IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

May 26, 1998 Session

SUNTRUST BANK, NASHVILLE v. RUTH JOHNSON

 Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County

No. 95-2650-II Ernest B. Pellegrin, Special Chancellor

No. M1997-00202-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 13, 2000

This appeal involves a dispute between a commercial bank and the Tennessee Department of

Revenue regarding the bank’s claim for a refund of the sales taxes paid in connection with defaulted

retail installment sales contracts purchased from various automobile dealers. After the Department

denied its refund claim, the bank sued the Commissioner of Revenue in the Chancery Court for

Davidson County seeking a refund. Both parties eventually sought a summary judgment. The trial

court granted the Commissioner’smotion for summary judgment after concluding that it did not have

jurisdiction to consider the bank’s claim. Alternatively, the trial court held that the bank was not

entitled to the requested refund because it was not the dealer who originally remitted the sales tax

to the Department. We have determined that the trial court erred by determining that it lacked

jurisdiction to consider the bank’s refund claim. However, we have also determined that the trial

court correctly concluded that the bank was not entitled to the requested refund because it was not

the dealer who remitted the sales tax at issue.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed in Part

and Affirmed in Part

WILLIAM C. KOCH,JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HENRY F. TODD, P.J., M.S.,

and BEN H. CANTRELL, J., joined.

Michael Hinchion and Dianna Baker Shew, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, SunTrust Bank,

Nashville, N.A.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter, and Christine Lapps, Assistant Attorney General,

for the appellee, Ruth E. Johnson, Commissioner of Revenue.

OPINION

SunTrust Bank, Nashville, N.A., formerly known as Third National Bank, is a commercial

bank doing business in Tennessee. It has entered into agreements with numerous automobile dealers

to provide financing for the dealers’ customers who desire to purchase a new automobile on credit.
1

Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) (1998) authorizes a “credit” against sales and use tax that can be claimed

on a return filed for the period when a worthless account is charged off for federal income tax purposes. SunTrust failed

to claim the cred its in this case when they were orig inally available, b ut its error is not fatal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-1-

1802(a)(1) (Supp. 2000) provides, in part, that the Commissioner of Revenue, with the approval of the Attorney General

and Reporter, is empowered and directed to refund to taxpayers all taxes collected or administered by the Commissioner

that are, on the date of payment, paid in error or paid against any statute, rule, or regulation. The thrust of Tenn. Code

Ann. § 67-1-1 802 is that a ta xpayer who initially fails to claim a credit may later, within the time period allowed by

statute, claim a refund of the overpayment resulting from its failure to initially claim the credit. In this case, the

Commissioner does not take issue with the difference between a credit and a refund and instead asserts that the bank

qualifies for neithe r. 

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These arrangements work as follows. At the time of the sale of an automobile, the purchaser enters

into a retail installment sales contract with the automobile dealer giving the dealer a security interest

in the automobile. The amount financed by the retail installment sales contract includes (1) the

portion of the purchase price not paid by the purchaser at the time of delivery, (2) the dealer’s

miscellaneous fees and charges, and (3) the full amount of the sales tax due on the sale of the

automobile. 

Thereafter, the automobile dealer sells the retail installment sales contract to SunTrust at a

discount. The dealer also assigns to SunTrust all its right, title, and interest in the retail installment

sales contract. As a result of this assignment, SunTrust becomes entitled to any and all payments

from the purchaser and succeeds to all the rights and interests of the automobile dealer. When

SunTrust receives the retail installment sales contract, it pays the dealer the agreed upon amount,

which includes the full amount of the sales tax due on the sale of the automobile. Upon receiving

these funds, the automobile dealer remits the sales tax due to the Tennessee Department of Revenue.

This arrangement works well as long as the purchaser continues making the payments

required by the retail installment sales contract. However, a portion of new car purchasers eventually

default on their contractual obligations. SunTrust bears the risk of loss in this circumstance because

it purchases the retail installment sales contracts without recourse. Accordingly, when a purchaser

defaults on a retail installment sales contract, SunTrust must repossess and dispose of the

automobile, usually at a loss. It later charges off each of these losses for federal income tax

purposes.

During the period covered by the bank’s Tennessee sales and use tax returns filed in calendar

year 1991, over 450 retail installment sales contracts purchased by SunTrust went into default. For

each of these contracts, SunTrust wrote off the outstanding portion of the indebtedness as an

uncollectible bad debt. The total amount of the write-offs during the period at issue was nearly

$2,000,000. In December 1994, SunTrust filed a claim with the Department of Revenue seeking

a $105,356.66 refund representing the amount of the sales tax attributable to the defaulted

installment sales contracts.1

 The Department denied the claim in February 1995 based on Tenn.

Comp. R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-.52(3) (1990) which stated that banks purchasing retail installment

sales contracts without recourse are not entitled to a sales tax refund.
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Believing that it was entitled to the requested refund, SunTrust filed suit against the

Commissioner of Revenue in the Chancery Court for Davidson County. Both parties eventually

agreed that the material facts were undisputed and filed motions for summary judgment. In an order

entered on July 31, 1997, the trial court held that it did not have jurisdiction to consider SunTrust’s

refund claim because SunTrust had not initially remitted the sales tax to the State. In an alternative

ruling, the trial court concluded that, even if it had jurisdiction over SunTrust’s claim, SunTrust was

not entitled to a refund because it was “not the dealer who paid the taxes at issue in this dispute,

which is an explicit condition of relief under Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e).” SunTrust has

appealed.

I.

THE JUSTICIABILITY OF SUNTRUST’S REFUND CLAIM

The threshold issue in this case involves the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction over

SunTrust’s claim. The Commissioner argued, and the trial court apparently agreed, that the trial

court lacked jurisdiction over SunTrust’s complaint seeking a tax refund under Tenn. Code Ann. §

67-1-1802(c)(1) (Supp. 2000) because SunTrust was not a “taxpayer” for jurisdictional purposes.

This argument unnecessarily scrambles two distinct concepts – subject matter jurisdiction and

standing. We have concluded that the trial court clearly had subject matter jurisdiction over

SunTrust’s refund claim and that SunTrust also had standing to assert it.

A.

THE TRIAL COURT’S SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION

As we have repeatedly said, the concept of subject matter jurisdiction implicates a court’s

authority to hear and decide a particular type of case. Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Communications Co.,

924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996); Cashion v. Robertson, 955 S.W.2d 60, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1997). A court derives its subject matter jurisdiction from the Constitution of Tennessee or from a

legislative act, Kane v. Kane, 547 S.W.2d 559, 560 (Tenn. 1977), and thus it cannot exercise

jurisdictional powers that have not been conferred on it directly or by necessary implication.

Dishmon v. Shelby State Cmty. Coll., 15 S.W.3d 477, 480 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).

A court’s subject matter jurisdiction depends on the nature of the cause of action and the

relief sought. Landers v. Jones, 872 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tenn. 1994). It does not depend upon the

conduct or the agreement of the parties, Shelby County v. City of Memphis, 211 Tenn. 410, 413, 365

S.W.2d 291, 292 (1963). Thus, the parties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction on a court by

appearance, plea, consent, silence, or waiver. Caton v. Pic-Walsh Freight Co., 211 Tenn. 334, 338,

364 S.W.2d 931, 933 (1963); Dishmon v. Shelby State Cmty. Coll., 15 S.W.3d at 480. Without

subject matter jurisdiction, a court cannot enter valid, enforceable orders. Brown v. Brown, 198

Tenn. 600, 610, 281 S.W.2d 492, 497 (1955); Riden v. Snider, 832 S.W.2d 341, 343 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1991).
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No Tennessee court has subject matter jurisdiction to entertain a suit against the State unless

the State has consented to be sued. Shell v. State, 893 S.W.2d 416, 420 (Tenn. 1995); Pool v. State,

987 S.W.2d 566, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). This consent may be given only by the General

Assembly, Tenn. Const. art. I, § 17; Quinton v. Board of Claims, 165 Tenn. 201, 215-16, 54 S.W.2d

953, 958 (1932), and when consent is given, suits may be brought only in the manner specifically

provided by the General Assembly. State ex rel. Allen v. Cook, 171 Tenn. 605, 609, 106 S.W.2d

858, 860 (1937); Crowe v. John W. Harton Mem’l Hosp., 579 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1979).

Tenn.CodeAnn. § 67-1-1802(c)(1)specifically allows taxpayers whose claim for a tax refund

has been denied to file suit against the Commissioner within six months after the denial of the claim.

These suits must be filed in the “appropriate chancery court of this state.” For the purposes of the

statute, a chancery court is “appropriate” if it meets the venue provisions in Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-1-

1803(a) (1998) which requires that suits against the Commissioner be filed either (1) in the Chancery

Court for Davidson County, (2) in the chancery court in the county of the taxpayer’s domicile, or (3)

in the chancery court of the county where the taxpayer’s principal place of business is located. The

designation of the Chancery Court for Davidson County as a proper forum for resolving disputes

between taxpayers and the Commissioner vests the Chancery Courts for Davidson County with the

adjudicatory power, i.e., subject matter jurisdiction, to determine controversies such as the present

one. Accordingly, the trial court’s conclusion that it lacked jurisdiction over SunTrust’s refund claim

is incorrect.

B.

SUNTRUST’S STANDING TO SEEK A SALES TAX REFUND

In contrast to subject matter jurisdiction, standing is a judge-made doctrine used to determine

whether a particular plaintiff is entitled to judicial relief. Knierim v. Leatherwood, 542 S.W.2d 806,

808 (Tenn. 1976); National Gas Distribs. v. Sevier County Util. Dist., 7 S.W.3d 41, 44 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 1999); Metropolitan Air Research Testing Auth. v. Metropolitan Gov’t of Nashville, 842

S.W.2d 611, 615 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). It requires the court to determine whether the plaintiff has

a sufficiently personal stake in the outcome of the controversy to warrant a judicial resolution of the

dispute. Browning-Ferris Indus., Inc. v. City of Oak Ridge, 644 S.W.2d 400, 402 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1982); Barbara Kritchevsky, Justiciability in Tennessee, Part Two: Standing, 15 Mem. St. U.L. Rev.

179, 183-84 (1985) (“Kritchevsky”). To establish standing, a plaintiff must show: (1) that it has

sustained a distinct and palpable injury, (2) that the injury was caused by the challenged conduct, and

(3) that the injury is one that can be addressed by a remedy that the court is empowered to give. In

re Youngblood, 895 S.W.2d 322, 326 (Tenn. 1995); National Gas Distribs. v. Sevier County Util.

Dist., 7 S.W.3d at 44.

The basis for SunTrust’s standing in this case begins to emerge when we consider two

elementary points of law. The first point is that a potential tax refund claim is a chose in action. See

generally Cullen v. Bragg, 350 S.E.2d 798, 799-800 (Ga. Ct. App. 1986); Harpel v. Craig, 97

N.E.2d 741, 743 (Mass. 1951). The second point is that a “chose in action” is a right to proceed in
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a court of law to procure the payment of a sum of money. Can Do, Inc. Pension & Profit Sharing

Plan & Successory Plans v. Manier, Herod, Hollabaugh & Smith, 922 S.W.2d 865, 866 (Tenn.

1996). In this case, SunTrust’s complaint alleges that it has a specific interest – the right to a sales

tax refund – for which it desires judicial redress. The fact that SunTrust may arguably have been

deprived of its asserted statutory right to a sales tax refund is sufficient to give SunTrust standing

to maintain this suit.

SunTrust’s complaint asserts that, for the purpose of the refund statute, that its legal status

should be deemed to be the same as a “dealer who has paid the tax imposed by this chapter.” This

assertion differentiates SunTrust from the purchasers of tangible personal property who

unsuccessfully sought sales tax refunds in Beare Co. v. Olsen, 711 S.W.2d 603 (Tenn. 1986) and

Reimann v. Huddleston, 883 S.W.2d 135 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). In those cases, the purchasers

asserted that they were entitled to refunds because the burden of the sales tax ultimately fell on them.

The courts denied the purchasers’ standing to seek refunds in these cases because the refund statute

provides refunds only to those who paid the tax, not to persons upon whom the “incidence of the tax

may ultimately fall.” Beare Co. v. Olsen, 711 S.W.2d at 605; Reimann v. Huddleston, 883 S.W.2d

at 136. SunTrust is traveling another route in this case. Here SunTrust is arguing that it stepped into

the shoes of the original taxpayer by virtue of the assignment of the retail installment sales contract.

The focus of a standing analysis in not on the merits of the plaintiff’s case. Metropolitan Air

Research Testing Auth. v. Metropolitan Gov’t of Nashville, 842 S.W.2d at 615. Therefore, we

decline the Commissioner’s invitation to use the question of SunTrust’s standing as a vehicle for

deciding the merits of its refund claim. Kritchevsky, 15 Mem. St. U.L. Rev. at 233-34. SunTrust

asserts in its complaint that, by virtue of the assignment of the retail installment sales contracts, it

has succeeded, as a matter of law, to the automobile dealers’ statutory refund rights. For the purpose

of a standing analysis, we should take this assertion as correct even though we may ultimately

disagree with SunTrust’s legal arguments. Accordingly, the trial court’s conclusion that SunTrust

lacked standing to pursue a refund claim under these circumstances is erroneous. We will, therefore,

proceed to the substance of SunTrust’s refund claim.

II.

SUNTRUST’S REFUND CLAIM

SunTrust’s claim for a refund under Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) presents a question

of first impression regarding Tennessee’s sales tax law. We are called upon to determine whether

the purchaser of a retail installment sales contract from a dealer who actually remitted the sales tax

resulting from the sale of tangible personal property is entitled to the same “bad debt” sales tax credit

that the dealer itself would have been entitled to had it not assigned its rights. Arriving at the answer

is essentially an exercise in statutory construction because SunTrust’s rights, if any, must be found

in Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) and other relevant portions of the Retailers’ Sales Tax Act.
2

Arthur H. Northrup, The Measure of Sales Taxes, 9 Vand. L. Rev. 237, 254-56 (195 6) (pointing out that the

legislature must decide whether to provide for a credit or refund for bad deb ts, and if it decide s to provid e for a cred it

or refund, it also ha s the prerog ative to decide how much the credit or refund will be and under what circumstances the

credit or refund will be permitted).

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A.

There is no common-law or equitable cause of action to recover taxes voluntarily paid in

error. City of Birmingham v. Piggly Wiggly Alabama Distrib. Co., 638 So. 2d 759, 765 n.5 (Ala.

1994); Department of Revenue v. Bank of America, 752 So. 2d 637, 641 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2000);

Commonwealth v. Gossum, 887 S.W.2d 329, 334 (Ky. 1994); Bowman v. Goad, 703 A.2d 144, 145

(Md. 1997). These actions, including actions seeking refunds or credits for credit sales that become

bad debts,2 are a matter of legislative grace, Estate of Bohn v. Waddell, 848 P.2d 324, 331 (Ariz. Ct.

App. 1992); District of Columbia v. Keyes, 362 A.2d 729, 732 (D.C. 1976); SCOA Indus., Inc. v.

Howlett, 337 N.E.2d 305, 310-11 (Ill. App. Ct. 1975); Philadelphia Gas Works v. Commonwealth,

741 A.2d 841, 846 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1999). They are, therefore, entirely creatures of statute, and

suits for refunds, credits, or exemptions must comply with the substantive and procedural

requirements in the statute. Jack Daniel Distillery, Lem Motlow Prop., Inc. v. Olsen, 716 S.W.2d

496, 497 (Tenn. 1986); Griffith Motors, Inc. v. King, 641 S.W.2d 200, 201 (Tenn. 1982); Reimann

v. Huddleston, 883 S.W.2d at 136.

In this case, SunTrust seeks to take advantage of the sales tax credit allowed by Tenn. Code

Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1). Thus, our task is to determine whether the General Assembly enacted the

statute to enable entities like SunTrust to claim a credit or a refund. The sole purpose of statutory

construction is to ascertain and then to give effect to the General Assembly’s purpose as reflected

in the statute’s language. Lavin v. Jordon, 16 S.W.3d 362, 365 (Tenn. 2000). Our analysis must

begin with the words of the statute itself, Riggs v. Burson, 941 S.W.2d 44, 54 (Tenn. 1997); Realty

Shop, Inc. v. RR Westminster Holding, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 581, 602 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), and we must

avoid stretching the statute’s language to encompass a meaning that outstrips the General

Assembly’s expressed intent. In re Adoption of Baby Z, 724 A.2d 1035, 1061 (Conn. 1999).

A court’s construction of a statute will more likely hew to the General Assembly’s expressed

intent if the court approaches the statutory text believing that the General Assembly chose its words

deliberately. Tidwell v. Servomation-Willoughby Co., 483 S.W.2d 98, 100 (Tenn. 1972); Mid-South

Indoor Horse Racing, Inc. v. Tennessee State Racing Comm’n, 798 S.W.2d 531, 537 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1990). A court should construe the statute’s language in the context of the entire statute and in light

of the statute’s general purpose. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc. v. Greer, 972 S.W.2d 663, 673 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 1997). Unless the context requires otherwise, a court should also give the words in the

statute their natural and ordinary meaning. State ex rel. Metro. Gov’t v. Spicewood Creek Watershed

Dist., 848 S.W.2d 60, 62 (Tenn. 1993).

In addition to these general principles of statutory construction, we must also consider the

rules of construction specifically applicable to tax statutes. Statutes imposing a tax should be
3

Nashville Clubhouse Inn v. Johnson, No. M 1998-0 0898-C OA-R3 -CV, 20 00 W L 2799 07, at *2 (T enn. Ct.

App. M ar. 16, 20 00), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 2, 2000) (Recommend ed for Publication).

4

Act of May 1, 1973, ch. 798, 1974 T enn. Pub. Acts 1370. The General Assembly enacted Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 67-6-507(e)(2), (3) in 1985 [Act of May 21, 1985, ch. 423, 1985 Tenn. Pub. Acts 857] and Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-

507(e)(4) in 1991 [Act of Mar. 11, 1991, ch. 38, § 1, 1991 Tenn. Pub. Acts 46]. These latter three subsections do not

figure into this opinion.

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construed strictly against the government. Steele v. Industrial Dev. Bd., 950 S.W.2d 345, 348 (Tenn.

1997); Covington Pike Toyota, Inc. v. Cardwell, 829 S.W.2d 132, 135 (Tenn. 1992). However,

statutes granting exemptions from taxation should be construed strictly against the taxpayer, AFG

Indus., Inc. v. Cardwell, 835 S.W.2d 583, 584-85 (Tenn. 1992); Herald v. Johnson, 19 S.W.3d 241,

244 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), because they are in derogation of the State’s sovereignty. Anderson v.

Security Mills, 175 Tenn. 197, 205, 133 S.W.2d 478, 481 (1939). Thus, exemptions from taxation

must “positively appear” in the statutes themselves, and no subject of taxation will be excluded if

it comes within the “fair purview” of the statutes. English’s Estate v. Crenshaw, 120 Tenn. 531,

537-38, 110 S.W. 210, 211 (1908); Nashville Clubhouse Inn v. Johnson, ___ S.W.3d ___, ___

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).3 

B. 

SunTrust, like others seeking a tax refund or credit, has the burden of demonstrating that it

is entitled to the relief it seeks. AFG Indus., Inc. v. Cardwell, 835 S.W.2d at 584-85; Nuclear Fuel

Servs., Inc. v. Huddleston, 920 S.W.2d 659, 661 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); see also Consolidated

Accessories Corp. v. Franchise Tax Bd., 208 Cal. Rptr. 74, 76 (Ct. App. 1984); Asmer v. Livingston,

82 S.E.2d 465, 466 (S.C. 1954); Lacey Nursery Ctr., Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 905 P.2d 338,

343 (Wash. 1995). Persons seeking relief generally carry their burden by demonstrating that they

fit within the language of the statute authorizing the credit or the refund. SunTrust has not followed

this path in this case for the simple reason that the plain meaning of the language in Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 67-6-507(e)(1) cannot be stretched to include entities in SunTrust’s circumstances.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1), which was enacted over the Governor’s veto in 1974,4

provides that:

A dealer who has paid the tax imposed by this chapter on any

sale as defined in § 67-6-102 may take credit in any return filed under

the provisions of this chapter for the tax paid by the dealer on the

unpaid balance due on accounts which, during the period covered by

the current return, have been found to be worthless and are actually

charged off for federal income tax purposes; provided, that if any

accounts so charged off are thereafter in whole or in part paid to the

dealer, the amounts so paid shall be included in the first return filed

after such collection and the tax paid accordingly.
5

This provision is now found at Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-.52(2) (2000).

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By the statute’s plain terms, the sales tax credit is available only to the “dealer who has paid the tax

imposed by this chapter.” This language is unambiguous and cannot reasonably be construed to

include the assignees of dealers who have paid the sales tax.

Two other jurisdictions, Nevada and Washington, have construed their bad debt sales tax

credit statutes to permit the assignee of the automobile dealer to receive a credit or refund when the

purchaser subsequently defaults on the retail installment contract. However, in both jurisdictions,

the statutory definitions of “dealer” or “retailer” and “person” were broad enough to include an

assignee of a dealer or retailer. Puget Sound Nat’l Bank v. Department of Revenue, 868 P.2d 127,

130 (Wash. 1994); Nev. Op. Att’y Gen. No. 2000-08, 2000 WL 246660, at *2 (Nev. A.G.) (Feb. 7,

2000). The corresponding definitions of “dealer” and “person” in the Retailers Sales Tax Act are

not similarly broad. Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(7)(C) (Supp. 2000) (“dealer”); Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 67-6-102(21) (“person”). Accordingly, our sales tax statutes provide no basis for stretching the

meaning of “dealer who has paid the tax imposed by this chapter” to include a dealer’s assignees.

The Florida courts have reached the same conclusion with regard to statutory language virtually

identical to Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1). Department of Revenue v. Bank of America, 752 So.

2d at 641.

Our interpretation of the clear language in Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) is buttressed

by the Department’s long-standing interpretation of the statute. This interpretation is reflected in a

regulation enacted twenty-six years ago. Approximately one month after the statute’s effective date,

the Department promulgated Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-.52(3)5 providing that:

A bank or other financial institution purchasing contracts “without

recourse” from dealers selling tangible personal property may not

claim any deduction or credit for any unpaid balances remaining due

on any property which has been sold by the other dealer on a security

agreement or other title retained instrument, and later repossessed, or

which resulted from any other action to enforce the lien.

Despite SunTrust’s assertions to the contrary, we do not view this rule as inconsistent with the plain

meaning of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1). In fact, we find that the rule is based on an entirely

reasonable interpretation of the statute. We will, therefore, give great weight to the Department’s

interpretation reflected in the rule because, at least as far as this record shows, this interpretation has

been consistently administered by the Department without challenge over a long period of time.

Covington Pike Toyota, Inc. v. Cardwell, 829 S.W.2d at 134; see also General Motors Acceptance

Corp. v. Jackson, No. A00A1315, 2000 WL 1701983, at *3 (Ga. Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000) (denying

a sales tax refund claim submitted by the assignee of an automobile dealer).
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C.

SunTrust has not, and indeed cannot, cast itself as a “dealer who has paid the tax imposed

by this chapter” because neither the facts nor the language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1)

support this claim. However, it asserts that it should be allowed to pursue the claims that these

dealers could have asserted because the dealers have assigned SunTrust all their right, title, and

interest in the retail installment sales contracts. This assignment argument is not without some

weight and has been adopted in at least two other jurisdictions. However, we do not find it

persuasive here because of the plain language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) and Tenn. Comp.

R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-.52(3).

The parties do not dispute that SunTrust purchased the retail installment sales contracts that

eventually defaulted or that SunTrust took a broad assignment of all the automobile dealers’ right,

title, and interest in these contracts. The operative terms of the assignment are as follows:

FOR VALUE RECEIVED, we, the undersigned Seller, hereby sell,

assign, and transfer untoThird National Bank (herein called “Assignee”)

all moneys due and to become due under, and all our right, title, interest

and remedies (but not our obligations) in and under the within contract and

the Goods therein described, and we authorize Assignee to do every act and

thing in our name or otherwise which Assignee may deem advisable to

enforce the terms of said contract.

While the assignment transfers all the dealer’s “right, title, interest and remedies” under the retail

installment sales contract, it authorizes the bank “to do every act and thing . . . [the bank] may deem

advisable to enforce the terms of said contract.” Nowhere in the assignment does the dealer

explicitly assign to the bank its right to obtain a bad debt sales tax credit under Tenn. Code Ann. §

67-6-507(e)(1).

One of the general principles of the law of assignments is that the assignee “steps into the

shoes of the assignor” with regard to the matters covered by the assignment. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.

v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 867 S.W.2d 321, 323 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993); Binswanger

Southern (N.C.), Inc. v. Textron, Inc., 860 S.W.2d 862, 865 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993); Brummitt Tire

Co. v. Sinclair Refining Co., 18 Tenn. App. 270, 281, 75 S.W.2d 1022, 1028 (1934). Thus, an

assignment does not extinguish the underlying contract, but rather it transfers the assignor’s contract

rights against the other contracting party to the assignee who succeeds to the assignor’s rights under

the underlying contract. Pacific Eastern Corp. v. Gulf Life Holding Co., 902 S.W.2d 946, 959

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). 

We understand and approve of the policy favoring the free assignability of commercial

instruments. However, in this context, the traditional principles of statutory construction applicable

to statutes granting tax credits, deductions, or exemptions, should prevail over general assignment

principles. Department of Revenue v. Bank of America, 752 So. 2d at 643-44; Puget Sound Nat’l

Bank v. Department of Revenue, 868 P.2d at 133 (Utter, J., dissenting). Statutes providing
6

The General Assembly is presumed to know the existing state of the law on the subject under consideration

when it enacts legislation. Lavin v. Jordon, 16 S.W .3d at 368 ; Blanke nship v. E state of Ba in, 5 S.W.3d 647, 651 (Tenn.

1999).

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exceptions from taxation should be construed strictly against the taxpayer. The General Assembly

is presumably aware of this rule of construction, as well as Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-

.52(3).6 It is also reasonable to assume that the General Assembly is aware that automobile dealers

customarily assign retail installment sales contracts to banks and other financial institutions.

Department of Revenue v. Bank of America, 752 So. 2d at 643 (stating that “it is reasonable to

assume that the legislature is cognizant of the business practice of dealers with regard to assignment

of installment contracts to banks”). Accordingly, it is reasonable to assume that the General

Assembly did not intend to enable assignees of dealers to claim bad debt sales tax credits or refunds

when it enacted Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) because, for the past twenty-six years, it has

acquiesced in the Department’s interpretation of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) as reflected in

Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 1320-5-1-.52(3). General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Jackson, 2000

WL 1701983, at *3 (according great deference to the administrative construction of Georgia’s bad

debt sales tax credit statute that had been acquiesced in by the legislature). 

In summary, we find that the plain, unambiguous language of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-

507(e)(1) provides that only automobile dealers who have paid the sales tax arising from the sale of

a new car may claim the bad debt sales tax credit. We also find that Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. r.

1320-5-1-.52(3) is consistent with Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1). Accordingly, we conclude

that SunTrust has failed to carry its burden of demonstrating that it is clearly entitled to the relief it

seeks and, therefore, that the trial court’s alternative conclusion that SunTrust is not entitled to a

refund under Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1) is correct.

III.

We reverse the portion of the order dismissing SunTrust’s complaint on jurisdictional

grounds and affirm the alternative conclusion that SunTrust is not entitled to a refund or credit under

Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-507(e)(1). The case is remanded to the trial court for whatever further

proceedings consistent with this opinion may be required. We tax the costs of this appeal to

SunTrust Bank and its surety for which execution, if necessary, may issue.

___________________________________ 

WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE