United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

___________________________

No. 23-1109

___________________________ 

Luke LeFever

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Dawson County Sheriff’s Department

 Defendant

Ivan Castellanos, Dawson County Deputy, in his official and individual capacities; 

Jerome Kramer, Lincoln County Sheriff, in his official and individual capacities; 

Deputy Roland Kramer, Chief Deputy, in his official and individual capacities; 

Brett Schmidt, Deputy, in his official and individual capacities; Elwood, Nebraska 

State Patrol Trooper Sgt., in his individual capacity; County of Dawson, Nebraska; 

Lincoln County; Carlos Trevino, Nebraska State Patrol Trooper, in his individual 

capacity

 Defendants - Appellees

____________

Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Nebraska - Lincoln

____________ 

Submitted: December 14, 2023

Filed: July 31, 2024

____________ 

Before ERICKSON, MELLOY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges. 

____________
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MELLOY, Circuit Judge.

Plaintiff Luke LeFever lunged at an officer during a roadside encounter. Two 

tasings failed to subdue Mr. LeFever, and he fled. He attempted to steal a police 

cruiser, attempted to steal a truck, broke into a nearby home, assaulted a resident, 

and stole a utility vehicle. The officer shot at the vehicle’s rear wheel from close 

range but failed to stop it. The officer then radioed a dispatcher and stated, “shots 

fired,” as he attempted to follow Mr. LeFever. 

During an ensuing chase, Mr. LeFever stole a pick-up truck and recklessly 

evaded officers from multiple jurisdictions for two hours, driving at speeds 

approaching 100 miles per hour, driving off-road, and driving the wrong direction 

on Interstate 80. An officer eventually rammed the truck as Mr. LeFever attempted 

to exit a field onto a gravel road. The truck then reversed toward other officers, and 

officers began shooting at the truck. The truck began to drive forward, and officers 

continued shooting. In total, officers fired 60 to 70 rounds toward the truck, with 

some shots fired as the truck eventually stopped moving. Mr. LeFever was hit and 

suffered permanent serious injuries.

Mr. LeFever filed the present civil action pro se from within Nebraska’s state 

penitentiary. He alleged unreasonable seizure and excessive force claims against the 

initial officer and the other officers. He also alleged the initial officer shared liability 

for the later shootings for reporting “shots fired” but failing to clarify that Mr. 

LeFever had not fired any shots. 

The district court1 denied requests from Mr. LeFever for the discretionary 

appointment of counsel to assist him with this civil case and granted summary 

judgment to all defendants. We find no abuse of discretion in the denial of counsel. 

We also agree summary judgment was appropriate on all claims. 

1

The Honorable Richard G. Kopf, United States District Judge for the District 

of Nebraska.
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I. 

Deputy Castellanos of the Dawson County, Nebraska, sheriff’s department

responded to a report regarding a potentially abandoned car on a gravel road.

2

 When 

he arrived at the car, Mr. LeFever was sitting in the driver’s seat, and there were two 

tires on the ground on the driver’s side near the rear of the vehicle. Deputy 

Castellanos approached the front passenger window and saw a bag from a Colorado 

marijuana shop sitting on the seat. Deputy Castellanos was familiar with such bags 

from Colorado, where marijuana is generally legal under state law. He began 

speaking with Mr. LeFever, who exited the vehicle and stood by the driver’s door. 

It was immediately apparent that Mr. LeFever is a much larger and younger man 

than Deputy Castellanos. 

Mr. LeFever described car trouble and admitted his driver’s license was 

suspended. He claimed to be driving to a location in Nebraska from Colorado, but 

this explanation made no sense to Deputy Castellanos given the location of the car 

and the gravel road. During the initial discussion between the two men, Deputy 

Castellanos repeatedly stated Mr. LeFever was “not in any trouble” and the deputy

would try to help get him on his way. Deputy Castellanos told Mr. LeFever he was 

not going to arrest him for driving without a license as there would be “no point.” 

During this discussion, another police cruiser drove through the scene, and Mr. 

LeFever said, “Jesus Christ, you got back up, hmm.” 

2

The facts as described herein are drawn primarily from audio and video 

recordings captured by multiple law enforcement officers’ dashcam or bodycam 

recordings. The recordings in this case were obtained in broad daylight and are 

remarkably clear. Facts are also drawn from affidavits submitted by defendant 

members of the Lincoln County Nebraska Sheriff’s Department. Mr. LeFever does 

not dispute the referenced facts as asserted in these sources other than putting forth 

select counter-assertions that conflict with the clear videos. See Scott v. Harris, 550 

U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (“When opposing parties tell two different stories, one of 

which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe 

it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion 

for summary judgment.”). 
-4-

Mr. LeFever admitted he was carrying no identification, so Deputy 

Castellanos had Mr. LeFever write down identifying information. Deputy 

Castellanos then returned to his cruiser to report the information and check for 

warrants. While Deputy Castellanos was in his cruiser, Mr. LeFever appeared to be 

working on his car in the area of the rear driver’s side wheel. Mr. LeFever then 

stood and leaned into the driver’s door to reach across the car. He then exited the 

car, locked the door, and returned to the rear of the car. Meanwhile, dispatch told 

the deputy that Mr. LeFever’s history included a drug offense and a weapon-related

felony.

Deputy Castellanos eventually exited his cruiser and asked Mr. LeFever if he 

had anyone who could come for the car, stating that, although he was not going to 

arrest Mr. LeFever for driving without a license, he could not permit him to drive 

away. Deputy Castellanos gave Mr. LeFever a phone to call a driver then walked 

around the car looking in the windows as Mr. LeFever used the phone. Deputy 

Castellanos noticed the car had been locked and the bag had been moved from the 

front seat. 

Deputy Castellanos asked Mr. LeFever about the bag he appeared to be hiding, 

and Mr. LeFever stated he had grabbed it to hold lug nuts. Deputy Castellanos 

eventually asked for permission to search the car. Mr. LeFever repeatedly denied 

permission. Believing he had probable cause, Deputy Castellanos stated he would 

search the car anyway. Mr. LeFever became angry and refused to unlock the car. 

Mr. LeFever then permitted Deputy Castellanos to pat him down. At this time, 

Officer McCandless from the Gothenburg Police Department appeared in front of 

Deputy Castellanos’s vehicle and near the two men. 

Eventually, Deputy Castellanos asked Mr. LeFever to put his arms behind his 

back. Mr. LeFever became loud and agitated and began to walk away. Deputy 

Castellanos unholstered his taser and the two men yelled at each other. The deputy 

repeatedly warned Mr. LeFever that he would use the taser. Mr. LeFever eventually 

dropped to his knees as requested by Deputy Castellanos and put his hands behind 
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his head. Deputy Castellanos told Mr. LeFever that he was under arrest. In response, 

Mr. LeFever rose to one knee and became more agitated. He resisted Officer

McCandless’s attempts to put him in handcuffs and lunged at Deputy Castellano, 

reaching for the taser. 

Deputy Castellanos then tased Mr. LeFever who writhed on the ground before 

dislodging the taser prongs. Mr. LeFever swung his arm toward Deputy Castellanos

who responded by tasing him a second time. Again, Mr. LeFever was able to 

dislodge the prongs. He then ran to Deputy Castellanos’s car, failed in an effort to 

open the car, and ran off toward a nearby farmhouse.

Deputy Castellanos pursued, and when he reached the house, an occupied 

SUV with its lights on was sitting at the bottom of a long driveway. Mr. LeFever 

was at the top of the driveway reaching into a parked pick-up truck through the 

driver’s door. Deputy Castellanos saw a man exit the house before Mr. LeFever ran 

past the man and into the house. Mr. LeFever then exited the house, assaulted the 

man, and stole a utility vehicle, speeding off. 

While driving to the house, while in the driveway, and afterwards, Deputy 

Castellanos’s labored breathing and strained physical state were clear. As Mr. 

LeFever drove away from the house, down the driveway, and toward the occupied 

SUV, he passed near Deputy Castellanos who had exited his vehicle and drawn his 

sidearm. At essentially point-blank range, Deputy Castellanos shot downward at the 

rear passenger-side wheel of the utility vehicle, dislodging what appears to be a small 

hubcap, but otherwise failing to hinder Mr. LeFever’s escape.

Deputy Castellanos then entered his vehicle, called a dispatcher, reported the 

escape, and stated, “shots fired.” He was able to follow Mr. LeFever to another 

farmhouse where he discovered the stolen utility vehicle and saw Mr. LeFever 

driving off in a stolen pickup truck. Approximately 13 minutes later, in response to 

a dispatcher’s question as to whether Mr. LeFever was armed, Deputy Castellanos 

stated that he had not found any weapons on Mr. LeFever when he patted him down. 
-6-

Eventually, Deputy Castellanos stopped his chase and other officers continued the 

pursuit.

The pursuit of Mr. LeFever in the stolen truck lasted approximately two hours. 

During that time, he drove at speeds approaching 100 miles per hour and travelled 

on gravel roads, dirt roads, highways, and farm fields. He drove through fences, 

drove the wrong direction on Interstate 80, became airborne, and avoided spiked 

stopping strips. Eventually officers were able to park on gravel roads on two sides 

of a fenced field where Mr. LeFever was located.

Nebraska State Trooper Trevino was near the corner of the two gravel roads. 

He received a report that Mr. LeFever was approaching the corner through the field. 

As Mr. LeFever broke through a fence and began to enter one of the gravel roads, 

Trooper Trevino accelerated into the passenger side of the truck, ramming it and 

momentarily stopping it. Mr. LeFever, however, immediately backed into the field, 

turning the rear of his truck toward police officers standing near a police vehicle 

parked on the adjacent, intersecting county road. Seeing this, Trooper Trevino 

exited his vehicle and fired at Mr. LeFever’s stolen truck with his sidearm. The 

other officers also began shooting. Mr. LeFever then put his truck in drive and began 

driving across the field, away from the gravel road intersection, and toward farm 

buildings. The officers continued shooting. Trooper Trevino can be heard reporting 

“shots fired” and “vehicle still moving” while he was shooting. Eventually the truck 

rolled to a stop, disabled and smoking, and Trooper Trevino can be heard saying the 

vehicle had stopped as a few final shots are heard.

The other officers shooting toward the truck included defendants Lincoln 

County Sheriff Jerome Kramer, Chief Deputy Roland Kramer, and Deputy Brett 

Schmidt. These officers shot at Mr. LeFever’s truck as he backed toward them after 

the collision and continued shooting as he drove away and as the truck stopped. The 

officers assert in affidavits that they believed Mr. LeFever was going to back into 

them. They also assert they believed they were in a firefight as they had received 

the earlier report of “shots fired” and saw Mr. LeFever’s windows breaking. Finally, 
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Deputy Schmidt admits that he shot into Mr. LeFever’s cab after the truck eventually 

stopped moving. Deputy Schmidt asserts that he shot into the cab because he saw 

Mr. LeFever reaching over as if to grab a weapon. After a few seconds passed 

without further shots or movement, officers approached the truck cautiously, 

providing cover for one another. Mr. LeFever was unarmed. He asserts that the 

officers, collectively, shot 60 to 70 rounds at his truck. He was hit several times and 

suffered serious and permanent injuries.

Mr. LeFever filed suit pro se, bringing 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims: (1) individual 

capacity claims against Deputy Castellanos alleging an unreasonable arrest and 

excessive force based on the tasings and the shot fired down at the utility vehicle’s 

wheel; (2) an individual capacity claim against Deputy Castellanos alleging joint 

liability for the other officers’ subsequent shootings in the field based on his earlier 

report of “shots fired”; (3) individual capacity excessive force claims against 

Trooper Trevino based on the vehicle collision and the subsequent shootings; (4) 

individual and official capacity excessive force and unreasonable arrest claims 

against Sheriff Kramer, Chief Deputy Kramer, and Deputy Schmidt for the shots 

fired in the field. 

Mr. LeFever repeatedly asked the district court to appoint counsel to help him 

with his civil action: in his complaint, in an amended complaint, in a motion for 

counsel, in repeated motions for reconsideration, and finally, in response to the 

defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The district court denied the first 

motion, in which Mr. LeFever asserted he had unsuccessfully sought assistance from 

seven different attorneys. The district court stated that although “these consolidated 

cases involve five defendants, the claims involved are not all that complicated.” The 

court further stated that Mr. LeFever had demonstrated the ability to plead his case 

and file appropriate motions. The court noted that Mr. LeFever specifically sought 

counsel’s help with additional discovery, but the time for written discovery had 

passed and, even if counsel were appointed, Mr. LeFever would bear the costs 

associated with depositions. Finally, the court addressed specific concerns Mr. 

LeFever asserted regarding limited access to the prison library and the inability to 
-8-

view electronically stored information. The court noted that extensions of time had 

been granted in the past and would be granted again upon proper motion. The court 

also stated that “[i]f [Mr. LeFever] has obtained some particular material through 

discovery that he has not been allowed to view, he should request the court’s 

assistance to arrange a viewing.” 

The district court rejected Mr. LeFever’s first motion to reconsider, treating it 

as a Rule 60(b) motion directed to a non-final order and finding no basis for 

reconsideration. The court denied a subsequent motion in which Mr. LeFever 

renewed his request, stated that he sought to depose 25 witnesses, and complained 

that the prison had confiscated DVDs produced to him during discovery. In denying 

the motion, the court repeated its earlier explanation that the appointment of counsel 

would not relieve Mr. LeFever of the cost of paying for depositions.

After granting Mr. LeFever extensions resulting in six months to resist 

motions for summary judgment, the district court granted the defendants’ motions 

for summary judgment and again denied appointment of counsel. The district court 

found no constitutional violation in Deputy Castellanos’s tasing and attempted arrest 

of Mr. LeFever: Deputy Castellanos had probable cause, use of the taser was 

objectively reasonable, and there was no excessive force in shooting at the utility 

vehicle’s tire. Regarding the report of “shots fired,” the district court found any lack 

of clarity was, at worst, mere negligence. The district court also granted summary 

judgment to all remaining defendants, finding Trooper Trevino’s ramming of the 

stolen pickup truck reasonable under the circumstances and finding all officers’ 

shots fired toward the truck in the field reasonable in light of the risks posed by Mr. 

LeFever. In the alternative, the district court stated that, even if there had been a 

constitutional violation, qualified immunity would apply due to the absence of 

clearly established authority demonstrating the breach of a constitutional right. 

Finally, the court also granted summary judgment on the official capacity claims. 

We appointed counsel to assist Mr. LeFever on appeal.
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II. 

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the facts in the 

light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Henderson v. City of Woodbury, 

909 F.3d 933, 938 (8th Cir. 2018). This standard, however, does not require that we 

disregard clear physical evidence unequivocally disproving a nonmoving party’s 

statements. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 380. 

Here, all officers moved for summary judgment asserting qualified immunity. 

Qualified immunity exists to give officers breathing room to take fast action in 

rapidly evolving and dangerous situations without fear of later facing individual 

liability. As such, qualified immunity prevents liability for actions occurring in gray 

areas: it applies unless the case presents facts demonstrating (1) “the deprivation of 

a constitutional or statutory right” that was (2) “clearly established at the time of the 

deprivation.” Parrish v. Ball, 594 F.3d 993, 1001 (8th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). 

We may address these two requirements in either order. See Pearson v. Callahan, 

555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). 

To be “clearly established,” a right must be defined with specificity, and “[t]he 

contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would 

understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 

U.S. 635, 640 (1987). It is not necessary for there to be a perfectly analogous prior 

case for a right to be “clearly established.” Id. But “in the light of pre-existing law 

the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id. Accordingly, details matter, and we do not 

conduct our qualified immunity analysis in reference to abstract rights at a high level 

of generality. Id. at 639–40; see also District of Columbia v. Wesby, 583 U.S. 48, 

63 (2018) (emphasizing that we “must not ‘define clearly established law at a high 

level of generality, since doing so avoids the crucial question whether the official 

acted reasonably in the particular circumstances that he or she faced’” (citation 

omitted)). Ultimately, qualified immunity “provides ample protection to all but the 

plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 

U.S. 335, 341 (1986).
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We address the claims against Deputy Castellanos first. On appeal, Mr. 

LeFever no longer challenges the deputy’s actions in relation to the shot fired at the 

utility vehicle’s wheel. Rather, he argues Deputy Castellanos used excessive force 

in tasing him during the initial encounter. Mr. LeFever also characterizes Deputy 

Castellanos’s failure to more clearly describe the call of “shots fired” as rising to the 

level of a substantive due process violation under the Fourteenth Amendment.3

 

The initial tasing involved no constitutional violation. As an initial matter, 

Deputy Castellanos had more than adequate probable cause to detain Mr. LeFever 

for driving without a license (as admitted by Mr. LeFever) and for suspected drug 

possession or trafficking. See Fisher v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 619 F.3d 811, 816 

(8th Cir. 2010) (stating that probable cause is present where the totality of the 

“circumstances are sufficient to lead a reasonable person to believe that the 

defendant has committed or is committing an offense” (citation omitted)); see also

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 695 (1996) (“Articulating precisely what 

‘reasonable suspicion’ and ‘probable cause’ mean is not possible. They are 

commonsense, nontechnical conceptions that deal with ‘the factual and practical 

considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men, not legal 

technicians, act.’” (citations omitted)). The entire scene at the side of the road was 

strange and strongly suggested drug activity. Mr. LeFever made statements as to his 

time of arrival not matching the initial call that had caused the deputy to investigate. 

He appeared to be lying regarding his destination. He attempted to hide the 

marijuana bag, which the deputy recognized from experience and which matched 

Mr. LeFever’s claim to be coming from Colorado. Finally, Mr. LeFever’s act of 

surreptitiously locking the previously unlocked door when the deputy was in his 

3

Regarding the report of “shots fired,” the district court noted the wholesale 

absence of authority to support a derivative excessive force claim based on later, 

allegedly excessive force by different officers who heard the report. Accordingly, 

the district court analyzed Mr. LeFever’s “shots fired” claim against Deputy 

Castellanos as a “false arrest” claim. On appeal, Mr. LeFever frames his claims as 

a Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process claim. 
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cruiser cast an additional pall of suspicion on all the other acts. See, e.g., Wesby, 

583 U.S. at 61 (explaining that the totality of the circumstancestest requires elements 

of suspicion to be viewed collectively rather than individually and that “probable 

cause does not require officers to rule out a suspect’s innocent explanation for 

suspicious facts”). 

With probable cause comes the ability to exercise at least that amount of force 

necessary and reasonable in the circumstances to restrain a suspect. See Graham v. 

Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) (“[T]he right to make an arrest or investigatory 

stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or 

threat thereof to effect it.”). Here, after much arguing, Mr. LeFever only partially 

complied with the deputy’s instruction to put his hands behind his back and to get 

on his knees. Mr. LeFever then actively resisted Officer McCandless’s attempt to 

place him in handcuffs. Deputy Castellanos repeatedly warned Mr. LeFever that he 

would use the taser. Finally, before the first tasing, Mr. LeFever lunged at Deputy 

Castellanos, and before the second, he swung his arm at the deputy. In context, the 

two tasings, preceded by numerous warnings, were reasonable. They were not 

excessive responses to Mr. LeFever’s aggression. See Ehlers v. City of Rapid City, 

846 F.3d 1002, 1011 (8th Cir. 2017) (“To determine whether a particular use of force 

was excessive, the court considers whether it was objectively reasonable under the 

circumstances, relying on the perspective of a reasonable officer present at the scene 

rather than the 20/20 vision of hindsight. Force is excessive when an officer’s 

actions are not objectively reasonable in light of the facts and circumstances 

confronting him.” (cleaned up)). Mr. LeFever’s arguments to the contrary depend 

largely on characterizations of the scene that flatly contradict the clear video. 

To the extent Mr. LeFever attempts to characterize the deputy’s initial denial 

of an intent to arrest or cite him as somehow bolstering his unreasonable force claim, 

we reject his argument. Officers often must dissemble to buy time or maintain 

safety, especially in isolated locations or in potentially fraught situations involving 

large suspects with felony records. Any agitation or irritation caused by the deputy’s 
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inconsistent assertions did not justify Mr. LeFever in lunging at the deputy. Nor did 

it deprive the deputy of the ability to use force to protect himself and effect an arrest.

Regarding the report of “shots fired,” we agree with the district court that no 

reasonable jury could find that infirmities in the report amounted to anything more 

than mere negligence. Deputy Castellanos called in the report of “shots fired” almost 

immediately after he fired at the utility vehicle’s wheel. He was out of breath, 

obviously fueled by adrenaline, and in a heightened state of emotion caused by the 

stressful situation. Shortly after the report, he answered a dispatcher’s question as 

to Mr. LeFever’s status by stating correctly that he had not found a weapon on Mr. 

LeFever when he patted him down. Deputy Castellanos could have reported more 

detailed information, but he did not report false information. Mere negligence will 

not support the due process claim Mr. LeFever articulates on appeal. See Daniels v. 

Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331–33 (1986) (noting that the due process clause was 

intended to protect people from intentional and oppressive government actions, not 

mere negligence); Griffin v. Hilke, 804 F.2d 1052, 1055 (8th Cir. 1986) (dispatcher’s 

broadcast of false information was at most negligence and did not support a 

substantive due process claim). 

Turning to the other defendants, we agree with the district court that the use 

of force was reasonable in context. In general, deadly force against a fleeing suspect 

is an unreasonable seizure unless such force is required to stop an escape and there 

is probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or 

serious physical injury to the officer or others. Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11 

(1985). Here, the requisite significant threat of serious injury was present. Although 

Mr. LeFever argues that, at different moments, he was merely fleeing without 

presenting significant risk or that he had abandoned his flight, we easily conclude 

the videos disprove his assertions. 

As an initial matter, Trooper Trevino’s use of his vehicle to ram Mr. LeFever’s 

truck was reasonable and necessary in light of the reckless ongoing flight. 

Arguments to the contrary are frivolous. 
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As to the firing of shots, we find no excessive force in the initial firing of shots 

at Mr. LeFever’s truck when he backed toward the officers standing near their 

vehicles or as he began driving away and across the field. Preceding the shots, as 

already repeatedly stated, Mr. LeFever acted with extreme recklessness and 

disregard for officers’ and civilians’ safety. He destroyed property, stole multiple 

vehicles, assaulted a man, lunged at an officer, and drove the wrong way on an 

interstate. It was entirely appropriate to stop his ongoing danger to officers and the 

public, and it was reasonable to use firearms, especially after he drove in reverse 

toward officers who were outside their cars. 

Mr. LeFever points to the fact that the officers standing outside their vehicles 

were on the other side of a fence while he backed his vehicle toward them. We 

conclude the presence of the fence carries little weight in the present context. Mr. 

LeFever had just broken through a similar fence before being hit by Trooper 

Trevino’s vehicle and had broken through several other fences during the chase. No 

reasonable jury could view the pasture fence as an impediment to Mr. LeFever or a 

source of protection for the officers.

Mr. LeFever also argues that the total number of shots fired, 60 to 70, was 

excessive and, in the apparent alternative, that the firing of shots cannot be viewed 

collectively but must be divided into subunits, with shots fired after he resumed 

driving forward and after he came to a stop receiving separate analysis from the shots 

fired as he backed toward the officers. In support of his argument, he cites a case 

involving the use of a taser in which our court held a second tasing had to be analyzed 

separately from an initial tasing. See Jackson v. Stair, 944 F.3d 704, 711–12 (8th 

Cir. 2019). 

Jackson is unavailing as applied to the present claims. Jackson stands for the 

unremarkable proposition that, in certain factual scenarios, intervening time or 

circumstances may make it appropriate to analyze applications of force separately. 

Jackson sets forth no bright line rule of general applicability requiring courts after 
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the fact—or officers during a rapidly unfolding scene—to draw artificial 

distinctions. 

Even if we were inclined to accept the subdivided mode of analysis identified 

by Mr. LeFever, we would conclude no jury could view the force used in the present 

case as unreasonable in light of the extreme risk posed by Mr. LeFever. Reasonable 

officers could believe, on the undisputed facts, that they were in a firefight. The dust 

from the gravel-road collision, permissible shots from several directions, breaking 

glass, and Mr. LeFever’s obvious disinclination to terminate his reckless flight make 

it impossible to find a demarcation separating permissible from impermissible shots. 

No one officer fired the entirety of the 60 to 70 shots, and the shots occurred very 

quickly. Even after the vehicle stopped, officers clearly were providing cover for 

one another and approaching the vehicle cautiously, demonstrating anticipated fire. 

Officers on the scene could reasonably view the danger as ongoing even when the 

vehicle stopped.

In the alternative, no clearly established precedent demonstrates that any 

individual officer would have known that firing 10 to 15 shots at the truck—even 

with some shots fired after the vehicle stopped—violated Mr. LeFever’s rights.

4

 Mr. 

LeFever attempts to distinguish his case from precedent involving shots fired at a 

fleeing vehicle where the Supreme Court found no constitutional violation. See 

Plumhoff v. Rickard, 572 U.S. 765 (2014). In Plumhoff, the Court found no 

excessive force when officers shot 15 times within 10 seconds at a vehicle. Id. at 

768–70. There, the driver led police on a high-speed chase after fleeing from a traffic 

stop for a broken headlight. Id. at 769. The chase in Plumhoff was not as long or 

seemingly as dangerous as in the present case, but the suspect did bump into a police 

car. Id. The chase had not started with a violent encounter with police, but shortly 

before shots were fired, the suspect drove his car close enough to an officer for the 

4

Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Mr. LeFever, he asserts officers 

fired 10 to 15 shots each.
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officer to touch the suspect’s car. Id. at 769–70. The present case involved more 

shots than in Plumhoff. 

Qualified immunity, however, does not rest on the fine distinctions of jurists 

comparing situations in hindsight. Mr. LeFever identifies no cases demonstrating a 

clear violation of his rights on similar facts, and his attempts to distinguish Plumhoff

do not suffice. See Quraishi v. St. Charles Cnty., 986 F.3d 831, 835 (8th Cir. 2021)

(“The [plaintiffs] have the burden to show that their right was clearly established at 

the time of the alleged violation.”). Accordingly, qualified immunity protections 

were appropriate for the defendants who shot at him in the field. See Blazek v. Iowa 

City, 761 F.3d 920, 924 (8th Cir. 2014) (“[W]here the use of force . . . likely resides 

on the ‘hazy border between excessive and acceptable force,’ we cannot conclude 

that only a ‘plainly incompetent’ officer would have believed the force . . . was

constitutionally reasonable.” (quoting Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 206 (2001))).

For the same reasons, the district court properly dismissed the official capacity 

claims. See McKay v. City of St. Louis, 960 F.3d 1094, 1102–03 (8th Cir. 2020) 

(“As summary judgment was proper on [individual capacity] claims against the 

Police Defendants because they did not violate his constitutional rights, his Monell

claim against the City and Board Defendants in their official capacities also fails.”). 

Finally, we review for abuse of discretion the denial of counsel for an indigent 

civil plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1) (“The court may request an attorney to 

represent any person unable to afford counsel.” (emphasis added)); Crozier for A.C. 

v. Westside Comty. Sch. Dist., 973 F.3d 882, 890 (8th Cir. 2020) (standard of 

review). There is no statutory or constitutional right to appointed counsel in such 

cases. See Rayes v. Johnson, 969 F.2d 700, 702 (8th Cir. 1992). Still, a district 

court’s broad discretion pursuant to § 1915(e)(1) is “not unbounded.” See Crozier, 

973 F.3d at 890, 891–92 (reversing a denial of counsel where first amendment issues 

were complicated and the benefit of counsel would assist “the plaintiffs and the 

court”). 
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We have held that district courts should consider several nonexclusive factors 

when considering the appointment of civil counsel, and that factors may be entitled 

to different weight in different cases: (1) whether the plaintiff and the court will 

benefit from the assistance of counsel; (2) whether the case is factually complex; (3) 

whether the plaintiff is able to investigate the facts, (4) whether there exists 

conflicting testimony, (5) whether the plaintiff is able to present his claim; and (6) 

whether the case involves complex legal issues. See In re Lane, 801 F.2d 1040, 

1043–44 (8th Cir. 1986) (collecting factors and rejecting any per se rules to limit 

district courts’ discretion). 

Here, the district court considered the appropriate factors, considered no 

improper factors, and committed no abuse of discretion. We agree that the facts and 

legal principles at issue are clear and uncomplicated. The ample incontrovertible

evidence available in this case (including extensive video evidence) minimized the 

need for additional factual investigation. The frequently litigated issues of excessive 

force and probable cause left the court itself in little need of assistance. And they 

are issues easily understood by laypersons. Finally, in managing the case with a pro 

se plaintiff, the district court granted generous extensions and offered assistance 

where Mr. LeFever described difficulties with litigating his case from prison.

We affirm the judgment of the district court.

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