NBSIR 76-1021

Fire Spread Along A Mobile

Home Corridor

Edward K. Budnick

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1976

Interim Report

Sponsored in part by:

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards,

Office of Policy Development and Research,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 76-1021

FIRE SPREAD ALONG A MOBILE

HOME CORRIDOR

Edward K. Budnick

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

July 1976

Interim Report

Sponsored in part by:

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary

Edward O. Vetter, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director

UNITED STATES DEPARTMEIUT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

Date: August 17, 1976

MEMORANDUM FOR: Printing and Duplicating

FROM:

Center for Fire Research {J

Carol Thompson ^ .

225 - B40

SUBJECT: Expediant printing of NBS report No. 76-1021

Attached is a manuscript by E. Budnick entitled "Fire Spread Along a Mobile Home Corridor." The author needs at least 100 copies to distribute at a meeting by the 25th of August. Therefore, we would like the

attached manuscript printed in-house with a RUSH status. Via conversation

with Mr. Rabbit, we were told this was possible.

Thank you.

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES V

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 4 2.1. Test Configuration 4 2.2. Test Criteria 5 2.2.1. Temperature 5 2.2.2. Carbon Monoxide Concentration 5 2.2.3. Oxygen Depletion 6 2.2.4. Smoke Concentration 6 2.3. Measurements 6 2.4. Ignition Source 7 2.5. Interior Finish Test Materials 8

3. CORRIDOR TEST PROCEDURE 8

4. LABORATORY TESTS 8

5. TEST RESULTS 9

je. DISCUSSION 9 6.1. Analysis 9 6.1.1. Fire Growth and Spread 9 6.1.2. Temperature Data 11

6.1.3. Incident Heat Flux 13

6.1.4. Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Concentrations 13

6.1.5. Smoke Density 14

6.2. Laboratory Testing of Materials 14

7. SUMI4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS 14

|8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15

9. REFERENCES 15

|APPENDIX A. CHRONOLOGICAL TABULATION OF TEST OBSERVATIONS 36

'[APPENDIX B. VERTICAL GAS TEMPERATURE PROFILES 42

llAPPENDIX C. THERMOCOUPLE DATA FROM THREE THERMOCOUPLE TREES

POSITIONED ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE

TEST CORRIDOR 4 6

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Floor plan of mobile home test unit 17

Figure 2. Detail of test corridor 18

Figure 3. Typical corridor test setup, illustrating the location

of the ignition source 19

Figure 4. Typical corridor test setup illustrating the positioning

of the ignition source in a corner configuration 19

Figure 5. Illustration of the initial fire growth resulting from

ignition of a 6.4-kg wood crib 19

Figure 6. Comparison of air temperature in center of corridor vs average air temperature 20

Figure 7. Time temperature curve at center of corridor (TC 37) . . . 21

Figure 8. Time temperature curve at entrance to bedroom No. 1

(TC 41) 22

Figure 9. Illustration of results of Test No. 2 23

Figure 10a. Illustration of damage along interior and exterior

corridor walls in Test No. 5 23

Figure 10b. Illustration of damage in the immediate area of the

ignition source in Test No. 5 23

Figure 11a. Illustration of damage along interior and exterior

corridor walls in Test No. 9 24

Figure lib. Illustration of damage in the immediate area of the

ignition source in Test No. 9 24

Figure 12. Time from alarm by single station smoke detector to

untenable temperature conditions 25

Figure 13. Carbon monoxide concentrations in center of bedroom

No. 1, 4 minutes elasped time 26

iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure 27

Table 2. Effects of Oxygen Depletion , 27

Table 3. Description of Materials and Laboratory Test Results. ... 28

Table 4. Test Conditions for Full-Scale Mobile Home Corridor Tests . 29

Table 5. Results of Full-Scale Mobile Home Corridor Tests and

Observations of Full-Scale Mobile Home Corridor Tests ... 30

Table 6. Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Concentrations — Mobile Home

Corridor Tests 31

Table 7. Time at Which Untenable Condition was Reached . . 32

Table 8. Location of Instrumentation 3 3 Table 9. Test Data, Mobile Home Corridor Tests 34

Table 10. Metric Equivalents 35

V

FIRE SPREAD ALONG A MOBILE HOME CORRIDOR'

Edward K. Budnick

Abstract

A series of tests was conducted in the corridor area of a typically constructed mobile home. These tests were designed to:

(1) evaluate the performance of a variety of combinations of wall

and ceiling materials as a result of exposure to a typical ignition in a full-scale mobile home corridor, and (2) determine

the relationship between full-scale tests and laboratory flammability tests, particularly the ASTM E-84 tunnel test, a measure

of surface flame spread.

The tests were restricted to one set of conditions in which the

living room at the end of the corridor was exposed to a fire resulting from ignition of a standardized 6.4-kg (14-lb) wood crib. Nine

tests were conducted with seven different combinations of wall and

ceiling materials.

Performance of the various combinations of wall and ceiling

materials was examined based on the time to reach untenable con- ditions in the corridor. Measurements utilized in evaluating

levels of tenability included gas temperatures, surface temperatures, irradiance, concentrations of oxygen and carbon monoxide,

and smoke densities.

Under this set of test conditions, it was found that the extent

of fire spread and the time to reach untenable conditions are significantly influenced by the surface flame spread characteristics of

the wall and ceiling finish materials in the corridor.

For a mobile home corridor with conventional wall and ceiling

linings (ASTM E-84:FSC = 200 max), untenable conditions were reached

in the corridor in less than four minutes. With class A (FSC = 25

max) wall and ceiling materials in the corridor, untenable conditions were not reached.

Key words: Corridor fire test; interior finish material; intumescent coating; life safety; mobile home; smoke detector; surface

flame spread.

1. INTRODUCTION

Fire loss statistics indicate that fire safety may be a special problem

1 mobile homes. While the fire incidence rate is generally no greater, the

Lfe and property loss due to fire in mobile homes has been estimated at three

3 five times greater than that of the conventional "stick-built" residence

L,2,3]2.

"his work was supported in part by funds provided by the U.S. Department of

lousing and Urban Development and by the Mobile Home Manufacturers Association.

Jumbers in brackets refer to the literature references at the end of this

oaper.

1
Various design and structural features appear to be possible contributors to this problem, although no extensive research studies have, as yet,

been performed to evaluate these possibilities.

While most residential fires are initially localized and small in size,

the design characteristics inherent in mobile homes, such as fire load density, room geometry, and combustible finishes may provide the potential for

rapid fire development, resulting in higher temperatures, smoke, and toxic

gas generation in a relatively short period of time.

The typical design of a single-wide mobile home includes a corridor

leading from the kitchen and living room into the sleeping areas. While the

length of the corridor depends primarily on the number and location of bedrooms, the maximum length may range from 4.3 to 7.6 m (14 to 25 ft). The

ceiling height is typically 2.1 to 2.3 m (7 ft to 7 ft 6 in). There is no test data available which provides an indication of how a fire which enters

the corridor area in a mobile home will progress. The fire could be vented

due to failure of a window in the corridor, or possibly burn up through the

ceiling and out the roof, resulting in limited fire spread. However, fire

testing experience in other types of occupancies indicate that the narrow

corridor width, normally 71 cm to 81 cm (28 in to 32 in) , and the combustible

surface finish on the walls and ceiling may provide a tunnel-like passage for

the spread of flame, hot gases and smoke to other parts of the mobile home.

The role of the mobile home corridor as a passageway from one area to

another is a critical life safety feature. Statistics indicate that approximately 42 percent of mobile home fires occur during the sleeping hours [4].

The effectiveness of the corridor in not contributing to early fire spread

resulting from a fire originating in the kitchen or living room area to the

bedroom area may be a factor in reducing the potential hazard to life since

it is the primary means of egress from the sleeping area. The 1975 edition of the Standard for Mobile Homes (NFPA 501B, ANSI

A119.1) [5] limits the surface flame spread rating on all wall and ceiling

surfaces to a maximum value of 20 0 when tested in accordance with the Standard

Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

(ASTM E84-70) [6] . However, a correlation between the flame spread rating and

the contribution of the interior finish to fire growth under most full-scale

conditions has not been established. In a recent study of fire growth in rooms. Fang [7] showed that full involvement of a room containing a single

door opening could be represented by an upper room gas temperature of 450 to

650 °C (842 to 1202 °F) , and that this could occur if the flame spread rating

of the wall materials was less than 200 as well as in those cases where the

flame spread rating was greater than 200. While the configuration was not

representative of a corridor it does indicate the possibility that a flame

spread value of 200 may not be a valid criterion.

Extensive research has been conducted to examine many of the characteristics of corridor construction which may influence the spread of fire.

In 1964 and early 1965, a series of three full-scale tests was conducted

by the Forest Products Laboratories of the U.S. Department of Agriculture to

examine the effects of fire performance of various wall linings in a 3.4 m

wide by 22 m long by 9.5 m high (11 x 72 x 31 ft) corridor with a noncombustible ceiling [8] . The results of the tests indicated that with an ignition

source consisting of two 113-kg (250-lb) wood cribs, the time to flashover

did not vary appreciably when the walls were constructed of gypsum, 1/4-in

hardboard,^ or 15/32-in red oak planking. This would indicate that under

conditions where there is a high fuel loading, flashover is not appreciably

affected by the use of any of these three wall and ceiling assemblies.

See table 10 for metric equivalents; where the value is descriptive of a particular material or item, English units will be used in the text.

2
McGuire [9] conducted a series of corridor tests in 1967 to investigate

the fire spread characteristics of various combinations of ceiling, wall and

floor materials. He concluded that flooring materials with a flame spread

value less than 200 (ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test) did not appreciably influence the

flame spread rate along a corridor. However, the types of materials used on

the walls and ceiling did significantly affect the flame spread rate, with

the walls showing the most influence. The ASTM E-84 flame spread values for

the wall and ceiling materials varied, but were primarily less than 200.

j While the full-scale tests did correlate with the values of the ASTM E-84

j flame spread rating, attempts to develop a 1/4-scale model during this test

j series were not promising due to the difficulties in scaling.

{ Christian and Waterman [10] conducted a series of full-scale corridor

tests in 1970 to determine the effect of varying the location and area of a wall finish with a flame spread value of 90 (ASTM E-84) on flame propagation

along the corridor. The tests included ceiling materials having a flame

I spread of either 0 or 25, and various wall configurations using the 90 flame

I spread material including: (1) 90 flame spread material below the wainscot

and noncombustible material above; (2) 90 flame spread material and noncomI bustible material alternated in four-foot vertical strips from floor to

ceiling; and (3) 9 0 flame spread material on the total wall. It was conj eluded from these tests that various combinations of the above test condii tions can successfully restrict flame propagation in a 1.8-m (6-ft) wide

corridor. However, the test results indicated that when a ceiling material

I of flame spread 25 was used, any of the wall combinations resulting in greater

than 50 percent of the surface area being covered with material having a

I flame spread rating of 90 resulted in propagation of flames over the entire

length of the corridor. It was further concluded that the hazard associated

: with various combinations of materials would be increased as the corridor

'width was reduced from 1.8 m (6 ft).

, Further full-scale testing by Waterman in 1972 utilizing a controlled

'[propane gas fire in a conventional 1.8 m wide by 16.8 m long by 2.4 m high

i corridor (6 x 55 x 8 ft) revealed that many materials with flame spread

'ratings in the ASTM E-84 Class B range (26-75) were capable of extending

propagation to full involvement of the corridor [11] . It was further con-

: eluded that wall materials having flame spread values less than or equal to

154 prevented progress of the fire to total involvement, and actually provided

I a level of performance similar to that for a Class A (0-25 flame spread)

I material.

These conclusions indicated that reliance on the classes of the ASTM E-84

Tunnel flame spread values (e.g., A = 0-25; B = 26-75; C = 76-200) established

ijby various building code and standards groups may not provide the anticipated

j level of fire safety. A further indication was that reliance on surface

Ij flame spread as a single criterion for limiting the fire hazard of interior

(finish materials may not necessarily provide an indication of the performance

(Of the materials in a full-scale corridor configuration. Further, the comjbined performance of a wall and ceiling may not be predictable from the

I individual surface flame spread rating of each material in accordance with

iithe ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test.

A considerable amount of experimental work has been done in full-scale

corridor testing at the National Bureau of Standards. However, to date these

.activities have been directed at corridor designs typically found in convenftional construction such as nursing homes and multi-story apartments. ExtenpSive experimentation has been performed to investigate thermal characteristics,

I fluid movement, flashover and many other phenomena associated with fire

growth, including energy and radiation modeling.

While these efforts both at the Bureau of Standards and other research

ijfacilities have provided a great deal of experimental information on fire

growth in corridors, the need exists to determine the fire growth character3
istics in a corridor of dimensions unique to mobile home design and the

relationship between these factors and the relative hazard classifications

based on the ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test. Since under normal conditions the corridor is free of any additional (movable contents) fire loading, the effectiveness of the corridor in not providing a means for early rapid flame spread is

primarily a function of geometry, the type of finish materials on the walls

and ceiling, and the characteristics of the fire exposure.

This test series was designed (a) to provide experimental data on the

relative performance of various combinations of wall and ceiling materials in

a full-scale mobile home corridor from exposure to a typical ignition; and

(b) to determine the relationship between the full-scale tests and several

laboratory flammability tests, including ASTM E-84, which is one of the

standard tests utilized to control interior finish materials.

In the test setup, the living room end of the corridor in a mobile home

was exposed to a fire resulting from ignition of a 6.4-kg (14-lb) wood crib.

This crib was used to simulate a medium sized chair (or a piece of upholstered furniture) typically found in residences but whose burning characteristics were more reproducible for a series of tests [12] . The crib was positioned to provide an exposure to the wall materials typical of that which

may occur from ignition of a piece of furniture positioned in a corner adjacent to a wall partition. Essentially, the tests were limited to one set of

conditions. The same type of ignition source and exposure was repeated for

each of nine tests, with the primary test variable being the type of finish

materials used on the walls and the ceiling.

This report is limited to tests of fire growth in mobile home corridors.

Other research areas which are being addressed include fires originating in

the bedroom and living areas, and on kitchen ranges.

2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS i

2.1. Test Configuration

The tests were conducted during the period from February to May 197 5 in

the corridor of a two-bedroom mobile home which was typical of mobile homes

constructed in accordance with the NFPA 501B standard in effect in 1972. The

basic floor plan of the 3.7 x 18.3 m (12 x 60 ft) mobile home is illustrated

in figure 1, providing details of instrumentation and equipment, and the

basic test setup, including the location of the ignition source. Partitions of noncombustible asbestos-cement board were installed from

floor to ceiling (identified by the symbol A in figure 1) to restrict the

fire spread to the corridor area. The noncombustible partition adjacent to

bedroom No. 2 in the dining area was installed over an existing partition,

while the other partition was constructed to obtain the corner configuration.

This was done to provide test data on the relative levels of performance of

a variety of combinations of wall and ceiling assemblies in which test con- ditions such as air movement and oxygen availability could be reproduced for

each test. Limitation of fire spread into bedroom No. 2 and the living room"

reduced the possibility of a significant change in test conditions due to

failure of a window or involvement of an excessive amount of fuel loading at

a location remote from the corridor test area itself.

The corridor measured 5.2 m in length, 0.76 m in width, and 2.1 m from

floor to ceiling (17 ft x 30 in x 7 ft) (see figure 2) . Within the corridor

area there was one exterior door, one door to bedroom No. 2, one door to the

bathroom, and one door opening into the furnace compartment. The three

hollow core interior doors were refinished by covering the doors with 5/32-

in lauan plywood over No. 26 manufacturer's standard gage sheet steel for all

nine tests. This was done to simulate the surface flame spread characteristics of a typical hollow core door without requiring replacement of the doors

4
after each test. These doors remained closed during the test. The door to

bedroom No. 1 was removed simulating an open doorway at the end of the corridor. The 10 cm (4-in) lintel extending down from the ceiling to the top

of the doorway remained at the entrance to bedroom No. 1.

The method for installation of the corridor materials was the same for

all nine tests. Figure 2 provides a detail of the corridor area. The corridor walls were lined with 1.2x2.1m (4x7 ft) panels, attached by staples

or nails to nominal 2 x 2 in pine studs, installed 40 cm (16 in) on center.

The exterior wall was insulated with 6.4 cm (2-1/2 in) (R-7) glass fiber

batts, containing an aluminum foil vapor barrier. Interior walls were not

insulated. The floor was constructed of 3/4-inch particle board, and covered

with vinyl asbestos floor covering. The ceilings were installed by fastening

the materials to nominal 1 x 2-inch pine furring strips, 30 cm (12 in) on

center. The furring strips were attached to the ceiling trusses, parallel to

the longitudinal axis of the corridor.

2.2. Test Criteria

Tenability test criteria were selected to evaluate the principal factors

affecting the life safety of occupants of the bedrooms in the event of a fire

originating in the living room or kitchen area in the mobile home. Performance of the various combinations of wall and ceiling materials installed in

the corridor was analyzed based on the time to reach untenable conditions

along the path of egress in the corridor. The conditions which were monitored

for untenability were temperature, incident heat flux, concentrations of carbon monoxide and oxygen, and smoke density.

2.2.1. Temperature

The most prominent characteristic of a fire is the increased temperature

due to the release of thermal energy. In terms of human exposure to elevated

temperatures this can result in dehydration, heat exhaustion, sloughing of

the trachea lining and hemorrhaging in the respiratory tract, skin surface

burns, and shock due to pooling of blood at the body surface [13,14].

Extensive research has been conducted involving investigation of thresholds for exposure to temperature which results in adverse physiological

effects. In the Los Angeles School Burns conducted in the 1950 's, a temperature of 65 °C (approximately 150 °F) at the five-foot level was selected as the critical temperature for teachers and children to enter and egress through

a corridor [15] . In fire tests conducted by the National Research Council of

Canada, 150 °C (approximately 300 °F) was considered the maximum level for

breathing. Temperatures at this level can be endured for short periods,

provided there is little moisture in the air. Further, experiments with

animals revealed that death occurs in two minutes when exposed to a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F) [16].

Based on this information, the temperature criterion selected as the

threshold for untenability in the mobile home corridor was 100 °C (212 °F)

.

2.2.2. Carbon Monoxide Concentration

Carbon monoxide (CO), while not the most toxic combustion gas, is produced in such abundant quantities in most fires that it is an important life

safety consideration. How much CO a human being can tolerate is a function

of both time and concentration. The threshold limit for exposure to carbon

monoxide for an 8-hour period is 50 parts per million (ppm) [17] . However,

in fires where ventilation is restricted, incomplete oxidation of carbon

occurs. This leads to concentrations of CO as high as 138,000 ppm [18].

5
Carbon monoxide poisons by asphyxiation; that is, it reduces the oxygencarrying ability of the blood by combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. Various effects of exposure to CO include dizziness, dimness of vision

nausea, increased pulse and breathing rates, loss of orientation, unconsciousness, convulsions and death [19].

Table 1 illustrates the physiological effects of exposure to CO [19]

.

This information reveals that a person's ability to function reliably can be

significantly affected by low levels of CO concentration. For this series of I tests, CO concentration in excess of one percent by volume (10,000 ppm) was ascertained to be an untenable condition in the corridor. I

2.2.3. Oxygen Depletion

Excessive reductions in oxygen are normally confined to the immediate

environment of the fire. Due to the geometry of the mobile home and the fact

that the test conditions included the closing of doors and windows before each

test, the oxygen depletion phenomenon may be significant throughout the unit.

Based on the physiological effects of reduction in oxygen as illustrated in

table 2, the threshold for minimum oxygen concentration for tenability in the

corridor was set at 14 percent.

2.2.4. Smoke Concentration

The type and concentration of smoke can produce a number of adverse

psychological and physiological effects. These include fear and confusion,

as well as eye irritation, respiratory tract swelling and irritation, and

difficulty in breathing. Smoke particles also absorb and scatter light,

thereby reducing visibility. The resultant effect on a person can be disorientation, accompanied by fear and anxiety [20].

What have been described are the two basic properties of smoke to be

considered regarding life safety (1) toxicity of the airborne particles produced from combustion, and (2) density, and its affect on visibility. According to J. H. McGuire [21], in general, highly toxic smokes are usually very

dense. Therefore, measurement of either property would provide information

regarding development of smoke and its effect on life safety. Optical density

per unit distance is primarily used to describe the concentration of smoke in

relation to visibility.

A thorough literature survey was conducted to determine the level of

smoke concentration representative of the threshold for untenable conditions

Based on this survey and the geometry of the mobile home, the smoke density

selected as the threshold for untenability for this series of tests was 0.26

OD/m (.08 optical density per foot). Optical densities in excess of this

level would result in conditions of visibility which would obscure physical

features and possibly disorient the individual [19,22,23].

2.3. Measurements

Observations were made of fire spread in the corridor, and continuous or periodic measurements were made of temperature, incident heat flux, carbon

monoxide (CO) concentration, oxygen (O^) depletion and smoke density along

the corridor and in bedroom No. 1. Figure 1 illustrates the location of

instrumentation utilized in monitoring the corridor tests. Figures 3 and 4 show the typical corridor construction prior to each test. Temperature was monitored at 30 locations in the corridor and 12 locations in bedroom No. 1.

Three thermocouple "trees" were located along the longitudinal axis of the

corridor to measure changes in the air temperature in the center of the cor- ridor at distances of 210, 188, 132, 91 cm (83, 74, 52 and 36 in) above

6
the floor. The thermocouples consisted of 20-gage Chromel-Alumel wires packed

in mineral insulation and enclosed in a 3.15 mm (0.124-in) diameter inconel

sheath.

The surface temperatures along the corridor walls and around the perimeter

walls of bedroom No. 1 at distances of 210, 188, 132 cm (83, 74, and 52

in) above the floor were also monitored. These thermocouples were constructed

of No. 24 gage Chromel-Alumel wires enclosed in glass fiber insulation.

A single thermocouple was positioned to monitor the changes in temperature

1.5 m (5 ft) above the floor at the back exit door. This thermocouple was

connected to a potentiometer which provided continuous monitoring of temperature rise at the rear exit door during each test.

Incident heat flux was measured by three Garden type, water-cooled, heat

flux transducers, positioned at the floor level at the entrance to the corridor, the entrance to bedroom No. 1 and at the center of bedroom No. 1. The

transducers faced the ceiling to provide experimental data on radiant and con- vective heat fluxes to the floor from the upper walls and ceiling.

4 Smoke density was monitored at three locations: (1) at the furnace

compartment, (2) the entrance to bedroom No. 1, and (3) the center of bedroom

No. 1. All three measurements were taken 1.5 m (5 ft) above the floor along

the latitudinal axis (perpendicular to corridor length) by monitoring the

attenuation of a horizontally aligned light beam on a photomultiplier tube.

Carbon monoxide concentration and oxygen depletion were monitored at the

entrance to bedroom No. 2 and in the center of bedroom No. 1. Carbon monoxide

was measured by continuously sampling the atmosphere, and passing the samples

through a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer. Oxygen was monitored at the

entrance to bedroom No. 2 by continuous sampling through a combustion gas

analyzer; oxygen was monitored in bedroom No. 1 by continuous sampling through

a wet cell oxygen analyzer. All gas samples were taken at a distance of 1.5 m

(5 ft) above the floor.

A commercially available ionization type smoke detector was installed on

the interior corridor wall at the entrance to bedroom No. 1, approximately

20 to 25 cm (8 to 10 in) from the ceiling.

All data collection activities were performed through use of a mobile

instrumentation van specially equipped with instrumentation for off-site fullscale fire testing. Carbon monoxide and oxygen were recorded continuously.

The remaining channels were recorded every 20 seconds, and later processed by

computer

.

Visual documentation of the tests was obtained by 16 mm color cinematography from two separate vantage points, closed circuit black and white videotape, and 35 mm still camera.

2.4. Ignition Source

A wood crib, weighing approximately 6.4 kg (14 lbs) and constructed of

28 pieces of 5 x 5 x 35 cm nominal hemlock (2 x 2 x 14 in) , was utilized

as the ignition source for all nine tests. The crib was selected based on experimental work conducted by J. B. Fang at the National Bureau of Standards

to simulate a fire due to the ignition of a small piece of incidental furniture; e.g., a small upholstered chair [12]. Fang concluded from his experiments that "the fire with a standardized wood crib can duplicate the essential

characteristics, such as burning time, temperature and heat flux levels and

the size and shape of the flame of typical incidental fires."

Exposure of the smoke meters to excessive heat and flame early in the tests

resulted in unreliable data and was therefore not included in the analysis.

7
Each test crib was conditioned at 70 °F and 50% relative humidity for a minimum of 7 2 hours prior to testing. Moisture content was measured for each

crib immediately preceding the test.

2.5. Interior Finish Test Materials

Four types of wall materials and three types of ceiling materials were

selected for testing. The materials were selected to provide a wide range of I flame spread index values associated with the ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test, up to a maximum flame spread rating of 200 [Class A (0-25) ; Class B (26-75) ; Class C

(76-200) ] . The Class B rated wall material was obtained by application of a 1 fire retardant intumescent coating to a Class C — 5/32-inch lauan plywood.

Two coats of ~ intumescent varnish were applied by roller to the lauan plywood

in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended procedure. Proper conditioning time was provided before testing. Laboratory testing of the treated

plywood indicated that the treatment successfully provided a Class B rating

when applied to the lauan plywood. The nine tests were designed to examine

the performance of various combinations of the wall and ceiling materials

under a typical fire exposure. Table 3 lists the individual materials as well as some measured laboratory test data.

3. CORRIDOR TEST PROCEDURE

The moisture content of the wood crib and the finish materials were

measured and recorded for each test. Outside and inside temperature and

relative humidity were also recorded. Tests were not conducted during rainy

periods or when relative humidity was exceptionally high. Table 4 lists the

measured test conditions for each of the nine tests. Table 5 lists some of

the critical results for each of the tests.

The corridor area of the mobile home was conditioned through the use of

the heating system to 21 °C + 3 °C (70 °F + 5 °F) and 45 percent + 15 percent

relative humidity before each test. There was, however, no forced air circulation during the tests. All exterior doors and windows were closed, but not

sealed

.

The wood crib was positioned on a load cell in order to measure its

weight loss throughout the test. The crib was 25 cm (10 in) above the

floor, and approximately 2.5 cm (1 in) from both of the partitions of the corner configuration. A pan, 20 x 20 x 2.5 cm (8x8x1 in), containing

150 cm^ of heptane was placed under the wood crib. The tests were started by

ignition of the heptane by remote electrical ignition of a wooden match.

4. LABORATORY TESTS

Laboratory tests were conducted on each of the seven different materials

used in the corridor tests. These consisted of:

a) Standard Method of Test for Surface

Building Materials (ASTM E-84 Tunnel

Burning Characteristics of

Test)

;

b) NFPA 258 T, Smoke Density Chamber;

c) ASTM E-162 Radiant Panel Test;

d) ease of ignition [24] ; and

e) NBS Rate of Heat Release Calorimeter [25] . Results of these tests are given in table 3.

8
5. TEST RESULTS

Nine corridor tests were conducted to examine the effects on fire growth

of different combinations of wall and ceiling test materials.

Figure 5 illustrates the initial fire growth resulting from the exposure

of a wall partition to ignition by a 6.4-kg (14-lb) wood crib. The burning

of the wood crib was characterized by a maximum flame height of 1.5 m to 1.8 m

(5 to 6 ft) . This peak flame height normally occurred within the first 1-3/4

minutes of the test. Due to the positioning and size of the wood crib, the

duration of direct impingement on the wall by this crib fire was approximately

2 to 2-1/2 minutes. Without significant contribution from the wall material,

the test fire did not propagate beyond the crib.

The tests were terminated either when there was no further involvement

of the wall and ceiling finish material or when the corridor was fully involved

to the extent of flames reaching bedroom No. 1.

A majority of the tests ran approximately six minutes. This length of

time insured total involvement of the corridor down to bedroom No. 1 when

materials having the most severe flame spread characteristics were used. At

the same time, this limitation prevented flashover which would have resulted

in involvement of the test mobile home beyond the immediate areas of the

corridor. A manually operated sprinkler system was installed in the test

unit to limit the extent of fire growth. It should be noted that a number of

tests were allowed to run longer than six minutes when there was no indication

that conditions were approaching flashover. One test. Test No. 2, was terminated after 3-1/2 minutes. The burn rate of the wood crib had decreased, no longer exposing the wall finish, and there was no involvement of the wall and

ceiling materials.

Table 5 summarizes some important test results obtained by instrumentation and visual observation. Details of fire growth and pertinent observations regarding severity are included. (Appendix A provides a detailed

chronological documentation of events for each test.)

Carbon monoxide concentrations and oxygen depletion were monitored by

continuous sampling of the atmosphere near the entrance to bedroom No. 2 and

in the center of bedroom No. 1. The concentrations of carbon monoxide and

oxygen at the 2, 4 and 6 minute points in each test as well as maximum carbon

monoxide concentration and minimum levels of oxygen were extracted from the

data and recorded in tabular form in table 6. The absence of data in this

table reflects experimental difficulties in obtaining reliable carbon monoxide

and oxygen concentration data in a number of the tests.

6. DISCUSSION

6.1. Analysis

6.1.1. Fire Growth and Spread

Initial fire growth due to ignition of the wood crib was relatively con- sistent for all nine tests. The maximum flame height resulting from the burning crib was approximately 1.8 m (6 ft) above the floor. Some fuel contribution from the wall material adjacent to the wood crib was necessary for flames

to impinge on the ceiling. In tests numbered 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 the wood crib

burned down early in the test before the walls or ceiling became extensively

involved. There is some indication that this occurred after exhaustion of the

150 cm^ of heptane ignitor. The peak burn rate of the wood crib was reached

at approximately 2 minutes, after which the burn rate began to decrease.

9
This occurred in the time range associated with the reduction in intensity of

the fire for each of these tests. However, after a short period of time

during which the materials pyrolysed, each of the test fires redeveloped and

resulted in fire development similar to those tests not characterized by

burning down of the crib in the early stages.

In Test No. 2, in which the walls and ceiling were constructed of Class

A materials, the wood crib burned down after igniting the paper surface on the wall immediately exposed. In this case, the lack of available combustible materials prevented the test fire from redeveloping.

Tests No. 5 and No. 8 resulted in the most severe fire growth. Test No.

5 developed somewhat sooner than Test No. 8, but both were characterized by

propagation along both the interior and exterior corridor walls (both walls

burning in Test No. 5 at 2 minutes-35 seconds) the full length of the corridor. Flame penetration of the exterior skin occurred at 4 minutes in Test

No. 5 and at 4 minutes-15 seconds in Test No. 8. Both tests resulted in

extensive lateral fire spread above the ceiling, and in Test No. 5, there was evidence of flame spread into bedroom No. 2 and the bathroom due to burnthrough of the corridor walls.

Fire growth in Test No. 1 was not as severe as in Tests Nos. 5 or 8 due

to the installation of a class A ceiling. The wall material was ignited at 1

minute into the test, with propagation down both corridor walls within 3 minutes; there was some evidence of burn- through of the exterior skin. However, while there was full involvement of the walls in the corridor, the

ceiling did not ignite, and there was no evidence of flame propagation above

the ceiling assembly.

General fire severity in Test No. 4 was similar to that in Test No. 1 with some variance in the fire development. The wall material was somewhat

slower to ignite (1 minute-40 seconds). However, the ceiling sustained

ignition immediately after involvement of the wall, resulting in flame spread

into the corridor in less than 2 minutes. There was no evidence of flame

penetration of the 5/16-inch gypsum subpartition, but surface flame spread

occurred on both corridor walls, and failure of the ceiling above the wood

crib resulted in extensive lateral propagation of the fire above the ceiling

assembly. The fire spread above the ceiling resulted in flame penetration of

the exterior skin even though the wall partition maintained its integrity.

Initial fire development in Test No. 3 was similar to that of Test No. 4 in that the wall and ceiling surfaces ignited within 2 minutes. The paper

surface on the wall provided an avenue for flame spread to the ceiling, but

did not continue to burn due to the minimum amount of fuel. While there was

no further contribution to fire growth from the walls, gas phase burning was observed at the ceiling level at 3 minutes-15 seconds, followed by flame

penetration of the ceiling and extensive lateral propagation in the space

above the ceiling after approximately 4 minutes-20 seconds.

Test No. 9 was characterized by an early build-up of the fire in which

the embossed paper face on the wall panels blistered and peeled off. The

initial maximum flame height was reached at 2 minutes into the test and then

began to recede due to the initial contribution from the heptane igniter; but

after approximately one minute the crib fire began to grow in intensity and

reignited the wall. From this point on, the test development was similar to

the other tests, with flame propagation into the corridor at 3 minutes-4 0 seconds. The test fire spread along both the interior and exterior walls at

the ceiling level down the corridor to the rear exit door. There was, howeve: no indication of flame penetration of the ceiling.

10
A fire retardant intumescent coating was applied to the plywood wall

panels in Tests Nos. 6 and 7; the primary difference in test conditions was

the installation of different ceiling materials. In both tests, sustained

burning of the wall panel directly exposed to the crib occurred after about 3 minutes. In Test No. 6, the fire burned through the intumescent coating

after 7 minutes, but flame spread never extended beyond the first two exterior

corridor wall panels. While the fire penetrated the exterior skin after 10

minutes-15 seconds and the fire retardant coating intuinesced along the upper

part of the interior and exterior walls of the full length of the corridor,

there was no evidence of flame spread into the corridor.

Test No. 7 varied from Test No. 6 in that the ceiling ignited after 3 minutes-20 seconds, resulting in flame spread into the corridor. The fire

penetrated the ceiling at 6 minutes-25 seconds into the test, resulting in

extensive lateral fire spread above the ceiling assembly. The extensive fire

propagation at the ceiling level resulted in penetration of the intumescent

coating and the plywood panels in the corridor as far away from the test crib

as the back exit door.

Due to the configuration of the corridor test setup and the absence of

furnishings it was concluded that the time to reach untenable conditions

would be primarily influenced by the interior lining on the walls and ceiling

of the corridor. The criteria for untenability outlined in section 2.2. was utilized to evaluate the performance of the various combinations of interior

finish materials. An illustration of the times at which untenable conditions

were reached for each of the tests is provided in table 7.

6.1.2. Temperature Data

Thermocouples located in the center of the corridor, 132 cm (52 in) above

the floor, were used to monitor the typical exposure received by an individual attempting to utilize the corridor as a means of egress. At this height,

the air temperatures at the surface of the interior and exterior walls were

slightly higher than the air temperature in the center of the corridor.

Figure 6 provides a typical comparison of the air temperature in the

center of the corridor, thermocouple No. 37, with the average temperature of

thermocouples numbered 11, 12 and 37. (Reference table 8 for identification

and location of instrumentation.) Thermocouples Nos. 11 and 12 were positioned at the same height and in the same cross-sectional plane as No. 36, to

measure temperatures on the interior and exterior walls respectively at the

same distance from the ignition source as No. 36. This array of thermocouples was located 132 cm (52 in) above the floor adjacent to the furnace com- partment, approximately 4.1 m (13-1/2 ft) from the ignition source. Vertical gas temperature profiles illustrating maximum temperature

levels at three locations along the corridor's longitudinal axis, from all

nine tests, are illustrated in appendix B. The profiles indicate a vertical

temperature stratification of heated gases along the ceiling.

Surface flame spread did not occur along the floor level in any of the

tests. The extent of propagation along the ceiling and upper walls of the

corridor appeared to be influenced specifically by the radiative and convective energy produced in the upper part of the corridor. The temperature

profiles in appendix B further illustrate the relative degree of severity and

the temperature stratification at the ceiling.

The air temperature at 132 cm (52 in) above the floor, resulting from

this convection and radiation was selected to monitor tenability from the

standpoint of heat. An occupant in a standing or slightly crouched position

could be exposed at this level while attempting to egress by way of the

corridor. The temperatures along the centerline of the corridor were considered representative and appropriate.

11
Two thermocouples, one located adjacent to the furnace compartment

approximately 4.1 meters down the length of the corridor (No. 37), and one located just beyond the rear egress door at the entrance to bedroom No. 1

(No. 41), were selected as representative locations for evaluating critical

temperatures. Figures 7 and 8 show the experimental data on air temperatures

measured at these two locations for each of the nine tests.

Temperature levels at 2, 4 and 6 minutes as well as peak temperatures at

188 cm (74 in) and 132 cm (52 in) above the floor in the three thermocouple

trees positioned along the corridor's longitudinal axis provided indications

of the heat contribution of the interior finish materials. This data has

been arranged in tabular form in appendix C.

The test which resulted in the greatest fire severity and highest temperatures was Test No. 5 which was representative of conventional corridor

construction. This combination is designated W-4/C-3. (Table 3 provides

descriptions of wall and ceiling materials; the designated symbols will be

used to reference the particular materials.) Four minutes after ignition,

the air temperatures were in excess of 100 °C (212 °F) along the full length

of the corridor at a distance of 132 cm (52 in) above the floor.

Test No. 2, utilizing the combination of W-l/C-1, resulted in the least severe exposure. While the 100 °C (212 °F) criterion was reached at the 188 cm (74 in) level (above the floor) within 2 minutes, this condition was not

reached at the 132 cm (52 in) level during the test period. The maximum temperature levels at 188 cm (74 in) and 132 cm (52 in) in the thermocouple tree

located at the entrance to bedroom No. 1 were 225 °C (437 °F) and 57 °C (135

°F) respectively. In this test, damage to the interior finish was limited to

the 1.2 X 2.1 m (4 x 7 ft) panel directly exposed to the wood crib (figure 9).

While Test Nos. 2 and 5 represent the extremes in fire growth, data from

the remaining seven tests provide information regarding relative levels of

fire development. Figures 7 and 8 appear to divide into four distinguishable

levels or groups of temperature curves which provide indications of the extent

of the contribution of the interior finish materials.

The highest temperature group includes Test No. 5 (W-4/C-3) and Test No.

8 (W-4/C-2) . These tests, with "Class C" wall and ceiling materials, resulted

in the most rapid and extensive fire growth, with the temperature reaching the

100 °C (212 °F) limit for untenability in the shortest period of time of all

the groups (see figure 12).

The next group includes Test No. 1 (W-4/C-1) , Test No. 4 (W-4 on W-l/C-3)

and Test No. 9 (W-2/C-1) . While post- test observations indicated a reduction

in severity, extensive damage was still found in the corridor and the adjacent

rooms. Figures 10a, 10b, 11a and lib, illustrate the damage resulting from

Test No. 5 and Test No. 9. The temperature exceeded the 100 °C (212 °F)

criterion level approximately 50 seconds later than for the tests in the first

group (see figure 12) . In all three tests, the 100 °C (212 °F) temperature

criterion was exceeded at one or both of the points where temperature was moni

tored (TC 37,41) before six minutes had elapsed.

The next group includes Test No. 3 (W-l/C-3) , Test No. 6 (W-3/C-1) and

Test No. 7 (W-3/C-2) . The temperature remained below the 100 °C (212 °F)

level for over 6 minutes for all three tests.

Test No. 2 (W-l/C-1) was distinctly different from the other groups. The

wood crib ignition source burned out with no sustained burning of the walls or ceiling after the paper covering burned out at approximately 1 minute-4 5 seconds into the test. The temperature never reached the critical 100 °C

(212 °F) at 132 cm (52 in) above the floor, with the maximum temperatures

remaining below 50 °C (122 °F) at thermocouples No. 37 and No. 41.

12
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate that while some effect on temperature levels

was observed due to different ceiling materials, the most significant influence on temperature level and fire growth occurred when different wall materials

were used.

The influence of changing only the ceiling material can be illustrated by

comparing three different ceiling materials (C-1, C-2, C-3) tested with the same wall material; the wall material was conventional lauan plywood (W-4)

.

These were Test Nos. 1, 8 and 5, respectively. While changes in the temperature levels are indicated, they are not as great as those observed with changes

in the wall material. The use of the conventional wall construction in combination with any of the ceiling materials tested did not keep temperature

levels below the 100 °C (212 °F) criterion under these test conditions.

The comparison of temperature curves for Test Nos. 3 and 5, or Test Nos.

1, 2, 6, and 9, illustrates the effect of changing the wall materials with the

same ceiling material. A substantial reduction in fire growth is indicated

when utilizing materials on the walls which have lower ASTM E-84 flame spread

ratings. It should be emphasized that this test series represented a situation in which there was a direct exposure of the wall partition to the

ignition source. Further testing would be necessary to determine the contribution of the walls and ceiling to fire growth and spread under a variety of

conditions

.

6.1.3. Incident Heat Flux

Examination of the test data indicated that the incident heat flux at

the floor level increased proportionally to the changes in gas temperatures

in the upper atmosphere in the corridor. However, due to the location of the

heat flux meters at the floor level, the values for incident heat flux are relatively low. Table 9 illustrates the levels of incident heat flux at the

floor level at the entrance to bedroom No. 1, and in the center of bedroom

No . 1

.

6.1.4. Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Concentrations

Table 6 illustrates the levels of carbon monoxide and oxygen in the

vicinity of the entrance to bedroom No. 2 and bedroom No. 1 for all 9 tests.

The levels of CO and O2 were found to correspond to high air temperatures.

In the tests characterized by more extensive fire growth and spread, carbon

monoxide concentrations were higher, and oxygen levels were lower. The

criteria selected for CO concentrations was a maximum of one percent by

volume (10,000 ppm) and for O2 a concentration of less than 14 percent.

The results of Test No. 8 indicate that the level of oxygen at the

entrance to bedroom No. 2 had dropped below 14 percent before 6 minutes had

elapsed. Coinciding with this was an increase in CO beyond one percent con- centration at the same location. Figure 13 illustrates the CO concentrations

in bedroom No. 1 four minutes into the test. While the actual concentration

of CO in Test No. 8 could not be determined due to limitations of the instrumentation, it appears that the CO concentration was considerably higher than

in any of the other tests. While it is unfortunate that CO and O2 concentrations were not available for Test No. 5 (conventional construction) , the same wall materials utilized in Test No. 8 provide some indication of the levels of

CO and O2 that can be expected.

13
6.1.5. Smoke Density

Reliable smoke density data were not obtained due to instrumentation

problems. Exposure of the smoke meters to excessive heat and flame early in

the tests rendered the instrumentation inoperable.

Although as a result of this difficulty smoke obscuration was not

examined as a criterion for untenability , excessive smoke obscuration has

been identified as the untenable condition first reached in other full-scale

fire testing. In subsequent full-scale testing the design of the instrumentation for collection of smoke data will be altered to minimize difficulties in order to provide reliable data on levels of smoke obscuration and

the time to reach untenability conditions.

6.2. Laboratory Testing of Materials

The seven materials utilized in the corridor tests were also tested on a laboratory scale to examine the correlation between a variety of laboratory

tests and the full-scale tests. The laboratory tests selected provided data

on characteristics of materials such as ease of ignition, surface flame spread,

the rate of heat release and smoke development (table 3)

.

Normally, the ASTM E-84 Tunnel Test would not be expected to provide a high degree of correlation with full-scale tests where the attainment of

untenable conditions (temperature, smoke, gas concentrations) is of primary

concern. These corridor tests indicated that the simple ASTM E-84 classification provided an approximate guide to the relative contribution of the wall

lining of the corridor to the development of untenable temperature conditions

down the corridor.

Further examination of the correlation of laboratory tests and full-scale

corridor tests will be included in a final report.

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are based on a limited number of full-scale

tests conducted in the corridor of a typical mobile home under a specific set

of test conditions. The test conditions were as follows: (a) all exterior

doors and windows were closed, but not sealed; (b) all doors in the corridor

except the door to bedroom No. 1 were closed; (c) the mobile home was conditioned to 21 °C + 2.5 °C (70 °F + 5 "F) and a maximum relative humidity of 60

percent; and (d) the ignition source was a 6.4-kg (14-lb) wood crib.

The primary objective of this test series was to examine the performance

of various combinations of wall and ceiling finish materials with regard to

the time to reach untenable conditions in the corridor from exposure to a typical ignition. Thresholds for untenability were set at: 100 °C (212 °F)

temperature, one percent carbon monoxide concentration (10,000 ppm) , 14 percent

oxygen concentration, and 0.26 OD/m (.08 optical density per foot) smoke con- centration.

Based on the results of the nine tests conducted under this one set of

test conditions, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The tests indicated that a fire entering the corridor in a mobile

home, rather than venting itself by burning up through the roof

or out the windows located along the corridor, or burning through

partitions into adjacent areas, will initially progress directly

down the length of the corridor, significantly limiting egress.

This confirmed that the corridor leading to the sleeping areas

in a mobile home, due to its location and design characteristics,

is a critical path for flame spread and fire development.

14
2. The extent of fire spread and the time to reach untenable conditions, based on the various criteria provided, is significantly

influenced by the surface flame spread characteristics of the

wall and ceiling finish materials in the corridor.

3. The extent of propagation vertically from ceiling to floor along

the corridor appear to be influenced specifically by the radiative

and convective energy produced by burning of the upper part of

the walls and the ceiling.

4. The available data indicate that levels of heat flux, carbon

monoxide, oxygen and temperature were directly effected by the

extent of fire propagation along the wall and ceiling finish

materials in the corridor.

5. For fire which may spread down the corridor, a principle means of

egress in event of fire, a corridor wall and ceiling lining with a flame spread rating in the vicinity of 200, produces untenable

temperature conditions in the corridor in less than four minutes.

6. Based on these tests, the use of Class A wall and ceiling materials

in the corridor could significantly increase the fire safety for

occupants and reduce the property losses from fires. For a fire

starting in the living room, this could represent the difference

between the fire burning into the bedroom area or not.

8 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to thank Mr. B. Buell, Mr. D. Klein, Mr. J. Lawson,

Mr. R. Lindauer, Mr. T. Maher, Mr. B. Ramey, Mr. S. Steel, Mr. W. Stull,

Mr. C. Veirtz and Mr. M. Womble for their assistance in the experimental work,

Ms. M. Harkleroad and Mr. J. Raines for their assistance in developing a computer program and reduction of experimental data, and Mr. R. O'Laughlin and

Mr. B. Buell for assistance in data analysis.

Some of the materials selected for this test series were provided by the

Armstrong Cork Company and the National Gypsum Company.

This work was sponsored in part by the United States Department of Housing

and Urban Development and the Mobile Home Manufacturers Association.

9. REFERENCES

[1] U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Accidental Injury

Hazards in Mobile Homes: Fire and Carbon Monoxide, Report No. FY 72-R2,

(Dec. 1971).

[2] U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Report on the Risk

of Fire in Mobile Homes, prepared by Division of Community Injury Control.

[3] Stickney, C. W. , The Mobile Home Fire Protection Problem, a talk presented to Fire Marshals Association of North America.

[4] MH/RV Document No. 75-14, California Fire Loss Experience, Mobile Homes/

Travel Trailers vs 1 & 2 Family Dwellings, Calendar Year 1974 (May 1975)

,

(Committee on Mobile Homes and Recreational Vehicles, National Fire

Protection Association, Boston, Mass.).

[5] Standard for Mobile Homes, NFPA 501B-1974, ANSI A119.1, Paragraph 7.3.

[6] Standard Method of Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building

Materials (ANSI A2. 5-1970; ASTM E84-70; UL 723-1971; NFPA No. 255-1972).

15
Fang, J. B., Fire Buildup in a Room and the Role of Interior Finish

Materials, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Technical Note 879 (June 1975).

Schaffer, E. L. and Eickner, H. W. , Corridor Wall Linings - Effect on Fire Performance, Fire Technology, Vol. 1, No. 4, 243 (Nov. 1965).

McGuire, J. H., The Spread of Fire in Corridors, Fire Technology, Vol. 4,

No. 2, 103 (May 1968)

.

Christian, W. J. and Waterman, T. E., Flame Spread in Corridors:

Effects of Location and Area of Wall Finish, Fire Journal, 25

(July 1971)

.

Waterman, T. , Corridor Flame Spread, IITRI Project J8142 (Feb. 1972).

Fang, J. B., Measurements of the Behavior of Incidental Fires in a Compartment, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 75-679 (March 1975).

Zikria, B. A., Sturner, W. Q., Astrajiam, N. K., Fox, Jr., C. L. and

Ferrer, Jr., J. M. , Respiratory Tract Damage in Burns: Pathophysiology

and Therapy, Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 150, Article 3,

618-626 (1968).

Fire Protection Handbook, Revised 13th Edition, National Fire Protection

Association, Boston, Mass., 4-36.

Operation School Burning, National Fire Protection Association, Boston,

Mass. , 269 (1959)

.

Bond, H. , Ed., Fire Casualties of the German Attacks, Chapter 8, Fire

and the Air War, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass.

(1946)

.

Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants Adopted by ACGIH for

197 3, American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists,

Cincinnati, Ohio (1973)

.

Yuill, C. H., The Life Hazards of Bedding and Upholstery Fires, Journal

of Fire and Flammability , Vol. 1, 312-323 (Oct. 1970).

Custer, Richard L. P. and Bright, Richard G. , Fire Detection: The State

of the Art, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Technical Note 839 (June 1974).

Zikria, B. A., Ferrer, J. M. and Floch, A. B., The Chemical Factors

contributing to Pulmonary Damage in Smoke Poisoning, Surgery, Vol. 71,

No. 5, 704-709 (1972).

McGuire, J. H., Tamura, G. T. and Wilson, A. G. , Factors Controlling

Smoke in High Buildings, Ashrae Symposium: Fire Hazards in Buildings

(Jan. 1970)

.

Watanabe, A., Testing Methods of Fire Detectors in Buildings, Symposium

on Automatic Detection, London (March 1972).

Rashbash, D. J., The Role of Fire Detection Systems in Protection Against

Fires, Symposium on Automatic Fire Detection, London (March 1972).

Parker, W. J., The Development of a Test for Ease of Ignition by Flame

Impingement, NBS Report 10495 (Feb. 1972)

.

Parker, W. J. and Long, M. E., Development of a Heat Release Rate Calorimeter at NBS, ASTM-STP 502, American Society of Testing and Materials,

135-151 (1972).

Claudy, W. D. , Respiratory Hazards of the Fire Service, National Fire

Protection Association, Boston, Mass. (1957).

16
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26
Table 1. Effect of Carbon Monoxide Exposure

(After Claudy [26]

)

Percent

Concentration ppm Time Effect

0.02 200 2-3 hr Mild headache

n no 0 . Oo o UU 4 5 min

2 hr

Mild headache

Death possible

U .

•D o n A J.U— 14 mm

30 min

ui z z xnes s Death

0.69 6,900 1-2 min

10-15 min

Dizziness

Death

1.28 12,800 2-3 breaths

1-3 min

Unconsciousness

Death

* Table 2. Effects of Oxygen Depletion

(Based on Literature Survey)

Percent Time Effect

21-17 Indefinite Respiration volume decreased,

loss of coordination and difficulty in thinking

17-14 2 hr Rapid pulse and dizziness

14-11 30 min Nausea, vomiting and paralysis

9 5 min Unconsciousness

6 1-2 min Death within a few minutes

* These figures

variations in

are only approximate as there

the literature.

are some

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32
Table 8. Location of Instrumentation

Measurement Location

Instrumentation Located 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) from Ignition in Test Corridor

TC 1 Ont-^irlo uj^tll W d X -L 711 rrn ^ R i n ^ "Ftdtti f 1 oriT f ^ X -1- ^..111 J J.11/ X X ^../lll J—L Ww X TC 2 Inside wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 3 Outside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 4 Inside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 5 Outside wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 6 Inside wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 31 Center of corridor, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 32 Center of corridor, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 33 Center of corridor, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 34 Center of corridor, 91 cm (36 in) from floor

R 1 Heat flux at floor level, center of corridor

02- 2 Oxygen concentration 152 cm (5 ft) from floor

CO- 2 Carbon monoxide concentration 152 cm (5 ft) from

Instrumentation Located 4.09 m (13 ft 5 in) from Ignition in Test Corridor

TC 7 Outside wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 8 Inside wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 9 Outside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 10 Inside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 11 Outside wall, 32 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 12 Inside wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 35 Center of corridor, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 36 Center of corridor, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 37 Center of corridor, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 38 Center of corridor, 91 cm (36 in) from floor

SM 1 Smoke density, 152 cm (5 ft) from floor

Instrumentation Located 7 m (23 ft) from Ignition in Test Corridor

TC 13 Outside wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 14 Inside wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 15 Outside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 16 Inside wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 17 Outside wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 18 Inside wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 39 Center of corridor, 211 cm (83 in) from floor

TC 40 Center of corridor, 188 cm (74 in) from floor

TC 41 Center of corridor, 132 cm (52 in) from floor

TC 42 Center of corridor, 91 cm (36 in) from floor

SM 2 Smoke density, 152 cm (5 ft) from floor

R 2 Heat flux at floor level, center of corridor

Instrumentation Located in Bedroom 1 TC 19 TC 21 TC 2 3 TC 20 TC 2 2 TC 24 TC 25 TC 27 TC 29 TC 26 TC 28 TC 30 R 3 SM 3 O2-I CO-1

from floor from floor

Outside corridor wall extended, 211 cm (83 in) from floor Outside corridor wall extended, 188 cm (74 in) from floor Outside corridor wall extended, 132 cm (52 in) from floor Interior partition adjacent to bathroom, 211 cm (83 in) from floor Interior partition adjacent to bathroom, 188 cm (74 in Interior partition adjacent to bathroom, 132 cm (52 in End wall, 211 cm (83 in) from floor End wall, 188 cm (74 in) from floor End wall, 132 cm (52 in) from floor Exterior wall opposite extended corridor wall, 211 cm (83 in) Exterior wall opposite extended corridor wall, 188 cm (74 in) Exterior wall opposite extended corridor wall, 132 cm (52 in) Heat flux at floor level, center of bedroom

Smoke density, 152 cm (5 ft) from floor, center of bedroom

Oxygen concentration 152 cm (5 ft) from floor, center of bedroom

Carbon monoxide concentration, 152 cm (5 ft) from floor, center of bedroom

from floor from floor from floor

TC Thermocouple

CO Carbon monoxide

O2 Oxygen

R Heat flux

SM Smoke density

A single thermocouple was located 1.5 m above floor

at back exit door and monitored continuously by a potentiometer — this temperature change was noted

in the observations. Appendix A.

33
C

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34
Table 10. Metric Equivalents

English Metric

1/4 inch D . J mm

15/32 inch 11.9 mm

o/jz incn H m yj mm

3/ 4 inch ly . 1 mm

5/1d inch / . y mm

1x2 inch 25. 4 X 50.8 mm

2x2 inch 50. 8 X 50.8 mm

14 pounds 6.4 kg

20 gage (.0359 in) 0 . 91 mm

24 gage (.0239 in) 0.61 mm

26 gage (.0179 in) 0.45 mm

35
APPENDIX A. CHRONOLOGICAL TABULATION OF TEST OBSERVATIONS

36
Corridor Test 1 — Observations 2/2B/15

Test Materials

Walls — 5/3 2 in (4.0 mm) thick prefinished, printed, grooved, lauan

plywood

Ceiling — 1/2" (12.7 mm) thick vinyl latex prefinished fiberboard

0:00 — Ignition

0:33 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:40 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

0:47 — Intermittent flame impingement on wall material

0:53 — Intermittent flame impingement on ceiling material

1:00 — Sustained ignition of wall material

1:10 — Lateral propagation at ceiling level

1:12 — Flame spread into corridor

1:20 — Smoke failure of exterior corridor wall

1:40 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 40 °C

2:00 — Propagation involves wall panels 0.3 m down from ceiling

2:40 — Dense accumulation of smoke in bedroom #1

3:00 — Both exterior and interior corridor walls are involved

3:25 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 40 °C

4:20 — Fire propagation beyond bathroom door

4:40 — Flame front reached bedroom #1

4:48 — Flame penetration of exterior wall

4:50 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 80 °C

5:05 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 90 °C

5:25 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 10 0 °C

5:45 — Involvement of walls 0.6 to 0.9 m down from ceiling — full length of

corridor

6:15 — Termination of test

NOTE: Ceiling was not involved.

Corridor Test 2 — Observations 3/18/75

Test Materials

Walls — 5/16 in (7.9 mm) thick printed paper overlayed gypsum board

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick vinyl latex prefinished fiberboard

0:00 — Ignition

0:15 — Flames 0.6 m above floor

0:25 — Flames 0.9 m above floor

0:30 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:45 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

1:15 — Intermittent flame impingement on ceiling

1:30 — Slight lateral propagation at ceiling

1:40 — Ignition of paper face on gypsum walls

1:45 — Ignition of wood molding at ceiling

2:15 — Wood crib beginning to burn down

2:25 — Flames are no longer impinging on any materials

2:35 — No apparent further contribution from crib

3:30 — Termination of test

NOTE: No indication of ignition of walls or ceiling except for printed paper

face on wall panel adjacent to test crib.

37
Corridor Test 3 — Observations 3/20/7 5 Test Materials

Walls — 5/16 in (7.9 mm) thick printed paper overlayed gypsum board

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick prefinished fiberboard

0:00 — Ignition

0:31 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:50 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

1:15 — Intermittent flame impingement on ceiling

1:25 — Flame impingement on wall

1:45 — Ignition of ceiling

1:55 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

2:20 — Flame spread into corridor

3:15 — Burning observed above ceiling

4:20 — Structural failure of ceiling — flame spread above and below ceiling

4:45 — Dense accumulation of smoke throughout

5:00 — Extensive propagation above ceiling

6:45 — Termination of test

NOTE: Crib burned down at approximately 3:00. Gas phase burning continued

at ceiling until failure of the ceiling assembly. The ceiling cavity

was involved prior to sustained burning of the exposed surface of the

ceiling. No indication of contribution from walls except for the paper

face on the panel exposed to the test crib.

Corridor Test 4 — Observations 3/26/75

Test Materials

Walls — 5/3 2 in (4.0 mm) thick prefinished, printed, lauan plywood

installed over 5/16 in (7.9 mm) thick gypsum board

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick prefinished fiberboard tile

0:00 — Ignition

0:32 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:40 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

1:05 — Intermittent flame impingement on ceiling

1:30 — Impingement on ceiling

1:40 — Ignition of molding and wall material

1:45 — Ignition of ceiling

1:48 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

1:50 — Flame spread into corridor

Flame front receded — gas phase burning at ceiling

2:10 — Significant reduction in the fire — crib burned down

2:50 — Sustained burning of wall

3:30 — Flames impinging on ceiling

3:45 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

4:10 — Flame spread into corridor

4:45 — Both exterior and interior corridor walls are involved

5:00 — Failure of ceiling assembly

5:15 — Propagation above ceiling

5:40 — Noticeable increase in radiation at window

5:50 — Flame penetration of exterior wall

5:55 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 80 °C

6:20 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 100 °C

6:25 — Termination of test

NOTE: Both walls of the corridor were involved; flame spread on walls and

ceiling throughout corridor. The gypsum partition showed no evidence

of failure.

38
Corridor Test 5 — Observations 4/2/75

Test Materials

Walls — 5/3 2 in (4.0 mm) thick prefinished, printed lauan plywood

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick prefinished fiberboard tile

0:00 — Ignition

0:34 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:35 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

1:15 — Ignition of trim at ceiling

1:20 — Impingement of flames at ceiling

1:35 — Ignition of wall material

1:45 — Ignition of ceiling material

1:45 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

1:55 — Flame spread into corridor

2:05 — Gas phase burning at ceiling

2:10 — Wall material is burning 0.3 - 0.6 m down from ceiling

2:35 — Ignition of interior wall surface

4:00 — Flame penetration of exterior wall

4:00 — Failure of ceiling assembly

4:10 — Rapid increase in radiation level at window

4:55 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 64 °C

5:07 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 90 °C

5:27 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 110 **C 6:05 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 136 "C

6:18 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 144 °C

6:30 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 150 °C

Termination of test

NOTE: The plywood paneling on the exterior wall in the dining area ignited

and burned approximately 2 feet down from ceiling; failure of dining

room windows; failure of interior and exterior corridor partitions;

evidence of flame propagation in bedroom #2 and bathroom.

Corridor Test 6 — Observations 4/10/7 5 Test Materials

Walls — 5/3 2 in (4.0 mm) thick lauan plywood with intumescent coating

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick vinyl latex prefinished fiberboard

0:00 — Ignition

0:10 — Flames 0.3 - 0.6 m above floor

0:30 — Flames 0.6 - 0.9 m above floor

0:32 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

1:00 — Intumescing action on wall panel directly exposed to crib

1:25 — Flame impingement at ceiling

1:30 — Intumescing action spreading to second panel

2:25 — Ignition of trim at ceiling

2:30 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

3:00 — Crib burning down, flame front no longer impinging on ceiling

3:20 — Slight failure of intumescent directly behind crib

4:15 — No apparent further fire growth on panel where intumescent failed

4:35 — Test fire growing in intensity

4:45 — Rapid increase in radiation at observation window in dining area

5:20 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

6:10 — Excessive smoke observed througout mobile home

7:00 — Failure of intumescent 0.6 - 0.9 m down from ceiling on exterior wall

partition

39
7:10 — Flame spread into corridor

8:45 — Failure of wall panel exposed

the corridor itself

9:35 — Fire intensity reduced — only

10:15 — Exterior wall failed adjacent

11:45 — Potentiometer temperature read

12:30 — Termination of test

to test crib no sustained burning in

burning directly behind crib on wall

to wood crib

ing — 50

NOTE: Acrid smoke generation from ignition of resins in the glass fiber

insulation; failure of the corridor walls was limited to the panel

exposed to the test crib; intumescent action at ceiling level on walls

throughout corridor.

Corridor Test 7 — Observations 4/17/75

Test Materials

Walls — 5/32 in (4.0 mm) thick lauan plywood with intumescent coating

Ceiling — Back side of 1/2 in (12.7 mm) fiberboard

0:00 — Ignition

0:30 — Flames 1.5 m above floor

0:33 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

1:00 — Flame impingement on ceiling

1:10 — Intumescing action on panel exposed to crib

1:30 — Gas phase burning at ceiling

1:55 — Ignition of wood trim at ceiling

2:25 — Reduction in fire intensity-crib burned down

2:30 — Intermittent gas phase burning at ceiling

2:35 — Some smoke generation

3:00 — Test fire growing-fire intensity increasing

3:10 — Failure of intumescent on panel exposed to crib, slight burning

3:20 — Ignition of ceiling

4:25 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

5:15 — Flame spread into corridor-major contribution to fire growth from

ceiling

5:55 — Both interior and exterior corridor walls are burning at the ceiling

level

6:00 — Excessive smoke density, visibility significantly reduced

6:25 — Failure of ceiling assembly

6:40 — Flame propagation above ceiling assembly

7:20 — High level of radiation at observation window

7:35 — Failure of exterior wall behind crib

7:45 — Wall material not extensively involved-primary burning at ceiling

8:00 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 35 °C

8:15 — Extensive burning of ceiling

8:20 — No further contribution from test crib

9:15 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 105 "C

9:35 — Potentiometer temperature reading — 110 °C

10:30 — Termination of test

NOTE: Extensive propagation above ceiling; failure of intumescent coating

0.3 - 0.6 m down from ceiling throughout corridor; failure of interior

corridor partition adjacent to bedroom #2; failure of exterior partition

all along the ceiling level to the back exit door.

40
Corridor Test 8 — Observations 4/23/75

Test Materials

Walls — 5/32 in (4.0 mm) thick prefinished lauan plywood

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) thick f iberboard-back side

0:00 — Ignition

0:30 — Flame impingement at ceiling

0:31 — Single station smoke detector alarmed

0:45 — Ignition of wood trim

0:55 — Lateral propagation at ceiling

1:00 — Combination of surface and gas phase burning

1:15 — Fire intensity reduced-no exposure of ceiling

2:05 — Ignition of wall behind the crib

2:10 — Test fire beginning to grow again

2:15 — Flame impingement at ceiling

2:40 — Wall panel exposed to test crib burning to the ceiling

2:50 — Flame spread into corridor

2:50 — Flame spread over entire ceiling in the vicinity of the test crib

3:20 — Flame front has progressed beyond draft curtain and is exposing the

exterior wall in dining area

3:50 — Full involvement of ceiling

3:55 — Interior and exterior corridor walls involved

4:15 — Failure of exterior wall behind crib

5:10 — Excessive propagation along walls and ceiling

5:40 — Potentiometer temperature reading-200 °C

6:00 — Termination of test

NOTE: Excessive smoke reduced visibility; radiation intense at observation

window; no indication that ceiling material effectively reduced fire

spread; extensive burning above ceiling; failure of interior and

exterior corridor partitions.

Corridor Test 9 — Observation 5/5/75

Test Materials

Wall s — 1/4 in (6.3 mm) prefinished, paper overlayed lauan plywood

Ceiling — 1/2 in (12.7 mm) vinyl latex prefinished fiberboard

0 :00 Ignition

0 :34 Single station smoke detector alarmed

0 :55 Flame impingement at ceiling

1 :15 Ignition of embossed paper face on wall material

1 :25 Lateral propagation at ceiling

1 :45 Paper face blistering off walls, contributing to reduction in visibility

1 : 55 Flame spread into corridor-low intensity

2 :00 Intensity of test fire subsiding

2 :20 Flame front no longer impinged on ceiling

2 :35 Intensity of test fire increasing

2 :55 Ignition of wall material

3 :10 Lateral propagation at ceiling

3 :40 Flame spread into corridor on exterior partition

4 :00 Ignition of interior corridor wall

4 : 30 Failure of wall at ceiling level

4 :35 Excessive radiation at observation window

5 :30 Potentiometer temperature reading — 68 °C

6 :20 Excessive smoke density-low visibility

8 :00 No significant growth observed

11:00 — Termination of test

NOTE: Paper face blistered and peeled throughout corridor; failure of wall

material on interior and exterior corridor partitions down to back

exit door.

41
APPENDIX B. VERTICAL GAS TEMPERATURE PROFILES

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45
APPENDIX C. THERMOCOUPLE DATA FROM THREE THERMOCOUPLE TREES POSITIONED

ALONG THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS OF THE TEST CORRIDOR

46
Table Cl; Test 1. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 (°C) (irin:s)

TC 32 386 626 657 694 5:20

TC 36 284 533 342 541 4:20

TC 40 170 208 336 351 4:40

TC 33 68 170 237 237 6: 00

TC 37 40 113 183 183 6:00

TC 41 41 92 169 169 6:00

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft) respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft) respectively from the point of ignition.

Table C2; Test 2. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 (°C) (min:s)

TC 32 199 116 58 206 2:20

TC 36 208 112 57 208 2:00

TC 40 225 74 41 225 2:00

TC 33 33 32 26 35 2:20

TC 37 25 29 25 29 3:40

TC 41 47 43 27 57 2:20

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft) respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft) respectively from the point of ignition.

47
Table C3; Test 3. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 (°C) (min : s

)

TC 32 193 195 206 261 2:20

TC 36 198 163 177 229 2:20

TC 40 195 134 170 221 2:20

TC 33 40 49 67 79 6:40

TC 37 28 39 50 61 6:40

TC 41 34 54 69 91 6:40

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 13 2 cm (52 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

Table C4; Test 4. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min)

2 4 6 Maximum Temp

(°C)

Time

(min : s

)

TC 32 222 212 719 750 6:20

TC 36 249 246 687 688 6:20

TC 40 230 208 451 521 6:20

TC 33 42 58 193 208 6:20

TC 37 28 41 141 160 6:20

TC 41 45 61 145 179 6:20

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

48
Table C5; Test 5. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature {°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 (°C) (min:s)

TC 32 311 691 673 728 4:20

TC 36 196 705 746 804 5:00

TC 40 217 415 643 743 5:20

TC 33 54 180 305 311 6:20

TC 37 35 139 284 297 6:20

TC 41 38 137 252 259 5:20

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

Table C6; Test 6. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min)

2 4 6 Maximum Temp

(°C)

Time

(min: s)

TC 32 138 172 205 259 7:20

TC 36 120 155 175 193 7:20

TC 40 132 138 175 19 I 7:40

TC 33 30 42 59 86 7:40

TC 37 25 34 44 72 12:40

TC 41 28 42 50 73 12:40

TC 32, 3 6 and 40 measure air temperature 18 8 cm (74 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.
Table C7; Test 7. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 (°C) (min:s)

TC 32 317 214 320 2:20

TC 36 297 214 297 2:00

TC 40 239 167 239 2:00

TC 33 49 58 71 5:00

TC 37 33 45 53 5:00

TC 41 36 49 56 5:00

* Data recorded up to 5 minutes

.

TC 3 2 , 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft) respectively

from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

Table C8; Test 8. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min)

2 4 6 Maximum Temp(°C)

Time

(min : s

)

TC 32 109 545 652 690 5:20

TC 36 111 576 667 763 5:20

TC 40 85 387 621 723 5:40

TC 33 26 158 315 315 6:00

TC 37 24 119 312 312 6:00

TC 41 27 116 286 289 5:40

TC 32, 36 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

50
Table C9; Test 9. Thermocouple Data from the 3 Thermocouple Trees

Positioned Along the Longitudinal Axis of the Test Corridor

Temperature (°C) at

Elapsed Time (min) Maximum Temp Time

2 4 6 CO (min:s)

TC 32 257 355 465 505 7:00

TC 36 129 164 224 275 8:40

TC 40 219 244 219 252 4:20

TC 33 53 96 157 173 7 : 20

TC 37 38 64 124 162 8:40

TC 41 36 57 63 115 8:40

TC 32, 3 6 and 40 measure air temperature 188 cm (74 in) above the

floor at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

TC 33, 37 and 41 measure air temperature 132 cm (52 in) above the floor

at a distance of 2.3, 4.0 and 7.0 m (7 ft 8 in, 13 ft 5 in, 23 ft)

respectively from the point of ignition.

51
NBS-1 14A IRE V. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 76-1021

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLK AND SUBTITI,t

FIRE SPREAD ALONG A MOBILE HOME CORRIDOR

5. Publication Date July 1976

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Edward K. Budnick

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proiect/Task/Work Unit No. 4926389

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research,

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Interim Report

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary almost sigriificant mlormation. If document includes a significant

bib'iography or literature survey, mention it here.) A series of tests was conducted in the corridor area of a typically constructed mobile

home. These tests were designed to: (1) evaluate the performance of a variety of com- binations of wall and ceiling materials as a result of exposure to a typical ignition in

a full-scale mobile home corridor, and (2) determine the relationship between full-scale

tests and laboratory flammability tests, particularly the ASTM E-84 tunnel test, a measure of surface flame spread.

The tests were restricted to one set of conditions in which the living room at the end

of the corridor was exposed to a fire resulting from ignition of a standardized 6.4-kg

(14-lb) wood crib. Nine tests were conducted with seven different combinations of wall

and ceiling materials.

Performance of the various combinations of wall and ceiling materials was examined

based on the time to reach untenable conditions in the corridor. Measurements utilized

in evaluating levels of tenability included gas temperatures, surface temperatures,

irradiance , concentrations of oxygen and carbon monoxide, and smoke densities.

Under this set of test conditions, it was found that the extent of fire spread and the

time to reach untenable conditions are significantly influenced by the surface flame

spread characteristics of the wall and ceiling finish materials in the corridor.

For a mobile home corridor with conventional wall and ceiling linings (ASTM E-84:FSC

= 200 max), untenable conditions were reached in the corridor in less than four minutes.

With class A (FSC = 25 max) wall and ceiling materials in the corridor, untenable con- ditions were not reached.

Key Words: Corridor fire test; interior finish material; intumescent coating; life

safety; mobile home; smoke detector; surface flame spread.

18. AVAILABILITY [x] Unlimited

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1

1 Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washineton. D.C. 20402. SD Cat. No. C13

1 xl Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

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(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

56

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