M. Lip Length, Normal: A bilateral measure-
ment (bichelion diameter) of distance between the
external corners of the mouth. This measure-
ment is taken with all facial muscles relaxed.
(Figure 2 and Table 13).

N. Lip Length, Extended: A bilateral meas-
urement (bichelion diameter) of maximum dis-
tance between the corners of the mouth in a
condition of voluntary extension using muscles
of facial expression. This measurement is of
prime importance since it represents a mini-
mum width dimension of a mask. (Figure 2 and
Table 14.)

O. Nasal Root Projection: A measurement of
outward projection of the nasal root depres-
sion from base points just medial to the inner
corners of the eyes (canthi). This measure-
ment together with the nasal root breadth de-
scribes a relative width and depth configura-
tion for mask design at this point. (Figure 3
and Table 15.)

P. Nasal Bridge Projection: A measurement
of outward projection of the nasal bridge struc-
ture from the base points used to define nasal
bridge breadth. This distance, measured per-
pendicular to a plane approximating the ante-
rior surface plane of the nose structure, is used.
to indicate the width and depth measurement
of a mask configuration correlating to the mid-
bridge area. (Figure 3 and Table 16.)

Q. Bialar Nose Projection: A measurement of
outward projection of the nose tip from the
plane of the face. This measurement is occa-
sionally used to indicate a minimum mask depth
(anterior-posterior) dimension for nose clearance
and corresponds to the nasal root and bridge
projection measurements. (Figure 3 and Table
17.)

R. Nasion-Menton Nose Projection: A meas-
urement of nose projection from a plane passing
through the base points of nasal root depression
and the most anterior surface of chin projec-
tion. This measurement may also be used to
indicate a minimum depth dimension, like that
of the bialar nose projection, for masks designed
to cover the chin area. (Figure 1 and Table 18.)

IV. Conclusions.

To assure the most effective and efficient
utilization of these dimensional data as design
criteria, consideration is given to the specific
design needs and application of specific face
dimensions. Certain measurements of facial

structure are used to define a maximum design-
limit dimension while others establish minimum
dimensional limitations for a particular design
feature.

The specific measurements of nasion-menton
distance and lip length, extended, as examples,
illustrate the practical application of these dimen-
sional data. Limitations of a vertical mask-
length dimension would be determined by the
smallest nasion-menton measurement revealed
by the population considered for design accom-
modation. Any dimension greater than this
would most certainly result in excessive mask
coverage extending into or above the eyes and
brow ridges, below the chin, or both. An ef-
fective mask seal could not be realized in this
condition. In a similar fashion, a mask-width
dimension must be determined by the greatest
lip length, extended measurement. Anything
less could result in an ineffective seal with the
corners of the mouth extending beyond the
mask edge. This is a realistic problem for de-
sign consideration, realizing the possibility of
inadvertent actions of coughing, sneezing, and
other face-distorting causes. One additional
measurement that should be considered in re-
gard to face-distortion problems is a dimension
taken from points nasion to supramentale with
the mouth fully open. This measurement would
indicate a maximum vertical mask dimension,
similar in function to that of the lip length,
extended measurement. These data will be
provided for use at a later date.

The other primary facial dimensions of specific
design value are those measuring the relative pro-
jection of the nose structure. These four measure-
ments define certain areas of nose projection away
from the adjacent face surfaces. They are con-
sidered as minimum design dimensions to accom-
modate the largest and most projecting nose
structures. Since these dimensions are measured
from the adjacent face surface, they may be used
with the nose-breadth measurement to determine
the desired relative depths and widths of the mask
design.

Tn view of the extreme range of variability found
in these dimensions for our population of less than
1 year to adult size, these measurements may
serve merely as a general guide to support major
efforts of using unique designs and materials to
provide a suitable universal-type mask.

It may be noted that in the tables of dimensions,
certain facial measurements of an older age group



Table 5. Nose Length. Table 7. Nasion-Supramentale Distance.

Female Male : Female Male
Age Mean Range Mean Range Age Mean Range Mean Range
lmo 0.88 —0. 75-0. 98 1mo 1.87 1. 69-2, 01
6mo 0. 96 0. 83-1. 02 6 mo 2. 02 1, 81-2. 20
lyr 1.02 0, 91-1. 34 (Male and female lyr 215 1.97-2,60 (Male and female
2yr 1.16 1. 06-1. 30 combined) 2yr 253 2, 28-2. 80 combined)
3 yr 1.300 114-142 3 yr 262 2. 40-2, 87
4yr 1.40 1,02-1. 46 4yr 2.67 2. 36-2. 87
5 yr 1.41 1. 26-1. 61 1.45 134-165 9 5yr 268 252283 280 2523.11
6 yr 1.51 1. 30-1. 77 1,52 1.26-1.73 9 6yr 2.76 248-315 289 260-319
Tyr 1. 54 1. 26-1. 81 1, 58 1, 88-1. 81 Tyr 2.82 2,283.39 289 2.60-3.39
8 yr 1.61 1. 34-1. 85 1.61 1. 30-1. 81 8yr 2.92 2443.23 299 2 68-3.50
9 yr 1. 66 1. 46-1. 85 1.68 146-193 9yr 2.95 -2.60-3.23 3.08 =, 76-3. 54
10 yr 1.70 1. 42-2, 05 1.70 1.42-2.01 10 yr 3.06 2723.46 3.06 2, 76-366
il yr 171 1. 54-1. 89 1.76 1.61-1.89 11 yr 3.07 283-831 9 BAL 2..92-3. 30
12 yr 1. 82 1. 69-2. 01 1.84 1.40-2.17 12 yr 3.19 311-335 3.20 2. 95-3. 50
13 yr 1.90 1. 73-2. 24 1. 92 1. 65-2.32 18 yr 3.22 2.92-3.50 3.30 3. 03-3. 78
14 yr 1.95 1. 69-2.20 1.94 1.61-2.24 © 14yr 3.26 3.033.438 3.38 2, 80-3. 78
15 yr 1.90 154-220 2.01 173-228 9 15 yr 3.23 -2.87-3.86 = 3.538. 07-3. 94
16 yr 1.95 1.69-2.28 2.07 1.77-2.32 16 yr 3.31 2.87-3.78 3.56 3. 03-3. 98
V7 yr 1.93 1. 69-2.20 2.10 181-244 © 17 yr 3.3L 299-374 360 311-398
Table 6. Nasion-Stomion Distance. Table 8. Nasion-Menton Distance.
Female Male Female Male
Age Mean Range Mean Range Age Mean Range Mean Range
lmo 1.88 1. 46-1. 69 imo 236 2, 28-2. 72
6 mo 1.61 1,541, 73 6 mo 2.77 2. 56-2, 95
lyr 1.76 (Male and female lyr 2.85  2,68-3.03 (Male and female
2yr 198 combined) Qyr 3.14 3,03-3. 27 combined)
3 yr 2.05 3yr 3.37 3. 15-3. 66
4yr 2.08 ' 4yr 3.41 3, 19-3, 58
B yr 216 205-240 227 2 13-2,48 Syr 3.49 3.23-3.78 3.61 3, 31-3. 98
6 yr 223 2 2.32 2 05-2. 64 6 yr 360 311-398 3.76 343-417
Tyr 227, 1 2.35 2. 13-2, 68 Tyr 3. 67 3. 15-4, 06 3. 82 3. 39-4, 29
8 yr 234 2. 240 217-276 8yr 3.75 = -2,99-4.18 3.87 8. 46-4. 87
9 yr 2392 247 2. 90-2. 87 9yr 3.84 343-429 4.01 3. 54-4, 57
10 yr 248 2 245 217-283 10yr 3.93 3. 58-4, 37 3.97 3. 62-4, 37
yr 249 2 253 228-272 lyr 3.99 370-433 4.03 3, 78-4. 33
12 yr 260 2 2.61 232-287 12yr 404 3.94413 4138 3,78-4.53
13 yr 262 2 267 240-307. 13yr 4.17 3.70-4. 61 426 374-4. 84
14 yr 260 2 2.73 2,32-2.99 I4yr 423 3.94445 4.32 370-476
15 yr 2.61 2. 2. 83 2. 52-3. 11 15 yr 417 3, 78-4, 53 4,53 402-4. 96
16 yr 265 = 2 288 248331 l6yr 428 3745.00 459 4.06-5.00
17 yr 2. 64 291 260-323 17 yr 429 3.90480 468  4.09-5.12

Appendix 8


APPENDIX
| ‘ J

Ficure 1. Locations of head and face measurements es-
tablished by anatomical landmarks (side view).

Ficure 2. Locations of head and face measurements estab-
lished by anatomical landmarks (front. view).



are equal to or less than the same measurements
of a younger age group. This eccurrence is due,
in part, to a factor of sampling error and total
subject distribution; however, this should not
detract from the usefulness of this dimensional
information. If a particular measurement is one
for use in determining 2 maximum dimension, the
largest figure should be used regardless of age and,
similarly, the smallest figure for a minimum
dimension. All measurements referred to in the
tables are given in inches.

V. Summary.

The development of a universal-type oxygen
mask that will adequately fit an entire flying
passenger population presents a difficult design
problem. One of the primary reasons for this
difficulty is due to the extreme ranges of variability
found in face structure and the infinite number of
face size and shape combinations.

A comprehensive field survey was conducted,
using 978 Caucasian male and female subjects of
ages 1 month through 17 years to measure 18
specific face structures and areas. These selected
measurements were considered significant for
design use and establishing the ranges of dimen-
sional variability that determine the limitations

of a mask configuration. In Figure 4, the out-
lined areas superimposed on the face illustrate
the limitations of overall mask coverage imposed
by these ranges of variability. Observe the
smaller area illustrating the minimum mask size
and similarly the larger area indicating a maxi-
mum mask size. The significance of these dimen-
sional ranges (Tables 1 to 18) becomes apparent
when the measurements that define the gross mask
dimensions are examined and compared. In some
instances, the dimensional difference of a range is
greater than 50% of the actual maximum measure-
ment.

To assist design efforts in mask development
and functional evaluations, sets of realistic dimen-
sional data of face structure and areas have been
provided as a guide to establish practical design
criteria. Each measurement is defined, described,
and discussed with respect to a particular design
problem.

Due to the nature of face variability and the
present need to accommodate all age groups with
a single mask type, consideration must be given
to both unique design approaches and highly
flexible materials to compensate for these extreme
variations.


Age
imo
6 mo
lyr
2 yr
3 yr

byt
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
9yr
10 yr
li yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
yr

Age
1mo
6 mo
lyr
Qyr
Byr
4yr
Syr
Gyr
Tyr
8 yr
9 yr
10 yr
lyr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
V7 yr

Appendix

Table 1. Head Length.

Mean
5.17
81
36
71
85
91
87
93
96
00
00
u
17
13
33.
27
26
7.30
7.84

NAAN ANN ANA HAMHOM AHH

Female

Range

4, 80-5.
5. 63-5.
6. 14-6.
6. 42-7.
6. 65-7.
6. 50-7.
6. 30-7.
6, 26-7.
6. 65-7.
6. 50-7.
6, 18-7.
6, 61-7.
6. 57-7.
6. 97-7.
6. 54-7.
6. 89-7.
6. 81-7.
6. 73-7.
6. 85-7.

35
87
54
ol
20
52
24
80
56
52
52
28
56
28
83
72
60
87
80

Mean

Male
Range

(Male and female

7.
7.

NAN ANN ANN

Table 2. Head Breadth.

Female

Mean Range

4,11 3, 98-4, 29
4.59 4, 13-4. 96
4, 84 4, 53-5. 00
4, 98 4, 80-5. 43
5.06 4, 92-5, 28
5, 20 4, 92-5, 43
5,31 5, 04-5. 83
5.84 5. 00-5. 83
5.36 4, 92-5. 79
5,39 4, 96-5. 83
5.46 5. 16-6, 18
5, 50 5. 16-5. 87
5.51 5. 12-5. 94
5. 60 5, 39-5. 79
5. 67 5. 39-6. 10
5.74 5, 47-6. 06
5. 67 5, 24-6. 06
5.70 5. 39-6. 02
5. 69 5, 43-6. 06

Mean

combined)

07 6. 65-7. 36
20 6. 73-7. 64
13 6. 50-7. 76
34 6. 81-7. 99
30 6. 73-7. 72
33 6. 54-8. 07
27 6, 54-7. 72
14 6. 54-7. 64
33 6. 38-7. 99
38 7. 01-8. 07
45 7. 01-7. 72
53 6. 81-8. 07
54 6. 85-7. 99

Male
Range

(Male and female

5.

AMAAAAKR AMA HH

combined)

40 5. 12-5. 71
Bl 4, 96-5. 91
54 5. 16-5. 91
525, 00-5, 94
65 5. 28-6, 22
62 5. 24-5. 98
62 5. 28-5. 98,
62 «5, 28-5. 83,
75 5. 81-5, 98
81 5, 35-6. 30
87 «5. 55-6. 30
91-5. 43-6, 22
96 5, 59-6. 34

Age
1 mo
6 mo
lyr
Qyr
3 yr
4yr
B yr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
9 yr
10 yr
li yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
1 yr

Age
1mo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
3 yr
4yr
Syr
6 yr
Tyr
Syr
Qyr
10 yr
ll yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
V7 yr

Table 3. Bizygomatic Diameter.

Female

Mean Range

3. 67 3. 54-3, 82
3.76 3. 54-4, 41
3. 81 3. 52-4, 09
3.79 3. 58-4, 08.
4, 23 4, 09-4, 45,
4,35 4, 13-4, 57
4, 24 3. 78-4. 02
4.35 4, 02-4. 72
4.39 3, 90-4. 88.
4.47 4, 13-4. 84
4.57 4, 29-4, 96
4, 67 4. 37-5. 08
4,74 4, 45-5, 12
4, 87 4, 76-5. 00
5. 02 4, 57-5. 51
5. 08 4, 72-5. 43
5. 04 4, 37-5. 31
5.08 4. 65-5, 43
5.13 4. 69-5, 94

Table 4. Bigonial Diameter.

Female

Mean Range

2. 85 2. 72-3, 07
2.99 2. 76-3, 15
3, 06 2. 92-3, 27
3, 03 2. 72-3. 35
3.12 2. 87-3, 27
3. 37 3. 11-3, 66
3. 28 2. 92-3. 58
3.44 3. 03-3. 70
3. 50 3. 03-3, 70
3.45 3. 19-3. 82
3. 59 3. 15-4, 02
3. 62 3. 15-4, 13
3.72 3. 50-3, 98.
3. 81 3. 62-4. 06
3. 80 3. 46-4. 17
3. 83 3, 54-4. 17
3. 80 3. 43-4. 21
3. 85 3, 58-4. 17
3. 83 3. 43-4, 09

Male
Mean Range
(Male and female
combined)
4,27 4, 09-4. 53
4,45 4. 13-4. 76
4.53 4. 13-5. 04
4, 56 4, 02-5. 08
4.73 4, 29-5, 47
4.70 3. 58-5, 08
4.79 4, 37-5, 12
4. 86 4, 53-5, 24
5. 06 4. 76-5, 51
5.11 4, 80-5. 51
5, 25 4, 88-5, 63.
5. 84 4, 92-5, 83
5.42 4, 82-5, 83
Male
Mean Range

(Male and female

3L
38
43
57
70
7
80
4
90
93
03.
14
16

BRR 99 99 92 99 99 99 go 99 92 99

combined)

58
74
86
06
37
17

L. O2
3. 98
L 33.

. 25
L. 25
76
AL



SELECTED FACIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILDREN
FOR OXYGEN-MASK DESIGN

Joseph W. Young, A.M.

Approved by Released by
Bled Dilke (UStge€ 10
J. Rozert Druin, M.D. P.V. Srecet, M.D.
Cur, Crvi AzromepicaL Instrrure FuppraL Arr SuRGEON
April 1966

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
Office of Aviation Medicine .



Age
1lmo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
3yr
4yr
byr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
Oyr
10 yr
llyr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
17 yr

Age
lmo
6 mo
lyr
Qyr
3yr
4yr
Byr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
9 yr
10 yr
lyr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
17 yr

Appendix

Table 13. Lip Length, Normal.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
1.08 0. 98-1. 26
109 0. 95-1, 34
1.28 = 1141,50 (Male and female
118 0, 98-1. 50 combined)
1.38 1.22157
1.49 1, 26-1. 69
143° 1.22461 146 122-1, 65
1.51 1, 26-1. 69 1.55 1. 38-1, 77
L570 1.34220 61.56 1. 80-1. 81
1.58 1. 34-1. 81 1.59 1. 42-1, 81
1.63 1, 42-1, 81 1.65 1. 34-1, 89
165 1501.81 169 1.46-1.97
1.69 142185 172 1.46-1.97
L77 L69-485 0 77) 1,592.17
1720 L42197 1.78 1.541.938
184°  LS71.97 1.801. 57-205
L77 1.56-2.05 1.84 1. 65-2. 09
L78 1.54201 1.90 1.50-2.17
L81 -1.50-209 1.901. 65-2. 13

Table 14. Lip Length, Extended.
Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range

(No measurements were taken
on these age groups)

1.97 1, 61-2. 40 2. 00 1. 65-2, 24
2.00 1, 69-2. 24 2.05 1, 73-2. 36
2,10 1, 85-2. 44 2,12 1. 69-2. 40
2.09 1. 77-2. 48 2.13

2.19 1. 85-2, 44 2, 21

2. 26 2. 05-2, 56 2, 29

2, 26 2. 01-2. 68 2. 29

2. 34 2, 24-2. 60 2. 34

2. 37 2, 13-2. 76 2. 45 2. 13-2. 68
2. 44 2, 28-2. 64 2. 43

2. 30 1, 89-2. 80 2, 48

2. 36 1, 98-2, 83 2.55 a

2. 34 1. 93-2, 64 2. 48 2, 09-2. 99

10

Age

imo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
3 yr
4yr
Syr
Gyr
Tyr
Syr
9 yr
10 yr
ll yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
Wyr

Age
1mo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
3 yr
4yr
5 yr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
9yr
10 yr
lyr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
yr

Table 15. Nasal Root Projection.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0. 16 0. 08-0. 20
0. 20 0. 12-0, 28
0. 23 0. 08-0, 28 (Male and female
0. 20 0. 16-0. 28 combined)
0. 25 0. 16-0. 35
0. 22 0. 12-0, 43
0. 31 0. 20-0. 47 0. 35 0. 28-0. 47
0. 32 0. 24-0, 47 0. 33 0. 24-0, 51
0. 33 0. 16-0. 43 0. 36 0, 28-0. 47
0. 35 0. 28-0. 51 0. 37 0, 28-0. 47
0. 38 0. 20-0. 51 0. 38 0. 24-0, 51
0. 37 0, 24-0, 47 0, 387 0, 20-0, 51
0. 37 0. 28-0. 51 0. 39 0. 28-0. 47
0. 38 0. 20-0. 43 0. 47 0. 35-0. 87
0, 37 0. 28-0. 55 0. 41 0. 28-0. 63
0. 43 0. 35-0. 59 0. 44 0. 28-0. 63
0. 40 0. 28-0, 47 0, 52 0. 31-0. 71
0. 40 0. 28-0, 51 0. 50 0. 28-0. 63
0. 41 0. 28-0. 63 0. 50 0, 28-0. 63

Table 16. Nasal Bridge Projection.

Female Male

Mean Range Mean Range
0.29 0, 20-0. 39
0.30 0, 28-0. 35

0. 31 0. 20-0. 39 (Male and female

0. 37 0. 35-0. 55 combined)

0. 50 0. 35-0. 63

0. 54 0. 28-0. 75

0.59 0, 43-0. 79 0. 64 0. 51-0. 79
0. 62 0. 55-0. 75 0. 64 0. 47-0, 91
0. 64 0. 51-0. 79 0. 68. 0. 51-0. 87
0. 67 0. 51-0. 83 0. 69 0. 51-0. 91
0. 70 0. 55-0. 87 0.73 0, 55-1. 02
0.72 0. 47-0. 95 0.71 0. 55-0. 83
0.72 0. 55-0. 83 0. 76 0. 63-0. 91
0. 81 0. 71-0. 87 0. 81 0. 67-1. 10
0. 80 0. 59-0. 98 0. 84 0. 67-1, 22
0. 82 0. 71-1. 02 0. 87 0. 63-1. 14
0. 80 0. 59-0. 98 0. 94 0. 75-1. 18
0.79 0. 63-1. 06 0. 92 0. 71-1. 14
0. 80 0. 59-1. 10 0. 91 0. 71-1. 30


1mo
6 mo
lyr
Qyr
Byr
4yr
Syr
6yr
Tyr
8 yr
9 yr
10 yr
lyr
12 yr
13 yr
l4yr
15 yr
16 yr
7 yr

Age
1lmo
6 mo
lyr
2Qyr
Byr
4yr
Syr
6 yr
Tyr

9 yr
10 yr
ll yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
17 yr

Appendix

Table 9. Interocular Diameter.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0. 93 0. 71-0. 98
0. 95 0. 87-1. 06
0. 99 0. 95-1. 18 (Male and female
0. 99 0. 79-1. 06 combined)
1.07 0. 91-1, 22
1.10 0. 98-1. 22
1.09 0. 95-1, 26 1.08 0. 95-1.
L115 0. 98-1. 34 115 0. 98-1.
1.13 0. 95-1. 26 Lis 0. 98-1,
114 0. 98-1. 34 1.15 0. 91-1.
1.16 0. 98-1. 30 1,19 0. 95-1.
La17 0. 87-1, 42 119 0. 98-1.
1,18 1. 06-1, 34 1.20 114-1.
117 1. 06-1, 22 1.19 1. 06-1.
1, 23 1. 10-1, 38 1, 22 0. 98-1.
1, 22 1. 10-1. 38 1, 26 1,10-1.
L121 0. 95-1. 46 1, 26 1. 06-1.
1,20 0. 98-1. 38 1.30 1.141,
1, 22 0. 91-1. 46 1, 26 110-1,

Table 10. Nasal Root Breadth.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0.47 0. 24-0. 59
0. 49 0. 47-0. 59
0. 51 0. 43-0. 55 (Male and female
0. 52 0. 35-0. 59 combined)
0. 58 0. 51-0. 63
0. 55 0. 47-0. 59
0. 59 0. 47-0, 71 0. 61 0. 47-0.
0. 61 0. 47-0, 71 0. 62 0. 51-0.
0. 62 0. 51-0, 75 0. 62 0. 51-0.
0. 63 0. 47-0. 75 0. 63 0. 43-0.
0. 63 0. 47-0. 75 0. 65 0. 47-0.
0. 63 0. 51-0. 83 0. 63 0. 47-0.
0. 64 0. 52-0. 79 0. 65 0. 51-0.
0. 61 0. 51-0. 71 0. 64 0. 59-0.
0. 67 0. 51-0. 75 0. 68 0. 51-0.
0. 64 0. 55-0, 83 0. 69 0. 51-0.
0. 70 0. 51-0. 95 0. 75 0. 63-0.
0. 68 0. 55-0. 83 0. 75 0. 47-0.
0. 72 0. 59-0. 87 0. 74 0. 63-0.

26
34
34
34
42
38
30
22
33
54
42
50
50

7

. 79

7

87
83

). 75

71

. 87

91

. 83,
. 91
. 91

Age
imo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
Syr
4yr
5 yr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
Qyr
10 yr
li yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
V7 yr

Age
1 mo
6 mo
lyr
2Qyr
Byr
4yr
byr

Tyr
8yr
9yr

10 yr

lL yr

12 yr

13 ry

14 yr

15 yr

16 yr

17 yr

Table 11. Nasal Bridge Breadth.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0. 81 0. 59-1. 02
0. 83 0. 71-0. 95
0. 90 0. 79-0. 95 (Male and female
0. 93 . 10 combined)
1.00 10
1.05 0. 95-1. 14
1,05 0. 91-1. 22 1.12 1, 02-1. 26
Lit 0. 95-1. 30 114 0. 98-1. 22
114 0. 98-1. 30 1.15 0. 98-1. 34
1.14 0, 95-1. 30 1.16 0. 95-1. 30
114 0. 98-1. 26 1. 20 0. 98-1. 38
115 0. 83-1. 34 1,18 0. 95-1. 34
1.19 1. 06-1. 34 1.20 1. 10-1. 34
1.16 1. 14-1. 22 1,21 1. 14-1. 42
1,26 1. 06-1. 46 1,24 1
1.29 1. 14-1. 46 1.28 1
1.21 0. 98-1. 38 1.28 1.
1.18 0, 98-1. 34 1.28 1
1.19 1, 02-1, 42 1.27 1

Table 12. Nose Breadth.

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0. 91 0. 83-0. 98
0. 92 0. 79-1. 06
0. 95 0. 83-1. 14 (Male and female
1.05 0. 95-1. 30 combined)
1.06 0. 98-1. 18
1.10 0. 98-1. 26
1.05 0. 95-1. 18. 1.08 0. 98-1. 18
1,09 0. 87-1. 22 1.13 0. 98-1. 30
1.12 0. 95-1. 22 1,13 1, 02-1. 30
LiL 0. 95-1. 22 114 0. 98-1, 26
1.13 0. 98-1. 22 1.16 1
1.415 1, 02-1. 42 1.17 L
1.18 1. 14-1, 22 1.19 1
1.18 1. 10-1. 42 1,19 L
1. 26 1. 10-1, 42 1,25 L
1. 28 1, 14-1. 46 1. 26 L
1.25 1. 06-1. 42 1.33 1
1. 23 1, 10-1. 42 138 1
1.26 2. 06-1. 38 1. 36 1.



2 cA

<O oe

_
Q

Se Area outline for maximum
.,

Area outline for minimum oronasal mask coverage.

oronasal mask coverage,

Fieure 4. Area outlines illustrating practical range limitations of oronasal-mask design and relationships to selected ana-
tomical points for facial measurement,

Appendix


cation in determining a mask configuration are
discussed. Other measurements (of the head and
face) are included in this series; they may not
have immediate usefulness for the present needs
but are included for future ‘use in design problems
requiring this information.

Measuring instruments used for this survey
included a standard olive-tip spreading caliper
with fitted flat acrylic tips, a standard sliding
caliper and a special depth-height gage adapted
for use with the sliding caliper. This gage was
used to determine the relative heights of nose
structure projecting from the adjacent face areas.

Ill. Description of Measurements.

The following measurements are identified by
letters corresponding to those shown in Figures
1, 2, and 3. (All figures and tables are given in
the appendix.)

A. Head Length: The greatest distance between
the most anterior midline point on the forehead
(glabella) and posterior projection of the back of
the head (occipital area). (Figure 1 and Table 1).

B. Head Breadth: The greatest bilateral di-
ameter of the head measured in a plane perpen-
dicular to the anterior-posterior head plane.
(Figure 2 and Table 2).

C. Bizygomatic Diameter: The greatest distance
between the most lateral projections of the cheek-
bones (zygomatic arches). This measurement
defines the maximum breadth limits of the face
and can be useful as design information for
equipment extending to and covering these lateral
areas. (Figure 2 and Table 3).

D. Bigonial Diameter: The greatest distance
between the lateral angles (gonial angles) of the
jaw (mandible). (Figure 2 and Table 4).

E. Nose Length: The distance between the
upper nasal root depression and the bottom of
the nose (point subnasale). This measurement,
when used with other related measurements,
will define an upper limit of the face or terminal
point of vertical mask height and a locator point
for the measurement of maximum anterior nose
projection. (Figure 1 and Table 5).

F. Nasion-Stomion Distance: The distance be-
tween the nasal root depression and the point of
upper and lower lip intersection. For practical
design purposes, this measurement approximates
the level of superior margin of the mouth opening.
(Figure 1 and Table 6).

G. Nasion-Supramentale: The distance between
the nasal root depression and the line of depression

between the lower lip and chin projection (usually
the most posterior point along the symphysis
menti, inferior to the infradentale point and
superior to the mental protuberance). This
measurement may be considered of some impor-
tance to the design of oxygen masks for two
reasons. The depression marking the lower
measuring point is a convenient area for the
inferior sealing edge of the mask and represents
the highest point on the chin area desirable for
mask-edge contact and minimum mouth-lip clear-
ance. (Figure 1 and Table 7).

H. Nasion-Menton: This measurement, taken
from the nasal root depression to the lower point
on the chin, defines total face height and is
useful as a maximum vertical dimension of a mask.
(Figure 1 and Table 8).

I. Interocular Diameter: The distance between
the inner corners of the eyes (internal canthus
points). This measurement becomes significant
for use when the upper part of a mask is designed
for maximal vertical height and extends into the
nasal root depression. In this event, the measure-
ment would define the maximum limits of mask
width covering the upper nose structure to: pre-
clude interference with the eyes. (Figure 2 and
Table 9).

J. Nasal Root Breadth: A bilateral measure-
ment of nose breadth taken at the level of the
nasal root depression. This measurement can be
used to define a width dimension for mask nose-
piece design. (Figure 2 and Table 10).

K. Nasal Bridge Breadth: A bilateral measure-
ment of the nasal bridge structure taken from
points of bridge and face intersection (a point
where the frontal process of the maxillary bone
bends anteriorly to form the nasal bridge base).
For practical purposes, this measurement defines
the widest breadth dimension of the nose base
structure concerned with mask contact and the
lowest desirable level of mask coverage for the
oronasal area. The level of this particular
dimension along the nose structure approximates
the lower (distal) ends of the solid bone founda-
tion (nasal bones). In addition, for practical
design purposes, the level of this measurement can
be considered to lie in a plane that bisects the
total nose structure along its length axis. (Figure
2 and Table 11).

L. Nose Breadth: A bilateral measurement of
the maximum external breadth (diameter across
the nasal alae). (Figure 2 and Table 12).


SELECTED FACIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CHILDREN FOR
OXYGEN-MASK DESIGN

I. Introduction.

Current flight conditions and anticipated pro-
grams in commercial air travel have created a
need to improve the functional efficiency of
oxygen masks. A significant portion of this ef-
ficiency can be realized with improved designs
and materials to assure proper oxygen delivery
by adequate mask fit for all potential mask
users, including infants and children.

Designing a universal oxygen mask is diffi-
cult but necessary when provision for a series
of graded mask sizes is impractical or impos-
sible. The extremes of variability found in facial
dimensions, shape, and tissue characteristics of
well-reported adult populations are amplified when
all ages are considered.

Practical design criteria for oxygen masks
must result from a complete descriptive and
dimensional knowledge of the face. Numerous
studies of the facial structures important to
mask design have described representative adult
populations as well as younger age groups. No
previous study, however, includes measurements
on infants or descriptions of certain face structures
for all ages necessary to the development of a
universal mask. The dimensional information
also provides a reliable procedure for evaluating
new mask configurations. .

Bighteen measurements were taken on 978
subjects in selected age groups from 1 month
through 17 years. The number of subjects in
each group varied, but the sex distribution was
reasonably constant. In the groups from 1
month through 4 years, no sex distinction was
made; each group had 20 subjects. The sub-
ject distribution of all other age groups is as
follows: 5 years—31; 6 years—91; 7 years—103;
8 years—93 ; 9 years—79; 10 years—67 ; 11 years—
40; 12 years—18; 13 years—58; 14 years—45; 15
years—76; 16 years—90; 17 years—67. School-
age subjects were selected from throughout the
Oklahoma County School System. All preschool
subjects (1 month to 5 years) were measured in

their homes or in the Clinics of the University of
Oklahoma Medical Center.

II. Procedure.

It was necessary to specify the facial areas
that must be accommodated by a fitted mask.
Nondeformable areas such as the upper portion
of the nasal bridge present an entirely different
design problem from that offered by the more
elastic or pliable areas around the mouth and
cheeks. Both tissue areas, however, must be
accommodated by a single universal mask.
Measurements that define structures associated
with large amounts of soft tissue covering or
with the muscles of expression can be quite
variable. Normal facial expressions such as
laughing, yawning, coughing, and sneezing change
many baseline measurements taken under normal
conditions, This realistic design problem makes
necessary the definition and description of the
ranges of variation of these measurements.

The standard facial measurements as reported
in the literature present an overall sizing de-
scription of major face structures or areas and
are based on specific, established, anatomical
landmarks. Additional measurements on spe-
cific face structures and areas were considered es-
sential to the design effort and were selected and
standardized for use as practical design informa-
tion. Only one standard anatomical landmark
used as a measuring point has been modified for
the convenience and practical use of this study.
Point nasion is used here to indicate the mid-
point of the nasal root depression, and does not
necessarily, coincide with the fronto-nasal suture
landmark.

The specific face area of concern for oxygen-
mask design is the area surrounding and includ-
ing the nose and mouth (oronasal area); there-
fore, a definition, description, and application of
each measurement for design use relating to this
and adjacent areas is considered. Only those
measurements considered essential for direct appli-



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. R. G. Snyder and Clyde C. Snow
for their continued support and program evaluation throughout the entire
study and to Miss Fritza P. Scott for her assistance in illustration prepara-
tion and technical editing.

In addition, to the many subjects, parents, and organizations who made
this study possible, my sincere appreciation for their unselfish cooperation

and sacrifice of personal time.

Qualified requesters may obtain Aviation Medical Reports from Defense Documentation
Center. The general public may purchase from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151.


Age
1 mo
6mo
lyr
Qyr
Byr
4yr
5 yr
6 yr
Tyr
8 yr
Oyr
10 yr
li yr
1 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
17 yr

Appendix

Table 17. Bilar Nose Projection.

Mean
0. 54

63
60
70
71
81
84
86
90
94
99
02
07
15
18
16
19
22

Prerprerrssssssssres

Female

Range

47-0. 63
51-0. 63
47-0. 75
24-0. 71
51-0, 83
55-0. 98,
67-1. 02
67-0. 98
TI-1. 02
79-1. 10
10
18
22,
14

rrorerssssssssseeese9o

Male
Mean

Range

(Male and female

rPreprereresosesoss

combined)

85 0. 79-0.
86 0. 75-0.
89 0. 79-1.
92 0. 79-1.
95 0. 83-1.
96 0. 63-1.
99 0. 63-1.
07 0. 91-1
16 0. 75-1,
25 0. 94-1.
37 1. 02-1
35 1. 02-17
35 1 dl

98
98
02
06
18
10
18

. 26

38
46

. 65

57
57

eo

Age
1mo
6 mo
lyr
2yr
Byr
4yr
5 yr
Gyr
Tyr
9 yr
9yr
10 yr
ll yr
12 yr
13 yr
14 yr
15 yr
16 yr
7 yr

Table 18. Nasion-Menton Nose Projection.

© U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :1966-—O-224-077

Female Male
Mean Range Mean Range
0. 52 0.
0. 53 0.
0. 56 0. (Male and female
0. 62 0. combined)
0. 63 0.
0. 65 0.
0.73 0. 0.75 0. 63-0. 91
0. 75 0. 0.76 0. 55-0. 95
0.77 0. 0.79 0. 63-0, 91
0. 80 0. 0. 80 0. 63-0. 95
0. 83 0. 0.83 0, 67-0. 98
0. 87 0. 0. 83 0. 71-0. 95
0.88 0. 0. 88 0. 79-0. 98.
0. 90 0. 0.91 0. 79-1. 06
0. 96 0. 0. 97 0. 71-1, 22
0. 95 0. 1.07 0. 79-1. 30
0. 97 0. 1.13 0. 87-1. 42
0. 99 0. 1.10 0. 91-1, 26
0. 99 0. 114 0. 87-1. 26