F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JAN 6 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

MARIAN ROBERTSON, PAULA

ACE, BETTY L. ANDERSON,

CLINTON COFFIN, JAMES E.

CRONE, JEFF LITTLEFIELD,

DAVID D. MARTIN, JOLEEN

NORTHRUP, BRUCE E. SNELSON,

VINCE TALTY, GREGORY A.

THIEL, TIMOTHY W. WILLERT,

MARY ANN WOOLDRIDGE, on

behalf of themselves and all others

similarly situated,

 Plaintiffs-Appellees,

GARY WILSON, TRAVIS HODGE,

VICKI NIDA, SCOTT MELLINGER,

 Plaintiffs-Intervenors-

 Appellees,

v.

MORGAN COUNTY, BOARD OF

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS,

 Defendant-Appellant.

 No. 97-1469

 (D.C. No. 96-B-629)

 (District of Colorado) 
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

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ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HENRY, BRISCOE and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this panel has

determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the

determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

This is an appeal from an order of the district court denying the defendant’s

motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) action for lack

of subject matter jurisdiction under the Eleventh Amendment and Seminole Tribe

of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996). The defendant also contends on appeal

that under Printz v. United States, 117 S.Ct. 2365 (1997), it is not subject to the

requirements of the FLSA. We affirm.
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BACKGROUND

The plaintiffs are present and former Morgan County employees working in

the Sheriff’s Office as patrol officers, investigators and jail officers and in the

Communications Center as dispatchers. They filed this action against the Board

of County Commissioners of Morgan County under the FLSA, contending that the

Board violated the statute by: 1) failing to pay employees compensation for all

hours worked; 2) failing to pay required overtime; 3) substituting compensatory

time for overtime pay; and 4) calculating improperly or refusing to pay “on call”

and “waiting time” hours. Morgan County is a political subdivision of Colorado.

The Board moved to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and for failure for state a claim upon which relief may

be granted pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The Board argued that under

Seminole it is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. In a supplement to the

motion, filed after the oral argument on the motion, the Board contended that the

case should be dismissed pursuant to the Tenth Amendment, citing to Printz. The

district court did not address the Tenth Amendment issue and denied the motion

to dismiss based on the Eleventh Amendment. The Board appeals. 

APPELLATE JURISDICTION
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The plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, contending that because

the Board is not entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity it may not file an

interlocutory appeal. The motion is without merit.

An order denying Eleventh Amendment immunity is immediately

appealable. Puerto Rico Aqueduct & Sewer Authority v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,

506 U.S. 139, 147 (1993)(“States and state entities that claim to be ‘arms of the

State’ may take advantage of the collateral order doctrine to appeal a district court

order denying a claim of Eleventh Amendment immunity.”); Sonnenfeld v. City &

County of Denver, 110 F.3d 744, 746 (10th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S.Ct.

1819 (1997)(denial of Eleventh Amendment immunity to the City and County of

Denver immediately appealable).

We also conclude that there is jurisdiction over the Tenth Amendment issue

under the collateral order doctrine of Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp.,

337 U.S. 541 (1949). Under Cohen, the order must conclusively determine the

disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits

of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. 

Digital Equipment Corp v. Desktop Direct, Inc., 511 U.S. 863, 867-68 (1994); 

Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 468 (1978). A party seeking to

appeal under Cohen must meet all three requirements. Digital Equipment, supra.

The order here meets those criteria. Denial of a State’s Tenth Amendment
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claim purports to be a conclusive determination that the state may be regulated by

the federal government. The decision also involves the rejection of a claim to a

fundamental constitutional protection whose resolution generally will have no

bearing on the merits of the underlying action. Puerto Rico Aqueduct, 506 U.S. at

145. Finally, to subject a state entity claiming that it is immune from being

forced to perform a federally mandated duty under the Tenth Amendment to

litigation is analogous to the right protected in Puerto Rico Aqueduct.

While the application of the collateral order doctrine ...

is justified in part by a concern that States not be unduly

burdened by litigation its ultimate justification is the

importance of ensuring that the States’ dignitary

interests can be fully vindicated.

Id. at 146.

DISCUSSION

1. Eleventh Amendment

The Eleventh Amendment provides:

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be

construed to extend to any suit in law or equity,

commenced or prosecuted against one of the United

States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or

Subjects of any Foreign State.

U.S. Const. Amend. 11. Although the express language of the Amendment

encompasses only suits brought against a state by citizens of another state, it has
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been long settled that the Amendment also bars suit against a state by its own

citizens. Meade v. Grubbs, 841 F.2d 1512, 1525 (10th Cir. 1988). 

Seminole Tribe held that Congress may abrogate state sovereign immunity

only where it has “‘unequivocally expressed its intent to abrogate ... immunity;’

and [where] Congress has ‘acted pursuant to a valid exercise of power.’” Hurd v.

Pittsburg State University, 109 F.3d 1540, 1542 (10th Cir. 1997)(quoting

Seminole Tribe, 116 S.Ct. at 1123). Seminole Tribe further held that the interstate

commerce clause does not provide Congress with the authority to abrogate a

State’s Eleventh Amendment immunity, but that the Fourteenth Amendment

remains a valid source of such authority. 116 S.Ct. at 1128.

In Aaron v. State of Kansas, 115 F.3d 813 (10th Cir. 1997), this court held

that Congress did not act pursuant to a valid exercise of federal power when it

purported to abrogate the States’ sovereign immunity with regard to wage and

overtime claims brought under the FLSA and that, accordingly, federal courts do

not have subject matter jurisdiction over such claims against a State.

The Board argues that as a political subdivision of the State of Colorado it

is entitled to share in Colorado’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. We disagree.

As a general rule, counties and political subdivisions of states are not

entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe

Regional Planning Agency, 440 U.S. 391, 401 (1979)(noting that the Court has
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“consistently refused to construe the Amendment to afford political protection to

political subdivisions such as counties and municipalities, even though such

entities exercise a ‘slice of state power’.”); Mt. Healthy City School District

Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 280 (1977)(“The bar of the Eleventh

Amendment to suit in federal courts extends to States and state officials in

appropriate circumstances, but does not extend to counties and similar municipal

corporations.”)(internal citations omitted; emphasis added); Elam Construction,

Inc. v. Regional Transportation District, 129 F.3d 1343, 1345 (10th Cir.

1997)(Eleventh Amendment immunity extends to entities created by state

governments which operate as their alter egos or instrumentalities; it “does not ...

extend to political subdivisions of the state, such as counties or municipalities.”),

cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 1363 (1998); Mascheroni v. Board of Regents of the

University of California, 28 F.3d 1554, 1559 (10th Cir. 1994) (same); Meade v.

Grubbs, 841 F.2d at 1529 n. 17 (10th Cir. 1988)(“Eleventh Amendment immunity

extends only to state officials, and does not protect county or local officials.”). 

See also Printz v. United States, 117 S.Ct. at 2382 n. 15(the “distinction in our

Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence between States and municipalities is of no

relevance” to a Tenth Amendment issue; “[w]e long ago made clear that the

distinction is peculiar to the question of whether a governmental entity is entitled

to Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity.”). 
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We reject the Board’s suggestion that this has been changed by Seminole

Tribe. There is nothing in Seminole Tribe which changes the general rule that

counties are not entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. In fact, in Auer v.

Robbins, 117 S.Ct. 905 (1997), decided after Seminole Tribe, the Court

determined that the St. Louis Board of Police Commissioners does not share the

immunity of the state of Missouri, even though the governor appoints four of the

five members, where the state is not responsible for the Board’s financial

liabilities and the Board is not subject to the state’s direction or control in any

other respect. Id. at 117 S.Ct. 908 n. 1.

The Board also argues that it is entitled to immunity because it is an “armof-the-state.” “Under the arm-of-the-state- doctrine, [Eleventh Amendment]

immunity extends to entities created by state governments which operate as their

alter egos or instrumentalities.” Elam Construction, 129 F.3d at 1345. Whether

an entity is an arm of the state is determined by examining the powers, nature and

characteristics of the agency under state law. Meade v. Grubbs, 841 F.2d at 1525. 

The specific factors to be reviewed include: 1) the characterization of the entity

under state law; 2) the guidance and control exercised by the state; 3) the degree

of state funding received by the entity; and 4) whether the entity may levy taxes

or issue bonds. Sonnenfeld v. City and County of Denver, 100 F.3d at 749. 

“Historically, the most important consideration is whether a judgment against the
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entity would be paid from the state treasury.” Elam Construction, 129 F.3d at

1345.

The district court reviewed these factors and concluded that the Board is

not an arm of the state for Eleventh Amendment purposes. The Board argues that

under Colorado law counties are “constituent parts of the state government

subject to the plenary control of the Governor and the Colorado General

Assembly.” Even so, a county is not considered an arm of the state for Eleventh

Amendment immunity purposes. See Wigger v. McKee, 809 P.2d 999, 1003

(Colo. App. 1990)(holding that a county is not an arm of the state for purposes of

the Eleventh Amendment). 

The Board argues that this court is not bound by the opinions of

intermediate state appellate courts. While that might be true, it is also true that

such decisions are “persuasive” of how the state’s highest court would rule,

Occusafe, Inc. v. EG & G Rocky Flats, Inc., 54 F.3d 618, 622 n. 1 (10th Cir.

1995)(quoting Perlmutter v. United States Gypsum Co., 4 F.3d 864, 869 n. 2 (10th

Cir. 1993)). None of the Colorado Supreme Court cases cited by the Board

convinces us that Wigger is not persuasive authority.

Even though political subdivisions such as counties exist solely at the whim

and behest of their State, they still do not enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity. 

Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp., 513 U.S. 30, 47 (1994).
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2. Tenth Amendment 

The Board argues that under Printz it is entitled to immunity from the

FLSA under the Tenth Amendment. This argument was not addressed by the

district court, although it was raised by the Board in a supplemental authority.

Although as a general rule, this court will not consider issues not passed on

below, R. Eric Peterson Construction Co. v. Quintek, Inc. (In re R. Eric Peterson

Construction Co.), 951 F.2d 1175, 1182 (10th Cir. 1991), it is appropriate for this

court to consider the matter here. The issue is purely a matter of law, concerns

jurisdiction, and implicates a matter of sovereign immunity. See Smith v. Rogers

Galvanizing Co., 128 F.3d 1380, 1386 (10th Cir. 1997)(this court “will consider

matters not raised or argued in the trial court only in the most unusual

circumstances, which may include issues regarding jurisdiction and sovereign

immunity, instances where public interest is implicated, or where manifest

injustice would result.”)(quotation omitted). Accordingly, we will address the

issue. 

To the extent the Constitution does not divest the States of certain powers,

they retain them. Thus the Tenth Amendment “‘states but a truism that all is

retained which has not been surrendered.’” Oklahoma v. United States, ___ F.3d 

___ (10th Cir. Dec. 3, 1998), 1998 WL 833627 at *3 (quoting United States v.

Darby, 312 U.S. 100, 124 (1941)). Unlike the Eleventh Amendment, the Tenth
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Amendment applies to the political subdivisions of the States. Printz v. United

States, 117 S.Ct. at 2382 n. 15.

The Supreme Court has “noted a logical distinction between generally

applicable laws, which incidentally apply to states, and laws compelling States to

legislate or regulate in accordance with federal law.” Oklahoma v. United States

at *6 (citing Printz and New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144 (1992)). 

Generally applicable laws, such as the FLSA, do not violate the Tenth

Amendment. Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528

(1985)(holding that the application of the FLSA to state and local governments is

constitutional because it is a generally applicable law). 

However, laws which require the states to regulate, see New York v. United

States, or force the participation of a state’s executive officers in the actual

administration of a federal program, see Printz, violate the Tenth Amendment.

In New York the Court reviewed the constitutionality of the provisions of

the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 which

required state legislatures either to enact laws regulating the disposal of low level

nuclear waste produced within their borders or to take title to the waste. Failure

to choose either alternative resulted in the state becoming liable for all damages

waste generators suffered as a result of the state’s inaction. “No matter how

powerful the federal interest involved, the Constitution simply does not give
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Congress the authority to require the States to regulate.” New York, 505 U.S. at

178.

In Printz the Court reviewed the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act

which regulated the sale of handguns. The Court invalidated certain interim

provisions which required state and local law enforcement officers to conduct

background checks on prospective handgun purchasers and to perform certain

other related tasks. The Court held that the forced participation of a state’s

executive officers in the actual administration of a federal program, albeit

temporarily, was unconstitutional. The Court stated:

We held in New York that Congress cannot compel the

States to enact or enforce a federal regulatory program. 

Today we hold that Congress cannot circumvent that

prohibition by conscripting the State’s officers directly. 

The Federal Government may neither issue directives

requiring the States to address particular problems, nor

command the States’ officers, or those of their political

subdivisions, to administer or enforce a federal

regulatory program. It matters not whether policymaking

is involved, and no case-by-case weighing of the

burdens or benefits is necessary; such commands are

fundamentally incompatible with our constitutional

system of dual sovereignty. 

117 S.Ct. at 2384.

The Board contends that under Printz, the FLSA invades the States’ status

as separate and distinct sovereign entities and that Printz fundamentally alters the

determination made in Garcia that the Tenth Amendment precludes application of
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the FLSA to public entities. These arguments are without merit.

In Oklahoma v. United States, supra, this court held that the Driver’s

Privacy Protection Act of 1994 which restricts the ability of third parties to obtain

personal information about individuals identified in the records of state motor

vehicle departments, does not violate the Tenth Amendment. In rejecting the

argument that under New York and Printz Congress may only subject state

governments to generally applicable law, the court noted the Supreme Court still

recognizes the distinction between application of generally applicable laws to the

states and laws compelling the States to legislate or regulate in accordance with a

federal mandate. 

To be sure, the Supreme Court has noted a logical

distinction between generally applicable laws, which

incidentally apply to states, and laws compelling States

to legislate or regulate in accordance with federal law. 

Oppressive federal regulation that ‘commandeers’ a

state’s sovereign functions is less likely to arise where

the law is aimed at both private and public entities. This

is so because generally applicable laws are not aimed at

uniquely governmental functions. Moreover, laws

affecting both private and public interests are subject to

stricter political monitoring by the private sector. 

1998 WL 833627, at *6 (citing to Printz and New York).

The Fourth Circuit rejected arguments similar to those presented by the

Board here in West v. Anne Arundel County, 137 F.3d 752 (4th Cir. 1997), cert.

denied, ___ U.S. ___, No. 98-266 (Dec. 7. 1998). The court held that under
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Garcia, the FLSA may constitutionally be applied to a county and that Printz did

not change that result. The court concluded that Garcia was specifically on point

and that “any decision to revisit Garcia is not ours to make.” Id. at 760. The

court also noted that in Auer v. Robbins, supra, a case decided in the same term as

Printz, the Supreme Court did not move to reconsider Garcia and enforced the

FLSA against a local government agency.

As indicated in West, it would be inappropriate for this court to conclude

that Garcia has been overruled by Printz. Agostini v. Felton, 117 S.Ct. 1997,

2017 (1997)(reaffirming that “‘if a precedent of this Court has direct application

in a case, yet appears to rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions,

the Court of Appeals should follow the case which controls, leaving to this Court

the prerogative of overruling its own decisions.’”)(quoting Rodriguez de Quijas v.

Shearson/American Express, Inc., 490 U.S. 477, 484 (1989))).

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss is DENIED and the district

court order is AFFIRMED.
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ENTERED FOR THE COURT

PER CURIAM