AlllDl 11DT71 MBS

PUBLICATIONS

NBSIR 82-2506

Evaluation of Wall Protection

Systems for Wood Heating

Appliances

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

May 1982

Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20545

and

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82-2506

1982

onsumer Product Safety Commission

ithesda, MD 20016

NBSIR 82-2506

$ EVALUATION OF WALL PROTECTION

SYSTEMS FOR WOOD HEATING

APPLIANCES

WATIONAl. BURBA U 09 rrANnABa>s UBRART

MAY 2 5 1982

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Joseph J. Loftus

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Washington, DC 20234

May 1982

Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy

Washington, DC 20545

and

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Bethesda, MD 20016

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 2

2.1 Clearances in Existing Codes and Standards 2 2.2 Temperatures Developed in Heating Appliances 4 2.3 Limiting Safe Temperatures on Combustible Surfaces ... 6

3. WALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS V

4. TEST APPARATUS ' 10

5. TEST PROCEDURES 11

6. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12

6.1 Unprotected Gypsum Wallboard - Painted

Versus Unpainted Surfaces 12

6.2 Effect of a Metal Protector and Air Space on

Wallboard Surface Temperature 13

6.3 Effect of Black Painted Metal Protector and

Air Space on Wallboard Surface Temperature 13

6.4 Effect of Black Painted Metal Protectors and

Air Space on Black Painted Wallboard 14

6.5 Effect of Protective Devices Attached Directly

to Wallboard 15

6.6 Effect of Air Space Combined with Protective

Insulating Boards and a Brick Wall on Wallboard

Surface Temperature 17

6.7 Effect of Black Painted Metal Sandwich Panels and

Air Space on Wallboard Surface Temperature 18

7 . SUMMARY 18

8. CONCLUSIONS 19

9. RECOMMENDATIONS 22

10. REFERENCES 22

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Appliance construction details for gas-fired

stove used in wall protection tests 25

Figure 2. Thermocouple placement on appliance surface 26

Figure 3. Thermocouple placement on protector and

wallboard surface 27

Figure 4. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 150°C) 28

Figure 5. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 150°C) 29

Figure 6. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 200°C) 30

Figure 7. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 200°C) 31

Figure 8. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 220°C) 32

Figure 9. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 220°C) 33

Figure 10. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 250°C) 34

Figure 11. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 250°C) 35

Figure 12. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 300°C) 36

Figure 13. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 300°C) 37

Figure 14. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 350°C) 38

IV
Page

Figure 15. Range of temperatures on wall protector surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 350°C) 39

Figure 16. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 150°C) 40

Figure 17. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 150°C) 41

Figure 18. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 200°C) 42

Figure 19. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 200°C) 43

Figure 20. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 220°C) 44

Figure 21. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 220°C) 45

Figure 22. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 250°C) 46

Figure 23. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 250°C) 47

Figure 24. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 300°C) 48

Figure 25. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 300°C) 49

Figure 26. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface for

stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 1-10 (stove surface 350°C) 50

Figure 27. Range of temperatures on gypsum wall surface

for stove-wall clearances of (7.5-90 cm) during

tests 11-23 (stove surface 350°C) 51

Figure 28. Surface temperatures and clearances for

(protected) gypsum wallboard . 52

V
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Twenty-three Wall Protection Systems Tested 53

Table 2. Temperature Rise above Room Temperature for

Protector and Gypsum Wallboard Surfaces for

"Worst-Case" Conditions 54

VI
EVALUATION OF WALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

FOR WOOD HEATING APPLIANCES

Joseph J. Loftus

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

Abstract

Measurements of the surface heating potential of

unprotected and protected gypsum wallboard materials in

close proximity to irradiating surfaces of home heating

appliances have been made. A total of 4 unprotected

walls and 19 protected interior wall surfaces were evaluated in tests where stove-to-wall clearances were varied

from 7.5 to 90 cm (3 to 36 in) and stove surface temperatures were maintained at five different temperature

levels ranging from 150-350°C (300-660°F).

The systems found most effective in offering thermal

protection to the base wall surface (i.e., gypsum wallboard) were those consisting of a metal plate surface

offset by an air space in front of the wallboard material.

Unprotected gypsum wallboard surfaces were ignited

when the stove to wall clearance was 7.5 cm (3 in) and

the stove surface measured 350°C (660°F)

Key Words: Chimneys; fire tests; flues; heating equipment;

literature reviews; radiant energy; stoves;

wall protection; walls; wood.

1
1 . INTRODUCTION

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the Department of

Energy (DOE) have sponsored studies at the Center for Fire Research (CFR) at

the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to investigate the fire safety of

wood-burning appliances (stoves) used for space heating in single-family

homes and similar small-scale applications.

In previous reports [1-4] submitted to the Department of Energy (DOE) on

the fire safety of wood-burning appliances, CFR has presented information on

a survey of fire incidents involving wood-burning appliances and a review of

codes and standards dealing with solid fuel appliances. These reports provided the basis for research on proper clearances between wall lining surfaces

and wood-burning appliances and on protective devices that may be used to

allow for reduced clearances.

The following report details the results of such a research effort

designed to study the effects of clearances between wall linings and hot

(stove) surfaces on temperatures developed on the surface of the wall lining

materials

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

2.1 Minimum Safe Clearances in Existing Codes and Standards

Recommendations for minimum acceptable clearances to combustible material

for the installation of chimneys, chimney connectors, and appliances are

specified in the various model codes and recommended practices manuals

[2,5-13]. For simplicity and ease of enforcement, a single (hopefully conservative) clearance is given for each type of appliance installed without

protection. No allowance is made for the size, heat output, heat transfer

2
characteristics, or other features unique to individual models. Similarly,

only a few, specific methods of protection employed to allow reduction of

these clearances are recommended. Typically, 0.91 m (36 in) of clearance is

specified between radiant heaters and unprotected combustible construction in

the codes. For circulating heaters, clearances of 0.61 m (24 in) from the

front of the appliance and 0.30 m (12 in) from the sides and back of the

appliance are recommended [13]. For single wall metal chimney connectors

[12], 0.46 m (18 in) is usually recommended as a minimum clearance.

The experimental basis for these code requirements is not, however,

quite so clear. Several experimental studies have been carried out to determine minimum acceptable clearances to combustible materials. Voigt [14],

in a 1933 publication, recommends a minimum clearance of 0.30 m (12 in) for

chimney connectors 0.23 m (9 in) in diameter. A more extensive study, performed by Underwriters Laboratories in 1943 [15], presents minimum safe

clearances for both unprotected surfaces and surfaces protected by various

methods. Distances at which a maximum temperature rise of 50°C (90°F) above

room temperature is reached are presented as a function of the temperature of

the exposed face of a heat producing appliance. The relative protection

afforded by various materials used as heat barriers between the appliance and

combustible surface is also examined. Lawson, Fox, and Webster [16] and

Lawson and Simms [17] have studied the heating of wall panels and wood by

radiation. With experimentation and theoretical predictions, they present

safe clearances between flue pipes and wall surfaces as a function of the

pipe diameter and the pipe surface temperature. To maintain a maximum wall

temperature of lOO^^C (212‘^F) , a 0.15 m (6 in) pipe should not exceed 350*^C

(660°F) in surface temperature at a clearance of 0.46 m (18 in) [16].

These experimental studies established limits for two important parameters: appliance surface temperature and clearance to combustibles for

unprotected and protected surfaces. Maximum appliance surface temperature

for the appliances studied ranged from 300-350°C (600-660°F) . Minimum safe

3
wall clearance for unprotected surfaces range from 0.3 m - 0.91 m (12 in -

36 in) . Most of the current code provisions are only adequate for maximum

appliance surface temperatures up to 300-350°C. In addition, all the methods

of wall protection specified in the model building codes use two materials:

asbestos millboard in various thickness and sheet metal. With the current

health concerns with the use of asbestos, few alternatives are left for wall

and floor protection.

2.2 Temperatures Developed in Heating Appliances

Tests made with prefabricated porcelain-enameled metal chimneys for

solid or liquid fuel furnaces [18,19] established a limiting temperature rise

of 190°C (375°F) on the outer surface of the chimney for a flue gas temperature of 540°C (1000°F). With this limitation, wood framing spaced 5 cm (2

in) or more away from the chimney was considered safe. Satisfactory insulation of the chimneys to reduce the outer surface temperatures to acceptable

levels was obtained with asbestos paper plies totaling about 4.5 cm (1-3/4 in)

in thickness. Some asbestos-cement pipe coverings were also found in the

same study to be capable of reducing heat transmission to the extent required

for safety of nearby combustibles.

To establish performance requirements for lightweight prefabricated

chimneys, tests were conducted with lined and unlined masonry chimneys having

10 cm (4 in) thick walls [20]. Hazardous conditions on wood framing spaced 5

5 cm (2 in) away from the chimney were noted with a continued flue gas temperature of 480°C (900°F) for the unlined chimney and 590°C (llOO'^F) for the

lined chimney. However, these hazardous conditions were not reached in the

lined chimney tests until after 13 hours. As a comparison with typical

fuels, a number of firing tests [21] were conducted with heating appliances

known to give high flue gas temperatures, using wood and soft coal as fuels.

With a coal-fired, jacketed type heater, gas temperatures ranging from 650*^C

4
to 705°C (1200°F to 1300°F) were measured for an hour or more in the flue at

the ceiling level above the heater.

Lawson, et al [16] present the results of tests to measure surface

temperatures of flue pipes to validate theoretical predictions. Measured for

a variety of flue systems using solid fuels —mostly coal and coke —they

report temperatures of about 148°C (300°F) under "normal conditions" and

temperatures as high as 815°C (1500°F) under overload conditions.

Fox and Whittaker [21] report temperatures on metal flues of several

heating appliances over a range likely to be encountered in normal use.

Maximum flue pipe surface temperatures ranged from 700°C to 815°C (1300*^F

to 1500°F) at the appliance flue outlet, 360°C to 510°C (680°F to 950°F) at a distance of 1 m (3 ft) from the appliance flue outlet and 280°C to 330°C

(550°F to 620°F) at a distance of 2 m (6 ft) from the appliance flue outlet.

Shoub [18] concludes that combustible materials will be ignited if

maintained in continued contact with a chimney of 12 cm (4-3/4 in) wall

thickness and with flue gas temperatures of 400°C (750°F)

Current test procedures for prefabricated chimneys require testing of

chimney assemblies with hot flue gases [22]. Flue gas temperatures of 540°C

(1000°F) are maintained until steady-state conditions are reached, followed

by 760°C (1400°F) for 1 hour and 925°C (1700°F) for 10 minutes. These conditions are intended to simulate worst-case conditions.

In tests for the U.S. Department of Energy [23], temperatures ranging

from 297°C-436°C during normal operation and 378*^C-694°C during overload

conditions were noted on appliance surfaces during tests of several woodburning appliances.

5
Clearly, from these data, surface temperatures of wood-burning appliances available in the marketplace today are hotter than the 300°C-350°C

that the current codes are based upon. The temperatures measured in the

tests reviewed here are all maximum temperatures of the appliance surface.

Perhaps a more valid representation would be based on an average temperature

of the appliance surface or a heat flux at the wall surface. Average appliance surface temperatures measured during tests of five wood-heating appliances

during normal operation ranged from 213°C to 356°C (415°F to 673°F) [23].

In this study, average appliance surface temperatures are employed.

2.3 Limiting Safe Temperatures on Combustible Surfaces

Listings of heat producing appliances by nationally recognized testing

laboratories and methods for setting clearances between appliances and combustible surfaces are based on:

• maximum temperature rise of 65°C (117°F) above room temperature

on exposed surfaces; and,

• maximum temperature rise of 50°C (90*^F) above room temperature

on unexposed surfaces such as beneath the appliance, floor protector, or wall-mounted shield [24].

These requirements are based on the fact that, while the ignition temperature of wood products is generally quoted to be on the order of 200°C

(400°F) [12], wood that is exposed to a constant heating over a period of

time may undergo a chemical change resulting in a much lowered ignition

temperature and increased potential for self-ignition [25].

Mitchell [26] presents tests on wood fiberboard exposed to temperatures

as low as 109°C (228°F) that resulted in ignition after prolonged exposure.

MacLean [27,28] reports charring of wood samples at temperatures as low as

6
93°C (200°F) . He concludes that wood should not be exposed to temperatures

appreciably higher than 66°C (150°F) for long periods. McGuire [29], suggests

that the maximum safe temperature on the surface of a combustible material

adjacent to a constant heat source should be no more than 100°C (212°F) .

Clearly, the ignition of wood at moderately elevated temperatures is a complex phenomenon. The time of exposure is indeed an important parameter

[30]. The ignition and self-heating properties of charcoal may be more important than that of "natural" wood according to Shelton [31]. Still, the

numerous documented fires involving the ignition of wood members near low

pressure steam pipes [32] suggest an upper temperature limit for wood exposed

to long-term low-level heating should not be appreciably higher than 100°C

(212°F)

3. WALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Table 1 presents sketches of the 4 unprotected walls and the 19 different wall protection systems evaluated in this study. The systems were

especially designed to obtain as wide a spectrum of information as possible

on temperature protection devices for walls exposed to radiant heat from home

heating appliances. As shown, gypsum wallboard served as the base material

for each of the systems. This particular wallboard was chosen because of its

widely accepted use in room wall constructions found in homes or other dwelling places. For 12 of the 23 systems the wallboard surfaces were painted

black. In 11 of the systems, protector surfaces were also painted black.

Since "worst-case conditions" were created by black painted surfaces,

it was expected that the effectiveness of the different wall protection

systems might be judged by their ability to reflect or absorb radiation

and/or to dissipate absorbed radiation.

7
The exposed surface of each v/all system measured 1. 2x1. 2m (4x4 ft)

and the panels were mounted vertically with an allowance made for a 2.5 cm

(1 in) air space from the floor.

For the purposes of brevity and clarity a key on the following page

identifies the various components used for the wall protection systems shown

in table 1 and in system descriptions throughout this report. The following

outlines the rationale used in the selection of the particular wall systems

for this evaluation study.

1. Compare the surface temperature rise on unprotected and unpainted

base gypsum wallboards "W" (nos. 2 and 7) with unprotected and

black painted "WB" wallboards (nos. 11 and 16)

2. Determine the protection afforded to the base wallboard material by

metal plate/air space(s) combinations. No. 1 (W,A,A1)

,

no. 6 (W,A,28G) and no. 9 (W,AA,28G).

3. Measure the effect of black painted metal plate surfaces and air

space combinations on unpainted wallboard surface temperatures.

Systems no. 8 (W, A, 28GB) and no. 10 (W, A, 28GB , A, 28GB)

4. Determine the effect of black painted wallboard surfaces, black

painted metal plates and air space combinations on wallboard surface temperatures. Systems no. 12 (WB,A,24GB), no. 13 (WB, AA, 24GB)

,

no. 14 (WB, A, 24GB, A, 24GB) , and no. 15 (WB,A,A1B).

5. Determine the effect of protection devices (attached directly to

the base wallboard material) on wallboard surface temperatures.

Systems no. 3 (VI, M) , no. 5 (W,M,28G) , no. 17 (WB,FG,CB) , and

no. 22 (WB,BRV)

8
KEY

Wall Protection Systems Thickness

Identification Material mm in gage

W Gypsum wallboard 10 0.375 -

A Air space 25 1.0 -

AA Air space 50 2.0 -

A1 Aluminum metal plate 3 0.125 -

M Inorganic insulation board "M" 12 0.50 -

2 8G Galvanized metal plate 0.4 0.015 28

24G Galvanized metal plate 0.6 0.024 24

FG Fiberglass 25 1.0 -

C Inorganic insulation board "C" 6 0.25 -

CB Inorganic insulation board "C"

painted black

6 0.25 -

CC Inorganic insulation board ”C" 12 0.50 -

BRV Brick veneer 6 0.25 -

BR Brick wall 90 3.50 -

WB Gypsum wallboard black painted

surface exposed

10 0.375 -

28GB Galvanized metal black painted

surface exposed

0.4 0.024 28

24GB Galvanized metal black painted

surface exposed

0.6 0.015 24

AIB Aluminum plate black painted

surface exposed

3 0.125 -

6. Determine the effect of unpainted and painted insulation boards

and a brick wall each offset by air space from the base wallboard

on wallboard surface temperatures. No. 4 (W,A,M) , no. 18 (WB,A,CB),

and no. 23 (WB,A,BR)

9
7 . Measure the protection offered to the wallboard by black painted

metal plate sandwich panels separated by air space from wallboard

(exposed side of sandwich blackened). No. 19 (WB, A, 24GB,FG, 24GB)

,

no. 20 (WB,A,24GB,C,24GB) , and no. 21 (WB , A, 24GB , CC , 24GB)

4 . TEST APPARATUS

A mock-up heating stove apparatus was constructed for the test series.

The stove enclosure was fabricated with 6 mm (1/4 in) thick steel plates and

measured 50 x 50 x 50 cm (20 x 20 x 20 in) . The fire box was supported 35 cm

(14 in) from the floor by steel angles attached to the box. The test apparatus, illustrated in figure 1, has a radiant panel mounted on the floor of

the stove enclosure (Note: The radiant panel is the same type used in ASTM

Standard E 162 for measuring the surface flammability of building materials.)

The panel consists of a porous refractory material mounted in a cast-iron

frame which allows for the combustion of gas over its surface which measures

30 X 45 cm (12 x 18 in). Regular laboratory supplied natural gas was used

for the tests and no air was mixed with the gas for this testing program.

Venting for the stove was provided by a conventional 15 cm (6 in) diameter

stovepipe system.

Figure 2 shows the location of five 24-gauge, 0.5 mm (0.020 in) chromel

alumel thermocouples attached to the irradiating surface of the stove facing

the test walls. One thermocouple was located at the center of the 50 x 50 cm

(20 X 20 in) surface and each of the four remaining thermocouples were positioned at 15 cm (6 in) distances from the center couple in both the horizontal

and vertical planes. The thermocouples were attached to the steel plate by

metal washers fastened to the plate with sheet metal screws.

Figure 3 shows the thermocouple system (24-gauge chromel alumel) , used

to monitor the temperatures generated on the irradiated and protected wallboard surfaces of the wall systems during tests. One thermocouple was mounted

10
at the center of each test panel (measuring 1.2 x 1.2 m) and from this thermocouple additional thermocouples were positioned in horizontal and vertical

planes at distances of 15, 30, and 45 cm (6, 12, and 18 in). For temperature

averaging purposes, each circle of thermocouples were connected in parallel.

5 . TEST PROCEDURES

Wall test panels were mounted in a vertical position and stove to wall

clearances were adjusted over the following six different test distances:

90, 60, 45, 30, and 7.5 cm (36, 24, 18, 12, and 3 in). (Note: the clearance

established by Fire Codes [8], i.e., 90 cm (36 in), was used as the starting

point for tests.) With the center thermocouples on the stove and wall panel

surfaces in alignment, the stove's gas radiant panel was fired. Gas flows to

the panel were monitored over a range of 14 to 76 £/s (30 to 160 SCFM) to

provide the desired test temperature levels on the stove surface; i.e., 150,

200, 220, 250, 300, and 350°C. The selection of these temperatures is based

on previous work with actual wood-burning appliances [2]. Functions describing the relation between wall surface temperature and distance are derivable

from theory and these are discussed in detail in reference [23].

Stove surface temperatures were quickly and easily maintained; however,

the irradiated wall test surfaces did not reach a reasonable level of constancy until 2 to 3 hours of exposure time had passed. Typically, a test was

started with the test wall 90 cm (36 in) away from the radiant stove surface.

When the temperature on the wall reached steady state, that temperature was

recorded for the test location. The wall was then moved to the next closer

test location and the testing procedures were repeated exactly. After temperatures were recorded for the series of test locations, the entire procedure

was again repeated until a total of four measurements were made for each test

location. All recorded temperatures were averaged for data analysis and

plotting

11
In most cases the time required for obtaining a complete set of data for

all temperature and clearance tests was 1 to 1-1/2 working days.

6. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figures 4 through 15 show the range of temperatures generated on the

radiated surfaces of protectors for the 19 gypsum wallboard - wall protector

combinations and 4 unprotected wallboard surfaces when the stove to wall

clearances were varied from 7.5 - 90 cm (3 - 36 in). As expected, the highest

temperatures were recorded for the smaller clearances, i.e., 7.5 cm (3 in)

and the lowest for the 90 cm (36 in) clearance. (Note; surface temperature

values for nos. 2, 7, 11 and 16 are for wallboards, since no protectors were

used.

)

Figures 16 through 27 show the range of temperatures measured on the

surfaces of the 9 mm (3/8" in) thick gypsum wallboard used in every test.

For discussion and comparison purposes, data for the different wall

systems will address "worst-case conditions", i.e., a 350°C stove surface

temperature and 7.5 cm (3 in) stove-wall clearance.

6.1 Unprotected Gypsum Wallboard - Painted Versus Unpainted Surfaces

For walls nos. 2 and 7 the base wallboard (W) was unpainted, walls 11

and 16 had black painted (WB) surfaces. Tests showed that in every case the

black painted surfaces had higher temperatures than the unpainted surfaces.

This was to be expected, however, as the black surfaces have a higher radiation absorptivity. When each of the walls was tested at the 7.5 cm clearance

the paper surfaces on the wallboards ignited and flamed from 3 to 12 minutes.

Surface damage amounted to a 30 cm (12 in) diameter circle of paper being

burned away before extinguishment.

12
6.2 Effect of a Metal Protector and Air Space on

Wallboard Surface Temperature

Data for peak surface temperatures on three wall systems are presented

as follows:

Peak Surface Temperatures

Unpainted Gypsum Wallboard (W) Protector

No . 1 (W,A,A1) 44°C 00 0O

No . 6 (W,A, 28G) 36°C 78°C

No . 9 (W,AA, 28G) 36°C 114°C

The above data shows that all three metal plate-air space systems were

successful in providing for reasonable surface temperatures, i.e., 36-44°C

on the (W) boards. The board protected by an (Al) plate in system no. 1

registered an 8°C higher temperature than the other (W) board protected by

the (28G) metal plate in system no. 6 but this difference was considered

negligible. The double air space (AA) used by system no. 9 and the single

air space (A) used by system no. 6 (with the same type 28G metal protector)

showed the same temperature rise (36°C) on the (W) board surfaces. The

protector plate in system no. 9 had a higher surface temperature (114°C)

simply because this plate was closer by 2.5 cm (1 in) to the stove surface

than the plate in system no. 6. The significance of these temperature rise

values will be discussed in greater detail in the Summary and Conclusions,

sections 7-8.

6.3 Effect of Black Painted Metal Protector and Air Space

on Wallboard Surface Temperature

Tests on two wall systems produced the following information:

13
Peak Surface Temperatures

Unpainted Gypsum Wallboard (W) Protector

No . 8 (W,A, 28GB) 8 5°C 194°C

No. 10 (W,A, 28GB, A, 28GB) 38°C ’ 225°C

Before comparing results of system no. 8 with no. 10, it should be noted

here that for system no. 6 discussed above the wallboard (W) protected by

unpainted metal (28G) showed a surface temperature of 36°C. For system no. 8 the painted metal (28GB) allowed for a (W) board temperature of 85*^C or 29°C

higher. This resulted from the fact that the protector (metal) surface

temperature for no. 6 reached only 78^0 while for no. 8 the temperature

reached 194°C. The higher protector surface temperature in no . 8 was due to

the higher absorptivity of its blackened surface. A comparison of wallboard

(W) surface temperatures for system no. 8 and no. 10 (i.e., 85*^0 and 38°C,

respectively) showed that the presence of an extra metal plate (28GB) and

air space (A) in system no. 10 helped to maintain the surface temperature on

the (W) board at a reasonable level (38°C or almost the same as was observed

for system no. 6 (36°C)), while the single air space - 28GB combination used

in system no. 8 allowed for a temperature of 85°C. Again it was shown, that

the metal plate closest to the stove surface, exhibited the highest surface

temperature (225*^C for system no. 10).

6.4 Effect of Black Painted Metal Protectors and Air

Space on Black Painted Wallboard

Data obtained in tests on four wall systems are listed as follows:

14
Peak Surface Temp -ratures

Painted Gypsum Wallboard (WB) Protector

No. 12 (WB,A, 24GB) 9 7°C 239°C

No. 13 (WB,AA, 24GB) 62°C 22 5°C

No . 14 (WB,A, 24GB, A, 24GB) 35°C 226°C

No. 15 (WB,A,A1B) 106°C 225°C

A comparison of results for wall systems nos. 12 and 14 showed that use

of an extra metal plate and air space in no. 14 resulted in a considerable

decrease in WB surface temperatures, i.e., 35°C versus 97°C for system no. 12.

Also, use of additional air space (AA) in system no. 13 provided for a lower

temperature (62°C) on the (WB) board surface than was obtained with the

single air space (A) in system no. 12 (97°C) . The value of using different

thicknesses for metal protectors, i.e., 24 gage (0.024 in) in system no. 14

and 28 gage (0.015 in) in system no. 10 was not clearly demonstrated in these

tests since almost identical temperature results were obtained for the wall

systems. However, the effectiveness of the double metal plate double air

space system was such that there was a negligible difference (3°C) between

the surface temperatures on the unpainted (W) board in system no. 10 and the

painted (WB) board in no. 14. The aluminum metal (AlB) protector system in

no. 15 allowed for a higher surface temperature on the (WB) board (106°C)

than was observed on the (WB) board protected by the (24GB) metal plate in

system no. 12 (97°C) . The black painted surfaces of the four metal protectors tested showed temperatures ranging from 225 to 239°C.

6.5 Effect of Protective Devices

Attached Directly to Wallboard

Results of tests on four different wall systems are listed as follows:

15
Peak Surface Temperatures

Gypsum Wallboard Protector

No . 3 (W,M) 134°C* 180°C*

No . 5 (W,M,28G) 41°C u

1 o

—

in

No . 17 (WB,FG,CB) 88°C 257°C

No . 22 (WB,BRV) 216°C 236°C

*Data for system no. 3 for 300°C stove surface temperature.

The value of a combination, metal plate (28G) - insulation board (M)

,

attached directly to the base (W) board in wall system no. 5 was evidenced by

the low surface temperature (41°C) measured on the (W) board. The ability of

the unpainted metal surface to reflect heat combined with the insulation

qualities of M board helped produce these low temperatures. System no. 3 used the same insulation board (M) but did not have the benefit of a metal

cover plate and thus the protected (W) board surface temperature reached

134°C.

System no. 17 using a fiberglass - "C type" insulation board package

attached to the (WB) board showed a considerably high temperature ( 257°C!)

on the painted C board surface and a temperature of 88°C on the (WB) board

surface

In system no. 22, the 6 mm (1/4 in) thick brick veneer attached to (WB)

board developed a surface temperature of 236°C. This high temperature

together with the thin veneer having a relatively high thermal conductivity

"k" caused the (WB) board surface to register a temperature of 216°C.

16
6.6 Effect of Air Space Combined wxL.ti Protective Insulating

Boards, and a Brick Wall on Wallboard

Peak Surface Temperature

Gypsum Wallboard Protector

No . 4 (W,A,M) 60°C I 54 OC

No. 18 (WB,A,CB) 81°C 220°C

No . 23 (WB,A,BR) 72°C 241°C

An evaluation of the above data shows that black painted surfaces again

provided for worst-case testing conditions. In system no. 18 the black

painted protector (insulation board "CB") developed a temperature of 220°C

on its surface and the painted wallboard (WB) separated from this board by an air space, registered a surface temperature of 81°C. System no. 4 by comparison, showed unpainted insulation board "M" with a surface temperature of

154°C and unpainted wallboard (W) with a value of 60°C.

Both of these boards were calcium silicate types and had similar densities. "M" board had a thermal conductivity "k" value 3 times that of "C"

board. However, since the protector wall systems were not tested in the

exact same manner; (i.e., both painted and unpainted the effect of "k"

values on temperature performance cannot be determined in these tests.

The solid brick wall in system no. 23 registered a peak surface temperature of 241°C and even with a 2.5 cm (1 in) air space (A) separation from the

WB board allowed the wallboard surface to develop a temperature of 72°C.

17
6.7 Effect of Black Painted Metal Sandwich Panels and Air

Space on Wallboard Surface Temperature

Results for tests on three different wall systems are listed as follows:

Peak Surface Temperatures

Gypsum Wallboard (WB) Protector

No . 19 (WB,A, 24GB, FG, 24GB) 34°C 254°C

No . 20 (WB,A, 24GB, C, 24GB) 39°C 249°C

No . 21 (WB,A, 24GB,CC, 24GB) 38°C 256°C

An evaluation of the above data shows that each of the sandwich panels

(while developing high surface temperatures of 249-256°C on the exposed

painted metal protector covers) was successful in helping to maintain low

surface temperatures of 34-39°C on the surfaces of the (WB) board material.

Results indicate negligible differences between the different sandwich fill

materials and their effect on temperatures.

7. SUMMARY

Work was completed on an evaluation of wall and wall protection systems

for home heating appliances. In the tests a total of 4 unprotected walls and

19 different protection systems were exposed to radiant heat from a gas fired

stove surface maintained at five different temperature levels from 150°C

to 350*^C. Clearances between the stove and wall surfaces were varied from

7.5-90 cm (3-36 in).

Figures 4 through 15 show the peak temperatures recorded on the surfaces

of the wall protectors and 4 unprotected walls for each of the different

18
stove temperatures for the clearance minimum o± 7.5 cm (3 in) and maximum of

90 cm (36 in)

Figures 16 through 27 show the peak temperatures recorded on the surface

of the base gypsum wallboard (W) and on painted gypsum wallboard (WB) surfaces

for the same stove to wall clearances, i.e., 7.5 cm and 90 cm.

Table 2 lists the wall system number, peak temperatures for the protector and wallboard surfaces, the test room temperature and the temperature

rise for the protector and wallboard surfaces above room temperature. All of

these values are for "the worst-case conditions of 350°C stove surface temperature and stove to wall surface clearances of 7.5 cm (3 in).

An examination of this table shows that a total of 7 wall and wall

systems are not included; namely, numbers 2, 7, 11, 16, 1, 3 and 4. The

first four listed were unprotected gypsum wallboards (2 and 7 unpainted and

11 and 16 painted) which ignited during test and the latter three were not

included because data was not obtained for these systems at 350*^0 stove

surface temperatures.

8. CONCLUSIONS

The criteria used for the evaluation of data listed in table 2 was based

on recommendations made in reference [24] that the upper limit for temperature rise above room temperature on unexposed surfaces such as beneath an

appliance, floor protector, or wall mounted shield, be 50°C (90°F)

Reference [24] also cites a temperature limit of 65°C (117°F) on exposed

combustible surfaces but this limit was not considered applicable to the protector surface data also listed in table 2 since the protectors were noncombustible materials.

19
Based on an analysis of the ^ata the following conclusions are drawn.

1. A total of 12 wall systems were successful in limiting temperature

rise to less than 50*^C on unexposed base gypsum wallboard surfaces

under worst-case conditions of 350°C stove surface temperature and

clearance of 7,5 cm (3 in).

2. For 8 of the 12 systems, temperature rises were less than 10°C.

These low values were registered by the following:

Simple wall Systems: no. 6 W,A,28G; no. 9 W,AA,28G

By two wall systems containing an extra metal plate protector

and air space: no. 10 W, A, 28GB , A, 28GB ; no. 14 WB , A, 2 8GB , A, 28GB

By three metal covered sandwich panels plus air space:

no. 19 WB,A, 24GB,FG, 24GB; no. 20 WB , A, 24GB , C , 24GB

no. 21 WB,A, 24GB,CC, 24GB

By a system consisting of a metal faced insulation board

attached directly to the surface of the base gypsum wallboard:

no. 5 W,M, 28G.

3. A total of 4 wall systems allowed the base wallboard surface temperature to rise to values between 28°C and 48°C, these were:

A simple system with a black painted metal protector:

no. 8 W,A, 28GB

Three wall systems with black painted wallboard surfaces protected by air space and each with different protectors:

no. 13 WB,AA,24GB (black painted metal); no. 18 WB,A,CB

20
(black painted insulation board); no. 24 WB,A,BR (brick wall).

4. A total of 4 wall systems showed wallboard surface temperatures

higher than the 50°C temperature rise limitation (range 57°C-180°C) . These were;

Two wall systems with black painted wallboard surfaces, air

space and black painted metal protector plates; no. 12

WB,A,24GB; no. 15 WB,A,A1B

Two wall systems with black painted wallboard surfaces and

protection systems attached directly to the base wallboard;

no. 17 WB,FG,CB (fiberglass, black painted insulation board);

no. 22 WB,BRV (brick veneer)

5. Of the remaining 7 wall systems not listed in table 2, 4 were unprotected gypsum wallboard materials. Nos. 2 and 7 were unpainted (W)

boards and nos. 11 and 16 were black painted (WB) boards. The paper

surfaces on each of the wallboards were ignited at the 7.5 cm (3 in)

clearance. Surface temperatures ranged from 190-240°C before ignition. The other three wall system nos. 1, 3, and 4 were not

tested at 350*^C.

»

6. The data listed in table 2 is illustrated in figure 28. Wallboard

surface temperature rises are plotted versus stove-wall clearances.

The figure shows the 12 wall systems that meet the 50°C temperature

rise limitation.

21
7. Also indicated in the figure are the clearances needed by four of the

wall systems to meet the 50°C temperature rise limitation. Nos. 15

and 17 require a clearance of 30 cm (12 in) , no. 12 a 45 cm (18 in)

separation, and no. 22 the brick veneer sample a clearance of 90 cm

(36 in) .

9 . RECOMMENDATION

1.

Room walls in close proximity to home heating appliances need thermal

protection from irradiating hot stove surfaces.

2.

Wall protection systems using air space (s) will help to provide for

adequate thermal protection for room walls.

3.

Highly reflective metal plate surfaces are more effective than heat

absorbing painted surfaces.

4.

Thin masonry veneers attached directly to a combustible wall offers little

thermal protection to combustible materials and are not recommended.

10. REFERENCES

[1] Peacock, R. D., A Review of Fire Incidents, Model Building Codes, and

Standards Related to Wood-Buirning Appliances, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

NBSIR 79-1731 (May 1979)

[2] Peacock, R. D., et al . , Fire Safety of Wood-Burning Appliances, Part 1:

State of the Art Review and Fire Tests, Volumes I and II, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), NBSIR 80-2140 (November 1980).

[3] Peacock, R. D. , A Review of Fire Incidents Related to Wood-Burning

Appliances, Wood Energy Institute, Proceedings of Wood Heating Seminar

IV, Portland, Oregon, March 21-24, 1979, 43-46.

[4] Shelton, J. W. , Analysis of Fire Reports on File in the Massachusetts

State Fire Marshal's Office Relating to Wood and Coal Heating Equipment,

Nat. Bur. Std. (U.S.), NBS-GCR- 78-14 9 (November 1978).

[5] The BOCA Basic Building Code/1978, Model Building Regulations for the

Protection of Public Health, Safety and Welfare, Seventh Edition,

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Homeward,

Illinois (1978)

22
[6] The BOCA Basic Mechanical Code/1978, Model Mechanical Regulations for the

Protection of Public Health, Safety and Welfare, Third Edition, Building

Officials and Code Administrators International, Homeward, Illinois (1978)

[7] The National Building Code, 1976 Edition, American Insurance Association,

New York, New York (1976)

,

[8] Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, and Vents, NFPA 211-1977, National Fire

Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts (1978)

[9] Standard Building Code, 1976 Edition, Southern Building Code Congress,

International, Incorporated, Birmingham, Alabama (1976) .

[10] Amendments to the Standard Building Code, 1977 and 1978 Revisions to the

1976 Edition, Southern Building Code Congress, International, Incorporated,

Birmingham, Alabama (1978)

[11] Uniform Building Code, 1976 Edition, International Conference Building

Officials (1976)

[12] 1977 Supplement to the Uniform Building Code, U.B.C. Standards, Uniform

Housing Code, Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings and

the Uniform Fire Code, International Conference of Building Officials

(1977) .

[13] Manual on Clearances for Heat Producing Appliances, NFPA 89M-1976,

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts (1978)

[14] Voigt, G. Q. , Fire Hazard of Domestic Heating Installations, Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), NBS Research Paper RP596 (September 1933).

[15] Neale, J. A., Clearances and Insulation of Heating Appliances, Underwriters

Laboratories, Incorporated, UL Bulletin of Research #27 (February 1943)

[16] Lawson, D. I., Fox, L. L. , and Webster, C. T. , The Heating of Panels by

Flue Pipes, Fire Research Special Report No. 1, Fire Protection Association, London, England (1952)

[17] Lawson, D. I. and Simms, D. L., The Ignition of Wood by Radiation,

British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol . 3, 288-292 (September 1952).

[18] Shoub, H., Survey of Literature on the Safety of Residential Chimneys

and Fireplaces, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Misc. Pub. 252 (December

1963) .

[19] Prefabricated Metal Chimneys, National Bureau of Standards, Fire Research

Section, unpublished reports to Federal Public Housing Authority (1941-

1945) .

[20] Temperatures Developed in Chimneys for Low Cost Houses, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Tech. News Bull. 328 (August 1944).

[21] Fox, L. L. and Whittaker, D., Some Measurements of Temperatures of Metal

Flues of Domestic Heating Appliances, Journal of the Institution of

Heating and Ventilation Engineers, Vol. 23, 183-192 (August 1955).

[22] Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built Residential Type and Building

Appliance —UL 103 Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois

(March 1971)

[ 23 ] Peacock, R. D., et al. Fire Safety of Wood Burning Appliances, Part 1:

State of the Art Review and Fire Tests, Nat. Bur. Stds . (U.S.)

,

NBSIR

80-2140 (1980) . 23
[24] Standard for Room Heaters, Solid Fuel Type —UL 1482, First Edition

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois (August 1979).

[25] McKinnon, G. P. and Tower, K., Eds., Fire Protection Handbook, 14th

Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts,

pages 3-2 to 3-7 (1976)

[26] Mitchell, N. D., New Light on Self-Ignition , NFPA Quarterly, Vol. 45,

No. 2, 165-172 (October 1951).

[27] MacLean, J. D., Effect of Heat on Properties and Serviceability of

Wood: Experiments on Thin Wood Specimens, Forest Products Laboratory

Report No. R1471, Madison, Wisconsin (1945).

[28] MacLean, J. D., Rate of Disintegration of Wood Under Different Heating

Conditions, American Wood-Preservers Association (1951).

[29] McGuire, J. H. , Limiting Safe Surface Temperature of Combustible

Materials, Fire Technology, Vol. 5, No. 3 (August 1969).

[30] Ignition and Charring Temperatures of Wood, Forest Products Laboratory

Report No. 1464, Madison, Wisconsin (January 1958).

[31] Shelton, J. W. , Wood Heat Safety, Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte,

Vermont (September 1979)

[32] Matson, A. F., Dufori, R. E., and Breen, J. F., Performance of Type B

Gas Vents for Gas-Fired Appliances, Part II, Survey of Available Information on Ignition of Wood Exposed to Moderately Elevated Temperatures,

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Bulletin of Research, No. 51,

Northbrook, Illinois (May 1959)

24
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details

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tests
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appliance
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dimensions

in

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27

Figure

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Thermocouple

placement

on

protector

and

wallboard

surface
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28
NOTE:

Tomperaturess

for

11

and

16

In

figures 5

to

15

are

for

wal I

board

surfaces

Cno

protector

used

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these

tests^

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29

Figure

5.

Range

of

temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
M0 0 ‘oaa 3anivy3dW3i

30

Figure

6.

Range

of

temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
140

<0

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31

clearances

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32

Figure

8.

Range

of

temperatures

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wall

protector

surface

for

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clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10,
t60

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33

Figure

9,

Range

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temperatures

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wall

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surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
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34

Figure

10.

Range

of

temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
180

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Figure

11.

Range

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temperatures

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wall

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surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
200

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36

Figure

12.

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protector

surface

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stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
240

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37

Figure

13.

Range

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temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
240

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38

Figure

14.

Range

of

temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

ciurlng

tests

1-10.
280

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39

Figure

15.

Range

of

temperatures

on

wall

protector

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
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Figure

16.

Range

of

temperatures

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gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
<0

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Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
129

r\O

o> o

LU

ft) ®

CJLJ

li.

<0 ^

Ui

>

o

U)

CO

*~oc»oor^<oio^<ocj —

0 *930 3anivy3dW3i

cu

in

hL

0

U-0

-*-> 0

D

0

c

nc

42

Figure

18.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
120

CO

CM

CMCM

CM

00

r\O

CDUJ ® o

CM OJ

Cf) o — <

li- QC

ZD

</)

fs. iij — >O

<0

U>

CO

CM

O

z

H-

</>

liJ h- OOQCDOOQQO — csc»cof^(o inM-co o o o

CM —

0 *030 3anivy3dW3i

43

Figure

19.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
130

C9— O

O

o> UJo

«0 sCNi Ui

o

§

UJ>

o

U)* ^

</>

v«*

CSOGJ®G?C3OOC3QC3C0O

cj — QO)oor^<oi/)Tcoca'~

0 *030 3aniV»3dW3i

44

Figure

20,

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
CO

CM O

CNJ CsJ

CM

CM

a>

CO

CDUJ

Ck ^ CM ® CMUJO

<

u.

O'

z>

(O

o

h-

(0 CO

If)

CO o — 2

'TCOCM — Q<7)COr^(DlOM-COCM —

0 *93a 3anivy3dW3i

45

Figure

21.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
o

0> Z

a

o

<x> i/) CVi

tij

lx. QL3

CO CO

llj U.I

CO

N-»

CO

(M

O

z

1

CO

IxJ H

0 *03a 3ynivy3dW3i

46

Figure

22.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
COCM

CM O

CM

CM O

UJO

CD Q l/> CM CM

O) o — <

iL. q:

r?

(O

<o

o

UJ>

o

I

CO

10

S2 z

!

CM CO — bJ

OOOOQOOOOQOOCSCSOOCS COIOM-COCM — OOOOr'COlOM-COCM —

0 *93a 3aniva3dW3i

47

Figure

23.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
200


 — rsO

O) o

tjj o

oo o

COu

o<

u.

or. <D g

LJ>

r~(OV

C9 O

CO (O T <SJ O oo <D ^ <VI 0 '930 3dniVa3dW3i

0

0D

0

c

IIc

48

Figure

24.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
200

CO

CVI

CM

CM

r\O

CD — LJ

CM O

®, CS> CM <0

a> llJ o

<

u.

CO O' — 3

CO

CO

LJ>

o

I

00

U)

CO

CM

o

z

»-

COLU

h*

O CJ CS? Q O O O C9 S COCOM-CMQOOCOM-CM

0 *93a 3aniva3dW3i

49

Figure

25.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove^all

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
200

o— r\O

O) o

UJo

00 o

U)CO

LJ r-o

ll- q:

<D <0

u>

UJ>

o

(0

V/

CO(D'^CMOOO(D’TC\j ocjqcooqqoqq

0 *030 3ynivy3dW3i

50

Figure

26.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

1-10.
240

CO

CM

CM

CM

r\O

O

— liJ CM ^

CM CO 2 o

<

Lu

00 O' — 3

CO

CO

tlJ >

o

<0V/

LO

OO O

C3 O o <9 C9 <9 6) (9 O G) O

CM (9 00 (O CM (9 00 (0 V CM

CM CM 0 ‘93a 3yniva3dW3i

51

Figure

27.

Range

of

temperatures

on

gypsum

wall

surface

for

stove-wall

clearances

of

(7.5-90

cm)

during

tests

11-23.
0 200

-1

T«fnp«raluro Rise Deg.C

50 100 150

W,A,28G C6)

W,A,28G,A,28G C10)

WB, A, 24GB, A, 24GB C14)

W,AA,28G C9)

W,M,28G C5)

WB,A,24GB,FG,24GB C19)

WB,A,24GB,CC,24GB C21)

yS, A, 24GB, C, 24GB C20)

WB,AA,24GB C13)

WB,A,BR C23)

W, A, 28GB C8)

WB,A,CB (18)

WB,A,24GB (12)

WB,F6,CB (17)

WB,A,ALB (15)

WB,BRV (22)

Figure 28. Surface Temperatures and Clearances

for CProlected) Gypsum Wallboard

52
08c

V

' V

O)

8982

V 9982

V

G)

8982

VM

00

IV

V

53

Table

1.

Twenty-three

Wall

Protection

Systems

Tested
5

6

8

9

10

12

13

14

15

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

St

Temperature Rise above Room Temperature for Protector and Gypsum

Wallboard Surfaces for "Worst-Case" Conditions*

Peak Temperature ^C Temperature °C Temperature Rise *^C Protector Wallboard Test Room Protector Wallboard

51 41 37 14 4

76 36 36 40 0

194 85 40 154 45

114 36 35 79 1

225 38 38 187 0

239 97 40 199 57

225 62 34 191 28

226 35 35 191 0

225 106 33 192 73

257 88 30 227 58

220 81 33 187 48

254 34 27 227 7

249 39 29 220 10

256 38 29 227 9

241 216 36 205 180

241 72 32 209 40

conditions = stove surface 350°C, stove-wall clearance 7.5 cm (3 in).

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