The Chemical Composition of PM2.5

to support PM Implementation

Neil Frank

AQAG/AQAD USEPA

For Presentation at 

EPA State / Local / Tribal Training Workshop: PM 2.5 Final Rule Implementation and 2006 P

Designation Process

June20-21
Topics

• How do we derive FRM PM2.5 compositio

• How does avg composition vary by region

season and over time

• Variation within urban areas• What are the local vs regional componen

how does this relate to potential emission sources

• Differences between peak day and avera

composition
What is the composition of PM

and where does it come fro

Major components• Ammonium Sulfate• Ammonium Nitrate• Organic 

Carbonaceous Mass

• Elemental Carbon• Crustal Material

NO

X

Direct PMVOC

+NH3

The chemistry is complicated and particle formationis dependent on other pollutants and atmospheric conditio

From: The Particle Pollution Report: 

Current Understanding of Air Quality an
To estimate urban PM2.5 compo

• Use measurements from routine 

monitoring networks

– STN, SLAMS (=CSN)

• Make adjustments to represent FRM • FRM mass does not equal the simple su

the measured components

[i.e. PM2.5 = AmmSul + AmmNitr + OCM +EC + 
Cleveland, OH

NO3 Concentration

0.02.04.06.08.0

J FMAMJ J ASOND ann

avg

B

J FMAMJ 

6 Nitrate Study Sites, 2003 FRM doesn’t retain all amb

Monthly and Annual Average NO3, 2003

STN (total bar)

FRM (red bar and black line) 

Sulfate Nitrate TCM Crustal Passive

Reconstructed Fine Mass

RCFM

(reflects ambient)

SANDWICH

(reflects FRM PM2.5)

FRM Compared Network Measur• Less Nitrate• Includes particl• Carbon achieve

and reflects all n

PM2.5 mass 

particle boun

(at mass weig
SANDWICH 

more than a cute acronym

• What is the SANDWICH Approach?

– Sulfate, Adjusted Nitrate, Derived Water, Inferred Carbon Hybrid m

balance approach 

• for estimating PM2.5 mass composition as if it was measured by the PM

– The approach uses a combination of speciation measurements and 

speciation estimates to represent FRM PM2.5.

• Why is it needed?

– The FRM defines the regulatory indicator of PM2.5.

– FRM mass may not retain all nitrate, and includes particle bound wa

components not estimated directly with STN measurements.

– To estimate FRM PM2.5 composition including FRM carbonaceous 

“fudge” factors. 

– To help QC speciation measurements

• SANDWICH is the default method in EPA modeling guidance to 

baseline PM2.5

– for SMAT (speciated modeled attainment test)

– “FRM” composition with the peer-reviewed “SANDWICH” technique 

and PM2.5 RIA

Frank, N. Retained Nitrate, Hydrated Sulfates, and Carbonaceouin Federal Reference Method Fine Particulate Matter for Six Easte

J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56 :500–511
(a) W. Reduced Nitrates

(b) With added water

SOUnkCrupasTCMNO

(c) Plus filter contamination 

(= FRM “blank”)

(d) Remaining unknis assigned to carb

(1) Approachusing measurementsand calculated values

Conceptual Overview of Mass Balance App

*

Distributeunknown(or scale all down) equally

* Default SANDWICH can be modified to consider 

other components, like salt. This reduces estimate of TCM.

(2) SANDWICH

Sulfate mass increases
RCFM SANDWICH

Annual Average Composition (2002-04) in East NA 

Less nitrate and more sulfate mass with SANDWICH

NA area without STN data (02-0

Black outlined pies had collocated FRM an

area area_annual_dvNA area: Johnstown, PA 15.3NA area: Martinsburg, WV-Hagerstown, MD 16.1NA area: Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH 15.2NA area: Reading, PA 16.1NA area: Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV 17

NA area: Wheeling, WV-OH 15.1
RCFM SANDWICH

Annual Average Composition (2002-04) in West NA a

Less nitrate and more carbon mass with SANDWICH

Black outlined pies have collocated FRM an
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Riverside-San Bernardino,CA site= 060

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

PM2.5 and Components, ug/m3

0 60 Rubidoux, CA (2005) RCFM SANDWICH FRM PM2.5 mass Less nitrate ma

More sulfate an

Gray line shows {OCMmb - OCM14}

Chem Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC

OCMmb Crustal Passive

Over-estimates FRM mass

FRM composition can be very different t

constructed mass from speciation measure
0.05.0

1015202530354045505560

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

RCFM SANDWICH

FRM PM2.5 mass

PM2.5 and Components, ug/m3

0 60 Less nitrate ma

More sulfate an

Birmingham, AL (2005) Under-estimates FRM mass Birmingham,AL sit

Gray line shows {OCMmb - OCM14}

Chem Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC

OCMmb Crustal Passive

FRM composition can be very different than constructed mass from speciation measurem
Q1Q3

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass TCM Unknown_at_DV_site Crustal Passive

Quarterly PM2.5 Composition in Eastern NA area

Note: Many areas do not have speciation data and some at a dif

No speciationdata in 2002-04
Q1Q3

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass TCM Unknown_at_DV_site Crustal Passive

Quarterly PM2.5 Composition in NA areas, 2002-04

Many areas do not have speciation data and some at a differen

ZOOM
Q1 Q2 

Q3

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass TCM Unknown_at_DV_site Crustal Passive

Quarterly PM2.5 Composition in Western NA area

1st and 4th quarters have higher concentrations (exce
Composition Can Vary Within the NA 

“Generally” the extra component is car

Allen Park airs_site_code=261630001 year=2003

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_Crustal Passive

0.4

2.35

0.50

5.48

5.49

Dearborn airs_site_code=26163003

2.87

0.50

7.37

7.14

Allen Pk Dearborn

Sulfate Mass 5.5 7.4Carbonaceous Mass 5.5 7.1Nitrate 2.4 2.9Crustal Material 0.4 2.7PM2.5 14.22 20.56

More sulfate, carbo

For some cities, there are gradients in no
Carbon, NO

Baltimore (Essex speciation site) is not at DV site, 2002 speciation 

When DV site does not have speciation data, the unknown mass may or maIt could be crustal material (as we observe in Birmingham and Detroit) or po

What to do if speciation is not at the DV 

Accounting for differences in within-area speciation p

Speciation location (Ann Avg=14.9 ug/m3)

NA area: Baltimore, MD - 240053001(2002-04)

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass TCM Unknown_at_DV_site Crustal Passive

SANDWICH

7.98

1.11

5.60

0.71

0.49

SANDWICH_PacMan

7.98

1.11

5.60

DV site (16.3 u

1.4 ug/m
PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

PM2.5 and component mass, ug/m3

0.02.04.06.08.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Regional Trends in PM2.5 Composition, 2002-20

Compositional changes in some regions

Lower nitrates and sulfates.Increasing Carbon

Reduced Nitrates, Sulfates & Carbon

NDI

Lower nitrates and sulfates

Lower nitrates and sulfates 

02 03 04 05 06

02 03 04 05 06

02 03 04 05 06 02 03 04 05 06 0

0

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC DRAFT OCMmb Crustal Passiv
SANDWICH data are now available on Air 

http://www.epa.gov/airexplorer/
The Urban Excess
Urban Composition, 

PM2.5 ~17ug/m3

SulfateEstimated AmmoniumNitrateTCMCrustal

+

Urban Increment

~6ug/m3

Regional Contribution

~11ug/m3

Urban PM2.5 is Composed of Urban and Regional C

36%

26%

54%

1

33%

17%

5%

11%

16%

Baltimore PM2.5 compared toUpwind rural site illustrates urban/rural contributionsBased on constructed mass (not SANDWICH), March 01 – Feb 02
From Particle Pollution Repo

Comparing single urban and rura

Sulfates•Most from regional sources

Urban PM2.5 is Composed of Urban and Regional C

Carbon• Large PM2.5 component• Local contribution (40-70%)

Nitrates• 10-30% of PM2.5• Some east avg. am

~4 ug/m3 

• Local contribution 
Carbon and Nitrates dominate the average local urb

Composition of Eastern PM2.5 Non-Attainment Areas

Estimated PM2.5 Composition Estimated Urban 

* Indicates areas with > 3

0% 20% 40% 60% 

York, ; Harrisb, PA

Washington, DC

St, Louis, MO-IL

* Reading, LancasterPA;

Pittsb, Wheeling

Philadelphia, 

New York, NY-NJ-CT

Louisville, KY-IN

Knoxville, KY

* Indianapolis, IN

Hickory, NC

Greensboro, NC

* Evansville, IN-KY

* Detroit, MI

Columbus, OH; 

* Cleveland, OH

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN

Chicago,IL-IN-WI; 

Chattanooga, TN-GA

Charleston, Hngtn,WV;

* Canton, Steuben OH/WV

Birmingham, AL

Baltimore, MD

Atlanta, GA; Macon, GA

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

York, ; Harrisb, PA

Washington, DC

St, Louis, MO-IL

Reading, LancasterPA;

Pittsb, Wheeling

Philadelphia, 

New York, NY-NJ-CT

Louisville, KY-IN

Knoxville, KY

Indianapolis, IN

Hickory, NC

Greensboro, NC

Evansville, IN-KY

Detroit, MI

Columbus, OH; 

Cleveland, OH

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN

Chicago,IL-IN-WI; 

Chattanooga, TN-GA

Charleston, Hngtn,WV;

Canton, Steuben OH/WV

Birmingham, AL

Baltimore, MD

Atlanta, GA; Macon, GA

Carbon Sulfates Nitrates Crustal 
High Day vs. Average Compositio

Average Concentration is based on a

days but is strongly influenced by the 

highest concentration days
Composition on Annual Average and High PM2.5 Days Some source categories and regional influences may be more important for high concentration days

• Comparing average of 5 highest days 

during 2003, regional sources of sulfates and nitrates are larger contributors to peak day concentrations than to annual average (selected city analysis)

• Composition can vary from high day 

to high day

• Carbon can be smaller as % -- but 

still larger in absolute concentration values -- compared to the average

From PM Staff 

BirmAtlantaNYCClevelandChicagoSt .LouisSLCFresno

Nitrate

TCM Sulfate

Crustal

This analysis showsPM2.5 Composition of the ambient aerosol(not adjusted to represent FRM mass)
yg g

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

% 50250

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 a

0

1020304050

J F MA 

PLOT GT 35 ug/m

J F MA 

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA 

yg g

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

J F MA MJ J A S OND

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

NW UT IMWMid CAS.CA SE

MidAt

Percent of 2003-05 FRM Days > 35 ug/m3 by Mo

Based on all sites which violate 24-hr NAAQS

J F M A 

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M 

La Cruces, NM

yg g

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

% 50250

J F M A M J J A S O N D 
yg g

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 a

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA 

of 2003-05 Days > 35 

Based on all FRM Site-d

J F M A 

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA 

yg g

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

yg g

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (Mid. Cal) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

J F MA MJ J A S OND

yg g

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

NW UT IMWMid CAS.CA La Cruces

NM

SEMidAt

Avg High 3 Cold 

Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Avg High 3 Cold

“Example” Composition for High Days [“Warm” Season (May-S

But sites can be different within each “domain”

Cold

Cold Warm W

Cold

Cold Cold

El Paso STN

or

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A 

% 50250

% 50250

Pies represent average of 3 highest days per year per season, using SA

or
IMW - 180970078 Indiana Indian

24-hr DV= 38 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.4 ug/m3 Exist

Total 3 yr obs = 280 "cold" days > 30 = 3 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 36.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC Crustal Passive No

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (IMW) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

J F M A M J J A S O N D

IMW - 260810020 Michigan Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland,MI 24-hr DV= 37 ug/m3 Annual DV= 13.1 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 171 "cold" days > 30 = 5 "warm" days > 30 = 5 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 42.5 ug/m3 38.2 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Industrial Midwest• Generally nitrate dominated winter-time v

in northern areas

• Sulfate dominated episodes in summer (r

Note: Passive is PM2.5 u

IMW

Northern Site (Grand Rapids, MI)

Ann Avg of top 3 days/yr

Avg Cold Warm

Number inside pie is the “top 3” average concentration, ug/m3

43

ug/m3

38

ug/m3

24hr DV= 37 ug/m3 24h

More Details about PM2.5

Chemical Composition for the IMW

13.1

ug/m3

Southern Site (Indi

15.4

ug/m3

37

ug/m3
IMW - 180970078 Indiana Indianapolis 24-hr DV= 38 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.4 ug/m3 Existing NA area= Indianapolis, IN

Total 3 yr obs = 280 "cold" days > 30 = 3 "warm" days > 30 = 15 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 36.9 ug/m3 37.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

IMW - 540391005 West Virginia South Charleston 24-hr DV= 36 ug/m3 Annual DV= 16.6 ug/m3 Existing NA area= Charleston, WV

Total 3 yr obs = 49 "cold" days > 30 = 0 "warm" days > 30 = 9 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 0.0 ug/m3 35.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

IMW - 180390003 Indiana Elkhart 

24-hr DV= 36 ug/m3 Annual DV= 14.6 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 47 "cold" days > 30 = 2 "warm" days > 30 = 1 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.8 ug/m3 40.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

IMW - 260810020 Michigan Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland,MI 24-hr DV= 37 ug/m3 Annual DV= 13.1 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 171 "cold" days > 30 = 5 "warm" days > 30 = 5 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 42.5 ug/m3 38.2 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

IMW - 261630033 Michigan Detroit,MI 24-hr DV= 44 ug/m3 Annual DV= 18.2 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 139 "cold" days > 30 = 12 "warm" days > 30 = 9 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 38.0 ug/m3 43.2 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

 AV AV

IMW - 551330027 Wisconsin Milwaukee-Waukesha,WI 

24-hr DV= 36 ug/m3 Annual DV= 13.5 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 161 "cold" days > 30 = 5 "warm" days > 30 = 1 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 39.0 ug/m3 41.1 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Milwaukee, WI Grand Rapids, MI Detroit (Dearborn), MI De

Buf

Charleston, WV

Indianapolis, IN Elkhart, IN 

24-hr 

 AV

Pit

24-hr 

 AV

Lib

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

Note: Map show existing NA areas

& new violation sites

Nitrates - important in the N. sub-RegionSulfates and warm season in S. portion

24hr DV= 44ug/m3 
Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (N.Eng-MidAtl) 

Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

J F M A M J J A S O N D 

Mid_Atlantic RegionGenerally Sulfate dominated episodes everywhere in summerFewer Nitrate contributed winter-time valu(except in SE. PA)

N.Eng-MidAtl - 420270100 Pennsylvania State College 24-hr DV= 38 ug/m3 Annual DV= 13.4 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 165 "cold" days > 30 = 1 "warm" days > 30 = 7 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 32.7 ug/m3 42.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

N.Eng-MidAtl - 100032004 Delaware Wilmingt

24-hr DV= 37 ug/m3 Annual DV= 1

Total 3 yr obs = 94 "cold" days > 30 = 3 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 31.7 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass OCMmb Crustal 

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

MidAtlWestern Mid-Atl site: State College, PA Eastern Mid-Atl site: W

33 42 

24hr DV= 37 ug/m3 24h

32
N.Eng-MidAtl - 340390004 New Jersey Elizabeth 24-hr DV= 46 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.5 ug/m3 Existing NA area= New York-N.New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT

Total 3 yr obs = 245 "cold" days > 30 = 9 "warm" days > 30 = 11 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.1 ug/m3 41.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

 AV AV

N.Eng-MidAtl - 360610062 New York New 

24-hr DV= 42 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.3 

Total 3 yr obs = 202 "cold" days > 30 = 3 "

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 42.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass OCMmb Crustal 

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

N.Eng-MidAtl - 420270100 Pennsylvania State College,PA 24-hr DV= 38 ug/m3 Annual DV= 13.4 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 165 "cold" days > 30 = 1 "warm" days > 30 = 7 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 32.7 ug/m3 42.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

 AVG 

N.Eng-MidAtl - 420710007 Pennsylvania Lancaster,PA 24-hr DV= 44 ug/m3 Annual DV= 17.5 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 172 "cold" days > 30 = 12 "warm" days > 30 = 6 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 42.1 ug/m3 42.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Lancaster, PA 

Phi

Elizabeth, NJ New York, N

WilWa

State College, PA 

Sulfates dominate high Summer daysNitrates - important on fewer cold days
SE - 011130001 Alabama Pheni

24-hr DV= 37 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.7 ug/m3 

Total 3 yr obs = 39 "cold" days > 30 = 1 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 31.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC Crustal Passive No

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (SE) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

SE

J F M A M J J A S O N D 

SE - 010732003 Alabama Birmingham 24-hr DV= 39 ug/m3 Annual DV= 16.5 ug/m3 Existing NA area= Birmingham,AL

Total 3 yr obs = 173 "cold" days > 30 = 3 "warm" days > 30 = 9 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 34.1 ug/m3 39.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

InsufficientData for Ann Avg

South East RegionMostly sulfate dominated + OC episodes, 

-- shows influence of biogenics and o

Fewer cold-season exceedances (& are dr

Existing NA: Birmingham, AL New 24hr Violation: P

(Colum

34 40 

24hr DV= 39 ug/m3 24h

32
24-

Sulfate_Crustal 

 AV

Sulfate_Crustal 

 AV

SE - 010730023 Alabama Birmingham,AL 24-hr DV= 44 ug/m3 Annual DV= 18.2 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 353 "cold" days > 30 = 11 "warm" days > 30 = 34 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 37.9 ug/m3 45.3 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

SE - 131150005 Georgia Not in a MSA 24-hr DV= 36 ug/m3 Annual DV= 16.2 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 92 "cold" days > 30 = 1 "warm" days > 30 = 2 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 33.8 ug/m3 34.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

SE - 010732003 Alabama Birmingham,AL 24-hr DV= 39 ug/m3 Annual DV= 16.5 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 173 "cold" days > 30 = 3 "warm" days > 30 = 9 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 34.1 ug/m3 39.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass ECOCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Birmingham, AL Birmingham, AL Rome, GA

HicPhe(Co

Sulfates and carbon during summerCarbon more important on fewer cold days

Note: Columbus ar

in 2005 on basis of s
SW Texas - 481410053 Texas El Paso 

24-hr DV= 42 ug/m3 Annual DV= 17.7 ug/m3 Existing N

Total 3 yr obs = 19 "cold" days > 30 = 3 "warm" day

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 35.7 ug/m3 0.0 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC Crustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

PM2.5 speciation - 02/02/2003

Southwestern US •Speciation data (from El Paso) suggest sources creating crustal and carbon•Shows effect of aridity and wind

24hr DV=42 (not pop- oriented?)Ann DV=17.3

Las Cruces, NM24hr DV=36Ann DV=10.4

Nitrate data was not available 

InsufficientData for Ann Avg

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (Las Cruces) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

Las Cruces, NM

El Paso, TX
Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (S. Cal) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

S.CA

S. Cal - 060658001 California Riverside-San Bernardino,CA 24-hr DV= 65 ug/m3 Annual DV= 22.6 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 326 "cold" days > 30 = 43 "warm" days > 30 = 29 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 69.9 ug/m3 44.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Southern California• Nitrates dominate High PM2.5 in LA. • Carbon (summer) and also nitrates (winte

• Lower % crustal on high days

S. Cal - 060250005 California Ca

24-hr DV= 39 ug/m3 Annual DV= 12.7 ug/m3 

Total 3 yr obs = 66 "cold" days > 30 = 2 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 31.9 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass OCMmb Crustal 

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

Downwind of LA: Rubidoux, CA Border Site: Calexi

70 45 

24hr DV= 65 ug/m3 24h

32
S. Cal - 060371103 California Los Angeles-Long Beach,CA 24-hr DV= 56 ug/m3 Annual DV= 19.6 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 172 "cold" days > 30 = 17 "warm" days > 30 = 7 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 53.5 ug/m3 45.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Total 3 yr obs 

 Avg c

Sulfate_OCMmb 

 AVG 

S. Cal - 060658001 California Riverside-San Bernardino,CA 24-hr DV= 65 ug/m3 Annual DV= 22.6 ug/m3

Total 3 yr obs = 326 "cold" days > 30 = 43 "warm" days > 30 = 29 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 69.9 ug/m3 44.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Los Angeles, CA Rubidoux, CA

Cale

Composition Varies Across this Diverse CA 

24hr DV= 56 ug/m3 24hr DV= 65 ug/m3
Mid. Cal - 060670006 California Sacramento 

24-hr DV= 45 ug/m3 Annual DV= 11.8 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 196 "cold" days > 30 = 20 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.4 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Mid. Cal - 060290014 California Bak

24-hr DV= 58 ug/m3 Annual DV= 18 ug/m3 Existing N

Total 3 yr obs = 142 "cold" days > 30 = 37 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 61.1 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC Crustal Passive No

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (Mid. Cal) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

J F MA MJ J A S OND

Mid CA

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Middle California• Carbon in Northern Central Valley 

•from RWC?

• Nitrates dominate High PM2.5 in lower SJ

No warm season exceedances

Northern Central Valley (e.g. Sacramento) Southern SJV (e.g. Bak

41

24hr DV= 45 ug/m3 24h

61
Mid. Cal - 060070002 California Chico 

24-hr DV= 47 ug/m3 Annual DV= 12.6 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 50 "cold" days > 30 = 6 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 39.0 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

24-hr DV= 49 ug/m3 

Total 3 yr obs = 5

 Avg conc

Sulfate_mass Crustal 

 AVG 

Mid. Cal - 060850005 California San Jose 

24-hr DV= 39 ug/m3 Annual DV= 11.7 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 142 "cold" days > 30 = 16 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 43.0 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Mid. Cal - 060670006 California Sacramento 

24-hr DV= 45 ug/m3 Annual DV= 11.8 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 196 "cold" days > 30 = 20 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.4 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

24-hr DV= 60 ug/m

Total 3 yr ob

 Avg 

Sulfate_mass Crustal 

 AVG 

24-hr DV= 58 ug/

Total 3 yr ob

 Avg 

Sulfate_mass Crustal 

 AVG 

Chico, CA Sacramento, CA Mode

Fresn

San Jose, CA Bake

Nitrates dominate peak days in Southern Carbon is big contributor in N. Central V
NW - 300530018 Montana Lib

24-hr DV= 44 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.1 ug/m3 Ex

Total 3 yr obs = 88 "cold" days > 30 = 16 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.6 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC Crustal Passive No

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

NW - 300630031 Montana Missoula 

24-hr DV= 41 ug/m3 Annual DV= 10.5 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 310 "cold" days > 30 = 11 "warm" days > 30 = 4 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 50.9 ug/m3 42.6 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (NW) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

NW

J F M A M J J A S O N D

North West• Carbon dominates Libby (from RWC?) • Nitrates are also found on high winter dain Missoula (and elsewhere, e.g. Boise)

-- mobile and valley influence or ?

• Summer days are flagged fires 

• (not concurred?) 

Missoula, MT (traffic influenced) Libby, MT (RWC)

51

24hr DV= 41 ug/m3 24h

42
NW - 300530018 Montana Libby 24-hr DV= 44 ug/m3 Annual DV= 15.1 ug/m3 Existing NA area= Libby, MT

Total 3 yr obs = 88 "cold" days > 30 = 16 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 41.6 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 War

NW - 300630031 Montana Missoula 

24-hr DV= 41 ug/m3 Annual DV= 10.5 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 310 "cold" days > 30 = 11 "warm" days > 30 = 4 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 50.9 ug/m3 42.6 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmb Crustal Passive

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg Hi

Difficult to predict composition from nearby locations(e.g. Missoula composition is similar to Boise

but different than Libby)

Libby, MT

Missoula, MT

New violation locations without STN data

Composition Varies. Only Carbon at some locationNitrate is evident at other sites. Many Viol sites wo 
UT - 490353006 Utah Salt Lake City 24-hr DV= 47 ug/m3 Annual DV= 11.6 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 194 "cold" days > 30 = 24 "warm" days > 30 = 0 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 52.3 ug/m3 0.0 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

UT - 490494001 Utah Lindo

24-hr DV= 43 ug/m3 Annual DV= 10.5 ug/m3 

Total 3 yr obs = 174 "cold" days > 30 = 6 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 53.2 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass OCMmb Crustal 

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold 

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (UT) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

UT

High PM2.5 in Utah

• Consistently more Nitrates on high • SLC has similar % Sulfates as ann • Lindon – one summer exceedance

• unflagged fire?

No warm season exceedances

Salt Lake City, UT Lindon, UT

52

24hr DV= 47 ug/m3 24h

53
UT - 490

24-hr DV= 40 ug/m3 An

Total 3 yr obs = 74 "col

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/y

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass Crustal Passive 

 AVG A

UT - 49

24-hr DV= 43 ug/m3 Ann

Total 3 yr obs = 174 "co

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/y

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass Crustal Passive 

 AVG A

UT - 49035

24-hr DV= 47 ug/m3 Ann

Total 3 yr obs = 194 "col

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/y

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass Crustal Passive 

 AVG A

BountifuSLC, UTLindon, U

Many Violating Locations in UTNitrates seems to dominate peaks

Logan (Cache Co.) 

Ogden (Weber Co)

Bountiful (Davis Co).

SLC

Lindon

Provo

Spanish Fork City

Ogden-ClearfieldCBSA

Provo-OremCBSA
Alaska - 020900010 Alaska Fairbanks 

24-hr DV= 40 ug/m3 Annual DV= 11.9 ug/m3 Existing NA area= 

Total 3 yr obs = 35 "cold" days > 30 = 1 "warm" days > 30 = 2 

 Avg conc. - top 3 values/yr: 32.8 ug/m3 32.8 ug/m3 

Sulfate_mass Nitrate_mass EC OCMmbCrustal Passive None

 AVG Avg High 3 Cold Avg High 3 Warm

Percent of 2003-05 Days > 35 ug/m3, by Month (Alaska) Based on all FRM Site-days throughout the Regional Domain

PLOT GT 35 ug/m3 at FRM sites PvX

 0 10 20 30 40 50

J F MA MJ J A S OND

Alaska

High PM2.5 in Alaska (Fairbanks)• 50% carbon on winter exceedance da• Two summer exceedances are flaggefires (not concurred)

InsufficientData toComputeAnn. avg

33

33

24hr DV= 40 ug/m3

33
Potential Source Influences by Season and S

999

EGU (NOx)

Ag (NH3)

Mobile (NOx+NH3

)

Nitrate

Cold• IMW• Mid-Atl• S. CA• UT• Mid CA• NM• AK

Sulfate EGU (SO2)

9

Carbon Mobile, Area/RWC, Industry

9

Crustal Industry, Mobile

Warm Sulfate EGU (SO2)

9

• IMW• Mid-Atl• SE• S. CA Crustal

CarbonMajor PM2.5 Components

9Regional

Typic

In

Mobile, Area, Industry

Mobile, Area, Industry, 

Biogenics and Smoke

Source category 

Season 

&

Affected Domains

Underlined text indicates dominant season for the domain Carbon includes OC and EC