ARM SPAN

Horizontal distance between tips of longest
fingers of right and left hands, with arms
extended laterally.

N: 677

Mean: 71.83.12 in.
S.D.: — 2.99-+.08 in.
Range: 62.50-81.00 in.
CV.:  4.19.11%

181.16+.29 cm.
7.60+.20 cm.
159-206 cm.
4.19+.11%

r: Weight: .40
Stature: .79

9

% In, Cm. eee Se
5 168.5 66.4

10 1711 67.4

20 174.3 68.6

30 176.8 69.6

40 178.9 70.4

50 180.7 711 )

60 182.6 71.9

70 184.9 72.8 (

80 187.6 73.9

90 190.7 75.1

95 193.6 76.2

VERTICAL REACH STANDING

The subject stands erect and raises the
right hand.

N: 280

Mean: 88.25.22 in.
S.D.: 3.64.11 in.
Range: 67.00-97.50 in.
CV.:  412+.12%

224,14+.55 cm.
9.24.28 cm.
170-248 cm.
4,12--.12%

r: Weight: .42 a
Stature: .86

% In. Cm.
5 82.3 209.0
10 84.0 218.4
20 85.1 216.2
30 86.1 218.8
40 87.2 221.5
50 88.2 224.0
60 89.1 226.3
70 90.38 229.8
80 911 281.4
90 92.9 286.0
95 93.6 287.6

Appendix

ARM REACH FROM WALL

The subject stands erect with shoulders
firmly against the wall and extends his left
arm horizontally, with fingers extended. The
distance between the tip of the third finger
and the wall is measured.

N: 681

Mean: 32.60.06 in.
S.D.: 1.60.04 in.
Range: 26.50-87.75 in.
C.V.:  4,91+.138%

r: Weight: .38
Stature: .67

% In. Cm.
5 30.0 76.3

10 30.5 77.5

20 81.1 79.0

30 31.6 80.8

40 321 814 \

50 82.5 82.5

60 32.8 83.4

70 33.2 84.4

80 33.7 85.6

90 34.6 88.0

95 35.2 89.5

82.80+.16 cm.
4.07+.11 cm.
67-96 cm.
4.91+.18%

ee

4

MAXIMUM REACH FROM WALL

The subject stands with his back to the wall,
thrusting his right shoulder as far forward as
possible with his right arm and hand extended
horizontally. The distance from the tip of
the longest finger to the wall is measured.

N: 681

Mean: 37.76+.07 in.
S.D.: 1.90.05 in.
Range: 30.75~43.50 in.
C.V.:  5.04.14%

r: Weight: .89
Stature: .68

% In. Cm.

5 34.6 88.0
10 35.3 89.8
20 36.0 91.5
380 36.5 92.8
40 37.1 94.3
50 37.6 95.6
60 38.1 96.7
70 38.6 98.2
80 39.2 99.6
90 40.1 101.8
95 40.9 103.9

95.90+.18 em.
4.83+.13 cm.
78-110 cm.
5.04.14 %



ELBOW HEIGHT

The vertical distance from radiale to the
floor.

N: 678

Mean: 43.97+.08 in. 111.68+.19 cm.

S.D.: 2.08.05 in. 5.16+.14 cm.
Range: 38.50-49.75 in. 98-126 cm.
CV.: 4.16+.11% 4.16+.11%

r: Weight: .45
Stature: .87

% (In, Cm,
5 40.8 103.6
10 41.6 105.7
20 42.6 108.2
80 42.9 109.1
40 43.4 110.38
50 43.9 1115
60 44.4 112.6
70 44.8 113.9
80 45.5 115.5
90 46.3 117.7
95 47.1 119.6

WRIST HEIGHT

The vertical distance from the stylion to the
floor.

N: 678

Mean: 34.92+.06 in. 88.70+.16 em.
S.D.: 1.67.04 in. 4,24+.11 em,
Range: 30.75-40.50 in. 78-103 cm.
CV. 4.79.18 % 4.79+.13%

r: Weight: .45

Stature: .83

% In. Cm.
5 32.2 818
10 328 83.3
20 33.5 85.1
30 34.0 86.4
40 34.4 87.4
50 34.9 88.6
60 35.2 89.4
70 35.6 90.4
80 36.1 91.7
90 36.9 93.7
95 37.5 95.2

Appendix

KNUCKLE HEIGHT

Vertical distance from the base of the first
phalanx of the third digit to the floor.

N: 678

Mean: 30.83+.06 in. 78.31.15 em.
S.D.: 1.58.04 in. 3.89.11 em.
Range: 27.00-36.25 in. 69-92 cm.
CV.: 4,97+.14% 4.97+.14%

r: Weight: .48
Stature: .76

% (In. Cm.
5 28.2 71.7
10 28.7 73.0
20 29.5 74.9
30 29.9 75.9
40 30.3 76.9
50 30.7 78.0
60 3811 78.9
7 31.5 80.1
80 31.9 811
90 32.6 828
95 33.2 84.4

SUPRASTERNAL HEIGHT

Vertical distance from floor to suprasternale,
the upper margin of the breast bone.

N: 678

Mean: 56.59.09 in. 1438.74.22 em.
S.D.:  2.26+.06 in, 5.74.15 cm.
Range: 50.25-63.00 in. 128-160 cm.
CV.: 4.00+.11% 4.00+.11%

r: Weight: .47
Stature: .93

Yo In Cm.
5 52.9 184.4
10 538 136.7
20 54.6 138.8
30 55.3 140.6
40 55.9 141.9
50 56.5 143.5
60 57.1 145.0
70 57.7 146.5
80 58.4 148.2
90 59.4 150.8
95 60.2 152.8



MAXIMUM KNEE SPREAD (Sitting) NECK CIRCUMFERENCE

The subject sits erect and spreads his knees Circumference of the neck perpendicular to
as far as possible. The distance between the its axis on a plane just below the “Adam’s
outermost points on each knee is recorded. Apple’.
681 N: 681
36.40.10 in. 92.44+.24 cm. Mean: 15.11.03 in. 38.38.08 cm.
2.49.07 in. 6.31+.17 cm. S.D.:  0.85+.02 in. 2.16:£.05 em.
27.00—40.25 in. 68-102 cm. Range: 12.50-18.50 in. 32-47 cm.
6.88-+.18% 6.83-+.18% C.V.: 5.64.15 % 5,644.15 %

r: Weight: .26 r: Weight: .77

Stature: .48 Stature: .17
Y In. Cm.

ni sie 5 187 349

10 338.1 83.9 10 13.9 35.3

20 842 86.8 20 143 36.2

30 35.1 89.1 30 145 36.8

40 35.8 90.8 40 14.8 87.5

50 86.4 92.5 50 14.9 37.8

60 387.1 94.2 60 15.2 38.5

10 87.6 95.5 70 15.4 39.1 Va

80 383 97.3 80 15.7 39.9

90 39.3 99.9 90 16.1 40.9

95 40.0 101.6 95 16.4 41.7
HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE SHOULDER CIRCUMFERENCE

The maximum horizontal circumference of Horizontal circumference of the shoulder

the head immediately above the brow ridges. measured at the level of maximum lateral pro-
trusion of the deltoid muscles.

N: 478

. . N: 681
Mean: 22.80-£.08 in. 57.90:5.07 em. team: 46.22.10 in. 117.39-.25 em.
S.D.: 0.62.02 in. 1.58.05 cm. S.D.: 2.64-£.07 in. 6.71.18 em
Range: 21.00-24.50 58.34-62.23 em. Range: 40.00-55.25 in. 102-140 cm.
CV.2 2.78.09 % 2.18.09 % C.V.: 5.72.16 % 5.72.16 %

r: Weight: 51
Stature: .83

r: Weight: .89
Stature: .29

% In, Cm Jo In, Cm.
5 21.7 55.0 5 42.2 107.1
10 21.9 55.5 10 42.8 108.7
20 22.1 56.3 20 48.9 111.6
30 22.3 56.8 30 44.5 113.1
40 22.5 57.2 40 45.2 114.9
50 22.7 57.6 50 46.0 116.8
60 22.8 58.0 60 46.7 118.5
70 28.0 58.3 70 47.3 120.2
80 28.2 58.9 80 48.1 122.2
90 23.5 59.7 90 49.6 125.9
95 23.7 60.3 95 50.9 129.2

Appendix 22


these states comprise 20.9% of the total
sample, compared to 10.8% in 1930 and 8.6%
in 1960 for the U. S, male population as a
whole. The East North Central states are also
somewhat excessively represented in the ATS
sample, while the Middle and South Atlantic
regions are underrepresented, as is the Pacific
region when it is compared to the 1960 male
population distribution.

In summary, the ATS trainees are character-
ized by a strong representation of men from
the Upper Middle West, the combined per-
centages for the two regions, East North
Central and West North Central being 46.8%,
compared to only 28.8% for the 1960 and
31.4% for the 1930 U.S. male populations.

B. Education. The educational background of
the subjects was rated by means of a nine-
level scale based on the number of years of
schooling completed (Table 8). Nearly two-
thirds (62.6%) of the trainees were high-
school graduates, while 4.4% had completed
4 years of college-level training.

TABLE 3

Distribution of 684 Air Traffic Service Trainees by
Educational Level

Level Criterion of Level |% ATS Trainees
1 Less than high school. BA
2 Completed high school__ 62.6
3 Less than 1 year college. 5.0
4 1 year college. _ 10.9
5 2 years college. 85
6 3 years college. 26
7 4 years college_ 44
8 5 years college. 0.6
9 6 or more years college__| 0.8

C. Race. The race of each subject was deter-
mined anthroposcopically and recorded as
White, Negro, or Mongoloid (includes Ameri-
can Indians). Whites constituted 97.5% of
the sample, Negroes 2.5%, and Mongoloids
were not represented in the present series.
In subsequent statistical treatment, the racial
groups were combined.

D. Health and Physical Status. Before accept-
ance for ATC training, an applicant must
have passed a physical examination performed
by a designated FAA Medical Examiner. This
examination is presently a Class II physical

identical to that requird by commercial pilots.
Anthropometrically, it differs from the mili-
tary flight physical in that no height or
weight limitations are explicitly imposed.
Thus, the ATC sample is probably comparable
with respect to general health and fitness to
those reported upon in the several anthropo-
metric surveys of armed forces fiying per-
sonnel,!. 5 6 811,16, 17 while, at the same time,
anthropometrically more variable than these
later due to relaxation of weight and height
limitations.

E. Age. The age of each subject was recorded
to his nearest birthday. Applicants for entry
into the ATS must be at least 21 years of age.
No upper age limits are imposed. The subjects
of the present sample range from 21 to 46
years in age. The age distribution of the
sample is distinctly bimodal with the major
mode at age 23 and a second peak at age 39.

120

Hor r
roo AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE TRAINEES
DISTRIBUTION BY AGE

soy N= 684
80
Toh
60
sob
40
30

20

tof

°

2 25 30 35 40 5
AGE (YEARS)

Figure I. ATS trainees: distribution by age (N=684).

Ill. Anthropometric Techniques.

A. General Remarks. Measurements based on
standard anthropometric landmarks given in
the Appendix, were selected on the basis of
their usefulness in providing a biometric de-
scription of the ATS population that could be
applied both to the requirements of workspace
design and to the biomedical objectives of the
program. In instances where the measurement



FUNCTIONAL REACH

The position is the same as the previous
measurement except that forefinger and
thumb are opposed and the distance from the
wall to the tip of the thumb is recorded.

N: 681

Mean: 34.36.07 in. 87.26.18 cm.
S.D.:  1.80+.05 in. 4.56.12 cm.
Range: 28.00-89.50 in. 71-100 cm.
Stature: 5.22+.14% 5.22.14 %

r: Weight: .37
Stature: .64

% In, Cm.

5 814 79.8
10 321 815
20 82.7 82.9
80 83.2 84.4
40 33.8 85.8
50 384.2 87.0
60 34.6 88.0
70 35.2 89.4
80 35.7 90.8
90 36.5 91.6
95 37.2 94.6

SITTING HEIGHT

With the subject sitting erect, the vertical
distance from the seat level to vertex (highest
point on the head with the head in the ear-eye
plane).

N: 681

Mean: 36.20.05 in.
S.D.:  1.29-+.04 in.
Range: 33.00-40.00 in.
C.V.:  3.55+.10%

r: Weight: .47
Stature: .75

91.95+.12 cm.
8.27+.09 cm.
84-102 cm.
3.55+.10%

% (In. Cm.

5 33.9 86.2
10 344 87.5
20 35.0 89.0
380 85.4 90.0
40 35.8 90.8
50 3861 91.6
60 36.4 92.4
10 36.7 93.3
80 87.1 94.2
90 387.8 95.9
95 38.4 97.5

Appendix

SITTING EYE HEIGHT

With the subject sitting erect, and the head
in the ear-eye plane, the vertical distance from
the right pupil to seat level.

N: 681

Mean: 82.11.05 in.
S.D.:  1,28+.04 in.
Range: 28.50-35.75 in.
C.V.:  8.97+.11%

81.56.12 cm.
3.24.09 em.
72-91 cm.
3.97.11 %

r: Weight: .45
Stature: .68

% In, Cm

5 380.0 76.1
10 30.5 77.4
20 31.0 78.7
80 3814 79.6
40 81.7 80.5
50 82.0 81.4
60 3238 82.0
10 32.6 82.8
80 33.0 83.8
90 33.6 85.5
95 84.2 86.7

VERTICAL ARM REACH SITTING

The subject sits erect and extends the right
arm vertically. The distance from seat level
to the tip of the longest finger is recorded.

N: 240

Mean: 55.06+.14 in.
S.D.: 2.24.10 in.
Range: 40.00-60.50 in.
C.V.: 4,06+.19%

1839.83.36 cm.
5.68.26 cm.
124-154 cm.
4,06+.19 %

r: Weight: .49
Stature: .76

% %In. Cm.
5 516 131.0
10 52.3 182.9
20 58.0 134.5
30 53.6 186.3
40 54.4 188.0
5O 55.0 139.8
60 55.5 141.1
70 56.1 142.6
80 56.7 143.9
90 57.8 1468
95 59.0 149.9



CALF CIRCUMFERENCE

The maximum circumference of the calf.

N: 681

Mean: 14.42+.04 in. 36.62.09 cm.
S.D.: 0.96.03 in. 2.45.07 em.
Range: 11.50-17.75 in. 29-45 cm.
C.V.: 6.69.18 % 6.69.18 %

r: Weight: .78
Stature: .19

% In, Cm.

5 128 32.6
10 18.2 33.4
20 135 34.3
80 18.8 35.0
40 14.0 85.6
50 14.3 36.2
60 145 36.8
70 14.8 37.5
80 15.1 38.3
90 15.5 39.5
95 15.9 40.5

ANKLE CIRCUMFERENCE

The minimal circumference of the ankle at
a level immediately proximal to the malleolae.

N: 681

Mean: 9.18+.02 in. 23.20-.05 cm.
S.D.:  0.55-+.02 in. 1.40.04 em.
Range: 7.50-11.50 in. 19-29 cm.
C.V.: 6.07.16 % 6.07+.16 %

r: Weight: .64
Stature: .83

% %n Cm
5 81 20.6
10 83 211
20 8.5 21.7
30 8.7 22.2
40 88 22.5
50 9.0 228
60 9.1 23.2
70 9.3 23.6
80 9.5 24.1
90 9.7 24.7
95 9.9 25.3

Appendix

HEAD-EYEBROW ARC

The length of the are between the points of
greatest identation of the temporal crests.

N: 478

Mean: 18.88-+.08 in. 35.26.07 cm.
S.D.: 0.68.02 in. 1.60+.05 em.
Range: 12.00-17.00 in. 80-43 cm.
C.V.: 4.55.15 % 4.55.15 %

r: Weight: .22
Stature: .22

% In. Cm.

5 128 32.6
10 18.0 33.0
20 13.8 33.7
380 18.4 34.2
40 13.6 34.6
50 18.8 35.0
60 18.9 35.3
70 14.0 35.6
80 143 363
90 14.5 36.9
95 14.8 37.5

EAR-NECK ARC

The length of the arc from the right to left
tragion as measured with the tape passing
under the lower jaw and positioned along the
juncture of the jaw and the neck.

N: ATT

Mean: 12.51+.02 in. 81.76.06 cm.

S.D.: 50.02 in. 1.28.04 em.
Range: 11.00-14.00 in. 28-36 cm.
C.V.: 4.08.18 %o 4.08.13 %

r: Weight: .29
Stature: .21

% %In, Cm

5 116 29.4
10 118 29.9
20 12.0 30.4
380 121 30.7
40 12.2 311
50 124 314
60 12.5 31.8
70 12.7 32.2
80 12.8 32.6
90 181 33.1
95 18.2 83.6



ELBOW CLEARANCE BACK (Vert.)

The subject’s position is identical to that of
the previous measurement. The vertical dis-
tance from the tip of the elbow to the seat level
is recorded.

N: 681

Mean: 24.072:.08 in. 61.14.08 cm.
S.D.:  8.62-£.02 in. 21.89.06 cm.
Range: 11.00-46.50 in. 28-118 cm.
C.V.: 35.81.97 % 35.81.97 %

r: Weight: .07
Stature: .08

% In. Cm.

5 14.2 386.1
10 15.2 38.7
20 17.0 43.2
30 18.2 46.1

40 19.5 49.5
50 20.8 52.9
60 224 568
70 24.8 62.9
80 35.1 89.2
90 3878 95.9
95 40.1 101.7

HIP BREADTH SITTING

The maximum transverse diameter of the
hips with the subject sitting.

N: 681

Mean: 14.16+.04 in.
S.D.:  0.92-+.02 in.
Range: 12.00-18.75 in.
C.V.: 6.52+.18%

35.96-£.09 cm.
2.34.06 cm.
30-48 cm.
6.52+.18 %

r: Weight: .81
Stature: .39

% In, Om.
5 12.8 324
10 12.9 32.8
20 13.3 33.7
30 13.5 34.3
40 18.8 34.9
50 13.9 35.4
60 14.2 386.0
70 14.4 36.7
80 14.7 37.4
90 15.2 38.6
95 15.6 39.7

Appendix

THIGH CLEARANCE

With the subject seated, the vertical distance
between the anterior aspect of the thigh, just
distal to the inguinal line, and the seat level.

N: 681

Mean: 5.23+.02 in.

S.D.:  .50=£.01 in.

: 8.25-7.50 in.
9.68.26 %

18.80.05 cm.
1.28-£.03 em.
8-19 cm.
9.632:.26 %

r: Weight: .79
Stature: .35

% In Cm.

5 435 11.0
10 4.52 115
20 4.68 11.9
80 483 12.3
40 4.96 12.6
50 5.08 12.9
60 5.20 13.2
70 5.34 18.6
80 5.50 14.0
90 5.73 14.5
95 6.00 15.2

KNEE HEIGHT

With the subject seated, the vertical distance
from the floor to the top of the knee.

N: 678

Mean: 21.74.04 in.
S.D.: 0.96.08 in.
Range: 18.50-25.25 in.
C.V.: 4.44.12 %

55.22+.09 cm.
2.45.07 cm.
47-64 cm.
444+ .12%

r: Weight: .49
Stature: .82

5 20.1 51.0
10 20.4 51.9
20 20.8 53.0
380 21.1 53.7
40 214 54.3 a
50 21.6 54.9
60 218 55.4
70 22.1 56.1
80 22.4 56.9
90 22.8 57.8 L
95 28.2 59.0 rs

% In, Om. (



BUTTOCKS DEPTH

The depth of the body at the point of maxi-
mum protrusion of the buttocks.

N: 681

Mean: 9.44.03 in. 23.99.09 cm.

S.D.: 0.88.02 in. 2.22.06 cm.
Range: 7.50-12.75 in. 19-32 cm.
C.V.: 9.28.25 % 9.28.25 %

r: Weight: .81
Stature: .17

% ‘In. Cm

5 8.0 20.4
10 838 21.0
20 86 21.7
380 88 22.4
40 9.1 23.0
50 9.38 23.5
60 9.5 24.0
70 9.7 24.7
80 10.1 25.5
90 10.5 26.6
95 10.9 27.7

SHOULDER-ELBOW LENGTH

The vertical distance from acromion to the
bottom of the elbow.

N: 681

Mean: 14.29+.08 in. 36.30+.08 cm.

S.D.: 0.86.02 in. 2.20.06 cm.
Range: 11.75-16.50 in. 30-42 cm.
C.V.:  5.99+.16% 5.99+.16%

r: Weight: .23
Stature: .65

% In Cm

5 128 32.5
10 13.1 33.2
20 18.4 34.2
30 13.7 34.9
40 14.0 35.5
50 14.2 36.0
60 144 36.5
70 146 37.1
80 14.8 37.7
90 15.2 38.7
95 15.6 39.5

Appendix

FOREARM-HAND LENGTH

The distance from the most posterior point
of the elbow to the tip of the longest finger.

N: 681

Mean: 18,88+.08 in. 47.95.09 cm.
S.D.: 0.89.02 in. 2.26.06 cm.
Range: 17.00-22.25 in. 43-57 cm.
C.V.: 4.71.18 % 4,.71£.138%

r: Weight: .39
Stature: .71

% In. Cm

5 174 44.1
10 17.7 44.9
20 18.0 45.8
30 18.3 46.5
40 18.6 47.1
50 18.7 47.6
60 19.0 48.2
70 19.2 48.7
80 19.5 49.5
90 19.9 50.5
95 20.2 51.4

BUTTOCKS-LEG LENGTH

With the subject seated and right leg ex-
tended, the distance from the base of the right
heel to the most dorsal point of the right
buttock.

N: 681

Mean: 42.68+.07 in. 108.41+.18 cm.

S.D.: 1.93.05 in. 4.89+.13 cm.
Range: 87.75-49.00 in. 96-124 cm.
C.V.: 4.51+.12% 4.51+.12%

r: Weight: .48
Stature: .77

% (In. Cm.
5 39.5 100.3
10 40.1 101.8
20 41.0 104.1
30 41.6 105.7
40 42.1 106.8
50 42.5 108.0
60 43.0 109.2
70 43.5 110.6
80 44.2 112.4
90 45.1 114.6
95 45.8 116.8





treated as one anthropometrically homogenous
group. Age ranged from 21 to 46 years with
bimodal peaks at ages 23 and 39.

All were required to pass a Class II physical
examination upon entrance, which is also re-
quired for commercial pilots and is similar to
the physical requirements of the military
flight physical, with the exception of height
and weight, which are not specified within
rigid limitations. Information concerning
means, standard deviation from the means,
and percentiles have been found and tabulated
for each measurement,

It is interesting to note that in this group
there was a much higher geographical repre-
sentation (20.9%) from the upper Midwest
(Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas) than
from any other region, with correspondingly
less representation from the Middle and South
Atlantic and Pacific regions. Nearly two-thirds
(62.6%) were high-school graduates, while
44% had completed 4 years of college-level
education training. Racially, whites (Caucas-
oid) constituted 97.5% of the sample, with
2.5% being Negroes.



selected was identical to one used in the 1950
Air Force anthropometric survey,’ the defini-
tion and technique employed followed the latter
as closely as technical limitations would permit.

In addition to the more commonly employed
anthropometric measurements, several entirely
new measurements, especially related to the
workspace requirements of the air traffic con-
troller, were devised and are included in the
present survey.

Due to time and personnel limitations,
wall-board techniques were used for most
standing and sitting stem measurements such
as stature, sitting height, etc. Wall-board
measurements of stature tend to exceed those
taken by a conventional anthropometer by
about 0.4 inch*7 and, presumably, propor-
tional discrepancies between these techniques
exist for other linear measurements. This
factor should be taken into account in compari-
sons between the present survey and others
in which the anthropometer is employed. All
unilateral measurements were taken on the
right side.

For body breadth and depth measure-
ments, a Hrdlitka caliper was used; for cir-
cumferences, cloth measuring tapes, these
being checked frequently to guard against dis-
tortion due to stretching and continued use.
Weight was recorded on a standard medical
scale. Linear and girth measurements were
recorded to the nearest 0.25 inch and weight
to the closest 1.0 pound.

Measurements were taken in the morning,
between 8:30 A.M. and 11:30 A.M., except
in a few cases in which the measuring period
extended into the early afternoon. Subjects
were garbed in athletic supporters and nylon
shorts and these were included in the record
of body weight. These garments have been
weighed and an appropriate correction to the
body weights reported herein applied.

The measurements were divided into three
related groups: (1) weight and standing
linear; (2) sitting; and (3) breadth, depth,
and girth. Three measuring stations were
accordingly established, each manned by a
measurer and his recorder. After the subject’s
name, class code number and birthdate were
recorded, he was processed through the three

stations in the order described above. Insofar
as possible, the same personnel were employed
at the three measurement stations throughout
the period of the survey, although in a few
unavoidable instances substitutions and rota-
tions of personnel occurred. Before the survey
was initiated, personnel selected to take mea-
surements were required to practice those
assigned to their stations until proficiency and
repeatability were attained.

B. Statistical Treatment. All measurements
were recorded directly upon standard data-
recording sheets used to transfer the data to
punched cards. After this transfer was accom-
plished, the initial read-outs were reviewed and
screened for errors. Obvious errors were
eliminated or, where possible corrected.
“Border-line” values that could represent either
errors or true but aberrant measurements
were reviewed in relation to the subject’s other
measurements and, on this basis, the decision
to include or exclude them from survey was
made, Such cases were not sufficiently frequent
however, to significantly affect the statistics
presented here.

After the initial screening, the data were
programmed for a 75 x 75 correlation matrix,
and the means and standard deviations were
derived from the latter. Computation of the
coefficient of variation, standard errors of the
mean, standard error of the standard deviation,
and standard error of the coefficient of varia-
tion were computed on a desk calculator. Per-
centiles were calculated on a desk calculator
from programmed univariate frequency distri-
bution of each measurement.

IV. Conclusion.

In summary, 75 anthropometric measure-
ments were taken on 684 Air Traffic Service
students in training at the Federal Aviation
Agency Aeronautical Center at Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma, between August 12, 1960 and
June 30, 1961. Although controllers in the
enroute subgroup averaged 1 year older (28
years) than those in the terminal subgroup
(27 years), no statistically significant differ-
ence between them was found as far as stature
or body weight is concerned and they were


FEMUR LENGTH

With the subject standing, the distance be-
tween the superior margin of the greater
trochanter and the most distal point of the
lateral femoral condyle.

N: 681

Mean: 18.44.04 in.
S.D.: 0.91.02 in.
Range: 16.00-21.25 in.
C.V.: 4934.13 %

46.82.09 cm.
2.31.06 cm.
41-54 cm.
4.98+.13 %

r: Weight: .47
Stature: .69

% %In. Cm,

5 168 42.6
10 17.1 48.5
20 17.5 44.5
80 17.8 45.2
40 181 45.9
50 184 46.6
60 18.6 47.2
70 188 47.8
80 19.1 48.5
90 194 49.4
95 19.8 50.2

BUTTOCKS-KNEE LENGTH

With subject seated, the horizontal distance
from the most posterior point of the right
buttock to the front of the kneecap,

680

23.73.04 in.
1.10.08 in.
20.75-28.00 in.
4.64.13 %

60.27+.10 cm.
2.79.08 em.
53-71 cm.
4.6+.13%

r: Weight: .47
Stature: .71

% In. Cm

5 22.0 55.9
10 2238 56.6
20 22.6 57.5
30 28.0 58.5
40 23.3 59.2
50 23.6 59.8
60 23.8 60.6
7 24.1 61.3
80 24.5 62.2
90 25.0 63.5
95 25.5 64.8

Appendix

FOOT LENGTH
Back of heel to tip of longest toe.

N: 678

Mean: 10.56.02 in.
S.D.:  0.46-£.01 in.
Range: 9.25-12.25 in.
C.V.: 4.85.12 %

26.82-+.05 cm.
1.16.03 cm.
23-31 em.
4,354.12 %

r: Weight: .44
Stature: .66

% In. Om.
5 9.7 246
10 9.8 25.0
20 10.0 25.5
30 10.2 25.8 5
40 10.3 26.2
50 10.4 26.5
60 10.6 268
1 10.7 27.1
80 10.8 27.5
90 11.0 28.0
95 112 28.4

FOOT BREADTH

Breadth of the foot as measured between the
dital extremities of the first and fifth

metatarsale.

N: 312

Mean: 3.87+.01 in. 9.83.03 cm.
S.D.:  .21+.01 in. 53.02 em.
Range: 3.50-4.50 in. 9-11 cm.
C.V.: 5404.22 % 5.40+.22 %

r: Weight: 48
Stature: .35

J In Cm.

5 3.50 38.9
10 351 8.9
20 3.56 9.0
30 3.62 9.2
40 367 9.3
50 3.78 9.6
60 3.79 9.6
70 386 9.8
80 3.93 10.0
90 4.02 10.2
95 415 10.5



REFERENCES

1, Clauser, C., Churchill, E., and McConville, J.:
USAF Anthropometric Survey. (Unpublished data
on 2200 subjects, 1957).

2. Cobb, B. B.: Problems in Air Traffic Manage-
ment: II Prediction of Success in Air Traffic
Controller School. CARI Report 62-2, Federal
Aviation Agency, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1962.

38. Collins, L, R.: The Application of Anthropological
Methods, Techniques and Concepts to the Human
Engineering of Electronic Systems. U. S. Navy
Electronics Lab., San Diego, California, 1961.

Damon, A.: Notes on Anthropometric Techniques
I. Stature Against a Wall and Standing Free.
Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop, 22(1) :73-77, 1964.

5. Fry, E. L, and Churchill, E.: Bodily Dimensions
of the Older Pilot. WADC Tech. Rep. 56-459,
1956.

6. Hertzberg, H. T. E., Daniels, G. S., and Churchill,
E.: Anthropometry of Flying Personnel-1950.
WADC Tech, Rep. 52-321, 1954.

7. Kennedy, K.: Measurement of Stature With
Anthropometer and Against Wall. USAF, Aero-
space Medical Laboratory, Dayton. (Unpublished
1960).

. McConville, J.: A Comparative Anthropometric
Study of Military Personnel. Unpublished Master’s
Thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1959.

9. Newman, R. W., and White, R. M.: Reference
Antropometry of Army Men. Rep. 180. U. S. Army
Quartermaster Climatic Research Lab., Lawrence,
Mass., 1951.

Ea

@

10. Randall, R. E.: Anthropometric Nomograph of
Army Men. Rep. 147. U. S. Army Climatic Research
Lab., Lawrence, Mass., 1949.

11. Randall, R. E. and Baer, M. J.: Survey of Body
Size of Army Personnel, Male and Female
Methodology, Rep. 122 (revised), U. S. Quarter-
master Climatic Research Lab., Lawrence, Mass.,
1951.

12. Trites, D. K.: Problems in Air Traffic Manage-
ment: I, Longitudinal Prediction of Effectiveness
of Air Traffic Controllers. CARI Report 61-1.
Federal Aviation Agency, Oklahoma City, Okla-
homa, 1961.

18. Trites, D. K., and Cobb, B, B.: Problems in Air
Traffic Management: III. Implications of Age for
Training and Job Performance of Air Traffic
Controllers, CARI Report 62-8, Federal Aviation
Agency, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1962,

14. Trites, D. K., and Cobb, B. B.: Problems in Air
Traffic Management: IV. Comparison of Pre-
Employment, Job-Related Experience with Apti-
tude Tests as Predictors of Training and Job
Performance of Air Traffic Control Specialists.
CARI Report 68-31. Federal Aviation Agency,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1963.

15. Warren, L. E.: ATS Fact Book. Federal Aviation
Agency, Air Traffic Service, Plans Division, 1964.

16. White, R. M.: Body Build and Body Weight in 25
Year Old Army Men. Hum. Biol. 28:140-145, 1956.

17. White, R. M.: Anthropometry of Army Aviators.
Tech. Rep. EP-150. U.S. Army Quartermaster
Research and Engineering Center, Natick, Mass.,
1961.



UPPER-ARM CIRCUMFERENCE WRIST CIRCUMFERENCE

Circumference of the upper arm at the great- Circumference of the. wrist at a level just
est.diameter of the biceps with the arm relaxed. proximal to the ulnar styloid process.

N: 681 N: 680
Mean: 11.77+.04 in. 29.91+:.10 cm. Means 6.93.02 in. 17.60.04 cm.
S.D.: 1,082.08 in. 2.74.07 em. S.D.:. 0.45-£.01 in. 1.14.03 em.
Range: 9.00-15.25 in. 23-39 em. Range: 5.75-8.75 in. 15-22 cm.
CV: 9.18+.25% 9.18.25 % C.V.: 6.47.18 % 6.47.18 %
r: Weight: .76 r: Weight: .66
Stature: .08 Stature: .24
% In. Cm, % In. Om
5 10.0 25.5 5 61 155
10 10.8 26.2 10 6.3 16.0
20 10.8 27.4 20 64 16.3
30 11.0 28.1 30 6.6 16.7
40 11.3 28.8 40 6.7 17.0
50 11.6 29.4 50 68 17.2
60 11.9 30.2 60 6.9 17.5
70 12.2 311 70 7.0 17.7
80 12.5 317 80 7.1 18.2
90 18.0 33.1 90 7.4 188
95 18.5 34.3 95 7.6 19.2
LOWER-ARM CIRCUMFERENCE CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
With the arm relaxed and extended at the Maximum thoracic. circumference recorded
elbow, the maximum circumference of the fore- during normal breathing at the level of the
arm is recorded. nipples.
N: 681 N: 681
Mean: 10.80+.03 in. 27.44.07 em. Mean: 38.17.10 in. 95.95-£.25 cm.
S.D.: 0.78.02 in. 1.86.05 em. S.D.: 2.56.07 in. 6.49.18 cm.
Range: 7.25-13.50 in. 18-34 cm. Range: 32.00-48.00 in. 81-122 cm.
C.V.: 6.76.18 % 6.76.18 % C.V.: 6.70418 % 6.70.18 %
r: Weight: .73 vr: Weight: .85
Stature: .19 Stature: .26
% In. Om. % In, Cm.
5 9B 24.2 5 34.5 87.6
10 9.8 25.0 10 35.0 88.9
20 10.1 25.7 20 35.8 91.0
30 10.3 26.2 30 36.5 92.7
40 10.5 26.6 40 37.3 94.7
50 10.6 27.0 50 37.8 96.0
60 108 27.5 60 385 97.7
70 11.0 27.9 70 39.2 99.6
80 113 28.6 80 39.9 1014
90 11.6 29.5 90 41.3 1049
95 119 30.8 95 42.9 109.0

Appendix 23



AM 65-26

ANTHROPOMETRY OF AIR
TRAFFIC CONTROL TRAINEES

Clyde C. Snow, M. S.
Richard G. Snyder, Ph. D.

Approved by Released by
eo
J. RoBert DILLE, M.D. P. V. Siecet, M.D.
Director, CAMI FEDERAL AIR SURGEON

September 1965

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
Office of Aviation Medicine



AGE

Subject’s age to nearest birthday.

N: 678
Mean: 27.90.24 yrs.
S.D.: 6.18.17 yrs.

Range: 21-50 yrs.
C.V.: 22.14.63 %

r: Weight: .18
Stature: .00

J Yrs.

5 21.2
10 21.8
20 22.3
30 22.9
40 23.9
50 25.3
60 27.1
70 28.9
80 31.9
90 38.2
95 39.9

WEIGHT

The subject’s weight as recorded on standard
medical scales.

N: 678

Mean: 161.81+.85 Ibs. 73.89+.39 kg.
S.D.: 22.09.60 Ibs. 10.02+.27 kg.
Range: 105.00-239.00 Ibs. 48-108 kg.

CV.:  18.65+.38% 13.65.38 %

r: Weight: 1.00
Stature: .46

Yo Keg. Lbs.

5 58.0 127.9
10 60.6 183.5
20 63.7 140.5
30 67.0 147.7
40 69.6 153.4
50 72.0 158.7
60 74.4 164.1
70 77.38 170.4
80 80.8 178.1
90 86.0 189.6
95 90.3 199.0

Appendix

STATURE

The vertical distance from vertex to the floor,
with the subject standing erect and the head
oriented in the Frankfort plane.

N: 678

Mean: 69.56.09 in.
S.D.: 2.50.07 in.
Range: 61.25-76.50 in.
C.V.:  3.59.10%

176.67+.23 cm.
6.35.18 cm.
156-194 cm.
38.59.10 %

r: Weight: .46
Stature: 1.00

Yo In, Cm.
5 65.5 166.4
10 66.5 168.9
20 67.3 170.9
30 68.1 173.0
40 688 174.8
50 69.5 176.6
60 70.1 178.1
70 «70.7 179.6
80 71.7 182.1
90 72.6 184.4
95 73.6 187.0

EYE HEIGHT

Vertical distance from the inner angle of the
eye to the floor.

N: 678

Mean: 64.87.09 in.
S.D.: 2.48-.07 in.
Range: 57.75-71.75 in.
C.V.: 3.75 +.10%

164.77.24 cm.
6.18.17 em.
147-182 cm.
3.75.10 %

r: Weight: .45
Stature: .93

% (In. Cm.
5 60.9 154.7
10 61.9 157.2
20 62.8 159.4
30 68.5 161.4
40 64.2 163.0
50 64.8 164.5
60 65.3 165.9
7 66.0 167.5
80 66.9 169.8
90 67.9 172.4
95 68.7 174.6 set



APPENDIX

ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA

III Standing Body Heights

Stature --.
Eye Height —
Nasal Root Height . .
Tragion Height -
Cervicale Height -.
Shoulder Height -
Elbow Height
Wrist Height
Knuckle Height _
Suprasternal Height -
Nipple Height ---
Substernal Height -.
Waist Height ___
Penale Height -----. -
Gluteal Furrow Height -
Knee-Cap Height

IV Body Breadths & Depths

Shoulder Breadth
Chest Breadth —
Chest Depth -.
Waist Breadth _
Waist Depth _
Hip Breadth _
Buttocks Depth ~

V Meaurements of Extremities

Shoulder-Elbow Length
Forearm-Hand Length
Buttocks-Leg Length -
Femur Length —..
Buttocks-Knee Length
Foot Length -.
Foot Breadth

10 VI Reach Measurements
‘Arm Span

10 Vertical Reach Standing -. -
Arm Reach from Wall - -
Maximum Reach from Wall :

Functional Reach

41 VII Body Measurements, Seated

1 Sitting Height ~.
i Sitting Eye Height - -
1 Vertical Arm Reach Sitting. -
12 Elbow-Elbow Breadth ~..-- -
12 Elbow Clearance Out (Horiz.) ----
12 Elbow Clearance Out (Vert.) -
12 Elbow Clearance Back (Horiz.) --
18 Elbow Clearance Back (Vert.)
18 Hip Breadth Sitting -
13 Thigh Clearance - -
18 Knee Height --.. -
14 Maximum Knee Spread (Sitting) ----
14 VIII Body Circumferences
Head Circumference
4 Neck Circumference ~. -
ri Shoulder Circumference -
15 Upper-Arm Circumference -
Lower-Arm Circumference -
15 vert
15 Wrist Circumference —
15 Chest Cireumference
16 Waist Circumference
Buttocks Circumference
Thigh Circumference -..
6 Lower-Thigh Circumference -
is Calf Circumference -..
is Ankle Circumference
7 IX Miscellaneous Measurements
17 Head-Eyebrow Are
17 Ear-Neck Are ~
17 Minimum Squatting Height

18
18
18
18
19

19
19
19
20
20
20
20
24
21
21
21
22

22
22
22
23
23
23
23

24
24
24
25
25

25
25
26





ELBOW-ELBOW BREADTH

The maximum horizontal distance between
the lateral surface of the elbows.

N: 681

Mean: 17.60.06 in.
S.D.: 1.54.05 in.
Range: 14.00-24.75 in.
CV:  8.78+.24%

44,72%.15 em.
3.90.12 cm.
36-63 cm.
8.73.24 %

r: Weight: .74
Stature: .18

% In. Om,

5 15.2 38.7
10 15.7 39.8
20 16.2 41.2
30 16.7 42.3
40 17.0 43.1
50 17.4 44.1
60 17.7 45.0
70 181 45.9
80 18.6 47.2
90 19.5 49.5
95 20.38 51.5

ry

ELBOW CLEARANCE OUT (Horiz.)

The subject’s position is identical to that for
the previous measurement. The horizontal
distance between the tip of the elbow to the
mid-line of the back is recorded.

N: 681

Mean: 19.51+.05 in.
S.D.: 1.29.04 in.
Range: 15.50-24.50 in.
C.V.: 6.60.18 %

49.55.12 em.
3.27.09 cm.
39-62 cm.
6.60+.18 %

r: Weight: .80
Stature: .51

% In. Om,

5 174 44.2
10 18.0 45.7
20 184 46.7
80 18.7 47.5
40 19.0 48.3
50 19.8 48.9
60 19.5 49.6
70 19.8 50.4
80 20.2 51.4
90 20.9 53.0
95 21.4 54.5

Appendix

ELBOW CLEARANCE OUT (Vert.)

The subject sits erect and extends the right
upper arm laterally. The vertical distance
from the tip of the elbow to the seat level is
recorded.

N: 680

Mean: 26.21+.18 in.
S.D.: 4.88.18 in.
Range: 15.00-41.00 in.
C.V.: — 18.442.52%

r: Weight: .02
Stature: .18

66.56+.47 cm.
12.28+.33 em.
38-104 cm.
18.44+.52%

% In, Cm,
5 19.3 49.0
10 20.4 51.7
20 22.0 55.8 )
30 23.2 59.0
40 24.3 61.7
50 25.2 64.0
60 26.7 67.8
70 28.1 71.8
80 29.7 75.7
90 38.1 83.9
95 36.1 91.7

ELBOW CLEARANCE BACK (Horiz.)

The subject sits erect with the right elbow
flexed at 90°. The upper arm is then circum-
ducted posteriorly as far as possible and the
horizontal distance between the tip of the
elbow and the plane of the back ig recorded.

N: 679
Mean: 5.89.06 in.
S.D.: 1.52.04 in,

Range: 1.00-10.00 in.
C.V.:  25.88+.74%

r: Weight: .02
Stature: .25

14,954.15 cm.
3.87.10 cm.
2-25 em.
25.884.74%

% In. Cm,
5 31 78
10 38 95
20 4.6 11.6
380 5.0 12.7
40 5.4 13.8
50 5.8 14.7
60 62 15.7
70 66 16.8
80 7.1 18.0
90 7.8 19.7
95 81 20.7



Appendix

MINIMUM SQUATTING HEIGHT

The subject assumes a squatting position and
then tilts his body so that the plane of the
back is approximately parallel to the floor.
The distance between the plane of the back
and the floor is measured.

N: 677

Mean: 24.92+.08 in. 63.29.20 cm.
S.D.: 2.04.06 5.17+.14 em.
Range: 18.50-33.50 in. 47-85 cm.
C.V.: — 8.18+:.22% 8.18+:.22 %

r: Weight: .58
Stature: 36

% In. Cm.

5 215 54.7
10 22.2 56.5
20 23.1 58.8
30 23.8 60.4
40 24.2 61.6
50 24.8 63.0
60 25.3 64.3
70 25.8 65.6
80 26.5 67.2
90 27.3 69.3
95 28.0 71.1

JY U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1966-790.046

26


vide a precise and accurate picture of the
individual as he entered his training and will
serve as a “baseline” for studies of the same
individual in later years.

II. The Sample.

The sample consists of 684 ATS students
enrolled in training programs conducted at the
Federal Aviation Agency Aeronautical Center
in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. With a few un-
avoidable exceptions, it includes all members
of each class initiated at the Center between
August 12, 1960, and June 30, 1961. Separate
programs are conducted for. those students
assigned to air route traffic control centers and
those who are assigned to terminal facilities.

Although the selection criteria for the
center and terminal categories are identical,
the possibility that the sample measured here
might consist of two distinct subpopulations
was considered. To test this hypothesis, the
means of age, weight, and stature of the two
groups were compared statistically by means
of the Student’s ¢ test. The results of this
procedure are presented in Table 1.

There is a difference of “borderline” signifi-
cance (0.1 > P > 0.05) between the mean
ages of the terminal and enroute students, the
latter being older, on the average by approxi-
mately 1 year. Since this difference is not
reflected in the means of stature and body
weight, however, the sample may be.considered
anthropometrically homogeneous, and the two
groups, enroute and terminal, are treated as
one in this report.

A. Geographical Origins. In Table 2, the
birthplaces of the individuals composing the
sample are presented and compared with those
of the distribution of the U.S. male population
in 1960 and 1930, the latter year chosen be-
cause it-is the census year closest to 1983—
the mean birthyear of the 684 subjects.

When considered in terms of regional dis-
tribution, the most striking characteristic in
the sample is in the representation of individ-
uals of the West North Central Region, com-
prising the states of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and
Kansas. Among the ATS trainees, men from

i

TABLE 1
Statistical comparison of means of age, body weight, and stature of terminal and enroute trainees comprising

the present sample

Terminal

bution *

Variable | Ppa eee, Student's ¢ test P
x x
; 27.01 28.11 1.917 | 01> P> 0.05
161.66 161.86 0.1108 i n. Ss.
Stature (in.) — 69.46 69.65 0.8589 | ns:
TABLE 2

Distribution of 684 ATS trainees by region of birth compared with 1930 and 1960 U.S. male population distri-

Region

New England (Me., N.H., Vt., Mass., R.I., Conn.)
Middle Atlantic (N.Y., N.J., Pa.) --
East North Central (0., Ind., Ill, Mich., Wis.)
West North Central (Minn., Ia., Mo., N.D., S.D.
South Atlantic (Del., Md., D.C., Va., W. Va., N.
East South Central (Ky., Tenn., Ala., Miss.)
West South Central (Ark., La., Okla., Tex.)

Pacific (Wash., Ore., Calif., Alaska, Hawaii)
Puerto Rico and Foreign

Mountain (Mont., Id., Wyo., Colo., N.M., Ariz., Ut., Nev.) —.

U.S. Males

ee

% % | %

6.7 58 54

214 18.7 138.7

20.6 20.2 25.9

. 10.8 8.6 20.9
8.C,, Ga., Fla.) 12.9 14.5 UT
81 68 39

9.9 95 94

3.0 3.9 5.0

67 12.0 69

a — 15

* Census data from Statistical Abstract of the United States, U. S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C., 1962.


NIPPLE HEIGHT

The vertical distance from the floor to the
center of the left nipple.

N: 678

Mean: 50.43+.08 in. 128.09-+.20 em.

S.D.: 2.04.06 in. 5.16.14 em.
Range: 44.50-56.50 in. 113-144 em.
C.V.: 4.04.11 % 4.04--.11%

r: Weight: .40
Stature: .93

Jo In, Cm.
5 47.0 119.4
10 47.8 121.5
20 48.6 123.4
30 49.2 124.9
40 49.7 126.3
50 50.2 127.6
60 50.8 128.9
70 5138 180.4
80 52.1 132.4
90 58.0 184.7
95 53.7 136.8

SUBSTERNAL HEIGHT

Vertical distance from floor to substernale
(lower tip of breastbone).

N: 678

Mean: 48.28-+.08 in. 122.63+.19 cm.
S.D.: 1.94.05 in, 4.93.13 cm.
Range: 43.00-54.25 in. 109-138 cm.
C.V.: 4.02+.11% 4,02+.11%

r: Weight: .42
Stature: .91

% In Cm.
5 45.0 1143
10 45.8 116.3
20 46.6 1183
80 47.1 119.7
40 47.6 120.9
50 48.1 122.2
60 48.7 128.6
70 49.2 124.9
80 49.8 126.5
90 50.6 128.6
95 514 130.5

Appendix

WAIST HEIGHT
The vertical distance from waist line to floor.

N: 678

Mean: 41.72.08 in.
S.D.:  1.97+.05 in.
Range: 36.25~-47.75 in.
C.V.: 4,738.18 %

105.96+.19 cm.
5.01.14 em..
92-21 cm.
4.73.18 %

r: Weight: .30
Stature: .84

% (In. Cm.

5 38.5 97.9
10 39.1 99.3
20 89.9 101.4
80 40.5 102.8
40 41.2 104.6
50 41.5 105.5
60 42.0 106.8
70 42.6 108.2
80 43.2 109.7
90 44.1 112.0
95 45.0 114.2

PENALE HEIGHT

Vertical distance from floor to point penale,
the junction of the base of the penis and the
abdomen.

N: 678

Mean: 34.26+.07 in. 87.02.17 cm.
S.D.: 1.78.05 in. 4.40.12 cm.
Range: 28.75—40.50 in. 73-103 cm.
C.V.: 5.06+.14% 5.06.14 %

r: Weight: .30
Stature: .82

% (In. Cm.
5 313 79.5
10 32.0 81.2
20 82.7 83.0
30 33.2 84.4
40 83.7 85.6
50 34.1 86.7
60 34.6 87.8
70 35.0 88.9
80 35.6 90.5
90 386.2 92.0
95 387.1 94.1



CHEST DEPTH

The anterior-posterior diameter of the chest,
taken at the nipple line during normal
breathing.

N: 681
Mean: 9.51+.03 in. 24.16-£.07 cm.
S.D.: 0.75.02 in. 1.90+.05 em.
Range: 7.00-12.00 in. 18-30 cm.
C.V.: 7.88.21 % 7.88+.21%
y: Weight: .77
Stature: .19 ye

% In, Cm,

5 83 21.1

10 85 21.6
20 88 22.3

30 89 22.7
40 9.2 23.3

50 9.4 23.7

60 95 24.1

70 9.7 24.7

80 10.0 25.3

90 10.4 26.4

95 10.7 27.2

WAIST BREADTH

The maximum transverse diameter of the
waist, with the subject standing erect.

N: 681

Mean: 11.80.08 in.
S.D.:  0.88-£.02 in.
Range: 9.00-14.75 in.
C.V.: T.76+.21%

28.69-+.08 cm.
2.22.06 cm.
23-37 cm.
7.16+.21%

r: Weight: .82
Stature: .23

In, Cm.
5 9.8 25.0
10 10.1 25.7
20 10.4 26.5
30 10.7 27.2
40 10.9 27.8
50 111 28.3
60 11.3 28.8
70 11.5 29.2
80 11.9 30.2
90 12.38 81.2
95 12.7 32.2

Appendix

WAIST DEPTH

The maximum anterior-posterior thickness
of the waist with the subject standing erect
and the abdomen relaxed.

N: 681

Mean: 8.31.04 in. 21.12.10 cm.
S.D.: 0.98.08 in. 2.49.07 cm.
Range: 6.25-12.00 in. 16-30 cm.
C.V.:  11.82+.30% 11.82+.30 %

yr: Weight: .77
Stature: .09 \

Ye In, Cm.
5 68 17.2
10 7.0 17.9
20 7.3 18.6
30 7.6 19.2
40 7.8 20.0
50 8.1 20.6
60 838 21.2
70 8.6 21.8
80 9.0 22.9
90 95 24.1
95 9.9 25.2

HIP BREADTH

The maximum transverse diameter of the
hips, subject standing.

N: 681

Mean: 18.64.03 in.
S.D.:  0.76+.02 in.
Range: 9.75-16.50 in.
C.V.: 5.55.15 %

34.66.07 cm.
1.92+.05 em.
25-42 cm.
5.55+.15 %

x: Weight: .81
Stature: .47

% In. Cm.

5 123 313
10 126 32.0
20 12.9 32.7
380 138.1 33.3
40 13.3 33.8
50 18.5 34.2
60 18.7 34.8
70 18.9 35.3
80 14.1 35.9
90 14.5 36.8
95 14.9 37.7



ANTHROPOMETRY OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TRAINEES

I. Introduction.

The Air Traffic Service (ATS) of the Fed-
eral Aviation Agency currently employs
nearly 18,000 individuals in various centers,
terminals, and flight service stations through-
out the United States and Puerto Rico. Al-
though some hold supervisory or clerical
positions, the vast majority are actively en-
gaged in controlling air traffic.1>

As a visit to any moderately active air
traffic control (ATC) facility makes obvious,
the physical and psychological stresses im-
posed upon the controller during the course
of his normal daily duties are intense. In
the older facilities, especially, little attention
was paid to the basic precepts of human
engineering that attempt to maximize per-
formance efficiency by providing the individual
with a comfortable and orderly work environ-
ment. Under noisy, crowded and uncomfortable
conditions, the controller must make numerous,
rapid, effective, and, above all, correct deci-
sions, and the cost of a single error can be
incalculable in terms of human lives and equip-
ment. It is safe to say that there are very
few occupations that make more rigid physical
and mental demands upon their practitioners
than does air traffic control.

With these facts in mind, an anthropometric
survey of ATC trainees, under the direction of
Mr. John J. Swearingen, Chief, Protection and
Survival Laboratory, Civil Aeromedical Re-
search Institute, was undertaken in 1960. The
purpose of the study was threefold. First, it
was felt that anthropometric data based on a
sample of men soon to be engaged in ATS
careers would be extremely useful in the de-
sign of comfortable and efficient workspace
layouts and personal equipment “tailored” to
fit the controller population, as has proven
valuable in other specialized tasks, such as
electronic maintenance in close quarters.’
The present report fulfills this primary
objective,

A second objective was to explore the
relationship between physical constitution and
effectiveness of performance, both in training
and on the job. Stated differently, what, if
any, are those morphological or biometric
traits that correlate with the psychological
and physiological attributes of the successful
controller? If such correlates exist and can
be defined, they would aid in the establishment
of selective criteria for potential controllers.
The present report, by presenting the basic
anthropometric statistics of the sample, fulfills
only a necessary preliminary step of this
second objective. Further work must include
the evaluation of somatotype data gathered on
the same population and the search for and
assessment of relationship between physical
traits of the individual subjects and their
physiological and psychological attributes.
These are being measured by researchers of
the Psychology and Physiology Laboratories
of the Civil Aeromedical Research Insti-
tute, 2. 12-14

The third objective of the study was to pro-
vide baseline anthropometric data for a long-
range study of the aging ATC population.
Here again, it will form a modest contribution
to a wider program involving the Physiology
and Psychology Laboratories of the Civil
Aeromedical Research Institute. Long-range
plans call for the continual monitoring of the
job-performance and health records throughout
the service careers of our input population
punctuated by periodic full-scale psychological,
physiological, and somatometric reexamina-
tions. By thus following the careers of a
large sample of healthy young men engaged in
a rigidly selective and stressful occupation,
it may be possible to further elucidate the
relationship between stress and the occurrence
of certain diseases as well as the aging process
in general. Thus, the anthropometrics of this
initial study, supplemented in most cases by
a standard somatotype photograph, will pro-



WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE

The horizontal circumference of the waist
at its maximum diameter above the iliac crests.

681

32.41.11 in. 82.32-+.28 em.
2.97+.08 in. 7.53.20 em.
25.00-45.00 in. 63-114 cm.
9.15+.25 % 9.15.25 %

r: Weight: .86
Stature: .18

% In. Om,

5 27.9 70.9
10 28.7 73.0
20 29.7 75.5
30 30.5 77.4
40 318 79.5
50 32.0 81.4
60 32.8 83.4
70 83.8 85.7
80 84.5 87.6
90 36.2 91.9
95 38.0 96.6

BUTTOCKS CIRCUMFERENCE

In the standing position, the horizontal cir-
cumference of the hips at the level of greatest
protrusion of the buttocks.

N: 681

Mean: 38.08+.09 in.

S.D.: 2.48.07 in,

: 80.00-47.00 in.
6.38.17 %

96.73.24 em.
6.17.17 cm.
76-119 cm.
6.384.17 %

r: Weight: .90
Stature: .35

% In, Cm,
5 346 87.9
10 35.2 © 89.1
20 35.8 91.0
80 36.5 92.8
40 37.2 94.4
50 37.8 96.1
60 884 97.6
7 39.1 99.8
80 39.9 101.3
90 41.0 104.1
95 42.3 107.4

Appendix

THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE

The circumference of the thigh measured
at the juncture of the upper one-third and
distal two-thirds.

N: 681

Mean: 20.24+.06 in.
S.D.: 1.65.04 in.
Range: 16.00-26.00 in.
C.V.:  818+.22%

51.41+.16 em.
4.18.11 em.
41-66 cm.
8.18.22 %

r: Weight: .84
Stature: .17

% %In. Cm.

5 17.6 44.8
10 18.2 46.2
20 188 47.7
30 19.2 48.8
40 19.6 49.8
50 20.0 50.8
60 20.4 51.8
70 20.9 53.0
80 21.4 543
90 22.2 56.3
95 23.2 59.0

LOWER-THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE

The horizontal circumference of the thigh
measured 1 inch above the knee.

N: 681

Mean: 15.86+-.05 in.
S.D.: — 1.2825.08 in.
Range: 12.75-20.00 in.
CV.:  8.10+.22%

40.29.12 cm.
3.26+.09 cm.
32-51 em.
8.10+.22 %

rv: Weight: .83
Stature: .21

7 In. Cm,

5 13.8 35.0
10 14.0 35.7
20 14.6 37.0
30 15.00 38.0
40 15.4 39.1
50 15.7 40.0
60 16.0 40.7
70 16.4 41.7
80 168 42.8
90 17.3 44.0
95 17.9 45.5



Qualified vequestors may obtain Aviation Medical Reports from Defense Documentation
Center. The general public may purchase from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific
and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151.


NASAL ROOT HEIGHT

Vertical distance from nasion to floor, with
the subject standing erect and the head oriented
in the Frankfort plane.

N: 678

Mean: 65.17+.09 in. 165.54-£,23 cm.

S.D.: 2.35.06 in. 5.97.15 cm.
Range: 57.75—72.00 in. 147-183 cm.
C.V.:  3.60+.10% 3.60+.10%

r: Weight .46
Stature: .96

% In, Cm.
5 61.2 155.5
10 621 157.7
20 63.0 160.0
30 63.8 162.1
40 64.4 163.6
50 65.1 165.4
60 65.6 166.6
70 66.2 168.2
80 67.1 170.4
90 68.1 173.0
95 69.0 175.3

TRAGION HEIGHT

Vertical distance from floor to point tragion
—the deepest part of the notch which lies in
front of the left ear hole.

N: 678

Mean: 64.04+.09 in. 162.65+.24 em.
S.D.:  2.44+.07 in. 6.18+.17 cm.
Range: 57.25-71.25 in. 145-181 cm.
C.V.: 3.80.10 % 3.80+.10 %

yr: Weight: .45
Stature: .97

% ln. Cm.
5 59.8 152.0
10 61.0 154.9
20 62.0 157.4
30 62.7 159.2
40 63.3 160.8
50 64.0 162.4
60 64.5 163.9
70 65.2 165.5
80 66.4 168.6
90 67.2 170.7
95 68.1 172.8

Appendix

CERVICALE HEIGHT

Vertical distance from point cervicale (the
bony prominence at the base of the neck) to
the floor.

N: 678

Mean: 59.16+.09 in. 150.27+.22 cm.

S.D.: 2.28.06 in. 5.79.16 cm.
Range: 52.50-65.75 in. 133-167 cm.
CV.: 3,86+.11% 3.86+.11%

ry. Weight: .48
Stature: .95

% In, Cm.

5 55.3 140.5
10 56.2 142.7
20 57.0 144.8
30 57.8 146.8
40 58.4 148.3
50 59.0 150.0
60 59.6 1514
70 60.2 152.9
80 61.0 155.0
90 62.0 157.5
95 62.9 159.8

SHOULDER HEIGHT

Distance measured from floor to right acrom-
jon while the subject is standing erect, using a
wall board.

N: 678

Mean: 57.81.10 in. 146.84.24 em.
S.D.: 2.59.07 in. 6.57+.18 cm.
Range: 50.25-65.00 in. 128-165 cm.
C.V.: 447+.12% 4.47.12 %

ry: Weight: 45
Stature: .86

% In. Cm.
5 54.1 187.4
10 55.0 139.8
20 55.7 141.5
30 56.5 143.4
40 57.1 145.1
50 57.8 146.8
60 58.3 148.1
70 58.9 149.6
80 59.7 151.7
90 60.7 154.3
95 61.7 156.7



GLUTEAL FURROW HEIGHT

Vertical distance from the lowest point of
the transverse buttock crease,

N: 678

Mean: 31.87+.06 in. 79.69.16 em.
S.D.: 1.67.04 in. 4.24.11 cm.
Range: 26.50-36.25 in, 67-92 cm.
C.V.:  5.82+.14% 5.82+.14%

r: Weight: .28
Stature: .83

Y In, Cm
5 28.8 73.1
10 29.2 74.0
20 29.8 75.6
30 80.4 77.1
40 30.8 78.3
50 31.2 79.3
60 31.6 80.3
70 32.1 81.4
80 32.6 82.8
90 33.4 84.9
95 34.1 86.6

KNEE-CAP HEIGHT

Vertical distance from top of knee cap to
floor.

N: 677

Mean: 20.52.04 in.
S.D.: 1.054.083 in.
Range: 16.75-24.00 in.
C.V.: 5.14+.14%

52.12.10 cm.
2.68.07 cm.
42-61 cm.
5.14+.14%

r: Weight: .39
Stature: .82

% In. Cm.
5 188 47.7
10 19.1 48.4
20 19.5 49.5
30 19.8 50.4
40 20.1 511
50 20.4 518
60 20.7 52.6
70 21.0 58.2
80 21.2 53.9
90 21.7 55.1
95 22.1 562

Appendix

SHOULDER BREADTH

The horizontal distance between the maxi-
mum protrusion of the deltoid muscles.

N: 681

Mean: 18.44.04 in. 46.83-:.11 cm.
S.D.: 1.15.08 in. 2.91+.08 cm.
Range: 13.50-22.50 in. 34-57 cm.
C.V.: 6.23.17 % 6.23.17 %

r: Weight: .74
Stature: .28

% In, Cm.
5 16.8 42.7
10 17.1 43.4
20 174 44.3
30 17.7 45.0
40 18.0 45.6
50 183 46.4
60 18.5 47.1
70 188 47.9
80 19.2 48.8
90 19.8 50.2
95 20.3 51.5

CHEST BREADTH

The maximum transverse diameter of the
chest, at the nipple level, during normal
breathing.

N: 681

Mean: 12.89+.04 in.
S.D.: 0.91.02 in.
Range: 10.50-17.50 in.
C.V.:  7.12+.19%

32.75.09 cm.
2.33.06 cm.
27-44 cm.
7124.19 %

r: Weight: .75
Stature: .29

Fo In, Cm.
5 114 28.9
10 11.7 29.8
20 12.0 30.5
30 12.3 311
40 12.5 31.7
50 12.7 32.3
60 12.9 32.8
70 18.2 33.4
80 138.4 34.1
90 14.0 35.5
95 14.4 36.6