) digit represents position on the tree. This digit ranges from 0 to

3. A 0 represents breast height measurements regardless of subcanopy location. Digits of 1, 2, and 3

represent other height positions that are dependent upon subcanopy. For the small tree height canopies

(locations 1 and 4), breast height was effectively the top of the trees. Thus, a position indicator of 1

represents a measurement of approximately 2/3 of the tree height down from the top of the canopy. In

the taller canopies (locations 2, 3, 5, and 6), breast height represented the lowest position in the tree

that was sampled. A position indicator of 2 represents approximately 1/2 to 2/3 the height of the tree

from the ground. A position indicator of 3 indicates a measurement near the top of the canopy.

All porometry data are presented as the means from each porometry session. Sessions lasted

between 15 and 30 minutes, and one to five sessions occurred on a given day.

1994 Experiment

At the conclusion of the experiment in 1993, the porometer was recalibrated and used again in

1994.

Examination of the 1993 conductance data set revealed no significant differences between the

numerous categories. Therefore, it was decided that the measurement strategy should be simplified for

1994. Two areas were selected for sampling. The first, roughly 20 m x 20 m in size, was located 150

m from the flux tower at a bearing of 56°; it was considered to be representative of the majority of the

site that was characterized by the presence of well-drained, sandy soil. A similar sized area was chosen

300 m from the flux tower at a bearing of 61 ° to represent the wetter eastern border zone of the site. In

order to correspond with LAI measurements, conductance samples were stratified into two height

classes: tall and short. A tall tree was >1.3 m and a short tree was <1.3 m in height. Samples were also

classified as being above or below breast height. During a 30-minute sampling period, samples were

collected from one or both sites, depending on the time required to establish an equilibrium condition

in the sample chamber. For each site, in each sample period, 15 needle clumps were sampled: 5

clumps from short trees (below breast height), 5 clumps from tall trees above breast height, and 5

clumps from tall trees below breast height.

After several measurement sessions (generally over a few weeks), the tagged sample needle

clumps were collected. The needles were removed from each sample and counted. Their projected area

was determined by placing them on a light table and capturing their area and associated statistics (mean

size and shape) with an AgVision imaging system (Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA, USA). The actual

needle area was found by multiplying the projected area by 2.57, a species-specific correction factor.

The correction factor was determined as the ratio of actual to projected needle area. Actual leaf area was

found by volume displacement.

Page 23
Foreachsample,themeasuredconductancerepresentsarelativevaluethatmustbecorrectedfor

theactualneedleareaof eachclump.Thiswasaccomplishedby multiplyingtherelativeconductance

by theratioof theaperturesettingontheporometer(i.e.,theneedleareausedby theporometerforits

conductancemeasurement)to theactualneedlearea.It wasassumedthatneedleswhichfell from the

sampleduringmeasurementswereof averagearea.Theareaof eachsamplewascorrectedforlost

needlesby addingtheassumedareaof lostneedles(equalto thenumberof needleslostmultipliedby

theaverageneedlearea)to theareaof thatsampleclumpfor all measurementsakenprior to thelossof

needles.

1996 Experiment

In 1996, the sample area for stomatal conductance was located approximately 30 m west of the flux

tower and 10 m south of the soil moisture sampling array operated by the Hydrology (HYD)-01

group. The same sampling strategy used in 1994 was employed: each half-hour when data were

collected, 15 trees were sampled, with 5 samples taken on needle clumps from tall trees above 1.3 m,

5 samples from tall trees below 1.3 m and 5 samples were located on small trees, each one being <1.3

m. The needle clumps were harvested at the same frequency as in 1994, and the same methodology

was employed to find the actual leaf area of the sample.

LAI Measurements

LAI measurements were taken using two plant canopy analyzers (model LAI-2000, LI-COR, Inc.,

Lincoln, NE, USA). One unit, the rover, was positioned close to the ground to detect below-canopy

readings at chosen sample points along the transects. The other unit was positioned permanently on top

of the instrument hut, mounted on a tripod at a height approximately 4.75 m from the ground, and was

operated in remote mode. This position provided an unobstructed view of the sky from well above the

mean canopy height (approximately 2 to 3 meters). Above-canopy readings were recorded

automatically every 15 seconds. The start and stop times for data collection were programmed by the

operator.

Below-canopy measurements were taken near ground level, at a height of approximately 0.05 m,

and at breast height (1.3 m) every 25 m along the 10 transects radial to the tower. To avoid

underestimation of LAI from illuminated foliage in direct sunlight, measurements were taken just

before sunrise and just after sunset. Sky conditions at these times were generally clear. Both sensors

were fitted with a lens cap that restricted the field of view to 270 °.

To ensure that the two LAI-2000 sensors were measuring the same light intensities, the units were

intercalibrated. For calibration purposes, the sensors were placed side-by-side on the rooftop tripod,

leveled, and exposed to the same ambient light conditions. The output of one of the sensors was then

adjusted to ensure agreement between the light intensities measured by both sensors. In addition, the

clocks on both units were synchronized to within < 1 s of each other.

Each below-canopy measurement was stored as a separate data file. A single data file was created

for the above-canopy readings. The data files from the two units were merged using LI-COR software

(2000-90 Instrument Support Software v. 2.15, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA), which matched

each below-canopy reading with the above-canopy reading that was recorded at the closest time

interval.

Since the LAI-2000 measures only projected leaf area, it was necessary to compute a correction

factor to obtain the true LAI. Determination of the conifer correction factor (R') followed the methods

of Gower and Norman (1991). Projected shoot area and total needle area were determined using a

computer scanning and imaging system (AgVision, Decagon Devices, Pullman, WA, USA). Intact

shoots were placed on the light table of the AgVision system. After determining the projected area, the

shoot was turned 180 ° and the projected area was recalculated. The shoot projected area (PA(S)) was

then determined by averaging these two values. The needles from the shoot were removed and

measured to determine the total projected needle area (PA). R' was calculated from:

R' = PA / PA(S) (6.1)

Page 24
R' variedwith heightonthetreeaswell aswith treesize.Averagevaluesfoundwere2.17, 1.74,and

1.74for 3-, 2-, and1-m-talltrees.We alsoexaminedtheshootclumpingfactor(SCF)(Chenand

Black, 1992;andSmithet al., 1993)andfoundanaveragevalueof 1.47for thesite.

A simpleconversionfactorwasderivedto converttheprojectedneedlearea(PA)measuredby the

AgVisionimagingsystemto theactualneedlearea(basedontheassumptionthatthegeometryof jack

pine(Pinusbanksiana,Lamb.)isbestrepresentedby ahalf cylinder.Therelationshipis expressedas

AT = PA(1+ pi/2) * 2.57PA (6.2)

wherepi is 3.14,andAT is totalneedlearea(cm2).

TheLAI foundfrom destructivesamplingof ninetreesandexpressedasonehalftheneedle

surfaceareaperunitareawas1.50.Meanvaluesof apparentLAI for all of thesamplepointsonthe 10

transectsgaveanoverall sitevalueof 0.79(+ 0.27s.d.).Usingthe site'sSCF,thecalculatedactual

LAI (onehalf-sideonly)is 1.16,whichcomparesreasonablywell with themeasuredLAI of 1.50.

6.2 Field Notes

Special Notes: 1993

All datawereaveragedoverthirty minutes,startingonthehourandhalf-hour,andendingthirty

minuteslater.Samplingwascontinuous,andeachday'sdatais from 0600UTC to 0600UTC thenext

day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1138CMwascalculatedasaresidual.

• Smallnighttimevaluesfor SOLAR RAD IN 1182CM,SOLAR RAD_OUT_1158CM,

• PPFD IN 1154CM,andPPFD_OUT_1136CMweresetto zeroto accountfor veryslight

zerodepressionsandelevationsin theradiometers.

• BIO_TEMP_SMALL_TREESis anaveragevaluecalculatedfrom thetemperaturesof the

smalltreesatboththenorthandwestsites.

• HEAT_STORAGETOTAL_AVERAGEis anaveragevaluecalculatedfromthetotalheat

storagecalculatedatboththenorthandwestsites.

• HEAT_STORAGE_BIO_AVERAGEis anaveragevaluecalculatedfromthebiomassheat

storagecalculatedatboththenorthandwestsites.

• DatacollectionbeganonDAY 227at2330.

Special Notes: 1994

All datawereaveragedoverthirty minutes,startingonthehourandhalf-hour,andendingthirty

minuteslater.Samplingwascontinuousandeachday'sdatais from 0600UTC to 0600UTCthenext

day.

• LONGWAVE IN 1138CMwascalculatedasaresidual.

• Smallnighttimevaluesfor SOLAR_RAD IN 1182CM,SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1158CM,

PPFD IN 1154CM,andPPFD_OUT_1136CMweresetto zeroto accountfor veryslight

zerodepressionsandelevationsin theradiometers.

• BIO_TEMP_SMALL TREESis anaveragevaluefoundfrom thetemperaturesof thesmall

treesatboththenorthandwestsites.

• R NET_1170CM_CORRECTEDis calculatedfrom dayandnighttimeequationstakenfrom

HodgesandSmith(1997)(seedocumentationfor details).

• WhenSOLAR RAD IN 1182CMis greaterthanzero,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CMis the

sumof CO2_EDDY_FLUX_900CMandCO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CM.If

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CMismissing,thenCO2_EDDY_FLUX_900CMis usedfor

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_900CM.

• WhenSOLAR_RAD IN 1182CMis equalto zero,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CMisthesum

of CO2_FLUX_NIGHT_MODEL_900CMandCO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CM.If

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CMismissing,thenCO2_FLUX_NIGHT_MODEL_900CM

is usedfor CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM.

Page25
Data Period: May 24 - June 6/94 (DOY 144-157)

• LONGWAVE_OUT_1138 sensor installed on DOY 148 at 1630

• SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_25CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_50CM and

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_75CM thermocouples not installed until 179 at 2030.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOYs 144, 145, 147

from 1830-2230, 148 at 2030 through to 149 at 600 and 149 from 630-1530 due to weather

and 153 from 2100-2130 due to lag tests.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1182CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1158CM, NET_SOLAR_RAD_1170CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1138CM, TOTAL RAD IN 1160CM, TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1148CM,

R_NET_1170CM, R_NET_1170CM_CORRECTED, PPFD IN 1154CM,

PPFD_OUT_1136CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_5CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_10CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_25CM,

SOIL_TEMP_WEST_50CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_75CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_100CM,

DRY_BULB_CANOPY_160CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_517CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_610CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP7 15CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_770CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_1030CM, WET BULB_CANOPY_160CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_517CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_610CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_715CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_770CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_1030CM,

BIO_TEMP_SMALL TREES, BIO_TEMP MEDIUM_TREES,

BIO_TEMP_LARGE_TREES, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_CANOPY_160CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_517CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_610CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_715CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_770CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_1030CM, WIND_SPEED_517CM, WIND_SPEED_610CM,

WIND_SPEED_715CM, WIND_SPEED_770CM, WIND_SPEED_1030CM,

WIND_DIR_1030CM, WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CM and RAINFALL_250CM values are

missing on DOYs 149 from 1530-2300 and 157 from 1500-1830.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_NORTH_ 10CM, SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_WEST_ 10CM,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_WEST TOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_BIO, HEAT_STORAGE WEST_BIO,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR, HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE NORTH_10CM and HEAT_STORAGE_WEST_10CM values are

missing on DOYs 149 and 157.

Data Period: June 7 - June 20/94 (DOY 158-171)

• SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_25CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_50CM and

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_75CM thermocouples not installed until 179 at 2030.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, C02_CONC_9OOCM,

SPECIFI C_HUMID IT Y_9OOCM, SP ECIFI C_HUMID IT Y_S TD E V_9OOCM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOY 162 from 1800-600,

on 163, on 164 from 630-1500 and on 167 at 1900 through to 168 at 600 due to weather.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1182CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1158CM, NET_SOLAR_RAD_1170CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1138CM, TOTAL RAD IN 1160CM, TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1148CM,

R_NET_1170CM, R_NET_1170CM_CORRECTED, PPFD IN 1154CM,

PPFD_OUT_1136CM, SURFACE_ALBEDO, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_5CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_10CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_25CM,

SOIL_TEMP_WEST_50CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_75CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_100CM,

DRY_BULB_CANOPY_160CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_517CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_610CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP7 15CM, DRY_BULB_TEMP_770CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_1030CM, WET BULB_CANOPY_160CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_517CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_610CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_715CM,

Page 26
WET_BULB_TEMP_770CM, WET_BULB_TEMP_ 1030CM,

BIO_TEMP_SMALL TREES, BIO_TEMP MEDIUM_TREES,

BIO_TEMP_LARGE_TREES, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_CANOPY_160CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_517CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_610CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_715CM, VAPOUR_PRESSURE_770CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_1030CM, WIND_SPEED_517CM, WIND_SPEED_610CM,

WIND_SPEED_715CM, WIND_SPEED_770CM, WIND_SPEED_1030CM,

WIND_DIR_1030CM, WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CM and RAINFALL_250CM values are

missing on 165 at 1500 through 166 at 600 and on 171 at 1900 through 172 at 600 due to

weather.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_NORTH_ 10CM, SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_WEST_ 10CM,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_WEST TOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_BIO, HEAT_STORAGE WEST_BIO,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR, HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE NORTH_10CM and HEAT_STORAGE_WEST_10CM values are

missing on DOYs 163, 165 and 171.

Data Period: June 21 - July 4/94 (DOY 172-185)

• SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_25CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_50CM and

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_75CM thermocouples not installed until 179 at 2030.

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing from DOY 184 at 1500

through 189 at 2000 due to generator problems.

• WIND_DIR_1030CM sensor malfunction from DOY 172 through to 190 at 2330. Reinstalled

at 2400 on DOY 190. Consequently, no values of WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CM.

• RAINFALL_250CM gauge malfunction on DOY 185 from 30-1900. Reinstalled at 1930 on

DOY 185.

Data Period: July 5 - July 18/94 (DOY 186-199)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing from DOY 184 at 1500

through 189 at 2000 due to generator problems. There are no readings on DOYs 191 at 2200

through to 192 at 1730, on 193 at 1600 through to 195 at 2100 and on 196 from 1500-1730

due to weather.

• SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_NORTH_ 10CM, SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_WEST_ 10CM,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_TOTAL, HEAT_STORAGE_WEST TOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_BIO, HEAT_STORAGE WEST_BIO,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR, HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR,

HEAT_STORAGE NORTH_10CM and HEAT_STORAGE_WEST_10CM values are

missing on DOY 190.

• WIND_DIR_1030CM sensor malfunction from DOY 172 through to 190 at 2330. Reinstalled

at 2400 on DOY 190. Consequently, no values of WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CM.

Page 27
Data Period: July 19 - August 1/94 (DOY 200-213)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOYs 200 at 1500

through, 201 at 1730 due to instrument malfunction, on DOY 203 from 1230-1530 due to

weather and on DOY 204 from 230-400 due to data inconsistencies. On DOY 206 from

1330-1530 and from 1830-1930 due to data inconsistencies and on DOY 207 at 1300 and on

DOY 208 from 230-300 due to data inconsistencies.

Data Period: August 2 - August 15/94 (DOY 214-227)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOYs 217 at 2330

through, 218 at 1930, 223 at 2100 through 225 at 1530 due to weather. On DOY 227 at 2400

through 228 at 100 due to data inconsistencies.

Data Period: August 16 - August 29/94 (DOY 228-241)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOYs 234 at 130 through

235 at 1600, 239 at 1430 through 240 at 1430 due to instrument malfunction. On DOYs 241

at 1730 through 242 at 1430 due to weather.

• SOIL_TEMP_WEST_5CM sensor unreliable on DOYs 237 at 2030 through 238 at 230, on

DOY 238 from 730-1030, on DOY 240 from 630-930, on DOY 241 at 700 through 242 at

600 due to wet conditions.

Data Period: August 30 - September 12/94 (DOY 242-255)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on Jdays 242 from

630-1430, 247 at 1430 through 248 at 1700 due to weather.

• LATENT_HEAT FLUX_900CM and CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM have missing values on

Jdays 253 at 130 through 254 at 600 and on 255 from 630-1500 due to data inconsistency.

• SOIL_TEMP_WEST_5CM sensor unreliable on Jdays 242 from 630-1630, on Jday 248 at

1600 through 249 at 900, on Jday 249 from 1930-2200, on Jday 250 at 2030 through 251 at

230, on Jday 251 from 600-1100, on Jday 251 at 1800 through 252 at 1500, on Jday 252 at

1630 through 253 at 1830, on Jday 255 from 1530-1730, on Jday 255 at 1930 through 256 at

600 due to wet conditions.

Data Period: September 13 - September 20/94 (DOY 256-263)

• LATENT_HEAT_FLUX_900CM, SENSIBLE_HEAT_FLUX_900CM,

H20_FLUX_900CM, CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM, CO2_CONC_900CM,

SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_900CM, SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY_STDEV_900CM,

W MEAN_900CM and W_STDEV_900CM values are missing on DOYs 256 from

1630-1700, and 257 from 1630-1700 due to weather. On 258 from 730-1500 and on 259

from 630-1600 due to instrument malfunction. On DOY 263 at 1530 through 264 at 600 due

to the end of the 1994 field season.

• SOLAR_RAD IN 1182CM, SOLAR RAD_OUT_1158CM, NET_SOLAR_RAD_1170CM,

LONGWAVE IN 1138CM, TOTAL RAD IN 1160CM, TOTAL_RAD_OUT_1148CM,

R_NET_1170CM, R_NET_1170CM_CORRECTED, PPFD IN 1154CM,

Page 28
PPFD_OUT_1136CM,SURFACE_ALBEDO,SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_ICM,

SOIL_TEMF'_NORTH_5CM,SOIL_TEMF'_NORTH_10CM,SOIL_TEMP_WEST_25CM,

SOIL_TEMP_WEST_50CM,SOIL_TEMP_WEST_75CM,SOIL_TEMP_WEST_100CM,

DRY_BULB_CANOPY_160CM,DRY_BULB_TEMF'_517CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMP_610CM,DRY_BULB_TEMF'_715CM,DRY_BULB_TEMP_770CM,

DRY_BULB_TEMF'_1030CM,WET BULB_CANOPY_160CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_517CM,WET_BULB_TEMF'_610CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_715CM,

WET_BULB_TEMP_770CM,WET_BULB_TEMP_1030CM,

BIO_TEMP_SMALL TREES,BIO_TEMP MEDIUM_TREES,

BIO_TEMP_LARGE_TREES,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_CANOPY_160CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_517CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_610CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_715CM,VAPOUR_PRESSURE_770CM,

VAPOUR_PRESSURE_1030CM, WIND_SPEED_517CM,WIND_SPEED_610CM,

WIND_SPEED_715CM,WIND_SPEED_770CM,WIND_SPEED_1030CM,

WIND_DIR_1030CM,WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CMandRAINFALL_250CMvaluesare

missingonDOY 263at 1530through264at600dueto theendof the 1994field season.

SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_NORTH_10CM,SOIL_HEAT_FLUX_WEST_10CM,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_TOTAL,HEAT_STORAGE_WESTTOTAL,

HEAT_STORAGE_NORTH_BIO,HEAT_STORAGEWEST_BIO,

HEAT_STORAGE_SENSIBLE_AIR,HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR,

HEAT_STORAGENORTH_10CMandHEAT_STORAGE_WEST_10CMvaluesare

missingonDOYs 262and263.

SOIL_TEMF'_WEST_5CMsensorunreliableonDOYs256from 630-1130,onDOY256at

1600through257at600,onDOY258from 500-800,onDOY 258at 1530through259at

800,onDOY 259from 1230-1530,onDOY 259from 1800-2200dueto wetconditions.

Special Notes: 1996

All datawereaveragedoverthirty-minuteintervals,startingonthehouror

half-hour,andendingthirty minuteslater.Samplingwascontinous,andeachday'sdataisfrom 0600

UTC to 0600UTC thenextday.

• LONGWAVE IN 1138CMwascalculatedasaresidual.

• Smallnighttimevaluesfor SOLAR_RAD IN 1182CM,SOLAR_RAD_OUT_1158CM,

PPFD IN 1154CM,andPPFD_OUT_1136CMweresetto zeroto accountfor veryslight

zerodepressionsandelevationsin theradiometers.

• BIO_TEMF'_SMALLTREESis anaveragevaluefoundfrom thetemperaturesof thesmall

treesatboththenorthandwestsites.

• R NET_1170CM_CORRECTEDwascalculatedfromdayandnighttimeequations

developedby HodgesandSmith(1997)(seedocumentationfor details).

• WhenSOLAR RAD IN 1182CMis greaterthanzero,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CMis the

sumof CO2_EDDY_FLUX_900CMAND CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CM. If

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CMismissing,thenCO2_EDDY_FLUX_900CMis usedfor

CO2_TOTAL FLUX_900CM.

• WhenSOLAR_RAD IN 1182CMis equalto zero,CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CMisthesum

of CO2_FLUX_NIGHT_MODEL_900CMandCO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CM.If

CO2_STORAGE_FLUX_900CMismissing,thenCO2_FLUX_NIGHT_MODEL_900CM

is usedfor CO2_TOTAL_FLUX_900CM.

Data Period: May 8\96 - July 3\96 (DOY 129-185)

• HEAT_STORAGE NORTH_10CM and HEAT_STORAGE_WEST_10CM values are

missing from DOY 129 to DOY 178 (inclusive) because soil moisture data were not available.

• HEAT_STORAGE_LATENT_AIR is missing DOY 129-133(2030), 137(1400)-141(1700),

and 179(1430-2130). HEAT_STORAGE_TOTAL_NORTH and

HEAT_STORAGE TOTAL_WEST are therefore calculated from the remaining heat storage

variables.

Page 29
Data Period: August 15 - August 28\96 (DOY 228-241)

• Values for SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_ICM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_5CM,

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_I 0CM, S OIL_TEMP_NORTH_25 CM,

SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_50CM, SOIL_TEMP_NORTH_75CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_ICM,

SOIL_TEMP_WEST_5CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_10CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_25CM,

SOIL_TEMP_WEST_50CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_75CM, SOIL_TEMP_WEST_100CM,

and

• RAINFALL_250CM were interpolated on DOY 232 at 1630.

Data Period: October 10 - October 23\96 (DOY 284-297)

• WIND_SPEED_517CM, WIND_SPEED_770CM, WIND_SPEED_1030CM,

WIND_DIR_1030CM, and WIND_DIR_STDEV_1030CM values are missing on DOY

289(2000-0600), 290, 291, and 292 (0630-1800) because of freezing of the sensors.

Data Period: October 24 - November 6\96 (DOY 298-311)

• WIND_SPEED_517CM, WIND_SPEED_770CM, and WIND_SPEED_1030CM values are

missing on DOY 300(0500-0600), 301,302, and 303(0630-2030) because of freezing of the

anemometers.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

All data were collected at the BOREAS NSA-YJP site. North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83)

coordinates for the site are latitude 55.89575 ° N, longitude 98.28706 ° W, and elevation of 249.29 m.

The prevailing wind direction in the area is from the west. Therefore, the access path to the tower and

all of the hard services (generator, fuel storage area, instrument hut, and storage tent) were located east

of the tower.

Porometric data were collected at two locations on the YJP site in 1994. One location was

designated as "dry" because it was located on the dry, sandy soil near the flux tower, and the other

location was designated as "wet" because it was located on the wetter part of the site east of the flux

tower. The wet site was 290 m from the tower at a bearing of 61 degrees, and the dry site was 150 m

from the tower at a bearing of 56 degrees. The strategy of choosing two sample positions was to see

whether the clearly different soil moisture status of the sites influenced the behavior of stomatal

conductance. In 1996, one porometric sample zone was located approximately 40 m from the tower at

a bearing of 250 degrees. This site was chosen in order to be close to the dense array of continuous

soil moisture sample profiles run by HYD-01.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data collected from towers are usually thought of as point data. However, they actually

represent an integrated response to the surface/atmosphere interaction, especially in terms of the eddy

flux data, which are considered to represent an integrated upwind surface source region (Leclerc and

Thurtell, 1990; Schmid and Oke, 1990). In general, at the YJP the fluxes apply to the surface between

20 to 400 meters upwind. At the fen, where fetch in certain wind directions is limited, data

uncertainties may occur (see Section 10.1).

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

Page 30
7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The start and stop times for the experiments were as follows:

15-Aug- 1993 to 31 -Aug- 1993

25-May- 1994 to 19-Sep- 1994

30-Apr- 1996 to 15-Nov- 1996

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

With one exception, the data values submitted to BORIS were integrations of the conditions for the

30-minute reporting periods. The exception is the porometric data, and specifically the stomatal

conductance of the jack pine, which is submitted as shorter-term averages.

Meteorological data were output at 15- and 30-minute intervals depending upon the variable. The

15-minute data included only absolute wet- and dry-bulb air temperatures and soil temperatures, which

were used for heat storage calculations (described below). All signals, except temperature differences,

were averaged over 30-minute periods. Only the 30-minute data were reported to BORIS. Eddy

covariance data were output every 30 minutes.

Porometry data and other biophysical measurements were conducted at irregular sampling intervals

as conditions and resources permitted. Dates and times are noted in the data submissions.

7.3 Data Characteristics

The data provided by the TF-10 team consist of both tower flux and porometry measurements. The

details of these two data sets are contained in the following sections.

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the flux data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 510CM

WIND SPEED 517CM

WIND SPEED 610CM

WIND SPEED 710CM

Page 31
WIND SPEED 715CM

WIND SPEED 770CM

WIND SPEED 910CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST ICM

SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 25CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 510CM

AIR TEMP 517CM

AIR TEMP 610CM

AIR TEMP 710CM

AIR TEMP 715CM

AIR TEMP 770CM

AIR TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP 510CM

WET BULB TEMP 517CM

WET BULB TEMP 610CM

WET BULB TEMP 710CM

WET BULB TEMP 715CM

WET BULB TEMP 770CM

WET BULB TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 510CM

VAPOR PRESS 517CM

VAPOR PRESS 610CM

VAPOR PRESS 710CM

VAPOR PRESS 715CM

VAPOR PRESS 770CM

VAPOR PRESS 910CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

Page 32
UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

CNPY AIR TEMP 160CM

CNPY WET BULB TEMP 160CM

CNPY VAPOR PRESS 160CM

MEAN SMALL TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN MEDIUM TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN LARGE TREE BIOMASS TEMP

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE NORTH

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

BIO HEAT STORAGE NORTH

BIO HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN BIO HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

SOIL HEAT STORAGE NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT STORAGE WEST 10CM

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

The parameters contained in the porometry data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

TREE HT CLASS

MEASUREMENT HT CLASS

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the flux data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by BOREAS

Page 33
DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 510CM

WIND SPEED 517CM

WIND SPEED 610CM

WIND SPEED 710CM

WIND SPEED 715CM

WIND SPEED 770CM

WIND SPEED 910CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM

in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is the

group associated with the sub-site instrument,

e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the identifier

for sub-site, often this will refer to an

instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) of the start of the

data collection.

The sensible heat flux measured above the canopy.

The latent heat flux measured above the canopy.

The net radiation measured above the canopy.

The carbon dioxide flux measured above the

canopy.

The carbon dioxide concentration measured above

the canopy.

The storage term of carbon dioxide under the eddy

flux system.

The sum of the above canopy carbon dioxide flux

and the under flux instrument storage term.

The nighttime carbon dioxide flux estimated from

a model based on temperature.

The downward (incoming) photosynthetic photon

flux density measured above the canopy.

The reflected photosynthetic photon flux density

measured above the canopy

The wind speed measured 5

The wind speed measured 5

The wind speed measured 6

The wind speed measured 7

The wind speed measured 7

The wind speed measured 7

The wind speed measured 9

1 m above the ground.

17 m above the ground.

1 m above the ground.

1 m above the ground.

15 m above the ground.

7 m above the ground.

1 m above the ground.

The wind speed measured above the canopy.

The average wind direction in relation to

magnetic north, over 30 minutes measured above

the canopy.

The standard deviation of the wind direction in

relation to magnetic north, over 30 minutes

measured above the canopy.

The air temperature measured above the canopy.

The water vapor flux measured above the canopy.

The soil heat flux measured i0 cm below the soil

surface at a location north of the flux tower.

The soil heat flux measured i0 cm below the soil

surface at a location west of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 1 cm below the soil surface at

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 5 cm below the soil surface at

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature i0 cm below the soil surface at

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 25 cm below the soil surface at

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 50 cm below the soil surface at

Page 34
SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST ICM

SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM

SOIL TEHP WEST 25CH

SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 510CM

AIR TEMP 517CM

AIR TEMP 610CM

AIR TEMP 710CM

AIR TEMP 715CM

AIR TEMP 770CM

AIR TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP 510CM

WET BULB TEMP 517CM

WET BULB TEMP 610CM

WET BULB TEMP 710CM

WET BULB TEMP 715CM

WET BULB TEMP 770CM

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 75 cm below the soil surface at

a location north of the flux tower.

Soil temperature 1 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature 5 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature i0 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature 25 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature 50 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature 75 cm below the soil surface at

a location west of the flux tower

Soil temperature 1 m below the soil surface at a

location west of the flux tower.

The amount of rainfall measured above the canopy

in the 30 minute period following the given time.

The downward (incoming) solar radiation measured

above the canopy.

The reflected (outgoing) solar radiation measured

above the canopy.

The net solar radiation measured above the

canopy.

The total downward (incoming) radiation measured

above the canopy.

The total upward (outgoing) radiation measured

above the canopy.

The air temperature measured at 5 1 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 5 17 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 6 1 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 7 1 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 7 15 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 7 7 meters above

the ground

The air temperature measured at 9 1 meters above

the ground

The wet bulb temperature measured at 5 1 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 5 17 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 6 1 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 7 1 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 7 15 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 7 7 meters

Page 35
WET BULB TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 510CM

VAPOR PRESS 517CM

VAPOR PRESS 610CM

VAPOR PRESS 710CM

VAPOR PRESS 715CM

VAPOR PRESS 770CM

VAPOR PRESS 910CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

CNPY AIR TEMP 160CM

CNPY WET BULB TEMP 160CM

CNPY VAPOR PRESS 160CM

MEAN SMALL TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN MEDIUM TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN LARGE TREE BIOMASS TEMP

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE NORTH

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured at 9.1 meters

above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature measured above the

canopy.

The vapor pressure measured at 5 1 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 5 17 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 6 1 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 7 1 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 7 15 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 7 7 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured at 9 1 meters above

the ground

The vapor pressure measured above the canopy.

The atmospheric pressure measured at the station.

The downward (incoming) longwave radiation

measured above the canopy.

The upward (outgoing) longwave radiation measured

above the canopy.

The corrected net radiation measured above the

canopy, using equations developed by Hodges and

Smith (1997).

Surface solar albedo.

The air temperature in the canopy measured at

1.6 meters above the ground.

The wet bulb temperature in the canopy measured

at 1.6 meters above the ground.

The vapor pressure in the canopy measured at 1.6

meters above the ground.

The temperature of tree biomass in small trees.

Measured using thermocouples embedded directly

into the boles, 1/3 of the way up the tree and

1/3 of the radius into the boles. Three trees

under 1.5 m height were measured.

The temperature of tree biomass in medium trees.

Measured using thermocouples embedded directly

into the boles, 1/3 of the way up the tree and

1/3 of the radius into the boles. Three trees

over 2.5 m height were measured.

The temperature of tree biomass in large trees.

Measured using thermocouples embedded directly

into the boles, 1/3 of the way up the tree and

1/3 of the radius into the boles. Three trees

over 5 m height were measured.

Total of minor heat storage terms including soil

heat flux, storage in soil above flux plate,

storage in biomass, and sensible and latent heat

storage in the air at a location north of the

Page 36
TOTAL HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

BIO HEAT STORAGE NORTH

BIO HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN BIO HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

SOIL HEAT STORAGE NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT STORAGE WEST 10CM

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

flux tower.

Total of minor heat storage terms including soil

heat flux, storage in soil above flux plate,

storage in biomass, and sensible and latent heat

storage in the air at a location west of the flux

tower.

Average of the north and west site total heat

storage values.

Biomass heat storage for a site north of the flux

tower.

Biomass heat storage for a site west of the flux

tower.

Average of the north and west site biomass heat

storage values.

Sensible heat storage in air column between the

surface and net pyrradiometer.

Latent heat storage in air column between the

surface and net pyrradiometer.

Heat storage in the i0 cm of soil above the heat

flux plate at a location north of the flux tower

Heat storage in the i0 cm of soil above the heat

flux plate at a location west of the flux tower

The 30 minute mean specific humidity measured

above the canopy.

The 30 minute standard deviation of specific

humidity measured above the canopy.

The 30 minute mean of the vertical wind speed

measured above the canopy.

The 30 minute standard deviation of the vertical

wind speed measured above the canopy.

The relative humidity measured above the canopy.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the porometry data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by BOREAS

in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is the

group associated with the sub-site instrument,

e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the identifier

for sub-site, often this will refer to an

Page 37
DATE OBS

TIME OBS

TREE HT CLASS

MEASUREMENT HT CLASS

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) when the data were

collected.

The height class of the tree being measured.

The height class in the tree where the

measurement was made.

Stomatal conductance of water vapor.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the flux data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 510CM

WIND SPEED 517CM

WIND SPEED 610CM

WIND SPEED 710CM

WIND SPEED 715CM

WIND SPEED 770CM

WIND SPEED 910CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[HHMM GMT]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[parts per million]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[degrees from magnetic north]

[degrees from magnetic north]

[degrees Celsius]

[millimoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

Page 38
SOIL TEMP WEST ICM

SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 25CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 510CM

AIR TEMP 517CM

AIR TEMP 610CM

AIR TEMP 710CM

AIR TEMP 715CM

AIR TEMP 770CM

AIR TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP 510CM

WET BULB TEMP 517CM

WET BULB TEMP 610CM

WET BULB TEMP 710CM

WET BULB TEMP 715CM

WET BULB TEMP 770CM

WET BULB TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 510CM

VAPOR PRESS 517CM

VAPOR PRESS 610CM

VAPOR PRESS 710CM

VAPOR PRESS 715CM

VAPOR PRESS 770CM

VAPOR PRESS 910CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

CNPY AIR TEMP 160CM

CNPY WET BULB TEMP 160CM

CNPY VAPOR PRESS 160CM

MEAN SMALL TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN MEDIUM TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN LARGE TREE BIOMASS TEMP

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE NORTH

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

BIO HEAT STORAGE NORTH

BIO HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN BIO HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[millimeters]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[kiloPascals]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[unitless]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[kiloPascals]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

Page 39
LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

SOIL HEAT STORAGE NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT STORAGE WEST 10CM

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[grams] [kilogram^-l]

[grams] [kilogram^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[percent]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the porometry data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME [none]

SUB SITE [none]

DATE OBS [DD-MON-YY]

TIME OBS [HHMM GMT]

TREE HT CLASS [meters]

MEASUREMENT HT CLASS [meters]

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20 [millimeters H20] [second^-l]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

REVISION DATE [DD-MON-YY]

7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the flux data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE

NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 510CM

WIND SPEED 517CM

WIND SPEED 610CM

WIND SPEED 710CM

WIND SPEED 715CM

WIND SPEED 770CM

WIND SPEED 910CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[sonic anemometer and thermocouple]

[sonic anemometer and krypton hygrometer]

[net pyrradiometer]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[IRGA]]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[IRGA and sonic anemometer]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[quantum sensor]

[quantum sensor]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[anemometer]

[wind vane]

[wind vane]

Page 40
AIR TEHP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST ICM

SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 25CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM

RAINFALL

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 510CM

AIR TEMP 517CM

AIR TEMP 610CM

AIR TEMP 710CM

AIR TEMP 715CM

AIR TEMP 770CM

AIR TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP 510CM

WET BULB TEMP 517CM

WET BULB TEMP 610CM

WET BULB TEMP 710CM

WET BULB TEMP 715CM

WET BULB TEMP 770CM

WET BULB TEMP 910CM

WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY

VAPOR PRESS 510CM

VAPOR PRESS 517CM

VAPOR PRESS 610CM

VAPOR PRESS 710CM

VAPOR PRESS 715CM

VAPOR PRESS 770CM

VAPOR PRESS 910CM

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

SURF PRESS

DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY

CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY

ALBEDO

CNPY AIR TEMP 160CM

CNPY WET BULB TEMP 160CM

CNPY VAPOR PRESS 160CM

[thermocouple]

[sonic anemometer and krypton hygrometer]

[heat flux plate]

[heat flux plate]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[tipping bucket gauge]

[pyranometer

[pyranometer

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[pressure sensor]

[pyrgeometer]

[pyrgeometer]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

Page 41
MEAN SMALL TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN MEDIUM TREE BIOMASS TEMP

MEAN LARGE TREE BIOMASS TEMP

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE NORTH

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN TOTAL HEAT STORAGE

BIO HEAT STORAGE NORTH

BIO HEAT STORAGE WEST

MEAN BIO HEAT STORAGE

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE

LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE

SOIL HEAT STORAGE NORTH 10CM

SOIL HEAT STORAGE WEST 10CM

MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY

MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

REL HUM ABV CNPY

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[krypton hygrometer]

[krypton hygrometer]

[sonic anemometer]

[sonic anemometer]

[temperature/relative humidity sensor]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

The sources of the parameter values contained in the porometry data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

TREE HT CLASS

MEASUREMENT HT CLASS

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Supplied by Investigator.]

[Porometer]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

[Assigned by BORIS.]

7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the flux data files on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-YJP-FLXTR NSA-YJP-FLXTR None None None None

SUB SITE 9TFI0-FLX01 9TFI0-FLX01 None None None None

DATE OBS 15-AUG-93 09-NOV-96 None None None None

TIME OBS 0 2330 None None None None

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX -69.59 458.28 -999 None None None

ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV -68.9 428.3 -999 None None None

CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY -90.5 787 -999 None None None

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY -16.1 32.757 -999 None None Blank

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY 288.4 435.3 -999 None None Blank

CO2 STORAGE -5.814 7.23 -999 None None Blank

Page 42
CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS

STORAGE

NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV

CNPY

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

UP PPFD ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED 510CM

WIND SPEED 517CM

WIND SPEED 610CM

WIND SPEED 710CM

WIND SPEED 715CM

WIND SPEED 770CM

WIND SPEED 910CM

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

MEAN WIND DIR MAG

ABV CNPY

SDEV WIND DIR MAG

ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

H20 FLUX ABV CNPY

-16.09

-2 .619

0

0

199

199

199

199

199

199

199

197

0

-17 .28

-i .5283

SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH -31.4

10CM

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST -45.2

10CM

SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM -1.86

SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM -.44

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM -.65

SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM -.66

SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM -.7

SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM -.65

SOIL TEMP WEST ICM -2.9

SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM - 08

SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM - 15

SOIL TEMP WEST 25CM - 13

SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM - 2

SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM - 3

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM - 24

m m m

RAINFALL 0

DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

UP SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

NET SOLAR RAD ABV 0

CNPY

DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV 179.45

CNPY

UP TOTAL RAD ABV 229.8

CNPY

AIR TEMP 510CM .373

AIR TEMP 517CM -17.43

AIR TEMP 610CM -.013

AIR TEMP 710CM 2.581

AIR TEMP 715CM .156

AIR TEMP 770CM -17.36

i0 .494

5.748

2100

360

5.168

6.223

6 848

6 022

7 3

7 59

6 547

8 32

359. 9

78.1

30.11

7.8144

73

93 1

31 61

24 64

20 99

17 66

15 1

13 26

34 43

24 65

19 55

16 19

13 87

12 2

i0 89

6.35

1021

188.2

891.4

1365.5

632.9

26.8

30.4

30.18

26.57

29.45

30.14

Page 43

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank
AIR TEMP910CM 3.752

WETBULBTEMP510CM .ii

WETBULBTEMP517CM -.136

WETBULBTEMP610CM -.043

WETBULBTEMP710CM 3.641

WETBULBTEMP715CM .077

WETBULBTEMP770CM .132

WETBULBTEMP910CM 2.959

WETBULBTEMPABV 156

CNPY

VAPORPRESS510CM 5983

VAPORPRESS517CM 4654

VAPORPRESS610CM 4854

VAPORPRESS710CM 5872

VAPORPRESS715CM 4602

VAPORPRESS770CM 4592

VAPORPRESS910CM 6067

VAPORPRESSABVCNPY 1338

SURFPRESS 5.8

DOWNLONGWAVERAD 55.5

ABVCNPY

UP LONGWAVERADABV 229.8

CNPY

CORRNETRADABV -95.01

CNPY

ALBEDO0

CNPYAIR TEMP160CM -4.114

CNPYWETBULBTEMP -4.17

160CM

CNPYVAPORPRESS .4415

160CM

MEANSMALLTREE -24.48

BIOMASSTEMP

MEANMEDIUMTREE -23.89

BIOMASSTEMP

MEANLARGETREE -21.88

BIOMASSTEMP

TOTALHEATSTORAGE-146.1

NORTH

TOTALHEATSTORAGE-74.3

WEST

MEANTOTALHEAT -62.1

STORAGE

BIO HEATSTORAGE -12

NORTH

BIO HEATSTORAGE -253

WEST

MEANBIO HEAT -i05

STORAGE

SENSIBLEAIR HEAT -44

STORAGE

LATENTAIR HEAT -343

STORAGE

SOILHEATSTORAGE -667

26 37

18 95

19

18 95

18 78

18 95

18 94

18 77

18 92 1 9357 1 9731 1 9724 1 9041 1 9717 1 9731 1 9161 2 3719 9 .6

421.12

524.7

788.3

.965

31.87

19.32

2.0113

39.03

37

35.56

102.7

148.3

89.2

9.2

15

6.2

22.6

52 .3

46.8

Page 44

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

-999

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

None

Blank

None

None

Blank

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

None

None

None

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

Blank

None

None

Blank
NORTH10CM

SOILHEATSTORAGE -89.8 76 -999 None None Blank

WEST10CM

MEANSPECIFICHUM 2.41 22.56 -999 None None Blank

ABVCNPY

SDEVSPECIFICHUM .012 10.84 -999 None None Blank

ABVCNPY

MEANWWINDSPEED -1.997 1.979 -999 None None Blank

ABVCNPY

SDEVWWINDSPEED 0 4.424 -999 None None Blank

ABVCNPY

RELHUMABVCNPY 12.5 125.7 -999 None None Blank

CRTFCNCODE CPI CPI None None None None

REVISIONDATE 15-JAN-99 20-JAN-99 None None None None

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the porome_y data files on

the CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-YJP-FLXTR NSA-YJP-FLXTR None None None None

SUB SITE 9TFI0-PR996 9TFI0-PRWET None None None None

DATE OBS 05-JUN-94 07-OCT-96 None None None None

TIME OBS 330 2330 None None None None

TREE HT CLASS <1.3 >1.3 None None None None

MEASUREMENT HT CLASS <1.3 >1.3 None None None None

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20 .0162 14.3745 -999 None None None

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None None None None

REVISION DATE 03-FEB-99 03-FEB-99 None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

Below Detect Limit -- The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

Data Not Cllctd -- This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Page 45
Blank

N/A

None

-- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

-- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

-- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of flux data records from a sample data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,NET RAD ABV CNPY,CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY,CO2 CONC ABV CNPY,

CO2 STORAGE,CO2 FLUX ABV PLUS STORAGE,NIGHT CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY,DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY,

UP PPFD ABV CNPY,WIND SPEED 510CM, WIND SPEED 517CM, WIND SPEED 610CM,

WIND SPEED 710CM, WIND SPEED 715CM, WIND SPEED 770CM, WIND SPEED 910CM,

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY,MEAN WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY, SDEV WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY,

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY,H20 FLUX ABV CNPY, SOIL HEAT FLUX NORTH 10CM,

SOIL HEAT FLUX WEST 10CM, SOIL TEMP NORTH ICM, SOIL TEMP NORTH 5CM,

SOIL TEMP NORTH 10CM, SOIL TEMP NORTH 25CM, SOIL TEMP NORTH 50CM,

SOIL TEMP NORTH 75CM, SOIL TEMP WEST ICM, SOIL TEMP WEST 5CM, SOIL TEMP WEST 10CM,

SOIL TEMP WEST 25CM, SOIL TEMP WEST 50CM, SOIL TEMP WEST 75CM,

SOIL TEMP WEST 100CM, RAINFALL,DOWN SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,UP SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,

NET SOLAR RAD ABV CNPY,DOWN TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY,UP TOTAL RAD ABV CNPY,

AIR TEMP 510CM, AIR TEMP 517CM, AIR TEMP 610CM, AIR TEMP 710CM, AIR TEMP 715CM,

AIR TEMP 770CM, AIR TEMP 910CM, WET BULB TEMP 510CM, WET BULB TEMP 517CM,

WET BULB TEMP 610CM, WET BULB TEMP 710CM, WET BULB TEMP 715CM, WET BULB TEMP 770CM,

WET BULB TEMP 910CM, WET BULB TEMP ABV CNPY,VAPOR PRESS 510CM, VAPOR PRESS 517CM,

VAPOR PRESS 610CM, VAPOR PRESS 710CM, VAPOR PRESS 715CM, VAPOR PRESS 770CM,

VAPOR PRESS 910CM, VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY, SURF PRESS,DOWN LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY,

UP LONGWAVE RAD ABV CNPY,CORR NET RAD ABV CNPY,ALBEDO,CNPY AIR TEMP 160CM,

CNPY WET BULB TEMP 160CM, CNPY VAPOR PRESS 160CM, MEAN SMALL TREE BIOMASS TEMP,

MEAN MEDIUM TREE BIOMASS TEMP,MEAN LARGE TREE BIOMASS TEMP,

TOTAL HEAT STORAGE NORTH, TOTAL HEAT STORAGE WEST,MEAN TOTAL HEAT STORAGE,

BIO HEAT STORAGE NORTH,BIO HEAT STORAGE WEST,MEAN BIO HEAT STORAGE,

SENSIBLE AIR HEAT STORAGE,LATENT AIR HEAT STORAGE,SOIL HEAT STORAGE NORTH 10CM,

SOIL HEAT STORAGE WEST 10CM, MEAN SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY,

SDEV SPECIFIC HUM ABV CNPY,MEAN W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY, SDEV W WIND SPEED ABV CNPY,

REL HUM ABV CNPY,CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-YJP-FLXTR', '9TFI0-FLX01',24-MAY-94,630,-999.0,-999.0,-63.08,-999.0,-999.0,

-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,0.0,0.0,,1.358,1.658,,1.869,1.976,,2.266,273.7,5.462,8.64

-999.0,1.1,-3.4,4.346,5.635,6.001,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,3.906,5.162,5.327,4.298

2.119,.784,.178,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,-999.0,-999.0,,7.03,7.61,,7.98,8.17,,,5.496,

-999.0,,5.926,-999.0,,6.332,, .8022,-999.0,, .7953,-999.0 , .8051,,-999.0,-999.0,

-62.71,0.0,3.51,3.15,.7423,.05,1.225,5.068,-14.7,-20.5, -.7,-1.6,,-3.5,-.8,-10 8,

-ii.2,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0, , 'CPI', 15-JAN-99

'NSA-YJP-FLXTR', '9TFI0-FLX01',24-MAY-94,700,-999.0,-999 0,-59.15,-999.0,-999.0

-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,0.0,0.0,,1.366,1.623,,1.837,1.95,,2.356,273.0,2.121,7.83,

-999.0,-.1,-5.5,3.809,5.312,5.824,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,3.354,4.826,5.144,4.274

2.154, .803, .188, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,-999.0,-999.0, , 6.054, 6.557, , 6.92,7.14, , ,4.949,

-999.0, ,5.387,-999.0, ,5.962, , .7966,-999.0, , .7955,-999.0, , .8099, ,-999.0,-999.0,

-58.08, 0.0,3.276,2.959, .7348,-.84, .418,4.349,-15.4,-20.3, ,-.5,-i.0, ,-3.3,-.8,

-i0.7,-9.7,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0, , 'CPI', 15-JAN-99

Page 46
The following are wrapped versions of porometry data records from a sample data file on the

CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,TREE HT CLASS,MEASUREMENT HT CLASS,

STOMATAL CONDUCT H20,CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-YJP-FLXTR', '9TFI0-PR996',I6-SEP-96,1730, '>1.3', '>1.3',2.199, 'CPI',03-FEB-99

'NSA-YJP-FLXTR', '9TFI0-PR996',I6-SEP-96,1730, '<1.3', '<1.3',i.042, 'CPI',03-FEB-99

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by BORIS was data collected at a given site on a given date.

8.2 Data Format

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

Net Solar Radiation (W/m2)

Net solar radiation (K*) is the difference between incoming solar radiation (Kd) and reflected solar

radiation (Ku):

K* = Kd - Ku (9.1)

Incoming Longwave Radiation (W/m2)

Incoming longwave radiation (Ld) is calculated as a residual from the net radiation balance, where

net radiation (Q*) is the sum of net solar radiation (K*, see e.g. 9.1) and net longwave radiation (L*).

L* is the difference between incoming longwave radiation (Ld) and outgoing longwave radiation (Lu).

Q* = Kd - Ku + Ld - Lu (9.2)

Total Incoming Radiation (W/m2)

Total incoming radiation (Qd) is the sum of all incoming radiation:

Qd = Kd + Ld (9.3)

Total Outgoing Radiation (W/m2)

Total outgoing radiation (Qu) is the sum of all outgoing radiation:

Qu = Ku + Lu (9.4)

Page 47
Net Radiation corrected (W/m2)

Measured net radiation (Q*) was corrected using a set of site-specific day- and night-time equations

developed by Hodges and Smith (1997). These equations (shown below) were used for all years of

data, excluding data collected in 1993 at both fen and YJP. The use of the day or night equation is

based on measured incoming solar radiation. When Kd>5.00 W/m2, daytime equations are used. The

relevant equations for the fen and YJP are:

Site Time of day Correction equation

Fen DAY Q*corr = 0.957(Q*) + 3.2 (9.5)

NIGHT Q*corr = 1.079(Q*) + ii.i (9.6)

YJP DAY Q*corr = 0.992(Q*) + 7.6 (9.7)

NIGHT Q*corr = 1.178(Q*) + 11.6 (9.8)

Surface Albedo (dimensionless)

Surface albedo (a) is the ratio of the amount of radiation reflected by a body to the amount incident

upon it:

a = Ku/Kd (9.9)

Total CO2 Flux (umol/m2/s)

The total CO2 flux (FCO2) is the sum of the eddy flux (Feco2) and the storage flux (Fsco2):

Fco2 = Feco2 + Fsco2 (9.10)

In 1994 and 1996 at the YJP site, a night model (CO2night) was used in the calculation of the total

CO2 flux (when Kd=0), and

CO2night = -2.4883 + 0.82337(Ts10avg) - 0.6777(Ts75avg) (9.11)

where Tsl0avg and Ts75avg are the average soil temperatures from the north and west zones from a

depth of 10 and 75 cm, respectively. Then,

Fco2 = CO2night + Fsco2 (9.12)

Heat Storage (W/m2)

Total heat storage (G_total) is based on the sum of heat storage from several environmental

compartments:

G_total = G + Ga + Ge + Gveg (9.13)

where: G = soil heat flux

Ga = sensible heat storage in the air

Ge = latent heat storage in the air

Gveg = heat storage in the vegetation

Only G is measured, and the remaining variables are calculated using the formulae given by Thorn

(1975):

Ga(T) = 0.33 zr dTa(t) (9.14)

Ge(T) = 0.5 zr de(t) (9.15)

Gveg(T) = 0.8 My dTb(t) (9.16)

Page 48
wherezr is thereferenceheight(in thiscasetheheightof thenetpyrradiometer)(m);dTa,de,anddTb

aretheratesof changein airtemperature(°C/s),vaporpressure(kPa/s),andbiomasstemperature

(°C/s),respectively,fortime stept; andMv is thestandinggreenmassof vegetationoverunit area

(kg/m2).Theoretically,GaandGeareintegratedovertheheightintervalbetweenthesurfaceandzr.In

this study,thecalculationswereperformedfor discretelayersrepresentedby theprofilepsychrometer

heightsandsummedto getthetotals.Thecalculationof all minorheatstoragetermsin theenergy

balancewerecalculatedwith theFortranprogramcalledSTORAG.An explanationof thisprogramis

givenin Section9.1.1,andadescriptionof thecommandfilesusedto processthedatais givenin

Section9.2.1.

Groundheatflux attheYJPsiteis computedin theusualsense,wheretheheatflux platereadingis

summedwith heatstoragefrom thesoillayerbetweentheplateandsoil surface.

Theoperationalequationsare:

G= G(z)+ S (9.17)

S= CdTs(t)z/1800 (9.18)

C=CmXm+CwXw+CoXo (9.19)

whereGis thegroundheatflux atthesoil surfaceintegratedovera30-minutetimeinterval(W/m2),

G(z)isthesoilheatflux measuredatdepthz (W/m2),andSis theflux equivalento theheatstored

betweenthesurfaceandtheheatflux platesduringthetimeinterval(t=1800s)(W/m2).Cis the

volumetricheatcapacityof thesoil (J/mU°C),dTs(t)is thetemperaturechangeinthesoillayerabove

theheatflux plateoverthetimeinterval(°C/s),andz isthedepthof theheatflux plates(m).The

volumetricheatcapacityis obtainedfrom measurementsof thevolumefractions(X) of themineral,

water,andorganicsoilcomponents(subscriptm,w, ando,respectively)andtheirrespectiveheat

capacities(Cm,Cw, andCo).

Heatstoragecalculatedfor theYJPsitewasdistinguishedby zonein 1994and1996.Separatesoil

heatfluxesweremeasuredfor thenorthandwestzones(G(z)nandG(z)w,respectively).Calculated

variablesincludesensibleheatstoragein theair (Ga),latentheatstoragein theair (Ge),andheat

storagein thevegetationatboththenorthandwestsites(GvegnandGvegw,respectively).Heat

storagein thesoil volumeabove10cm depth(G10)is alsoapartof G_totalin 1994and1996,

resultingin thefollowing equations:

G_totaln= G(z)n+ Ga+ Ge+ Gvegn+ G10 (9.20)

G_totalw= G(z)w+ Ga+ Ge+ Gvegw+ G10 (9.21)

In 1993,anaveragevalueof thenorthandwestzonesispresentedfor G_totalandGveg.

Groundheatflux atthefenin 1994only (Gfen)wascomputedby adjustingtheheatflux plate

readingsfrom thehollow (Ghol)with acorrectionfactordeterminedfrom calorimetricmethods.In the

following explanation,Gplais equalto Ghol.Hence,

G = G(z)CF (9.22)

whereCF= Gcal/Gpla (9.23)

in whichCFis acorrectionfactor(3.04)determinedfrom calorimetriccalculationsof heatstoragein

thesoilprofile (Gcal)andthetime-integratedflux measuredbytheheatflux plates(Gpla).Gplais

calculatedby summingthe30-minuteaverageheatflux platereadingsmultipliedby 1800secondsover

a specifiedtimeinterval(usually10-14days).Gcalisthetotalheatstoragein thesoilprofilecalculated

from individualsoillayersrepresentedby themeasuredtemperatureprofile(s),plustheheatflux out

thebottomof thesoilprofile (GB).

Heatstoragein theindividuallayers,S(i)is computedas:

S(i) = CdT(t)z (9.24)

Page49
wheresymbolsaredefinedasabove.Cvariesbetween3.48x 106J/m3/°Cfor saturatedpeatsoil and

0.58x 106J/m3/°C for dry peat soil. The flux out the base of the soil profile is calculated as:

GB = -Ks dT/dz (9.25)

where -Ks is the thermal conductivity of saturated peat soil (0.5 W/m/°C) and dT/dz is the temperature

gradient at the base of the soil profile.

In 1993, 1995, and 1996, no correction factor was applied to the fen's soil heat flux data (see

Section 10.2.2). In these years, the soil heat flux from the hollow (Ghol) was used in the calculations

of G_total.

Stem Temperatures (°C)

Stem temperatures were recorded at YJP in 1993, 1994, and 1996 from both the north and west

sites at YJP. Stem temperatures from small (Tbsw), medium (Tbmw), and large trees (Tblw) were

recorded at the west site, whereas only small trees were sampled at the north site (Tbsn). Stem

temperatures recorded in the data files were taken from the west site, with the exception of stem

temperatures from small trees. Tbs is an average of the stem temperatures from both the north and west

sites:

Tbs = (Tbsn + Tbsw)/2 (9.26)

Specific Humidity (g/kg)

Specific humidity (SH) and the standard deviation of specific humidity (sSH) were calculated

using measured air temperature (T_air), vapor density (q), and the standard deviation of in q (sln q).

Air density (rho) is found as a function of T_air, where:

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

if

T air>30 then rho = 1.149 - 0

25>T air>30 then rho : 1.168 - 0

20>T air>25 then rho : 1.188 - 0

15>T air>20 then rho : 1.209 - 0

10>T air>15 then rho : 1.230 - 0

5>T air>10 then rho : 1.252 - 0

0>T air>5 then rho : 1.275 - 0

-5>T air>0 then rho : 1.229 - 0

-10>T air>-5 then rho : 1.324 - 0

-15>T air>-10 then rho : 1.350 - 0

-20>T air>-15 then rho : 1.376 - 0

0036

0038

0040

0042

0042

0044

0046

0048

0050

0050

0054

(T air

(T air

(T air

(T air

(T air -

(T air -

(T air -

(T air +

(T air +

(T air +

(T air +

- 30

- 25

- 20

- 15

i0

5

0

4

9

14

19

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

99

99

99

99

9 27)

9 28)

9 29)

9 30)

9 31)

9 32)

9 33)

9 34)

9 35)

9 36)

9 37)

The specific humidity is found from the vapor density (g/m3), measured by the krypton hygrometer at

each site, and

q = (in s - in v)/kx (9.38)

where s = the signal voltage from the hygrometer (mv), v is the intercept of the hygrometer's

calibration (4054 mv for the fen and 4528 mv for the YJP), k is absorption coefficient for water vapor

(-0.141 m3/g/cm for the fen and -0.133 m3/g/cm for the YJP), and x is the path length of the

hygrometer (1.542 cm for the fen and 1.400 cm for the YJP). Then,

SH = q/rho (9.39) and

sSH = (e Isln ql)/rho (9.40)

where s indicates the standard deviation.

Page 50
Convective Heat Fluxes (H and LE)

The sensible heat flux was found from equation 3.2 which states that

H = rho Cp <w'T'> (9.41)

where the variables have their usual meanings. Webb (1982) showed that the air density and specific

heat of air are functions of both the air's temperature and vapor pressure, and that air temperature had

the largest control. Thus, in our calculations, the rho Cp term was corrected for changing temperature

and air pressure as follows:

rho Cp = Cp(d) (P M/R T) (9.42)

where Cp(d) is the specific heat of dry air, P is the atmospheric pressure, M is the molecular weight of

dry air, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the air temperature. In the 1994 experiments, P was

obtained from Thompson airport and read into the data logger once a day, usually about 1500 UTC,

when the site was first visited. In 1996, analog pressure sensors at the YJP and fen were recorded P

every half-hour. The air temperature that was used was the average value from the previous half-hour,

which was updated on a continuous basis automatically by the data logger. The precision of this

correction was improved in 1996 because we incorporated air pressure sensors into the measurement

packages at each site, and this allowed the use of the previous half-hour's air pressure as well as

temperature in equation 9.41.

The value of L, the latent heat of vaporization, in the eddy covariance measurement of latent heat

flux (equation 3.1) was found as a function of air temperature from the equation

L = 2501 + (-2.363) T + (-0.00023) T2 (9.43)

where T is the air temperature averaged over the previous half-hour. Equation 9.42 was part of the

online calculations.

The krypton lamp in the hygrometer has two emission lines, a major line at 123.58 rim, and a

minor line at 116.49 rim. Both lines are absorbed by both water vapor and oxygen. It is necessary to

account for the effect of absorption by oxygen on the value of vapor density in order to correct the

latent heat flux. The oxygen correction is a function of atmospheric pressure and temperature, and

Tanner, et al. (1993) provide the appropriate equations to find the oxygen correction. At standard

atmospheric pressure (101.3 kP) and temperature (305 K), the pressure correction is small in

comparison to that caused by temperature, and it is usual to correct for oxygen absorption based only

on temperature. This procedure was followed in this experiment.

Webb et al. (1980) described the influence of sensible heat and vapor fluxes that cause changes in

the density of atmospheric constituents, and the necessary corrections to the flux associated with these

fluctuations. These corrections are usually termed the Webb, Pearman, and Leuning (WPL)

corrections, and they were applied to the latent heat flux in this experiment (Joiner, 1994). The WPL

correction due to the sensible heat flux is approximately five times larger than that due to the vapor flux

itself (Tanner et al., 1993).

Carbon Dioxide Flux

Because we used a closed-path IRGA and the air sample was delivered to the instrument through a

sample tube, there is a time delay, or lag, in the concentration of CO2, measured in the IRGA, and the

measured vertical wind in the free atmosphere around the sonic. If the CO2 concentration data were not

corrected for lag, we would not calculate the correct covariance, and the flux of CO2 would be

incorrect. We found the lag for our CO2 systems at fen and YJP empirically. While continuously

monitoring the output of CO2 and vertical wind, we introduced a bubble of nitrogen in the vicinity of

the sample tube intake. The arrival of the nitrogen in the sample cell of the IRGA caused a discernable

spike in the CO2 time series. We identified formally the time of occurrence of the spike by lag

correlation analysis of CO2 concentration and vertical wind. The lag was where the correlation

Page 51
coefficientbetweenCO2 and vertical wind was a maximum. Site-specific lag times were programmed

into the data loggers at each site, and these lags allowed us to compute a covariance using the correct

values of CO2 and vertical wind.

The concentration of CO2 measured by an IRGA is dependent on pressure. Changing pressure

changes the calibration of the instrument (span/voltage difference) by changing the span. The span is

the difference in concentration between the high and low span gases; in our case approximately 30 to

40 ppmv. The effect of changing pressure on the IRGA's calibration was corrected online.

Changes in the air's temperature and water vapor density, which in turn are related to the sensible

and latent heat fluxes, affect the concentration of CO2 and hence the flux of CO2 (Webb et al., 1980).

In postprocessing, the CO2 flux was corrected for changing density and vapor flux (Joiner, 1994).

The correction includes a correction for the cross-sensitivity of the IRGA to water vapor and carbon

dioxide (Leuning and Moncrieff, 1990; Leuning and King, 1992).

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

STORAG is the general name for a Fortran program that calculates the minor heat storage terms in

the energy balance. There are several operational versions of the program that differ depending upon

the available data (see Section 9.2.1). Also, ENBAL, a Fortran program to solve for the terms of the

radiation balance, was used in the analysis. Both STORAG and ENBAL work on the principle of GET

commands that read input data into memory from various files, and when sufficient variables are read

to solve the control equations, the calculations get done and are stored in output tables that can be

delivered to spreadsheets or plotting packages for further processing and plotting. There is a worked

example of the operation of STORAG in Section 9.2.1 that illustrates not only the specific features of

STORAG but also the general nature of both programs.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

Two versions of STORAG were used in the calculations of heat storage depending on what data

were available: STORY94.exe and STORY96.exe. STORY94.exe, used on 1993, 1994, and 1995

data, calculated heat storage variables from wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures, net radiation, soil heat

flux, and soil temperatures. STORY96.exe was used on the 1996 data where relative humidity (RH)

was an input measured variable, which replaced its calculation using wet-bulb temperatures.

A command file is used to run the STORAG program. It comprises a list of GET statements that

will select variables from a specified column in a specified file. The last two numbers in the GET

statement are the slope and intercept of the equation to be used with that data. This is useful if the input

data are in the wrong units and a linear calibration can be applied. Other variables are set using SET

statements. Variables used in the STORY94 program are:

Q_

QGZ

TSl-3

TB

TDI-6

Twl-6

XW

HCS

TOL

DS

ZR

ZCQ

MV

CON

Net radiation

Soil heat flux

Soil temperatures from depths of i, 5, and i0

Biomass temperature (see Section 9.2.2)

Dry-bulb temperatures

Wet-bulb temperatures in STORY96 RH is used

Soil moisture content

Heat capacity of soil

Thickness of the organic layer

Depth of temperature measurements

Height of the net radiation measurement

Height of canopy, height of net pyrradiometer

Green mass of vegetation

Constant used in equations determining Ga, Ge,

cm, respectively

instead)

and Gveg

Page 52
An exampleof thecommandfile usedto runSTORAGislistedin Table16for onedayof data.All

commandsmustbein capitalletters,Q* andQGZdatamustbe30-minuteaverages,andtheremaining

temperaturesare15-minuteaverages.

Table16.Examplecommandfile for STORAG,aprogramto findtheminorheatstoragetermsin

thesurfaceenergybalance.

SETPAUSE OFF

CLEAR

TITLE YJP NORTH FOREST SITE

SETTIME 0.25 0.25 95

GET(Q*) Y9430

GET (QGZ)

GET (TSl)

GET (TS2)

GET (TS3)

GET (TB)

GET (TDI)

GET (TD2)

GET (TD3)

GET (TD4)

GET (TD5)

GET (TD6)

GET (TWI)

GET (TW2)

GET (TW3)

GET (TW4)

GET (TW5)

GET (TW6)

SET (XW)

SET (HCS)

SET (TOL)

SET (ms)

SET (ZR)

SET (ZCQ)

SET (MV)

SET (CON)

SHOW

WRITE

WRITESTO

Y9430

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

Y9415

0 O8

0 145

0 O3

0 01

155

301

0 888

0 8

ENERGY STORAGE MAY-24-1994 (144)

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

7E 144

0.08

5 0.20

(24X,F8.0

(II2X,FS.

(200X,F8.

(208X,F8.

(216X,FS.

40X,F8.0

48X,F8 0

56X,F8 0

64X,F8 0

72X,F8 0

80X,F8 0

88X,F8 0

96X,F8 0

104X,F8.

104X,F8.

120X,F8.

128X,F8.

136X,F8.

67

0.050.1

.076.07.057.610.2

1.60

Y94STORN.144

Y94QSN.144

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

9.2.2 Processing Changes

Where one level of air temperature was missing from a file used in STORAG, the GET statement

was changed to read the value from the nearest level. For example, if the third level of temperature is

missing, the value from the fourth level could be used instead.

Mass of vegetation (MV) is zero in the fen calculations. For heat storage calculations at YJP in the

west site, MV = 2.22. Because there were only small trees in the north site, MV = 0.888 for that site.

Biomass temperature (TB) is zero in the fen calculations, whereas it is based on the stem temperatures

at YJP. In the north site, TB = Tbsn. In the west site, the following weighted average, based on the

percentage occurrence of small, medium, and large trees, was used to determine TB:

TB = 0.4 Tbsw + 0.486 Tbmw + 0.114 Tblw (9.44)

The STORAG program does not accept zero in the command file; therefore, the TB multiplier, the

thickness of the organic layer (TOL), the height of the canopy, and the mass of vegetation (MV) were

set to 0.000001 in the fen calculations, creating insignificant values in the calculated heat storage.

Page 53
9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

The following rules were followed in preparing the data files:

• Any small negative values of Kd and Ku (< 1 W/m2) were changed to zero and Ld, Qd, Qu,

and the albedo were recalculated accordingly; negative values occur as a result of zero

depression on the instruments.

• All negative values of incoming and reflected photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFDd and

PPFDu) were changed to zero; as is the case with pyranometers, small negative values result

from zero depression.

• When FsCO2 was missing and Kd>0, then FCO2 = Feco2

• When FsCO2 was missing and Kd=0, then FCO2 = COznight.

• Latent heat flux (LE) was flagged (i.e., changed to -999) when LE<-50 W/m2.

• Sensible heat flux (H) was flagged when H<-70 W/m2.

• All negative wind speeds were flagged.

• Where LE was flagged and vertical wind speed (w) was >2 or <-2 m/s, w was flagged.

• Where between one and three half-hourly average values of a variable were missing, a linear

interpolation was done, assuming that the meteorological conditions were steady and a clear

temporal trend was present before and after the data gap.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

Formulae for the following list of calculated variables can be found in Section 9.1: K*, Ld, Qd,

Qu, Q*, Q*corr, a, Fco2, COznight, G_total, Ga, Ge, Gveg, G10, SH, and sSH.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

Day 260 in 1996 was chosen because it was a clear day and it shows many interesting contrasting

features of the radiation, energy, and CO2 balances of the two sites (Figure 4). The time shown in the

figure is UTC. The most notable differences in the radiation balances between the two sites (Figure 4A

and 4B) occur in the net radiation (Q*) and reflected solar radiation (Ku) components: the latter is

larger and the former is smaller at the fen as a result of i) the larger albedo at the fen and ii) the higher

surface temperatures on the jack pine; which increase the outgoing longwave radiation (Lu) from the

drier surface; the greatest contrast in Lu occurs early in the day. The incoming solar radiation (Kd) and

incoming longwave radiation (Ld) do not indicate substantial differences between the sites.

The fen had started to senesce by day 260; as a result, the majority of the available energy goes into

sensible heat flux (average Bowen ratio 2.0) (Figure 4C). The YJP was still actively transpiring

(average Bowen ratio 1.0), except for a short period in the middle of the day when the sensible heat

flux exceeds the latent heat flux (Figure 4D). The value of the total heat storage (G_total) includes the

soil heat storage and biomass storage from the north site.

The impact of senescence is very noticeable in the different net CO2 flux patterns. The fen is either

effluxing or in a state of zero net exchange for the majority of the day (Figure 4E), but there is some

very weak uptake in the late morning. The jack pine shows vigorous uptake for the whole daylight

period and consistent efflux in the nighttime period at the start of the day (Figure 4F). The pattern of

efflux breaks down late in the day under the very calm wind speed conditions (Figure 4H).

The pattern of wind at the fen is characterized by very low wind speed or complete calm during the

night and maximum values of 5 m/s during the daylight period (Figure 4G). The increase of wind

speed in the morning and the decrease in the evening are very sharp. The pattern at the YJP is quite

different early in the day, when the wind speed increases gradually to a maximum of only 3 m/s by the

evening. The precipitous drop in wind speed at 0000 UTC is the same pattern as at the fen. The

direction of the wind was steadier at the fen, where it blew from the southeast from 1200 UTC

onwards. At the YJP, the direction was more easterly for the majority of the day. It is clear that the fen

has its own particular wind climate, and on very calm nights such as the start of day 260, it is much

calmer than the more open YJP site (compare Figures 4G and 4H).

Page 54
TheslightlyhigherandmoregraduallydecliningairtemperaturesattheYJPin theearlypartof the

day (Figure4H) areconsistentwith thepresenceof thehigherwind speeds,whichwouldhavemixed

theloweratmospheremoreeffectively.Theincreasedmixing wouldhinderthedevelopmentof a

surfacetemperatureinversionandraisetheairtemperature.It isimportantto notethattheeddy

covariancemeasurement of CO2wasvery successfulat thistimeof theday,whenaconstantefflux of

1pmole/m2/swasmeasured(Figure4F).Thesameis not truefor thefen,wheretheCO2seriesis

quitejagged(Figure4E) asaresultof measurednegativefluxesthathavebeensetto zeroaspartof the

datamanagement.Clearly,themeasurementof theflux wasbreakingdownatthefenunderthetotally

calmwind speedconditions(Figure4G).

Figure

600

500

400

Wra _ 300

200

i00

)

-i00

0630

600

t.

500

4O0

300

Writ2

200

100

)

-i00

4

2

0

-2

umol -4

m2sl :68

-10

-I2

Ab

2U

t3

[U

_C ."

-5

-IU

4: Radiation, energy; and carbon balances. FEH and YffP sites on DOg 260, 1996,

FEN YJP

B

A I"--'\

lzuu 1800 0000 u6uu

U lC

0630 .... i_uc 0000 0630

IJTC

_., _ wind direction t [

0630 1200 1800 0000 U6UO

UTC

G

.............................. ' r""_ k

i' t

U6:_L 120[ Juuu

600

500

400

300

Win. 2 200

100

0

-i00

600

._! Q* 500

LE 400

..... G total 300

Wra.2200

I00

0

-i00

u o

• tU

- 3

ms. 1 _C 2,

1

- I_

U6UU

........................... ....... .................................

..... !:i \ \

If _',

/, ..................... ._&\

U63U t zuu 180C UUUU 0600

UTC

D

.................... .....................

0630 t:uu 1800 ]000 0630

UTC

a

2

0

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

0630

\ J -."4

*</ t%_\/" /

;,_ _ . . ,

1200 18_0 0000 060(

UTC

1800 1800

O l'C U 'fC

.......-............................... ,_ #_ ,%_t

-5 k"_

"_ 3630 12-0b

5

3

ll&$"J

]

. • u

0000 U6UU

Figure 4: Contrasting Radiation, Energy, and CO2 Balances

Between NSA-Fen and NSA-YJP

Page 55
10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

There are a number of sources of error in the data. In general, these sources can be identified as: i)

instrument error, i.e., the error component from the transducer itself, ii) a component from the

measurement device, and iii) a component dependent upon field placement. Not all of the components

of error are easily evaluated, and the most difficult to evaluate through a formal analysis is that due to

field placement. We believe that we minimized field placement error, but we do not have a formal way

of verifying this claim. We do claim that all instruments were located according to normal field

practice, and a close watch was kept by field staff for any apparent aberrant output from the

instruments.

10.2 Quality Assessment

All aberrant data occurrences found in the field were noted in the field log and examined in detail

during postprocessing. There are a number of reasons for the occurrence of aberrant values. In our

particular case, the two most common reasons were i) shutdown of the CO2 system for calibration,

which was done once a day and which resulted in the loss of one 30-minute average value, and ii)

covering of the sonic anemometer to prevent its damage by heavy rain. There were various other

occurrences of apparently aberrant values unrelated to these two causes. In order to try to identify

aberrant behavior more formally, during postprocessing all raw time series were scanned for each day

and the outliers from the series were identified and examined in detail. In addition, the calculated time

series of fluxes were examined for outliers. Typically, when an outlier was found, the field notes were

consulted to see if some action on the tower or in the vicinity of the instrument had been recorded that

would have caused the outlier to occur. Irrespective of whether we could tie the outlier to a cause, a

simple linear interpolation was applied if the outlier was judged aberrant, the period of bad data was

short, and steady-state conditions applied. If it was clear that the data point was wrong and it could not

be corrected or interpolated, it was flagged and a missing value place holder inserted. It is admitted that

this process is not totally objective and it does involve some judgments based upon field experience.

We do claim that the data acceptance criteria were conservative; i.e., it was normal to reject an

apparently aberrant data point unless there was very strong evidence to the contrary.

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

The overall best estimate of accuracy of the primary variables are as follows:

net radiation: f 5%

PPFD: ± 7%

solar radiation: ± 1%

soil heat flux: ± 5% for YJP;

latent heat flux: ± 15 to 20%

sensible heat flux: ± 15 to 20%

CO 2 flux : ± 20% or ± 0.2

wind speed (model 12102) : ± 0.3

wind direction (model 12302) : ±

no estimate is made for fen

umol/m2/s 2, whichever is larger

m/s from 0 to 30 m/s

3.0 degrees

air temperature(T/RH sensor, model 41372) : ± 0.3 °C from -50 to + 50 °C

relative humidity (T/RH sensor, model 41372) : ± 3% between i0 and 90% RH,

± 5% between 0 and 10% and between 90 and 100% RH

(model TE525M, Texas Instruments) : ± 1% up to i0 mm/h

± 3% between i0 and 20 mm/h

± 5% between 20 and 30 mm/h

rainfall

and

In 1993, 1995, and 1996, no correction factor was applied to the fen's soil heat flux data. Rather, we

report the flux values measured by the plate(s). This is a puzzling result, but if the same correction

value had been applied as in 1994, totally unreasonable values of flux would have resulted. In fact, the

Page 56
energybalanceclosureswouldhaveconsistentlybeenmuchgreaterthanunity asaresult.Thispoints

outthedifficulty of measuringheatstoragein thepeatsoil.We suggestthatourapplicationof different

methodologiescanbeexplainedin thefollowing way.In 1994,onlytheplatein thehollow exhibited

anydiurnalpattern,butthesizeandamplitudeof themeasuredflux wastiny. Thesignalfromtheplate

in thehummockshowedzeroamplitude,andwasaflat line duringthewholeday,webelieveasa

resultof poorthermalcontactbetweentheplateandthepeat.Suchpatternswerenotobservedin the

othersampleyears,whenbothplatesexhibitedsimilarandsignificantsignalsizesanddiurnal

amplitudes.Furthermore,acceptingthemeasuredfluxesin thesesampleyearsresultsin reasonable

energybalanceclosures.However,themeasurementof soilheatflux onafenremainsaconfounding

problem,andit requiresfurthercarefulassessment in termsof measurementmethodology.

Anotherproblemthatcausedseriousquestioningof ourmethodologywasthemeasurementof the

CO2flux atnight.ThisproblemwasmostapparentattheYJP.After examinationof thedata,it was

concludedthatthemeasuredfluxesshouldbereplacedwith modeledvaluesin orderto obtain

reasonablediurnalpatterns.Theissueof howbestto measureCO2fluxesatnightunderlow turbulent

mixing conditionsremainsapriority. In addition,thereareoutstandingissuesonthebestway to

modelthenighttimeCO2flux.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

See Section 10.2.1.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined to check for spikes, values that were four standard deviations from the mean,

long periods of constant values, and missing data.

1 1. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

At this time (June 1998), the data series are not continuous. Where there were measurement

problems, e.g., as a result of a sensor failure or a power failure, missing value place holders have been

inserted. We are working toward providing robust methods for reconstruction of large data gaps. One

method that has been fairly successful is to construct the diurnal patterns of fluxes using ensemble

averaging. However, for users who require unbroken time series of 30-minute averages, these data

will fall short. In most instances of a small gap, say one or two contiguous half-hours, in a period of

steady-state atmospheric conditions, straight linear interpolation should work satisfactorily. If the

atmospheric conditions are changing rapidly, or if the gap is large, say half a day, then a rigorous

interpolation method will be required. Please consult the PI for progress on the development of

interpolation routines for large data gaps.

At this time (June 1998), the eddy covariance flux data (sensible and latent heat and CO2) at the

YJP site are from the Campbell Scientific single-axis sonic anemometer. A second sonic anemometer

(Applied Technologies, Inc., (ATI), Boulder, CO, USA) was operational at the site in 1996, and both

were located at the same height and orientation on the flux tower. The final calculation of the fluxes

based on the ATI sonic data are not yet complete and are not included in this data set.

Page 57
11.2 Known Problems with the Data

Where tower flux sites do not have adequate upwind fetch, uncertainties are introduced into the

interpretation of the flux data. We believe this may have been a problem at the fen. The eddy

covariance instruments were located at a height of 4.5 m above the surface. Using the standard

micrometeorological "rule-of-thumb" for fetch-to-height ratio of 100:1, a 4500-m fetch is required in

all directions around the fen tower. The site did not meet this criterion. Fetch was limited along the

northeast shore in the azimuth directions (from magnetic north) 350-0-125 degrees. Minimum fetch in

this quadrant was approximately 150 m at a bearing 65 degrees. Similarly, fetch was limited along the

south shore in the bearing 160-235 degrees. Minimum fetch in this quadrant was 220 m at the bearing

205 degrees. Fetch in all other directions exceeded 450 m. Measurements for all wind directions were

reported in the data set, and users are cautioned as to this possible source of uncertainty.

Fetch to height ratios at YJP were greater than 100:1 in all directions. However, the sector azimuth

45-140 degrees contains the access trail to the tower, the instrument and data processing hut, and the

generator hut. Some contamination of fluxes measured from this direction may have occurred.

11.3 Usage Guidance

In 1994 at YJP, recording of the deep soil temperatures (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 m) at the north soil

heat flux site did not start until DOY 179 1994. This contrasts to the measurements at the west site,

where recording began on DOY 144. As a result, lower minimum deep soil temperature values were

observed at the west site. This phenomenon is reflected in the max/rain summary in Section 7.3.5..

In the modeled nighttime carbon dioxide flux series, all negative values (uptake) were kept in the

data set because there was no rationale for removing them. They occurred as a result of the nature of

the empirical model (equation 9.11) used for the estimate.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

These data can be used for various applications. For example, they will provide meteorological input

variables for a wide range of models. Also, for those models that estimate fluxes, the data set provides

flux data series for sensible and latent heat and CO2 for model verification.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

Once the data processing is complete, we will submit the convective and C02 flUX data for YJP in

1996 based on measurements from the ATI sonic. Secondly, we are working on a more objective

method to fill data gaps. To date, we have used linear interpolation. This method applies only to short

periods, a few half-hours at best, under steady-state conditions. If the meteorological conditions are

changing, linear interpolation fails. It also fails if the data gap is longer than a few half-hours. When

we encountered a long data gap, we have left the data field blank and assigned a "missing value" place

holder. Given that we did have significant gaps in the flux series because of the difficulties of the

Campbell sonic in rainy weather, we have used ensemble averaging to create complete average diurnal

curves of fluxes for publications. We recognize that ensemble average data are not necessarily the ideal

kind for modelers who prefer unbroken time series for each variable.

Page 58
14. Software

14.1 Software Description

The measurement of the raw data was principally on Campbell Scientific data loggers, and all of

the specific control programs for these data loggers are available.

A variety of software was used in the data assessment and analysis. STORAG, a Fortran program

to find the minor heat storage terms in the energy balance, calculated the surface soil heat flux, the

biomass heat storage, and the latent and sensible heat storage in the air up to the level of measurement

of net radiation, where the surface balance was closed. RADBAL, a Fortran program to solve the

terms of the energy balance, was used in the analysis of the radiation balance data, including the

calculation of shortwave and PPFD albedos, and the radiative surface temperatures. We developed a

number of QuattroPro spreadsheets for the calculation of convective fluxes (H and LE) and the CO2

flux, including the correction of the fluxes for density effects and ensemble averaging to construct

average daily flux patterns for the days included in the average. Ensemble averaging was used as a

means to find the mean diurnal pattern from often incomplete flux data series on individual days. This

methodology was successful and was favored over the development of other means for filling data

gaps. However, active research on the issue of how best to fill data gaps continues.

14.2 Software Access

All software developed for the analysis of the data is available by contacting J.H. McCaughey (PI).

15. Data Access

The NSA-YJP tower flux, meteorological, and porometry data are available from the Earth Observing

System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed

Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

Page 59
16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

All persons from Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, who worked on the flux towers received

training on tower climbing techniques, tower rescue methods, and the operation of a safe field site.

The material is summarized in McCaughey (1993), and a summary of the training materials can be

found in the tower safety document.

The data analysis to find the minor heat storage terms in the energy balance was accomplished with the

software program titled STORAG, and details of this software are available in McCaughey (1991).

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Alemdag, I.S. 1983. Mass equations and merchantability factors for Ontario softwoods. Inf. Rep.

PI-X-23, 27, Natl. For. Inst., Petawawa, Ontario, Canada.

Brand, D.G. 1987. Estimating the surface area of spruce and pine foliage from displaced volume and

length. Can. J. For. Res. 17:1305-1308.

Campbell, G.S. and B.D. Tanner. 1985. A krypton hygrometer for measurement of atmospheric water

vapor concentration. Moisture and Humidity 1985, Measurement and Control in Science and Industry,

Proc. 1985 Intl. Syrup. on Moisture and Humidity, Washington, DC, 609-612.

Campbell, G.S. and M.H. Unsworth. 1979. An inexpensive sonic anemometer for eddy correlation.

J. Appl. Meteorol. 18:1072-1077.

Chen, J.M. and T.A. Black. 1992. Foliage area and architecture of plant canopies from sunfleck size

distributions. Agric. For. Meteorol. 60:249-266.

Costello, A.M. 1995. Canopy Characteristics and Surface-Atmosphere Interactions of a Young Jack

Pine Forest Near Thompson, Manitoba, M.Sc. Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 125

PP.

Gower, S.T. and J.M. Norman. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf area index in conifer and broad-leaf

plantations. Ecology 72:1896-1900.

Halliwell, D.H. and W.R. Rouse. 1987. Soil heat flux in permafrost: Characteristics and accuracy of

measurement. J. Climatol. 7:571-584.

Hodges, G.B. and E.A. Smith. 1997. Intercalibration, objective analysis, inter-comparison and

synthesis of BOREAS surface net radiation measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research

102(D24): 28,885-28,900.

Page 60
Joiner,D.W. 1994.Correctionsto TF-l0 eddycovariancefluxes.Queen'sUniversityinternalreport,

23pp.

Lafleur,P.M., J.H.McCaughey,D.W. Joiner,P.A. Bartlett,andD.E. Jelinski. 1997.Seasonal

trendsin energy,water,andcarbondioxidefluxesatanorthernborealwetland.Journalof

GeophysicalResearch102(D24):29,009-29,020.

Leclerc,M.Y. andG.W.Thurtell.1990.Footprintpredictionof scalarfluxesusingaMarkovian

analysis.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.52:247-258.

Leuning,R. andJ.Moncrieff. 1990.Eddy-covarianceCO2flux measurementusingopen-and

closed-pathCO2analyzers:Correctionsfor analyzerwatervaporsensitivityanddampingof

fluctuationsin air samplingtubes.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.53:63-76.

Leuning,R. andK.M. King. 1992.Comparisonof eddy-covariancemeasurementsof CO2fluxesby

open-andclosed-pathCO2analyzers.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.59:297-311.

McCaughey,J.H. 1991.Safetyin Climatology:aSeminaronTowerClimbing. 7pp., 1987,last

revisionin 1993.

McCaughey,J.H.RTDMSProgramManual,SecondEdition,DeltaT Documents,50pp.

McCaughey,J.H.andW.L. Saxton.1988.Energybalancestoragetermsin amixedforest.Agric.

For.Meteorol.44:1-18.

McCaughey,J.H.,P.M. Lafleur, D.W. Joiner,P.A. Bartlett,A.M. Costello,D.E. Jelinski,andM.G.

Ryan.1997.Magnitudesandseasonalpatternsof energy,water,andcarbonexchangesat aboreal

youngjackpineforestin theBOREASnorthernstudyarea.Journalof GeophysicalResearch

102(D24):28,997-29,007.

Mueller-Dombois,D. andH.Ellenberg.1974.Aims andMethodsofVegetationEcology.J.Wiley &

Sons,New York, 547pp.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Saxton,W.L. andJ.H.McCaughey.1988.Measurementconsiderationsandtrendsin biomassheat

storageof amixedforest.Can.J.For.Res.18:143-149.

Schmid,H.P.andT.R.Oke.1990.A modelto estimatethesourceareacontributingto turbulent

exchangein thesurfacelayer overpatchyterrain.Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.116:965-988.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Page61
Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.RansomD. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Smith,E.A., G.B. Hodges,M. Bacrania,H.J.Cooper,M.A. Owens,R. Chappell,andW.

Kincannon.1997.FinalReportNASA GrantNAG5-2447,BOREASNetRadiometerEngineering

Study.GoddardSpaceFlight Center,Greenbelt,Maryland.51pp.

Smith,N.J.,J.M. Chen,andT.A. Black. 1993.Effectsof clumpingonestimatesof standleafarea

indexusingtheLI-COR LAI 2000.Can.J.For.Res.23:1940-1943.

Tanner,B.T.,E. Swiatek,andJ.P.Greene.1993.Densityfluctuationsanduseof thekrypton

hygrometerin surfaceflux measurements. Proceedingsof the 1993NationalConferenceonIrrigation

andDrainageEngineering,AmericanSocietyof Civil Engineers,ParkCity,Utah.

Thorn,A.S. 1975.Momentum,massandheatexchangeof plantcommunities.In: Vegetationandthe

Atmosphere,Vol. 1(Ed.J.L. Monteith),AcademicPress,London.pp.57-109.

Webb,E.K. 1982.On thecorrectionof flux measurementsfor effectsof heatandwatervapor

transfer.Boundary-LayerMeteorol.23:251-254.

Webb,E.K., G.I.Pearman,andR. Leuning. 1980.Correctionof flux measurementsfor density

effectsdueto heatandwatervaportransfer.Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.106:85-100.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Symbol Quantity Units

a Albedo dim.

AT Total needle area cm2

C Volumetric heat capacity of soil J/m3/°C

C' CO2 concentration per volume fluctuation ppmv

CF Correction factor dim.

Cm Heat capacity of mineral fraction J/m3/°C

Co Heat capacity of organic soil J/m3/°C

CO2night Net CO2 flux from model when Kd<5 W/m2 _mol/m2/s

CON Constant used in STORAG to find heat storage in J/m3/°C/s

air, soil, and vegetation

Cp Specific heat of air at constant pressure J/kg/°C

Cw Heat capacity of water J/m3/°C

dbh Diameter at breast height cm

de Rate of change in vapor pressure kPa/s

dim. Dimensionless number dim.

Page 62
DS

dTa

dTb

dTs

FeCO2

FsCO2

FCO2

G

G(z)

GI0

Ga

GB

Gcal

Ge

Gfen

Ghol

G(z)n

Gpla

G(z)w

G total

G totaln

G totalw

Gveg

Gvegn

Gvegw

h

H

HCS

Kd

Ku

Ks

k

K*

L

LE

Ld

Lu

L*

M

mis.

Mv

P

PA

PA(S)

PPFDd

PPFDu

Qd

QGZ

Qu

Q*

Q*corr

Depth of temperature measurements

Rate of change in air temperature

Rate of change in biomass temperature

Rate of change in soil temperature

Eddy flux of CO2 (equivalent to net flux at height

of measurement)

Storage flux of CO2

Total CO2 flux

Soil heat flux at surface

Soil heat flux measured at depth z

Heat storage in the soil volume above 10-cm depth

Sensible heat storage in air

Heat flux out the bottom of the soil profile at

the fen

Total heat storage in the soil profile at fen

Latent heat storage in air

Ground heat flux at the fen in 1994

Ground heat flux in hollow at the fen

Soil heat flux at YJP (north site)

Time-integrated soil flux from plate at fen

Soil heat flux at YJP (west site)

Total heat storage

Total heat storage at YJP (north site)

Total heat storage at YJP (west site)

Heat storage in biomass at YJP

Heat storage in biomass at YJP (north site)

Heat storage in biomass at YJP (west site)

Tree height

Sensible heat flux

Heat capacity of soil in STORAG

Incoming solar radiation

Reflected solar radiation

Thermal conductivity of saturated peat soil

Instrument H20 vapor absorption coefficient

Total shortwave radiation

Latent heat of vaporization of water

Latent heat flux

Incoming longwave radiation

Outgoing longwave radiation

Net longwave radiation

Molecular weight of dry air

Missing value

Standing green biomass

Atmospheric pressure

Total projected needle area

Shoot projected area

Incoming PPFD

Reflected PPFD

Total incoming radiation

Soil heat flux from flux plate (for STORAG only)

Total outgoing radiation

Net radiation

Corrected net radiation (following Hodges and

Smith (1997))

m

°C/s

°C/s

°C/s

_mol/m2/s or

mg/m2/s

_mol/m2/s

_mol/m2/s

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

m

W/m2

J/m3/°C

W/m2

W/m2

W/m/m

m3/kg/cm

W/m2

S/kg

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

Mole

dim.

kg/m2

kPa

cm2

cm2

_mol/m2/s

_mol/m2/s

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

W/m2

Page 63
q

q'

R

R'

rho

rho (c)

S

S

SH

sSH

T'

T air

TB

Tblw

Tbmw

Tbsn

Tbsw

TD

TOL

Ts

TslOavg

Ts75avg

TW

U

V

W'

X

Xm

Xo

Xw

XW

Z

ZCQ

zr

ZR

Water vapor density

Water vapor density fluctuation

Universal gas constant

Conifer correction factor

Density of air

Density of CO2

Signal voltage from hygrometer

Flux equivalent to the heat stored between

individual soil layers

Specific humidity

Standard deviation of specific humidity

Temperature fluctuation

Air temperature

Biomass temperature in STORAG

Stem temperature of large trees (west site)

Stem temperature of medium trees (west site)

Stem temperature of small trees (north site)

Stem temperature of small trees (west site)

Dry bulb temperature in STORAG

Thickness of organic layer in STORAG

Soil temperature

Average soil temperature at 10-cm depth

Average soil temperature at 75-cm depth

Wet-bulb temperature

Wind speed

Intercept of the krypton hygrometer calibration

Vertical wind velocity

Path length of the hygrometer

Soil volumetric mineral fraction

Soil volumetric organic soil fraction

Soil volumetric water fraction

Soil moisture content in STORAG

Depth to soil heat flux plate

Control variable in STORAG; used to read two

variables: height of canopy and heightof net

pyrradiometer

Reference height

Height of net radiation measurement in early

version of STORAG

g/m3

g/m3

J/mol/K

dim.

kg/m3

kg/m3

mv

W/m2

g/kg

g/kg

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

o C

m

o C

o C

o C

o C

m/s

mv

m/s

cm

fraction

fraction

fraction

fraction

m

m,m

m

m

AES

AFM

ASCII

ATI

BOREAS

BORIS

CCRS

CD-ROM

CGR

CO2

CPI

19. List of Acronyms

Atmospheric Environment Services

Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Applied Technologies, Inc.

BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

BOREAS Information System

Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

Certified by Group

Carbon dioxide

Certified by PI

Page 64
CPI-??? Certified but questionable

DAAC

DC

DOY

ENBAL

EOS

EOSDIS

Fen

FFC

FPAR

GIS

GMT

GPS

GSFC

HTML

HYD

I RGA

LAI

LW

MV

N/A

NAD 83

NARC

NASA

NEE

NOAA

NSA

ORNL

PANP

PAR

PCQM

PNFI

PPFD

RADBAL

REBS

RH

RSS

SB

SCF

SRC

STORAG

SVAT

SW

TA

TB

TF-10

URL

UTC

UTM

WAB

WPL

YJP

Distributed Active Archive Center

Direct Current

Day of Year

Energy Balance (analysis program)

Earth Observing System

EOS Data and Information System

Fen wetland site

Focused Field Campaign

Fraction of PPFD absorbed by the vegetation canopy

Geographic Information System

Greenwich Mean Time

Global Positioning System

Goddard Space Flight Center

HyperText Markup Language

Hydrology

Infrared Gas Analyzer

Leaf Area Index

Longwave

Mass of Vegetation

Not available

North American Datum of 1983

National Atmospheric Radiation Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Net Ecosystem Exchange

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Northern Study Area

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Prince Albert National Park

Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Point Center Quarter Method

Petawawa National Forest Institute

Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

Radiation Balance (analysis program)

Radiation Energy Balance Systems, Inc.

Relative humidity

Remote Sensing Science

Short, below breast height

Shoot Clumping Factor

Saskatchewan Research Council

(heat) storage (analysis program)

Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer

Shortwave

Tall, above breast height

Tall, below breast height

Tower Flux group i0

Uniform Resource Locator

Universal Time Coordinated

Universal Transverse Mercator

Wind Aligned Blob

Webb, Pearman, and Leuning flux correction

Young Jack Pine forest site

Page 65
20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 06-Jun- 1998

Revised: 28-Sep- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 25-Apr- 1999

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

These data were provided by BOREAS Team TF-10; the primary consultants include:

Flux and meteorological data (YJP and Fen):

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey, Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, ON,

CANADA, K7L 3N6 (PI) and Dr. Peter M. Lafleur, Department of Geography, Trent University,

Peterborough, ON, CANADA, K9J 7B8. Both investigators should be acknowledged in all future

publications.

Fen biophysical data:

Dr. D.E. Jelinski, Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA,

K7L 3N6 (PI).

YJP biophysical data:

Dr. J. Harry McCaughey, Department of Geography, Queen's University, Kingston, ON,

CANADA, K7L 3N6 (PI).

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

McCaughey, J.H. and D.E. Jelinski, "Surface Energy and Water Balances of Forest and Wetland

Subsystems in the Boreal Forest - Surface Atmosphere Links and Ecological Controls." In Collected

Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S.

Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T.

Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 66
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

November 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Porometry Data

6. AUTHOR(S)

J. Harry McCaughey and Laura Liblik

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

923

RTOP: 923-462-33-01

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 208

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

J.H. McCaughey and L. Liblik: Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario;

K. Huemmrich: University of Maryland, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TF-10 team collected tower flux and meteorological data at two sites, a fen and a young

jack pine forest, near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, as part of BOREAS. A preliminary data set was

assembled in August 1993 while field testing the instrument packages, and at both sites data were

collected from 15-Aug to 31-Aug. The main experimental period was in 1994, when continuous data

were collected from the young jack pine site from 23-May to 20-Sep. Upon examination of the 1994

data set, it became clear that the behavior of the heat, water, and carbon dioxide fluxes throughout the

whole growing season was an important scientific question, and that the 1994 data record was not

sufficiently long to capture the character of the seasonal behavior of the fluxes. Thus, the young jack

pine site was operated from 08-May to 07-Nov in 1996 in order to collect data from spring melt to

autumn freeze-up. All variables are presented as 30-minute averages. Supporting data were also

collected to describe the surface's state and to provide the information, in association with the flux

data, to build SVAT models. For the young jack pine site, these supporting data included stomatal

conductance measurements. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, tower flux, meteorological data, porometry data.

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Unclassified

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Unclassified

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66

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