NATL INST. OF STAND & "JECH R I.C, Nisr

Pi^SUCAT/OWs

A111D4 TD17S3

United States Department of Commerce

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards and Technology

N/ST Technical Note 1374

A CALIBRATION SERVICE FOR

COAXIAL REFERENCE STANDARDS

FOR MICROWAVE POWER

Fred R. Clague

NIST Technical Note 1374

A CALIBRATION SERVICE FOR

COAXIAL REFERENCE STANDARDS

FOR MICROWAVE POWER

Fred R. Clague

Electromagnetic Fields Division

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328

May 1995

^Tates o*

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Ronald H. Brown, Secretary

TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION, Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Arati Prabhakar, Director
National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Tech. Note 1374, 116 pages (May 1995)

CODEN:NTNOEF

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1995

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1 .

1

NIST Microwave Power Standards 1 1.2 Bolometer Mount-Microcalorimeter Operation 2

2. TYPE N AND APC-7 REFERENCE STANDARD DESIGN 5

2.1 Mount Body Design 5

2.2 Thermistor Bead Assembly 6

2.3 Final Design 8

2.4 Performance 10

2.4.1 Microwave Leakage 10

2.4.2 Input Reflection Coefficient 11 2.4.3 Dual Element Error 11 2.4.4 Mount Settling Time 13

2.4.5 Effective Efficiency 14

3. MICROCALORIMETER DESIGN 15

3.1 Thermopile Assembly 16

3.2 Other Design Features 16

4. AUTOMATED CALIBRATION SYSTEM 18

4.1 SYSTEM HARDWARE 18

4.2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE 20

4.2.1 Program Features 20

4.2.2 Stability Algorithm 24

5. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 26

5.1 STEP-BY-STEP DESCRIPTION 26

5.2 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 27

6. MEASUREMENT CORRECTIONS AND EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTIES 28

6.1 MICROCALORIMETER OPERATION THEORY 28

6.2 DETERMINATION OF CORRECTION FACTOR g 33

6.3 UNCERTAINTY IN CORRECTION FACTOR g 39

6.4 UNCERTAINTY DUE TO VOLTAGE RATIOS 42

6.4.1 Power Meter Voltage Ratio 42

6.4.2 Thermopile Voltage Ratio 43

6.4.3 Thermopile and Nanovoltmeter Nonlinearity 44

6.5 MOUNT MICROWAVE POWER LEAKAGE 46

6.6 BOLOMETER LEAD RESISTANCE 47

6.7 TYPE IV POWER METER ERRORS 48

6.8 RANDOM EFFECTS 48

6.9 COMBINED STANDARD AND EXPANDED UNCERTAINTY 49

7. MEASUREMENT ASSURANCE 51

8. FUTURE CHANGES 56

iii
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 56

10. REFERENCES 57

APPENDIX A. Measured Adapter Loss 58

APPENDIX B. Theoretical Adapter Loss 60

APPENDIX C. Thermopile Stability Testing 63

APPENDIX D. Software Listing 69

APPENDIX E. Calibration Report 101

APPENDIX P. Instrument Identification 109

TRADE NAME DISCLAIMER

Certain commercial components used in the calibration system are identified in this report in order to

adequately document the design. Such use and identification do not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor do they imply that the identified items are necessarily the best available for

the purpose.

IV
A CALIBRATION SERVICE FOR COAXIAL REFERENCE STANDARDS

FOR MICROWAVE POWER

Fred R. Clague

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Boulder, Colorado 80303

A calibration service at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for

coaxial microwave power reference standards is described. The service provides

measurements of a reference standard's effective efficiency from 50 MHz to 18 GHz at a power of 10 mW. The NIST microwave power standards consist of both a microcalorimeter and an associated reference standard. The reference standard is a bolometric power detector (a thermistor mount). The only thermistor mounts accepted for measurement are those constructed to NIST specifications. These thermistor mounts and

the automated microcalorimeter are described. A detailed error analysis with an estimate

of the calibration uncertainties and their sources is included. The calibration uncertainty,

which is quoted as a function of frequency, ranges from about 0.2 percent at 50 MHz to 0.4 percent at 18 GHz.

Key words: coaxial microwave power standard; microcalorimeter; microwave; microwave

microcalorimeter; microwave power measurement; microwave power standard

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 NIST Microwave Power Standards

The microwave power standards in use at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

consist of microcalorimeters and associated reference standards [1-4]. Each power standard is made up

of both a microcalorimeter and a reference standard. The reference standards are substitution type

bolometric power detectors. These detectors are generally called bolometer mounts or simply mounts.

In this document the terms "reference standard," "bolometer mount," and "mount" are used

interchangeably. Commercial bolometer mounts, especially coaxial units, are generally not suitable for

use as a reference standard that is measured by the microcalorimeter. While they have been used by NIST

in the past, the resuhing calibration uncertainties were higher because of their use.
To meet the need in the microwave community for

lower calibration uncertainty, a reference standard

designed for use with the microcalorimeter is required.

Figure 1 . 1 shows the coaxial microcalorimeter and the

Type N thermistor mount used as the reference

standard. This document includes a brief description

of the microcalorimeter and the reference standard.

Additional design and construction details for both the

coaxial microcalorimeters and the bolometer mounts

used as the reference standards are available as NIST

Technical Notes [5, 6]. These references and those

noted previously all include descriptions of the

microcalorimeter and bolometer mount operation.

However, for convenience a brief summary follows.

1.2 Bolometer Moimt-Microcalorimeter Operation

Figure 1 . 1 Coaxial microcalorimeter and

coaxial reference standard.

The bolometric power detector uses a heat sensitive resistor (bolometer) which terminates the transmission

line and absorbs the microwave energy. Two types of bolometers are used: a platinum wire with a positive

temperature coefficient called a barretter, and a thermistor bead with a negative temperature coefficient.

The detectors are biased by an external source of dc current (power meter) to an operating resistance that

produces a match with the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Coaxial mounts typically use two bolometer elements which are connected in series for the dc bias, but are in parallel for the rf. Thus,

to match the 50 Q characteristic impedance of a coaxial transmission line, the pair is maintained at a series

resistance of 200 Q. When microwave energy is applied to the mount, the dc bias supplied by the power

meter is automatically reduced to maintain a constant operating resistance [7]. If all the microwave energy

incident on the mount were absorbed by the bolometer elements, and if the elements were heated identically

by equal amounts of dc and rf power, then the microwave power would be equal to the amount by which

the dc power is reduced. This is called a substitution type power meter, because the rf power replaces a

portion of the dc bias power. The substituted dc power (also called the bolometric power) is calculated

using the equation
where V, is the power meter output voltage (the dc voltage across the bolometer elements) with no rf, V2

is the power meter output voltage with rf, and Rq is the dc operating resistance of the bolometer pair (200

Q for a coaxial mount).

The microwave energy incident on a mount is not all absorbed by the bolometer elements. The dielectric

and conductor losses in the input connector, the input transmission line, and the bolometer mounting

structure, plus any leakage from the mount result in a measurement error characterized by a correction

factor called the mount efficiency. This efficiency is always less than 1. In addition, the bolometer

elements are not heated identically by equal amounts of rf and dc power. This is known as the rf-dc

substitution error. The combination of these two effects, which is measured by the microcalorimeter, is

a correction factor defmed as the effective efficiency r|^. The rf power absorbed at the input of the mount

is calculated by dividing the substituted dc power by the effective efficiency. The mount's effective

efficiency is independent of mismatch corrections, which are treated separately at the time of calibration

transfer to an unknown mount.

The bolometer elements used in the reference standards are thermistors. Thermistors are rugged and resist burnout in the event of an rf overload. They are available commercially as a conveniently usable

subassembly. Disadvantages to using thermistors include a continuous drift in the bias current even in a constant temperamre environment. Also, thermistors are not usable in an alternative efficiency

measurement technique known as the impedance method [8].

The microcalorimeter essentially measures the temperature rise of the bolometer mount connected to it.

In the coaxial microcalorimeter, the mount's temperature increase is measured with a thermopile. During

the measurement, the microcalorimeter is immersed in a stable temperature-controlled water bath [9, 10]

to minimize the effect of external temperature changes. The measurement procedure determines the

following at each frequency of interest: the power meter and thermopile output voltages (V, and ei) with

only dc applied to the mount, and then again (V2 and ^2) with both rf and dc applied. The effective

efficiency r|^ is calculated at each frequency using the equation

1

2

8 Y^- ^^-^^

ly
The g term is a frequency dependent correction factor for the microcalorimeter-bolometer mount

combination. It is also known as the calorimetric equivalence correction. The uncertainty of the r|,

measurement is determined primarily by the uncertainty in g. The determination of g is a major effort that

is described in section 6 of this document.

A typical reference standard calibration is done

at approximately 125 frequencies from 50 MHz

to 18 GHz. Even with the automated system

described in section 4, the measurement takes

about 40 h. Figure 1.2 shows a typical

thermopile output at a few frequencies. The

value of r\f for one the reference standards,

measured at 125 frequencies, is shown in figure

1.3. The expanded uncertainty in the t^^ measurement as a function of frequency is shown in figure 1.4. The basis for determining

the uncertainty and the method for combining

the different components are also described in

section 6.

>

D

O

Figure 1.2

ii<: .''' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 ' I

. 18 ; 17/

'

• 15/*

111

: ^j

lOJ ;

110

• iJ

-"-^ I ^

1AO ...... L_i_i . . . 1 . • 1 60 120 ELAPSED TIME, min

180 240

Thermopile output versus time seven frequencies (in GHz).

for

5 10 15 FREQUEtslCY. OHz

20

0.5

2 04

LUO

(TS: 03

>

I-z

< 02

I-oc

111 o

Z 01 D

\

'- _J]'

'1

1

111

1

1

1

1 001 01 1 FREQUENCY, GHz

10 30

Figure 1 .3 Effective efficiency of a Type

N mount measured at 125

frequencies.

Figure 1 .4 Expanded uncertainty for the

Type N coaxial microcalorimeter when measuring the

effective efficiency of a NIST

Type N mount.
2. TYPE N AND APC-7 REFERENCE STANDARD DESIGN

The features of the bolometer mount described below are both desirable and necessary for the mount to be used as an optimum reference standard. The body of the mount and the internal thermistor bead

assembly are both considered. Complete design and construction details are available in reference [5].

2.1 Mount Body Design

As noted in the introduction, the primary function of the microcalorimeter is to measure the effect of all microwave energy dissipated in the mount. To best accomplish this, there should be minimal thermal

resistance between the heat sources and the measuring thermopile. Thus, the mount should be constructed

of a material with a high thermal conductivity, and the thermal paths should be short as possible. Typical

commercial mounts are constructed of nickel-plated or gold-plated brass and might also have stainless steel

parts in the thermal path.

The transfer standard should have a high effective efficiency. This means a low rf-loss input transmission

line made of high electrical conductivity material with low surface roughness (=0.5 ^m).

To meet these requirements, the mount body is constructed of tellurium copper, while the parts of the

mount that involve the input transmission line (the outer conductor) are made of electroformed copper.

The electrical conductivity of copper is nearly 3 times higher than brass and 30 times higher than stainless

steel. The thermal conductivity is about 2.5 times higher than either brass or beryllium copper and 26

times higher than stainless steel. The electroformed parts provide a better outer conductor surface finish

than can be obtained by machining.

The disadvantage of these two materials is that they are softer than beryllium copper or brass. This is more

of a liability for the Type N mount (because of the vulnerable outer conductor of the connector) than for

the APC-7 design. With careful handling, it is not a major problem with either design. Experience with one of the Type N mounts reveals no visible connector damage after more than 100 connections. All parts

of the mount are gold plated to prevent deterioration of the surface characteristics, primarily thermal

emissivity and electrical conductivity.

Valid measurements of the thermopile output and the power meter voltage cannot be made until the

microcalorimeter and mount are m thermal equilibrium with the water bath, a condition indicated by a

stable thermopile output. The time to reach stability may be lengthy: an average of 50 min per
measurement frequency (a typical calibration at 108 points can take about 90 h) on the commercial mounts

because of their long thermal time constant. To minimize the effect of external temperature changes, all commercial mounts are typically massive and seek to thermally isolate the thermistor bead structures. Such

design objectives are the opposite of those desired for use in the microcalorimeter. An effective way to speed the measurements is to minimize the thermal mass (heat capacity) of the bolometer mount by

reducing the size and to eliminate the thermal isolation.

Both techniques are used in the mounts. For example, the mass of the new Type N mount is approximately

one-third that of the commercial version previously used (53 g versus 142 g). The average measurement

time per frequency for the new design is less than 30 min (see section 4).

The rf leakage from the bolometer mount is a first-order source of error in the measurement. The leakage

energy, because it is not dissipated in the mount, is not detected by the bolometer elements or by the

microcalorimeter thermopile. Leakage may radiate or conduct through mechanical joints in the mount

body, the dc bias leads, or the rf input connector. Commercial mounts, which are adequate for their

intended use, generally do not have low enough leakage for this application, where errors on the order of

0.01 percent are of concern.

The effort to minimize leakage has focused on rf containment by the mount body and the dc bias circuit. The shielding is accomplished by totally enclosing the mount and minimizing any gap that might allow

leakage at a mechanical joint. Residual leakage from threaded joints can be further reduced by painting

the seam with conductive epoxy or paint. Because of the thin wall of the mount body, the cap is not

threaded. It is designed to be a tight press fit in the body; in fact, a special fixture is needed to remove

the cap. Once it is determined that a newly constructed mount is operating properly, the cap seam can also be sealed with conductive epoxy or paint.

The internal rf bypass structure consists of a tubular pi-section (a pair of capacitors with a ferrite inductor)

low-pass filter with an added external ferrite bead in each of four leads. A cross section of the dc feedthrough structure is shown later as part of figure 2. 1 and 2.2. The dc connection to the thermistor beads

is through a miniature connector to allow the mount cap to be removed.

2.2 Thermistor Bead Assembly

As described earlier, the substitution type power meter measures power in terms of a change in the dc bias

power. Any uncertainty in the bolometer dc resistance will be reflected as an error in the power
calculation. Lead or contact resistance in the dc bias circuit will generate such an error. The solution to

this problem is a four-wire connection from the bolometer elements to a power meter which uses external

sense leads such as the NIST Type IV power meter (made commercially by several manufacturers). The

thermistor bead assembly used in the mount does have the required four-wire connection.

Coaxial bolometer mounts typically use a dual bolometer configuration. The elements are coimected in

series for the dc bias and in parallel for the rf. This simplifies the dc bias connection and also provides

a good rf match to the 50 Q transmission line. However, if the electrical characteristics of the two

elements are not identical, a dc-rf substitution error in the power measurement results. For thermistor

mounts, the error increases nonlinearly with rf power. The error is restricted to coaxial mounts since, in

general, waveguide designs use a single element. The effect can be minimized by proper matching of the

element pair. The beads in the assembly used are matched to 0.05 Q at 165 °C. The details of the dualelement error are presented in reference [11].

Another performance parameter for the mount, which is a function of the bead assembly, is the input

reflection coefficient. A low reflection coefficient (less than 0.1) is not necessary for the microcalorimeter

measurement, but it is important for reducing the uncertainty in the calibration transfer and for reducing

the minimum power requirement on the microwave source.

Another desirable feature of the mount is that the ri^ be a smooth function of frequency. Most thermistor

mounts display resonances, or sharp narrow dips in r|^. Because r|^ is changing very rapidly with frequency

at these points, the random uncertainty is greater and interpolation between measured points is not possible.

The resonance effect is the result of microwave leakage past the thermistor beads into the space that forms

a cavity behind the thermistor bulkhead. The effect can be reduced or eliminated by filling the cavity with

two layers of magnetic microwave absorber. The filling material is fastened in place to prevent movement

which could change the ti^.

The thermistor bead structure with its unique four-wire connection is a commercial product. This greatly

simplifies the construction of the mount. The choice of the particular commercial part does not represent an endorsement of the vendor or the product or imply that it is the best in this application.
2.3 Final Design

The final mechanical and electrical design features are indicated in the following two figures. Figure 2.1

is a cross sectional view of the Type N mount with the major parts identified. The same view of the APC-7

mount design is shown in figure 2.2.

DC BIAS

CONNECTOR

PC BOARD

(CONNECTOR

TO FILTER)

LOW PASS FILTER

M I CROWAVE

ABSORBER

FERRITE BEAD

MINIATURE

CONNECTOR

PC BOARD

(CONNECTOR

HOLDER)

THERMISTOR

ASSEMBLY

BELLOWS CONTACT

AND DC BLOCKING

CAPAC I TOR

TYPE N RF INPUT

CONNECTOR

Figure 2. 1. Cross section of the Type N thermistor mount.
DC BIAS

CONNECTOR

PC BOARD

(CONNECTOR

TO FILTER)

LOW PASS F ILTER

MICROWAVE

ABSORBER

FERRITE BEAD

MINIATURE

CONNECTOR

PC BOARD

(CONNECTOR

HOLDER)

THERMISTOR

ASSEMBLY

BELLOWS CONTACT

AND DC BLOCKING

CAPAC I TOR

APC-7 RF INPUT

CONNECTOR

Figure 2.2 Cross section of the APC-7 mount.
2.4 Performance

Material presented in this section reports the measured perfonnance of several samples of the Type N

mount only. At the time of this publication, customer interest in an APC-7 service has not been sufficient

to warrant constructing the mounts or evaluating the calorimeter. The parts, however, are in hand and can

be assembled and evaluated if needed in the future. These measurements are thought to be typical and dius

representative of future units. The basis of these performance measures was presented earlier in section

2.1.

2.4.1 Microwave Leakage

Detection of microwave leakage is relatively easy; accurate measurement of its magnitude is not. Development of special techniques and facilities such as the reverberation chamber and die TEM cell make

such measurements potentially possible [12]. A reverberation chamber can be used to measure the energy

above about 300 MHz (the low frequency limit is determined by the size of the available chamber) that is

radiated from the mount and its connected dc bias cable. Energy that is conducted from the mount on the

connecting dc bias cable can be measured using a vector voltmeter and a spectrum analyzer.

Measurements on early prototype mounts show that most of the energy escaping from the mount is conducted away on the connecting

cable, rather than radiated.

Therefore, measurements were not made in the reverberation chamber.

Results shown in figure 2.3 were

obtained from measurements on the

mount using a vector voltmeter at the

low frequencies and a spectrum

analyzer above 1 GHz. The objective

is to keep total leakage from the

mount more than 40 dB below the

input (less than 0.01 percent of the

input). The figure indicates that this was achieved.

40

-50 -

-60

COo

lii -70

O

<^ -80 <

LU

1 -90

-100 -

-110

-I 1—I I I I 1

1

T 11 I I 11 I

I

I I I I 1

1

-Q VECTOR VOLTMETER MEASUREMENT

SPECTRUM ANALYZER MEASUREMENT

_l I 001 01 1

' !

FREQUENCY. GHz

10 20

Figure 2.3. Microwave leakage in decibels below the input.

10
2.4.2 Input Reflection CoefBcient

As previously indicated, it is desirable for the

magnitude of the input reflection coefficient to

be small. The measurements made by an

automatic vector network analyzer (45 MHz to

18 GHz) and by a six-port network analyzer

(10 MHz to 50 MHz) on a typical Type N

mount are shown in figure 2.4. The

magnitude is under 0. 1 from about 20 MHz to

16.5 GHz.

015

LUQ

D

2 010 o

<2

0.05

0.0 U I Mill U_ d- 001 01 1 FREQUENCY. GHz

10 20

Figure 2.4. Type N mount reflection coefficient.

2.4.3 Dual Element Error

First, we note that if the mount is used at 10 mW, where it was calibrated, there is no error. However,

if the mount is used as a reference standard to calibrate another system at a different power, say 1 mW,

then there may well be an additional uncertainty in the measurement.

The only way to determine the magnitude of the dual-element error is by direct measurement. In theory, one possible measurement method is to connect the coaxial mount to one arm of a nominally equal power

splitter (such as a 3 dB hybrid or a waveguide "magic tee"), and a single-element waveguide mount to the

other arm. The ratio of the two bolometric powers is determined at 10 mW and again at a randomly

selected power between 10 mW and 0. 1 mW. The change in the ratios as determined at the two powers

is a measure of the dual-element error. The process is repeated enough times to give a curve showing the

nonlinearity as a function of power up to 10 mW.

The test of the procedure is to place identical model waveguide mounts on each arm of the power splitter

to verify the linearity of the splitter and associated instrumentation. Figure 2.5 shows results of such a measurement with two identical model waveguide mounts at 9.1 GHz. The increased spread of the data

as the power decreases is typical of bolometric measurements because of the small change in dc power that

occurs at low microwave power.

11
The result for a commercial coaxial mount

compared with one of the waveguide mounts

is shown in figure 2.6. The error is very

small at low power and increases to about

0.035 percent at 10 mW.

Unfortunately, most of the data taken using

this technique do not give results comparable

to figures 2.5 and 2.6. Considerable time has

been put into the effort to reduce this approach

to a reliable measurement technique. Thus

far, it has not been successful. Generally, the

results of the power splitter linearity tests have

not provided the desired verification, so the

comparisons between the coaxial mount and a waveguide mount are not too meaningful. The

difficulty seems to be that when looking for

deviations on the order of 0.01 percent,

instrumentation problems such as the inability

to locate the ground precisely where it should

be in the dc measurement circuit are of the same order. At best, the comparison between

the coaxial and waveguide mounts is in error by the amount of the apparent nonlinearity

seen when comparing a waveguide mount to a waveguide mount.

0.05

OX

-0.10

/

* . i s

'

' * . f^j.i.r.Z.-.'^i. ^J*..

ARM#1: WAVEGUIDE MOUNT

ARM #2: WAVEGUIDE MOUNT

-10

POWER. dBm

Figure 2.5. Change in the power ratio of two

waveguide mounts versus power.

U. lU

0.05

• • ^

0.00

* ••/y •

* \ ,

-0.05 •

ARM#1: COAXIAL MOUNT ARM #2: WAVEGUIDE MOUNT

-010 . -10 10

POWER. dBm

Figure 2.6. Change in the power ratio of a coaxial

mount to a waveguide mount versus power. Another way to determine the dual-element

error is to measure the effective efficiency as

a function of power. Figure 2.7 shows that measurement on a Type N mount. The significant nonlinearity

above about 12 mW is largely due to the dual-element error. At the lower powers the measurement

uncertainty becomes large, so the shape of the curve is not necessarily accurate. A line fitted to the

measured data between 5 mW and 12 mW is shown in figure 2.8. Based on this linear fit, the change in

efficiency for this mount between 10 mW and 1 mW is less than 0.01 percent. This is a better estimate

of the dual-element error than the power splitter method provides.

12
995

99.0 -

y

uj 985

O

UJ

u.

u.lU 980

-I—I—I—I—I I 1—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—'—

r

_i L '

99130

10 15 POWER. mW

20

Figure 2.7. Effective efficiency as a

function of power.

FITTED CURVE MEASURED DATA

5 10 POWER. mW15

Figure 2.8. Linear fit to data of figure 2.7

from 5 to 12 mW.

2.4.4 Mount Settling Time

In figure 2.9, the upper trace is the output of

a crystal detector monitoring a 10 GHz source

as the rf is turned on for about 6 ms and then

turned off. The lower trace is the power

meter voltage of the coaxial thermistor mount

as it measures die same output. Note the large

"overshoot" excursions that occur for about 2

ms until a steady state is reached. These

excursions may occur because the current

distribution in the thermistor beads changes

when rf is applied, so the heat distribution

must also change. It takes a few milliseconds

for a new thermal steady state to be reached.

Thus the measurement of the power meter

voltages should not be made until after the overshoot has subsided. The effect decreases with power and

is independent of frequency.

4 6 ELAPSED TIME, m*

Figure 2.9. Crystal detector and mount output as rf power is switched on and off. The

source output is 10 mW.

13
2.4.5 Effective Efficiency

A plot of the effective efficiency of one of the

Type N mounts is shown in figure 1.3. The

efficiency is well above 90 percent and

decreases smoothly with frequency. Figure

2.10 is a plot of the effective efficiency of a mount before and after suppression of the

resonant behavior with microwave absorber as

described earlier.

100 -T—I

1 r— r-"T I

I I

I I I 1 I

20

FREQUENCY. GHz

Figure 2.10. Effective efficiency of a Type N mount

before (dashed line) and after resonance

suppression.

14
3. MICROCALORIMETER DESIGN

As noted in section 1, the primary function of the microcalorimeter is to measure the effect of all microwave energy dissipated in the reference standard bolometer mount. This is accomplished by using

a thermopile to measure the temperature rise of an attached bolometer mount with respect to a thermal

reference ring under two conditions. The first condition is with dc only dissipated in the bolometer mount

and the second condition is with both dc and rf dissipated in the mount. Because the temperature changes

are very small (on the order of 0.05 °C), the microcalorimeter is also designed to be immersed in a stable

temperature-controlled water bath [9, 10] during the measurement to minimize the effect of external

temperature changes. The water bath is controlled to about ±20 /i°C at near room temperature. Figure

3.1 is a cross sectional view of the base of the microcalorimeter with the major parts labeled. Complete

design and construction details are available as reference [6].

TYPE N CONNECTOR

THERMAL REFERENCE RING

THERMAL ISOLATION SECTION

CABLE CONDUIT

ASSEMBLY

THERMOPILE

ASSEMBLY

RF INPUT ASSEMBLY

Figure 3.1. Cross section of the Type N microcalorimeter.

15
3.1 ThermopUe Assembly

This part contains a thermal isolation section as well as the thermopile itself. The thermal isolation section,

which is between the baseplate (in close contact with the water bath) and the bolometer mount, allows the

mount temperature to rise with respect to the baseplate. The isolation section is a short length of coaxial

transmission line made with a thin-wall copper outer conductor and a hollow thin-wall gold-plated stainless

steel inner conductor.

The thermopile is a ring made of 66 equally spaced radial turns of Constantan wire; the lower half of the

ring is copper plated giving 66 copper/Constantan junctions around both inner and outer circumferences.

The ring of inner thermocouple junctions is in thermal contact with (but electrically insulated from) the 7

mm coaxial outer conductor just below the coaxial connector. The circle of outer thermocouple junctions

is in contact with a thermal reference ring which approximates the thermal characteristics of the dummy

reference standard used in the earlier twin-joule microcalorimeter design as described in references [1] and

[2].

The thermocouples in the thermopile are connected in series, so the thermopile output can be increased by

increasing the number of junctions. The number of thermocouples in the original thermopile was limited

by the input range, 100 ixV, of the potentiometer used to measure the thermopile output. Since the

microcalorimeter described here uses the original thermopile assembly, it has less thermocouple junctions

than it would otherwise. A thermopile with many more junctions and made of finer wire would be a better match to the 2 mV range of the modem electronic nanovoltmeter now used. A typical thermopile output

at a few frequencies for one of the reference standards is shown in figure 1.2.

3.2 Other Design Features

The rf input leads, the mount's dc bias leads, and the thermopile's output leads are brought in through the

bottom of the microcalorimeter. This provides a more convenient arrangement for removing the top cover and also keeps the leads in the water bath for a greater distance to provide better thermal tempering.

The entire assembly, including the cover, is gold plated for corrosion protection. The gold-plated interior

of the cover is polished to provide a high infrared reflectivity. Figure 3.2 is a partial cross sectional view

of the entire calorimeter with the cover raised. When in use the unit is suspended in the temperamrecontroUed water bath by the rod extending from the top of the cover. The actual water level when in the

bath is indicated.

16
Figure View of the entire microcalorimeter assembly.

17
4. AUTOMATED CALffiRATION SYSTEM

The automated system provides a completely unattended measurement of the effective efficiency once the

reference standard and microcalorimeter are connected and placed in the temperature controlled water bath. The automation is accomplished using off-the-shelf computer controlled GPIB instrumentation and custom

software.

4.1 SYSTEM HARDWARE

The measurement console containing two automated systems, one in each rack, is shown in figure 4.1.

Except for items 7 and 9 each system has an identical set of instruments. The right-hand rack is intended

°oooooooo o°

OC

° ooq

cnaaa

C3IZIC3D aCD oooa aa

C1C3C3C3 aa

acsoa aa

• o

e

'_* oo

o oo

I I oo DODO \J

o o o o o o o o o o

O O

o a

oaao aoao

aaao oaaa

aooo cuaaa

oooooooo ^

a Q D O aaaca

]°D (q) DOOO

OD O O

1 1 1 1 O qO

o °o oo

SWI TCH/CONTROL UN I

DIGITAL VOLTMETER

NANOVOLTMETER

NBS TYPE IV POWER METER

DC VOLTAGE REFERENCE MICROWAVE LOCKING COUNTER

MICROWAVE SOURCE

8. NBS TYPE II POWER LEVELER

S. SOURCE AND METER CONTROL UNIT

Figure 4.1. Automated calibration system instrument rack.

18
primarily for coaxial calibrations because the microwave source, item 6, has a 10 MHz to 20 GHz

frequency range. The system in the left-hand rack is used with the waveguide microcalorimeters.

Item 1, the switch control unit, provides bus control for the different connections required as the

measurement is made. Item 2, the digital voltmeter, measures the output from item 4, the Type IV power

meter. Item 3 is a nanovoltmeter used to measure the thermopile output. A precision dc source, item 5,

is used as the reference voltage for instrument 8, the NBS Type n power leveler. Item 6 is a locking

counter which phase locks the microwave source, unit 7. Item 9 is a custom control unit for the individual

YIG tuned FET oscillators used as sources for the waveguide microcalorimeters. Not shown in figure 4.

1

are the two instrument controllers. The actual instruments used are identified by item in Appendix F.

A schematic diagram of the instrument connections is shown in figure 4.2.

CONTROLLER

rKA« iwut - rCRUIHAL * DIGITAL VOLTUETER

DC VOLTAGE REFERENCE

J»2

J

J-SciSF 7** w

SWITCH CONTROL UN T~l PiH L " I

CAItO 1 aCN PW KLAT

300 InHi

* THERUOtuCTER

Ix.

t/-^=-

UODIFIEO

NBS TYPE I I POWER

rvPE ^

» LEVELER /

icr cCNLJ^ ivuT Tcn ,— ^-

:a700 CI

;o>vioe* csui

ry OUT *r T»p- MICROWAVE LOCKING COUNTER

NANOVOLTMETER

_d_

T-

. ua ruci iiMi 1

AUX rw IN »f OUT

•r OUT MICRCMAVE SOURCE

. yiCMOMVC SWITOI r

I trtrcu eaoue

NBS TYPE IV POWER UETER

^'l-'^

c

BOLOMETER

|CALORIUET_ER_ W

Figure 4.2. Automated calibration system schematic diagram.

19
4.2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

The measurement program, called MICROCxAP, is written in HP BASIC (also known as Rocky

Mountain BASIC or RMB). The program controls the measurement and does the post-measurement

processing needed to compute the effective efficiency. A post-measurement computation is required

because of the need to correct for the effect of drift in the reference standard bias voltage during the

measurement.

4.2.1 Program Features

MAIN MENU

(1) MEASURE EFFICIENCY

(2) CALCULATE & DISPLAY RESULTS

(3) DATA FILE I/O

EQBl

The program is menu driven, with soft keys used for micro.cxap

much of the input. The first menu encountered in

running the program is shown in figure 4.3. The

reverse video items at the bottom of the screen are

soft key definitions. When item 1 is selected, a series

of screens is presented that set the initial conditions

by asking for the measurement frequencies, the serial number of the reference standard, the scale factors

for the real time graph, the desired time delay before

starting the measurement, and whether a

nanovoltmeter zero offset measurement will be

included. One of the initial screens sets up the program to measure at five test frequencies when a mount

is first connected to the microcalorimeter. After these results are entered into the program, the mount is removed, reconnected, and measured again at the five test frequencies. If the two sets of measurements

agree within established limits, the program automatically continues the measurements over the full set of

desired frequencies.

EXIT PROGRAM

SELECT (1) SELECT (2) SELECT (3)

Figure 4.3. First program menu.

During the measurement a real-time graph is displayed on the monitor that shows the thermopile output

and other information. Figure 4.4 is an example of the real-time display as the program is measuring the

five test frequencies. Information about the program appears in the three windows at the top. The center and right windows can each be toggled to display additional information in another window. The

information found in the left-hand window labeled "HEADER INFO" is self explanatory. The center window labeled "LAST READING" gives the total time since the measurement started, the elapsed time smce switching to the frequency presently being measured, the total count of data points measured since

the start, a countdown that gives the time remaining until the next reading and directions for switching to

20
the alternate window. The right-hand window

labeled "THERMOPILE OUTPUT & TEMP" shows

the most recent nanovoltmeter reading of the

thermopile output, the average of the last 18

thermopile voltage readings, two spaces for possible

future readings of the room and water bath

temperatures, and directions for switching to the

alternate window. Figure 4.5 shows the real-time

display with the alternate center and right windows.

The center window labeled "SYSTEM

PARAMETERS" shows the present measurement

frequency, the last voltage reading from the power

meter, the setting of the reference voltage for the

power leveler, a calculated value for the substituted

dc power in the reference standard, a countdown that

gives the time remaining until the next reading, and

directions for switching back to the original window.

The alternate right window labeled "STATISTICS"

shows variables related to the stability algorithm

which is explained in section 4.2.2 and Appendix C.

MICRO CxAP

HEADER INFO

Mount ID: CN14 01 Fllanim*: cn»2d31711 SUrtTIm*: 17Mir19S2

11:15:01

Start Fraq: 0.1 QHz

Stop Fraq: It GHz

LAST READING

Total tjmo: 124.0 min

Elapiad tiina: 21.3 mln

Total count 248 Sac to naxt raading: 12

Pratt K5 for naxt window

THERMOPILE OUTPUT a TEMP

Thannoplla: 121.791 uV

TpUaAvg: 121.7703 uV r Std Dav: 0076 uV Room Tamp: 0.00 dag C

Bath Tamp; 0.000 dag C

Pratt K6 for naxt window

PREta KO TO TERIiaUTE TIME (mki)

240 300 MUt Kt TO tLANK tCREIN

Figure 4.4. Real-time display.

M IC RO.CxAP

HEADER INFO

Mount ID: CN14 01 Fllanama: cn920'31711

Start TIma: 17 Mar 1992

11:15:01

Start Fraq: 0.1 GHz

Stop Fraq: 16 GHz

SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Fraquancy: 18.00 GHz

PwrMatarV: 2.034238 V

RafV: 2.034218 V

Powar 9.9988 mV^

Sec to next reading: 1

1

Pratt K5 for naxt window

STATISTICS

NO. In average: 18 Runt; 10

'R' : -.98 Prob: .091

Prett Ke for next window

PREta KO TO TERyiHATC TIME (mln)

240 900 PREta Kt TO tlANK tCREEN

Figure 4.5. Alternate real-time display. During the measurement the data are taken as the

frequency is incremented (tests have shown no

difference in results if the frequency is stepped incrementally, or if it is changed randomly) from 50 MHz

to 18 GHz. The frequency range is broken into four segments: 50 MHz to 2 GHz in steps of 50 MHz, 2.

1

to 4 GHz in steps of 100 MHz, 4.2 to 12.4 GHz in steps of 200 MHz, and 12.5 to 18 GHz in steps of 250

MHz. All of the measured data for each frequency segment are automatically saved to disk individually,

with a name that includes the date and time at the beginning of the measurement. An example of the file name is shown under "HEADER INFO" in figure 4.4. The "en" indicates the reference standard is a Model CN coax mount and "92031711" indicates the measurement was started between 1100 and 1200 h

on Mar. 17, 1992. The program completes all four segments automatically without operator intervention.

After completing the entire measurement sequence, the program will return to the main menu. The data

from the last set of measured frequencies will still be in memory. Item 2, "CALCULATE & DISPLAY

21
RESULTS", is selected. This produces the menu micro.cxap

shown in figure 4.6 with options to plot the power

meter voltage, plot the thermopile voltage, calculate

the efficiency, plot the rf power, plot the temperature

(if it had been measured), and calculate the standard

deviation of any selected set of data points. The plots

are useful to get a quick overview of the

measurement results to see that the data looks

reasonable before calculating the efficiency.

Figure 4.6. Calculation and display menu. When the program calculates the effective efficiency, four plots at each frequency are optionally available.

Examples of these plots for a measurement made at 15 GHz are shown in figures 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, and 4.10.

CALCULATE/DISPLAY MENU - - --

(1) Graph power mater voltage

(2) Graph thermopile voltage

(3) Graph/Print effective efficiency

(4) Graph rf power

(S) Graph temperature

(6) Calculate standard deviation DATA IN MEMORY 1 FILE cn92022712 1

1

SELECT (1) SELECT (2) SELECT (3) SELECT (4) SELECT (5)

MOUNT: CN14_01 DATA FILE: cn92031711 17 Mar 1992, 11:15:03

2477 sea

TIME (min) Figure 4.7. Power meter voltage with rf off.

MOUNT: CN14_01 DATA FILE: en9203171 1 17 Mar 1992, 11:15:03

2034.247

2034.24e

2034243

2034 241

2034.23)

O

q: 2034.23S O

s 2034233

2034231

2034 229

2034.227

iAfsnr^''\r^N^='^^/\fvy\r\r v^

Vrt = 2034.2377 mV at 1 5 GHz

i .

TIME (min) Figure 4.8. Power meter voltage with rf on.

MOUNT: CN14_01 DATA FILE: cn92031711 17 Mar 1992, 11:15:03

119.70

TIME (min)

MOUNT: CN14_01 DATA FILE: cn92031711 17 Mar 1992, 11:15:03

121.4S

121.4S

121.44

121.43

121.42

COO 121.41 >

O

Q: 121.40 o

s

121.39

121.38

121.37

121.3«

ipi—I—I—I—

I—T"

TIME (mIn) Figure 4.9. Thermopile output with rf off. Figure 4. 10. Thermopile output with rf on.

22
The horizontal dashed line in each plot shows the value calculated by the program for each variable. The

exact numerical value is displayed at the bottom of the plot. Refer to section 6.1 for a description of the

variables and equation used to calculate the effective efficiency. There is a change of variable between

these figures and eq (6.1.20): Vdc, Vrf, Edc, and Erf in the figures equal V,, V^^ ^i. and ^2, respectively,

in the equation.

In figure 4.7, note that the rf is off only for the initial and final readings and the calculated Vdc is the

average of the two readings. In figure 4.8, the calculated Vrf is the average of all the readings taken while

the rf is on. Note that the power leveler keeps the power meter voltage constant within a single count of

the DVM. In figure 4.9, the calculated Edc is taken from a linear fit between the average of the initial

readings (taken while the rf is off) and the average of the final readings (again while the rf is off) at the

time corresponding to the center of the stabilized thermopile output when the rf is on (about 99 min from

figure 4.10). In figure 4.10, the value of Erf is the average of the 18 readings between the 2 vertical

dashed lines. The decision that stability had been reached in the thermopile output was made by the

stability algorithm described in section 4.2.2. The program determines these variables and then calculates

and plots the effective efficiency for each frequency measured.

Figure 4.11 is an example how the screen looks when the effective efficiency is plotted. The X and Y axis

can be changed to scale the graph and the numerical values can be listed to the screen or printed.

Figure 4. 12 shows the screen listing (only a portion of the listing is shown, the rest can be scrolled). The

effective efficiency values are now part of the original data file, and the file is saved to disk as described

in the next paragraph.

COAX MOUNT - EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY

MOUNT:CN05 02 DATA FILE:cn92031323 0ATE:13 Mar1992

MO

M.o

07.0

ee.o

OG.O

M.O

03.0

02.0

iMii|lM|iil|ll I |lll| lll|lil|lll| lli|ili|lll|lil| lil|iil|iii|lli|iil|ni II

I I ml iJilii il I iMlh h II

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 10 10 20 FREQUENCY (GHz) PREV MANU DUMP plot LIST result CHANGE X-axis CHANGE y-axi PRINT result

Figure 4.11. Effective efficiency plot.

EFFECTIVE EFFICIENCY OF COAX MOUNT

DATE: 13 Mar 1992, 23:41:03 PROGRAM: MICRO_CxAP NO OF READINGS: 1464 MEASUREMENT INTERVAL: 30 osc INCREMENTAL FREQUENCY ORDER

MOUNT: CN05_02 DATA FILE NAME: en92031323 NANOVOLTMETER ZERO OFFSET: -60 nV CALORIMETER CORRECTION:

g = 1.00038 + 0.00095M •0.452

FREQ.GHZ RF POWER, mW C FACTOR EFFICIENCY. %

RAW CORRECTED

4.2 9.9975 1.0022 98.053 98.268

4.4 9.9995 1.0022 97.987 98.206

4.6 9.9996 1.0023 97.942 98.164

4.8 9.9998 1.0023 97.879 98.105

5 9.9998 1.0023 97.830 88.059

5.2 9.9997 1.0024 97.791 98.024

5.4 9.9998 1.0024 97.735 97.971

5.6 9.9999 1.0024 97.703 97.943

PREV MANU DUMP plot LIST result CHANGE x-axis CHANGE y-axis PRINT result

Figure 4.12. Screen listing

23
MICRO..CxAP

DATA I/O MENU

(1) Header listing/change

(2) Input a data file

(3) Output a data file

DATA IN MEMORY

FILE cn92022712

HEADER LISTING FOR: A Previous Measurement

Option Array #

(1) Data file name: cn92031323

(2) Mount ID: CN05_02

(3) Measurement propgram: MICRO_CxAP

(4) [1] Revlaslon*: 9202031349

(5) [2] Test date: 13 Mar 1992, 23:41:03

(6) [3] Band ID: Coax

(7) [4] Effective efficiency flag: 1 (8) [5] No. of measurement frequencies: 42

(9) [6] Start frequency: 4.2 GHz

(10) [7] Stop frequency: 12.4 GHz

(11) [8] Step frequency: .2 GHz

(12) [9J Number of measurements: 1464

(13) [10] Measurement duration: 12.20 hr

(14) [11] Measurement interval: 30 sec

(15) [12] Nominal power: 10.0 mW

(16) [13] Voltage reference: volts (17) [14] Mount operating resistance: 200 ohms

(18) [15] Nanovoltmster zero correction: -6.E-8

(19) [16] Mount pre_bals flag: (20) [17] Room temperature;

(21) [18] Batti temperature:

(22) [19] Zero correction flag: (23) [20] Auto meas flag: 1 (24) [21] Random freq order flag:

SELECT (2) SELECT (3)

Figure 4.13. Data I/O menu

Figure 4. 14. Header listing.

To save the data file (or input the data file for the next frequency segment), return to the main menu (figure

4.3), and select option 3, "DATA FILE I/O". This produces the screen shown in figure 4.13. The first

item is an option to list the header that is part of each data file. The header, which contains information

about the measurement, is shown as it lists to the screen in figure 4. 14 (all of the header is shown in the

figure, but the actual screen has to be scrolled). As indicated by the soft key options, it may be changed

if needed. The item to input a data file also has the option to catalogue any mass storage unit on the system

to obtain or check the file name if needed. Once the name is typed in, soft key options input the file from

any mass storage unit connected to the controller. The data file output choice includes the option to change

the file name, as well as save to any mass storage unit.

Once the efficiencies for all the measured frequencies have been calculated and saved, another program

is used to collect them into a single file (which does not contain any of the raw data). This file is used to

generate the final calibration report.

4.2.2 Stability Algorithm

One of the critical points in the measurement is the determination of when the thermopile output has

reached equilibrium or stability. This is especially difficult because the bias voltage for the reference

standard essentially never stops changing; in other words, an aging process is always going on. This means

there is always a drift in the thermopile output, aside from the effect of the microwave loss. In addition,

the nanovoltmeter reading is fairly noisy because the measurement is being made at about 100 ^V, which

is just 5 percent of the lowest range (2 mV) on the instrument. An algorithm to determine when stability

24
has been reached under these conditions has been developed by the NIST Statistical Engineering Division.

The algorithm is described in detail in Appendix C. Refer back to figure 4.10 as an example of the

thermopile output when it was determined that stability had been achieved. The dashed line is taken to be

the thermopile output and is die average of 18 successive measurements between the 2 vertical lines. The

right vertical line is the point at which the algorithm decided the output was stable.

25
5. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

This section describes the process followed in performing the effective efficiency measurement. Since the

measurement is automated, the manual part of connecting the standard, setting up the software, and

producing the measurement report are the primary things described. The description is appropriate for a new operator's training and thus detailed.

5.1 STEP-BY-STEP DESCRIPTION

The following steps are carried out in performing the calibration of a reference standard.

1

.

The Type N connector on the reference standard is inspected closely (under a microscope) for dirt and physical damage. The connector is cleaned if necessary. This is a precaution taken to avoid

damaging the microcalorimeter connector, since the effective efficiency measurement is not

affected to first order by the mount's reflection coefficient. The critical Type N connector

dimension is measured (and compared with previous measurements if this is not the first

calibration). This ensures that there will not be a destructive interference when the standard is mated to the microcalorimeter.

2. Any moisture retention by the reference standard or in the microcalorimeter has proven to give

erroneous, nonrepeatable results in the efficiency measurement. Be sure your hands are clean and

dry before handling the standard and that no water drops are in the microcalorimeter when the

cover is replaced. An effective means of being certain that excess moisture is not present in the

reference standard is to place the standard in a vacuum for a few hours.

3. The reference standard is connected to a power meter and biased with dc for a period of two to

three days. This reduces the bias drift that occurs when the unit is placed in the microcalorimeter.

4. The reference standard is connected to the microcalorimeter using a Type N torque wrench

(approximately 1.13 N • m (10 Ibf • in)). The cover is placed on the microcalorimeter, the total

unit is placed in the water bath, the Type IV power meter and nanovoltmeter leads are connected,

the dc bias is turned on, and the entire unit is allowed to temperature stabilize for at least 1 h. If

at that point the power meter and thermopile outputs are fairly stable (an operator's judgement call

learned by experience-actually the program will not start the measurement if the drift rate is too

high) the first of the measurements can be started. Section 6.4.1 describes a first-order drift

correction made when the effective efficiency is calculated.

26
5. The program called "MICROCxAP" is loaded and set up to run the five check frequencies.

Information about the program and how to use it can be found in section 4.2. When the program

is run, a 3.5 in diskette with sufficient space must be in drive (the left side) of the dual 3.5 in

drive. The effective efficiency is measured at five check frequencies, 0.1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 18

GHz. This takes four to five hours, and the data are saved to disk. The program is run again to compute the results.

6. The microcalorimeter is then disconnected from the power meter and nanovoltmeter, removed

from the water bath, the cover removed, and the standard disconnected. The calorimeter is left open for at least 15 to 30 min and then the mount is replaced for a second connect, and the process

described by step 5 is repeated, except the results from step 5 are entered into the program before

it is run again.

7. If the second five-frequency check result repeats within ±0.06 percent, the program automatically

runs the full frequency set. (The measurement is made without disconnecting the mount.) Again,

a 3.5 in diskette with sufficient space must be in drive (the left side) of the dual 3.5 in drive. The

effective efficiency is measured at 124 frequencies, 0.05 to 18 GHz. This takes about 40 h, with

the data saved to disk in four files. As described in section 4.2, the program is run again to compute and save the results.

8. A program called "MICRO_DMA" is used to extract the effective efficiency from the four data

files saved in the last step. The program combines the four segments and saves the results as a

single ASCII file which is converted to a DOS file and used to produce the final test report.

9. As described in step 6, the microcalorimeter is removed from the water bath, and the mount

removed. This completes the measurement.

5.2 MEASUREMENT RESULTS

The results in the Report of Calibration are listed in a table that gives the effective efficiency, Type B

uncertainty, and expanded uncertainty for each frequency. An example of the report can be found in

Appendix E.

27
6. MEASUREMENT CORRECTIONS AND EVALUATION OF UNCERTAINTIES

The factors listed below all contribute to the measurement uncertainty and are included or mentioned in

the analysis. A correction is determined for the combined effect. The standard uncertainty for the

correction factor and for the remaining uncertainty components is determined by either a Type A or a Type

B evaluation [13] as appropriate.

1

.

Nonlinearity of thermopile and nanovoltmeter.

2. Instrumentation errors (voltmeters and dc-substitution power meter).

3. External temperature stability.

4. Microcalorimeter microwave transmission line loss.

5. Microcalorimeter microwave connector loss.

6. Bolometer mount microwave leakage.

7. Bolometer mount internal dc lead resistance.

8. Bolometer mount microwave transmission line loss.

9. Bolometer mount microwave connector loss.

10. Bolometer mount dc lead filter.

11. Microwave connector repeatability.

6.1 MICROCALORIMETER OPERATION THEORY

This section is based in part on formulations by both Engen [1] and Weidman [2]. Figure 6.1 is a cross

section of the reference standard connected to the calorimeter isolation section and the thermopile. The

figure may be helpful in understanding the following derivation and equations.

Recall that the thermopile measures the temperature rise of the attached bolometer mount when the mount

is biased with dc alone, or with dc plus rf. The expression for the thermopile output voltage with only dc

bias applied to the mount may be written as

e^=k,P,,,-'^, (6-1)

where kj is a proportionality factor characteristic of the thermal transfer path from the mount to the

thermopile and is a constant unless the thermopile output is nonlinear. The other terms were originally

defined in section 1.2. P^^j is the dc bias power dissipated in the mount, Vj is the power meter output

28
voltage (equal to the voltage across the bolometer

elements) when P^^j is applied, and Rq is the

bolometer element dc operating resistance

maintained by the power meter.

With both dc and rf applied to the mount, the new

thermopile output voltage is given by

(6-2)

where ^2 does not equal k y because of the

thermopile nonlinearity, P^^2 is the dc bias power

dissipated in the mount, P, is the rf dissipation in and near the thermistor beads, P^ is the rf loss in

the mount input section transmission line including

the connector, P„ is the rf loss in the calorimeter

isolation section transmission line including the

connector, P^ is the rf loss in the mount rf lowpass filters, and a, b, c, and d are constants that

account for thermal paths that are different than

the one described by Atj. Equation (6-2) may also

be written as

INPUT TRANSMISSION

LINE SECTION

V.

<

BOLOMETER MOUNT

THERMISTOR BEADS CENTER CONDUCTOR

SUPPORT BEAD

^^r°^

/ THERMAL / ISOLATION - ^

SECTION

Figure 6. 1 Cross section of mount

and calorimeter.

P + P

P, Pn

+ c + d

mb

rf)

(6-3)

where P^ is the total rf power delivered to the mount. Letting

(6-4)

(6-5)

(6-6)

29
and

t = P^/P^, (6-7)

we can write eq (6-3) as

^2 = k^iP^a + Pr^aq + br + cs^ dt)]. (6-8)

Note that

q + r + t = \ (6-9)

because each term represents a fraction of the total rf power absorbed in the mount.

Then eq (6-8) can be written as

^2 = UPdc2 + gPrf), (6-10)

where g is the correction factor given by

g = aq + br + cs + dt. (6-11)

Writing eq (6-10) in terms of V2 gives

^2 = ^2

[ ^

^ SPrf (6-12)

Solving for P^, we find

V

"^2

(6-13)

From eq (6-1), kj is given by

^1^

(6-14)

30
Let

*2 ^n ^1 ^n ^

y^

(6-15)

where c„ is a correction factor for the thermopile nonlinearity. Using eq (6-15), eq (6-13) becomes

"-i

( „ \ 1/2

\ 1 /

V V

^'n ^

(6-16)

or

r .,2\

I ^J

r ^.^

v^iy

•^2

v^iy

(6-17)

The definition of effective efficiency is

^* (6-18)

where P^ is the bolometric substituted power given by

1 - (6-19)

and P^ is the total rf power delivered to the mount.

Using eqs (6-17) and (6-19), eq (6-18) becomes

\ ^ S

1 /

^2 1

/' I/\ 2

V^l.

(6-20)

31
Equation (6-20) can be simplified by letting

F = -^

V (6-21)

and

/.

^2 1 (6-22)

so eq (6-20) becomes

1 - F

• \ - g

fe-Fv

(6-23)

Taking the total differential of eq (6-23) gives an expression for the uncertainty Ar), in r|^ due to

uncertainties in g, Fy, and/^.

|Ati,

1 - F,: fe-Fy

|Ag| + g

2Fy{\ -/J

(/; - Pi)'

|AFJ - g

1 - F,

(/; - ^k)'

|A/J , (6-24)

where the absolute value of each uncertainty term is used to obtain the maximum uncertainty. The relative

uncertainty is given by

ATI, = Ag

8

2 f; (/;-!)

il-Fy)if^-F;)

^Fy

Fy fe-Fl

A/,

(6-25)

The determination of the terms g, Fy, and/,, and their uncertainties, is described in the following sections.

32
6.2 DETERMINATION OF CORRECTION FACTOR g

Figure 6.2 is a cross section of a special //^//y^

measurement configuration used to determine g. The setup contains two thermopile assemblies

and is symmetrical about the indicated y\A

horizontal center line. The microwave losses r^

y and the thermal conditions in each half are /

nearly equal, so the effect on the thermopiles is o

/ as if the other half were not present. (An /7 analogy is the method of images employed with /

electromagnetic field problems.) Each half of ^,

the center adapter section is made of the same y)

material and length as the input transmission

line section of the mount (see figure 6.1), so

that each half is thermally and electrically the same as a mount connector and input section.

Although not shown, the transmission line is

terminated (at the top of the figure) by one of

the reference standards. The arrangement is fed

Figure 6.2 Arrangement used to determine

the correction factor g.

by a nominal 10 mW (with the power leveled by the terminating mount) from the bottom, and the output

of both thermopiles is noted. Assuming adequate symmetry, either thermopile reading is an indication of

the heating due to loss in the calorimeter thermal isolation section and the mount input section. In the same

way, then, as eqs (6-1) and (6-2) were developed, one of the thermopile outputs (say the lower) can be

written as H - ksi^'P^, . c'Pj. (6-26)

As before, P^ is the loss in the mount input section, and P^ is the loss of the calorimeter thermal isolation

section, and kg, b', and c' are equivalent to kj, b, and c, the constants characteristic of the different thermal

transfer paths. Note that although the total loss in this measurement configuration is approximately double

that of the configuration of figure 6. 1, it does not result in added heating because there is also an additional

identical thermal path to the temperature-controlled external environment.

33
In terms of the power ratios of eqs (6-5) and (6-6), eq (6-26) becomes

H = ^BPrM'r -c's). (6-27)

Because of the adapter material and size, we assume that

ks- k,. (6-28)

The factor b' is associated with the loss in the mount input section. In the mount, the heat due to center

conductor loss is transmitted to the thermopile primarily by the center conductor support bead rather than

by the thermistor bead strucmre, because the dc blocking capacitor and bellows contact provide good

thermal isolation. This was verified experimentally by measuring the thermopile output with the bellows

and capacitor removed from a mount. For a representative mount with a dc bias of about 30 mW, the

thermopile output with the bellows is 116 //V, and without the bellows the output is 118 /uV, a less than

2 percent change. Thus the thermal effect should be nearly the same in the adapter and

b'^b. (6-29)

The factor c' is associated with the loss of the calorimeter isolation section, and for the same reasons noted

above,

c'^c. (6-30)

With these substitutions eq (6-27) becomes

e^- k^P^ibr ^ cs), (6-31)

so

br * cs ^ —^ . (6-32)

k^Prf

Recall that g = aq + br + cs + dt. (6-11)

The loss in the low pass filters is given by t. It will be zero only if there is no rf leakage past the internal

thermistor bead structure. It is assumed that t is negligible, since its effect can be absorbed in the other

loss term q, and it is not susceptible to direct measurement. The approximation that a ~ \ can be made

34
because q is the power ratio associated with the dissipation in the thermistor beads and it, is the thermal

constant associated with that same heating. Then, with (6-32) substituted into (6-11), the expression for

^becomes

KPrf

(6-33)

From eq (6-9), with t = 0,

(6-34)

Recall that r is the fractional loss in the input section and connector of the mount. An approximation for

this is half the loss of the adapter section shown in figure 6.2. If the total loss is a^, then

1 - -t

2 (6-35)

That loss is given by (see appendix A)

«/: = 1 (6-36)

so the expression for g becomes

1 +

I "^21

k P

Measured and calculated values for 1 52, | in o io

decibels are shown in figure 6.3. The basis for

the "theoretical plated line loss" curve is given

in appendix B. The curve labeled "adjusted a ooe

plated line loss" is a calculated loss obtained

by changing the value of the conductivity of

the gold plating and the joint loss factors

(including the exponent of the frequency term)

so the curve approximately fits the measured

values. Table 6.1 lists the parameter values

that were changed to obtain the adjusted curve

(6-37)

FREQUENCY. GHz

Figure 6.3 Type N male-to-male coax adapter loss.

35
Table 6. 1 Values used in calculating the adjusted loss.

Parameter

Layer 1 (Au)

thickness

d

lum

Layer 1 (Au)

conductivity

S/m

Layer 2 (Cu)

conductivity

S/m

Joint loss factors

Ao B E

dB/(GHz)^

Inner conductor

loss calculation

1.27 (nc) 2.5 X 10' 8.00 X 10^ (nc) - - -

Outer conductor

loss calculation

1.27 (nc) 2.5 X 10' 5.75 X 107 (nc) - - -

Type N joint

loss calculation - - - 0(nc) 0.004 0.65

Bead joint

loss calculation - - - 0(nc) 0.0022 0.65

(compare with table Bl in appendix B) using the equations derived in appendix B. An (nc) indicates the

values have not changed from those listed in table Bl.

The adjusted curve provides reasonable low frequency values for 1 52, | below 2 GHz where it was not

possible to measure it. These values are used in eq (6-37) at all frequencies below 2 GHz. Above 2 GHz

the measured values of |52i| are used.

Measurements of eg, which were made over the frequency range of 10

MHz to 18 GHz, are shown in figure

6.4. The dashed line is a curve fitted

to the bottom thermopile output. It shows that the output has a VT

dependence. The eg values from the

bottom thermopile are used in the

calculation of g using eq (6-37).

The value used for P^ in eq (6-37) can

reasonably be the nominal 10 mW

power at which e^ was measured.

5 10 15 FREQUENCY. GHz

Figure 6.4 Measured thermopile output.

36
Values for g as a function of

frequency from 10 MHz to 18 GHz

are shown in figure 6.5. The fitted

1.005

<=» 1004 -

tro

curve is proposed as the operational ^ 1.003 expression for ^. A numerical listing u.

' z

of the values for g is included as table p ., qq2

6.2. o

UJ

crO

1001

1000

-

I -1—1

<—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—1—.

^^/

^ADOC/^TI^M Ca^T^D

'—1—1 1 1 1

FITTED Y - 100038 + 00095 (f)"*" .... 1 .... i .... " 5 10 15 FREQUENCY. GHz

Figure 6.5 Microcalorimeter correction factor, g.

20

It is mathematically possible for g to be less than 1 if

k^Prf

(6-38)

Physically, this can happen because the heating effect of the center conductor loss is relatively isolated from

the thermopile. In a waveguide calorimeter there is not an equivalent thermal path that is fairly well

isolated from the thermopile, so g must always be 1 or greater.

Table 6.2 Tabulated values for g.

FREQ

GHz ^

k P

8 g fitted

0.01 0.99983 0.00063 1.00046 1.00050

0.02 0.99975 0.00073 1.00048 1.00054

0.03 0.99969 0.00084 1.00052 1.00057

0.04 0.99964 0.00099 1.00063 1.00060

0.05 0.99960 0.00111 1.00071 1.00063

0.06 0.99955 0.00119 1.00074 1.00065

0.07 0.99951 0.00124 1.00075 1.00067

37
Table 6.2 [continued) Tabulated values for g. FREQ

GHz Q

KPrf

8 g fitted

0.08 0.99947 0.00129 1.00076 1.00068

0.09 0.99944 0.00134 1.00078 1.00070

0.10 0.99941 0.00142 1.00083 1.00072

0.20 0.99915 0.00175 1.00090 1.00084

0.30 0.99894 0.00195 1.00089 1.00093

0.40 0.99877 0.00230 1.00107 1.00101

0.50 0.99861 0.00258 1.00119 1.00107

0.60 0.99847 0.00278 1.00126 1.00113

0.70 0.99834 0.00286 1.00121 1.00119

0.80 0.99823 0.00296 1.00119 1.00124

0.90 0.99812 0.00322 1.00133 1.00129

1.00 0.99801 0.00332 1.00133 1.00133

2.00 0.99763 0.00423 1.00186 1.00186

3.00 0.99654 0.00539 1.00193 1.00194

4.00 0.99615 0.00577 1.00192 1.00216

5.00 0.99570 0.00671 1.00241 1.00235

6.00 0.99507 0.00716 1.00224 1.00252

7.00 0.99481 0.00820 1.00301 1.00267

8.00 0.99421 0.00871 1.00292 1.00281

9.00 0.99378 0.00901 1.00279 1.00294

^ 10.0 0.99347 0.00990 1.00337 1.00307

11.0 0.99307 0.01023 1.00330 1.00319

12.0 0.99258 0.01073 1.00332 1.00330

13.0 0.99227 0.01132 1.00358 1.00341

14.0 0.99179 0.01147 1.00326 1.00351

15.0 0.99128 0.01218 1.00346 1.00361

16.0 0.99119 0.01319 1.00438 1.00371

17.0 0.99022 0.01367 1.00389 1.00380

18.0 0.99008 0.01461 1.00469 1.00389

38
6.3 UNCERTAINTY IN CORRECTION FACTOR g

From the preceding section

1 ^ l^2ll' ^ _^

k^Prf

(6-37)

Taking the total differential of eq (6-37) gives the following expression for the absolute uncertainty in g

due to uncertainties in the independent variables.

|Ag| = \S,,\ AS.

21

'21

1 , , ^n kAf k P

Ak,

Prf (6-39)

where the absolute value of each uncertainty term is used to obtain the maximum uncertainty.

In the measurement of both eg and k^ a correction for the zero offset is made. In terms of the measured

quantities these are given by

U =(^fl)i - (^b)o (6-40)

and

^1 = (6-41)

del

where the subscript o denotes the zero correction value and the subscript , the measured value. The

variable Pjd is the dc power dissipated in the thermistor mount. Thus die ratio of eg to ki includes a ratio

of zero-corrected nanovoltmeter readings.

^B (^b\ -(^fl)o „

*i (^*,)i -

(^*,)o

del (6-42)

As will be explained in the next section, under these circumstances only the random part of the

nanovoltmeter error contributes to the uncertainty.

Rather than using analytical differentiation, the uncertainty in g has been evaluated numerically. The

contribution of each variable is determined by first calculating g with no change in the variable, and then

again with the variable at its uncertainty limit, all other variables held constant. The difference between

these two values of ^ gives the uncertainty due to the effect of that variable. This process is repeated for

each variable, with the total uncertainty given by the sum of these individual contributions. As eq (6-25)

shows, the relative uncertainty in ri^ due to g is just the relative uncertainty in g.

39
Table 6.3 gives the uncertainty used for each variable along with the basis for the choice. The value shown

is either the equivalent of one standard deviation of a normal distribution (as indicated by an SD) or the

half-width limit of a rectangular distribution (as indicated by an R).

Table 6.3. Variable uncertainty values.

Uncertainty Value Basis

lA^fll 6 nV (SD)

Random error of two e measurements

(each is average of 18, see section 6.4)

0.01 (R) Approximation A:, = kg plus measurement error

Prf 0.01 (R)

Bolometric power measurement plus

power level instability

AS,,

S21 l(SD) Below 0.2 GHz (|52, | from fitted curve)

|A5„|

0.0076 dB

(SD)

For 0.3 through 1 GHz (|52i| from fitted curve)

Function of

frequency (SD)

(see figure 6.6)

Above 1 GHz: 6-port measurement uncertainty given by:

\AS,,

where

A = 0.0006 v7 + 0.0011

c -in -2.17 + 0.024/

5 = 10

" ^'^^ * °°^.^

40
The contribution of the individual factors to the uncertainty in g as a function of frequency is shown in

figure 6.6. The contribution from the level instability is identical to that of A:, . That the end points of the

curves seem to meet is only coincidence. By far the largest uncertainty is from the 6-port measurement

of the adapter loss. These components are combined as part of the expanded uncertainty as described in

section 6.9.

0.20 ^

I-z

HIo

oc

lU

Q.

>-" z

<

o:m

o

z

0.15 -

0.10 -

0.05 -

0.01

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 M 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1

1 i / " Uncertainty in g due to eg

__=_.

Uncertainty

Uncertainty

in

in

g

g

due

due

to

to S

l<i and Prf /; 21 /

; 1 /

/ :

^^^

- y ^--^ -

! J,j»i-^tr4Hl 1 i--i-i-rm1 1 TTrr 1 1 ll 1 10 30

FREQUENCY, GHz

Figure 6.6 Contribution of each factor to the uncertainty in g.

41
6.4 UNCERTAINTY DUE TO VOLTAGE RATIOS

6.4.1 Power Meter Voltage Ratio

From section 6.1, the expression for Fy is

Py-^- (6-21)

The absolute value of the uncertainty in Fy is

1

1

Because of mount drift, V, does not remain constant during the measurement, so V, is actually an

interpolated value between two end point measurements. V, is given by

Vx - ^u^ P^^xf- '",.). (6-44)

where V,, and V^f are the initial and final values of the V^ measurements and F is a fraction between and

1 . The uncertainty in V, is

\^V,\ = (1-F)|AF,,| + F\AV,/. (6-45)

If both the initial and final values are measured on the same range, | A V,,| = | Ay,^| . Then by eq (6-45),

I Ay, I ~

I AVi,| , so the uncertainty in V, is the same as for a single measurement.

For both the power meter voltages (V), and the nanovoltmeter readings (e), the desired quantity is a ratio. The error in a voltmeter reading is generally specified as a percent of reading factor (alpha) plus a percent

of full scale (beta). The alpha factor comes from the error of the internal reference, while the beta factor

is due to random and zero correction errors and nonlinearity. In a ratio measurement, if the two voltages

are measured on the same scale, the alpha factor can be neglected. In addition, if the zero drift is explicitly

corrected (as in the/^ case), the only contribution to the uncertainty is from the random part of the beta

factor.

A calculation of the uncertainty in ri^ due to AFy, which is a function of r)^ and P^, can be made using eqs

(6-25) and (6-43). If the voltmeter manufacturer's one-year beta specification is used, the result is a value

42
well under 0.001 percent for all reasonable values of t^^,

6.4.2 Thermopile Voltage Ratio

The expression for/^ is

^9 1 fe- - - (6-22)

In measuring/,, a correction for the zero offset must be made. This involves measuring, e before

measuring the dc bias term e, or the dc-plus-rf term 62. When we take Cq into consideration, eq (6. 1.22)

becomes

1 ^2 ~ ^0 fe--- - (6-46)

The absolute uncertainty in/, is given by

e, - e. e, -

gf, 1 e, - €[. |A/J - -^

^|A.ol - -^ ^|A.J ^ —-^ -|A.,| . —i ^lAcJ. (6^7)

c„(^, - ^0) c„(^i - ^0) ^n^^i - ^0) c„'(ej - e^)

Like Vi, ^1 is obtained by linear interpolation, so the uncertainty Ae, is also that of a single measurement.

The calculation of the uncertainty in r|, due to A/ is based on the applicable parts of eq (6-25) and eq

(6-47). To determine the error in / it is necessary to know the random error in the nanovoltmeter

measurement. This random error beta factor is determined by making repeated measurements on the actual

setup and thus includes the effects of variations in the dc bias as supplied by the power meter, in the

microwave power leveling, in the external temperature, and in the room air pressure. These measurements

were made under three conditions: with no dc bias, with dc bias, and with dc bias plus rf at 18 GHz. The

largest standard deviation seen was 3.65 nV for the dc-plus-rf case, and that result is shown in figure 6.7.

The three-sigma limit is therefore about ±11 nV.

43
In the actual efficiency measurement routine, each data

point is the average of 18 separate measurements, so

the value for A/^ can be further decreased as a result of

the averaging. This reduces the three-sigma limit by

a factor of II/TS to approximately +3 nV. Using a

value of ±3 nV for Aeg and Aej in eq (6-47) and then

using that result in eq (6-25) gives the uncertainty in t|,

due to A/, shown in figure 6.8. The uncertainty is a

function r|, and P^ but not of frequency. The

maximum is about 0.016 percent when r|, is 1. That

value is used as the thermopile voltage ratio

uncertainty.

0.15

-5 5 DEVIATION, nV

Figure 6.7. Histogram of the variation

in 1000 nanovoltmeter readings. The

average is 115.916 ^V with a standard

deviation of 3.65 nV.

0017

Z 0016

UJo

0015

0014 -

An additional factor that may add to A/^ is the

uncertainty in knowing when the thermopile has

reached equilibrium. This is a critical element in the

measurement. A software algorithm determines when

equilibrium has been reached at each measurement

frequency. The algorithm is described in appendix C.

It has been tested by letting the measurement continue

for several minutes beyond the point the algorithm

indicates stability has been reached and noting that the

result essentially does not change. While it has not

been possible to detect any systematic uncertainty in

the process, there is a random component and that is included in the random uncertainty number

013 090 92 94 96 96 EFFECTIVE EFFOENCY

100

Figure 6.8. Uncertainty in r|, due to the thermopile voltage ratio uncertainty

as a function of r\g.

6.4.3 Thermopile and Nanovoltmeter Nonlinearity

The linearity correction factor c„ has been determined from a series of measurements on the Type N

microcalorimeter using a mount with a resistor in place of the thermistor beads. Figure 6.9 shows the

measured A: as a function of the thermopile output e. Note that these results include the effect of both

thermopile and nanovoltmeter nonlinearity.

44
I

>

393

3.92 -•

5g 3.91

3.90

.^—

-

• \!

• HEATER 1.37K RESISTOR 30 60 90

THERMOPILE OUTPUT. |j.V 120

Figure 6.9. k factor vs thermopile output.

From equation (6-15),

^2 = ^l^n- (6-48)

k2 can also be expressed as

k2 - k^ + Ak. (6-49)

If S is the slope of the curve (from 30 /j.W and above) in figure 6.9,

(6-50)

Then

k ~ k 1 + -(^2 - e,)

k. (6-51)

so

1 + — (^2 - e, )

A:. (6-52)

Based on experimental evidence (^2 - ej <. 5 /xV and A:/ « 3.90) and figure 6.9 (5 ~ -0.00016), c„ could vary

between 1 and 0.9998. Thus the maximum correction would be on the order of 0.02 percent. Rather than

make a correction, we will assume c„ = 1 and include the 0.02 percent as a Type B uncertainty.

45
6.5 MOUNT MICROWAVE POWER LEAKAGE

Microwave power leakage from the mount essentially reduces the effective efficiency because the leakage

energy is not detected by the mount thermistor beads. The expression for effective efficiency is

^. (6-18)

where P^ is the dc bolometric power, and P^ is the net rf power delivered to the mount. Since P^ is the

total power dissipated in the mount plus any microwave power leakage, rj, includes the effect of leakage.

However the microcalorimeter measures only the effect of the total power dissipated in the mount because

the thermopile does not sense the leakage power. Thus the microcalorimeter measurement of ti, is in error

if there is any leakage. To account for leakage, let the measured r|^ be denoted by r\^. It is given by

\l = ^rf-Pl

(6-53)

where P^ is the leakage power. Factoring out P^ gives

P.

ieL

1 (6-54)

rfj

Substituting from eq (6-18) and solving for tj, gives

ieL pA

1 - ^

rfj

(6-55)

so the error in r|, due to P^ is PJPrf. The ratio PJP^ for the prototype mount was measured as described

in section 2.4. 1 . with the result shown in figure 2.3. The ratio is less than -40 dB from 5 MHz through

18 GHz. Thus the error is less than 0.0001 or 0.01 percent over that range.

46
6.6 BOLOMETER LEAD RESISTANCE

Lead resistance that is beyond the four-wire connection to the mount (in the form of any final short leads

to the thermistor beads) does not cause an error in the measurement of efficiency, but does cause an error when the transfer standard is used to measure power. To determine the effect let r^ be the lead resistance.

Then

and

^ - ^ ~ ^L ~ ^

V' = V

\-^'

^)

^J

(6-56)

(6-57)

V is the actual voltage across the beads, V is the power meter voltage (known), Rg' is the actual bead

resistance, and Rg is the resistance (known) being maintained by the power meter.

For the efficiency measurement the ratio of V/ to V2' is desired. In terms of Vj and V2 this is given by

"'

V, 1 - h^

1

I, ^J

^2

/

1 - z

\ ^1

(6-58)

which reduces to

v!

~ V2 (6-59)

and there is no error.

For the power measurement the desired expression is

1 /.,/2 .,/2 K

-, K - <\ (6-60)

In terms of Vy and V2>

1 /.,2 .,2 ^

[vl - yi] 1 - ^

(6-61)

47
The measurement is in error by the factor 1- r^^ /Rq. Values of r^ for a commercial mount have been

measured as high as 400 mfi (including connector contact resistance because the four leads are not brought

through the connector), giving an uncertainty in the power measurement of about 0.2 percent. For the

transfer standard, the residual lead resistance beyond the four-wire connection has not been measured, but

is estimated as less than 10 mQ. The error is less than 0.005 percent.

6.7 TYPE IV POWER METER ERRORS

The uncertainty due to the measurement of Vj and V2 was addressed in section 6.4. The additional

uncertainty due to limitations of the operational amplifiers and reference resistor within the Type FV power

meter is also very small. The uncertainty is under 0.001 percent and will be neglected.

6.8 RANDOM EFFECTS

The Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty for the measurement process reported in this document is

based on repeated measurements of a single reference standard which will continue to be used as a check

standard. Ideally, standard uncertainty for the bolometer mounts should be determined through repeat

measurements for each individual mount. However, this is impractical due to the time required for a

complete set of measurements. Therefore, we will assume that the standard uncertainty inherent in all mounts behaves in basically the same fashion so that the standard uncertainty we derive for the check

standard mount will apply to the population of moimts as well. Although the actual measurements for the

check standard mount are quite repeatable, the observed standard deviations are different for each

frequency. Thus, a single value of standard uncertainty which is valid for all frequencies was calculated

based on a "worst" case standard deviation.

The standard uncertainty, determined through Type A evaluation, in the measured effective efficiency for

customer mounts at any individual frequency is 0.00014, which is the worst case (among frequencies)

computed standard deviation based on ten degrees of freedom.

The Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty for the measured effective efficiency for the check standard

mount CN05 at any individual frequency is 0.000041, which is the worst case (among frequencies)

computed standard error of the mean effective efficiency, 0.00014/vTT based on ten degrees of freedom.

48
6.9 COMBBNfED STANDARD AND EXPANDED UNCERTAINTY

Table 6.4 is a summary of the results at 18 GHz for all the uncertainty evaluations described earlier. The

section describing the uncertainty is listed in the table. Definitions for the variables and terms used are

found in reference [13]. The expanded uncertainty value is for a customer standard.

Table 6.4. Value of uncertainty components in percent at 18 GHz.

Uncertainty factor

(evaluation type)

Section

reference

Half-width

interval {a)

Distribution Conversion

formula

Standard

uncertainty

Adapter loss meas. (B) 6.3 0.207 Normal «> = « 0.207

Nanovoltmeter, eg (A) 6.3 - Normal 0.015

k, (B) 6.3 0.014 Rectangular «,. = a//3 8.1x10-^

Power leveling & meas. (B) 6.3 0.014 Rectangular «,. = a//3 8.1x10-^

V ratio, Fy (B) 6.4.1 0.001 Rectangular «,. = a//3 5.8 x 10^

e ratio,/, (A) 6.4.2 . Normal . 0.016

Linearity, c„ (B) 6.4.3 0.02 Rectangular «,. = a//3 0.012

Mount leakage (B) 6.5 0.01 Rectangular Uf = a//3 5.8 X 10-3

Lead resistance (B) 6.6 0.005 Rectangular M, = alsfl 2.9 X 10^

Type rV power meter (B) 6.7 0.001 Rectangular Ui = a//3 5.8 X 10-^

Random effects (A) 6.8 - Normal - 0.014

Combined standard uncertainty (RSS) 0.209

Expanded uncertainty {k = 2) 0.419

The first factor on the list is the largest, and because of the RSS combination, dominates the combined

uncertainty. It is also the only uncertainty that is a strong function of frequency.

Figure 6. 10 shows the expanded uncertainty as a function of frequency. It also shows a fitted curve with

the equation that is the operational expression for the expanded uncertainty. The uncertainty at any

frequency is calculated using the equation. The higher value it gives in the range 50 to 200 MHz is

intentional and accounts for low frequency dissipation in the mount that occurs in the low pass filter behind

49
I-z

LUo

Dl

LU

Z

<

ILUO

0.5

0.4

0.3 -

0.2 -

0.1 -

-rrrr I I I I 1

1

"T

EXPANDED UNCERTAINTY — U = 4.46E-4f + 5.34E-3f + 0.180

(f in GHz)

0.01

t t 1 1 1

'

0.1 1 FREQUENCY, GHz10 30

Figure 6.10 The expanded uncertainty (k = 2) for the Type N coaxial microcalorimeter when

measuring the effective efficiency of a NIST CN coaxial transfer standard.

the thermistor beads. This process has become apparent in using and comparing the CN mount with other

transfer standards, but we have not been able to come up with any way evaluate it directly.

A sample Report of Calibration is found in appendix E.

50
7. MEASUREMENT ASSURANCE

One of the most important aspects of maintaining the coaxial microcalorimeter system is measurement

assurance. Since individual mounts cannot be measured repeatedly, it becomes even more important to

ensure that the system is behaving as it should. Several techniques are currently being employed to

monitor the system and assure measurement quality.

To monitor the long-term behavior of the microcalorimeter system, a check standard mount is measured on a regular basis at all 125 frequencies. Each new set of measurements is compared to the historical data

to determine if the system is performing as expected. Figure 7.1 summarizes the behavior of the latest

observation in relation to past data. The solid dots in Figure 7.1 represent the latest observation, the

diamonds denote historical data, and three standard deviation limits are indicated by a solid, vertical line

at each frequency.

A second chart is used to monitor system variability at each frequency through the use of moving ranges. A moving range is defined to be the absolute value of the difference between the two most recent

observations. Figure 7.2 displays the moving range, indicated by a dot, and the associated control limits

based on moving ranges for the historical data, represented by a solid vertical line. If the computed

moving range for the latest observation is higher than the control limit, then the process variability is

greater than the acceptable amount determined by the historical data, and the cause of the increased

variability should be investigated. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 indicate that the system is behaving in a reasonable

fashion relative to the historical data.

Although the control charts allow us to examine the behavior of new data in comparison to past data, other

methods must be used to monitor the system over time. It is impractical to generate separate control charts

to monitor all 125 frequencies; however, control charts for five check frequencies are used as an additional

tool for signaling potential problems, such as drift [14]. An example of the type of control charts used to

monitor a check frequency is shown in figure 7.3. The top chart, called an individuals chart, monitors the

nominal effective efficiency, while the bottom chart, the moving range chart, monitors variability.

Although it is possible to interpret patterns in the individuals control chart, patterns observed in the moving

range chart are meaningless because adjacent points are related [15]. The variability observed in the

moving range chart of figure 7.3 does not exceed the upper control limit, and the newest observation on

the individuals chart lies within the control limits and does not reveal any patterns or drift, so we can

51
conclude that the effective efficiency at a frequency of 0.1 GHz is "in control."

The five check frequencies are also used to determine the quality of mount connection before each

measurement occasion using the following procedure. After each bolometer mount is connected to the

coaxial calibration system, the five check frequencies are measured and the mount is disconnected. Then

the same mount is reconnected to the system and the same five check frequencies are measured again. If

the difference between the first and second set of measurements is small, then all 125 frequencies are

measured before the mount is disconnected a second time, otherwise, the mount is disconnected, and the

procedure is repeated until it can be determined that the connection is "good. " The measurement assurance

tools used to monitor this calibration system are quite extensive and provide confidence that the system is

functioning properly.

52
c

(J

v_0) CL

c"o

c

"g'>

O) Q

0.045 -

0.035 -

0.025

0.015

0.005

-0.005

-0.015

-0.025

-0.035 -

-0.045 -

</',

<><

<,<>. >:m

<^k}W>

i\<**

T

0.0

,<>< Wi

<H,

''S>

<><>

.<">,

<x.

</>•

<><„>

i'<>

<,<>

o'*::.

.!!<'

<><>•

<>it

< X ><><>

<><>

IV>

Sio T99

.<><>

< <>

<> ^

iMMUl

<) <>

a <>

<> <>

<> <> nu

<>

<k <>

<>

a a

<> <>

<> <>non<NHht

(hi

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Frequency, GHz

3.0 3.5 4.0

cu^_ Q.co

E

o

co

>Q

0.045 -

0.035 -|

0.025 -

0.015

0.005

-0.005

: ll<'

-0.015 - <>

-0.025 -

-0.035 -

-0.045 -

ii''

<><>; m

: t<^:<»

VAl

<><><>

V^hAf

o<>

::^:^r^<>n;;i

<><x>

<«><><>

'Mi

<><

^^H^^^"^:^'

<><

!«!<<>

<><>{|

<>t!,

<><>

<><x>

•a"

• - Latest Observotion

O — Post Observation

<>it

<><.

ao"4'

<><>

<><>

<><>

ir

<><>

<><>

<><>.

\nn^

<>«

<><>

< X >i i< >

::'i:

oil

(><><><, <!><><><>

iii!

St

!<>o

<> Uo

<>

nrir HHHr

<>

> <

<><>< Uii

4 8

1 1 1 r 1 9 10 11 12 13

1 14

Frequency. GHz

15 16 —

1

r

17 18

Figure 7.1. Three standard deviation limits for CN05.

53
0.07 -f

0.05 -

0.05 -

(Uc 0.04

o

c> 0.03

o

0.02 -

0.01 -

0.00

o o

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Frequency, GHz

0.07 -

0.06 -

0.05

a»c 0.04 o

q:c> 0.03 o

0.02 -

0.01 -

0.00 -

— Latest Moving Range

< O O

<l O <» O., ** tut o

o " " o,, ,. o",,o" ""oo <>

T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Frequency, GHz

Figure 7.2. Moving range control chart for CN05.

54
Check Standard Mount CN05, Check Frequency = 0.1 GHz

99.56

c 99.54 u1.(U CL^ 99.52

c

Q)

uj 99.50

99.48

o

-o QUCL=99.546

X=99.516

LCL=99.485

0)co

ona>

_c'>o2

0.04 - _l

0.03 -

0.02 - o

o

o

•

0.01 - o o o

o

o

6

^

'ir 1 1 1 1 -t"

• _ o -

DEC93

Latest Observotion Past Observotion

JAN94 FEB94 MAR94

Meosurement Date

APR94

UCL=.037

R = .011

LCL=0

MAY94

Figure 7.3. Control chart for the first of the five check frequencies.

55
8. FUTURE CHANGES

Inevitably, in the future the calibration system will not remain exactly as described in this document.

Software will be modified or even completely rewritten to improve operating efficiency or implement new

measurement requirements. Hardware changes will range from the simple replacement of an obsolete or

defective microwave source to a completely new way of determining the temperature change of die

reference standard. Additional uncertainty or measurement assurance factors may become apparent and

will have to be addressed.

The majority of the modifications will be minor. The changes will be noted and kept in an active

documentation file on the system. While the details may no longer be completely accurate, this report

should still adequately describe the service.

Major changes, such as a new reference standard, a new microcalorimeter design, significantly different

operating procedures, large changes in uncertainty (to say one-half the present value), or changes in the

frequency range, may require the preparation of a new document.

If up-to-date information is critical, contact NIST for the current documentation.

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The designs of both the coax reference standard and the coax microcalorimeter are based on the early work

and ideas of Morris E. Harvey. Thanks also to Mr. Harvey for the review of his work plus his suggestions

at the beginning of this project. The author is particularly indebted to Neil T. Larsen for his support,

suggestions, and many helpftil discussions. Special thanks to Dominic F. Veccia and Jolene D. Splett for

help with the statistical analysis and experimental design contained in sections 6.8, 7, and appendix C, to

Robert M. Judish for help with the uncertainty analysis and helpful comments on section 6, and also to Manly P. Weidman for his helpful suggestions on section 6.

The work was supported in part by the NIST calibration surcharge development fund and by the

Calibration Coordination Group of the Department of Defense.

56
10. REFERENCES

[I] MacPherson, A.C.; Kerns, D.M. A microwave microcalorimeter. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 26(1): 27-33;

1955 January.

[2] Engen, G.F. A refined x-band microwave microcalorimeter. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.). 63C(1):

77-82; 1959 July-September.

[3] Harvey, M.E. WR 15 microwave calorimeter and bolometer unit. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. Note

618; 1972 May. 33 p.

[4] Weidman, M.P.; Hudson, P. A. WR 10 millimeter wave microcalorimeter. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

Tech. Note 1044; 1981 June. 11 p.

[5] Clague, F.R.; Voris, P.G. Coaxial reference standard for microwave power. Natl. Inst. Stand.

Technol. Tech. Note 1357; 1993 April. 46p.

[6] Clague, F.R. 7 mm coaxial microwave microcalorimeter. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note

1358; 1993 August. 46p.

[7] Larsen, N.T. A new self-balancing dc-substitution rf power meter. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM25: 343-347; 1976 December.

[8] Engen, G.F. A bolometer mount efficiency measurement technique. J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.).

65C(2): 113-124; 1961 April-June.

[9] Larsen, N.T. 50 microdegree temperature controller. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39(1): 1-12; 1968 January.

[10] Harvey, M.E. Precision temperature-controlled water bath. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 39(1): 13-18; 1968

January.

[II] Engen, G.F. A dc-rf substitution error in dual-element bolometer mounts. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-13: 58-64; 1964 June-Sept.

[12] Crawford, M.L.; Koepke, G.H. Design, evaluation, and use of a reverberation chamber for

performing electromagnetic susceptibility/vulnerability measurements. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech. note 1092; 1986 April. 146 p. [13] Taylor, B.N.; Kuyatt, C.E. Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST

measurement results. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1297; 1993 January. 15 p. [14] American National Standard Definitions, Symbols, Formulas and Tables for Control Charts,

ANSI/ASQC Al-1987, available from the American Society for Quality Control, 310 West Wisconsin Ave,

Milwaukee, WI 53203.

[15] Montgomery, Douglas C, Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, Second Edition, John Wiley

and Sons, New York, NY, 1991.

57
APPENDIX A. Measured Adapter Loss

Chapter 6 describes the determination of the

calorimetric equivalence correction factor g for the

microcalorimeter. The procedure uses a special type

N male-to male adapter (made in the same way and of

the same material as the reference standard bolometer

mount) that connects two thermopile assemblies. The

analysis requires a knowledge of the adapter loss (which is small). This appendix derives an expression

for the loss in terms of the measurable S parameters.

The adapter is gold plated with an electroformed

copper outer conductor and a beryllium copper inner

conductor supported by a pair of dielectric beads.

Figure A. 1 is a cross section view of the adapter. The

connector on the bottom is a type N male while the top

connector is a type N male modified to allow mating

with the APC-7 connector on the top thermopile (see

figure 6.2).

The desired result is the ratio of the total power

dissipated in the adapter to the net power entering the

adapter. The adapter is a 2-port junction as shown in figure A.2. The ii^ut incident and reflected powers at port 1 are Pn and P,,, the output incident and reflected

powers at port 2 are Pq and P^. The net input power

Pi at port 1 is

and the net output power P^ at port 2 is

P = P - P

^2P = P - P -^12 ^r2 •

4.57 cm

Figure A. 1 . Adapter cross section.

(A-1)

(A-2)

The total power, Pj,, dissipated in the adapter is given by the change in the incident power plus the change

in the reflected power

Pr1 P/1

ADAPTER

Pr2 i P

1 '2^

LOAD

! P2

Figure A.2. The adapter as a 2-port junction.

58
PD = (Pn -Pa) ^^Pri -Pn)- (A-3)

Rearranging terms gives

^o = (P„ -Pn) -{Pn - Pn)^ (A-4)

which by eqs (A-1) and (A-2) is just the difference P^ - P^ in the net powers.

The desired fractional loss then is given by

1 - P P

(A-5)

The ratio of P2 to /J is defined as the efficiency {r\ of the junction when energy is fed into port 1

.

Assuming unit normalization, it is given by reference [Al]

^1

= ^2^' (1 irj^)

1(^.252 ^n522)r, -5J2

(A-6)

The S parameters are those of the adapter, and Tj^ is the reflection coefficient of the terminating load. If both Vi and S^ are sufficiently small, r|i reduces to

Tl, = l-^ 21I

and eq (A-5) becomes simply

(A-7)

_id = 1 (A-8)

The S parameters of the adapter and F^ of the

terminating load were measured using the NIST 6- port network analyzer, and the efficiency

calculated. The result is shown in figure A. 3. The curve labeled "exact" was obtained using eq

(A-6) and the curve labeled "approximate" using

eq (A-7). The differences are small, with the largest at 7 and 18 GHz. A change of just 2° in the phase of Fjr, (using eq (A-6)) eliminates the

difference at either frequency. Because the

amplitude of F^ is small, the uncertainty in the

phase measurement is 20°. The "approximate"

values are adequate in this case, and eq (A-8) is used as the expression for the adapter loss.

100

99 -

97

.

I 1 1 T

•

i \.

. ^^~«^, -

- ^\^J^^ ^^^^^

T^"*v.,^ ^^^'^^^'v.

' \ ""^

-

[ ^^

•

. EXACT APPROXIMATE

, , . 1 . , . . 1 . , . . 1 1 1 4 10 FREQUENCY, GHz

15 20

Figure A. 3. Adapter efficiency.

References

[Al] Kerns, D.M.; Beatty, R.W. Basic theory of waveguide junctions and introductory microwave

network analysis. New York: Pergamon Press Inc; 1967. 141 p.

59
APPENDIX B. Theoretical Adapter Loss

Appendix A derives an expression for the loss of a special type N male-to-male adapter used in the

determination of a correction factor g for the microcalorimeter. The result is in terms of measurable S

parameters. The accuracy with which a small loss can be measured is limited at best, so additional support

for the measurement in the form of a calculated result is useful.

The adapter is gold plated with an electroformed copper outer conductor and a beryllium copper inner

conductor supported by a pair of dielectric beads. A cross sectional view of the adapter is shown in

appendix A as figure A. 1

Calculation of the conductor loss for a plated coaxial transmission line is based on theory found in reference [Bl]. Table 8.09 in the reference gives the attenuation due to the conductor as

«c

^ R

2Zo

(B-1)

where R is the conductor resistance and Zq is the transmission line characteristic impedance. R can be

written in terms of the skin effect surface resistivity Rs as

^ = A I 1 + 1 I . (B-2)

2n[ a bj

The radius of the irmer conductor is a and the inner radius of the outer conductor is b. The surface

resistivity is given by

Rs = -\' (B-3)

oo

where o is the conductivity of the conductor and 6 is the skin depth. The skin depth is

S = —^> (B-4) WHO

where/ is the frequency and /i is the conductor permeability.

The conductors, being gold plated, are actually made up of two layers. Layer 1 is gold and layer 2 is beryllium copper for the inner conductor and copper for the outer conductor. Using the results found in section 5.19 of reference [Bl] for two-layer conductors, the expression for die equivalent surface resistivity

Rs of the combination for either the inner or outer conductor is

Rs = ^ ^.,(1 ^J)

sinhXjJ + (7?j2/i?5j)coshT,c/

The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the layers, d is the thickness of layer 1,

60

(B-5)
_ (1 + J)

(1 + y)^7r/n,o,

(B-6)

"SI ^ ^1

(B-7)

and

"52 ^ «2

(B-8)

Finally then, the total coaxial line conductor loss A^ (in dB) is

L

Ac - 20 In

li I . i O 4 7iZ„ ^ J

(B-9)

where L is the total line length, and Rgi and Rg^ are the results of applying eq (B-5) to the inner and outer conductors, respectively.

The loss due to joints at the connector and at the center conductor support beads is calculated using the

experimental results found in reference [B2]. (Loss in the dielectric of the center conductor support bead

is not included.) A general expression for the joint loss in dB is

A, ^ Bf (B-10)

where /is the frequency in GHz, Aq and B are small experimentally determined constants (~ 0.01), and E

is a constant with a value between 0.5 and 1. The work reported in reference [B2] gives Aq

a value of 0, 5 a value of 0.0088 for the type

N joint and 0.0047 for a center conductor

support bead joint, and E as 0.5 in both cases. Another investigator has found Aq to be

approximately 0.005, C approximately 0.007,

and E very likely somewhat larger than 0.5.

0.10

0.08

m 0.06

Figure B.l shows the calculated curves for the

conductor (Ac), joint (Ay), and total adapter

loss as a function of frequency. Table B.l

gives the values chosen for the different

parameters used in the calculations.

0.04 -

0.02 -

FREQUENCY, GHz

Figure B.l. Calculated adapter loss.

61
Table B. 1 . Values used in calculating adapter loss.

Fixed for all calculations:

Parameter

Line length

L

cm

Layer 1 (Au)

permeability

H/m

Layer 2 (Cu)

permeability

/^

H/m

Inner cond.

radius acm

Outer cond.

radius

b

cm

Values 4.57 4n X 10-' 471 X 10' 0.1521 0.3500

Changed in different calculations:

Parameter

Layer 1 (Au)

thickness

d

yum

Layer 1 (Au)

conductivity

S/m

Layer 2 (Cu)

conductivity

S/m

Joint loss factors

Ao B E

dB/(GHz)^

Inner conductor

loss calculation

1.27 4.61 X 10' 8.00 X lO** - - -

Outer conductor

loss calculation

1.27 4.61 X 10' 5.75 X 10' - - -

Type N joint

loss calculation - - - 0.008 0.5

Bead joint

loss calculation - - - 0.0047 0.5

REFERENCES

[Bl] Ramo, S.; Whinnery, J.R.; Van Duzer, T. Fields and waves in communication electronics. New

York: John Wiley and Sons; 1965. 754 p.

[B2] Daywitt, W.C. A simple technique for determining joint losses on a coaxial line from sweptfrequency reflection data. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-36: 468-473; 1987 June.

62
APPENDIX C. Thermopile StabiUty Testing

This appendix describes statistical methods and algorithms for detecting "stable" periods in thermopile

voltages as they evolve in time. The statistical methods that have been used essentially search for two types

of instability: nonrandomness and trend. None of the statistical methods makes assumptions about the

particular distributional properties of the data. Since diey are not linked to variability, the methods should

not have the shortcomings of variance-based criteria that cannot be successfully tuned to handle

unpredictable changes in variability that may occur in the system. The methods that have been

implemented are discussed briefly below.

RUNS TEST

A sequence of voltage readings {vj, Vj, ..., v„ } may be analyzed for randomness by considering the

magnitude of each element relative to that of the immediately preceding element in the time sequence. If

the next element is larger, a run up is started; if smaller, a run down. We observe when the sequence

increases, and for how long, when it decreases, and for how long. A decision concerning randomness is

then based on the number of runs, R. Long runs, leading to a small value of R, should not occur in a set of stable, random voltage readings. A runs analysis should be sensitive to either trends or other low

frequency periodicities in the data.

The runs test calculation is a simple function of the difference sequence dj = v,+i - v,, fory = 1, ..., n - 1. Under the assumption of randomness, the expected number of runs, fig, and the standard deviation, Og, of

the number of runs for a sequence of length n are H = —:;—

(C-1)

o. 16n-29 ((-,_2) ^ ^ 90

If, for a given sequence of readings, R denotes the observed number of runs, the quantity

Zg = ^ (C-3)

is used to test for nonrandomness. If the acceptable number of stable readings is n, then the value Zg is

calculated sequentially after each new voltage reading starting with the nth value obtained

63
after a change of frequency. Successive values of Z^ each are based on the preceding n readings, ending

with the latest value. A threshold (or critical value) of Zg, denoted by Rev, determines if Zg passes the test

for stability based on the runs analysis. The criterion for RUNS stability is that Zg ^ Rev be satisfied. The

particular value Rev may be chosen to provide any desired sensitivity to detecting excessively long runs. Currently, the value Rev = -2.5 is being used.

KENDALL'S TEST FOR TREND

The following test is useful to detect a particular type of nonrandomness: namely, a monotonic trend in the

sequence {vj, Vj, ..., v„}. The procedure is complementary to the runs test. It seems to be more sensitive

to the types of voltage drifts seen in the system, probably because it considers the relative magnitude of

each voltage reading relative to every preceding measurement.

Kendall's test is derived from

(C-4)

^Dn{n - l)/2

where

5 = E E signivj -v.). (C-5)

1=1 >=i+l

Z) = E E [sign (V - v.)]\ (C-6)

1 = 1 ;=i>l

and sign(d) is simply the sign of the voltage difference, or if v, = Vj. The value of t is a measure of

association between the voltage sequence and "time," and hence is indicative of trend. Its interpretation

is similar to the usual correlation coefficient, for instance, it takes values between - 1 and 1.

To use Kendell's test for trend, we compute the test statistic

S

\lVar{S)

^8= , ^ > (C-7)

where

Var{S) = [n(n-l)(2n+5) - 7J / 18

(C-8)

and r^ = if there are no common voltages (i.e., ties) in the data sequence. Otherwise, Ty is computed

by sorting the sequence and computing the multiplicity of each group of tied values. Then,

64
T^ = Et{t-l){2t*5), (C-9)

where the summation is over the number of sets of tied values. For a given set, t is the corresponding

number of tied values (t ^ 2).

The software computes a probability (p) associated with Zg, where a small value (say/? < 0.25) would

show an increasing trend and a large value (say p > 0.75) shows a significant decreasing trend. The

particular values used to compare to p are arbitrary tuning constants that have been set by experience with

the algorithm on the system. As the algorithm is refined and tested, the particular values of the tuning

constants may be revised. Currently, the TREND criterion for accepting a sequence of n voltage readings

as stable is that 0.25 < p < 0.75.

STABILITY ALGORITHM

Suppose that n^ successive voltage readings are required for stability. Let fi^ and a^ be the expected runs and standard deviation in equations (C-1) and (C-2) for sample size /i„. Following a change of frequency

the algorithm is entered with an initial data set {vj, Vj, ..., v„} such that n ^ /i„.

(A) j - n-/ia+l; Data = {v,-, v,+„ ..., v„}

(B) Compute: R, Zg, S, Zg, p from «„ readings in Data.

(C) If (Z« ^ -2.5) and (0.25 < p < 0.75) then: compute 7 = Average (Data); Sy

Standard Deviation (Data); EXIT: Data is stable. Otherwise, GOTO (D).

(D) n - n + 1; v„ - {next voltage}; GOTO (A).

65
EXAMPLES

Figure C.l shows the thermopile output for measurements at five frequencies on mount CN27_04.

Graphical illustrations of the stability testing results at the first three frequencies are shown in figures C.2 -

C.4. In each of the three figures, the vertical dashed lines represent endpoints of the region found to be

acceptably stable, while the horizontal dashed line is plotted at the average voltage of readings in the stable

region.

121. 10F

121.05 -

^ 121.00 -

= 120.95 -

120.90

120.85 L_

20 25 30

TIME (min)

Figure C.l. Thermopile output versus time

for CN27 at five check

frequencies.

Figure C.2. Thermopile output versus time

for CN27 at 100 MHz.

121.55

121.50

^ 121.45

= 121.40

121.35

121.30 50 55

TIME (min)

122.45

122.40

^ 122.35

= 122.30

122.25

122.20 75 80

TIME (min)

Figure C. 3. Thermopile output versus time

for CN27 at 3 GHz.

Figure C.4. Thermopile output versus time

for CN27 at 10 GHz.

66
To illustrate the calculations, the sequence of numerical results at 10 GHz are listed in Tables C. 1 and C.2.

Since the required number of stable readings was «„ = 18, Table C.l simply shows the sequential average

and standard deviation calculated after each of the initial 17 readings. Stability checking (see Table C.2)

began after die 18th reading, with the initial test results Zg = -6.29 and Z^ = 5.80 with/? = 0.00. The

entries following Z^ and/? show the respective test conclusions, indicating if the prior 18 readings passed

(P) or failed (F) the RUNS and TREND stability tests, respectively, based on the criteria at step (C) of the

algorithm. As the table shows, both procedures successfully passed tests after the 47th reading, thereby

indicating that {vjo, V31, ..., V47} was an acceptable data set. The resulting average, 7 = 122.2916 ixV, was

used in calculating the effective efficiency at 10 GHz.

Table C.l. Initial readings for mount CN27_04 at 10 GHz.

n Time,s IxW Average S.D.

1 3600.1 121.426 121.4260 0.0000

2 3630.1 121.507 121.4665 0.0573

3 3660.1 121.598 121.5103 0.0860

4 3690.1 121.679 121.5525 0.1098

5 3720.1 121.764 121.5948 0.1341

6 3750.1 121.839 121.6355 0.1560

7 3780.1 121.912 121.6750 0.1766

8 3810.1 121.957 121.7103 0.1915

9 3840.1 122.004 121.7429 0.2042

10 3870.1 122.046 121.7732 0.2150

11 3900.1 122.081 121.8012 0.2241

12 3930.1 122.107 121.8267 0.2312

13 3960.1 122.132 121.8502 0.2370

14 3990.1 122.153 121.8718 0.2417

15 4020.1 122.177 121.8921 0.2458

16 4050.1 122.196 121.9111 0.2494

17 4080.1 122.205 121.9284 0.2517

67
Table C.2. Stability checking at 10 GHz: Average and S.D. of last 18 readings.

n Time, s IxV Average S.D. z^ Z5 P

18 4110.1 122.218 121.9445 0.2536 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

19 4140.1 122.221 121.9887 0.2257 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

20 4170.1 122.238 122.0293 0.1980 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

21 4200.1 122.249 122.0654 0.1723 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

22 4230.1 122.252 122.0973 0.1480 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

23 4260.1 122.258 122.1247 0.1268 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

24 4290.1 122.259 122.1481 0.1084 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

25 4320.1 122.272 122.1681 0.0947 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

26 4350.1 122.287 122.1864 0.0826 -6.29 F 5.80 0.00 F

27 4380.1 122.282 122.2018 0.0717 -5.70 F 5.72 0.00 F

28 4410.1 122.277 122.2147 0.0623 -5.70 F 5.57 0.00 F

29 4440.1 122.276 122.2255 0.0541 -5.70 F 5.34 0.00 F

30 4470.1 122.282 122.2352 0.0467 -5.11 F 5.23 0.00 F

31 4500.1 122.293 122.2442 0.0409 -5.11 F 5.23 0.00 F

32 4530.1 122.296 122.2521 0.0357 -5.11 F 5.23 0.00 F

33 4560.1 122.294 122.2586 0.0316 -4.52 F 5.16 0.00 F

34 4590.1 122.288 122.2637 0.0281 -4.52 F 4.93 0.00 F

35 4620.1 122.299 122.2689 0.0251 -3.93 F 4.93 0.00 F

36 4650.1 122.294 122.2732 0.0223 -3.34 F 4.74 0.00 F

37 4680.1 122.296 122.2773 0.0187 -2.75 F 4.63 0.00 F

38 4710.1 122.293 122.2804 0.0162 -2.16 P 4.22 0.00 F

39 4740.1 122.301 122.2833 0.0149 -1.57 P 4.22 0.00 F

40 4770.1 122.303 122.2861 0.0134 -1.57 P 4.22 0.00 F

41 4800.1 122.299 122.2884 0.0117 -0.98 P 4.03 0.00 F

42 4830.1 122.301 122.2907 0.0094 -0.39 P 3.92 0.00 F

43 4860.1 122.296 122.2921 0.0083 -0.39 P 3.47 0.00 F

44 4890.1 122.274 122.2913 0.0092 -0.39 P 2.48 0.01 F

45 4920.1 122.257 122.2899 0.0121 -0.39 P 1.45 0.07 F

46 4950.1 122.293 122.2908 0.0117 -0.39 P 0.84 0.20 F

47 4980.1 122.290 122.2916 0.0111 0.20 P 0.00 0.50 P

68
APPENDIX D. Software Listing

iJ 0) >, -H c . •H c &

tJ U-l a) 01 c cn f= tJ o U

0) 0) a) XJ Q) 0) to C 01 k

ft

j: c U 0) u m W4 u u 3 fH 4J u

o 0) to 01 to n w u u m rH > > o

(0 c tM 0) u 0) « 0) cn a N 3 R

E

OJ o

F J-> -H tn Of u

0) C to m k4 V v^ m 01

U-l M 01 m m

3 >i u c » u B

tfl c> t> -H .-t u

1^ ITI k4 rt Q. n u OJ

(U T Q} o JJ > ffl u

'= m

ffl ft c

01 0) U0) ^ m Of o t) a jj c c u z •n H c o ^ H IM 0) u IB 0)

r-i ^ iH iH CO 3 B u ij > m kJ m Ht in Q. u H 01 B n u « c 0) u ffl m -1 B

(> -H n iH 01 OJ m H w b CO H U X s a: i: z

^ ^ _ ^ „ O ^ fN m <* 1/1

l/l U} r- CD m H iH iH rH rH rH

b u

b. 0) O w

O It T3 U

ffi

01 a -H 3 rf

rf 3

U >u B

01 tr

to JJ 10 ij fg i-t n u >< w

"

ff 3 >,

fi H O

o kM U C

3 4'

4) nJ ft

0) 3 T) 0) a a k4 0} 0) V4 m E E u m ^ «u Q 01 (U o 0) o

-H iJ U U E iJ £

£i mo I e x: o TJ

0) xJ M JJ 'O C

u o ra tu o c n a o£ DO ^3 «< to of

gi

^ i/> vo r* CO CT> o

iJ 3 — — — o

^.c^

s^".

H O Oi B ^

4> U a C

rH ri -H m u > m 1= Dh

I:

(> IT -H

Ed d: 01 H

M u O > ^

(N (N u D]

r*y H 01 m

Of o o ^ 3 10 o H CQ B B

(0 4 (0 JJ ^ U Q a Q M b. X

c £ z z: E z; z o o o o o o

1 u u u u u u

inomou^oinoinoinou^oinou^otnoinou^ouiouioinou^oi/iOLnoi/>oi/iou^oi/)OmoLnoinoinotriOLnoinoinoinouioi/iom

4J •w CO -H ro Tl JJ

01 r^ fn B 01 (0

tn £ B a B 10 p u rH

4J O (0 C 10 B 3 B c t; OJ U

c Ol u 10 o m F= B u CJ >. 01 (0 -H 0) •n n u rH u m M n a a a

ffi 3 u u 10 Tl Q P 01

[J o E o; 3 u s

u (> P. tn to a XJ B 01 B u iJ Qi -1 01 u m b n to a £ U -H a a: 10 B 01

(ti u 3 tl u u o

01 3 01 01 AJ o

tn U •n m B to a t) 3

JJ o B 0) OJ > O u ffl F- F- n B

10 u n c m 01 n

01 u OJ B (0 k4 T) H *= 0) 0) iJ i-» (0 B fl •^ JJ u u jj m u

0) -H 01 -H n

O Vj O -O >i, 3 4Ji p

0) to C tl iJ Z <u c 10 a JJ m m 01 Ul fl) tl to tl a p 01

<t-i E 01 u 01 c

4J 01 01 IH c JJ u c u tl -H 01 3

c -H JJ 11 be: c 01 o 3 e u JJ ffl B

0) <0 (n rH 01 JJ iJ u 4-1 01 B 01 tl c 01

(C 3 (y n H a JJ u tn

ft: U to n to H ffl 01 b. •H ffl ft n m n

CQ «w 11 fi 01 3 u 01 01 c. •n H m JJ JJ U T3 M > V kj 01 01 fO ffl B >-* o: >. OJ 10 3 U (1 3

(J JJ 1 •>, u 01 tl 01 c a u Q n 01 (0 0) m 10 JJ > M

-H H X 01 f-t 3 rH m u u (0 •o U u u 01 ^

* -H n n B 01 JJ 01 sz

in u rH tj o 01 -1 u

tJ E ffl H B 11 01 B m <u U u 01 JJ p M 01 o U) k-i o o r^ 01 Of o 01 a> u •JH 0) rH M B 3 u ^ o > u n Vj u 01 n Wj a

o u •H ij Ol t -H £ a iJ P 01 rH (1 tl 01 > 3

cn IJ to m tl g u -H M O

S

> 01 w- n -H 01 B 01 01 01 Tl n H o 0) v> s

» u (0 Xi B £ B u G B

.-) > V u ffl u JJ H ffl a JJ ffl H

oi - _,

rH (0 QJ

c a j:: JJ

M a; OJ x: 01

O: rM O rH H (N H

Q r^ r-' r- r- r^ r*

M U rH 2 O 00 o CO

CO J rH • M

< < CO [d H Qi

g^,.„

JJ — u

3 01

JJ 01 rH

ffl 01 r^ 01 >. - m o 01 u >,

ffl o -H B U

JJ u 01 B

-H OJ tn tt) T3 E TJ E J-> iJ O JJ (H JJ Q« «i

• C 3 OJ JJ OJ & 3

QJ 3 OJ &

CQ Cf V4 OJ

to CD C C

OJ -H E C

01 -H U C

&>

JJ 01 ffl 01 g o 1 ffl u m

> 01 3 E 01 A £:. u >- ffl <u JS O X 01 J= XJ JJ ffl •o u u JJ iH iJ j: T) o

01 01 u 3 Vj JJ m 3 cr\ m >,

JJ to H JJ o OJ o

01 rH s ffl H 3 E g

jj c e a u 01 ffl OJ o ffl rH o >, o U JJ u

u o 01 o ffl >, ffl »H u

01 o £ o z U "0 o •o -H 3 01 B O fi u 01 01 01 <*-l c: *M c a •H ffl fi JJ -H ffl ffl e rt

Oj H JJ 01 fH fi >. t^ ID 0) 01 01 Ol o r-i •0 Z H o

•a 01 T) B u 01 E fi o ffl 01 m cn OJ

01 B 01 -H o B 01 01 01 c B B ffl >

kj -H u fi •u -H u fi iH u •rt O fi «H -H 3 B 3 -H fi 3 -H u •H UH -H •H JJ

to -H to ffl to to ffl -H ffl 3 01 01 oJ U

ffl ffl ffl 01 ffl ffl ^ o -rt <H >i OJ JJ fi u U 01 c m >i > 01 U

B B B B o 01 •H ffl to 01 JJ c o 01 o u u ffl •o 0) OJ

01 o 01 ft O Ol 01 Ol u 0 M rH

s: £ >. B >. > B ffl JJ u OJ JJ >. JJ ffl 01 >, •H ffl •H -H fi' fi v> AJ T3 j:

ffl M 01 ffl §

JJ 3 B o 01 > 01 C JJ M u u u o ffl E 01 01 m

U f>l ffl a u -H ffl 01 JJ 01 Of H ffl u

rH

ffl ^ B

01 ffl 01

01 B

UH u s 01 , , , fi ffl til fi a ffl 01 IM 01 u ffl o ffl 0 o c

•o 01 01 0) ffl tw tl

fi B [ki fi j:: 01 a e

01 fi ffl H 'f u -H < ffl b. JJ z JJ X -H u ^^ ^^ "-'

ouioinouiouioinou^oinoinoinoinoinoinouioinomoinou^oi/ioinoi/ioinouiomoi/ioi/tomoinoi/iouioinoinoinoi/i rHOr^rH^sr^^n^^^^u^lnu)y)t^^^coooo^o^oor^r^^>J^^mfn^^^/lu^^I>^ct^[^<x)mmo^ooHH^'l^^rl^n^^lnlnu)U)^^t^ooa>o^o^ t^rHrHHrHHrHrHHrHrHrHrHrHrHHHTHHrHf>if>lMMiNf^MMrNlMfsr^Mfsr^r>ir^cN(NMf^fnrorofornrirnrofornrnr^

69
•g§

. •H 4) 0) V4 o i-i E u o o 0, 0) 01 H

H tH u a 3- iJ to Tl S!: flj .-* •H m 41 " m

(8 e -> t) AJ <N .H e n

c U-i <H >• 3 O

o o iJ iJ M u r o <U 0£ •]) "-" o CO f-t O w .^?

« o - moo rH O rH ^°(<

P P P H

H S Q U) Oi M W M M

> Oi tu

Dj M

Dt a.

od a: a: Qi Du

a« (^ Pi CI4 M

a*

i* sg

10

IS £ 0

0. (i> Jj *J > H H 4) m

« Q 11 w

U

S B B

W en w 88^8

°1°1°1°1

u u u u

Z U M U

M J J J

^ U U U

z w « w

'ffg m m ffl H Tl u u u fti 7; n (1 n <0 u h a ?; X >< >• >•

1 u

M

01 X "1"1 z

V. H

^

H i; u II to a; X >«

0. », u g

r. r. T. ?, u u u u E 2 w ~) 0. :<:

inomoinoinoinoinoinomoLnoLnoinoinomomoinoirtoinomoirtoinoinoLnoinoino mooHHf^iojroro^^inmu)^or^p»oocD(Ti(TioorHH(NfNrnfo^tfininvDVDr-'r^cocx)mo\ooiHiHoirNrn OHHr4HHrHHWHHHrHHHHHHHHHf*)r*)MriMrgr«)r«)r«if>ir)r^Mr>ir«)0)rvif>)rsirgrororornnrirn HHrHHHHHHi-tHHt-tHHHHrHrHrHHHHHHHHHHHrHc-tHHfHrHiHiHfHf-*HHiHrHHrHrHrHrH

0) H

<^ s: M p; 01 S

ID J '"' E § U 10 a 1 u u of - • T). U z b:

inoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioi/iotn ^inin«i>«>r^r*ooooo%moOfHH(N(N

HrHrHHf-l.HrHrHiH(HrHfHiHHrHHiH

(l> Q) w u >. tJl t^ en n c (U rH (0 u

, ai3

9* CO u b

» E c u » H >W C -H 3 V< O

rH -H a a H -H

(0 iJ — iJ O C P p C J M a cu M

0) m o

(0 -H O -H e C (TJ m •H F C tr > M 0) -H 01 OJ 0) 01 u

u £ a iJ u u u c m

p. 3 Q)

10 n h t-t VI ^ (1) N tl 10 <P 01 01 -H

iJ 4-1 01 iJ -'

01 B ftl m tn ffl ai B

u 01 M :« u tn 0) 3

R. u iH -H u 3 >. 3

(l> n H-t H

10 hi

ai u > u 01

)^ t-l (1> m M u u

Oj ffl 0) J5 a< n w

i: u r-{ n. a> u ffl 01 n

U -1 M u T

01 -H ij Q> u 01 u [f) -H U V4 u tn XJ c 0) 0) C ffl c 0) 01 R w Oi M < a. g

a: Ol

§

M — O! t

0) JJ — r iJ 01 B g H J II -H B </> a v> B

u 3

3 rl Q) > -O -H u

tjl n 1 rH II -H II f-\ u u -rt _ IT) s-. u

<*~t cu 11 (l> « II — E 10 u a, iJ E u W M- Ij 3 X 01 M c

ro rH 01 iJ - -1 Cb J 0) T3 r J B Cb H r> M g u

fe »q rH 10 *A 3 M u -1 a -H o> ci* < K W - M M U [< X M u i4 w

iJ rH .J .

-- — II tji

O 1/1 oinoi/ioinoi/ioin (DCDa^0^OOHr^fN^^I oinoinoinoinoinoinouio f»im^^ininu>\£)t^t^cooo(T>ff*o in o in o in O H rH (N <N o\ o> CT> c\ o^ o m o m o tn n r) ^ tf in in

OS o^ ff\ CT^ o^ o^ o in o

VD M) r- oinoinoinoin OinOinOOrHrHfMiNfOf*) cocommoooooooo mmmmHHHHHHiHH

n X >< v> . S 9 W T3

II -H 3 H W

R t| TJ U

S

•H M M

lU -1 u

R

M iJ w

B rr. ^ b J H n Oi U M M

10 £

in in in

'J' in in u) w) t^

70
= >, = m

N u N m s c X u O 0) O 6

Q —

- vy < a.

c o •• — &^ W QJ 0) 0) '- o -~. e Ta E 00

(D Q) ffl 01 M

M n tj 01 l-i H

OJ rH 3 X 3 —

.. c u 01 M N n V4 n Tl

0) rH c g m 3 3 n rri U

V4 Ij o •rt a M m w U -H lit n

«) H 0) > JJ a H 10 (0 U iH

;« W r n) r u ;a M 1^ U rr n U 0) > u * a) dj 0> ai 01 a 0) V^ — 41 — h ai a- 1^ « V4 Tl a 00 u S to ffl fH m 0) m ro rH u 0) n 01

(tl 0) 01 iH n rH H 4J H 4J H [) tH F c ac m - u — > 4J iJ v>- a vy () B F </> £ o Tl

rf OS 3 « c S

3 S t^^

XJ 0:: u s

u c

VX) o ac o ac m n ffl m ai 3 m z > o E o z u £ u « u CQ u N u < a:

,; _ ^ Zf ^ -W- ro ^ in »i> r- 00 m rH P> CO Ol ^^ Cl „ g „ d „

l< „ H „ h o U r^ M cN U n U -v Uin^uj^r- MeoMCTttHOHtH

0) » 0) Ol <U r-l 0) rH - H 0) H ajrHOJ^aJrHfUrHIUHatrMINQJ

-0 — T) — T3 — T3 — O — 73 — 'O—'O'-'a-'T)— T3--TJ"--T3 ^ f^ ^S) (^ n) (Q (Q tO ft} n) iQ •—

(U 01 01 t^ 0) r- Q) (U(U<u<ua)a) ojcd a ec ac H X rH X XXXXXX X(N

s H

CO j::

01c

n >i

rH E ^

01 O

rH (1) •H Q kH >, Ol

HI a rH

ITl a U

o

g M

rH

^ o

0)

8g

°1°1

ig

vo H \0 (N U> m ?. ^ «a> in ?; «D

rH rH M rH w — r-t w

O i: n ggggg rn fefeg sfe O U M U

t-H M M u(-H M M

Qi& .- £

=-

0, cu £

a.

B-.B,.B.B

u -- -^

& &

Br-SeobCTxBHbHbHb

b u

_ a J o z w U M W "- '"WOW'-HC/ltHWMCOMWI-lC/lMWM

g a s g SgS3gS3g

inoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinotn rHoj(Nm«*)^^inin\D\Dr^r-a3ooo%mooHH<N(Nf*>ro^^ininvx)\ut^r^coa)a>moo

rHrHrHHrHrHrHHHrHrHr4HHrHrHrHrHHHHHHHHHHHHrHHHHrHHHrH(N(N

n

rHU M

<< T3 3 a

CiCiCg

g :^

nj 0) <ll a Id £ ^ iH E -t U -rt >M Z [J^ 01C III ffl o

-H U 4J <

u ra ffl (D T3 T3 <

O -^-.-^CNJ rHWm o\ ^OINTJ" - ~E"^ in ^ - - . - — in tH >* coininininca — r x X

^ IP B — rH — — — — ax II a 9

- >•

V)- X X X X < 0) H a X ss g99Sg^^.:Jg fe H

rH Z Q Oi M ^g

m a: H ^U^UUU>S^°' a b o: «IMMMt-iM 0<M u

(d a 0£ a a a a IJt' O O4 cu [it P< CI4 04 (X P< M

H C. H U

CO M

M B —

T) 2 (1) r W = m

r) - u - 3 > (0 I-- 1} — ^ (U (N E

a - rn « > 3 R u H 01 rH »

Q) m — 0) E in jj <u W Oi v> Z

H h N

- N

[n- c N CD N

" ^^

( J m R N —

H nj N «

U N

III ^ ^; V. b u a e —

rH Q E C TJ H M Of O n3

fO c m -rH 0) U x: H \D H \£> jj 3 (0 > —

01 W- H « rH

. ° i

0) 0) u> E rt n

[K

to g g« g <*

rH

Ht Hg 4 g >,

rj 3 ^ U u (ti 1 ! i u ^ u

m iJ r- CO t^ CO U ' <

1 rH - " in

lU « rH c rH (N rH -H Z -^ H rH «J3

iw *

1-i > <u

a.

biS X «

>•X

c < T,.

V4

to Q 9S § i

•H «

U rH « ;^?g

« T) rt! n] m m s

H H S-" ^^ — t-t >H £1 CQ jj rH !2 U Q fd fH oi g''

g

= c D

&>£ a z Q G a

g

r^ b.

Qk P ^

01 rH t-H u u > 5g U a

M gggggsg Cb S • T3 o E- g

13 B

CW b M cu U4 M M M

[d £ cu £ U4 J 0: a a a Sis

£9 • e U U u M Id w £U Q* Qt Oi a* t-t cu

S 3

g -

— n) —

'-&

M „ h _

0) «) C) t^ 0 T3 •—

'

ns Z Z

s a: u Q!

^ n *- M gg^ssg

M — W W

tn in in in in in in in in m m tf in in p^ r- CO CO m m rH * ^ ^ -* q- ^ ^ -* ^ ** tj« ^ -* * in in in in in inoinoinoinoinoinoino (Nmm^^ininujiijr^r^coaom inininininmininininLnininin

in in in

r> rH in KD U) Vi) ^ U) inoinoinoinoin r^oDcommooHH

71
SS

U (4-1

(fl ffl lU t)

IJ ^

(1) fn >i ffl Jj >, u 3 u t) c

m o s c C 01 0, B ^ c o 4) OJ i u ffl U

3 a) c •H fi 0) u R O c <D U a c s 01 n

<n (J H 01 01 o HI 01 m (i> H U u 01 u IJ 3 u

t) u 14-1 H u u 41 (1 u Q) JJ u o a a

en w u M m CO n n £ CI C o; e. a a 01 a u U u a M a. ^

ffl m CJ 1^ ffl m ffl U ffl V4 4) ^ o ^ u 0) t; u n n rH m bi n H O rH Pu u H U u

^^ o O 11 2

II 01 a

Cu Z 01 J rH 5

..t;^ !u a '"im g o M 0. O E 0! & fr o o

- °1

b Z 01 >3 rH a u

m E u

H Q

M p

g S o * U u GO GO —« —' II ^

ui" w

>< CO — t-* IT X > vy - t^ m CO TJ o

^ II -H H H M- 1 •DUO* a b^ 2 tU J

M M H U •J

oi Wl [t^ CO ^i^a

Oi U IH M u cu

b a 1^ iH 0) t-i rfl

ffl ffl to 0) -H «4j « 3 T3 £ M jJ a u-i t^ i-> C

» U Q 01 O QJ (U « ffl

ffl \ E 6 J H JJ u c u P 4-> O 0) CQ a ffl H 1^ oj c a a ^3 01 j: -H E 0) 3 iJ V4 14-1 0) u H o o< a: H 1)

^

a ^ .-* j: x: j: x: 3

js a a a a u a m m « « ^

(Q u k4 t4 M n)

1-1 o O t5 o u

o vy I— EKsec « H iH cc .....—.ooz. > .^„„„„rMHWc^ m — ^OfNtfvooo - -acin in VDeOHHiHiHHHmt-* — '-' — — in >- >^ ooininininininw — e x x

H'- — -- — — — — oix II S S

r^ ii a ai a a p g g g g g g g ? S .. ^

3

*

Z Cd M CO

mouioinou^oinouioinoinoinoLnoinoinotnoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioi/ioinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinotn

Mrnrnrornrnrornrnrnr^^^tp^^^^tftf^j'^^^Ti'TrvTf^^^fuiinLnuiinLnmLni/iininmmininuiininin

p u

01 01 Li

•§. >. -H a j:

M r<- CD 0)

0) H H "O '-

£ ;^

— — u

:i;:ff « » H O

0) o

r-i o

•H M

Ui U gol.ti

r:"

^HinHyj t^HooE-<(7\Hof-iHE-*<NE-«mE-«<j'

Q* CU t-* CU 0* C^ CU Oi O* 0* UZUZUQUZUZUZUZUZUZUZU " n CO M CO O W M —-- - - -- ..--.-- ... 6 6 6 6 6 3

c a -n o a

u) D u to b M o U Q

> .. u

0. t-i w JJ !>: z M q p -H 3 18 JO

g.

c> o o i. to JJ o X k m CO H "1 Li n r> « u ^

CO a u "1 >1

(0 CO > CO

•H g

ffl ffl ffl Xi o II II •o XJ JJ fr

«> >. >,

1 ffl ffl ffl iJ u

<) r: Q u u r-) M u

u.-< o

M ^ A "1"1 o H I\ >; 01 iH n a o M >, u

l(U O u o u u u w ij

Exit

Grphv Grphe Grphn

Grphp

Grpht Calc_

"int

m«

'

GOTO

GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB )

to

Pi

JJ >,>,>,>,>,>,« Ujjjjjjjjjjjjt-t

JCJUUUUU(0 - J J J J J J -

s g H rj M <» in \j)

1 MAIN

MEI

SELECT SELECT SELECT SELECT SELECT SELECT

o in vD r- CD CT> H DquDauDQUUCn

oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoiAotnomoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinouioinotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoino Hi-t<NMmm^^uim^owr^r-eoflommooHHMiNron^^ininu)u>r-'t^cooom(^ooHiHMiNfnrn^*inm>ji«r^t^cDcDcncnoorHHNr>) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHHHHtHrHiHHHiHiHHrHiHHiHHHrHH<Nr)(NO)<NMMMMOJfNMMMr^Mr^Mr^rgfnriMr^rirnr^MrO

72
•n n

(D 01 a a, m m

0) <i> u u

01 i! m

u c

01 m

Si j=

U JJ XJ U 0)

•a T3 c ta (3 c c: C rH H H 0) W< b. b u ns iH — —MO) ^

2 2 ^ ^

0) CO JJ OJ

a; <w 0) jj ^:^ OJ iJ .H

iJ rH AJ flU O 0) u

^•:i

Q 13 -H > U 73 k4 O

:£ <t 2 z:

-H U M -H U iJ

l-i -H U O 2 ^ b 2 b of

H ig Ui

iJ M 3

O rH t-t tn fN ,

r- O

H < <A- hJ £ ^ U NOPQUpaB UN

E -H > E c E

c _i o X) o « o

<u ffl rH (H II iH

0) (> M A ^

to

k4 to

(1 £•.?.£• = i:

U) n 0) ffl OJ -H > E > E

Q) s u m a) >

(> u m 0) -^ 0) 0)

kJ m c: c U) o

lU n ffl tfl u to o to u cd U H rH ro t)

0) V m •H -H 4J OJ H

« 01 rM c t-l V4

1 O ffl o ^ ^1^ m -iH (> {) 3

u U X b. X rH J OU X w w " "'

f1- U N M 1^ u w o oCO .H b

u u 3 " S u a: 3

.J Ul ?. u

U ft M U g sM l-i 0, >

H o H Qi -ri 06 ifi 3 £-

II H V O U II V o (Utnuu iixjuu II Vi CJWXXCOtOX ffl U Mf *>£ - oi to

inoinoi/>ou^ou>oinou^omou^OLnou^ou^omoinoinoinoii^ou^oinou^ou^oinomoLnoinoino(riotnoinoirioinoinotnoin

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHrHHHiH.HrHrHrHrHHHHrHrHrHHrHrHHrJMrs)M010ir>JMINM0ir*)<N(NMf>»f>lf'lfv)r^rnrnrtrnr0Mr0rnM

to ffl U OJ

ffl O i-> ^ — U 0)

0) 0) U

iJ r-l 3

S 0) & 0) O jC 01 M

O4 XJ 4J 4J -H — £ iS J3 iJ «> a Q< o<

CQ ffl ffl ffl 4J

iJ £ J3 O (7) Oi >»-H IB O i3 M

— — (U

c - 3 O

OE in O ffl JJ rH

iJ >1 jj -H

•r< ffl 01 Tl U u n M

u a

U ffl U

IW m ffl m

c u ffl m rH c

J-> s

rH «M u n M JJ

JJ rH Oi V 0) CO a. M to

H O

OJ O

rH

o2°t

g*

Oi n a n u DO — Di Di 01 to '-^ --v. >rHrHrHO>rffflffl

I UH lu iM 0) n u iJ

ji: xj JJ ij to ffl ffl O-rHrHrH 0200 fflOiOiOi QO^—^'^ u a M

U kj M U H £ Z

O O O vy 0« O O

b Dh Du CO O U U

JJ 01 U M >, >,

u g m 01

rt 3 £ J5 X Q U U pggg H to CO CO S 8 8 8

JJ JJ JJ jJ

tH Ul IH U 0,0,0,0,

r^ fi ,~t f-i u u u u

>J J ,J ij

I a g

n CO

T) H E- sgs

=532

U JJ rH O

Vh L4 n II a,o,^z

Q fH •«-( o: so 10

CO iJ O Du

c 01 < — OJ «t ^ d) H a 111

ffl .V — u vy M U V> X TJ nj M iJ i! j>; U

m &^i C u m 4) n m 0) i: g i: M < Z rt vy

.^ 1 ^ t B E

CO- o< b «<

00 CO Ch - C M 2 fc X <a Q M M

0> C V n s 2 < v> « m

H C B <M 2

CO- Ot p 4 CO- I p (0 to d to (71 (-•

5 £

rH U ffl

U IH «l-i ^ CL u lU ffl « B

ro m u

i: cn s

14 Ei-» M u ^ ^

oinou^oinoinouiouioi/iomomomouiou^ouioinouioinoi/ioinou^oi/iouioi/ioi/ioifioinoinoinoinoinoinoinoirtoino <D(DO^o^ooI^^H^>*M^nf^'fl'^mu^vo\o^*^^a)a)o^(7^oorH^Hfso^^^fn^^u^u^vovor^^*coooo\o^oo^Hr^^>»^^^nfo^^u^u^^c^ VDVDvou>^r-'r^r^r^r--r^r*-r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^r^<DQOoococo(D(Dcocooococo<saia>oococooooooxo\<7vo\oto^

73
e u

u tn

-H -a 0)

ta 6) n

Q) V u u _ o

o

H H

V> Q) T1 p; H

J.J C « 3 o

o

£ in

c 0) -H (n 1-1 g C-POl^OOUO

> 0« (Q U to M to O M 0) Q ra ^a d> h

^ 3 0) o

O J3 (; E 4J iJ o

3 3 » u

(U 0) 01 V 2 IB 2 N :!?;&

fN (N ^ a

JJ iJ 01 0) T)

v»- o

4) o

rH o

-HQ >

m HI u u

nj m Q Q

y T

n u u

o z — —

2 2 — n t. > m P TJ z

£ s £ u a

M M M X M U

Q Q Q 0! «

U M H b ij o: o: Pi H M

<o o

Q u

01 0

w ^ >,8

g ga'

0) 04 t/1 w

V> 01 H

^ rH 6 s 88g •u « >, u w 1--' AJ c: u u >, >.

4J c5 C

3 14 a ij 0, 1 14 rH 1u

B - 3 O

o o g ? U U ' M

S jn o a (U ffl J ^ rH rH H o o u h « J - u ^ ft. n . t J J ^ °1

U) > tn - rH

ri -^ ^

cu r U IC a r. J c

tn- - X 1-4 H 1 1-1 O oi H H u - c 01

0) O ca H § §- a

r-i O o M H n ft] >4 8 ^ ^g

ft. --

- ft] g

U 8 ur- r^ H gs

M

o —

fN (N ^ o H

' U 2 u

0! 3 > g gg 8z m ro + CU X '4 <t «: rt vy o H >. u w u w w

0) o o « w iJ •J ftl H

rH O dl X l-l u

H ro g w g.

^

1 4 J J J ,J >:) >J H tW ^ lu nJ in m a u u u u a u

Q > < B IS

1 I-) 3 01 '11 M ffv 1 >, r^ V> M -^ '^ 14 2 > CO ^

"1 •H z <u 0) < m rtJ CO U m iH Q X H I-* n i-> iJ 01 •0 u >, >, u >< U1 vo r- (D m D>-H

(C fl n) •0 m Dl H u gu m iM 2 Q Q O IQ 01 rH g

V4 k 8Du »<: z !"><>< >< >< X £

O ^^ \ III X ^ a 3 Ul M 2 M U U u Id a

X

'S

t 1 < q 2 H US K u: tlii X X a Du 04 H £ £ rH Dl CO iH a

g

0! g

M M

& O O W s

>. U 0. g

z z z z z z

O U U u 2 2 £ w J - H -

., 6, 000 •J

m d) U

ffl <u 0* w u w u

<i> CQ V4

inouiomoinoinoinomomoi/toinoLnoi/ioinoLnoinomoirtoinoi/ioinoinoinoi/)OLnoi/iOLno eDO^o^ooH^^^>^^>^^nrot^tfu^u^^i)^i)r^t^ooaJmc^oOr^Hr^r>^rlPnvvu^u^^fl«)t^rcoa>o^o^oo1^H(NfN^n^^^ VD«)vi)r^r^r»'r^r^[^r'[^[^[^r-r*r^r^r*'r*r^r^r^t^oo<n<x)coooa>coooeDcocoojcDooa)a)cocDa)oommo^mo^t^ma>o\ i*lr*imrifOrornf^rornpnrorororornrnfOrO(^mrirnrnrnrnrornror^nrnrornr^

o c (0 cn I

inoinoinoi/ioinotnoino

(1 H "0 £ B

-H 01 -r-. £

Ul

?

B %n ?

0;ni

0) 01 B

&.?,

§"3

(L> (6 U (0 a> > M C -H

e > e rH u

(U -H O to M

K u

i3 0) i-t JS

tn f^ 0) X m

a a •H 01 u 0 u X fi l-i s

•H X E >• IK H >• Fi u X a £ 01 n. (IS » E X a X h B X

01 U* u

g

01 > J 4J 01 .J H.

01 (11 h * >< 01 X n .J g X

u OS e

a

01 AJ

V4

0) u £ il uEr il f1 " &ii

iJ u 01 U i> u 01 01 V4 0) 01 3 z E > z > rH > rH

1-1 0) 01 01 2 «A4 01

01 OJ 01 .H j: M <-* iH c

0) 0) 4J 0) 01 JJ M 01 OJ u

IA4 ^ ^ n "

^ ^ n

«

•9 "3 a u J H u J u H +u

J J H

Q4 Oi

0) a>

4J ft] II CO u >; X M to X

M CD H H _ U Qi £ H O U U O X o: ij CO b go u f4 J w U

^ 10 3 OJ

w Ol'P b 2

1 jB u M

u a -.. ..

oinoinouioiftoinoinoinouioinouiouioinomouiOLnounomoinouiou^oinoinomomoinoinoinoinoifioirioinoi/ioino mmvD^Dt^r^eDeDm<T\OOrHHM(Nriri^Truiui\DU>r*r^(Deoa^CT\oorHrtr^o)rnri«*^uiwu>vDt*-r-eoa>o\moOi-4rHM(Nrn fnfnrnrorofnromnif*i^'a'^Tr'*i"^<f^«t^«f^^Tr'«f"*^^^^mmuimmmuiwuiuimmininmuiinmuiuivfl\aw>\ow <n<nrifnrnMrornmririmf^mrofnrnfnrororofOf*ifnrnfnromMfnropnripiMrnrn(nror>fnr>fnfn

74
B &

u (U Q.

CO E

iJ c >, U 4J £ 0) 0) j<:

0) -H U «

i

=.^ 4) c o u u

H •V (0 u H 01 (U

01 W & a! H g

(U CO

Pu « —

u rt S - . S>n-

. _ n

.- o g S

« m >. >* = >• >H >H Bl t — = X t X X X

rH a X 'o 3 9 « 9 aa

tjl Dj SS"^'^ H gH H H

a o

£ O

PUT NTT

Dfil RINT fe Ci. SS feS

1 M M M

b u o: 2 a u Oi Oi B M 0, b oi b

0. a

.J Ch J

U • O o* M u a M U)

v>- (0

111 X

6 t

'3g '88

^^I'l'^^^^

OLrtomoL/ioinomoi/iomoir)Oir>ou^otnomoLnoLnoLnoinoLnoi/)OLnomouioinoinomoinoi/iomomo oo^^l^<NMm^o^^u^ln\ovor^p*co<»ff^o^ooHHf^f^^n^n'<f^*u^u^u>\i)r-^^cocDc^o^oo^^^^M(N^^m«J'TJ"lnlnu)v^

ca t^ u o;

0) CO OJ Ljl x) A iJ iJ + iJ 00 n) + <u OJ

I -- k a C M Oi M ^

.J c c c

+ I W -H 3 — O <D O

v> 0) E i-> Z

0) Bi (0 CO - ij - C Of «

T) « Z 0)

I e ^ ^

U flj O rH -H

: m c P ffl &4

i 0} I

! H 2 -H U rH

• — £ 3 x: 2 H i-> Q< i-) . u < m jj (0

> .J Q Oi 3 04

- — £Q » O »

H e ffl "w ( b « 5 I a c cA m I 2 IQ to I n 2 O Z (

t^ B u

V 0) U £

h to ^ O H

<u 41 >.-rt 1 1 O OH o ID S in in ui o 1 1 o

-H a 1 1 1 t, Qj tn in in o

V V rH m n n H e 1 1 -J 3 c 1 1 1 1 Bj r^ ri m H

(Q •H >, iJ JJ u u u c 1 1 1 1 JJ

(8

4) h ^5555 o'3 333 T3

<s H «> o

USt: ggggggggg < H H

g <A- « _ 0, 8888888888 13 2 fH « — ffl S>i>i>i>i>i>.>t>»>.

> 1 — — o UJJiJiJiJiJUJJiJU

V iJ (N c MMk4t^l4Ui-ll^UU

M c - 3 o — t:^ °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 °1 u o o o M JJ MiHfHrHi-t^iHiHrHrH

OJ S in o o: 0) UUOUOUUtJUCJ U - - o — o w ,J,-],J^JJh3h3.J^

iH O i-t flJ tH O H

- - - O £ - - - O OfNMO fflOO)(NO OOO^ COOO^ r-r-r-H r-r-r^rH 0:UUUU2QQQQ

uuuHPdMcaDauu

inotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoi rHriMmriTfTyinvnwvDr-r'CocommoorHfHMnni OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHrHHfHHHrH

inotnoinoLnoLnoinoinomoinoinoinotnomotnomoinotnoinomotnoin ^ln(nwJ\D^'^^coa>o^(7^ooHHo^(Nr^f^^^lnlnvovD^^^»coa)ff\o^oo^^H^«J^^mm<f^ HHHiHiHHrHrirHHtHr^r4r4rs<Nr^oir40i(NCNrNrsrsrNfNrNr4<N<Nrnrornrif*>r>nirororn

75
t^ e u tn tr

(N c tu 0) 0) 01 -H o u x: > u

U w 01 U-l OJ CD to >.rt u

TJ u H 0) 10 £ o rH

(0 t) 3 u

<D ji: x: 0) rH IT) 01 X o u u « c to >! c 01 u > -H >, JJ rH <N 01

fl HI j= a

-rH ta m ffi JJ >w

V4 &u g X) C -H X 01 0) o i-t n d) 01 u w >* >« 2 3 cr

nl V o u u 0) >,

VD O

u u u 3

S'c: 88^8 u

0) u u

IJ c

</> QJ S w •H

0) § - a 8888 0)tl)

TJ a o o u rH u -H H a tn M ~ (0 X >X >. >1 ^

01 tl) 1^ (0 IK ~ U iJ iJ iJ U 0) c u

AJ <N o. rH u C = o M 1-1 i-i tH JS c

C - 3 O „3 2 >U 01c u s- 0,0,0,0, u

to

to o o u iJ TM Ji M iJ r-i f-1 ^ ft ffl u m E m o (1) (U (U ^ u a 0) u u u u <u «) tl) ^ o W O w u Of o w •-3 ^ _} ^ Ui t> ^ fc J3 M —

u a: H —

^

o« >1 a cr V> - ^ o 0) cr

tH o of r-t H w a>

lU o u m H „ B *" .H

—. * o

' - n H

VM — 14-1 XJ Q) iH Ih Q>ri:M'aQj'4J3

Q O '

rH M H i: E s:

(fl ft o o o

u m o u u u '^SS

J W OJ .H 3

3 >, XJ > w c p SB

>7 >, >

iJ 4J >, O Dfl tH in 0) i< u: ?: °)°li = z H

10 rH «W Oi O

>. O o

c/) iJ Cfl Du S

^ z

0) —

U U U U

u: K ui k: o o o o J (a

a. ^ p X u o M 8 9 2 P 2 tt. z

2 u Q o 6.

>• 0.

to Z M

!>! M iii U c3 S?

U V4 x: rH flj tH > M 3 E

m U rH

0) U U rH rH S

rH •O 13 <ii (0 -H u > a o U Cu

<U 2 2 ^ cr tf

-f «tH It-I cr 1 1

tu U U

01 01 rr tr Z rH -H a) b M «M Z IM <M u 2

Du Ctl U ^^'^' b. SS:

u " " u « «

n o u u (0 rH fN nj - - o 0) ^ T) U o o

tl w 1 01 01 1 O O 1 0> 0> V J X > > 01 <X4 1 1 rH CQ ^ s. z 1 1 a^^ KH ie£ + > u b. 2 XI u u

^.x

0* [ju II J _} R CT u u

Rr, 2 W t-H 2 J kj W d> t: 2 W - —

U [4

be: ° Fa « 3 3 8

U

o. a

Q 0) OJ 6 2 2

0) 01 u u

U a rH rH

I c o ffi m

M OJ C tH Vh iM 3 0) QJ

CO 0) O 3 ?

0) ^ E O O

nj 01 01 si sz u IH 3 u u o O

U

r-i 4J u H U O o > >

u rH tu

OJ T) U o M > >

(0 0) +

01 Tl X t« tl) 0) 0) u ^

0) X > >

m o H

o > OS > >

oifioinoinouioinoinoi/ioino

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOH intninmLnmLnuiininintnininini/tLn

u^ouioi/ioinoinoinoinoinoiAoinoLTtoirioi/ioinoinoinoinoirtoinoirioinoinoirioi/ioi/i Or^r^o»fsr1^^^^fu^u^^*^)t^[^ooa>o^o^ooHHMM^^^-n^Vlnlnu>>J>(^(^a)a)c^a^oo^HH(Nf^Jroro^J'^ HHHHHHHrHHr^HHHHHHHHHf^^^^I^^^^^^(N<NfS^sr^fNfNOlfN(N(N(N(NOJ<N^n^n^n^o^n^^^or>^n(*l u^inininu^inu^u^inintnini/iinu^inminmi/iininininminu^u^u^ininu^u^u^inmu^u^i/iininmm

01 U

•H A

4J ta

-H h

M (0 JJ 0)

OJ -H J3

« a 0) Vt 01 p u z v< 0) a M u

IH -H - a to •rH XI H

0) Tl 0) o U

Tl 0) ^

« u « rH u u

ffl a — M t; Vl 04 O £

^.. ^

~' ~'

m ttl u h

m M

•o to

0) m

> u

01 m

•H T)

01> « •

Vt l4 U •^11

•rH to oi H —

h c 0) -H c

u t" » XJ m » >> -H lu

•~'

ffl g M 0) ^ 01 u Z h 0) arH U

- n) to •H XI a

01 U

[« « u « rH u u •u

t- — M tJ M a &' ^

~ "' "

Q Z I

H c JJ JJ

C CO I z'8ft 01 X H

z to pa u M E 6< O!

n rH H

rH 0) P to rH

tH iJ CO — Oj

ID II n II p. Z

to n

•O t" H H H W

H w

M

(1) Of rH Tl •H m u V Q X

CO <r\ <7» O o f-i \o \o r- r* r- ^ ^ 'f ^ ^

tnouiouiomomomomouiomoinomoinoinoifioinoinouioirioifioinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoirioinoinoinoifi Hr>iMi*>n^*uiwvDVDt^r-a)oommooHHMr>irifo^^inin«)vcr--[^a)eDO\(^ooiHrHC)<Nrorn^^intnu>^ot^r^ojM f»fvf»f«.^^(^^(^I^(«»^^"»^*-^*t^r^^^ooeoeooooooooooooofflcocooocoooooeocoeocoo^o^CT^o^o^c\0^o\ff^o^o^o^o^o^CT^o^o^o^CT>o^oooo

76
• 0) — x:

It OJ iJ I

^ tw T) a Ul 0) <) c a iJ c frt Q) OJ -H

-H rH T irt -1 3 t. T3 3 iJ ai •n M T iH -H OJ ffl n) C

AJ 0) () > t-l c > > -rf 3 V< kj Q) O 0} m to

fe

flj ti a

j:: T3 W m 01 «J -u C M u 0) HI It n! tn jjxjiuuajaJOJL^

Jj >. >, n >. C m ffl > m () 4J o r-l at ffl Tl c r: c n •n n

at -rA fl» a> at ai

QJ ft

-H

ft o o un iJ m m u ffl ffl c

jj ffl -H Q] rH

i-> n. m 3 -1 o

•w m Af •H O u u

>i iJ rH

fli U

2

4) (y rr at ffl ffl ffl p: x: at m u U a o r u m u n] ffl c IM t-i -n Tl Tl o OJ Ot 01 o m 0. [d tn > r: r:

OJ ri n u 1-1

tit ~i -i H r; QJ ij H () x: OJ ai t) V " ^ z *^ u

(11

c

Qt rr r: r: r:

at f) H f- H o e: m a; U-l

1 ^ 1 1 &

^_ o M o

o

v> 41 o

T1 ?. rH -H

1 in XJ u

C iH

-i o f) n n >

r in o

[I. c

Tl

fH O) ^

W

U

iH o ex: c

0) o tu u

t. — (-. o

- U Z OS

O rH to ^

Q > rt JJ M

u

0) «j ft

i: o 01 01 01 (U (> «: n U il U-l o ffl ffl ffl rd H

m u U u £: u ffl ffl ffl ij -H > > >

AJ m U 0)

(11 01 3 3 3 n

w

o O o u u u u

0) 0) 0) 0) Q) « o M M N

Cd

-v^ \ ^-^ 1"^ ^^ ffl 0)

ffl ffl 4Jffl ij 01 o

4J -H ffl VD X

X

ffl ffl ffl C -H — cr n n Q ^-^ ii4 </> o at ^^^ m OJ

1 u

U-l o ^

O

it 1 > (>

r. o Tl u u O U U Q -- u Z U U u

CO C iJ

to -H C

-J O -H a o

o tw E w w <

I a

aj fl) (0 u n, to £ x; ffl ffl ffl jj ij OJm

XI CO n. u u ffl at J n

ffl ffl t-i 4-1 m

at at at ffl u to c c > n

•H H ffl ot n

o > c

Q) o 7i ffl 01 ffl m U U m

ffl o fl i-> ffl AJ

kH U-1 u ffl u u u

4t u 4J ffl tu ffl > H >M o u > < X >^

Jj H C/1 < w

at at at n

.-* u OJ u

o, o. o TJ u ffl Ot

ffl ffl u r. r. u

0) ot ffl o

c. c at c rH

AJ c H

-H M u

u Ot n n.

ffl ffl T OJ

0) 0) c c T ffl at u

••-' H > u* OJ

ffl O O 5 ffl

I « — 2 2 2 a ci: M X H

CO o u fJ 2 tl- 2 U

H 2 ' Z

' o a +

01 H Id m a

tfl z u

.J u — 2

+ m o

u 2 td n

2 2 [d E o

o H rl tH Id 0, b: Cd X

M o Cd O fN (N Z fc. 2 U X >-

(N td — iH — > ^ >, >, > 0) >- X

O 0) o o

to ffl c

> ffl tj AJ to

ffl at CO c AJ u o o J o

O 01 ttH AJ AJ >

U-l £ M c/i ui <

01 .J tH Cd u

I

> ' 2 n T3 X rH rH CI rH 2 M

x: 2 2 2 o n U n tl T3 t- rH

AJ a a: u X u

tt. to CO o w "O

*H 2 2 U. 2 M

inoinomoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/iomoinomoinoinoin r-a}com(TiOOrHH(N(Nmm^Tfminij)'^r-r^ooooffi(TiOOrHrH(Nn* vovj)U)vDv£)r-r-r~r-t^(^r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r-r^r-t^aoa)cooocoa)

LnLni/^inuiinu^ininuiifiinininininirii/ii/iuii/iiriinLnininini/iirii/iin inomoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoi/ioinoin mv^LnLn»D'^r-r-coa)cj>{7\oorHH(NfMmm^Tj'u^uiininu^ininLnLnu^LnLnirtL/iLnLniriiriinLnLriiriLn oinomoi/ioinoin ^OMJr^r-coooCTNtTvoo ir)i/>mmmLni/>in«VD

>, H 'A4 3

u *j O O

77S£

rH 3 (0 T) T to a> Tl ,-4 rH -O 2

CO H -H at ffl ffl at > c > > 1 —

3 at •H AJ rj

f) ffl bOt Ot C - r: Tl m m 3 o

AJ c k4 Q> Q> ffl ffl O o o

ffl () x: u i4 S tn f 3 CO s Ot 01 at ra

0} ffl Tl > >

at AJ >. >, c ffl ffl vo -

(J m ffl u u Q> P<

r. ffl Tt c: r. a Tl Tl K Q) u OJ at at Q) OJ ft

0)>at ftft u

ffl AJ

ffl ffl rH O01 o

a:

Ci3 Ot ffl OJ at rH O ri

1-1 i^ Q. 3 3 Cd

to CO -H (J i) rH rH - Cd P. J ffl u OJ rr OJ ffl ffl J -1 2 at m tJ CJ o ^

rf n, a o

F c u-i u Tl Tl

<) -H -H at <i> Ot v> o

ffl o U ffl CO > C C OJ o o

o ffl M >-i o rH

0) 3 3 -H (*l x: at AJ H n c at Ot Q > < o '^ 2 AJ

at aj ffl ffl ffl cr ^ ^ DQ AJ AJ AJ

at «i-i rr <u ft" OJu B

0) 01 OJ u iJX

XI XI «J ffl <u 0)

ffl ffl c

ffl ffl AJ AJ U jr

ffl U O > E

c at CO nJ

Tl >

ffl «

ot u X Z

Ci' n

c. ^>

h. nJ

'-' <N +

fe

ni rH 2 M

u z 2 >

c ii r*l N m a.

Of X rH J o

n at u Cd n <M J

V. u c > o

rt o u

ffl u >

j( m n M tJ z z

HI o > o Tl cr M Id i. > rt a, a. >Q

g

Q

g

g

u

Ct. v>

AJ

ffl

u

OJ x:u

^'a

ffl uo

J

k3

cr

OJ

1 M

C

o

z

u0

>

0)

tji

>

U >^ t71 (71 I

2 Z — > 01 M

H S £ Z E

a O O O M O U Q

u K M > X 3 > > Ci. Z > tt. I > > O. > O

tl 1 1 t) U-l Tl id. j«: 1 1h > c x: C > ^S u t^ U tji a. b b.

ffl Uh ci;

m »-" l-H u > > o

ui in in ir> in tn in in in in in in m ta <7\ iininininintnininin

in o in o in c (7\OOrHrH(NfNnrOtr TrminmLninininmininLninin inminininininininminininin

inoinoLnoinoinoinoinoin

ij'inin<D'j)r-t-ooaj(ri(Tioo

inminuiinin'jj'j) inLnLnminmmin

77

I o in o in o

' in in v£> VD r*

I VO VD U? U) U)
>, -H fl tJ) rH

QJ <]j H Qj 0) F c: >, a X

(U H >< 10 a

14

fe AJ AJ

-J ai 0, m a) ^ tn

fO >. u -H u m

0) ITI a) •rt o

F- ij ^ n u <U 14 ^ Oi o <ll u m 01 W

() o M ffl 3 m fli m % CI u m w C m •H n

rH c U s

M k4 m U

o u u n M iJ u ? g

C3 (> U rH 0! <ii ai ^^

o H w a< O « w ;;^

u z

CO +

i- >, — W AJ -- fN >H ti o - CO a

m o " n ^ — 2 v^ w

. ^ < D* > W

II II

flj w w >i N

(0 nj T3 H H U H O J

W^^Oi Ol E

x: j= x; 3 U O U Q

8 8

W CO 88 88

M M M W4 U l4 a Oi a Oi a a

r~i •-! •-* r^ r~i r-i u u u o u u

< ^ k II no

a a 01 01 pi o 1 l-H -H H

J CO <-l >U «M Z

II u: z >4 >• 2 u u

2 H St: ss

o: o X

J >. o 1 lO O Cfl 2 2

< W J C5 CO U - B. 2 O O

U U} Cd U

ix: o

o u o

&(^ be: bt: :«:: Oj pLi bi O M M

z z z z o o o o o J

i-t 3 Of 4J

^ 0) O (U c

CO s: ^ cQ (u

7", ^

a 01 S

o

rH 01 2

1/1 Qi + H

2 m c c X

c X w E e

JJ > U U IW 4J C M C C T3 C

C C 3 iJ c fl o a

M C a E iJ -»- rH D C O

h 01 a w m -H ij 01 Tl

01 c Tl u F CI 01 c

a. o a U w > Ui m 03

a H

<u w i: at

, 5 S 5 .. 5 S

> o, a a M

O. -H r4 CU

U -rt • ^ o (B « 1 ., H ,, H • 6 IN 0) o i B U

rt a -f n H ca H • 2

1 > c 6 rH <IJ U

01 — -H + in a + 2 n r: S

X S

« 2 a

2 c I > C Ed H

Ol — -H X

> M > ^

s

F > H 6 H

(0 2 a

o 2 •H II C C X M H > M > 01 c

S ^ :« tn :« to A H g -g g c X C C X ikJ s 01 .

0) z S <o- P g S<X . m

a a a •H m n r^ ri > H H ^

> > > ^ u •H e a 1, a b

H H

^

M

1 ^ w- a N5 </> Oi fi5 *>

IW gd

en H H > > > M Ol w CO 0. tn Crt a n Ol f^ J c

. x5 M 2 El. S

2 Cx s

x: w

u u u q: - u M M u u o;

moinoinoifiou^omoLnoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoi/io _ _ _ _ _ _ _____

M V4 C -H CJ

(U (U to jJ u

s: x: <i) n to m u u w <0 i3

O 1" O H a u g u 01 U O iJU u W tM — 10 0) 01 OJ c o -~^ O rH ^ M

M W -H e Tj K AJ 13 a a

O B J C C 9 9"

at <it > o u At J hn. m i-> m tH

tn v^ m a} T»

at > c H m nj

II 1)

l^ ^ ^

ffl fl) (fl U > u

CO < CO

E E rO (Q C C ^ 0)

at dj (0 c vj J2 £ QJ -H O

JJ iJ C rH *W ^ ^ rH VH XJ

n] (Q o a

0) (1) jj UH at

tJ> Vj V-I -H r4 C

< X > < < ta

at oi Qj u > B

(4-1 (d at

m TJ iJ

i-t c OJ

CO at —

•w 01 jj

u o o U rH + o

b] ^3 (Q iH U

O Vh H C * —

0) H

Q — x: Vh M

X X - 2 M S

a » 2 „

(0 2 JJ 2 a (0 H u m z iH + 2 +

(N n< n

v^ JJ Tl z

+ to bi CJ -u 2 TJ S^ o 2 ti) ^

Tl H M a Oi u X t)

to o W T) 2 fc Z U X

u

— (N rH >* >* M W II >H X

., -- 01 a\ H

CT cr jJ M o

01 0) JJ HI o at M M Ot T? II bi bi CO n tjt <-* X — — at rH II j:

bi bi J a: ^w m u

o <o- 1 H o •

<< Oi

TJ II II H (N

I I U

C3 M M t H x: x: r

= o u a cii

II fO M

<o- bi bi 1-1 OQ M M Ct Q

bl

CO a; 01 0)

X jJ ^ jJ 01 QJ o to J tn at x: x: Z AH x: XJ ^ 01 ot z 2 2 jj y J.; rr ta , aj ffl ffl H a: H ri y >' u 2 H 2

bi

IH O- lu0) U

hj bl U U

«<> « HA

Oi CQ M <D S - di U 01

rH II rH m u

> S'S > i) 3 0> Cu 01

o — o — in U 01 o — o O

OJ rH 0) Vh Cd U

.C »J j: oj u 1 O TJ u

I.U 1 n Tl C J= C 01 U U

tt o a s

10 (0 II u

U b u o T) U O IH o u U a

a .H T) H a o>

0) (a T3

m > 3 >. T3 01 ,^ a H

> O AJ b] Ol 01

«o u CO to T3 01 (0 a

> 01 0) rH 0) at 01 T3 AJ 3 3 ai CO (0 v> H XI rH > AJ T) AJ m a (0 m m (0 > > O 0) x: tu TJ w u p W n rH 01

0) u > AH

<AI 3 OJ 2

T3 u u AJ > J2 U-* AJ a AJ x: Ot Q) O U ffl TJ at JJ x: x: 10 a AJ C

iH AJ AJ JJ JJ (U AJ c CO 01 lU o a 3 CO 01 AJ 0) jj rH u i4 rH a a jj 01 T] u ^ O

Cb CO C > o o lAJ "

u

II c a a -HWj JJ Ol

UH o

0) II tfl (0 z z

x; 01 JJ c u 2 z

o n T3 <u jj 2 0) OJ m in

1 (0 01 > tn (fl 10 (0

j«; .c CO T3 JJ < 10 (0 01 01 ct a tri 01 0) £ E

0) m Ol H s E

x: u Ol Ol "i o AJ

1 ^

<o- s iH CN m atn a

(0 gw -

CL CO > CO > 2 2 2 z

oi/ioinoi/ioinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoLnoi/ioinoino inoinoino i/ioi/io rHHfN(N(*l**l^^min',DVDt^r^COOO{T^OlOOrHrH(N(N(*im^^l/l mvDVi)r^r*00 CDm<TiO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHrHrHrHiHHrHrHrHHH r-trHHrHrHH tHrHiHfM 78

VOVO^CV£V£VOVDW^^C^>OVO VO<>DU>V>OVO<^^OKO
0) T3 O CO >!

0) CO u n 01 > ^ c rH H -H £ > e d o a o

W -n M C C I

U n O CQ M

•H r-t m u U

i-t "O O O rH ," & ?^

k4 JJ XJ XI M

ci. >: H J [I. X JbX«£.Jb.XHj

u 4J j:: u 01 XJ 3 JJ OJ O

K U vH rH .H fl 4J

O Q CO < «

I X ^ 4) >" [L « a C ^

0. £:; u

e-ii u O OJ t) u 01 01 U

o > ^ z <) > -H o OJ 1)

111 0) z rH H x; iH -H J5

ai CJ XJ * 01 OJ U a ^ u a M

(5 n) + (11 to *

Hi) J H u J J H Vi)

l-^

is

-H -O E C >

- u

c 3

E-. o H a -H a in

CC - 3 E- 11 O o s 11 H V o

0« O iJ 01 O vo SUQOICnCdU II W>2W CJWX (0 U rf

o: CO G

X W M X X u ,j & > s: 2

o ESS o o a-rt -rt o o o o

sr;

> t' b' o \c o o

CD m VD yD VD (N U >< >' > Ci. •H II o m m o c- J

E x' x"

Db n

o t; o u II u f) a VD a U) a M o, U

4J M u M iJ iJ > w w a N W W X X M W X X cfl 9 — Bj la w M

g g u ::sa

W C -H M

§2 M o: w J o

U 04 u Cu

en 01

P U H E- 2 2 2 O O

U Cd iH u ,J

CU Oi t^ Oi Cki

tnoinoi/^otnoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinotnouioi/tomoinoinoin moorHHr>*r«iMf*)V^ininvi>u>r-r^a)oo(j^ONOOiHiHiNr«ipi<*i^tjuiinvovDr^t^<oeo(T>a\ooHHf^Mrnfn^^inm^ou>r^c^« mOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOlHH1HHHr^H^^^^H^^Hl^^^HHH1^l^HMCNMMf^^4MMMr^(Nf^»(Nr^^^(N(Nr^J(NCSfn^nfn^^rlrl

a X w OJ >,

it C Hi u

.- s =- s

C OJ u o

J« J« u •0 y j^ u

c S < O M a. s: < o

^ Q) 3 QJ -H tfl m Q) u x: -1

t.i u ^ n. u m fl c w V) o u n £ m

». c u c m fl l-l a u

un0) s n 3 ^

u U

ii - S 2

- r4 x: - Q - a D

0> C V OJ C V II 2<4<»E 2i<v>m = 2 5 V>- (N M

i*: u :«£ J o

= W e = W ^ 2 = = W H II 2 a.bS«-o<bS'*^lb 0. 1 5 a

II h c , 01 2

VI- D* b < in rH 5

CO Cl« Vi Ui Qi t71 H

• Issl t-t2ii.flM2ft,x:ti] QMM^Ql-fMUO; - C M 2 Ci- w 1 U

0) m

o fl 14-1 01 m 0) <i) 0) 0) c ^ ffl lj T1 a

.-t M u 0) o U JJ N

il oW4 01 GQ H CO o -H n F u Jj U ^ k-l •H 0) U OJ OJ OJ U 4J Cd 01 0) 0) m CI c 0) > iJ

aj ni fO J Jj a) m u c: u u n) > T3 M -H > t-i ffl m u H JJ M n M j= rH o V4 C) D

en X u 2 i: -1 2 u a to :£ Ci. ct:

S3

Si „ ^' 41 u> ..t;^ v£ ^ n H

in a •o «c >. 0. M n N [I] OJ Q

X fci 2

lb M

0! ?. n >

() Cd M

J= o o J 0. - U X H a:

N Cd Ed Ciil o a

[d Oi

oinomoinomoinoinoino v£*^r^r^tDa>mCT\oo<HfH(M(Nm n^^ininujvDf^ inoinoinoin^u. WW.in o in o in ^^cDODO^o^oor^I^(N^^^..,., ,_.___

inomoinoinoino WW ^ .-.... 111. I ^^inin>^\Dr-t^cDCDm

'•O^OiA'.OVOViJVO^OVOVO'aD'iOVOVO^OVOVC'aDVD .. .- .- .- .. .. .- .- .. .. ._ .- ._ ._._.,, ^^ ^jj ^ 79
U rH O

Chg_x

Chg_y Dump

List

GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB GOSUB

AJ iJ AJ W

14 M M U

i-i t-i r-i ^-^

m m U m £

-H f-4 1 a

X s u O n £ «J m n W) w a M

f-i 01 01 i» o

X >. u k4 Vj u a U S

o

g o n 04 H

£; Is

t) t) U J Di f^2

J J J J J gs u u (il Cd [d ?: ^

in w> i-t <N r^ X><><>'!m OuS EC W c c W U U U U M 3

K&<:!>Si<::s:o>[i.b ,!^agS.;;aB5

o w M p (0 c/} 04 (0 CO a z z z z z o z CwZfcCMZI".

O O O O O J M X.9QWMi3Ql-(M

§1

<Q M i~> M :^ u u 4) m w 0) o < O

n

£ «£

'' ^ = ^

/\ ,j ^ ^

e < c

(0 BS

5

£•

0) O

iJ CO 0)

r-i u n

c u ^

v^ u o U V4 *t-i ^ CL> u «*-! ns m c

1^Q -

cr X X cr X

0) n) ffl 0) <TJ ui u

tw X

0) >,ta *M X

E " £

JJ X iJ X O 4J T3 C ffj C IB

n) o X o >,

"w (31 U Ol w M c c c c

S rH 01 T3 tjl -O O - OJ C 0) C

U 3 ^ X a o>

U IJ f0) a ^ ci4 £

m S M X

X c X c X g.H

I

« O X o >, U tw 01 u 01 i-» Z M c c c c

H 01*0 01*0

- 0> C 01 B

« m u m [d

X c X c X ss

inoinoinomoinoinoinoinoinoinoin 'j)r't^a>a>CT>mooiHrH(N(Nrtn^^inmvo«i) oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoi/ioi/ioinoinoinoinoin t^r^ajcoosa\ooHtHiNr^rorn^^ininvo*^r-r--QOGomcT»oorHrHiN(Nrif*i^'^ininu>vDr-r-cococTvm [^^^t^^^^*-^^coooooeDcooocooocDcDoocococDoooooooooocoo^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^ff^fflff\C\ff^o^o^o^CT^o^CT>o^

tfl C7) a m

OJ >-i (0 O

^- — o w 0) o OJ <a a) T1 2 rH N N N

rH

1 -- [rt rH rH U (N U m ffl m c - H

3 O O ij u i~i O o f) > H •H E in O c c c M M ^ Cl4 rn c

T1

1-t —

^

to v> - U

rH O o: c

OJ u u

rH rt -H m u >

[I. — h u

rH rH rH U O O

M M O Q Q

— — M

O O O (X

O U (0 T) O

Ol 41 .H p 01 o O -^

>. >, C 01 01 rH O rH w

U U -H 01 ffl -H n iJ C C C u 01 c I-* rH U-l — m

OJ 01 c o a u •M Q > < u & fr 01 T) o

w 4

Id

Ol Z

I 01 01 0) C .H < rg rfl m i-> ^ V4 0) u m U iJ u

tl. Ik in Hi (0 ro ffl c

•o rH z Id Q Q Q

....UP, .H o (') u 1 1-4 Id z z z z w H

a S n n U U u n

w q: > X J

<w -a 2 M uI H M rH J 2 M

+ PC ' + II II z 2 z z Z u-i

— t/> o

01 0) o

<-{ rH O

o i£ — Q > o: u —

°i=;

c < m m n £: vh

I CO U iJ - - a z Q a

, dJ o --^ -^

1 U ^-^ O H Z Z

1 CL O O

m o u u

gg

O O O J J

u u z < <

. ^ Tl — 1 .. a\ o -H *J m z m i< >i rH u > CO

v^ <a */> rH h- ^ T) J s >i a (Tl u o

> Ui II O

z I "1"1 tJI Oi 2

n Tl T) m rH a: m H -H >! u lO o

a: ffl ffl CO J O U

oi/iouioinoLOOino

r^t^r-r^r^r-i^[^r- t^r-r^r^r-r-r-t^

oinoinoi/ioinoi/ioin

r- r^ r- r« ro in o in o in o

iininininininininLninLn

[^ r- r- p- lOinoinoinoinoinoinoin GOtDmcftoOrHrHfvjrMrnrnTf^ iminLnin<^<^vc«i)u>'.D^o^Dvo>>o

80
0) 01 -l-t rt c d

> -H -rH T3

01 n) a

TJ 0) •HMO)

m j: u u H o o o

.-t T-t jj a a. a

rH V d) .H 0. u u au -

3 *j a

M V4 n) u

3 o

O o

S in o o O Q) — o a 2 t- ^ISeV> 3 fH H O Bi

0) o u

i-l o

-rl Ph u ^ o

M O

O rH

(N —.

--» wo

3 a Q >

rt o ^ M

II O u <y w \ ^

u ^ C o C < (0 (0 C 0< 3 X 1 CO XJ XJ 3 O tjl u iJ [Q (Q a. OHO b<^ C Z Q Q

M O O o< m •" 1- rf O ~^ ^

& J H 'H 1 b4 11 U M

2 M a: a X »w 01 b. 2 c D. H Z E

u kJ

bi g

Ix: n M

111 0. u a a o o o: - o f"

*J O U U

2 ^ 2 —

4J -^ ^ H P^H

ro ti m

Q h

tl — 0) 3 ? H 2 &

OJ 3 0) a fM 2 o. 2 — H H

II b a: OS mm II r-i (1) o O

H H r-i wi -t) en w

Sd! 0) ^ m cl, U 2 o. 4) H H M o o a: 3 <

J J s- H £ 2 e

ouiouiou^ouioinouioinoinotnoinounoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoi/ioi/ioinoirioinoinoinoinoinoin a)cDmmoo^^^^<Nr^lnf^^'*•lnlnu>u)t^^^mcD(^CT^ooHHM(N^^rnvvu^u^>*vo^*t^a)oDcJ^o^oo^^l^<No^^nrlT^^u^u^

2 -H -H 2 u ^ Vj oS"- Cu ^hR 5 fa -H W t-i X

^. ''W Sq h-) 0! M u y^y

y gy

S < tx D gg^-g-^ [zl U)

Ci4 a B S5 2 Q oii

M J 2 II H W Q

fa HO rf a u _

gt' i P g ?^ ? S3g « . * < u

fN — in — in ^ in ^^ in H QJ CD e - 3t

fS 'f ^ ^ ^ * •* c -* * (N 73 ^

9 99 99 99« " CQ m M 0) CQ 3 3 <i) X < irg.5

E- H H H H t' t^ -^ ^^•Sh^ 99^^

gggg KS gggg gg^ig H H D t M M M M

0:0:0:0: M M M M M M

0: 0: oi 0: MM M

0. a a a. 0. a. a< Oi Qj Qj

o: o: Cb Du 0: gggg Ol O4 M M Q4 M M M M

0: 0: o£ Of

rH

O4 Oi Cb Di

V^ 01 U rH to

0) 0) M

p ^

s-.e

in ^ tD J

IC H [xl H tn U «4H ffl M f) g

a <

2 o: 2 M

u W fa >3 0. - • u 3^ M

V R

JJ u H (1 ;^

JJ

a) ^ to

(0 n

cn u ni lU fi <M

UJ 0)> u

n (11 u ^

iJ (U c .

(U ra :3 T3 -0 O

(0 Q) y

0) E 3

; v^

in <y» H

- 0) — - -. ri ^ iJ CO P <(

vj> ffl H O

pa T3 < E J

N pa 0) o c pd M > E It H m W O 'H </> V> tf O E E- < < 3

N O 0) u

01 J3 QJ > iJ fa

j: O M O O u fa 2 fa o:

u m J X

U) O li X

J^ iJ M -H U (It 0) > l^ c

13 -H

ffl JJ (N > X ffl H ai at IH >. 0) c

C c u JJ c jj tu Li » C X C X 01

<l) 4) T3 -1 JJ HI fl di 0) rH JJ C, f) tJ > U4 u u

u U

E-f^ M jJ c ffl 0) 4} u (- 01

(J u £•? H cn W a u

V) m m -r-. s r-t ffl rH OS u

Sh JJ e-i Ci^

?. ?

01 CO a) x: 0) u u v >< n > <U j«: ^

u ^m u HI HI OJ 01 n T', ffl 01 u 0) (J 3 n c. > ^ 2 > rH

aa CO to ffl >; M J ^^ 2 Ill HI U 01 u ffl 4) OJ n 01

rr. n 01 m H -H OJ 3 i a: ^ £ u p m m M rH c U U i3 U •* r-i u OJ u ai l-i 01 U u

2 SH fa

fa ^

ffl X ^ffl M

J ffl m

u ffl ?

14-1 ^0 s a. ^ ,0

P. Ui u w CO 2. - U Q w << w a:

i!; J H a> J H 2

- - fa n o

fa ^3 M M o: E

J to O

cj u fa

tn in in H H <N

CO CO CO CO CD 00 omoinoinomoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinomoinotnoinoinotnoinotnoinoinoinoinoinoino (*l^^^^lnln^DW)^^^'Ooooff\ff\OO^Hr^^»lM^oro*^lnln\i)^D^*r^c©a)o^o^oo^^^^M^«^r^fn^^lnu^^ovo^^^^ooeDO^o^oor^^HfSM OOOOOOOOOOOOOOHHHHHfHHiHHrHrHrHrHrtHrHHHrHHr^r*)MMMMf^)rviO)rjMfvt<Nr'J(NCNl(NfNO)fNrirOrtrOririrl coffioocococoooDDOoocoaoooooooaoooocoaDoooDcooocDoococooosoaoaococoaocooocDoDCOcosaocDCDaocoaDcoaoflDcDCOOOcoaDcDCDco 81
0) T3 01 TJ > U

a a

rH C C

rH -H -H

<n- 4) n Z

•r-i c

3 o

O o

z.

« " Q.-H w d) 01

to AJ -H

•H

tn 3 - O

01 (0 a -

b — o

>> m >. CO in

t) >, >, c 10 - fM c o u H V4 u • 01 c c 4J k ^ -

01

01 (U in (0 m CO fts< u

•U C« - u (1) 111 u. < Ul Q «4-l u u n c M tU IM a -H f>j iJ jj 3 H n V4 Q. Q. c •o - c m «; 3 4J (0 fN m u iJ iJ n 0) <ii CO w W CO z CO o; -

V>- 01 •n s

•Hc

3 o

9 o

CJ >. >. c

C CJ CJ -H

<U C C u

3 01 0) m & 3 3 n

01 & O* 0)

V4 0> 01 0. a U ^ ^ M *u lu

X) iJ Tl ij a a c; C « O 01 3

ffl AJ AJ AJ o CO CO CO s:

3 — —

X) C II O II 2Z < CO 2-.

O CO CO CJ r-l 01 C 3 -H S II £ Z

10 z

3 iH CJ J fc E-*

I I J « M X

o «t o w Z U t. z

Ul CO V ^3 ^ rt E

(1 o rr u O J .H

1 J

oz g3 >.

^;;^_

H o a: o) u

&, - h - •

to o

(U o

.H O

O O

u

i-t CO ^. ^ u < (0 n} — M m i.) 4J 3 mm m 2 Q Q •• tu O ^ "^

i-t 01 M

AJ Q H E Z

-t Qj O O

O U U

Vi) t^ 00 iH

m o o

u u

o ^ — « — « rf tt-i o

U V4 u u u <

01 CI CI m 01 r n •n n n n tH a; B III ffl m 10 10 u H

•H 01 C) Cl Cl 01 b] <f £ X X X X X - b! Pi a

^~

H o PC fN

0) o U3 •H o () r* •H M U r^ b

b) fe c M 01 O T. M (N ro ei O Cd

01 o n

o H H

::g

10 10 10 3

:^7:^.

z c *« M 0) X

- E m

XJ Q H i: s

o o u u w

CO M W< t4 k4 V4

II 0) OJ 0) 01 0) »u "O "O "O "O "O Q

c (0 n) n) (1} (0 2

-H 0) OJ 01 01 01 U

s: X X x x re m

to

n w "^^ ^^

iJ tft Q tl] — rH ffl JJ U

3 mm m Z Q Q • u-i O "^ ^ m a; n

iJ Q E- S £

rH a o o

3 m o u o

e: £: s: X c o o o m -rl u u u z z

u^ouiomoinoinouioinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoinoinouiomomomoi/ioinou^oinoinoinouiouioinouiOLnoi/ioinoin OHHcN(N^n^o^^Lnln>^^i>r^[^oooo{T^moor^H^^lf>^fo^o^^u^m^x)>^^*r^a)a3mcTvoor^Hf^^fsm^^^^lnlnvp^o^^c^cocDo^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOrHrHrHt-4HHHrHrHrHrHrHHHrHrHrHHHrHINr*)MMr^r*IMr^f>J(Nr>)CNr^(Nr^r^{NrN)<NrgrtrtrOrnrnrnrOr^

C in

01 m

-H o

u o

-rt o

a U4 ti4 . OS OS U M I bi c c c

. o CO o m

H H E- H H MMI-IMMMMOIMM WM oioiKofosaioi lofo: oio:

in o ii

SB

OS b: 0. 0. M M

a. 0.

t-t M

• •9

l-i u — o

tJl o \D O

Ol rH rH

tHQ* - W- 01 £1 CD T3 2

3 01 •H .

CO U 1^ H U fN

CQ C - -H x: 3 O

^ u o

01 e rH ^ c: 3

lu -H 10 0) C fl Q -H 3

CO IX

.^ 5 i .^^_'

COO 5--

rH O

01

r~t

«• O

OJ o ^ o

U <M oc C U T3 M

ta - CO o - iJ - u

> C CTi H

U 3 > 2

Di o < M

-H n - H **-< — UH 2 - _ . Q > *< M U I

H 01 01 iH jj iJ Ol ^^ m m -

to "O T) «

j-i^33^ a a

u T? CQ a;

u c Cl Cl (1 01 c: t- Cl n Cl Cl m u »

Cl u 3 i-l c. 3 to Cl en (0 10 XI o m Cl

t- rH n Cl 10

V4 jj E

10 Cl c: CJ

rH -H iJ 01 tW

C Vh iH O -O

-H a o 4-> co c > o o U U "0 O XJ u 3 m (0 c m I m tl i-i -H c I 3 :3 M u i-> ss

O O H O

« m m 3 „ -. —. O iJ (N H U U U

01 Z ffl iJ iJ

jj C 01 2

rH m J3 o

3 J3 iJ M

C -H H tj fl m Of c u u iJ

'g^g

o o

o o

E i: z z -H H o o o o w < o o o o Q E

m rH H rH rH fN O)

Ul Ul ^ ^ tH U U

01 OJ OJ O 01 01 01 T) "O "O "O "O "O "O

0> 0) 01 0) 01 0) 01 X X X X X X X

to > > u q TJ o

D3 U U C TJ O J « f- ca CO E oi

o in o in o in o in o in O in o tn o in o in o

r- en en i-\ rH \o Vi5 u> r- r- r* r- r- r> r- r^ t- r- r- r^ r* CD 00 00 oo CD X) CD 00 at CD inoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinomoinomoinoinoinounoinoinoinoinoinoinomoino w)r»'r^eoco(n(^ooHrHfNio)fnrn^xfifiinvi)VDr'r-co<»o%(rtOO<HrHcNcNrirn^^ininvD\flr^r*cDeomo\o ^~^'^*p-^^^*^-cocooooocDooeocooooocooofflfflTOTOTOCDeocoo^o^o^o^c\CT^CT^o^CT^o^o^CT^CT^CT^o^ff»CT*ff^o^o^o CDCOaOODDnoOOnCDQOODOOCOCOOOOOOOaDOOOOCDCOnCDCOCOCOCOCOOOCDOOOCOaOCDffiOOCOCOCOCDCOGDS^

82
3 QJ 0) fO

01 & & 0) H 0) Q) 0, Q u-l ^ M O

IW t4-l n M a a c

a « (1) 3

ffl JJ U *J o o W W CO E

n ^D r^ CO H o ——' — —' —

in M t-i t-i l-i V4

iJ U) o

v> (U 111 C C JJ T) Z

a)

0) <U re •H - & & 0)

i-i <u 0) a

c - Q l< U

3 o M o o 4J JJ S in o o V4 a a c o c m o <D :i ^ fc (0 jj 4J AJ o o w w w s: ^ fN ^ _

VI- - o

«

<u o u C

iH O n r^ u H ?; U. —

~ H g c u

M ai X O -^ >; «E

Qi V> O U ^

0) o O f)

i-\ o rH bj a

-H m ^ (- a: O v> a o nj rs) CO rs] in o W t", o in O rH O H a

Ol UJ *1» fNI rH n > •a: o H fN OJ B H r* H fl v ra f) a: « 1^ 0! u 01 H II II 11 ffl J= M u re re re ^ s

ffl ffl ffl 3 * u fZ

AJ u AJ C o ix> t^ 00 rH m ffl 01 ffl iH O a

Q E\

rH

II II u0) u0) U

01 c - u ^S = = = S = = = = lu n n n Tl Tl u to M ft a rf <£ < a- < rf > y T y >- X C ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl w u H H H H H H H H H

<> o (> t) o ffl -H m 01 01 01 01 W (U Oj -a: <r rf <* < n: <r < u o O u u i: 2: s a: X S X tf' o m w o u Q a Q Q Q Q U

_ o

o

V> 0> Tl z

-H

1 —

c

'1

-J o

o

^ in

u >, >, c

X N N u X X

— v> >

0) o fl> JJ iH tu rH „ U 0. a u

s-s. c

> tn «M ffl O

iJ ?,i

v^ fl) Q) H at m to 3 en V) w --

v^ 0) .H Q) (11 (11 ^ R -H <n- J

JJ 3 n .J ^ .J < u u. u a) o H rf rf < >

ffl fl) m :* Ui Q) Cd > > 3 ca JJ i-i o o Q) iH M i» «J> «jj = w w w £ a< cu O

Ik J

a, u H

U 3 H E- O H " U w w CO Pi

v> - < <H o o; f 4) o ca rH o o r

cu — f- -

C '—' - ro OS O V> O - W

-H (I) O O O "

iJ rHOHMvO----

Q, -Hfn — H — r-OD OHU-l^tl-lZ tJ— —

Q > < w OJ H H iJrt;rC(0i03lD(0r0llQJ'aX - - - - COUUUCI(Ua»fHTl(0 HiHtNm-*

Oi (i]n]n](uii3::i: 3 Z Q Q Q £: <i-i

nj H '— '0 It

(0 (TJ a> CO

li II II II z H H H

'^. fS^ ^

:; E iJE-ESEEflJOOJ (UCUOOOOiJUU WOUUUUWWW

<» co- CO c/> co- co- u OJ rH rn rn OJ u

fl) al 0) OJ 01 01 N ffl u ^

XI il i; u u .J to

ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl J J J J J .J M Id W — t4-l Ul W — M w

m o in o in o in

t^ CO CO CTi CT\ O O

\a yj> \D KD \o r^ t^ o\ o\ o\ <J\ o^ o\ o> oinoinoinoinoinoinotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoin rHrH(N<Nmm^^intnu)vcc^t^coa)osmooHrH(N(Nnntr'^ o in o in O

in in \D «)mrCTi m m (Tl Oi

o in oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoo (Da)(riavooiHrHCN(Nfnmti''<j'inmvDvot^r^cD(D(T\CT\oo aocococoa^0^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^a^o^a^o^o^o^o^o^o^oo

O^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^O^cJ^CTlO^CJ^O^CT^o^o^0^O^O^O^O^O^O^l^lH

0) C C iJ 3 ly 0) ffl & 3 3 k

01 & & ID

I-I HI OJ a

T3 M a a C

C ffl O (U 3

(D CO 01 CO £

c - 3 o —

O o o

£ in o

- -- o

.—

.

&4 n

U) » —

v> - o

H O b: (N » U o C[] > rH O O t^

>, tn u >, >, c C U U -H

Q) C C U

3 0) 0) ffl

0) & CT 0)

vh 0) <u a

Q <M H H O

»-l »4-l t«

XJ JJ 13 V4 a a c

(D » » 01 £

>, tn

CJ >1 >T B c tl C)

OJ n r. u &

01

OJ 01 ffl ftft OJ u OJ OJ Q.

a

Cu — H — -

- ca Z c *M -- - M QJ X o ^ - E ffl O) (N « E — - m Pi « o - Cfl J

OJ O O O le* rH O H M W

•H n — Fh o;

I «w — tw Z

Q > < M \

« - o

H O Di (N «H

{y o w - c

iH O O l^ -H

73 v^ a a c C ffl O OJ 3

CO 03 01 01 e:

>. t7) U >, >. C

C O U -H

0) C C JJ &<ii <y ffl

OJ & & a> ^ <u (1) a. O tU tH u o

t-H <4H I4H JJ JJ T} ^ a a c

C ffl O 0) 3

ffl jJ jJ 4J o

CQ W 03 01 S

CI (N

ri Oi

VJ- O w

Q) O o o

M tH M M tH

(u 1} OJ d) Of "O "O "O "O 'O Q

ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl s

0) OJ OJ OJ 0) [i] s s s X s m

iH M M M tH V4 o"^^^^^^^^ II II OJ d) 01 OJ OJ M «w«iH'a'a'0T3'D E-EZSEEXCfflfflfflfflffl Q-oooooffl-H(i)tt)(U(uaj OUOUUUEEXaSKXX

rH O rH W W

•H n - H o: H «H — W Z Q > ri; M -^ u c

tn oi "^ ^ ^^ --^ -H u < ffl ffl ffl 3 £ — rHCQjJJJJJCS

3 ffl ffl ffl OJ ffl I

ffl Z Q Q O E E

in 0) M < XJQHEESSE -. -.

>-i aoooooffl-H

OJ o Cd . B

pH•H o

^ rH r.

(U a fe B O

M OJ

ffl (N (N ~

a: ^

OJ oo o <

O

in in O -H ^- S

a. o

rH UH •W

CO r- rH ofN

CD U > <B

IN

II

«*1 o (N

*H < ffl ffl ffl 3 T C 1£ r- O) (H ~

3 m

ffl ffl uffl B

<1J ffl o n " !i

t^ i

Vj U u IH V4 ffl 2 Q Q Q K E

<H (It (II H) <l) O OJ 01 OJ OJ OJ Tl Tl Tl Tl Qi M IM T) T) T) 0 •a

r; ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl JJ n F- r y X B ffl ffl ffl ffl ffl -H (1) 0» (11 <l) 0) lU r~{ 0. o o ffl -H OJ 01 OJ OJ OJ [d E ac ac a: K X f" 3 B O U U u U u ^ z X X X e

,__, o

u Vi> o

iH rH H

3

ffl Tl

0) z

(U T3 1 jJ In U C

3 3 O

o o

m r in o

JJ o

HI Ck Ol

rH ^_o

rH n a M <u

OJ o u > S

r^ o t3 t~ -H

•H E

Cb u KbM OJ X O - T. ffl (N <N >

f, a o ~ u

at o o o

o s

rl Z^. Qi u > < M ^

u B

-H

iJ < ffl ffl ffl 3

CQ JJ JJ u B

1 ffl ffl ffl 01 ffl

ffl S

u Q Q E E

(11 M

U H E

a O

P o u o O O U

03 — I4H 01 otnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinomoinoinoinoino Tr^lnlnu)^Dt^^^<Dcoo^o^oor^H(N(Nf*lrn»J'»JlAln^Dvor^^^cI)a)mo^oor^r^(N(Nrof*>^^lnu^^>l,or^^^cI)a>o^(T^oo^HrH^^JOJ^^ forofnmrornfnMrnfn(*irn'«f*^^^^^'*^'f^^^^^^^^*i''*inininininininuiinmmininuiininmininmu)VD^ o^o^o^o^o\o^a^o^o^o^o^o\(Tl0^ff^C\C^CT^a\a\O^O^C^O^CT^O^O^C\0^0^0^0^0\O^C^O^O^O^O^O^O\0^0^0^0^0^0^0^0\O^O^O^O^O^O^CT^OlO^O\O^CT^O^O^O^O^O^O\

83
u u

u V

V

o m N

H «

^ o

o H

H

(9

ft) S

Ha

C/) s

C3«• A

n

g

B ^-

.H z z - S = SS2 >• ~ X

X

^^ o X -^ o n'^a n H N N 0)

It <M " ^^=1^ ^s n 4t « iJgfe 01 H

111 X OS > W U U 0) H Oi q q 1 £ Oi U b

g^

E w w E w U

o o -- u o O H « u

1 z H tl C - o V A (1) J _

•'=^ ^ k4 01 W H U U M q: CO gn +M 1 IM « Z

II H 3 ss^gs II It £ £ CQ 01 II M « u II U r-i

ft. u Cu Db v> U JJ M O O OJ n

II o

Q H Oi IX. Z u O

III U Ci.

O (U 3 H 01 S O to C II X O

I 0) rH o: H *J £ O Ct. X fH U M U 3 b

tn 8 : on 8

'

S u u CO a:

rH to M H U 8

O H

U O

-12

oinoinoinoinoinoinoirjoinoinoinoLno

ooooooooooooooooooooooo

inoi/iotnoinoinoinoLnomotnoinoi/toi/iOLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnomotn invcvof^r^a)commooHiHMMrornTr^iflinv£>vor'p'oooomo\oorHHfN(Nrirn'j''j'iflin«i>vo

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo HiHiHrHHHHiHHrHiHiHrHHHHiHHHiHHfHTHfHHrHHHHiHHrHiHHHHctrHHHiHHH

in o in o in H (N (N fO m

o o o o o

o o o o o

g g

Q X J e z z M • g

u o :«i 0) u

CO U iJ u u u 2 u

rH J M a M

3 g S g S

oinoinoinoinoin ^^ininKOvct^r^ooco oooooooooo

HrHrHHH«-4rHHHH

o in 0\ (Tl O O oinotnoinoinoin rHrHMfNmm'^J'^inin HHHHi-tHHrHHH OOOOOOOOOO

inoinoLnotnoinoinoinomoinoinoinoinoinoinoinomoin t^<DcOiTiO\oot-iHr«j(NnmTjt^mmM>VDr't^cocDma\ooHrHr^cNr^ro

ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo HHHHHHHHHfHrHrHr-tiHrHHHHHHHHHHHHrHrHHHHHrH

84
H o o r-1 a

g grS

O O O n O rH b b Ci:* U b

inoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoinoinomo oomo\ooiHH(NfMmm^*s«in»n\Dvijr-r^a)ooCT\ff)OOH o^o^a^ooooooooooooooooooooHHIH OOOrtHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

II II 0! ft. r-l II II U ft. rH 3 M «-< S M

n o ft. U ft. U 0! w e o Oi w Q

01 c H r-i n

JJ 01 a

(J e a (U u

10 01 f-t 'H a o

H 0) a 01

HI 14 01 U c

0. u u 0) -H s 1-1 0) u c 01 0) J3 Q.

<u •H r. U U U £ 01 iJ w u O U J5 M i! u. U O U

O 01 <a

OJ -0 0) t> S !-. *J ja HI ^ u o o> p U 0! U «< « OS &

.::; °1

— o

o —

v> D. o JJ C CO II B

01

01 O rH U u

(J - o U "1

U) >,

-^ ni h

0) ffl d £ S

01 oi

in o in o in o

o H H

on)— —

ffl b o> 0. a 5

U 0. ffl 10 H

3 2 b 1" — 3 ^S

OJ w

in o m o in m <r *

(N fN

a ft. >, o

10 ft.

o o. o -

o u

_ _ _ _ (0 10 u u oi a: J4 o. 0. u w w

X! O O 3 rH

H A! H ^ z ii 3 0. M 3

OS o J u Q (J O D U

0> 0) 0) u 01 4J C u c u a u x:

<u o w u <u o m 4-1 u

•H £ o a £ o 2 Xi Q. M 2 on Z w z a VI z D

10 a ~ IN Q P — —

H T, H pII b3 rHo S o S

CJ rt n w

p; ,-i 5^ 3

ta u Q] p g "lg

W J J T3 TJ II mhwmoUUoOk

o V »H — H 1

1 U H 1 f U

O

s + u

rH 1 3 « UO 3 rH O (0 fH 1 H

oz

o </»</> 5 •H Oi rH in 3 OS O a u n

n t-t n o o r- ^ » i

M- u u pa ^c u n

II zII HII CO

II zII COII •ss

CO H

II m OS ffi >JII 5 ft! um

3 rH z e

II a u o: ai S

I-) w f-t 01 r-i rH 3 a w n

,1 ^ ^ u M Q M n n td n a u o ft) oi 8

U m ^hip 1 u D rl t) u a en o: U) M

i>(f g

Ct< Cu H

M M CO S 6 8 6 g s 3 8 ft] 8

.H rH o o s u w 8 S

oinoinoinomoinoi/toinoinoLnoLnoin t^t^QOoommooHi-*<N(Nnm^'j'ininu)u>r^roooooooooooooooooooooo

oinoinoinoinomoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoin a)oomo\ooHrt(N(Nmro^<i'ininvi)\Dr^r^cocoCT>moOi-tHfN<Nmm f.>,t<>f>>.{^QQcococooooooococooocDcoooaooococococoaoo^o^o^a^o^o^o^o^ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ,^^^^^r^r^rAriHT-it-*r-ii-iT-*i-f<r^r-iHr-ii-fi-it-if-tr-ii-tt-i'-iHr^i-ir^

oinoinoinoino ^<s'ininu)U)r-r-co ooooooooo HiHrHrHHHHiHH

85
JJ (0 M o

rd k4 (Q u u-i

CO -H 3 Vj

:ji

u iJ 0) :3

c o o o

-^ Q ^^ >, m 3 m CO (0 I-l C t4 iH

M u w Q o w en

0) — --

rH iJ w w

"^ (5. •'^ £ M y

u 0)

ffl i^ (N (0 rH

j: :* rH a c rH rH

:* 04 :<

V4 U U

t;

(]> VO s(II t^ (II CD

04 T1 04 T1 Tl

C/) a ffl m cu m frt 7: <1) Ul M p; flj Ci) HI u o M X a

o M X X

_ _ o o m c s H c J

Jr! 01 O S 0) O

o 2 E O! o E o;

OJ o

C 1-1 B. E- Q a t-i X g O U) u

T3 3 O H u -o c e to a) 'H I I I I I C iJ 4J 4J 4J iJ

C IS .J k] >J J J

• "6 M r^ r^ [^ c^ [^ ? (N o» (N (N r) OJ •OtNrHHi-HHHH

'O C<^00i0i0<0<0<

w — « w

.jhjij-sjp >c2a<aiCbci<ap 'ocSooiaaaotp

3rt;22acii uuuum* I jbbbsbw i Jwbbbbbw ijmuooooofo* umuosooooom*

W— CM w— cw wH o

= o o

IN iH fN

U O

X a% On (T\ 3 o o o -H rH

. . . 0) rI * 't4 x-Hbbb * a-Hb

ijgooom* 4jgo

i.

oinoLnotnoinou^omoinou^oinoinoLnoinou^oinoLnoinou^oi/)omoi/)ou^oi/>oi/>oi/toinoinoi/>ouioi/^oinouioinou^o

ijjuj\i)Vi)kDV£VD^Dvfl\ou>vf>vovovi)«3^i>vx>f^r^r^t^r^r^r*r^r-r^r*r^r^[^r'r*r'p-r~-r^cococoa>a>»a>a3cocomcoaJoo« rHiHTHrHtH«H(HrHrHHHrHrHHHHrHHHHrHrHrHrHrHHHHHrHrHiHHHHiHtHfHiHiHrHr-trHHrHrHiHtHtHHHrHHHrHrHrHrHrHrHiHiHtHHHHrH

H fc; m iJ fN « 3 4/V o

OJ SM + O 01 o

o a o

R p; o n

ai r. ^ w 1) * U H

(J u 0) u rH Q > S

u X « 3 Id

.« c h B (1) S

3

* m (fl m V I) t-t 4J V m u u

t-i c H « rH a m m m m H o 3 12 a Q

rH O 'f

fe « ffl 3 O

tj QU Z 0) M w « Q] 2 H r

Pt< b* () o: [il Tl n g

M w U a

s ,' m o '-' u

' w w " S

M

o in O Ul o in o in o in o in o

rH rH (N m ro ^ ^ in in u> u> t^

V o M in ^

"4-1 o E H

n) a< o< H O [i^ (0 4j ca w M H n i-> J i> ffl w o< u u n> W M 2

>* ^ w a; W Q M

Ul 3 g

>^ rH IW -H O 2- o

O tfl Q. E o M in in o H in V o F

<N = H rH a

«> J5

ft M a

rH rH

CU cu H b n U a 0. H p a V) M t-t u (II H iJ M

b c/1 Ed tn M Hat M < c/> Tl fL < o

CQ Q 2 o

U M

(0 01M

D

0. m

2 Dk a 3 o

O ^ in in CO II U a w 1) rH ffl (U V

= H H

0.

r* S

0* p< H [K o u ^

Cil w M M Jj o Tf gii OJ w tH rf w n Tl

Ol fj :i m en ffl bi a) u t-^ Z Cu ai UJ x U M M z 3

inoinoinoinoinoinoifioinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoifioinoinoinom t^oooo<T>moorHrHf>»(Nmm^^inin»^«}t^r*cocDo\o\oorHrHo)(NMro^^inmu>u>r~r-oocDo\moo rornmmm^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^inintninminminininininintntnintninininwxo HHHrHrHrHHHHrHHrHrHHrHtHfHHHrHrHrHHHHiHrHrHrHHHHHHrHrHHrHrHrHHrHHrHrHHH rHHrHrHrHHHrHrHrHHHrHHrHrHHrHrHrHrHiHHHrHrHrHHrHHHHrHrHrHHHrHHrHrHrHrHrHfHHrH

86
0) ffl >, TJ to

fli-Ha<u'acT'CAJOj

U L> <i u u

Q) H 0) U O S

aiv^aijj^Mcoc

04 c [/) u u c M

3 ffl (0 O 3 tTJ

Oj <S

0) C T3 H -H

. N -H c at o U H S H 4J o<

0) fl ^1 -H u u x: u

0) H c tn o o iJ Cb kj c: 0) u « a u* M u oi

Of M M

(N — fo 'd "O H ^ (U fO nj -- H X 0) 0)

u, — II a: a:

0) M Of II II O TJ c II

U O U O X rH 0)

" ^

°i°i

0) U iJ u a c

CO 10 3

_. n. ^j m .H

r; ai ai

(II XJ R

m F: ai CJ Q) ij c: i-> n 1-1 m

t: rH 1

r/1 01 u

m ffl ai (U ai n u O W s H :z w

M XJ iJ

d CO

II E U iJ & -.

T3 01 C

OJ 01 O C

•O C -H O

QJ ItJ 4J -H

Q) ^ U iJ JJ C U OJ U C

(A 0) 0) uj cp we H OJ M 0)

k4 0) U U

iJ H-i JJ j:: 3

3 C (71 r* 01 rt n u u <u M 3 6

•H C 0) 0)

nj itJ Oi Oi Oi

0) e: c c c — — m « -H r £ ui u u 3

tjl T3 J c c CC cr 0) o u

JJ 0) Q) 0) o u U U M

O >M u u c

I I U U (0 r^ C ^ H ffl « CO J3

ffl z m ffl QQ 0) 0) 8Q O Ij 3 I I f 9 ^

>, >, CJ (U c

iJ U H -H 10 n tl > > ^

I I m m

u ^ r^ U U CO CO »J J J o Q a;

- - o S u

d °1°1°1

^ M ffl a. X CD fr; , , .

() H iJ 2[. W m o

1-1 u J

u 1 SId u >^ >^ >> > >

r. 01 aj 0) S ^ >^ in 01 u U) u

Tl U (-H a

a

D i^ iA b<i :;; Ui

tj (tl u c t;

ai d- -< 2 ?. T. 7. "F. ?: 7. 7. w K U lO o u <J - O O o O o

ffl O ffl w 3 >J 0) ffl - - e (u

I B

TJ I C T3

O U ^

T3 ffl O 0) C U t-i U

•H cfl a 0)

to ffl 3 - U( ^

to 0) a

U ffl t4 -H

ffl ^ O TJ a

U to C Q)

ffl -H -H £

£ -O iJ u 0)

ffl TJ QJ

to JJ O rH tn ffl o -H

ffl TJ x: .H (OS

4J 0) u u

0) U -H

C 0) 3 U iJ a Qt 3 to p O i-) ffl M

^ 3 iJ V4 A a 0) 3 iJ U 4J W 3 fl C

O £ -r*

01 4J ,1: C TJ c to H at rl W -H V< iJ S E M 3 ffl O ffl Oj TJ TJ ^ ^j E a rH 01 O TJ 3 o o u at

U-l M U iJ 01 a ffl ffl c

at i3 at -H

x: 3 o 1^ at H to iJ u J3

Qt

S = g =

:* :* t-t p2 -H :* s 1-1 2

at ua (i> R * at U at 5

7. VI 7: 7. w 2 P H

J Z E4 1 Cb u

u u ni 3 M u u (k;

i/iOLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoi/ioi/ioinot/ioi/ioinoi/iouio OtHrHr>)r>if*irO'<tTfininvflvor^r^a3commoor-(r-(<N<Nrirnn'ti'i/iLnvi>vi)r^r^a>oommoorH q'^^'r^'T^^•^^^^^^^<^V'T^u^lnu^u^lnl/l^^lnullnl/l^nlJ^u^ln^/lu^u^u^ln^i)vDUJ

r*ifNifNojrsir)rv)<Nrsrsr^rv)f^)ojrv)(N<N<NrjfNifvi<NOJr«ir^rjrvjrsjMrjfNir*)oifsirNjr*ir*ir>)(Nf^)f>jf^

QJ 3

moo

0) — —

c - 3 o . O O I

:l^^

b- — H — C

- ta fe; VD 3

.—

- M m 1-3 O — - — >,

(N (N ^ V>- ffl -- - n S

v> O - E l^

at o o - a

ffl *t ffl ffl ffl c m i-> u

at flj 2 Q Q

C tl. H Z E

ffl H ffl O II O J o U < K

at 3

^1 &i a m

2 a

Cd "

so cn^ E- J

10 </> </> Ii< (U 01 01 M

X Vi Id ki O4 CA Pj Q

<0- 01 Tl z

4Jc . T n

in

^_, Cb

<rt- H fi a

gi

OHO)

to xa; jj O u v>

Vl M ffl TJ

at fc i-( -H m M ffl I 3 H -^ ^

z o c "WW 3

>w Q u> o

D M — 1-1 o —

V> - S T-4 W rH — I H — — Z

O 0) Z V>- - — D* U H <A- II H Z " Q v> p M v> II at & H H </v -H I H » II D> -H 1 D <rt- w jj "w I O E- H Q Q I

U

TJ W "^ "^

r* < ffl ffl " 101 4J U

U ffl ffl • C Z Q Q

3 0^--^

H O M

IZ H Z Z

ui a. o o

s m o u u

ffl OS H CD

ffl tn J H H =

W — O tfl LnoinomoinouioinoinoLnoinoLDo

CT^0^0^0^0^0^0^0^0^0^0\OOOOOOOOO ^^lHr^r^HH^^r^HHHfMr^^O^<NO^CN(N(N^^^ rHHrHrHHrHrHtHHHr-trHtHrHrHrHrHiHrHrH

L/1 o in o in ^ in in tD vu 00000o in o in o in

r~ r~ CO CO o^ o% 000000

" — o

O O H O

U U ffl -H

vy 0) 1 01 .^ U ^

TJ Z H a Ed 1/V M 01 0. •H - tl 3 i->

1 — to ® Ui 0. c CD H

U fM JJ u3 - H r* c - tr in <r> cs 3 m 4-1 T3 OJ m CO > m iw c u Oi a

^ i2

1 ty -H lb U a M 0.

Vj' a d) s - c X Id Id Q ^ Du C H tW u

-^ TJ [I] U „-i 2

r^ ^ ^

W :! "^ ^ — 04 - > TJ « - vi 1 00 - 0) */> w a

iH p£ c oi r- n Id

QJ a u - in .-t

1 - .H M^ \^ to i u Id rC m CE] > W4 a 0) Q> 0oaf fo — 3 a

g

tJ l-H Vh Q

- M ci: o. ta COM ^ n @ > .^ - iH — > to 2 a r* t^ t^ u C '^ \ U -^ n £-> H to 0) d) -^ 0) M « 1 ^ 3 Ul u & H H 8

0) at 0> 10 - rH •H to at ffl ffl E « TJ « rH H M iJ to c > ffl .H a 3

M-( ffl 1 1 u tj 3 "^ Q > < i-i > xi ^ ffl 1 1 IN ja n CD

a) u ffl °1 3 C 1 -H c a a

.H ffl -f-t V la a •H H Q

ffl ffl ffl 1 a XJ u T3 OJ AJ X 3 Id Id U 4J XJ C 14 CO 1 ® ®

ffl ffl ffl c a c c •H U U Q£ 3 Q a Q Q* M M M 3 CO CO Id 111 r^ z 2 Z \ "^ "^

Id 2

J3 M M M

z z Z z z z z 2 ESS g

E CO CO CO 000 1-* 0. CO CO tn u u u u u 000-- M Q - • X < < <

H H rH H H fH

inoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoin r^eooo(ncr\oo«HrHr>j<NmrOTi'^ininu>VDr-rHHrHHrHfMf>10irM(Nr'gf>101fM<N<N(N(Nf>jr>JfN

r>l(N(NCNf«l(NfNr«lr)(N(N<N<N<Nf^(N<NO)r>4r>)(N

87
z o

m J

u

X a

u o

0) u

u a

(i

3 u u 01 *u rH

' B B £

10 m H 111 u u W 3 •H fi C B B OJ » B

"1 b O M HI n

U. f! a: U 3 c

a) tn m

«> U « S

w III B

i; u 01 u

0) 3 n f= m w to •n T T) T) o 01 01 B u 01 X w o ,j u a a.

0) 01 nJ E C M

0) (T) 3 <U O JJ

u ffl u E o; -o o 3^1

U n) U u u u -H — 0) 4) 4) nJ c ^ O CO CO 3

- iH o

in - o

m H o H

3 - - - iJ C 00 o

II « II — r>)

1 u 01 O IN m i ij g rt 1- m I

-iH ^

V4 n > U ti fc. u 0) o 1 OJ b

ffl -o ^ a T) a

0) « Cx E <u Cb u 01 b

IS u - o » X o

OH — HO (U

q: o s go. o JSP CO •-:) u z 8355

« C

•H £

inoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinomoino uiui\ovi>r-i^ajTOOTo\tJtJr^r-ifNP*rnrn*T^uiinvDvop'n'ODODo>tnoor-ii-iojrNrnrn^'Tininvow ^vou)^-^*coooo^o^o ^s-TftninvDUJr-r^ooeDovmoOfHi-tn maiO\ma\mO\mmmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHHi-tHrHHHHrHHiHr-tHH

HHHrHHr4HHHHHi-rTHHHHHW»H.HiHHHi-(Hr4i-li-tHHHHiHHi-)HHHHHHt-)HH

inoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinot/ioinoinoinoinoinoino o*Hi-«nrNnm'^r'a'inir)VOU>[^r*oooomo%ooH.-tfNoimro^^t/iui«)U)r-[^eo <N<N(NCNfN{NIN(N ^r^^^ooooo^o^oO^-^r-^^N^^nn lrHHHHHH(N<N(N<N<N(N<NCN

i_i_i_i_i i_i_i i_a_i i_i_i I

01 c

v< u -1 3 B

m

01 01 m

g

3

3

m k

in O

m 1*4 0) 6

0)

0) 0) f= > x: H

ai (II m

jj > c

ai ffl 01

CO 1m

rH L» 0) O M tM

10 o >

gj o U -

10 iJ 01 0. 0) u

u 0) 10 m 0)

r-K E ^ 01 o j«: tS 01 u 01 u u

U a, B m c (0 • u g -H

01

14

fli -H Xi ** c 5

iJ rH c

-H ?:

Q 01 Q IM a u o

s

JJ o: £ U u XJ -H x: « o OJ £

c v< iJ 0 > U. m JJ « 14

10 B ffl iJ > -H a 01 u <U (0 S (^ w a u H CO w W — — — — — —

(0 H W +

OJ I td U 13 _ _ m M to n o II O ^ (U A (N OJ —

r- £ l-i t3 II (N JJ ? w OJ -O C gHQ II lumcuDus

•d M 0) CO M o

a. H J to w ^ M

H M q (U en CQ b < 4 ^ Cfa o X U OJ w e--.

m

o *

r0)

»w U Bl U f- F

c E T3 -u &* rsl 0) a> rf B [1. « 2 tM u u

g-s. u ti 01 o o a V< g T5 *w IXJ OJ

10 OJ (OIWOlOJUiwUB uj x:

x: u U k J5 T) T5 O u

u w to i! 3 O

CO 3 U m -H C C E p XJOIIOBCVlCt^ es

a 01 >< 2 aozB-P^Hp s^

^ 4) C C

cr H wj 3 0)

JJ E to to to C O JJ JJ rH

n 01 ai o; OJ tJ m tfi m s c 0) a) at M ct ci: oi nJ

;;& "8

cr X CP -H - Dfl Ed

01 0) OJ U 2 iJ 01 n 2 W 01 — w ?; 8

01 «^ ca <4; M W U W U Cfl ass

cr H > WH 01 >« OJ •4-* OJ <

l< Q rH 0) u a

- E U 1 - z

O M 0) > H M o

iu II U S

11 - f- O IW It r, cr

0! 01 W a las OJ u 0) g >J %4 g J o J H ta >J 01 J -H M o

^ XJ M •-] XJ W m 2 u u 3 IS w + C U U U M d > D o

1

5=

II Z5Z o

a: o

M

X •-< 0) 2 e

inoinoinoLnoifio H(N(NromvTfininvo uiomoinoinouioinouiomoinouioinouioinoinoi/ioinoinoinoinoinoinouioi/ioinoinoinotrtoinoin vor*t^eoco£^<r^oOr^H^«^f^l^or^^^lnu^^£VI)r^r*a)cDCT^moOl^lHr^^f>^^nr*)^^mu^^cu)^»r^(^3a30^mooHr^^«J<N^of^ ^o^Dvo^ovo^o^o^'^*^^^-^*^-^^^^^*^-^*•f^^^^^^^^*^^'^*^^TOroroTOTOGOoocDoocooDoooocooDfflMfflMroo^o^o^o^o^CT\0^o^CT\o^

r>JOJf*)f^)r«)(Nr«jrv)fNjrv)f*if^MOjrsr>)f>)r>)oirgfNiiN<Nr>)MMoiojr«)r«)Cio)r«)f>)rgr'jr^r^rjM HrSHHrHHHHHHrHHi-4HHHHHHHrHHi-*HHrHHHHrHHrHHrHf-IHHHHHrHiHHrHiHHHHHHHHHHHrHf-t

88
iJ JJ 4J

0) to -H

r-t r-f 0) 0) m

r^ (U u iJ ^

u c m 0)

s

s

m

ij iH c ffl

(II O H ^ U

o

t8 (0 U Ci4

H -H U t)

0) <D j:: jj u w-HV^u^uisn}

u o o o rn 3 u Z Ou Of bj CQ O) CO

£-.?,£«£•;

10 u u m o (0 0)

ja n jj ij XI Vj

) ^^ c c -H E ^ H -H E >

> E e -H

rH T3 O O H

U> M

>, H V£) >,

Ij >. U -r-Y 01 n U A 0) ffl > ffl OJ OJ > E

0) E > cn 01 -^ \ 0) c w

to U ffl CO u

u u rH o: O -H , H -H OJ -H JJ U U 13 H iJ [nX;HJ[i-Xf-lJC)U3:vDJ[i.KrHJ

O X) O to X

Ji: -rH pU -H (ij AJ to ? X

to 01 ffl X M U U -H u n Q) > u c

-H £ O U to iJ 0) lU

ffl -H OJ 01 U

m 0) s^ Q) u U

> o (a X £3 u

if u (I) u ffl ffl X -H rH M

rH rH m u a>

OJ D 3 rH ^ U » 0) O rH O Q W < to

J3 H <W '-' <W ' > < H « "

•tJl<fflfflfflUlH

JT I CQ i-> iJ iJ I 01 Qa m ffl ffl ffl >, TJ fflEZQQQXffl

U -ri O -^ -"^ -^ -^ (V

tJl U M K

I o: E- S S E 2 II <u a o o o o Emouuuuz

fj ra

U> c^ ^ N rl a

M a > r, d

(1 o u

U -) x: Oj

. oi ^ in M in fN |>h| H CL H ro ^ E

O - M

H H Oi

.J Ul LA J .Jl U U N M U td tf III > M p; > > M

n U) cu O

X 3 - u cu £ tJ ya •J

F X g c o

rt g 15 » H a -H oi in 3 S- II ^

II f- V o

U 4) O «

oj tn b] cd II W C J W X

M — le HI •! 2 - 0! M U

o o o o O O fM O U P - - OiH noon KO \D \D rH<NiaX>*>*

\o (I o ti rH 11 o 11 n n o II r- J ffl - -

II vou II voo II Aoo iitaExx

4J[l] ll4JiJ[d llJJiJCt] II4JJJ >t/)CO WWXXCOWXXWWXXWQ — WW

S 3 3 w >i 3 3

inoinoinoinOLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoin rH(NfNnrn^^Lniny3>.Dr*r^oocD(^mooHH<N(Nnn^Trtnin«)y3 oinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoin cDCDma\OOHH(N<Nnn^^Lnin>^'j)r^r^cDooffi(T\oorHrHcN(Nnn'<j'^ ^^^^^*t^co®coooffioooooo^oooofflooffico(DTOcoQOGOO^o^o^o^o^ol0^o^o^o^

:3 1

tr 0) u s

fl> u u X

n 3 n

to o

QJ to

i-> •0 cr

to V^ Q< CO O tH

JZ w o c c w m u u

0) = c u m M ^

u ffl h M ft, s

ffl (11 o o 3 £ u u

x"

MOO

rH (U </) Oi Q D

+

tr o a\ (T 0) IN H

01 Vh [^ r- u Du

tu ^t; fM N

ID

JJ (II 0, H a H

0) iB M

B a;

^ n M

3 ffl 0) o ^ a

to a o

ZWQ2O2O3:»C0'

°ng Cb Cb a

on th o

a:

fe o m m

M MHO r^ r^ r- u

9 SSB CU CU Oi w

M

Q o o o

in in o in o in o in o in o in o in o in o in o ITi o

o rH rH ^ in in \o ^ r* CD

in in in in in in in in in in in in in in \D \£> \£>

89
g2

o r^ r^

C2< u > 01

p: i^ c

tn m

>,

ta £

— (M 3 »

c 0) a

v^ 1-) F n

3 (11 m c

t^ t 1- u s ? H H m H

n 01

-I o

3 I

c - 3 o - O o I ^^^

-H n Cd

- u 2

w iJ C C ^^

H W W to 5 u o o

iJ U 4J iJ

k^ V^ Vj h ^ ^ ^ ^

u u u o J .J ^ ,J

fO z « T3 W

QJ - m -

^^ M « 4) <N 2 H ^ fN ^' r- * W [^ gB B fc D a a ^ CL fL b4 u 9^

II ^ t^ u S

'-'

II co s a t;

'-' n w n

^

o V) n w

U b J ca Ci. _]

t/i J n ra ai [I] D W 5 g u

< m m Its z

m 111 ffl a: ^ u u u u o -^ ^ rn M u

H r T a <> (1 fe o u u u

c/1 a C o m — 1 Ui rH — m *r J m 4) - fN H J

< >, U fN rH > W C - - O 2

II II -H (N H H

u u >, bJ .J o [d

Vj n 01 O O n 6«; Z " ~ 4J H H 2 E- Z Z d: o X

o in ^c t^ k > > > > II ( Ci] b] [d [I] tr Cb

:i: it: b^ :>: .-I O [ «-. o » 2 2 2 2 I .J O O O O W a l/lOlnolJ^Olnou^ou^Olnolnou^ou^ou^Ol^OlnolnolnolnoLnolnou^ou^ou^Olnol/l0^noL/lOli^Olnolnol/lOl^^OlnolnOlnoln

Mr^(Nr^ror^ror^rOfOr^rnfnrnr^f^fnrnf^rOfOrnr^^^^^^^V^^^V^^'V^^V^^^iriii1inintn^

O <u U H O -H6

X Z M Z 2

CO m J U Ed Z a u o. m

u ^ ^ c

ta u Q> O 0) p ^

XJ & wen

iJf k Z O (0 4J o ^- oj a X

^ i-l </v

ffl c u

(J UI 1 u ^

> t) " u T3

W m 1 n ai ITJ < u XJ n 111 H

m ffl •H n u u c I) a

2 t/) M re t/i Cd O '•^ to M

H r

o fe o u u u u M

" e

(T! T3 C 01 j:

QJ OJ U iJ

C Ol W ^ rH

C <U i-> (0 -H l-t

TJ OJ OJ >i O >, C iJ M ro 2 nj

fO m u

O ni AJ JJ m

j= u c c o cr O U U 3 a Q) G) n

p W w

CJ aj ai ai H a: a: M

>i ffl 4J -H u c T1 C n u a ffl aj u u n at h XJ ffl u. u

<u ^ () ffl tj C tj jj u aj H en m

c x: w H fO ffl 1-lUi-iIi.ZJiJZ

__g s

1-1 XJ Ij —

XJ «U <U XJ

.H ai u .H C 0) -H W m ffl c: c Q) 3 ffl > c tJ tj XJ ffl U (U £ 4) C

-H m r. •-^ m O Q Q> TJ •>, OJ -1 ffl ffl ffl r

ffl n XJ n •n u XJ <D n :* a> m H u tJ -1 V) di dj IJ U

u «u ffl C) c () > ffl QJ ffl M

tn XJ JS en XJ ffl U U T3 m

r: n en <]j n u ffl C c

tn ffl ffl u m c ij :t u

5' XJ m

u a; HI > H 3 01 3 J H tfl t-t oi N < to 2 w M W w

0) U Cl] 1 0) W t^ ij 01 ^ M

»H r.l Ql > ffl ffl M O r. Q J U td 2 Ct] a. <

u< [d <; w u

IJ H „ ij OJ II bC h

Ul 1 1^

ffl tn •n ffl ffl 2 ffl :>£ u XJ r: 1 IJ 2 2 u ffl •H U

tj H u 2 o El. X

ffl q: lil X w > 01 O F- m tJ W r) w .H .-] 2

C/l U C/l u< 2 ffl H J 2 g s

U 1 gEb

XJ DQ U

W H to 01 H H 8 O

oinoi/ioinomoinoinoi/ioinoin i/iuiiBusr-r^oooommootHHiNrNrorn o^o^ff^o^o^CT^o^o^o^o^oooooooo

iHHHrHHiHiHHrH.HfHHrHHrHHrHH

oinoinoinoinoinoino

fl'^LnL^^vov^^-t^coooCT^o^o OOOOOOOOOOOOH

lomomoinoinoinoinoino i(-tfH(N(Nnr^Tf^ininu)\i>r^t^a3 IWHHi-IHrHt-lrHiHrHiHHHHH I a\ a^ o o rH H fs

tH i-t H H

^ ^ ^ If ^ TT ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 90
oj ^ u ^ "d

O III 3

u* oi a a &

a; u c c c E

E 0) v^ t^ ^ ti N 3 3 3 dJ lu u u u u

o u

O O O O ^ U. Ir: t^ fr: lt u Z —

- 3 td H ~ Q.X _.

0) Q

go a

a^

0) w C) U H w

Ul

(A ai t- 4J

Q> f-i ffl O <N n T1

[d m — c u

(i: •o v^ ffl D

D a •!) Pi H D T)

t-i rt J S X ss w

Id 8 S u ^

CO8S'-' w w U

" ^

0) W rH

AJ >» U

(^'00)—^+ + + u£ MfQ'Or-trHHHjJDl

UOfrtJ -OOOl^-H CQX<UH2ZZ(QC

C/l Cu Ul Du Du C/1 U b£ — U I p.g

-^ Cu

- o

b b u b

H n m M oi w

II II II o: o

X >4 N o< bu

m z Z I

_. -u^omoinouiomouiouioinoinoinotnomouiomouiouiouioinouiouiouiouioiiiomoi/iouioinoinoinouioino u^wJvi)^*t^Qommo^ooHr^o^^^^nfn^l^ru^^nvDU)r*^-aDa)o^alOOHHMr^^n^n^Tru^ln^i>^)^^^^cDa^c^ (J^(^c^(T\a^C7lCT\mo^oooooooooooooooooooOl^r^^^r^Hr^1^t^l^^^f^HH^^I^HI^Hr^r^^^f^^Mfsr^f^^^r^^f^^r^^^(N(Nf^MMrN lCniT\a\C7lCT\m<T»OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi-trHrHrHHrHiHtHi-tr-trHHHrHrHHrHHrHrH(N(N(Nn"

rHHHHHiHiHrHiHHHiHrHHHHHHHHHtHtHHiHHiHHrHrHr^r^HrHHiHrHiHr-tr-tHHrHHHrHtHHrHHHHHHHrHiHiHrHtHHi-tr-tHHiH

« g

£• u

u

u

u

ffl (0 ffl 1^ u

<v <ll VI

OJ Q) H) H Oi oi

W ^ S rH no + W rH — w z

C 0) H W 1^ Q > U

flJ J3 0) n —

V4 ij m c 0)

iJ O CT> O W W E + S o\

OJ '0 Llj a 10 a u H

fO Qt

rH ffl Q

0) r-l c

a) 0) CO

tTj o i-i d: -o

U n II (-I Z

g

3 H H O! U X

1 - Q - Q ^ u u G

-» TO ^ rH »i> (N « HI il

TO Dl Z r^ • r^ • O T3 — o

Z > — - O - Q rH m « -(NO

-^ < \ O U) o * TO OJ a) c - H X a « m - nH . Q Q — ^ U 1 1 B — (NJ TO .H -^ >* O >« O >. UJ U TO • £ X Z X Z U U 5 CO M m M U

H

. . cq CQ o

iH (N :x^ «t CD E - H D H D 2 Z E- - 5 II II Qt: ^^ U DO S H ° '?°°S'gggg o. z a

H OlHH IIMMMM c II II H M M

H M b « J

z

u u ai Cd Q o: lU E- E- O 0. U cu

B Z

•H —

6 ~

U 10 —

v> z — W

B

o

a <O

z l-l g SSH: g g H

s

a. Q

^3^5 U t-i o 10 Q z

C — H l« l8 H m > H 11 E^ iJ 111 •Jl a^ c^ iJl ^ ai a c O

u •H m H i-i u u < Bl - «: .. 13

01 - C E a d) U rH -^

1 C c 01 10

<4; a «< I-* (0 -O */> g g

u <v a u

e

I. C

ID (0 zg H H g

> TO B Q XJ -H o > U sU

U -H CO E- H < CO 00 CO

• W H ts] C>3 rH ~ ~ T ^ -C -^ ~ 2

o\ C7\ CO

rH o o f>) ^ UJ g

in in

U) CO 00 H r-t o rH tH fH m «J> z in >* >• o 00 o in tH CD in O O O HI X X

* H rH ^ H <) COD

H rH iH

ct: >

X

*„ § §

>« — >. >. >4 K > >< >• >• >• o

a

H H

1

v> X X X H X X H X X X (U gaga g aa o a aa

~ E- -H B £ b

E- U H H H

^

H E0.H H EtH g Q

M

OS u OS M g Cu o gggg gg ggg >

IH

OS b

c^ CO 0. i Ed M t-t fil §

M M M M

B

M t-l B

M M M Oi M u Id CO Qt g

<M p

pt: Qi Of cd Pi Oi o: oi Of b >J

Cli 0* Ot Ch o Pi a o Ch CU Oi w u U CO o:

w ai vy

T1 « d) -H u

f) c JC

-J o (> n o o

s: o '^

rH O I -- 0) I >, rH I TO -H m I rH Cu —'

I - ta

TO CO

x; <

() m

nJ ?.

01 o

^ - M ID W O —. - to H

IN M — C fe

rH O rH tH M

rH n — TO TO

TO TO TO U V4 XJ U U 4J 4-) TO TO TO TO TO Q Q Q £ £

u ou H z £ i: Z £

o o

u u

oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoin ^«J(Nforn'*^lnm^D'^^-I^coa)o^o^oorHr^<N(N^^ro^^lnlnvD^I)^*^^a)QOO\o^oOrHH(N^^^^^(*>^^ \D',D',oi,o^i)vovo>,oi,ov.o'<ovow^'^\Dr^i^[~-r'(^r^c^t*c^r*'[^t^r*-(^t^r*r*'r~r*r"COoofflCDcococooooooo HrHrHrHrHiHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHHrHrHrHHrHrHrHrHrHrHHiHrHrH. H H rH rH rH rt rH H

oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnoino ininu)U)r*r*coajmmoorHrH<N(Nron^^m nocococDooooflon{DOC^o^o^a^c^o^o^o^ff\^

91
O to o

_. cr w M M > lu cr M M M c 2S U w 1 ss W u V D D X o D D 0) u rH <U l-l

1 -H v> w >4 Qi + 1 rf « v> u c 3 V a. (L. b

X CSV ft. Cb CO «M <u «) ~ VO B

c 0) tt) — 1^0 ° Z rt B B

z

U (N n2 II O

s

- 0) Z rH

14 H . B B

Z H

n

tJl u — z' o. a ft. &

+ iH fH u w U — Z cu a tu B"

(0 (0 H ^

g B

M rH 2 z <*• z w

g

m 03 rH -^

. [1. a U M u a 1 . ft. B u B w a

z z o w o

g

J X >« CO X >• X >• g

M z z O » O

g

J Ul — t. ,j U 3 3 g

o: u n — ft. J

o z ft. M u ft] w u a OJ - o Z ft. M u u M 3

X >" W X > W X

£ °i

5

c Z

CQ E B25

(D £

— 3 -rt rt §5

H z q u

^ H '-^ O

<H A

ft] 1-3 2 + V W - B M U

< M

PQ — X -H

o: o H H T3 Z ft] 11 o n to M iW O

M a c -ri H H 3 rH a is Ih > 1! ..3ft.

inoi/iomoi/ioinou^ou^OLnoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinou^oinoinoiiiOL/iou^ouioinou^oinou^oinou^ou^ou^oiii rsf0^n^^mmu)^D^*t^a^<Dmo^oor^H^^^^^m^n^r^u^u^^x)vi>^^^^coa)mmoOf^f^^s^^^^^^o^^Ln^n\D^Dr^^^coa)(^mo u>\x>vDVD^i)U)»^vDU)\ou)vo^ou)U)r*r^r*t^t^r^r^r^r^i^p*r^i^r^r^r*t^r*r^(^<Da)eDO)cocococomooa)coa)oo(DeDa>(Da)com u^Lninu^u^inininu^minu^uiinmininu^u^inu^minminininu^iriuiinu^i/iinuiinunini/iu^u^inu^t^ HiHcHrHHiHrHrHrHrHHHrHrHrHrHrHHHHHrHHiHrHrHtHTHHHHHr^Wr^HHrHiHiHHHHHrHrHrHH.HrHrHrHfHrHiHHrHHr-tiHiHtHrHrHrHiH.H

U M CO O. 8 S 8

(N O) O) fn U U iJ ^ h ^ fN

f-A •-{ i~i tJ U U U U

•J .J .J a

s

i: 1 ^ O Z O £> U u u >, «t a u >J >* 0) H H ft. u u O (0 CO IH O

? X XJ C a> s >* °1 01 f- M CD CO a u z o

d .-H ft. 3

00 o 0) n z u •H U

c c v> o

.J to

O! M

g

u

o

U

c 0) U-l 0) o ft] u OJ CO c H 1-1 E- ft. £

CO o &

c 0) m c u co II u z o u &

(0 (U in X CO >* X m a: l-H -H a> >, a>

t CO J rtJ Vh *M 01 fa « u

>< v Ul u 2 u u u o

o\ ^u .J >J ^ ,-] a b. tu u 09 M m

I u ft] ca ft] o [I. lu « IZ t

T3 3 r- o O z 3 t <u o p a u 1 rH 0) iJ JJ

ffi o fU D JJ 8

£ 1 Q) CO g

z ffi ^ n CO iH (N %

v^ 1 u U ^ .J d 0) T3 J

+ u >, a S- r» o O Ce] z n CO a u X N CO 4J a .H ftl ta B

v> c u a: z a L4 a i<S £ >• >< >« >. a3 O M 0) l-H 9 g

X >* 0* g H P 0) °1 w £

z H

ft] s X g 8 8 ^ '^ B

M

Z H

u J g^

X M rH H o: o iJ >* a< oi M X CO >- ca u U u g

o z z z z 8

k4 ca z o

g

s: Q U z PS - J — O X

ft. z o o o o ~. 4J —

OJ X M fa u

-H (0

fO c < 7 M o in O in o in o in o in o tn o tn o tn O in o in O in O in o in o in o in o in o m O o rH « Ul t* vo r^ r- a> CD CT\ a\ o o rH rH m V >! in <N tN ro m •* ^ * fl- ^ * Ti" <r * ^ <<P in m in in in Ul tn in tn in in in in in irt in in in

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH H rH •H rH rH .H rH rH iH rH rH rH rH rH H H rH H rH H rH rH rH H H

& a)

OJ 3

(U rH &

M tw OJ o h

ft. >l-l ft. o z s

r. (U

(11 w

y

z

V .-1 o o

0« O' Of z z o M hH fa

&2;

c&2

II Ed tH

cr ft) z ft. <J

0) >t Oi 04 m GO z z fa C X M M M

inoinoinoinotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLno uiu)ii)r«r»ooeoff\{7^oorHrH(N(Nnm^^ininvDKor^r^-eoco<T\ff*oorHrHf*» Tt*^^^v«^^^inininininininininininininininLnininininu>icu}w^D inininininininininininininininininininininininininininininLninininin rHHiHrHrHiHHHrHfHHrHHr-ftHrHrHrHHrHrHrHHHrHHtHfHrHHrHrHrHH

92
5 5

— h n tJ "0 c WW P ' ^3 X Cb 01 0) iJ

H ^^ j:3 C J3 ^

uioi/ioinoinoinomoinoinoinoin

N CQ '^ +

a H

X « u H

m m

^

a Hn

in Tf h- <4-l CO o

CO «

?> •w

Tj- fN * in 73

0]

CQ r^ u

Ch + Cl4 a Oi

CQ GO f-H <J\ -k :3 2

h* u u

CQ

cu J, sss rH X m

(IJ cH + o o o w rH H II A y 9 tH * X X X

T1 QQ cu Cu Cb

oi N H U M M M

o in o in o in o

en cr> o o H H fN

^^ <1> i: to [0 (0 rH c

c H QJ (U c 1 g r-t 3 3 <D 1

01 M

1 ^ rH(C nj TJ iJ i-> XI

0) C

> > 0)

CO C

(fl o

o

OJ iH (U rtJ 4) (0 05 H

73 m CO XJ Xi c a u 0) U n B CO -H ^ CO 0) ID U to XJ H E J=

ij CO to u

m m -H tJl c 2 0) x: >

•H -d 4J c o o E u - CO

fl H H rH u U C

OJ U u (0 l-i OJ x: u

c w (0 H o u 3 -H %Z •H cu O tl-l nj K w z

JJ o B a> > 01 3 0) » o TJ to u to U B!

CQ o nj H C rH u C M

l-i *t II W O

X) c tn T3 c H C c - W

3 0) c c jJ

CO > H (C to (0 H -H g U) bs u y

-H " T( 1 a; « M cuoicooaiujj H o u v* to W -H

d) d) d) c

to T3 -H

0) x:

o: c u E^

0) C d rH « u b A 73 U I Of to g* -o ffl ^ 4J m

c 5 H to -H

•H OJ TJ JJ to

0) 0) U u c u Tl oi, •H •H JJ o rJ Q) i-) tn c 0) to D

4) ^ U) O X

T3 u u M u (U

5 2

U JJ —

tn Oi •H tn w m 0) iJ a:

i-> o j-> u u £ r-t ^ H ffl o m r-H -H -u n n

IN (> k4 n > t U to 1 u: to > G > CO > W 1 to ^ u 0) << u iJ (i» tn ^| iJ v

0) -H to £: c () T W4 ^

c •* n: jj -1 r: u ih o m

?; M W > u o: 2

u P 1 H

() n a) 01 O > H u JJ ^ •,£ > U J

:f i^

to H

s

> 1

-rH CO jQ M t) 01 ffl u W

o oi »H iJ ffl

II ^

ffl SM X OS iJ u

t> w OI -f^

0) B. v4

inoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinotnoinoinoinoinoin fNmr^^^Jlnln>x^«i>^^r-oocDc^o^oOlHrHfM<Nmf*l^TIlnln^D^i>^^I^ooooo^a^oorHH ^i^i^^,ji^T)i,j.,j.^,ji^^,jiTf*}'^5»'inininininminininininininininininininin\x>*i3ii)VD U)'^'<DVC^*>D^D^V0VD<^<^>>DK^V^^DV0V0V0V.0V.0V0^OV0VDV0l^V0l^l^^D>t0<>0VCV0>^*>DVOVC\O*>0V0 HHrHr-tHHHHHHHHHHHrHrHHHrHHrHHHHHHHHHHrHrHHiHHrHrHrHHHH

U4

<44 S

•Hn

r. O rH s

-H +

»-) rH rt tn <4-l rH rH r, •4-1 z X ^ &

o

2

-H o -H ?, II y

rH W

+ g

•4-1 en U-l

»-) -H c: •H

I-t IM U

5

Tl + X

(-H Q

Du z o

•d -H pL. U M

Of Q

H C

+ 3

to Oi

"i

gji,

— — O M PS — w

o in o in o in o in o in o

vo «) r- [^ CD CO a\ (T\ O O H m m m 0% o o o

m m in in in in in in u> u} u)

in o in o o in o

in in vo o o o

vo U) U)

u) r- r- o o o

\D \D \X>

o in o in o

oo CO o^ o\ o

O O O O H

i^ KD ^ \D \D '

i-t H tH H

in o

n ^ H rH

VO U>

inoinoinoino

V£ vo vo U> li> VD VC 'rH H H rH <N M n

\0 VO ^O VO VD lA

inoinoinoino invDvor-r^ootDO* rJ(N(N<NrsMoif>» vovovovowipvovo

93
(U 3 u

rH & (U

o\ u

1 D. 1 ^r^ u

u M

W) 1 > 00

t^ o

""li"'

n. (1) l<

g rH C T) _. — o 1 1 Ifl « ID 1 yj O 3 01 01 c > a u • O rt 3 0

- a H i-( nj M 5

;3 rH -. T) iJ II II > n X

U 10 H -1 ti u > —

« H " n tJl C rH — «

c m Z i! ID 01 nj M U

iio! H r-l U •^as M H H U rH 3 H II II ^^ ^^ M U 0,' ^"l C lU v>

rl 3 01 2 1 ij .s s

rH T) M a ffl >. « u Q M » £ £ a> X

1A- iH U> 4-)

? as 0) s. m 01 tn m 0) ^ U 01 c V4 u m > u c u 4J E g-H 9

3 «

fl 01 01 M a cd u ni o ^ ui a: z

rHV>UrH«-OWE

II 0) 01 u 4) 01 iJ V Ol -O V O) T) M CI C IW - u Q o u n o Du inoiZuKZgt-i

3 3 u D

&' fiM O H

^ z: b w

uiou^ouiomomomomomomoinounomoinoinou^oi/iou^oinomou^oinoinoinoiroinoinoinoinotnoinoirioinoinoiri ln«>u>r^^^oooochmooHHr^)^^Jnfnv^lnlnu>^*r^r*aloo(^o^oo^^H^>^f^^r^n^^l/>u^vo^o^'r*ooco(T^<7\ooHr^^»^r^ m(ftmmtTvmmmmOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOHrHfHHiHtHHrHrHiHHrHiHrHr^HH(HHHM(NfN(NfN(N(Nf>»*NfNfNrNfN<N(N<N(NCN

01 u

01n H

T1 Tl a 0) 01 rH i-i 01 u

s

tJ C u iJ

(0 O »W rH rH

01 «

J: rH

XJ IM & O) 1 01 01

J u m I H ot no m u Z M

« l«

« 0) *

: "S: a .^ u m

to (N to Z

S5 Z H- H z 1 iJ i^ U

O, 10 a z

D) CO + Z —

m J u

•J u u Z u ::g

CO H H z o B^ Z Z IM U II u H II 'O ant a <M -H u m (0 o h ^ ,u 2 z a. Z u z

fy a 01 M JJ

f^ u •S^ c

(0 o

01 tu u to x: o A H 4J (N

iJ r* (U 01 Ol m to jC u m (0 u 0) Cu B XJ 01 M a OJ 3 Q

•H C k4 n 0) 01 - O m >, 01 T) •o R (0 -a fH 0)

c: <U u Tl fO 4 JJ 0) X H -H u ffl B rH 4J Ol JJ

XJ O 3 1 m c

AJ 0) u m 01 S > OJ •H iJ 3 iJ 0) , & jJ (0 C 0) < M CO O

<M C "^ -H .H I V4 n O

' 3 rH 3 u 0) 01 01 S -H

tj 10 01 fi a 3 U r^ s

.B m 10 rH a rH h o B o 10 01 10 •o

f-i 01 c >

O" AJ c

0) J3 b Ol 10

01 > b 3 r^ 01 m m HI o 10 u c

10 c H a 10 u 4H 01 u •H iJ c iJ r-i T n 10 -iH S .H t-t > w u B 01 -H 10

> 01 e > > Z7;a

in in in TJ OlrH

p» 01 10 in tn in f

» U 01 00 00 00 rH a

• ^ rH iJ o '^ >, o o o o 10 1 IJ H H iH rH B 10 AJ -H a 01

0) 01 AJ V4 CO tn 01 01 Ol 3 —

c c c c —

u a > >

5 ^ t

10 (0 is U £ £

o « a 4 O « Q <

i« 5 1 g iS oinoLnotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoLnoinoLnoino r<r«jroro*^inu^u)vor-'r^a)oommooiHtH(Nf>»r>m^«a'inin\o\i>r^r^<»coa»moorHiHf«»cNr>rn**inunvfl\Di^r^cocoo^m vf)v£Vi}\ou>wvo^ovovcvcvo««u}vovct^r^t^r^r^r^r^r-r^r^r^r^r--f^r^t^t^t^r^r^a}cD<x)cDoocDaia}a)a>m WVVOKC\O^0WVAVOl£VOl£^£tfVAWWl0lOWVDVDVOWVAl0l0U)\0VOWWVOVOVDVOVOVVDV0\0WlAV£l0lOWVOVOVDVDVDlC(£'

94
C) U £i P £ rr r» C u o: H

"w a M x: 2,^ ti u »-i — m

HI <U Q) AJ U CO m C 4J H a t^ m

c 5

0) 0) ij

nj u C O

- r-

(U fH Oi O

XI 3 - I U <4-l H-l >, rH U O

ffl ffl \ u

U W4 V^ t-< CO >

? B2 ^

o o

o u

(1) u r-t :3 Q) m

rH W c

-H

ai > >, m •3 t<

:» u (1 m dj tn > c a

u (]l o m 00

H) iJ i:

OJ o <I) > i-> o «

HI Q> CJ J u W CO oi

>

,^ m n O) o oo

00 > > m H o fH o H

rH ;h M t) t)

tnuV)- 3 g F= fi H

F g

•S O 1

J

() D

(J JS

xi o a) 0) o o 01 (71 o VC m O ffl o

rH rH

i> ^

^ n R n

•H c 3 > H > H •H P

F= 1- F P 1 F= 3 H T > T > H F= R f=

C «) s

u> 6 U) s

ID

3-: rH X rH S-; £ — — « — w- ^ ws r:

« ^ o o

PRINT

CHRS(136)

PRINT

TABXYdS,

PRINT

CHR$(138)

PRINT

TABXYdS,

PRINT

TABXY(50,

PRINT

TABXYdS,

PRINT

TABXY(50,

PRINT

TABXYdS,

PRINT

TABXY(SO,

PRINT

TABXYdS,

PRINT

TABXY(SO,

ui a

J W rH <t >, > M O

>, >

U iJ o

^ M II

>, u o

U) .J t.

w 3 «" 4J s tH s u Q u

")>, a

t rH

Eh U

a X X

H « «

rH° 8H

ouioinoinoinoi/ioir>oinoinouiouioinomoinouiou^oinouiomoinouioi/ioixtoinou^oinoinoi/totrioi/ioi/>oinotnoi/io (Nrgriro^^i/iu^vovot^t^ajm<T\c^oOrHrHrN)fsrnro^^uii/ivDVDt^t^eoa)W<T\OOfHrHr>irNimrn«»^inin\i>\x>r^r^cocom 'j5»j>u>vDvx)vovou)vovDi^'^vou>vDu»r^r-'t^t^r^t^r^p-r^t^r--r--t^r^t^t^t^t^r^r^a>(Da)a)cDa)a)mcocoo>m

r^HH^^HI^HHr^H^^^^r^^^HHH^^I^HI^l^^^r^HH^^H^^l-iHHH^-IHl-^(Hr^lHl^H^^tHHHHHHHH^^^^H^^^^HHH^^H^^Hr^r^^^Hf-^

01 W

W D

0) <

i-i a

a V 3 U o Di v^ Q o iJ ^ S o u ' e- £ 1 T - o &

fe- (> w w tx o ®

0) .^ D -0 D = jj in w U (1) z B" U 04 cu g

a gs gggfesi o 9 1 u mm^mmm:dH 3 w h w b 8

cd w m OiOj m 04 a* cu cu Di 1 CQ O

tu CD

(4-1 O cn

o >

I - Pi o

^ m n> ta > 0 w

0) V4 1 1 « tl M 1 > ^ t; 1 M > 0) m

-H -H

1 i-t

u > M —

II o: U -H uj o ,^ w 2S iw CO

II

E; g

a

1 tw

HH ID

V4 U

0^ K HH >'>' M f)

M & <f> U ^ n

»

•H gtH m

1 0"

Q. 01

S °l

r- c^ [^ r- omoinOLnoinoinoinomomomoinoinoi/ioinomoinoi/iomoino ml^^^D^Dr'r~GOcoo^CTlOOl-^l-^^Mf^^mm^^mlnvD»D^^r^oo(D(J^o^oo^^H<N<N^o roroMr^«->r^r^Mf*im^^ij'VtftrvTfTj'^tf5)iTf^^^^^^Tjiininininininin iH<H.HiHrHT-lr<HHHHHrHi-*HHHf-4HrHtH.-4HHiHrW.HHrH<-tHrHHtHrHfHiH

V D< U lu M H H O

3 ca 3

w M 2

n m m 0] iJ

OJ ,c z u £ p 01

1 »w m 0" C HH + (U 0) o

H ^ M HrH 1 1 U

g ^ TJ -0 l< nJ g 01 4) *4 J " ^ ., 0) cr -H -H 0) u m [0 ui u

b. M d) OJ ^

tu Q Q 3

Oi H CL H u

t;

ri" N

M

a fe o 3 o a u

o in o in o in f ^r in ID «^ in

— * O m

inomomoinoin r-COCOO^tTiOOHH inintnininvDvoiDiD

95
Q* ^ "C -H tJ

0,1

b Z

l« — [1* rH

l-l I M II IM HI £ M H O T3 M X I n a o! am (DUO

Z ui z s a: 0.

u H < [^

c 3 t^ 0) m 01 u to OJ 01 X >,

Di m OJ 3 &u a c u kJ 01 lO H E m E C liJ nJ rt u

(0 <u e: QJ 0) o H 01 u

01 u O -H J3 1-1 u 1^ o; a X 3 10 0 w H

-0

i-) c C

JJ .2 .2 c

u —

O. X OJ

-H OJc

r' s

>, 0) t-i U o> a-rf a 01 c

fO JJ T3 T3 (0 jJ iJ 0) D u x: u u 0) O 1^2 >, u 1 jj u M ot i.) 0) •O 10 n 04 01

n) p 0) C CQ 01 x:

1 1 0) ij JJ ja a 1 u 01

CO

01 TJOJ TJm

•4-t >. 0) ^^ » nj JJ to to n x: Q 01 CO

nj in c 0) QJ T) n M 1 OJ 01 X JJ

1^ M o 0) H w >, u a a 0) II 01 c CO c

u (0 J3 Di U OJ jj X Q u c -H OJ -H JJ OJ m U 0) nj c

0) JJ01

0) X! C T3OJ

CO ;^

-H n

TJ CO '^- u

OJ u 0) v^ w 1

&

n M C -H 0) c T3 JJ OJ OJ — CO

0) £ •H 0) Wj H C JJ M (0 OJ c JZ \D e: 0)

ij> Jj > XJ jJ dl u OJ O -H 1 m u > 01 m JJ iH iH u H rO u o ii c

u iJ OJ c 1 1-* E 1 ta TJ OJ 0) a J5 01 c m X 01 01 CO « 01 </> tM „,

r~i c x: u -H u 3 3 a 3 01 c X JJ T3 2 OJ fO XJ 0) u c c g to -H u c 01 c: -H u 1 TJ 4J 0) w J 01 JJ v^ JJ 01 TJ 1 — -H C (fl rH u M X X u CO c JJ m TJ E OJ JJ OJ 2 z H r: Xt H ID m 01 -H 0) g £ 01 C 01 jJ C - x: X u nJ 4J X m 4-1 •O T3 T) c E Ul fd m 3 u X H

C >! m j:: C C OJ 01 <u >, 01 1 m OJ TJ OJ u ITJ r^ U e >, 0) w H -H T) x: o m u a S ^ •0 u JJ

1 OJ (0 n J= QJ 01 iJ i-l 0) to >, X D c

>, O u >, )^ m > H U U 0) u 0) u m H c ^ Lb m in H

fl o: H rO u E U m 111 c - m Q Vj V4 U) - 1 1 u u u to 1 u (D c J a X z 1 o c V^ JJ i-t — ^

X u XJ u •d u 0> U 0) a >. -H JJ iH «fl ffl >. jJ •H 01 to

(TJ z: (D n 0) M u o

g- ^ 3 rtj M r-t JJ 1 B C w- - ^ 3 01 XI x: tu u u JJ m <i) o c 01 JJ 1 O) 01 ^ a: Jj Q U

D E u OJ jj Q m (U 0) 01 0) u. g^ 2 -H V4 u iJ c E 0) [1] i

.J 0) m m 01 x: ^ J3 t^ x: ji: n c m 0) to 01 r^ CO ^ w m u u 1 1 JJ w OJ TJ .H Ed 1 a: c

fl tji c £ m JJ m c a u 01 Ci* —

U

JJ u

o H X O o < 1 1 u to 1 CO 01 M 1 - Ed u 1 to u nJ 3 ^ (1) 0) JJ >. u >. t-i 01 cd

i-) cxx: X u < •a X X w D W u J3 c fl u z m -^ CO g

X in

t-i iJ JJ m 0) c 01 m H kj (fl u (N fs) C H 1 —

0) (U H ^ to T) T) M >« c to H M u i-i tH kj u u js s £ c c O 01 c kj to ffl a OJ m vy iJ 2 01 c u 3 1 H -H *J E nj JJ 3 01 3

+ T3 H >. ^ u 0) 1 l-H q- 0) 1 > c 01 XI -o (H rH u l4 — to

v^ « 1 u 01 x: TJ fO 01 H n n5 (0 1 in 0)

0) o OJ H 01 01 - -O Q) o E OJ rH TJ •H «H —' V-l > > a N ^ K

c V4 3 a • c t 1 ^ 0) > Vj c Q > < 1 1 E V4 II iH ni OJ c x: a 01 fl o o < f-t c n (0 U X X 01 0) CO XJ s a u J D • 2 z u H > a W -^ -^ \ -H H TJ U

3 -H 01 m < m m fl Wj V4 <l (0 c

O iH m CO jj JJ JJ JJ Cd OJ OJ

^1 m c m fl n (fl ffi H U X E n u CO 2 Q Q Q E £ u II 01 3 M u •-i i-i W w s

M Id fO OJ -H c B H e: e: e: £ £

g

JJ 1 to u 0) Oi cu J H QJ e D. B u u U •t M E- 2

J= a H 2

*. . E- u 13

_. _. _. _. _. -. _. _. _. _. _. _. . .. _. _. _. - _ inoinoinoinoinoLn__.

uiui»-* u r-l r-l IN IN r-i r-i ^ ^ininujvDr-r-tDootntTioo ^ uiuimjmj l^ l^ «J uj ui ui lj w n t-iiNtNcir-i ^ ^- ui uimj \w HrHHHHHHi-trHHrHrHr-flHiHrHrHHrHrHrHlHiHHtHrHrHiHi-tHrHrHrHr-trHiH

oinoinoLnoinoino r"r'CD00CT\tT>OOHHrNCNnrnTTin ^^^tf^tTjiininininininininininininoLnoinoLnoinoinoinoinoino 'J'lninvDVDr^t^CDCDOCTlOOrHrHfM """ininininininininvD'.oviJvo^o

CP 01

OJ 3

jj &

-. OJ . U) CT TJ u 1-1 1-1 a U-l rH rH OJ OJ 01 OJ OJ OJ U E TJ TJ TJ CO 0) W- 0) <0 to to TJ CO jJ T} Z cr OJ 01 01 cr OJ 01 s: x: x: OJ CO 1-^ M

iJ CM 3 c c c rH + OJ C - to ij H H •H to a rH 3 U a a 3 l-i a tn

1-1 ffi JJ U OJ JJ CO C to c Z in 3 jJ 3 3 3 ITS to u -H

Ei, «: M a< tfl o< w O4 J £ CO C/5 CO ^ a. r^ VD - CO

tH -^ & H U

V>- - II dj H Oi *H T3

OJ m 1 fli OJ 0) Cd V4 S

Pu -^ g

« *

- W ,»^ cr g

CO OJ + — cr cr tr u 2 w

OJ iH OJ OJ s' VD r- m u 2 u 1 z

v> tu td 3c~ tM s )t-i ai ffl Ed W4 ^1

OJ 0"

1 X ! 1 JJ K 01 OJ ^ — E- Pi c a: X it-i >-t H TJ TJ g

<; to nj ITJ CQ iJ U iJ Z O Q O

H E E E

Oi o o o

o o u o

— to •< 01 ffl (TJ HI A II •H m 1 iw E 11 n 01 OJ II rr CO 2 >

rf II tr II x a: tr rH 01 cr 11 OJ ~ fi II OJ — rr U CD (T cr u k in OJ 01 £

OJ — IM — 01 Q) 14H 1 1 iH TJ CO JJ

1-1 u 1 u * Vj n 1 OJ m 1 u UH nJ U -H V^ n u iw OJ 1 ai to c ffl ITJ JJ TJ 0; 1 1 JJ Ci- TJ JJ I H

X m rH m c X -H p 01 1 to X

01 0) Cb w (TJ 01 (J f,j OJ 01 e: a: Q ac M to il e: q 2 P 2 X 2 n

in o in o

in \D vD r*

CTl CTl ff» CJ> oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoino cocoai£rvoOrHrH(N(Nrof*)^ia'inLn\i>>^r'r-coco(no>oOrHrHrM(NmmTf CncntTimOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOiHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH

rHrHrHrHrHrHfHiHrHrHrHiHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHTHHHrHiHHHrHrHHrHrHrH

ui in ID »^ rrH tH rH rH rH CO 03 CO CO 00

^T f in in vD

96
. o o

o

rH H

T-t

o: a:

p: X X

x o o

r- u

(N o

U * m

01 tH H X X

•a < o o

m Q

0) •o ce: u o

X a: £

1 o n

H

c v> u u

3 01 «- q; <0 0) « o O rH u ac •o n

\o o e: iH H o flj m H H < <D 01 Q Q X X

«> 0) u

•0 a s E- -H - << I'- m Q n m

^ Ol U> (H H a I-* H

C - £

3 O t-t M

O o o q: q; H c< a: E in o u> a: K X X

o Pi u U o o

r^ il* X U

U) - u E & O H « - [I. 0) CP c

rH O a: z E (V 01 (U O u M Q -H ^ V4

>-i O o fl H Cb Dt, H n u « c

Ci- —

g

[d iJ ij

- M

9

C OJ u u a

M 3 -H (0 a: m o O -^ a i-> X iJ u

(N fM ^^ X s b w u Ui w

vy o

OJ o O rr-i O fn vo ^

r- tH iH rH H o > < — —

'

>* > > >* > >. >. X X X X X X X

nj to «u 9 9 9 3 3 33 (0 (fl a a Q

H H H H H H H gggggyg M M t-H M

o: o: ce: o: a: a o: u u O a. a. Oi a O' a a

-,r--^—. OJ

o O » ^, ffl E in o n bb O n [JU " II- c a} ^D - F

^^ ^^ ^

3

u

rH O a <> u

d) o u

rH O n ^ u u n f. Cu —

fe n T

- u c o — re ;to \ ai Qi v> o w

0) o o m ni

r-t O rH ffl n H r^ 0. r~ T >* Q > rf 1 rf n X

» C H ^ ai 3

f5 fO fl o 0) Vh m H

m u u u c ^

(U to nj -H u 2 Q Q Q 3 w

£ £ £ E £ o o o o o o u o u a

rH ^ en ^ ^

(0 », m

JJ JJ o: n o: a h< Ed H X

u u

JJ O) w

P o — I o o o a Z in o O

- — o -O ^^ fc rn C

ii> - — -rl

gg H e- H e- f- o u

rH « ^

3 H

oi rH 01>

>

Q. a

o. H O a: u -H a: Q E B

0) O u 1 o a (1) 01 rH O o 3 V •u •d H H n H n u H rH -u rH

Cu —

g

T3 -iH M g s:

- Ci3 C V> OJ a o LI «

•H Of i: m o — 3 3 X H H H OS m g

rg IN U (J a (U v> o to 4J

<D O o Ol in 'J [^ OD {j\ n

rH O H (0 in — -a H n ^ •xi in u> a

H Q > 1 k o X !C £ i 'C !Ctl 3 ^ 1 Cd 3 E- 3

>< > >» >* > >* >• -- c o X X X X X X X «• 0)

ffl U iJ •s u li t- 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

a: 0) X u m « « H s g

t- H H H E- H H u u z Q Q Q 2 3 o a: w

o -^ ^ ^ O a

ct: H gggggggg. H E e: E c Oi cu X M M M »-( M J

CL o o O H o w Oi ce: ci: a: a. cd. 0! O u o o U 3 iu 2 a ex cw a a. a Oj £a

o in o in o oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLno mo^oorHr^r^J^^^r^^n^rfulln»x)U)c^p-a)a)cT\moo^^^^f^J(Nf^m^^Ju^u^>J)vD^-•r•aJaJmo^oor^r^^^JfN^^fnv^r 0^<TlOlO^C^mmc7^00000000000000000000HrHrHr^^^r^HrHrHHrHHHH^^Hr^H^^H^^J^gMf^Jf^Jf^J^^10Jr^^^J^^l<^JfN^N(N^N(N(^^^N

rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHHHHrHrHHHrHrHiHHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHiHiHrHrHr-IHHHHHHHrHrHr-trHrHrHrHcHrHHrHrHrHrHrHrHHHrHrHrHrHHHH'rHH

1^ — M

'— -H X U

e e — ^

ij a 0} 0) me T3 Q

01 01 rH E rH F U CQ OJ 11 ai

--H iJ - 01 OJ

ji: c T) IH u m m N fi

OJ 2 u T. r>

"

X II u

<( tsi H <( N u u b J

(If ffl H c n OJ r; n < QQ (11 [1] ?;

4J ;< X + +

^f X X X ij H X X

-rt 01 01 ^ ^ U a T! •n c JJ JJ CTl r: c

•H c rH -H -H ^ u

n 0. 01 01 OJ

F= in w n * n (11 (11 01 ffl n z H Q a = OJ J iJ

CJ 01 01 o

J S IH «a:DQMHW<CQNH

rH X

H H e- < O H M < O H

F > o

JJ

iJ ^ ^

01 u in n J rf w u

t- C/) tb OJ

inoinoinoinoinoinoino-. WW. ^ fNriro^^inin«>>^r-[^a)co(yvcnoorH

VOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOGOCOCOGOCO oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoino-.t o__.in o in o

'^^ —' —''-'^>^rom^T^lnLn\DvDt^r-cocoo^CT^oorHr^.,., COCOCOSVOOCOCOCOCOOOCOSSCOCSCOCOCOCOS

I o in o in o in

> in in u) vo p* r~

I S A tD V CO 00 oinoinoinoin ffl(DCT^O^OOr^rH CDCOcoffiC^o^c^o^

<XiC0C0C0a3COCD<ZI iHrHrHrHrHrHHrH

I o in o in o in

97
— E ta \Dn ID D

i-( a ^ a o V

</y 01 c & ° * ^ 0) u •H o m M r^ H

u w i-( C Dl 3

>i) rH A C ffl iH

« < U u US u 10 >4 U xJ HI U

Mo- U X

rn 01 Tl * 9 H CB rs B m u m

« H u (0 u

0) u — .J f- a E a

r-t </> y " Efi r <J

u) — to « w M o

r^ n tH o

u •u C

S u •» M

H — H ri g

- H - M m m

CU B . O o «>

Ci. « rt rl M o

O « — — H H

- >< > M » « Q X X CO O fNJ 00

>:) IS cq q «

en S 13 3 H H

«) "1 ^- H a H H o Pi fH o O ^ to CO o

fo a £ 2 H H H a. £

>H H M M O! M D o: « §

M

OS •-< y i^a y iJ 03 S

u: o oi oi b Oi (J E > a a a u a. C

— <M 10 <0 — J J s

10 • c «

6 p u

(0 p XJ

ta £ >~i fl x: a

<0 JJ n rH i-> Q« u fO

0) OJ a> 0! M ^ O M H CO «> O AJ u <u iJ IM u H H — « o CQ K 0) CO — '^ OH 2 .H U U C E b b 0) V> 4) O — t-4 10 rt rt 5 .H o j:

•0 2 H «• H 4J tu 10 E u IM (0 u

-H - — U a 1— 01 iS

M B Wt H -H 3 - T5 rH 3 c >,

*J CN iJ J - d! 10 U « 01 10 u

c - H tr E 10 -H •g;5 3 o — u TJ « tH o U V H a u Of t a o o w > c k u> 01 > u 10 01 > > (0 Z in o > « -H &h a, irH a O

- — O 1 u c I - u Z H u u z i'^ -^ Cu m «J C p - 41 ys - — u -o C « e "

IN

10 -. -. -.

iJ •H —

r-l — p. 1 W 2 H -H o - 1 u H o ca v> - . M K V> <M 0) 0) vc HOBiOCCauUTJ •a 6 r-^ B \ 01 O U 1 u o 1 - to « H rH < — o < •« .H O O tM - W S iJ . 0) iJ — m iJ r^fnM0)>[-.ocOi B.— f-.U02TJ3> - u 2 1 o: " c o <* X !« "- E 01 ' C H 0£ X -H E X 3 a m a: . 4J -H . „ . M > . . -rt O 2 H u o Q U U Q U

o — - > a 2 ^ ca rt - U 1 - M(N— ^UO ^M X Q H — Q r CU — Q — *— -r^O)h•^<"^0)OJ P u H* t a in •* yj «-o -3 a«coiJ4j £ 2 - - e- 2 - 0)00--^-^ -OIIOIO M U H « < H rH « fN HOH(001o;(0'OT3 < H g^ • SS^ « * -Hm— u — •« >iJ HCa lio^iuas >• o z >• O >" Q > rt H jj iM III OJ rH X 2 M rH X 2 X

(0 to lace u E \\\-H imooioj 1 -H :;9 w - u a S3 lOioiOiJtJij'Ooia) 3 W C [- a n c H D H uuuTt-Mncuu 1 3 01 3 mioioccu-Hou OQQMMWSmW •ac (0 Sfeg-SSggg iJ M M 3 ci. o: a 1 b< a a, a: sssssssss H M a a u M a a a

U «-( «u

3 B 3 B -1 >

U N U X ^

o

01 O 0) IN 0) o

> B > > 1 - •M z <T Z c » OJ K — u b

s?l

I u S

•H O

X TJ

o; ciH

Z' Z ^' Z'

feMfe

l-H feM pfn H

o. ooooooooo o ouuuooouu

§

>• o g>« §

M

S

u

c IJ m s

M D H

H

c

3 a H D

feS

u oo fefeS M i-t t-4 M M

CU

Of fia. a.Of

a,

o in O in O tn O in o in o in O in O in O in o in o in o in O in O in O in o in o in o in o in O in O in O in O in o in O in O in O in o in o in O in o in o in o in V£ r- r- CD to m (ft O o rH rH f*i ^ * in \o U) r- [^ CD CD a\ o\ o o rH in 1^ r^ CD rH H

\£ u> u> VC VO <« U) UJ \B VD vo lij «> «) r- r* r* r- r- r- r^ r- r- r^ r^ r- r- t^ r- r- r- r- r- r- CO CO to 00 CD CD CD CD CD CD 00 CD <£ CO CO QO CD (T^ (^ ffv t^ Ov

rH H H tH iH H rH H rH

o\

rH

<r\ rH rH a\

rH iH rH s rH mrH »-t f-i rH H rH »H rH

<T\ rH rH H rH rH iH m 0\

rH rH rH rH 0^rH

(TV H rH H tH(T\ H(TV rHffv rHav

rH

<Tv <TV rH

ffv (TV rH rH

(TV (TV rHffv ffv

rH rH <—

</> <U •n 7:

1 u

c . u

3 o 1 n o o » r o

o Tl

.—

,

Ch C S

cs ^

s

H o PC o

C} o a 1 rH o ^ 3

Ou — H ' - cd fe;

« 1 < 10 10 m Tl » 01 XJ u u c

n n m

1 •n Q Q M It c ^ "^ \ M

» n 1- z z y >

o P< o o <) (> T3 (" o o o u u

C Oi CU X

Tl z

-H

1 U

C ^ ^

n o 1 o o o t y o o o Tl

Ct. C. -H

:il <N fr 3

CD o: It V o Da 1 ^ o n » H m

Cb a 0£ (X

ro ^ in vo r^ (Tl (0 — T3 (NOOCDCDtDCOVD Dt XXXXXXM-OJ

sasasss £ HtHHtHtHHUO

a< Ot ch di

v> o - to

0) o o tp

rH O rH rtJ Q > << I

*( fl (TJ fd "O

OQ iJ JJ 4J C 2 Q Q a 3 H Z £ £ £ 0.0000 o u o u u

i

•rH w n H

c (> s n n q: u o:

T. a CL, a: u * u

OJ

'1. •^ in *. r- c^ _

(8 -0

in in in VO n. — ^ ^

m 3

1 >- > >* >^ >* >* C X X X X X X w 0)

Tl 7! « h

1 u1 2

» c o rr 3 t > Tl 0) O o o C

T- in o [b n 3

Cb 01 \D F- ^

H

iJ

V)- f) OS 1) o

OJ o u 1 o n 1 Jj •H M IJ c

U.

fe Tl u C

IJ O .c (N

01 O to J-) at o m fl rH n H ffl Tl -H rO — rH U.

oe-Hf-HE-E-'OO

X>HI-tM»-tt-H»HHj Zo<o.o.o.o<o<o.u

< (0 IQ m TJ 0) m iJ jj iJ c h

E- £ £ £ Z £

0. o o o o o

o u u u o u

inoinotnoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoLnoinoinoinoinoinoin <^oo^Hr^fNf^lmmv'Jlnln^olo^^t^cDcD(^l(7^ooHrH(N(Nr*>n^Vlnln\£>^x)

O^O^C^O^O^ffvO^O^CT^CT^O^O^O^C^O^O^O^C^O^O^O^CTvCT\CTvCT^O^CTvO^Olff>j^c^o^cvo^ oinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoin ^^^-cooo{J^o^ooHlHfMo^nm^^ln^nlOlDr*r-oocD(Tvo^ootH^HrlI(N <i'^v^^^ininininLninininininininininininininininvi)vi)ipvo**i*

o^0vo^CT^o^o^o^o^o^o^ CTvO^O^O^CTvO^CT^O^CT^O^CT^CT^CTv(Tvff^CTvO^CTl0^ffvCTv 98
m u

0) 0)

&6

gg ^ O CO c o o a u E

>. a

XJ >, u a h u 3

3 5, M m

J3 iJ 0) O

u a tn o n u

(0c (0

ca u

01 >; i-» •n •n 0) o 01 01

ffl > (U en en

<) gj n £i 0) 0) H a: M O a: a:

H O <H a > >< H w z S3

0> K o X ns o X

tn o u Id r; O u ?. o o b z M o b. z o

ij ex. ^1 b o .

<i) o Q m w I CO O Z Cd JJ Q Cfa J M M M O •-»

H '*• O U

Q V)- M 2

U H nl U

E ^ -H X

M ^ J3 H

E- (N .

II <rt- w

O H H Q

Id — at: M r^ U Cfl w w ci

(U > a w >« H

ai u z 5 u u

c it: M o « oi

".&

-.?g

in . 01 —

OJ H > u

h a 01 T1 z II T)

ffl z •n _ m

Ot m td n) IT, (U u 7-. iS

OJ rH a; z

en z ti H

ij ai o OJ o m ffl o w T3 Z

^

> ^ c a affl

jj 2 o n a M

tn J J w n [14 m J tji J z a: a< M s

>

a: g M

u^Olnou^Olnolnou^ou^Olnou^ou^ou^Olnolnolnolnou^ou^Olnomomolnou^o^nolJ^ou^ou^ou^OlnoLnou^o^noul0^rlOu^ o^oOr^I^rsJ^«^rnro^^lnu^vDvD^*^^c»commoOl^lHf^^f^^fn^^^rrlnu^^a^>^^r^coa)c^o^oOl^r^f^^Mrnrl^^^nLnu)\Dt^^^

f^J^^J^^JM^-J^-^MrJ^^^f^Jfsr^lM<NO^MM^'lMMr^f^Jf-JOlf^^f^^rs(^Jf*lrgr*o^r*^^>^<N(N^gf>^OJr^^^lM ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

5 S

g M di 01 01 a

AJ i: ffl Z Ci. w 01 o o

>i -H m a >. 01 01

BSb

,^ Q Q s

,^

r- rs v>

i; o 1 c o

s < r- > 11 •n >H X Z c >< s Ol 1 S

H D 3 H

g = -H >

u 3

rH rH 3 T 3 > 3 ^ 3 —

(0 U U 3 u m rH u to -H -^ -H • H

U (N 4) <U 01 u — 0) —

0) - > + > U) > QJ JJ > vj a xj U n + n a c o at w c E x u T. w u E -n - u rH — ~^ — ffl

O Q ~ •» ~

DH3HDH3CDf-D

MAJ MMtHI-ll-tHU tHUI-HI-l UCIuoSOIQiBSaSOiBblXBia: aUMOiCuoia<p<a4UMii<a<cbp

H c OJ O OJ 0) A

< H > > > o H vj o on lOazzZKSD.

g?: r4 \£> (N r- D V> O r-t 3t rH it I « X X z

>*X g>*X 9.

•o

c: 01

0) s w 9 w T _. f- D f- D w gggg Cb -

M M M

(li o: 01 o: b & a, CL y 01

ti TJ

z3 3

U & Oj S^ «

Q O Q rH

«M H *w H «4-l O 03 «i-i U Cd «-i W O M W O

2 S^ o M

u> o

H rH O

v> <u •o z r-i H

w

iJ c - 3 o o

n o O > X li^ o - ca o u c TM b-

«) - r> ^ 2 ^ r^ ^

w Z

<» - k4 o:

rH O o: c u Tl

0) O u u o M ^ o n

rH m

u z

tn

b. —

- Ed fe CC M 4

o — - > ^

. n H U 0) TJ

r-t O rH CQ Ct;

«4 ffl ffl ffl ^

I C ffl

I to OJ H

4j 0) i3 U iJ -H ffl in O aooooooo ouuuuuuu

s-^

w a

> CO Ell O)

II II q: J

>> >. o to U U Ui '

^ u m 01

O. ffl H

3 OJ O

u a z &g

CO OQ oi/ioi/ioinoi/ioinoinoino

CT^O^CT^O^O^O^O^O^OOOOOOOtJ^J^J (T\CT^0%(T\CT\m(Tl(riOOOOOOOOOO rHrHHrHrH»HrHHfNfNrMfNfN(NfNr>)(N(N

inotnoL/>oiAoi/ioi/iOLnoinoin m^^l^tmvD^,D^^r^(D(t)CT^c^oorHrH " OOOOOOOOOOOHrHHrHrHHHr-lrH — —oooooooooooooooooo (N(N(N<N<N(NO)MOirM(N(N<N(NfM(N(NIN

v-. u. ^ ui _^LnoinoLnoi/iomoi/ioi/)Oi/>OLnoLnoi/i ^Trini/i>,DVDr^r-a)cD(Ti(rioorHH<N(Nf*imirTrinmu)vDr^t^cDco LnoinoinoinoLnoin

rHi-lrHr-lrHrHrHrHrHrH(NfM(NfN oooooooooooooo fjmfNfNINfSfNfNfNfNfNjrjCNIN

99
ss tf Sh PS >« m ^ ^ m

X -^ -r H + + o o o p O O O H Cij OJ fN O O O O

+ + o o o H fa

iH rH t-t rH rH (N m

—. o H r-t rH e « O O H H rH E o: o^ Z Z 11 II II « u z z II II II o: u

H "-' —

- e > ?^ m ^ H § g > H M P^ H S

V4 of Oi o + + + a: o OJ « + + + OS O

<u H H iH O M r1 H H O M

V4 T) £ s: O W Bi E £ o o o (0 o: Z (fl M M iH z z z M M Z Z Z nsag H H Q Q — H H

S

E g e <c < H

« oi oi 2 £ w

u ca g E E < •<

oi oj 2 S fi g g

tnoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoinotnoinotn u>r-t^cooomaioorHrH(NCNr)m^^LninvD*i)r^r» (^ma^ayo^o^o^oooooooooooooooo OOOOOOOHHrHHHHHiHHiHrHHiHiHrHH (N<NO)(NfNrM(N(NrN(N<NO)rMfN»f>»fN<N<NfNf*)<NO)(N

iJ iJ M «w <t-i 0) (1) 0) N r-i rH

<«-i m n uu u.

cJ B

•rf c c

(0 >! >> c a a n (0

0) <U 0)

ti ^ ^

3 ^aCQ CO

a> H -H m O O

I ^ to &

3 o

O o ~ o o > o > I o ^

. = •§

C C in p

IQ (U O M

tDTJ > 4J U XJ 10 [0 [0 U) O «W 01 B C Z 01 9J > O to

(« U O -O O 4-> -H -H

01 Z HI a a

H c c o »4 in -H -H 0) 1 g

• c c a k< p p X Q

Z H H « M ft.

01 91 SS

•o — —

3d

Du Du - O O AJ

w vj <M o: o 0£ C U T3 M

OJ o U M -WO o O - iJ - W

-H U

Cu s§?g u g « < M

M - u

o > \ ja O \ o) n H 0) ID ^ o iJ 4J Oj

0) o o \ m (0 > iH o H to TJ TJ o: u iJ o< Qi

(1) rf IM (033^ m Q > < iJ 1 UN

lu to c c

OJ Ul 1 <U 0) to b: < (0 (TJ ITJ iJ 0) 0) u o o o m 4J U -H i-i V4 n) g =

(0 (0 (0 C CJ O iJ O Q Q M to CO u « o \ ^ \ -^ ^ 01 > Cd b.

• w rH

AJ f- £ £ £ £ -H H H H

m o 8 U 8

o o o o

u u u u Q ^i^

—. -^ ^ ono —

gs

U > > k4 C T? O

01 U U C "O ~

>J M H U CO

A B n o II

Pi oi z »: (0

^ £ in o 91 0> CO o 4» w W «

H

0)

-rH faO

o

o

o

m

0!M

u

*» O

n

F 0) o O ^ o H

Tl H i-t B rH X-l IM ()

10 U > •« z in

o: U

R

ffl nJ 10 z a) o o

JJ u u •n

(11 m a: « z U U u b3 0) 6 > w o ^ n a o!

II H r r

K

rH r >; o o o M M

-q o u u u - M z - • Q D

M fa b: oi omoi/>oinoij^oino

rofo«a'«a»mi/iw)VDr«r-a) ooooooooooo r4{N<NMINf>l(N<N<N(NIN

inou^omou^omoinotnoinoifioinotnoi/ioinoirioirioinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoinoi/ioinoinoino cocAmooHH<NiNrnrn*^inin^fivDt^t^(»oomo>ooHrH<Nr^f'>po^"rtnmu)VDr^t^a)co<TNa\ooHHf^)o)mro^^iniri«> ^.D^ovo^-^-r^p*^^r-^-^*^-t^^'^"^*^*[^r^^^^"f-'r^cocooocooooooooo^cowoooDcoffloocDcocoooo^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^o^ff^o^o^o^ oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo rif^iMr»i(Nr«iiNf^io)fS(NO)f>iCNcNf^)r>)r«tf'){Nf^if^rsr>*rjr>j(NMMOiiNOir*MMrNO)<N<Nf^)r*ir>io^

100
APPENDIX E. CaUbration Report

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Boulder, Colorado

REPORT OF CALIBRATION

COAXIAL THERMISTOR MOUNT

^IST Model CN, Serial No. 05

Submitted by:

Customer's Name

Customer's Address

Customer's City. State and Zip

The measurements were performed under ambient environmental conditions of approximately

23°C and 40 percent relative humidity. The uncertainty of the calibration frequency

is 1 ppm. The thermistor mount is operated at its designated resistance and is allowed

to attain thermal equilibrium before beginning the test.

Effective efficiency rie is defined as the ratio of the bolometrically substituted dc

power in the thermistor mount to the net rf or microwave power delivered to the

thermistor mount.

The effective efficiency of the thermistor mount was measured using the NIST automated

coaxial microcalorimeter. Two connect-disconnect measurements were made in the

microcalorimeter. On the first connect, measurements were made at five test

frequencies. The frequencies are 0.1, 3, 10. 15 and 18 GHz. On the second connect the

measurements at the five test frequencies were repeated. The results of the second

series were compared with the first and found to agree to better than ±0.1 percent.

Then with the device still connected, the measurements were done at the full set of

desired frequencies and these results are reported in Table 1. All the measurements

were made at a power of 10 mW. Detailed descriptions of the calibration procedure, the

system hardware, and the uncertainty evaluation process are found in references [1 - 3].

Test No. cn05_84

Date of Test: March 28. 1994

Reference:

Page 1 of 8 loi Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN, Serial No. 05

The uncertainties associated with the measurement of ri^ are grouped in two categories

according to the method used to estimate their numerical values [4]. The Type A

evaluations of standard uncertainty are based on a statistical analysis of measurement

results. The Type B evaluations of standard uncertainty are based on other methods.

The standard uncertainties obtained by either the Type A or the Type B evaluations are expressed as a standard deviation.

The Type A evaluation of standard uncertainty in the measurement process is based on repeated measurements of another identical Model CN used as a check standard. The

random effects are due to voltmeter resolutions, connector nonrepeatability, long term

system variations, and system noise. This standard uncertainty is estimated to be 0.032

percent, independent of frequency. The estimate is subject to change in the future as additional measurements are made on the check standard.

The Type B evaluation accounts for uncertainties in the microcalorimeter correction

factor and the associated measurement instrumentation. These estimates of standard

uncertainty are based on measurement results and manufacturer's instrument

specifications.

A combined standard uncertainty is calculated as the RSS (square root of the sum of the

squares) combination of all the uncertainty components from both categories. The

expanded uncertainty given in Table 1 is obtained by multiplying the combined standard

uncertainty by a coverage factor of 2 and can be calculated using the equation.

U = 4.46 X 10" f

2 + 5.34 x 10"^ f + 0.180,

where U is the uncertainty in percent and f is the frequency in GHz.

For the Director,

National Institute of

Standards and Technology Approved by:

Robert M. Judish. Group Leader Fred R. CI ague

Microwave Metrology Group (303) 497-5778

Electromagnetic Fields Division

Test No. cn05_84

Date of Test: March 28. 1994

Reference:

Page 2 of 8 102 Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN, Serial No. 05

[1] Fred R. Clague. and Paul G. Voris, "Coaxial reference standard for microwave

power," NIST Technical Note 1357. 1993 . (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington

DC 20402-9325 or NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161).

[2] Fred R. Clague, "Microcalorimeter for 7 mm coaxial transmission line," NIST

Technical Note 1358. 1993 . (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 20402-9325

or NTIS, Springfield. VA 22161).

[3] Fred R. Clague, "A calibration service for coaxial reference standards for

microwave power," NIST Technical Note 1374. Mav 1995 . (U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington DC 20402-9325 or NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161).

[4] Barry N. Taylor and Chris E. Kuyatt, "Guidelines for evaluating and expressing

the uncertainty of NIST measurement results," NIST Technical Note 1297. 1993 . (U.S.

Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402-9325 or NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161).

Test No. cn05 84

Date of Test: March 28

Reference:

Page 3 of 8

1994

103 Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN. Serial No. 05

Table 1

Frequency Effective Type B Expanded

(GHz) Efficiency Uncertainty

(Percent)

Uncertainty

(Percent)

0.05 0.9922 0.11 0.21

0.10 0.9951 0.13 0.23

0.15 0.9957 0.14 0.24

0.20 0.9959 0.16 0.26

0.25 0.9959 0.17 0.27

0.30 0.9959 0.18 0.28

0.35 0.9959 0.19 0.29

0.40 0.9958 0.20 0.30

0.45 0.9957 0.21 0.31

0.50 0.9956 0.22 0.32

0.55 0.9955 0.22 0.32

0.60 0.9953 0.23 0.33

0.65 0.9951 0.23 0.33

0.70 0.9949 0.24 0.34

0.75 0.9947 0.25 0.35

0.80 0.9942 0.25 0.35

0.85 0.9936 0.25 0.35

0.90 0.9926 0.25 0.35

0.95 0.9916 0.25 0.35

1.00 0.9905 0.25 0.35

1.05 0.9895 0.25 0.35

1.10 0.9889 0.25 0.35

1.15 0.9889 0.25 0.35

1.20 0.9892 0.25 0.35

1.25 0.9896 0.25 0.35

1.30 0.9900 0.25 0.35

1.35 0.9903 0.25 0.35

1.40 0.9906 0.25 0.35

1.45 0.9907 0.25 0.35

1.50 0.9907 0.25 0.35

1.55 0.9907 0.25 0.35

1.60 0.9906 0.25 0.35

1.65 0.9903 0.25 0.35

1.70 0.9901 0.25 0.35

1.75 0.9898 0.25 0.35

1.80 0.9894 0.25 0.35

Test No. cn05 84

Date of Test March 28, 1994

Reference:

Page 4 of 8 104 Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN, Serial No. 05

Table 1. (con't)

Frequency Effective Type B Expanded

(GHz) Efficiency Uncertainty Uncertainty

(Percent) (Percent)

1.85 0.9889 0.25 0.35

1.90 0.9884 0.25 0.35

1.95 0.9879 0.25 0.35

2.00 0.9873 0.25 0.35

2.10 0.9863 0.25 0.35

2.20 0.9855 0.25 0.35

2.30 0.9851 0.25 0.35

2.40 0.9849 0.25 0.35

2.50 0.9849 0.25 0.35

2.60 0.9851 0.25 0.35

2.70 0.9852 0.25 0.35

2.80 0.9854 0.25 0.35

2.90 0.9855 0.25 0.35

3.00 0.9856 0.25 0.35

3.10 0.9855 0.25 0.35

3.20 0.9855 0.25 0.35

3.30 0.9853 0.25 0.35

3.40 0.9851 0.25 0.35

3.50 0.9849 0.25 0.35

3.60 . 9847 0.25 0.35

3.70 0.9845 0.25 0.35

3.80 0.9843 0.25 0.35

3.90 0.9840 0.25 0.35

4.00 0.9837 0.25 0.35

4.20 0.9831 0.26 0.36

4.40 0.9826 0.26 0.36

4.60 0.9821 0.26 0.36

4.80 0.9816 0.26 0.36

5.00 0.9811 0.26 0.36

5.20 0.9807 0.26 0.36

5.40 0.9802 0.26 0.36

5.60 0.9798 0.26 0.36

5.80 0.9793 0.26 0.36

6.00 0.9789 0.26 0.36

6.20 0.9785 0.26 0.36

6.40 0.9780 0.26 0.36

Test No. cn05 84

Date of Test: March 28, 1994

Reference:

Page 5 of 8 105 Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN, Serial No. 05

Table 1. (con't)

Frequency Effective Type B Expanded

(GHz) Efficiency Uncertainty

(Percent)

Uncertainty

(Percent)

6.60 0.9776 0.26 0.36

6.80 0.9771 0.26 0.36

7.00 0.9766 0.26 0.36

7.20 0.9760 0.26 0.36

7.40 0.9752 0.26 0.36

7.60 0.9743 0.26 0.36

7.80 0.9741 0.26 0.36

8.00 0.9741 0.26 0.36

8.20 0.9739 0.26 0.36

8.40 0.9735 0.26 0.36

8.60 0.9731 0.26 0.36

8.80 0.9727 0.26 0.36

9.00 0.9724 0.26 0.36

9.20 0.9721 0.26 0.36

9.40 0.9717 0.26 0.36

9.60 0.9713 0.26 0.36

9.80 0.9710 0.26 0.36

10.00 0.9705 0.27 0.36

10.20 0.9701 0.27 0.37

10.40 0.9697 0.27 0.37

10.60 0.9691 0.27 0.37

10.80 0.9687 0.27 0.37

11.00 0.9684 0.27 0.37

11.20 0.9681 0.27 0.37

11.40 0.9677 0.27 0.37

11.60 0.9674 0.27 0.37

11.80 0.9672 0.27 0.37

12.00 0.9670 0.27 0.37

12.20 0.9667 0.27 0.37

12.40 0.9663 0.27 0.37

12.50 0.9661 0.27 0.37

12.75 0.9654 0.27 0.37

13.00 0.9648 0.27 0.37

13.25 0.9642 0.27 0.37

13.50 0.9634 0.27 0.37

13.75 0.9624 0.27 0.37

Test No. cn05 84

Date of Test: March 28, 1994

Reference:

Page 6 of 8 106 Rev. 003
Coaxial Thermistor Mount

Model CN, Serial No. 05

Table 1. (con't)

Frequency Effective Type B Expanded

(GHz) Efficiency Uncertainty Uncertainty

(Percent) (Percent)

14.00 0.9612 0.27 0.37

14.25 0.9600 0.27 0.37

14.50 0.9595 0.27 0.37

14.75 0.9595 0.27 0.37

15.00 0.9593 0.27 0.37

15.25 0.9589 0.27 0.37

15.50 0.9583 0.27 0.37

15.75 0.9576 0.27 0.37

16.00 0.9568 0.28 0.38

16.25 0.9562 0.28 0.38

16.50 0.9557 0.28 0.38

16.75 0.9552 0.28 0.38

17.00 . 9545 0.28 0.38

17.25 0.9537 0.28 0.38

17.50 0.9527 0.28 0.38

17.75 0.9516 0.28 0.38

18.00 0.9501 0.28 0.38

Test No. cn05 84

Date of Test: March 28,

Reference;

Page 7 of 8

1994

107 Rev. 003
mC

CD

/—I >—

cn CD

(n

CO fO

CD

u

CD ^ ^

CD o CD

Oh

'cO S• 1—

• i-H X O

CO CO o o O ouo o

0^

CO

CO

0^

CD

CDW

(D

O

a 00 r^ CD in -^ CO ^9 05 05 c:^ 05 Gi CJ5 c;^

1—1 o o o O o o o No

CD

cr

CD

CT)

C=3>

CTi ^ C\J CO

Ln (_) (O s- u s:

4-> 00

OJ • I— CU M- • U O o M- c: ^ O OJ oo

+-> OJ OJ <D 00 -M 4- CD

CU 03 CL) 03 K- Q Qi a.

CO

108
APPENDIX F. Instrument Identification

Table Fl identifies the commercial instruments used in the automated calibration system at the time this

report was prepared. Items are listed as shown in figure 4.1. This identification does not imply

recommendation or endorsement by NIST, nor does it imply that the identified items are necessarily the

best available for the purpose.

Table F.l. Commercial instrument identification.

Item Manufacmrer Model

1 . Switch/Control Unit Hewlett-Packard 3488A

2. Digital Voltmeter Hewlett-Packard 3457A

3. Nanovoltmeter Keithley 181

4. NBS Type IV Power Meter - -

5. DC Voltage Reference Data Precision 8200

6. Microwave Locking Counter EIP 578

7. Microwave Source EIP 931

8. NBS Type II Power Leveler - -

9. Source and Meter Control Unit - -

Microwave Switch (See figure 4.2) Hewlett Packard P/N 33 102

A

109

*U.S. GOVERNEMI PRINTING OFFICE: 1995-673-018/00114

NISTTechnical Publications

Periodical

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology—Reports NIST research

and development in those disciplines of the physical and engineering sciences in which the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Papers

cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic

technology underlying standardization. Also included from time to time are survey articles on topics

closely related to the Institute's technical and scientific programs. Issued six times a year.

Nonperiodicals

Monographs—Major contributions to the technical literature on various subjects related to the Institute's scientific and technical activities. Handbooks—Recommended codes of engineering and industrial practice (including safety codes)

developed in cooperation with interested industries, professional organizations, and regulatory bodies.

Special Publications—Include proceedings of conferences sponsored by NIST, NIST annual reports, and

other special publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts, pocket cards, and

bibliographies.

Applied Mathematics Series—Mathematical tables, manuals, and studies of special interest to physicists,

engineers, chemists, biologists, mathematicians, computer programmers, and others engaged in scientific and technical work.

National Standard Reference Data Series—Provides quantitative data on the physical and chemical

properties of materials, compiled from the world's literature and critically evaluated. Developed under a worldwide program coordinated by NIST under the authority of the National Standard Data Act (Public

Law 90-396). NOTE: The Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) is published bi- monthly for NIST by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of Physics (AIP).

Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements are available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St., NW, Washington,

DC 20056.

Building Science Series—Disseminates technical information developed at the Institute on building

materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability

and safety characteristics of building elements and systems.

Technical Notes—Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of

the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NIST under the sponsorship of other government agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards—Developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce

in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The standards establish nationally recognized

requirements for products, and provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of

the characteristics of the products. NIST administers this program in support of the efforts of private- sector standardizing organizations.

Consumer Information Series—Practical information, based on NIST research and experience, covering

areas of interest to the consumer. Easily understandable language and illustrations provide useful background knowledge for shopping in today's technological marketplace.

Order the above NIST publications from: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402.

Order the following NISTpublications—FIPS and NISTIRs—from the National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB)—Publications in this series collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. The Register serves as the

official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NIST pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended. Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of

Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations).

NIST Interagency Reports (NISTIR)—A special series of interim or final reports on work performed by

NIST for outside sponsors (both government and non-government). In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor; public distribution is by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield,

VA 22161, in paper copy or microfiche form.
U.S. Department of Commerce

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use, $300