NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 230

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Sara K. Conrad, Editors

Volume 230

BOREAS TGB-5 Biogenic Soil

Emissions of NO and N20

J.S. Levine and E.L. Winstead, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, _rginia

D.A.B. Parsons and M.C. Scholes, University of Witwatersrand

R.J. Scholes, Forestek, CSIR

W.R. Cofer and D.R. Cahoon, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, _rginia

D.I. Sebacher, SAIC

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010023261 2018-05-14T19:02:25+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 230

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Sara K. Conrad, Editors

Volume 230

BOREAS TGB-5 Biogenic Soil

Emissions of NO and N20

J.S. Levine and E.L. Winstead, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, _rginia

D.A.B. Parsons and M.C. Scholes, University of Witwatersrand

R.J. Scholes, Forestek, CSIR

W.R. Cofer and D.R. Cahoon, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, _rginia

D.I. Sebacher, SAIC

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

November 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS TGB-5 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide

J.S. Levine, E.L. Winstead, D.A.B. Parsons, M.C. Scholes, R.J. Scholes, W.R. Cofer,

D.R. Cahoon, D.I. Sebacher

Summary

The BOREAS TGB-5 team made several measurements of trace gas concentrations and fluxes at

various NSA sites. This data set contains biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide that

were measured over a wide range of spatial and temporal site parameters. Since very little is known

about biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from the boreal forest, the goal of the

measurements was to characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from black

spruce and jack pine areas in the boreal forest. The diurnal variation and monthly variation of the

emissions was examined as well as the impact of wetting through natural or artificial means.

Temporally, the data cover mid-August 1993, June to August 1994, and mid-July 1995. The data are

provided in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TGB-05 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and Nitrous Oxide

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide was characterized over a wide range

of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in different terrain/subecosystems in and

around the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area (NSA), including

burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine sites. Burned sites had been burned at time

periods ranging from the years 1987 to 1994. The diurnal variation and monthly variation of these

emissions was examined as well as the impact of wetting through natural rainfall or artificial wetting.

Page 1
1.3 Objective/Purpose

Since very little is known about biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from the

boreal forest, the goal of the project was to characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric oxide and

nitrous oxide from upland black spruce and jack pine subecosystems in the boreal forest located near

the BOREAS NSA and Thompson, Manitoba, and to examine the postfire effect of fires on the soil

fluxes of these gases and how long this effect persists.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Nitric oxide flux, nitrous oxide flux, and soil temperature.

1.5 Discussion

The biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were characterized over a wide range

of spatial and temporal parameters. Measurements were made in different terrain or subecosystems in

and around the BOREAS NSA, including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine

sites. Measurements were made during field campaigns during August 1993; June, July, and August

1994; and July 1995. More than 500 flux measurements of NO and more than 500 flux measurements

of N20 were made during these field campaigns. Usually, flux measurements were made at eight plots

at each of the sites. Typically, a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were

made at one site each day during each Intensive Field Campaign (IFC). At each site, the flux chamber

was place down on each plot for 20 minutes before being moved to the next plot. After making the flux

measurement at ambient soil moisture conditions, approximately 1 L of distilled water was added to the

plot and the measurement was repeated 1 hour after wetting. No water was added to sites that were

already wet due to rain. During the time periods that the measurements were made, little or no

difference was seen between NO emissions before and after wetting, either artificially or by rain.

Since black spruce was much more dominant than jack pine in this region, most of the NO flux

data were collected in black spruce. There were eight black spruce sites -- two unburned and six sites

that had been burned over a time period of 8 years. Flux measurements were obtained from sites

burned in 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 as well as from the unburned control sites. There

were three jack pine sites -- two unburned and one burned in 1987. Not only did the sites span a

period of time since burned, but there was also variation in the depth of burn, which is related to fire

intensity. The depth of burn varied from unburned, which had a sphagnum and feather moss ground

cover of up to 30 to 40 cm, to a high depth of burn at the 1992 burn site, where the fire had burned

down to mineral soil.

Measurements indicated that the amount of NO flux and the duration of increased NO flux

correlated with the intensity of the burn and how quickly vegetation returned rather than the time since

burning.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS TE-09 PAR and Leaf Nitrogen Data for NSA Species

BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Capacity and Foliage Nitrogen Data

BOREAS TGB-01 NSA CH4 and CO2 Chamber Flux Data

BOREAS TGB-01 SF6 Chamber Flux Data over NSA Jack Pine Sites

BOREAS TGB-03 CO2 and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA

BOREAS TGB-05 CO2, CH4, and CO Chamber Flux Data over the NSA

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Joel S. Levine

NASA Langley Research Center

Edward L. Winstead

NASA Langley Research Center

Page 2
2.2 Title of Investigation

Trace Gas Exchange in the Boreal Forest Biome: Effects of Fire Activity

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. Joel S. Levine

NASA Langley Research Center

Mail Stop 401B

Hampton, VA 23681

(757) 864-5692

j.s.levine@larc.nasa.gov

Contact 2:

Edward L. Winstead

NASA Langley Research Center

Mail Stop 483

Hampton, VA 23681

(757) 864-4209

e.l.winstead@ larc.nasa.gov

Contact 3:

Jeffrey A. Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

The NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) fluxes at the surface of the soil are important components of the

boreal forest. Stand-replacement fires may affect the soil-surface fluxes of these gases. Fire removes

the canopy and part of the moss, lichen, and shrub cover, thus altering soil temperature, moisture, and

nutrient composition. In order to understand and quantify gas exchange in these systems, it is

necessary to measure the biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide over a wide range of

spatial and temporal parameters, including burned and unburned upland black spruce and jack pine

sites.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The measurements of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3

Luminox NO2 monitor. The Luminox monitor is a lightweight, portable instrument for continuous

measurement of NO2 in air. It operates by detecting the chemiluminescence produced when NO2

interacts with a surface wetted with a specially formulated luminol solution. The luminol solution is

oxidized, producing chemiluminescence in the 425 nm region, which is measured by a photomultiplier

tube. The signal from the photomultiplier tube is directly proportional to the mixing ratio of NO2.

Since the NOz-luminol reaction is temperature sensitive, the NO2 monitor is equipped for temperature

Page 3
compensation.Thesignalfor agivenNO2mixingratioisconstantoverthetemperaturerangeof 5to

40°C. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a chromium trioxide converter system was developed for

the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to introduction into the Luminox detector. The NO to NO2

converter consists of a Teflon-lined stainless steel tube (6.0 cmx 1.2 cm) packed with a chromosorb

support material coated with chromium trioxide. The converter material is prepared by soaking

Chromosorb P, 30-60 mesh (manufactured by Johns Manville Corporation) in a 17% chromium

trioxide aqueous solution. The excess solution is decanted and the material is dried in an oven at 40 °C.

Finally, the material is exposed to ambient air conditions for 24 hours as described by Levaggi et al.,

1974. The conversion of NO to NO2 is nearly 100% efficient provided that the relative humidity of the

sample air stream is less than 25%. This is accomplished by pumping the sample air stream at

approximately 1.0 L rain-1 through a Teflon filter and then through a 1-m-long Nation tube (Type

815, Dupont perfluorinated polymer, 1.0 mm ID x 0. 875 mm OD, Perma Pure, Incorporated) packed

in silica gel. The Nation dryer lowers the water content of the air to an acceptable level without the loss

of NO or NO2. The dried air is directed either through the chromium trioxide converter where NO is

converted to NO2 for the measurement of NOx or through an unpacked column for the measurement of

NO2 by the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference between the converted and

unconverted signals. The minimum detectable flux with this instrument is 0.02 ng N/mZ/s of NO over

a 10-minute interval at 293 K.

The NzO measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas chromatograph

equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector, a 1-mL sample loop and stainless steel Porapak Q

column (4-m, 1-mm-ID HayeSep Q micropacked column). The detector temperature was 340 °C, and

the oven temperature was 60 °C. The carrier gas, 5% methane in argon, was supplied at a flow rate of

22 mL/min. The minimum detectable flux of NzO that could be detected with this instrument is 1 ng

N/mZ/s of NzO over a 20-minute period at 293 K.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Samples were collected under all environmental conditions.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Ground.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The mission objective was to measure soil nitric oxide and nitrous oxide fluxes and relevant

ancillary data in fire scars and nearby controls.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, soil temperature, and soil moisture content.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

The measurements of NO, NO2, and NOx (NO + NO2) were made with a modified LMA-3

Luminox NO2 monitor. It operates by detecting the chemiluminescence produced when NO2 interacts

with a surface wetted with a specially formulated luminol solution. The signal from the photomultiplier

tube is directly proportional to the mixing ratio of NO2. For the measurement of NO and NOx, a

chromium trioxide converter system was developed for the conversion of NO to NO2 prior to

introduction into the Luminox detector. Dried sample air is directed either through the chromium

trioxide converter where NO is converted to NO2 for the measurement of NOx or through an unpacked

column for the measurement of NO2 by the Luminox monitor. NO is calculated as the difference

between the converted and unconverted signals.

The NzO measurements were made using a Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas chromatograph

equipped with a 63Ni electron capture detector (ECD). Gas samples collected by syringe are injected

into the chromatograph via an injection valve equipped with a 1-mL loop. After separation of NzO

from other gas components in a Porapak Q packed column, the concentration of NzO is measured by

the ECD detector and quantified by integration.

Page 4
4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Not applicable.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Manufacturer of LMA-3 Luminox NO2 monitor:

Scintrex/Unisearch

222 Snidercroft Road

Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 1B5

(416) 669-2280

(416) 669-5132 (fax)

The NO to NO2 converter was built in-house.

The manufacturer of the Shimadzu gas chromatograph is:

Shimadzu Scientific Instruments

7102 Riverwood Drive

Columbia, MD 21046

(301) 381-1227

(301) 381-1222 (fax)

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

The Luminox instrument was calibrated for NO using a field calibration master gravimetric

standard certified by Scott Specialty Gases (Plumsteadville, PA) at the + 1% level. A calibration curve

was obtained by dynamic mass flow dilution of the standard with ultra zero ambient monitoring air.

The field calibration source was checked against a National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST) standard reference material (SRM).

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

The NO instrumentation was calibrated daily. The N20 gas chromatograph was calibrated every

six injections.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

NO and N20 fluxes were determined using a closed chamber flux technique. At sites selected for

study, only a flux chamber was placed onto the soil plots with the edges of the chamber extending into

the soil to prevent movement of air into or out of the chamber. Rectangular aluminum collars were

inserted into the soil to a depth of at least 3 cm for some plots. The top edges of the collar formed a

V-shaped groove into which the flux chamber could be set. Flux measurements of plots with and

without collars revealed no difference in flux between the measurements. The collar and flux chamber

covered an area measuring about 0.4 m2. The inner surfaces of both the collar and the flux chamber

were coated with Teflon. The outer surfaces of the chamber was insulated with reflective

aluminum-covered isocyanurate foam. The volume of the flux chamber varied from about 148 L to 175

L, depending upon if a collar was used and the depth to which the collar was inserted into the soil. A

muffin fan inside the box stirred the air at the rate of 3 m3 rain- 1 at zero static back pressure to ensure

that the chamber air was homogeneous. A 0.635-cm vent at the top of the box prevented development

Page 5
of apressuredifferentialwhenairwaspumpedoutof thechamberfor analysisof NO.Teflontubing

extending20cm intothechamberwasusedfor samplingair for NO andNOx analysis.Bulkhead

fittingswith siliconerubberseptawereusedfor removalof chamberairby syringefor N20 analysis.

Anotherfitting allowedinsertionof probesusedto measurethetemperaturesof bothsoilandairwithin

thechamber.

Both03 andNO2havebeenshownto decreaseto nearzeroduringthefirst 4 min.aftersettingthe

flux chamberdown.NO2is absorbedontosoilsandbothabsorbedandmetabolizedby plants.

Therefore,NO2wasignoredandall calculationsof NO fluxeswerebasedupontheincreaseof mixing

ratioversustimeof NO beginning4 min afterstartingtheflux measurement.Correctionwasmadefor

thedilutioncausedby pumpingairintotheLuminoxLMA-3 monitorat 1L/min.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None given.

6.2 Field Notes

Date

14-Aug-93

15-Aug-93

16-Aug-93

17-Aug-93

18-Aug-93

19-Aug-93

04-Jun-94

06-Jun-94

08-Jun-94

09-Jun-94

10-Jun-94

12-Jun-94

13-Jun-94

16-Jun-94

17-Jun-94

18-Jun-94

19-Jun-94

21-Jul-94

22-Jul-94

24-Jul-94

25-Jul-94

26-Jul- 94

27-Jui-94

28-Jui-94

29-Jul-94

31-Jul-94

01-Aug-94

02-Aug-94

Location

93 NR

89JP

CJP

89FR

CGR

92GR

CGR

CJP

89JP

89FR

CFR

94GR

94GR

92GR

89FR

94GR

87GR

94GR

92GR

92GR

CGR

89JP

89FR

CJP

94GR

92GR

92GR

92GR

Activity

NO, N20 fluxes,

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes, Site received rain over-night, soil was wet.

NO, N20 fluxes, Feather covering site was wet.

NO, N20 fluxes, Heavy burn to mineral soil in 1992, some moss

and shrub regrowth. Feather covering site was wet.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes, Sandy soil, burned to mineral soil.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes.

Sites received heavy rain.

NO, N20 fluxes, Some large logs at site still smoldering from

fire which occurred approximately 6/11/94, but not moss.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes, Light burn in 1994, soil surface covered with

burned and dead moss.

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Site only accessible by float plane.

N20 fluxes, Soil very damp under regrowth of moss.

N20 fluxes, Black ash on top of burned moss.

N20 fluxes, Light rain at the site during the morning.

N20 fluxes, Light rain on the way to site. Ground was wet.

N20 fluxes.

N20 fluxes.

N20 fluxes.

N20 fluxes, Sandy soil covered with reindeer lichen and

Diurnal study conducted at site. Late in the

from distant fires visible.

small shrubs.

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes,

afternoon, smoke haze

NO, N20 fluxes.

NO, N20 fluxes.

Page 6
03-Aug-94

04-Aug-94

05-Aug-94

06 -Aug - 94

17-Jui-95

18-Jui-95

20-Jui-95

21-Jui-95

89JP NO, N20 fluxes, During first flux measurement, signal output

became noisy.Bad cable was detected and replaced. The first

flux measurement was repeated.

89FR NO, N20 fluxes.

CJP NO, N20 fluxes.

CFR NO, N20 fluxes, Site received rain the night before.

92GR NO, N20 fluxes, Light rain that night.

92GR NO, N20 fluxes.

94GR NO, N20 fluxes, Heavy rain during night at site.

95GR NO, N20 fluxes, Black spruce stand burned in July 1995. Mixed

burn, burned to mineral soil in some areas, other areas

covered with burned and dead moss.

22-Jui-95 87GR NO, N20 fluxes,

24-Jui-95 89FR NO, N20 fluxes.

25-Jui-95 89JP NO, N20 fluxes

26-Jui-95 92GR NO, N20 fluxes

27-Jui-95 CFR NO, N20 fluxes

26-Jui-95 Rain all day.

29-Jui-95 95GR NO, N20 fluxes

Light rain.

Light rain.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

Measurements were performed on upland black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus

banksiana) forest sites in the vicinity of the BOREAS NSA, which is located near Thompson,

Manitoba. The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) latitude and longitude coordinates of

Thompson are 55 ° 91' N, 98 ° 42' W). Eight black spruce sites were selected about 100 km northeast

of Thompson, Manitoba. All eight black spruce sites were exposed to very similar climatic conditions.

The sites were located :

• CGR: Black spruce control (not burned for >60 yrs) on Gillam Rd (100 km from

Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground cover.

(55.154N, 96.718W)

• CFR: Control black spruce near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82 km from Thompson);

Clay, sand and silt soil; Live sphagnum and feather moss ground cover. (Coordinates

unavailable)

• 87GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1987 on Gillam Rd. (99 km from Thompson); Clay,

sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, strong moss, grass and shrub regrowth. (55.158N, 96.727W)

• 89FR: Black spruce stand burned in 1989, near Footprint River on Hwy 391 (82 km from

Thompson); Clay, sand and silt soil; Heavy burn, burned to mineral soil in spots, some moss

and shrub regrowth. (Coordinates unavailable.)

• 92GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1992 on Gillam Rd. (100 km from Thompson); Clay,

sand and silt soil; Heavy burn to mineral soil, some moss and shrub regrowth. (55.149N,

96.712W)

• 93NR: Black spruce stand burned in 1993 (70 km SE of Thompson, Nelson River); Clay,

sand and silt soil; Light burn, top 10-15 cm of moss burned. (Coordinates unavailable)

• 94GR: Black spruce stand burned in 1994 on Gillam Rd. (98 km from Thompson); Clay,

sand and silt soil; Clay, sand and silt soil; Light burn, soil surface covered with burned and

dead moss. (55.158N, 96.735W)

• 95GR: Black spruce stand burned in July 1995 (94 km East of Thompson, Gillam Road);

Clay, sand and silt soil; Mixed burn, burned to mineral soil in some areas, other areas covered

with burned and dead moss. (56.1741N, 96.51963W)

Page 7
Thejackpineburn sitewaslocatedin alargeburn site(115,643ha;summer,1989)onHwy 391near

LeafRapids,Manitoba,140km westnorthwestof Thompson,Manitoba.Ajack pinestand,

unburnedfor at least80years,located133km westnorthwestof Thompson,servedasthecontrolfor

thejackpineburnsite.(Coordinatesunavailable)

Flux measurementsweremadein thefollowingjackpinesitesin andaroundtheBOREASNSA:

• CJP: Controljackpine(notburnedfor > 60yrs)onHwy 391(132km from Thompson)and

(57km from NelsonHouse);Sandysoilcoveredwith reindeerlichenandsmallshrubs.

(55.96257N,99.83004W)

• 89JP: Jackpine standburnedin 1989onHwy 391(138km from Thompson);Sandysoil,

burnedto mineral soil.(56.02696N,99.87474W)

At eachsite,theenvironmentalchamberswereusedto measurefluxeswithin anareathatwas

approximately10,000m2.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

Each flux measurement covered an area of 0.40 m2. Usually flux measurements were made at 8

plots at each of 10 sites.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Measurements were made during field campaigns during August 1993; June, July, and August

1994; and July 1995.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Date Location

14-Aug-93 93NR

15-Aug-93 89JP

16-Aug-93 CJP

17-Aug-93 89FR

18-Aug-93 CGR

19-Aug-93 92GR

04-Jun-94 CGR

06-Jun-94 CJP

08-Jun-94 89JP

09-Jun-94 89FR

10-Jun-94 CFR

13-Jun-94 94GR

16-Jun-94 92GR

17-Jun-94 89FR

18-Jun-94 94GR

19-Jun-94 87GR

Page 8
21-Jui-94 94GR

22-Jui-94 92GR

24-Jui-94 92GR

25-Jui-94 CGR

26-Jui-94 89JP

27-Jui-94 89FR

28-Jui-94 CJP

29-Jui-94 94GR

31-Jui-94 92GR

01-Aug-94 92GR

02-Aug-94 92GR

03-Aug-94 89JP

04-Aug-94 89FR

05-Aug-94 CJP

06-Aug-94 CFR

17-Jui-95 92GR

18-Jui-95 92GR

20-Jui-95 94GR

21-Jui-95 95GR

22-Jui-95 87GR

24-Jui-95 89FR

25-Jui-95 89JP

26-Jui-95 92GR

27-Jui-95 CFR

29-Jui-95 95GR

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Typically, a total of 16 to 20 flux measurements, including wet and dry, were made at one site each

day during each IFC. A diurnal study was also conducted.

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

PLOT ID

NO FLUX

N20 FLUX

SURFACE TEMP

SOIL INFO

SOIL TEMP 2CM

SOIL TEMP 4CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

Page 9
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

PLOT ID

NO FLUX

N20 FLUX

SURFACE TEMP

SOIL INFO

SOIL TEMP 2CM

SOIL TEMP 4CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG, T

RN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument, e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) when the data were

collected.

This is the plot from which the measurement came.

NO FLUX

N20 flux

Surface temperature.

The local soil information at the site.

Soil temperature at 2cm depth.

Soil temperature at 4cm depth.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

PLOT ID

NO FLUX

N20 FLUX

SURFACE TEMP

SOIL INFO

SOIL TEMP 2CM

SOIL TEMP 4CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[HHMM GMT]

[none]

[nanograms N] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[nanograms N] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[degrees Celsius]

[none]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

Page 10
7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

PLOT ID

NO FLUX

N20 FLUX

SURFACE TEMP

SOIL INFO

SOIL TEMP 2CM

SOIL TEMP 4CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

Not applicable

Not applicable

Investigator

Investigator

Investigator

Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas chromatograph

Schimadzu model GC-MINI-2 gas chromatograph

Cole-Palmer, model 8402-20

Investigator

[Unknown]

[Unknown]

[BORIS Designation]

[BORIS Designation]

7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the data files on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-9BS-T05GR NSA-9JP-T5391 None None None None

SUB SITE TGB05-N87GR TGB05-NFCJP None None None None

DATE OBS 14-AUG-93 29-JUL-95 None None None None

TIME OBS 1 2357 None None None None

PLOT ID 1 9 None None None None

NO FLUX .02 64.9 -999 None -777 None

N20 FLUX None None -777 None

SURFACE TEMP 8.9 34.2 -999 None None None

SOIL INFO N/A N/A None None None None

SOIL TEMP 2CM 15.4 28.9 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 4CM 1.7 21.2 -999 None None None

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None None None None

REVISION DATE 25-SEP-96 26-SEP-96 None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

Below Detect Limit -- The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

Page 11
Data Not Cllctd

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of data records from a sample data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,PLOT ID,NO FLUX,N20 FLUX, SURFACE TEMP,

SOIL INFO, SOIL TEMP 2CM, SOIL TEMP 4CM, CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-9BS-T5391', 'TGB05-N89FRT, 04-AUG-94,1518,1, .06,-777,15.7, 'Amb',-999,-999,

'CPI',25-SEP-96

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) was the data from

a given site on a given day.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None given.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

None given.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None given.

Page 12
9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None given.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

NO fluxes were calculated from the slope of the NO mixing ratio (ppbv) versus time (minutes)

from 4 to 15 minutes after the flux chamber was placed on the soil. During this time the slope was

linear. N20 fluxes were calculated from the slope of the N20 mixing ratio versus time from time zero.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

None given.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

A comparison of the NO flux methods, instrumentation, and calibration was held during

Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange (BATGE) experiments in 1994 and during Natural

emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation techniques and Assessment project (NOVA) field

experiments in 1994 and 1995.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined for general consistency and clarity.

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

11. Notes

Page 13
12. Application of the Data Set

These data along with other nitrogen values from other data sets can be used to characterize the soils at

various boreal forest sites.

None given.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

14. Software

15. Data Access

The biogenic soil emissions data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information

System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center

(DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

Page 14
16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

None.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Anderson, I.C. and J.S. Levine. 1986. Relative Rates of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Production

by Nitrifiers, Denitrifiers, and Nitrate Respirers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51,938-945.

Anderson, I.C. and J.S. Levine. 1987. Simultaneous Field Measurements of Biogenic Emissions of

Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92, 964-976.

Anderson, I.C., J.S. Levine, M.A. Poth, and P.J. Riggan. 1988. Enhanced Biogenic Emissions of

Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide Following Surface Biomass Burning. Journal of Geophysical

Research, 93, 3893-3898.

Levine, J.S., D.A.B. Parsons, R.G. Zepp, R.A. Burke, D.R. Cahoon Jr., W.R. Cofer III, W.L.

Miller, M.C. Scholes, R.J. Scholes, D.I. Sebacher, S. Sebacher, and E.L. Winstead. 1997. Southern

African Savannas as a Source of Atmospheric Gases in Fire in Southern African Savannas Ecological

and Atmospheric Perspectives, edited by B.W van Wilgen, M.O. Andreae, J.G. Goldammer, J.A.

Lindesay, 135-160.

Levine, J.S., E.L. Winstead, D.A.B. Parsons, M.C. Scholes, R.J. Scholes, W.R. Cofer, D.R.

Cahoon, and D.I. Sebacher. 1996. Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide

(N20) from Savannas in South Africa: The Impact of Wetting and Burning. Journal of Geophysical

Research, 101(D19): 23,689-23,697.

Levine, J.S., W.R Cofer III, D.I. Sebacher, E.L. Winstead, S. Sebacher, and P.J. Boston. 1988.

The Effects of Fire on Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide. Global

Biogeochem. Cycles, 2, 445-449

Levine, J.S., W.R Cofer III, D.I. Sebacher, R.P. Rhinehart, E.L. Winstead, S. Sebacher, C.R.

Hinkle, P.A. Schmalzer, and A.M. Koller Jr. 1990. The Effects of Fire on Biogenic Emissions of

Methane and Nitric Oxide from Wetlands. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 1853-1864.

Levine, J.S., W.R. Cofer III, D.R. Cahoon Jr., E.L. Winstead, D.I. Sebacher, M.C. Scholes,

D.A.B. Parsons, and R.J. Scholes. 1996. Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide

from Savannas in South Africa: The impact of Wetting and Burning. Journal of Geophysical Research

101(D19): 23,689-23,697.

Page 15
Levine, J.S.,W.R CoferIII, E.L. Winstead,R.P.Rhinehart,D.R. Cahoon,D.I. Sebacher,S.

Sebacher,andB.J.Stocks.1991.BiomassBurning: CombustionEmissions,SatelliteImagery,and

BiogenicEmissionsin BiomassBurning:Atmospheric,Climatic,andBiosphericImplications(J.S.

Levine),TheMIT Press,Cambridge,Massachusetts, 264-271.

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.Nickeson,

A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.2000.CollectedDataof The

BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.

Parsons,D.A.B., M.C. Scholes,R.J.Scholes,andJ.S.Levine. 1994.BiogenicNO Emissionsfrom

SavannaSoilsasaFunctionof SoilNitrogenandWaterStatus.Journalof GeophysicalResearch.

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1994.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1994-3.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 94).

Sellers,P.andF.Hall. 1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:ExperimentPlan.Version

1996-2.0,NASA BOREASReport(EXPLAN 96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1996.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1994

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC94).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.Ranson,D. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

Whalen,S.C.andW.S.Reeburgh.1988.A methaneflux time seriesfor tundraenvironments.Global

Biogeochem.Cycles,2, 399-409.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

Page 16
ASCII

BATGE

BOREAS

BORIS

CD-ROM

DAAC

ECD

EOS

EOSDIS

GIS

GMT

GSFC

HTML

IFC

NASA

NIST

NOVA

NSA

ORNL

PANP

SRM

SSA

TE

TGB

URL

19. List of Acronyms

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Electron Capture Detector

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- HyperText Markup Language

- Intensive Field Campaign

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- National Institute of Standards and Technology

- Natural emissions of Oxidant precursors: Validation techniques and

Assessment project

- Northern Study Area

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Standard Reference Material

- Southern Study Area

- Terrestrial Ecology

- Trace Gas Biogeochemistry

- Uniform Resource Locator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 13-Dec- 1997

Last Updated: 27-May- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 13-Apr- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

Levine, J.S., E.L. Winstead, D.A.B. Parsons, M.C. Scholes, R.J. Scholes, W.R. Cofer, D.R.

Cahoon, and D.I. Sebacher. 1996. Biogenic Soil Emissions of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Nitrous Oxide

(N20) from Savannas in South Africa: The Impact of Wetting and Burning. Journal of Geophysical

Research, 101(D19): 23,689-23,697.

Page 17
If usingdatafromtheBOREASCD-ROM series,alsoreferencethedataas:

J.S.LevineandE.L. Winstead,"TraceGasExchangein theBorealForestBiome:Effectsof Fire

Activity." In CollectedDataof TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.Eds.J.Newcomer,D.

Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,A. Papagno,D.

Rinker, R.Strub,T. Twine, F.Hall, andP.Sellers.CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also,citetheBOREASCD-ROMsetas:

Newcomer,J.,D. Landis,S.Conrad,S.Curd,K. Huemmrich,D. Knapp,A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson,A. Papagno,D. Rinker,R.Strub,T. Twine,F. Hall, andP.Sellers,eds.CollectedDataof

TheBorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy.NASA. CD-ROM.NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 18
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

November 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TGB-5 Biogenic Soil Emissions of NO and N20 923

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

J.S. Levine, E.L. Winstead, D.A.B. Parsons, M.C. Scholes, R.J. Scholes, W.R. Corer,

D.R. Cahoon, and D.I. Sebacher

Forrest G. Hall and Sara K. Conrad, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 230

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

D.A.B. Parsons and M.C. Scholes: University of Witwatersrand; R.J. Scholes: Forestek, CSIR;

D.I Sebacher: SAIC; S.K. Conrad: Raytheon ITSS

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TGB-5 team made several measurements of trace gas concentrations and fluxes at

various NSA sites. This data set contains biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide that

were measured over a wide range of spatial and temporal site parameters. Since very little is known

about biogenic soil emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from the boreal forest, the goal of the

measurements was to characterize the biogenic soil fluxes of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide from black

spruce and jack pine areas in the boreal forest. The diurnal variation and monthly variation of the

emissions was examined as well as the impact of wetting through natural or artificial means. Temporally, the data cover mid-August 1993, June to August 1994, and mid-July 1995. The data are provided

in tabular ASCII files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, trace gas biogeochemistry.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

18

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102