NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 195

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 195

BOREAS TF-3 NSA-OBS Tower Flux,

Meteorological, and Soil Temperature

Data

Steven Wofsy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Mike Goulden, University of California, Irvine

Doug Sutton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

October 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022992 2018-05-15T06:39:02+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 195

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

Volume 195

BOREAS TF-3 NSA-OBS Tower Flux,

Meteorological, and Soil Temperature

Data

Steven Wofsy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Mike Goulden, University of California, Irvine

Doug Sutton, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

October 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS TF-3 NSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil

Temperature Data

Steven Wofsy, Mike Goulden, Doug Sutton

Summary

The BOREAS TF-3 team collected tower flux, surface meteorological, and soil temperature data at the

BOREAS NSA-OBS site continuously from the March 1994 through October 1996. The data are

available in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TF-03 NSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

Continuous eddy-correlation flux measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, CO2, and momentum

fluxes were made at the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Northern Study Area

(NSA)-Old Black Spruce (OBS) site from March 1994 to October 1996.

1.3 Objective/Purpose

The principal objective was to determine directly the net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 and the

surface energy budget over diurnal, seasonal, and annual time scales and to couple these observations

with a comprehensive characterization of the physical environment (Photosynthetically Active

Radiation (PAR), soil temperature, etc.). In addition, CO2 and water vapor concentration throughout

the forest column were measured. This suite of long-term measurements should provide information to

assess the effect of seasons and seasonal changes on the carbon balance of the forest. Determination of

the boundary layer CO2 concentration anomaly can also be determined, and thus the effect of the forest

on the boundary layer CO2 concentration can be studied.

Page 1
1.4 Summary of Parameters

Latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, CO2 flux, momentum flux, CO2 profile, water vapor profile,

air temperature profile, net radiation, incident Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), reflected

PPFD, below-canopy PPFD, wind speed and direction, soil temperature, precipitation amount.

1.5 Discussion

Eddy-correlation flux measurements for CO2 and H20 were made at the northern black spruce site

from the late summer of 1993 through the fall of 1996. The principal objective was to directly

determine the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and the surface energy budget over diurnal, seasonal,

and annual time scales and to couple these observations with a comprehensive characterization of the

physical environment (PAR, soil temperature, etc.). A low-power automated array was installed to

measure eddy fluxes and forest column content of CO2, sensible heat, and water vapor; soil

temperatures and moisture; and incident and intercepted PAR. The system was operated continuously

from installation in September 1993 to October 1994 (with some gaps). Additionally, measurements of

the flux of CO2 from the soil were made during the summer of 1994 using an array of automated open

chambers. Among other things, these long-term measurements should allow assessment of the

importance of winter respiration and assimilation during transitional periods to the annual carbon

balance of the boreal forest.

1.6 Related Data Sets

Tower flux measurements made at other sites:

BOREAS TF-08 NSA-OJP Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

BOREAS TF-09 SSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-Fen Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

BOREAS TF-10 NSA-YJP Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature Data

Other measurements made at the NSA-OBS site:

BOREAS TE-06 Allometry Data

BOREAS TE-09 NSA Photosynthetic Response Data

BOREAS TGB-01 NSA CH4 and CO2 Chamber Flux Data

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Wofsy, S.C., M.L. Goulden, B.C. Daube, J.W. Munger, S.M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz

Harvard University Cambridge, MA

2.2 Title of Investigation

Eddy Correlation Flux Measurements of C02 for BOREAS

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. Doug Sutton

40 Oxford St.

Cambridge, MA 02138

(617) 496-4571

djs@io.harvard.edu

Page 2
Contact 2:

Dr. Mike Goulden

EarthSystemScience

Universityof California

Irvine, CA 92697-3100

(714)824-1983

(714)824-3256(fax)

mgoulden@uci.edu

Contact 3:

StevenWofsy

HarvardUniversity

PierceHall

29OxfordStreet

Cambridge,MA 02138

(617)495-4566

(617)495-9837(fax)

scw@io.harvard.edu

Contact 4:

K. FredHuemmrich

Universityof Maryland

NASA GSFC

Code923

Greenbelt,MD 20771

(301)286-4862

(301)286-0239(fax)

Karl.Huemmrich@gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

Most investigations of forest CO2 exchange have relied on models to extrapolate short-term

gas-exchange measurements made with small chambers. This approach has contributed greatly to

understanding, but uncertainties are inevitable when small-scale observations are aggregated to whole

ecosystems, and short-term data to annual balances. An alternative approach, used here, was to use the

eddy covariance technique over a complete growing season to directly measure the net exchange of

CO2 between the atmosphere and a patch of forest several hectares in size.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

4.1.1 Collection Environment

The measurements were made at a remote (50 km from the nearest town and 5 km from the nearest

road), old (70-90 years) black spruce site. The coverage was relatively homogeneous, and the trees

were approximately 10 m tall. The ground cover was primarily feather moss mixed with some

lower-level areas of sphagnum bog. The data were collected continuously through several years;

therefore, the full range of boreal weather conditions was experienced, including temperature ranges

between 30 and -40 °C.

Page 3
4.1.2 Source/Platform

Theinstruments were supported on a 31-m-tall Rohn 25-G triangular cross-section

communications tower.

Summary of Eddy Correlation System used by Harvard:

Instrument

Vertical and horizontal velocity sensor

Temperature sensor

Moisture sensor

CO2 sensor

Sensor height above ground

Sampling rate

Vertical wind speed

Horizontal wind speed

Wind direction

Temperature

CO2

H20

Inlet Filter

Tubing

Pumps

Data logger

Pressure and flow controllers

Notes

3-axis ATI sonic with Kaimel probe

ATI virtual temperature

LiCor 6262 Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)

LiCor 6262 IRGA

29 m

4 Hz

ATI sonic anemometer

ATI sonic anemometer -- Met One spinning cup

ATI sonic anemometer -- Met One sensor

ATI sonic anemometer

LiCor 6262

LiCor 6262

Gelman Zeflour 3 pm pores, 4 x 50 mm diameter

0.64" ID high-density polyethylene, 50 meters long

(replaced May 1996 with PFA Teflon)

KNF Neuberger K022 ANA pumps

Campbell Scientific CR10

MKS Instruments

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The tower was erected to support instruments above the forest canopy to collect flux data at

NSA-OBS.

4.1.4 Key Variables

Eddy-correlation measurements of latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, CO2 flux, and momentum

flux. Profiles of CO2, water vapor, and air temperature. Incident, reflected, and below-canopy PPFD.

Wind speed and direction, soil temperature, precipitation.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Sonic Anemometer: Three-dimensional orthogonal wind velocities (u, v, and w) and virtual

temperature (Tv) were measured with a sonic anemometer (Applied Technology, Boulder, CO). The

path length between transducers was 0.15 m. The sensor software corrected for transducer shadowing

effects (see Kaimal et al., 1990). Virtual temperature heat flux was converted to sensible heat flux

using algorithms described by Kaimal and Gaynor (1991) and Schotanus et al. (1983).

Infrared Absorption Spectrometer: Water vapor and CO2 concentrations were measured with an

open-path infrared absorption spectrometer.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

The sonic anemometer was located at a height of 29 m on a 31-m triangular cross-section radio

tower (Rohn 25-G). The tubing inlet for the air sample was located 0.5 m below the sonic

anemometer. The LI-COR sensors were placed in a climate-controlled hut 20 m northeast of the tower.

The air was drawn down the tower at 18 standard liters per minute. The air was passed through a

thermostated block to stabilize the temperature and drawn through the LI-COR at 4 standard liters per

minute. Pressure was controlled in the cell of the LI-COR at 53 kPa.

Air temperature profiles were measured at 27.0 m, 8.2 m, and 1.15 m above ground level. Relative

humidity was measured at 27.0 m. Wind speed and direction were measured at 29.6 m. The sonic

anemometer was mounted at 29 m. Under-canopy PPFD sensor arrays were placed at ground level.

Soil temperature probes were placed at depths of 1 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm. Soil

heat flux plates were at depths of 1 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm.

Page 4
4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Sonicanemometer

AppliedTechnologies

6395Gunpark

Boulder,CO.

CO2 and H20 sensor

LI-COR

P.O. Box 4425

Lincoln, NE.

Data logging systems

Campbell Scientific Instruments

P.O. Box 551

Logan, UT 84321

Pressure and Flow Control

MKS Instruments

Andover, MA.

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

• Sonic anemometer: Supplied by the manufacturer. Instrument zeros and maintenance

performed at least twice per year.

• CO2 sensor: Calibrated every 3 hours by standard addition of 4% CO2 at 40 and 80 standard

milliliters per minute for 2 minutes 15-m below the sample inlet on tower. Zero datum for the

LI-COR IRGA was achieved by passing sample air through a column of soda lime for 2

minutes.

• H20 sensor: Calibrated every few months using a LI-COR dew point generator. Calibration

was checked by comparison with a Vaisala probe on the tower. Zero information was

recorded every 3 hours by passing sample air through a column of magnesium perchlorate for

2 minutes.

• CO2 concentration calibration: Used an independent LI-COR 6262 IGA and two span gases

(N340 ppm and N420 ppm). These gas samples are traceable to the 1993 Scripps-World

Meteorological Organization (WMO) standard. Calibrations were done every 3 hours by

passing each of the gases through the LI-COR IGA at 1.25 standard liters per minute for 2

minutes. Zero information was achieved by the same method as that used for the eddy

CO2-sensor.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Not known.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

• Sonic anemometer: Instrument zeros and maintenance performed at least twice per year.

• CO2 sensor: Calibrated every 3 hours by standard addition of 4% CO2 at 40 and 80 standard

milliliters per minute for 2 minutes 15-m below the sample inlet on tower.

• H20 sensor: Calibrated every few months using LI-COR dew point generator. Zero

information is recorded every 3 hours by passing sample air through a column of magnesium

perchlorate for 2 minutes.

• CO2 concentration calibration: Calibrations are done every 3 hours by passing each of the gas

samples through the LI-COR at 1.25 standard liters per minute for 2 minutes.

Page 5
4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Not known.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

Data for flux measurements were continuously recorded at 4 Hz while other parameters were recorded

at 0.5 Hz. The data were stored on a PC and collected twice per week. The delay time between the

wind speed and concentration measurement was calculated at 5.5 seconds. The time constant for

response time of the instrument to a change in the mixing ratio of the air sample was determined to be

0.6 seconds for CO2 and 1.25 seconds for H20. The difference in time was due to adsorption of H20

to the tubing. The response-time corrections typically were 5 to 10% during the day and 15 to 25% at

night. An averaging time of 30 minutes was used and a linear least-squares regression was used to

detrend the flux data.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

None available.

6.2 Field Notes

Notable data gaps occurred in May 1994, when an error was introduced into the data acquisition

code; August 1994, when the sonic anemometer was damaged twice by lightning; fall 1994, when the

generator failed repeatedly; June 1995, when computer disks failed twice; and November 1995, when

the sonic anemometer failed with the onset of cold temperatures.

7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

All data were collected at the BOREAS NSA-OBS site. The North American Datum of 1983

(NAD83) coordinates of the site are latitude 55.88007 ° N, longitude 98.48139 ° W, and elevation of

259 m.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not applicable.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data represent point source measurements taken at the given location. The location and size of

the footprint from which the measurements were made varied with ambient meteorological conditions.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

Page 6
7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

Measurementsareavailablefrom 16-Mar-1994through31-Oct-1996.Valid measurementsare

available72%of thetime.Notablegapsoccurredin May 1994,August1994,fall 1994,June1995,

andNovember1995.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

All datawerecollectedattheNSA-OBSsite.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Data for flux measurements were continuously recorded at 4 Hz while other parameters were

recorded at 0.5 Hz. The delay time between the wind speed and concentration measurement was

calculated at 5.5 seconds. The time constant for response time of the instrument to a change in the

mixing ratio of the air sample was determined to be 0.6 seconds for CO2 and 1.25 seconds for HzO.

The difference in time was due to adsorption of H20 to the tubing. The response-time corrections

typically were 5 to 10% during the day and 15 to 25% at night. An averaging time of 30 minutes was

used and a linear least-squares regression was used to detrend the flux data.

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY

WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

FRICTION VELOC ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 10M

AIR TEMP 2M

SOIL TEMP 5CM 1

SOIL TEMP 10CM 1

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1

SOIL TEMP 50CM 1

SOIL TEMP 100CM 1

SOIL TEMP 5CM 2

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2

SOIL TEMP 20CM 2

SOIL TEMP 50CM 2

SOIL TEMP 100CM 2

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

RAIN RATE

Page 7
MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY

WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

FRICTION VELOC ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 10M

AIR TEMP 2M

SOIL TEMP 5CM 1

SOIL TEMP 10CM 1

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1

SOIL TEMP 50CM 1

SOIL TEMP 100CM 1

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by BOREAS,

in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is the

group associated with the sub-site instrument,

e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the identifier

for sub-site, often this will refer to an

instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) of the start of the

data collection.

The sensible heat flux measured above the canopy.

The latent heat flux measured above the canopy.

The net radiation measured above the canopy.

The carbon dioxide flux measured above the canopy

The carbon dioxide concentration measured above

the canopy.

The storage term of carbon dioxide under the eddy

flux system.

The incoming photosynthetic photon flux density

measured above the canopy.

The downward photosynthetic photon flux density

measured under the canopy.

The wind direction measured above the canopy from

magnetic north.

The wind speed measured above the canopy.

The friction velocity above the canopy.

The air temperature measured above the canopy.

The air temperature measured at i0 meters above

the ground.

The air temperature at 2 meters above the ground

The soil temperature recorded at 5 cm in depth at

plot i.

The soil temperature recorded at i0 cm in depth

at plot i.

The soil temperature recorded at 20 cm in depth

at plot i.

The soil temperature recorded at 50 cm in depth

at plot i.

The soil temperature recorded at 1 m in depth at

Page 8
SOIL TEMP 5CM 2

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2

SOIL TEHP 20CH 2

SOIL TEMP 50CM 2

SOIL TEMP 100CM 2

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

RAIN RATE

MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

plot i.

The soil temperature recorded at 5 cm in depth at

plot 2.

The soil temperature recorded at i0 cm in depth

at plot 2.

The soil temperature recorded at 20 cm in depth

at plot 2.

The soil temperature recorded at 50 cm in depth

at plot 2.

The soil temperature recorded at 1 m in depth at

plot 2.

The vapor pressure measured above the canopy.

The rainfall rate measured in a clearing.

The Monin-Obukhov length.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI but

questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY

WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

FRICTION VELOC ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 10M

AIR TEMP 2M

SOIL TEMP 5CM 1

SOIL TEMP 10CM 1

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1

SOIL TEMP 50CM 1

SOIL TEMP 100CM 1

SOIL TEMP 5CM 2

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2

SOIL TEMP 20CM 2

SOIL TEMP 50CM 2

SOIL TEMP 100CM 2

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[HHMM GMT]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[parts per million]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[micromoles] [meter^-2] [second^-l]

[degrees from magnetic North]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

Page 9
VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY [kiloPascals]

RAIN RATE [millimeters] [hour^-l]

MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH [meters]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

REVISION DATE [DD-MON-YY]

7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY

CO2 STORAGE

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY

DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY

WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY

FRICTION VELOC ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY

AIR TEMP 10M

AIR TEMP 2M

SOIL TEMP 5CM 1

SOIL TEMP 10CM 1

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1

SOIL TEMP 50CM 1

SOIL TEMP 100CM 1

SOIL TEMP 5CM 2

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2

SOIL TEMP 20CM 2

SOIL TEMP 50CM 2

SOIL TEMP 100CM 2

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY

RAIN RATE

MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[Assigned by BORIS]

[Assigned by BORIS]

[Investigator]

[Investigator]

[ATI sonic anemometer]

[Infrared Gas Analyzer]

[Net radiometer]

[Infrared Gas Analyzer]

[Infrared Gas Analyzer]

[Infrared Gas Analyzer]

[Quantum sensor]

[Quantum sensor]

[Met One sensor]

[Met One spinning cup]

[ATI sonic anemometer]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[thermocouple]

[Infrared Gas Analyzer]

[ATI sonic anemometer]

[Assigned by BORIS]

[Assigned by BORIS]

Page 10
7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the data files on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-OBS-FLXTR NSA-OBS-FLXTR None None None None

SUB SITE 9TF03-FLX01 9TF03-FLX01 None None None None

DATE OBS 16-MAR-94 31-OCT-96 None None None None

TIME OBS 0 2330 None None None None

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX -192.857 661.963 -999 None None None

ABV CNPY

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV -182.232 514.406 -999 None None None

CNPY

NET RAD ABV CNPY -77.88 831.6 -999 None None None

CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY -17.964 52.586 -999 None None None

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY 333.035 448.098 -999 None None None

CO2 STORAGE -20.49 12.09 -999 None None None

DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY -41.878 2129.89 -999 None None None

DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY -23.073 379.72 -999 None None None

WIND DIR MAG ABV 0 360 -999 None None None

CNPY

WIND SPEED ABV CNPY .06 12.24 -999 None None None

FRICTION VELOC ABV .01 1.928 -999 None None None

CNPY

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY -44.299 36.216 -999 None None None

AIR TEMP 10M -44.81 37.268 -999 None None None

AIR TEMP 2M -45.071 37.31 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 5CM 1 -10.382 33.19 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 10CM 1 -4.971 19.37 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1 -1.686 12.582 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 50CM 1 -1.003 6.065 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 100CM 1 -.196 3.932 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 5CM 2 -22.327 34.565 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2 -24.914 30.136 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 20CM 2 -13.726 20.396 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 50CM 2 -4.872 10.316 -999 None None None

SOIL TEMP 100CM 2 -.958 2.112 -999 None None None

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY .0423 2.8647 -999 None None None

RAIN RATE 0 6.6 -999 None None None

MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH -776.636 2048890 -999 None None None

CRTFCN CODE CPI CPI None None None None

REVISION DATE 05-FEB-98 05-FEB-98 None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

Page 11
Below Detect Limit

Data Not Cllctd

-- The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

-- This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of data record from a sample data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,

LATENT HEAT FLUX ABV CNPY,NET RAD ABV CNPY,CO2 FLUX ABV CNPY,

CO2 CONC ABV CNPY,CO2 STORAGE,DOWN PPFD ABV CNPY,DOWN PPFD BELOW CNPY,

WIND DIR MAG ABV CNPY,WIND SPEED ABV CNPY,FRICTION VELOC ABV CNPY,

AIR TEMP ABV CNPY,AIR TEMP 10M, AIR TEMP 2M, SOIL TEMP 5CM 1,SOIL TEMP 10CM i,

SOIL TEMP 20CM 1,SOIL TEMP 50CM 1,SOIL TEMP 100CM 1,SOIL TEMP 5CM 2,

SOIL TEMP 10CM 2,SOIL TEMP 20CM 2,SOIL TEMP 50CM 2,SOIL TEMP 100CM 2,

VAPOR PRESS ABV CNPY,RAIN RATE,MONIN OBUKHOV LENGTH,CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-OBS-FLXTR', '9TF03-FLX01',I5-JUL-94,30,3.587,26.018,33, .185,347.351,

.77,172.99,28.346,5,3.81,.385,20.139,20.359,20.506,18.404,13.674,6.409,.169,

-.184,18.183,16.746,14.714,2.87,-.317,1.2031,0,-1956, 'CPI',05-FEB-98

'NSA-OBS-FLXTR', '9TF03-FLX01',I5-JUL-94,100,-6.205,17.952,-3.96, .826,347.514,

1.04,112.326,12.539,16,3.66, .356,19.7,19.809,19.773,17.373,13.338,6.47, .213,-.14,

17.519,16.193,14.454,2.911,-.317,1.2063,0,687.611, 'CPI',05-FEB-98

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) was data collected

at a given site on a given date.

8.2 Data Format

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

Page 12
9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

None.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff processed these data by:

• Reviewing the initial data files and loading them online for BOREAS team access.

• Designing relational data base tables to inventory and store the data.

• Loading the data into the relational data base tables.

• Working with the team to document the data set.

• Extracting the data into logical files.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

The sonic anemometer developed problems with spiking occasionally, caused either by

precipitation or by malfunctioning transducers. Processing code was adapted to determine the number

of spikes in each interval and to recalculate the turbulent fluxes after filtering out spikes.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

Errors in flux measurements may be associated with wind from behind the tower, calm conditions,

and the damping of high-frequency fluctuations. The sonic anemometer developed problems with

spiking occasionally, caused either by precipitation or by malfunctioning transducers.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Raw flux data were examined for errors associated with wind from behind the tower, calm

conditions, and the damping of high-frequency fluctuations, and for intervals with malfunctioning

instruments. These periods were excluded or the errors were corrected.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

Page 13
10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined to check for spikes, values that are four standard deviations from the mean,

long periods of constant values, and missing data.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

CO2 fluxes may be underestimated when the friction velocity is less than 0.2 m/sec. The

closed-path IRGA and long sampling tube resulted in an underestimation of water vapor and CO2 flux

because of the damping of high-frequency fluctuations.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

11.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

12. Application of the Data Set

This suite of long-term measurements should provide information to assess the effect of seasons and

seasonal changes on the carbon balance of the forest. Determination of the boundary layer CO2

concentration anomaly can also be determined, and thus the effect of the forest on the boundary layer

CO2 concentration can be studied.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

Under separate funding, flux data continued to be collected beyond 31-Oct-1996. Contact personnel at

Harvard University about these data.

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

14. Software

Page 14
15. Data Access

The TF-03 NSA-OBS tower flux, meteorological, and soil temperature data are available from the

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

Page 15
17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

LI-COR 1991. LI-6262 CO2/H20 analyzer operating and service manual. PuN. 9003-59, Lincoln,

NE.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Goulden, M.L., B.C. Daube, S.M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz, J.W. Munger, and S.C. Wofsy.

1997. Physiological responses of a black spruce forest to weather. Journal of Geophysical Research

102(D24):28,987-28,996.

Kaimal, J.C. and J.E. Gaynor. 1991. Another look at sonic thermometry. Boundary Layer

Meteorology. 56:401-410.

Kaimal, J.C., J.E. Gaynor, H.A. Zimmerman, and G.A. Zimmerman. 1990. Minimizing flow

distortion errors in a sonic anemometer. Boundary Layer Meteorology. 53:103-115.

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Schotanus, P., F.T.M. Nieuwstadt, and H.A.R. De Bruin. 1983. Temperature measurement with a

sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 26:

81-93.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B.

Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal

ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9): 1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M.

Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T.

Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS

in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical

Research 102(D24): 28,731-28,770.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

Page 16
None.

18. Glossary of Terms

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

CD-ROM

DAAC

EOS

EOSDIS

GIS

GMT

GSFC

HTML

IRGA

NAD83

NASA

NSA

OBS

OJP

ORNL

PANP

PAR

PPFD

SSA

TE

TF

TGB

URL

WMO

YJP

19. List of Acronyms

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- HyperText Markup Language

- Infrared Gas Analyzer

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Old Black Spruce

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density

- Southern Study Area

- Terrestrial Ecology

- Tower Flux

- Trace Gas Biogeochemistry

- Uniform Resource Locator

- World Meteorological Organization

- Young Jack Pine

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 07-Jul- 1995

Revised: 08-Jun- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 19-May- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

Page 17
20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

Goulden, M.L., B.C. Daube, S.M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz, J.W. Munger,, and S.C.

Wofsy. 1997. Physiological responses of a black spruce forest to weather. Journal of Geophysical

Research, 102(D24):28,987,28,996.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Wofsy, S.C., M.L. Goulden, B.C. Daube, J.W. Munger, S.M. Fan, D.J. Sutton, A. Bazzaz,

"Eddy Correlation Flux Measurements of CO2 for BOREAS." In Collected Data of The Boreal

Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich,

D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P.

Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 18
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

October 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TF-3 NSA-OBS Tower Flux, Meteorological, and Soil Temperature 923

Data

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Steven Wofsy, Mike Goulden, and Doug Sutton

Forrest G. Hall and Karl Huemmrich, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vo1.195

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

S. Wofsy and D. Sutton: Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass.; M. Goulden: Univ. of California, Irvine;

Karl Huemmrich: Univ. of Maryland, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TF-3 team collected tower flux, surface meteorological, and soil temperature data at the

BOREAS NSA-OBS site continuously from the March 1994 through October 1996. The data are

available in tabular ASCII files.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, tower flux, meteorological data, soil temperature data.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

18

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18

298-102