NBSiR 73-133 (JO

W. J. Parker, D. C. Brackett, R. E. Wiliard, R. K. Ziie

Center for. Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau cf Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

March 1973

Interim Report

Prepared for K^va! Ships Systems Cormiand

Department of the Navy

Washington. D. C. 20360

NBSIR 73-139

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE

EFFECT OF HUMIDITY ON THE IGNITION,

HEAT RELEASE, AND SMOKE DENSITY

TESTS FOR TYPICAL ROOM FINISHING

MATERIALS

W. J. Parker, D. E. Brackett, R. E. Willard, R. H. Zile

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

March 1973

Interim Report

This report is to be superseded by a future publication which

will receive general distribution and should be cited as a reference. Please consult the NBS Office of Technical

Information and Publications to obtain the proper citation.

Prepared for Navy Ships Systems Command

Department of the Navy

Washington, D. C. 20360

U. S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

A Preliminary Investigation of the • Effect of Humidity on the Ignition, Heat

Release, and Smoke Density Tests for Typical

Room Finishing Materials

by

W. J. Parker

D. E. Brackett*

R. E. Willard

R. H. Zile

Building Fires & Safety Section

Structures, Materials and Life Safety Division

Center for Building Technology

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

ABSTRACT

Nine commonly used room finishing materials were subjected to the

heat release and ignition tests under development at NBS and to the NBS

smoke density test. Each material was tested with three different

moisture contents representing 50 percent relative humidi ty(RH) , 0 percent RH, and one intermediate RH value. The purpose of the tests was to

gain experience with the test methods under development in order to

determine whether instrumental or procedural modifications are needed

and (2) to examine the problem of testing a material at 50 percent RH

and using it under much lower humidity conditions.

Some procedural changes are recommended for both the ease of

ignition and the heat release rate tests. The rates of heat release

were found to be as much as 50 percent higher for the dried specimens than

for those conditioned at 50 percent RH. The ignition times were found

to decrease by as much as 50 percent after being dried.

Manager, Building Code Services, Gypsum Association

i
Key Words: building materials, fire tests, heat release, ignition,

smoke density

i1
LIST OF TABLES

I Data on Gypsum Board

II Data on Gypsum Board with Fire Retardant Treated

Vinyl Latex Paint

III Data on Gypsum Board with Two Coats of Latex Paint

IV Data on Gypsum Board with Predecorated Vinyl Film

V Data on 4-Mil. Lauan Panel

VI Data on 1/4 -in. Tempered Hardboard

VII Data on 1/2 -in. Painted, Wood Fibered Insulation Board

VIII Data on 25/32-in. Red Oak

IX Data on 25/32 -in. Red Oak + 3 Coats of Varnish

X Summary of Test Results

XI Materials Listed in Order of Decreasing Hazard

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

1. Weight Changes in Oak Specimens as a Function of Temperature

and Time

2. Ease of Ignition Apparatus

3. Heat Release Rate Calorimeter
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pa^e

Abstract i

List of Tables iii

List of Figures iv

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Materials 2

3.0 Moisture Content 2

4.0 Descriptions of Tests 4

4.1 Ease of Ignition 4

4.2 Heat Release Rate 4

4.3 Smoke Density 5

5.0 Test Data 5

6.0 Discussion of Results 6

6.1 Ease of Ignition 6

6.2 Heat Release 8

6.3 Smoke Generation 10

6.4 General 10

7.0 Conclusions 11

8.0 Recommendations for Future Work 12

References , 14

Appendix 15

V

A Preliminary Investigation of the

Effect of Humidity on the Ignition, Heat

Release, and Smoke Density Tests for Typical

Room Finishing Materials

KO INTRODUCTION

The Building Fires and Safety Section of the Center for Building

Technology at the National Bureau of Standards is active in the design

of fire test methods for building materials. The radiant panel has

1* 2

been accepted as ASTM Standard Test E-162 . A test for potential heat

3 and the smoke density chamber are being considered for adoption as

ASTM Standards. Tests for the ease of ignition and the rate of heat

. 5 release are under development. Additional tests on ignition and flame

spread are anticipated. The tests are normally performed at NBS on

specimens which have equilibrated in a 68 °F atmosphere with a relative

humidity of 50 percent. Materials which may indicate a low hazard under

these conditions might prove to be a high hazard where the relative

humidity in a typical room is much lower. In order to gain some

experience with the ease of ignition and heat release rate tests on

typical interior finishing materials and to determine the sensitivity

of these tests to the relative humidity, the measurements described in

this report were conducted. Tests for the sensitivity of optical

density of the smoke to the relative humidity were also included.

Since a fairly large amount of materials were examined in a short

time, the number of repetitions was necessarily small. Hence these

measurements must be considered preliminary. Nevertheless, some

conclusions on the effect of moisture can be drawn and enough information * Superscripts refer to the references to the literature.

1
can be provided to form the basis of more comprehensive tests at a later

date.

2.0 MATERIALS

The materials examined included solid red oak 25/32 in. thick with

and without three coats of floor varnish; 1/2-in. regular gypsum board

with one coat of fire retardant vinyl latex paint (Note: the undercoat

recommended by the manufacturer was not used on these specimens), with

two coats of flat latex paint, with a predecorated 10 mil vinyl coat,

and with an uncoated surface; 4~mil prefinished Lauan mahogany plywood;

1/2-in. natural wood fiber insulating board; and l/4~in. tempered hardboard.

All of these materials were tested without any backing. The painting

ftf the gypsum board and the varnishing of the oak were done in the

laboratory.

3.Q MOISTURE CONTENT

In order to find the length of time which specimens must be kept

in the conditioning room to achieve a constant weight at 50 percent relative

humidity and to determine the time and temperature requirements to

produce dry specimens, the following measurements were made on samples

of oak.

The weight change as a function of conditioning time is illustrated in figure 1. In Run "A" the specimens were cut as received from

boards obtained from a local lumber yard and put in a 60 °C oven. A

constant weight loss of 16percent was achieved after five days. The oven

temperature was increased to 115 °C after seven days and another 4 percent
was lost within four days. Another group of specimens was conditioned to

a constant weight loss in a room whose relative humidity was maintained

at 50 percent and were then heated at 115°C in an oven for 24 hours with a

weight loss of 7-1/2 percent. It took 17 days in the 50 percent RH conditioning

room (Run "B") to bring their moisture content back up to a constant

4-1/2 percent. Part of the weight loss at 115°C was not recovered. In Run

"C" the specimens from the 50 percent RH conditioning room were dried in a

desiccator for 30 days before achieving a 6-1/2 percent weight loss. In Run

"D" specimens from the same lot were dried in the oven at 60 °C for

six days with a 6.7 percent weight loss.

From these preliminary measurements it appears that the specimens

to be equilibrated at 5C percent RH should be in the conditioning room for at

least 30 days and that dry specimens can be produced by heating

materials either directly from the conditioning room or the lumber

yard in a 60 °C oven for six days. The specimens heated in the oven

at 115 °C appeared to have a greater weight loss than would be achieved

by a building material exposed to low humidity atmospheres in practice

and hence the faster drying time is not recommended. However, it is •

possible even with a low rate of evaporation that after many years of

exposure in a low humidity atmosphere at ambient temperature, the

greater weight loss could be achieved. For the purposes of these

experiments, the specimens were assumed to be dry after heating at

60 °C for six days.

Each of the materials were tested under three moisture conditions:

equilibrated at 50 percent relative humidity, dried in an oven at 60°C for

24 hours, and dried in an oven at 60 °C for six days. The middle

3
treatment was intended to produce an intermediate relative humidity

condition. However, it does have the disadvantage of a non-uniform

moisture distribution with the surface layers being drier than the

interior.

For a more refined study, it is suggested that specimens representing intermediate relative numiaity conditions be maintained in a

constant humidity atmosphere until a constant weight loss is achieved.

The conditioning times would vary with tne materials and its thickness.

4.0 DESCRIPTIONS OF TESTS

4.1 Ease of Ignition

The ease of ignition test^ utilized a pair of specimens 5-1/2 in. x

6 in. facing each other at a distance of 7/8 in. apart. They are

exposed to a heat flux of 3 W/cm^ produced by flame contact. The time

to sustained ignition, i.e. the exposure time required to produce

sustained flaming, is found by trial and error. The specimen is

exposed for a predetermined period of time and the presence or absence

of flaming is noted. The presence of flame at any point on the

specimen one minute after exposure flame has been removed constitutes

sustained ignition. The exposure time is then increased or decreased

appropriately until the ignition time is bracketed. The ease of

ignition test apparatus is represented schematically in figure 2.

4.2 Heat Release Rate

In the heat release rate calorimeter the front surface of a

vertical specimen 4-1/2 in. x 6 in. which represents a small section

of a wall is exposed to a thermal radiation level of 6 W/cm^ from
three radiant panels similar to the one used in the radiant panel

2

test . The edges of the specimen are shielded and the rear surface is

separated from a water cooled brass block by an air space. The brass

block represents a small section of the wall behind the one represented

by the specimen. The heat removed from the rear surface of the specimen

is measured by the rate of temperature rise in the cooling water. A

propane burner inside of the calorimeter produces heat at a considerably greater rate than that of the burning specimen. When the specimen

is burning, the propane flow is automatically reduced by the amount

necessary to maintain the flue gas temperature constant. The rate of

heat release through the front surface of the specimen is determined

from the reduction in propane flow. The heat released at the front

surface only is quoted in this report. The calorimeter is represented

schematically in figure 3,

4.3 Smoke Density

3 In the smoke density chamber a specimen 3 in. x 3 in. is exposed to a

thermal radiation level of 3 W/cm^ from an electrical heating element.

A small pilot flame may be employed to ignite the pyrolysis gases.

However, the smoldering mode was used in the measurements reported

here and the pilot was omitted. The smoke density chamber is 3 feet

high, 3-feet wide, and 2-feet deep. The smoke density is measured

over a vertical path from the floor to the ceiling with a S-4 response

phototube and a tungsten light source.

5.0 TEST DATA

The- data collected on the tests are included in Tables I through

5
IX. The data for each material are given in separate tables. The

average moisture content is quoted along with the drying conditions at

the left of the table. The exposure times which were used to determine

the sustained ignition time are tabulated along with the number of sides

of the specimen that ignited and the time of sustained flaming if it was

less than 60 seconds. The estimated values of the times to ignition

are stated. Each ignition time is based on six pairs of specimens.

The calorimeter and smoke chamber data are based on three or four

repetitions which are listed in the table followed by their average

values. The exception is the total heat release which is based on

only one measurement in order to avoid the long burning times.

The average values of the most important parameters are compared

in Table X for each of the moisture conditions. Conditions 1, 2, and

3 are equilibration at 50 percent RH, held at 60°C for 24 hours and held at

60 °C for six days, respectively. The numbers in parentheses below the

ignition times represent the percent moisture content for each material

under conditions 1, 2, and 3. These moisture contents were assumed to

be the same for the heat release and smoke specimens.

6.0 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

6.1 Ease of Ignition

None of the coated gypsum board specimens sustained flaming in

the ease of ignition test. The uncoated gypsum boards exhibited

sustained flaming but only within a narrow range of exposure times.

For longer times the fuel vapors would all be driven out during the

exposure period. There appears to be a reduction in the ignition
time with increasing moisture content for the gypsum. board. Even when

flaming is sustained it is limited to small areas where the paper is

in poor thermal contact with the substrate. Otherwise most of the

heat required for pyrolysis is simply conducted into the comparably

inert gypsum material and the flame cannot sustain itself without

external sources of heat. The random nature of these areas of poor

thermal contact can account for some of the scatter in the ignition

data for gypsum board.

The ease of ignition test does not seem to provide any useful

Information regarding the fire hazard of gypsum board. While the

test indicates that gypsum board ignites easier than red oak, the

small flamelets were inconsequential compared with the much more

intense flaming exhibited by the other materials when sustained flaming

was established. The local flames on the gypsum board shortly

extinguished themselves without involving a large percentage of the

rest of the surface whereas the other materials after flaming for one

minute burned to completion. As a result of these tests it seems

desirable to add the additional restriction of a minimum area of

flaming to the criteria for sustained flaming. For example, sustained

flaming could be said to have occurred if there is a flaming area at

least 2 inches wide at the end of 60 seconds. This width requirement

is sufficient to exclude the small flamelets described above. Under

these conditions only those specimens which burned to completion would

have satisfied the criteria for sustained ignition.

All of the materials tested except for gypsum board showed a

decrease in ignition time with decreasing moisture content. In some

7
cases these decreases were as much as 50 percent. This is due to the extra

heat required to vaporize the water in moist specimens and to the greater

flow of combustible vapors necessary to make up for the dilution by the

water. There are other factors present in the case of the gypsum board

that are apparently more important than the increase in heat content.

6.2 Heat Release Rate

The variation in the heat release rates with moisture content was

within the rather large scatter of data except in the three following

cases. The oak specimens with the three coats of varnish showed a

substantial increase in the peak heat release rate with decreasing

moisture content although there was no change in the highest one

minute average heat release rate. The tempered hardboard and the Lauan

paneling showed an increase in both the peak heat release rate and

the highest one minute average heat release rate with decreasing

moisture content. The observed increases in heat release rate with

decreasing moisture content were as high at 50 percent. Both the tempered hardboard and Lauan paneling were thin enough to experience an

appreciable temperature rise on the rear surface by the end of one

minute.

The peak and the highest one minute average heat release rates

were essentially the same, except for gypsum board and the varnished

oak, indicating a nearly constant rate of heat release over the one

minute duration. For those finished materials with a thin coating

which is more combustible than the substrate, the time interval over

-which the averaging takes place has a strong influence on their

ranking as to heat release rate. Although one minute has been

8
tentatively chosen as the averaging "time in the heat- release rate

calorimeter based on the time required to ignite a typical building

material by flame contact, the exact time is still rather arbitrary.

The assignment of an arbitrary averaging time in which a slight change

could qualify or disqualify a material would certainly be unacceptable

from an industrial point of view. The heat release rate of all of the

materials tested was nearly constant over a 15 second time interval.

If the averaging time were reduced to 10 seconds the average heat

release rate would be approximately equal to the peak heat release

rate and independent of small changes in the averaging interval.

The specification of a finite averaging interval would still

serve the purpose of eliminating the false identification of electrical

or mechanical transients in the measuring system as the peak heat

release rate. The peak and the highest 10 second average heat release

rates are indistinguishable for the materials tested on this project.

The peak heat release rate for the dried plain gypsum board was very

close to that of the solid oak.

This would indicate a similar effect with regard to the heat

release rate. However, the total heat release from the oak was over

.f

30 times as high as that from the gypsum board. For building code

purposes both the peak heat release rate and the total heat release

should be quoted for a particular material. The limits should be

established for each of these heat release parameters. For eventual

use in the engineering design of buildings for fire safety, the

complete curve of heat release rate versus time will be required.

Because of the limited amount of data obtained the expected trend

9
between the total heat release and the moisture content was not apparent.

While the total heat released should be independent of the moisture

content, the division of heat between the front and rear surfaces of

the specimen could be altered. The total heat release quoted in the

tables of this report refer only to that portion which is released at

the front surface. Also the vaporization of the water consumes some

heat that must be subtracted from the total.

6.3 Smoke Generation

There appears to be a significant increase in the smoke production

with an increase in moisture content in the oak specimens, both

varnished and unfinished. No trends are noted in the smoke production

for the other materials tested relative to moisture content.

6.4 General

There is a scatter of up to 50 percent in the heat release data for a

particular material at the same moisture content partly due to the

performance of the measurement system and partly due to the variability

of the materials including coating thicknesses. An extensive evaluation

of the precision and accuracy of the heat release rate calorimeter is

planned.

In Table XI the materials are ranked in descending order of their

fire hazard in regard to ignition, peak heat release rate, total heat

release and smoke density. The data for 50 percent RH was used for this

ranking. The large difference in order illustrates the problem of

designing a single fire test which will rank the materials in a unique

order of fire hazard. The ranking orders would also depend to some

extent on the relative humidity.

• 10
7.0 CONCLUSIONS

(1) Drying the specimens at 60 °C to a constant weight in the

oven results in the same weight loss as drying them to constant

weight in a desiccator at room temperature. This takes about six

days for a 25/32 -in. thick oak board at 60°C.

(2) The criteria for sustained ignition in the ease of ignition

test should include a flaming area with a minimum width of two inches

as well as a minimum flaming time of one minute. This would allow

the presence of small flames which are too small to spread to other

areas or to ignite other combustibles.

(3) With this additional requirement gypsum board coated and

uncoated will not sustain ignition in the ease of ignition test.

(4) All of the other materials sustained ignition by the above

definition and showe'd an increase in ignition time with moisture

content.

(5) There was a significant increase in the heat release rate

due to drying for some of the materials. For others the effect was

within the present limits of error of the calorimeter.

(6) The ease of ignition and heat release rate tests should be

run on materials conditioned to the lowest relative humidity that

they would be likely to encounter in practice. (To be more exact,

they should have the lowest moisture content encountered in practice

which would depend on both the relative humidity and the ambient

temperature.)

(7) In addition to supplying a curve of heat release rate

versus time for analytical purposes, the results of the heat release

11
rate test should be characterized by two numbers for potential use in

the building codes. These would be the peak heat release rate and the

total heat released. In order to eliminate confusiori with the

electrical and mechanical transients in the measurement system, the

peak value should be defined as the highest 10 second average. The

actual peak and the highest 10 second average are indistinguishable

for all of the materials tested in this project.

(8) Limits should be established for both the peak heat release

rate and the total heat release.

(9) The differences in the relative ranking of the materials with

regard to fire hazard by the ignition, heat release rate, total heat

release, and smoke tests indicate the impossibility of designing a

single test on which to classify the fire hazards of materials.

(10) The large scatter in the data included in this report

indicates the need for improvements in the precision of the test

methods.

8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

This preliminary set of tests should be repeated on an equivalent

set of specimens chosen to include as large a variety of popular

finishing materials as possible. Flame spread with the radiant panel,

potential heat, and smoking in the flaming mode should be included

among the tests as well as projected tests on critical incident heat

flux for spontaneous ignition and critical incident heat flux for

flame spread. The heat flux passing through the rear of the specimen

as well as the heat leaving through the exposed surface should be

12
measured. The causes of the significantly large scatter in the data

should be tracked down to either material variability or poor

instrument precision or a combination of both.

Examine some small scale enclosure fires with these finishing

materials as an exercise in determining how to evaluate the results

of the tests in terms of a real enclosure fire. Use these materials

to refinish a room in each of several houses which are scheduled to

be burned down by the fire department. Compare the predictions

obtained by use of the fire test results with temperature, heat flux,

and smoke measurements in the full scale fire.

13
REFERENCES

1. Robertson, A. F., Gross, D. and Loftus, J. J., "A Method for

Measuring Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant

Energy Source," ASTM Proc. 56, 1437-1453, (1956).

2. Loftus, J. J., Gross, D. and Robertson, A. F., "Potential Heat-A

Method for Measuring the Heat Release of Materials in Building

Fires," ASTM Proc. 6j_, 1336-1348, (1961 ).

3. Gross, D., Loftus, J. J. and Robertson, A. F., "Method for

Measuring Smoke from Burning Materials," ASTM Special Technical

Publication No. 422, (1967).

4. Parker, W. J., "The Development of a Test for Ease of Ignition by

Flame Impingement," NBS Report 10495, (February 1972).

5. Parker, W. J. and Long, M. E., "Development of a Heat Release Rate

Calorimeter at NBS," NBS Report 10462, (March 1972).

14

I
APPENDIX

Conversion Factors for Units

Used in the Text

1 Btu/(ft^.sec) = 1.14 W/cm^

1 inch = 2.54 cm

1 mil = 2.54 X

10"'^ cm

1 foot = 0.305 m

140 °F = 60 °C

239 °F = 115 °C

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r OKM NBS-I HA ( i- ' i

)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. l>rm.I( 1 l(1."^J OK KI-I'OKI \'(). 2. Gov't Acccssloa

O Id LIUoK A r H It. LJA 1 A ii't>ctt) to i on NBSIR 73-139

3. K( C IpIC llt's \l ( CSSIlMI Nil.

4. TH i.i: A\n sum i i ri.i-: A preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Humidity on the

Ignition, Keat Release, and Smoke Density Tests for Typical

Room Finishing Materials

5. Publu ation D.ip

6. Performing. Orga.'ii^^al i on Codt7. .\UTHOR(S) 8. Performing Organiza;iv)n

9. PERFOR.MING ORG.WIZATION NA.ME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proic-ct, Task Aork I nU 4619A74

11. Contract/ Gr.int .\o. NUUUzH-by-r -Di /

/

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Naval Ships System Command

Department of the Navy

Washington, D.C. 20360

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14, Sponsoring .Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Nine commonly used room finishing materials were subjected to the heat release

and ignition tests under development at KES and to the NBS smoke density test. Each

material was tested with three different m.oisture contents representing 502. relative

humidity (RH) , 0% RH, and one intermediate RH value. The purpose of the tests was

to (1) gain experience with the test methods under development in order to determine

whether instrumental or procedural modifications are needed and (2) to examine the

problem of testing a material at 50% RH and using it under m.uch lower hum.idity

conditions.

Some procedural changes are recom^mended for both the ease of ignition and the heat

release rate tests. The rates of heat release were found to be as much as 507. higher for the dried specimens than for those conditioned at 50% RH. The ignition

times were found to decrease by as much as 50% after being dried.

17. KEY UORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Building materials; fire tests; heat release; ignition; smoke density

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 19, SECURIT^ CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. Ol- PAi.,i >

1 1 UNLIMITED.

UNCLASSIFIED

rXI FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 5C...44.P7I
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