Cruise Ship Plume

Tracking Survey

Report
ii

Acknowledgements

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Water prepared this Cruise Ship

Plume Tracking Survey Report. The EPA’s Ocean Survey Vessel Peter W. Anderson

(Anderson) was used as the platform to conduct operations. Appreciation is extended to the crew

of the Anderson, as contracted by Metson Marine, Inc., in the management of ship operations

and Battelle for assistance in the design and implementation of sampling protocols. Royal

Caribbean and Carnival Cruise Lines were most accommodating in providing access to cruise

ships and working with EPA personnel to assure the sampling protocols would be successfully

coordinated and performed with their vessels.

Special Appreciation is accorded to the following individuals whose technical expertise and

assistance made this report successful.

David Redford, EPA Office of Water

Kennard Potts, EPA Office of Water

Robert Howard, EPA Region IV

Nancy Wheatley, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines

William Wright, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines

Jim Walsh, Carnival Cruise Lines

Elaine Heldewier, Carnival Cruise Lines

Kenwyn George, State of Alaska

Don Kim, AMSEC,LLC

Stan Deno, International Council of Cruise Lines

Office of Water

Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds

EPA842-R-02-001

www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/

September 2002
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction..............................................................................................1

2. Methods...................................................................................................3

2.1 Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships...............................3

2.2 Methods Description.............................................................................3

3. Survey Results and Discussion........................................................................ 7

4. Findings and Conclusions............................................................................17

5. References..............................................................................................18

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Survey Party and Responsibilities............................................................. 1

Table 2. Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ship.................................. 4

Table 3. Summary of Field Instrument Measurements................................................. 5

Table 4. Numbers of Samples Collected and Plume Tracking Transects Completed................6

Table 5. Analyte, Sampling Method, Volume, Preservation, and Holding Times.................... 7

Table 6. Locations of Buoys Deployments from Cruise Ships and Buoy Retrieval by the OSV

Anderson During Each Plume Tracking Event.................................................. 8

Table 7. Average Dye Concentrations in Each Transect for Each Cruise Ship..................... 15

Table 8. Calculated and Measured Dye Concentrations and Dilutions for Each of the Four

Cruise Ships........................................................................................ 17

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Miami, FL, Offshore Study Area Showing Tracks of the OSV Anderson Through the

Plumes of Each of Four Cruise Ships Monitored............................................ 2

Figure 2. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S Majesty,

August 10, 2001................................................................................. 10

Figure 3. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Explorer, August 11, 2001..................................................................... 11

Figure 4. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Paradise, August 12, 2001..................................................................... 12

Figure 5. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Fascination, August 13, 2001................................................................. 13

Figure 6. Current Profile Data Taken Aboard the Explorer and Provided by the NOAA Office

in Miami, FL.................................................................................... 14
iv

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Drifter Tracks Three of the Four Cruise Ships Monitored

Appendix B: Sampling Log Table

Appendix C: Ship Tracks Showing Dye 2 Concentrations vs. Depth using Color Codes

Appendix D: Time Series Plots of Depth vs. Dye for Each Cruise Ship/Plume Tracked

Appendix E: Scatter Plots of Dye 2 Concentration vs. Depth

Appendix F: Discrete Dye Sample Data

Appendix G: Calculations for Calculated vs. Measured Dye Dilutions for Each Cruise Ship
1

1. Introduction

 The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing a Cruise Ship Discharge

Assessment Report in response to a petition the agency received in March 2000. The petition

requested that EPA assess and where necessary control discharges from cruise ships. Comments

received during public hearings, in 2000, resulted in the EPA agreeing to conduct a survey to

assess the discharge plumes resulting from cruise ships, operating in ocean waters off the Florida

coast and to compare the results to the Alaska dispersion models.

The EPA conducted a survey to track and quantify the plume dilution and dispersal, offshore

Miami, Florida (Figure 1), and within the normal transit lanes for cruise ships operating out of

Miami, on August 7-15, 2001. The survey was conducted aboard the U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency’s Ocean Survey Vessel Peter W. Anderson (OSV Anderson). The survey

participants along with affiliation and survey responsibility are listed in Table 1. Mobilization

for the survey was conducted at the U.S. Coast Guard Base in Miami, Florida on August 7, 8 and

9, 2001.

Table 1. Survey Party and Responsibilities.

Name Affiliation Survey Responsibility Survey Dates

Dave Redford EPA Headquarters Chief Scientist Aug 7-14, 2001

Ken Potts EPA Headquarters Work Assignment Manager Aug 7-14, 2001

Wayne Trulli Battelle Battelle Lead Scientist Aug 7-14, 2001

Bob Mandeville Battelle BOSS Operator Aug 7-14, 2001

Stacy Abramson Battelle Sampling Technician Aug 7-14, 2001

Tim Kaufman Battelle Winch operator Aug 7-14, 2001

Brandy Curtis Battelle Sampling technician Aug 7-14, 2001

Kenwyn George Alaska DEC Observer Aug 10-13, 2001

Bob Howard EPA Region IV Observer Aug 10-13, 2001

Don Kim AMSEC Observer Aug 10-13, 2001

Stan Demo ICCL Observer Aug 10-13, 2001

EPA worked with the International Council of Cruise Lines to identify cruise ships, their

location, transit routes and sailing schedules, and to coordinate with the needs of the survey.

EPA worked closely with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines and Carnival Cruise Lines

representatives and ship personnel to understand the complexities of identifying holding tanks,

and to coordinate the addition of dye to tanks, and the discharge of dye and drogues. The bridge

officers from the OSV Anderson and cruise ships also met to discuss protocols of handling the

ships while in close proximity of each other.

The dye plumes of four cruise ships were monitored: the Majesty of the Seas, the Explorer of the

Seas, the Paradise, and the Fascination. The Majesty of the Seas and the Explorer of the Seas

from Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines were monitored on August 10 and 11, respectively; and the
2

Paradise and Fascination from Carnival Cruise Lines were monitored on August 12 and 13,

respectively. The tracklines followed during monitoring for each ship are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Miami, FL, Offshore Study Area Showing Tracks Through the Plumes of Each

of Four Cruise Ships Monitored.

This survey report describes the daily activities of August 2001 Cruise Ship Plume Tracking

Survey, and provides a synopsis of the observations from the survey. It also provides data that

can be used to assess dispersion of cruise ship wastewater discharges, while in transit. A

description of the survey methods is provided in Section 2. Survey results are presented in

Section 3. Findings and conclusions are discussed in Section 4.

This study finds that dilution of discharges behind cruise ships moving at between 9.1 and 17.4

knots are diluted by a factor of between 200,000:1 and 640,000:1. Measured dilutions are

significantly higher than the 40,000:1 initial dilution predicted by a model developed by Colonell

et al (2000), suggesting that secondary dilution is an important factor.

N

Miami Coast 

Guard Base
3

2. Methods

The following subsections briefly summarize the methods used during this survey. The

combined work/quality assurance project plan (W/QAPP) for Cruise Ship Sampling (Battelle

2001)1 contains additional details on survey sampling methods.

2.1.Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships

The vessels provided a range of study platforms in terms of vessel sizes, types, and rates of

discharge studied. Table 2 lists each vessel’s specifications as they pertain to the study.

2.2. Method Descriptions:

Navigation. Vessel positioning during sampling operations was accomplished using the OSV

Anderson Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) interfaced to Battelle’s NavSam©

navigation system. The DGPS receiver has six dedicated channels and is capable of locking onto

six different satellites at one time. To correct the Global Positioning System (GPS) calculations,

the DGPS receives correction data from one of the United States Coast Guard DGPS broadcast

sites in Florida: Key West, Virginia Key, Cape Canaveral, Macdill AFB, and Egmont Key. This

capability ensured strong signal reception, and accurate and reliable positioning with 2-second

updates. The DGPS was operated and maintained according to the operator’s manual.

A calibration check of the navigation system vs. known benchmarks was conducted twice daily

to verify that the system was working properly. The checks were conducted prior to departing

the dock and following arrival at the dock during daily operations.

Plume Tracking Using the Battelle Ocean Sampling System. Plume tracking was conducted

using the Battelle Ocean Sampling System (BOSS) deployed from the OSV Anderson. Three

types of plume tracking activities were conducted during the survey: a shakedown survey, four

background surveys conducted on each survey day for each of the four ships, and the four plume

tracking surveys. Each type of survey is briefly discussed below.

The towfish with in situ sensor package (BOSS) was used to conduct all of the plume tracking

activities. The sensor package included a conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD) sensor, and a

fluorescence sensor (set at 0-5μg/L – referred to as Dye 1). A second fluorescence sensor (set at

0-50μg - referred to as Dye 2), was used in case concentrations exceeded the range of the first

sensor. Table 3 lists the field measurements acquired from the BOSS during each monitoring

event.

 

1

 Battelle. 2001. Work/Quality Assurance Project Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington, DC. Contract No. 68-C-00-121, Work

Assignment 1-23. 33pp+apps.
4

Table 2. Vessel Specifications and Test Conditions for Cruise Ships.

Most of the data were provided by the cruise lines.

Specification or Test Condition Cruise Ship

Majesty Explorer Paradise Fascination

Vessel Specifications

Length/Beam 268.3m/32.6m 311.13m/38.6m 260.6/31.4 260.6/31.4

Draft to lowest tip of screws 7.50 m 8.80 m 7.75 m 1.5 m

Draft to bottom of ship 7.70 m 8.80 m 7.75 m 7.75 m

Size of tank in study 220 m325.9 m3175 m330 m3

Type of tank Gray water Black water Gray water Gray water/ laundry

Location of discharge port N/A DN 150

FRAME 75-76

Starboard, frame 136 Port side, frame 32

Vertical depth 5.6 m 6.4 6 m 6.35 m

Distance from bow ~172.36 m from

forward PP

225 m 146 m at waterline 200.8 m at waterline

Distance from stern ~65.64 m from aft PP 66.6 m 114.6 m at waterline 59.8 m at waterline

Distance from screws 54.25 m 57.6 m 99.8 m ~15.2+m

Distance from keel 1.9 m 2.4 m 55.16 m 28.81 m

Distance from water line 5.6 m 6.4 m 6 m 1.25 m

Size of discharge pipe and

through-hull fitting

203 mm 203 mm 200 mm 88.9 mm

Discharge pump rate (rated) 220 m3/hr 50 m3/h 50 m3/hr 50 m3/hr

Number of propellers 2 3 2 2

Diameter of propellers 4.9 m (4 blades) 5.4 m fixipod

5.6 m azipods

5.2 m Azipods 5.2 m

Direction of propeller rotation (aft

view)

CW (port)

CC (starboard)

CC (starboard)

CW (port)

CW (fixipod)

CC (port)

CW (starboard)

CC (port)

CW (starboard)

Test Conditions

Vessel speed during test:

Speed Over Water (SOW)

17.4 knots 19 knots 15.0 knots (see

Survey Chronology)

9.1 knots (see Survey

Chronology)

Volume of seawater added to tank 113 m3 gray water

only

16.6 m3108 m3

gray water

only

27 m3 gray/ fresh

water

Volume of test solution at

discharge Time Zero (T0)

113 m3 + 114 L dye

(~0.1m3 dye)

18 m3 (includes

133 L dye -

~0.1m3 dye)

108 m3 + 133L dye

(~0.1m3 dye)

27 m3 + 137L dye

(~0.1m3 dye)

Date - Time discharge began (T0) 8/10/01 - 18:44 8/11/01 - 19:43 8/12/01 - 19:00 8/13/01 - 19:15

Time discharge completed (Tend) 19:41 20:01 19:30 19:35

Volume in tank when discharge

completed (Tend)

7 m31.2 m340 m33 m3

Volume in tank after 20 min

(calculated)

78 m3~1.2 m362.6 m3 ** 3 m3 ***

Number of pumps used to

discharge water/dye solution for

20 min.

1 0-20 min

2 20+ min

1 2 1

Discharge rate of pump(s)

(rated/actual)

220/112 m3/hr 50/56 m3/hr 50/68.0 m3/hr 50/72 m3/hr

Amount of dye in tank at T0 30 gal. 35 gal. 35 gal. 36 gal.

** Calculation: 108 m3 - 40 m3 = 68 m3 , and 68 m3 in 30 min pumping = 2.27 m3/min, then 2.27 m3/min * 20 min = 45.4 m3, and 108 m3 – 45.4

m

3

 = 62.6 m3.

***Calculation: 27 m3 - 3 m3 = 24 m3 , and 24 m3 in 20 min pumping = 1.2 m3/min, then 1.2 m3/min * 20 min = 24 m3, and 27 m3 – 24 m3 = 3

m

3

.
5

Table 3. Summary of Field Instruments Measurements

Parameter Lab Units Instrument

Conductivity Battelle Mmhos/cm OS200 CTD

Temperature Battelle °C OS200 CTD

Pressure Battelle M OS200 CTD

Transmissometry/turbidity Battelle m-1 Seatech 20-cm (660nm) (2)/Seapoint RWT

Sensor

Bottom depths Anderson M Furuno FCV-52

Navigational position Anderson Degrees Northstar 942X

Ocean current velocity Battelle Cm/sec RD Instruments ADCP WHM600-I-UG6

Sigma-t Battelle no units OS200 CTD (calculated)

Salinity Battelle PSU OS200 CTD (calculated)

Rhodamine fluorescence Battelle μg/L Seapoint RWT fluorometer

The rhodamine fluorometer measures dye concentrations (ppb) directly. All dye data reported in

this document were collected from the Dye 2 sensor (set to measure dye concentrations ranging

from 0-50 μg/L). These in-situ fluorescence measurements were electronically recorded

continuously throughout multiple passes for each plume monitored. All rhodamine dye

fluorescence data presented in this report are corrected for temperature.

The station/sample location number, GPS coordinates, date and time, depth of the water column,

and any observations associated with the sampling at each sampling location were made in the

field survey logbook. Each sample was assigned a unique ID and label by NavSam©, which also

electronically stored the field and sensor data. Exceptions are noted in Section 5.

BOSS sensor data were collected continuously during plume tracking activities. The BOSS was

deployed approximately 10 ft. off of the port side of the Anderson using the boom crane to

minimize the impact of the Anderson’s wake and propellers on the monitoring activities.

Shakedown Survey. A shakedown survey was conducted to determine whether the in-situ

fluorescence sensors were able to detect dye concentrations of <10μg/L. The Anderson transited

to a location in the ocean in the vicinity of the study area. Dye was carefully added directly into

the ocean (less than 0.5 gal.) via a funnel and a long Tygon tube as the Anderson transited at a

speed of approximately 5 kts. After the dye addition, the Anderson was maneuvered to run a

transect through the dye. When the in-situ dye fluorescence instruments registered faint spikes

indicating that dye was detected by both sensors, the Anderson headed back to Miami to make

preparations for tracking the Majesty plume on the following day.

Background Transect Monitoring and Sampling. A single background transect was conducted

on each survey day in the vicinity of the rendezvous point before the respective cruise ship

arrived on station (Figures 2-5). BOSS sensor data was collected continuously along transects

while on station waiting for the cruise ship. Samples for dye sensor calibration were collected at

various depths ranging from 2 to 12 m at locations along the length of the transect.
6

Plume Transect Monitoring and Sampling. The transect configuration and the sampling

locations along each plume transect were different for each cruise ship. Each configuration

varied based on how the dye plume behaved in the existing currents after the dye was released.

During the release of the dye from each cruise ship, drogued buoys equipped with lights and

radar reflectors were released at approximately two-minute intervals (beginning when dye

release was initiated) to permit easier tracking of the sub-surface plume. The drogues for each

buoy were tethered ~2 m below the bottom of its associated buoy so that any existing surface

currents would carry the drogues along with the targeted plume. Buoys were used to aid in

tracking the plume. The deployment and retrieval locations were recorded by hand for all

vessels except the Majesty.

After the cruise ship deployed the first buoy prior to passing the Anderson indicating the

beginning of dye release, the Anderson began maneuvering to enter the plume on a track nearly

perpendicular to the cruise ship’s heading. The first transect (considered to be the initial

dilution) was conducted at the surface (approximately 2 m deep). Samples for dye were

collected on this first transect at the surface for every ship. The second, third, and fourth

transects were with few exceptions taken at 5m, 8m, and 12m, respectively. In general, the dye

samples were taken along these transects as well. As time progressed, transect depths and

sampling locations were determined at the discretion of the EPA Chief Scientist (see Sampling

Log Data in Appendix B). Table 4 shows the number of background and in-plume transects

conducted for each cruise ship and the number of dye samples collected from locations along the

selected transects. Additionally, the holding tanks (spiked with the Rhodamine dye) of each

monitored cruise ship were sampled to determine actual dye concentration in the tanks prior to

discharge. The numbers of samples collected from these tanks are also shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Numbers of Samples Collected and Plume Tracking Transects Completed.

Numbers of Discrete Samples

Cruise Ship

Samples

Background

Discrete

Samples

Plume Discrete

Samples

Cruise Ship

Number of

Plume

Transects Rhodamine

Dye

Rhodamine

Dye

Rhodamine

Dye

Majesty 23 4* 5 2

Explorer 19 5 5 5

Paradise 17 5 5 8**

Fascination 7 5 5 9**

Survey Total 66 19 20 24

 *First sample collected before T=0. Not included in calculations.

**Additional samples were collected (only five samples were planned for each

transect).
7

Average values of depth and dye concentration were taken along each transect for each cruise

ship from the point where dye values exceeded background levels until they returned to

background levels. Plume width measurements were also made using the same points for

obtaining average depth and dye concentrations.

Additional samples, above the five planned dye samples, were taken during monitoring

operations for the Paradise and Fascination.

Upon survey completion, the samples were shipped in coolers containing ice to Battelle for final

analysis. Before shipping, the sample custody forms were completed and placed in a sealed

Ziploc bag that was taped to the inside of the cooler lid. The Battelle Field Custodian, Mr. Tim

Kaufman, shipped in-situ plume dye samples from Miami and received them at Battelle. He

also received sample shipments from the cruise lines for samples collected aboard the cruise

ships.

Sample Storage Conditions. Discrete rhodamine dye samples collected aboard the cruise ships

were stored chilled at ~ 4oC. Each cruise ship was provided a shipping cooler and given

instructions to store and ship samples on ice. Additional sample storage conditions are presented

in Table 5.

Table 5. Analyte, Sampling Method, Volume, Preservation, and Holding Times.

Analyte (Analytical

Laboratory)(a) Matrix Method

Sample

Volume Container Type Preservation

Holding

Time

Laboratory Analyses

Rhodamine dye

(Battelle)

Water Seapoint RWT

Sensor

500 mL Polyethylene plastic Cool, ~ 4oC undetermined

Field Analyses

Temperature (BDO) Water OS200 CTD NA NA NA In situ

Depth (BDO) Water OS200 CTD NA NA NA In situ

Transmissometry/

Turbidity (BDO)

Water Seatech 20-cm

(660nm)

NA NA NA In situ

Conductivity (BDO) Water OS200 CTD NA NA NA In situ

(a) BDO: Battelle Duxbury Operations

NA = Not applicable.

Acoustic Doppler Profiles. Current data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on

board Royal Caribbean Cruise Line’s Explorer was obtained from NOAA. This data was

collected during transit through the site during the plume tracking survey on August 11.

3. Survey Results and Discussion

All plume tracking and sampling operations were successfully completed over the targeted 4-day

period (spanning August 10-14) during which four separate cruise ship discharge plumes were

continuously monitored and sampled. Numbers of transects conducted and samples collected are

presented in Table 4.
8

Drogues. The initial and final locations for the drogues are shown in Appendix A and listed in

Table 6. The figures in Appendix A indicate that the drogues drifted almost due north at an

average speed of 7 Km/Hr and distances ranging from 12 to 20 km for the Fascination to 30 to

34 km for the Explorer and Paradise over the three to five hour sampling periods. The fact that

the relative positions of the drogues remained the same indicates that the plumes did not break

apart in this time frame as the Florida Current was carrying them northward.

Table 6. Locations of Buoy Deployments from Cruise Ships and

Retrieval by Anderson During Each Plume Tracking Event.

Cruise Ship

Begin

Date Buoy Activity

Time

(24-h)

Latitude

(N)

Longitude

(W)

Majesty 08-10-01 No data collected

Deploy 1943 25°55.697 79°52.697

1 Retrieve Not recovered

Deploy 1945 26°13.080 79°52.697

2 Retrieve 0030 26°13.35 79°51.03

Deploy 1946 25°55.5 79°52.8

3 Retrieve 0040 26°12.950 79°51.795

Deploy 1948 25°55.9 79°51.5

4 Retrieve 0050 26°12.470 79°52.424

Deploy 1950 25°56.405 79°50.724

Explorer 08-11-01 5 Retrieve 0058 26°11.989 79°52.993

Deploy 1859 25°38.5 79°51.4

1 Retrieve 2350 25°52.8 79°50.0

Deploy 1901 25°38.1 79°50.9

2 Retrieve 0000 25°53.8 79°50.7

Deploy 1903 25°37.6 79°50.6

3 Retrieve 0010 25°54.1 79°51.6

Deploy 1905 25°37.3 79°50.2

4 Retrieve 0020 25°55.2 79°52.3

Deploy 1907 25°36.8 79°49.7

Paradise 08-12-01 5 Retrieve 0027 25°56.3 79°53.1

Deploy 1910 25°26.70 79°53.55

1 Retrieve 2138 25°26.77 79°51.9

Deploy 1914 25°26.39 79°53.39

2 Retrieve 2130 25°35.4 79°52.0

Deploy 1916 25°26.09 79°53.30

3 Retrieve 2221 25°34.5 79°52.2

Deploy 1918 25°26.81 79°59.37

4 Retrieve 2112 25°33.5 79°52.6

Deploy 1921 25°27.09 79°53.34

Fascination 08-13-01 5 Retrieve 2104 25°32.7 79°52.6

1Cruise ship time, position, and activity
9

The order of deployment vs. recovery did reverse during monitoring of activities for both the

Explorer and Paradise. Since the buoys were not labeled prior to deployment, the order of

recovery may have been recorded incorrectly. Otherwise the local currents would have to be

highly variable which is not evident from the current data provided by NOAA (Figure 6). 

Field Data. All field data (date, time, sampling coordinates, bathymetry, and sample depth)

associated with the collection of discrete samples during this survey are presented Appendix B.

Plume Transects, Tracks, and Dye Data. Maps showing the background and survey tracks for

each set of plume-tracking events are shown in Figures 2 through 5. Appendix C presents survey

tracks and depths for each plume survey. The transect lines are color coded to indicate relative

amount of fluorescence and depth of the sensor during a particular transect.

Initial dye concentrations varied considerably depending on the ship and tank specifications at

the time of discharge. Table 7 presents several measurements taken during monitoring activities

along multiple transects for each cruise ship plume.

The Majesty and Paradise discharges exhibited the lowest initial average concentrations of

<0.5μg/L. The Explorer had the highest initial average concentration exceeding 5μg/L with a

maximum of > 36μg/L. The Fascination had the second initial highest average concentration

>3μg/L with maximum >9μg/L (Table 7).

Time Series Plots and Scatter Plots. Time series plots of dye fluorescence/depth are presented

in Appendix D. These plots show the time line of the entire plume survey for each cruise ship

and the spikes in dye fluorescence and the transect depth at which the spikes occurred.

Appendix E presents the scatter plots of dye fluorescence versus depth. In these plots, the extent

of the dye plume relative to depth is evident. These plots were prepared by combining all data

files and represent dye concentrations above background levels (0.02 μg/L). All four cruise-ship

plumes exhibited high dye concentrations in the surface waters. However for the Majesty and

Paradise, the dye plumes are most concentrated between 5 and 10m, but both plumes penetrate

the water column to a depth of approximately 18m. The dye plume of the Explorer is very

concentrated at the surface and penetrates the water column no deeper than 10 or 12m, possibly

because of the propulsion configuration of that vessel. The pattern of the dye-plume scatter plot

for the Fascination is between the pattern exhibited by the plumes of the Paradise and Explorer.
10

BACKGROUND TRANSECT IN-PLUME TRANSECTS

Figure 2. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Majesty, August 10, 2001.

 (Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)

N N
11

Background Transect In-plume Transects

Figure 3. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Explorer, August 11, 2001.

 (Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
12

Background Transect In-plume Transects

Figure 4. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Paradise, August 12, 2001.

 (Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
13

Background Transect In-plume Transects

Figure 5. Background and Plume Tracking Transects and Sampling Locations for M/S

Fascination, August 13, 2001.

 (Current had an average speed of ~ 7 Km/ Hr)
14

ADCP Data from the M/S Explorer.

Figure 6 shows the current profile structure in the depths ranging from 14 to 44 meters over a

four-hour period. These data are provided by the NOAA office located in Miami, Florida. The

top segment of Figure 6 shows the depth range from 0 to -44m and the number of pings

(ensemble) over time from 0 to ~4.5 hours. The middle and bottom segments of the figure show

the direction and magnitude of the currents over the same time period (0 to ~4.5 hours). The

date that the data were collected is 8/11/01 (shown as 01/08/11 on the figure); the same day the

Explorer plume was monitored. The time period of data collection ranged from 22:17 to 02:42

GMT (17:17 to 21:42 EDT) (within the time frame of the plume tracking survey).

The data were taken in 10-meter bins. A bin is a slice of the water column. In this case each

slice is 10 meters thick. The top 4 bins are shown (middle and bottom segment of Figure 6): bin

001 (light blue) is centered at -14m, bin 002 (dark blue) is centered at -24m, bin 003 (green) is

centered at -34m, and bin 004 (red) is centered at -44m. The course followed by the Explorer

takes it through the study area and across the Florida Current. The coordinates of the segment

extend from 25.78 N latitude, 80.18 W longitude to 26.28N latitude, 78.95 W longitude.

Figure 6. Current Profile Data Taken Aboard the Explorer and Provided by the NOAA

Office in Miami, Fl

The currents for all depth ranges (bins 001 through 004) are primarily south to north with

magnitudes in the range from slightly under 0.5 m/s (~1 Kt.) to nearly 2 m/s (~4 kts.). The

currents for all depths match at each location. If shear is present, the direction of one or more of

the bins would deviate from the others. This does not occur and currents seem to be uniform

over the depths of interest.

Discrete Dye Data. Appendix F contains all the dye data gathered from the discrete samples

collected in the cruise ship plumes and collected from the cruise ship tanks. Table F-1 provides
15

measurements for all samples collected in the cruise ship plumes aboard the Anderson. Table F2 shows discrete sample data collected from the specified cruise ship tanks. It also provides the

amount of dye added to the tanks as well as the average measured dye concentrations based on

measurements of dye fluorescence from discrete tank samples taken for each cruise ship.

Plume Dilution. Dye concentrations after discharge were measured above background behind

every plume. Measured concentrations were lower than calculated concentrations (see Appendix

H) except for the Explorer and Paradise, indicating that initial dilutions are greater than

anticipated. Initial dye dilution estimates both calculated and measured were made after

discharge. These estimates exceeded dilutions of 100,000:1 and in some cases exceeded

600,000:1 (Table 8 and Appendix G). The calculated estimates were made from tank dye

concentration calculations and plume volume estimates based on length, width, and depth of the

plume at T=0. The measured estimates are based on fluorescense measurements from tank

samples and direct plume measurements (Table 8). In general, dye concentrations generally

decreased over time and with depth (Table 7).

Table 7. Average Dye Concentrations in Each Transect for Each Cruise Ship.

Depth of tow (m) Dye Concentration (μg/L)

Pass Date Time Average Std. Dev.

Estimated

Plume Width

(m) Average Maximum

Std. Dev.

Filename

Cruise Ship: Majesty

1 10-Aug-01 18:48 1.92 0.09 66 0.35 1.08 0.37 W23PT059-00137.Pat

2 10-Aug-01 18:53 5.07 0.06 26 0.42 0.86 0.32 W23PT059-00256.Pat

3 10-Aug-01 18:58 7.89 0.05 75 0.31 1.10 0.36 W23PT059-00401.Pat

4 10-Aug-01 19:04 6.67 5.51 66 0.29 0.93 0.27 W23PT059-00553.Pat

5 10-Aug-01 19:14 2.24 0.08 137 0.20 0.62 0.16 W23PT060-00049.Pat

6 10-Aug-01 19:20 5.11 0.19 37 0.18 0.36 0.11 W23PT060-00190.Pat

7 10-Aug-01 19:27 8.73 0.08 125 0.26 0.51 0.17 W23PT060-00378.Pat

8 10-Aug-01 19:32 11.77 7.80 66 0.29 1.22 0.39 W23PT060-00503.Pat

9 10-Aug-01 19:40 3.40 1.67 300 0.11 1.13 0.23 W23PT060-00708.Pat

10 10-Aug-01 19:48 2.12 0.03 48 0.37 0.72 0.25 W23PT060-00925.Pat

11 10-Aug-01 19:54 5.19 0.02 95 0.27 1.07 0.36 W23PT060-01084.Pat

12 10-Aug-01 20:00 8.33 0.16 76 0.18 0.67 0.17 W23PT060-01230.Pat

13 10-Aug-01 20:11 6.82 7.68 124 0.07 0.34 0.07 W23PT061-00206.Pat

14 10-Aug-01 20:18 2.07 0.03 35 0.19 0.36 0.13 W23PT061-00393.Pat

15 10-Aug-01 20:23 4.38 0.04 92 0.39 0.98 0.30 W23PT061-00528.Pat

16 10-Aug-01 20:32 8.88 0.08 114 0.12 0.25 0.07 W23PT062-00129.Pat

17 10-Aug-01 20:45 10.38 0.06 67 0.21 0.61 0.21 W23PT062-00462.Pat

18 10-Aug-01 20:53 12.03 0.03 40 0.18 0.40 0.12 W23PT062-00661.Pat

19 10-Aug-01 21:01 14.26 0.06 111 0.09 0.29 0.08 W23PT062-00888.Pat

20 10-Aug-01 21:12 17.41 0.07 30 0.04 0.07 0.02 W23PT063-00001.Pat

21 10-Aug-01 21:21 2.17 0.06 298 0.06 0.15 0.03 W23PT063-00241.Pat

22 10-Aug-01 21:31 5.28 0.02 124 0.06 0.10 0.03 W23PT063-00498.Pat

23 10-Aug-01 21:39 8.82 0.17 202 0.02 0.10 0.02 W23PT063-00709.Pat

Cruise Ship: Explorer

1 11-Aug-01 19:44 1.95 0.11 147 5.13 36.15 10.02 W23PT087-00080.Pat

2 11-Aug-01 19:48 4.04 0.83 157 3.08 17.56 5.06 W23PT087-00176.Pat

3 11-Aug-01 19:54 7.54 0.22 86 3.02 9.81 3.20 W23PT087-00339.Pat
16

Depth of tow (m) Dye Concentration (μg/L)

Pass Date Time Average Std. Dev.

Estimated

Plume Width

(m) Average Maximum

Std. Dev.

Filename

4 11-Aug-01 20:01 5.35 6.61 144 1.93 10.77 3.19 W23PT087-00506.Pat

5 11-Aug-01 20:07 4.05 4.18 53 4.30 8.89 3.62 W23PT087-00662.Pat

6 11-Aug-01 20:11 2.24 0.03 59 5.46 20.79 6.99 W23PT087-00769.Pat

7 11-Aug-01 20:22 2.51 0.38 69 0.85 3.56 1.17 W23PT088-00207.Pat

8 11-Aug-01 20:25 1.66 1.61 279 2.98 8.54 1.85 W23PT089-00001.Pat

9 11-Aug-01 20:30 3.89 3.35 293 2.56 8.07 2.49 W23PT089-00152.Pat

10 11-Aug-01 21:02 2.59 0.10 67 0.56 2.01 0.58 W23PT089-00972.Pat

11 11-Aug-01 21:05 2.84 0.06 48 2.11 3.59 0.76 W23PT090-00001.Pat

12 11-Aug-01 21:19 6.82 0.57 102 2.28 4.27 1.29 W23PT091-00199.Pat

13 11-Aug-01 21:42 3.98 3.61 119 1.19 4.86 0.94 W23PT092-00198.Pat

14 11-Aug-01 22:05 2.29 0.05 104 1.69 3.08 0.93 W23PT093-00194.Pat

15 11-Aug-01 22:08 2.29 0.06 122 0.50 0.82 0.18 W23PT094-00001.Pat

16 11-Aug-01 22:20 4.58 3.11 68 0.68 1.54 0.55 W23PT095-00133.Pat

17 11-Aug-01 23:00 1.78 0.08 125 1.40 1.94 0.26 W23PT096-00001.Pat

18 11-Aug-01 23:26 5.03 0.04 574 0.38 1.88 0.24 W23PT097-00421.Pat

19 11-Aug-01 23:54 1.87 1.06 909 0.36 1.12 0.24 W23PT098Z-00196.pat

Cruise Ship: Paradise

1 12-Aug-01 19:19 2.11 0.07 182 0.08 0.42 0.10 W23PT119-00066.Pat

2 12-Aug-01 19:24 8.40 0.13 76 0.42 1.28 0.47 W23PT119-00199.Pat

3 12-Aug-01 19:34 9.66 1.09 93 0.41 0.96 0.31 W23PT120-00225.Pat

4 12-Aug-01 19:43 12.62 0.24 57 0.17 0.48 0.15 W23PT120-00457.Pat

5 12-Aug-01 19:54 13.63 0.20 84 0.14 0.34 0.09 W23PT120-00737.Pat

6 12-Aug-01 20:04 4.61 0.50 143 0.39 1.31 0.38 W23PT121-00084.Pat

7 12-Aug-01 20:12 15.54 0.47 109 0.08 0.25 0.06 W23PT122-00040.Pat

8 12-Aug-01 20:26 17.93 0.28 64 0.09 0.31 0.08 W23PT122-00392.Pat

9 12-Aug-01 20:34 2.11 0.12 274 0.12 0.38 0.11 W23PT122-00595.Pat

10 12-Aug-01 20:44 16.28 7.12 296 0.02 0.37 0.03 W23PT123.Pat

11 12-Aug-01 21:04 5.11 0.14 305 0.21 0.62 0.15 W23PT125-00104.Pat

12 12-Aug-01 21:16 15.23 6.39 580 0.01 0.11 0.01 W23PT126.Pat

13 12-Aug-01 21:48 7.97 0.06 341 0.21 0.67 0.17 W23PT128-00165.Pat

14 12-Aug-01 22:05 2.07 0.21 455 0.21 0.56 0.15 W23PT129-00090.Pat

15 12-Aug-01 22:23 5.20 0.31 210 0.18 0.36 0.11 W23PT130-00081.Pat

16 12-Aug-01 22:30 5.06 0.52 135 0.22 0.47 0.13 W23PT131-00001.Pat

17 12-Aug-01 22:44 8.16 0.26 480 0.11 0.50 0.12 W23PT131-00365.Pat

Cruise Ship: Fascination

1 13-Aug-01 19:29 2.30 0.13 88 3.40 8.65 2.66 W23PT149-00042.Pat

2 13-Aug-01 19:34 4.70 0.07 84 3.80 8.52 2.58 W23PT149-00188.Pat

3 13-Aug-01 19:42 8.23 0.11 87 2.27 9.40 3.12 W23PT149-00390.Pat

4 13-Aug-01 19:51 12.07 0.17 189 1.08 4.89 1.22 W23PT149-00625.Pat

5 13-Aug-01 20:02 7.53 5.88 54 0.31 2.74 0.67 W23PT149-00896.Pat

6 13-Aug-01 20:20 2.52 0.12 174 0.30 1.80 0.45 W23PT150-00168.Pat

7 13-Aug-01 20:34 8.35 0.17 471 0.36 0.94 0.20 W23PT151-00245.Pat
17

Table 8. Calculated and Measured Dye Concentrations and Dilutions for Each of the Four

Cruise Ships.

Vessel

Parameter Majesty Explorer Paradise Fascination

Dye - v (L)/ wt.(kg) 114/22.6 133/26.4 133/26.4 137/27.1

Volume of water + dye in tank (L) 113,114 18,300 108,133 27,137

Tank Concentration (g/L) 0.1998 1.443 0.244 0.999

Dye discharged (kg) 21,201 24,669 16,635 24103

Calculated Plume Volume (L) 36,302,904,000 15,517,320,000 45,503,640,000 6,172,100,000

Calculated plume concentration (g/L) 5.84E-07 1.59E-06 3.66E-07 3.91E-06

Calculated

Values

Calculated Dilution 342,123:1 907,547:1 666,667:1 255,499:1

Measured Tank Concentration (g/L) 0.13,512 1.002 0.2704 0.9806

Measured Plume Concentration (g/L) 3.50E-07 5.13E-06 4.20E-07 3.40E-06

Measured

Values

Measured Dilution 386057:1 195,322:1 643,810:1 288,412:1

4. Findings and Conclusions

The August 2001 plume tracking survey was designed to provide field data on the cruise ship

discharge (effluent) plume characteristics in offshore waters, and provide information on whether

or not the cruise ship blackwater or graywater discharge-plumes behave as predicted by a model

developed for Alaska waters (Colonell et al. 2000)2.

Based on the Alaska model, effluent discharges from cruise ships were expected to undergo an

initial dilution of approximately 40,000:1. Colonell et al. (2000)2 defines initial dilution as the

physical mixing of a relatively small and moving discharge entering the water body and

secondary dilutions as caused by mixing by the ship propellers. In this plume and tracking

report, initial and secondary are not distinguished, but are called initial dilution.

The following findings for each ship were:

M/S Majesty

Calculated dilution: 342,000:1

Measured dilution: 386,000:1

M/S Explorer

Calculated dilution: 908,000:1

Measured dilution: 195,000:1

 

2

 Colonell, JM, SV Smith, and RB Spies. 2000. Cruise Ship Wastewater Discharge into Alaskan Coastal Waters.

Alaska SeaLife Center Technical Report Number 2000-01. 48pp.
18

M/S Paradise

Calculated dilution: 667,000:1

Measured dilution: 643,000:1

M/S Fascination

Calculated dilution: 255,000:1

Measured dilution: 288,000:1

This survey indicates that discharges from cruise ships undergo a dilution that is much greater

than the initial dilution predicted by a model developed by Collonel et al (2000)

2

. Measured

dilutions ranged from 195,000 : 1 to 666,000 :1. This indicates that secondary dilution, as the

effluent passes through the propellers is an important factor when considering the ambient

concentrations of discharge effluents. The effluent will undergo a dramatic and rapid dilution

after mixing with ambient water in the prop wash.

In this study, the observed dilution is unlikely to have been influenced by shear currents. The use

of surface drogues allowed the OSV Anderson to maintain position with the dye plume as it

moved northward in the Florida current. The drogues maintained a relative position during their

drift, which indicates that the plume was not exposed to highly variable currents. The acoustic

Doppler current profiler data, obtained from the Majesty, also indicates that the plumes did not

encounter shear or variability in the current.

5. References

Battelle. 2001. Work/Quality Assurance Project Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington,

DC. Contract NO. 68-C-00-121, Work Assignment 1-23.

Battelle. 2001a. Survey Plan for Cruise Ship Sampling. Prepared for U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, Washington, DC. Contract NO. 68-

C-00-121, Work Assignment 1-23.

Colonell, JM, SV Smith, and RB Spies. 2000. Cruise Ship Wastewater Discharge into Alaskan

Coastal Waters. Alaska SeaLife Center Technical Report Number 2000-01. 4
APPENDIX A

DRIFTER TRACKS FOR THREE OF THE FOUR CRUISE SHIPS MONITORED
A-1

Figure A -1. Explorer Drifter Tracks (S -Start and F -Finish) for Set of Five Drifters 

Deployed and Recovered during the Miami Plume Tracking Survey.
A-2

Figure A2. Paradise Drifter Tracks (S-Start and F-Finish) for Set of Five Drifters 

Deployed and Recovered during the Miami Plume Tracking Survey.
A-3

FIGURE A-3. FASCINATION DRIFTER TRACKS (S-START AND F-FINISH) FOR SET OF FIVE

DRIFTERS DEPLOYED AND RECOVERED DURING THE MIAMI PLUME TRACKING SURVEY.
APPENDIX B

 SAMPLING LOG TABLE
B-1

TABLE B-1. SURVEY SAMPLING LOG DATA (WA23PT).

Sample ID Ship ID

Sample

Type

Station

ID X positionY positionZ position Sample DateTime Bathymetry Comments

W23PT092 Background MA -79.88248 25.92343 1.72 08/10/2001 16:nn:51 279.2

W23PT095 Background MA -79.88265 25.92487 5.23 08/10/2001 16:nn:51 279.2

W23PT099 Background MA -79.88290 25.92792 7.90 08/10/2001 16:nn:39 299.3

W23PT09C Background MA -79.88310 25.92938 4.79 08/10/2001 16:nn:25 298.3

W23PT09F Background MA -79.88323 25.93038 2.12 08/10/2001 16:nn:51 280.0

W23PT0AD Plume 1 MS -79.88088 25.91123 1.77 08/10/2001 18:nn:52 291.3

W23PT0B0

Majesty

Plume 2 MM -79.87875 25.91643 4.95 08/10/2001 18:nn:27 295.8

W23PT0F9 Background EA -79.87872 25.93027 2.15 08/11/2001 16:nn:28 301.8

W23PT0FD Background EA -79.87880 25.93005 4.79 08/11/2001 16:nn:29 117.7

W23PT100 Background EA -79.87922 25.93278 8.16 08/11/2001 16:nn:43 140.0

W23PT103 Background EA -79.87930 25.93365 9.99 08/11/2001 16:nn:18 140.5

W23PT106 Background EA -79.87935 25.93422 12.03 08/11/2001 16:nn:18 128.9

W23PT119 Plume 1 E1 -79.88685 25.91358 1.73 08/11/2001 19:nn:02 286.8

W23PT11C Plume 2 E1 -79.88557 25.91823 4.37 08/11/2001 19:nn:11 282.9

W23PT11F Plume 3 E1 -79.88425 25.92412 7.43 08/11/2001 19:nn:43 277.7

W23PT122 Plume 4 E1 -79.88245 25.93236 2.50 08/11/2001 20:nn:44 300.3hand entered

W23PT126

Explorer

Plume 5 E2 -79.87970 25.94833 5.69 08/11/2001 20:nn:40 301.3hand entered

W23PT16A Background PA -79.85248 25.63095 2.08 08/12/2001 18:nn:25 147.7hand entered

W23PT171 Background PA -79.85277 25.63038 12.08 08/12/2001 18:nn:19 146.7

W23PT174 Background PA -79.85278 25.63032 9.96 08/12/2001 18:nn:08 123.9

W23PT177 Background PA -79.85280 25.63025 8.24 08/12/2001 18:nn:30 129.6

W23PT17A Background PA -79.85280 25.63022 4.91 08/12/2001 18:nn:01 148.4

W23PT196 Plume 1 PD -79.82998 25.62868 2.11 08/12/2001 19:nn:08 149.1hand entered

W23PT199 Plume 2 PD -79.82890 25.63082 8.45 08/12/2001 19:nn:02 127.6hand entered

W23PT19C Plume 3 PD -79.82697 25.63947 10.31 08/12/2001 19:nn:16 144.9hand entered

W23PT19F Plume 4 PD -79.82595 25.53440 12.68 08/12/2001 19:nn:39 123.5hand entered

W23PT1A2 Plume 5 PD -79.82447 25.65557 13.69 08/12/2001 19:nn:20 143.8hand entered

W23PT1B2 Plume 6 P1 -79.81818 25.71717 5.00 08/12/2001 21:nn:34 148.5

W23PT1BD Plume 7 P1 -79.81831 25.75858 7.93 08/12/2001 21:nn:06 130.3

W23PT1C0

Paradise

Plume 8 P1 -79.81693 25.76465 7.93 08/12/2001 21:nn:09 129.4

W23PT1E4 Background FA -79.86463 25.49623 2.10 08/13/2001 18:nn:27 107.1

W23PT1E7 Background FA -79.86465 25.49608 5.09 08/13/2001 18:nn:51 131.5

W23PT1EA Background FA -79.86470 25.49590 8.18 08/13/2001 18:nn:45 142.5

W23PT1ED Background FA -79.86477 25.49572 10.07 08/13/2001 18:nn:11 112.6

W23PT1F0 Background FA -79.86487 25.49542 12.44 08/13/2001 18:nn:04 92.3

W23PT203 Plume 1 FD -79.89098 25.44878 2.48 08/13/2001 19:nn:29 101.0

W23PT206 Plume 2 FD -79.89038 25.45128 4.75 08/13/2001 19:nn:52 89.8hand entered

W23PT20A Plume 3 FD -79.88975 25.45665 8.08 08/13/2001 19:nn:08 140.3

W23PT20D Plume 4 FD -79.88860 25.46193 12.04 08/13/2001 19:nn:33 85.2

W23PT210 Plume 5 FD -79.88792 25.46668 15.20 08/13/2001 20:nn:49 146.9

W23PT215 Plume 6 F1 -79.88635 25.48020 2.64 08/13/2001 20:nn:20 148.1hand entered

W23PT219 Plume 7 F1 -79.88723 25.48180 2.41 08/13/2001 20:nn:07 118.8hand entered

W23PT21B Plume 8 F1 -79.88603 25.48833 8.12 08/13/2001 20:nn:02 86.1

W23PT21E

Fascination

Plume 9 F1 -79.88564 25.48873 8.18 08/13/2001 20:nn:42 137.2
APPENDIX C

SHIP TRACKS SHOWING DYE 2 CONCENTRATIONS VS. DEPTH USING

COLOR CODES
C-1

MAJESTY

Figure C-1 Majesty Track – Dye/Depth
C-2

EXPLORER

Figure C-2. Explorer Track - Dye/Depth
C-3

PARADISE

Figure C-3. Paradise Track – Dye/Depth.
C-4

FASCINATION

Figure C-4. Fascination Track - Dye/Depth
APPENDIX D

TIME SERIES PLOTS OF DEPTH VS. DYE FOR EACH CRUISE SHIP/PLUME TRACKED
D-1

.

Figure D -1. Majesty Time Series Plot of Dye Concentration vs. Depth for All Transect Passes Through 

 Plume. the
D-2

Figure D-2. .Explorer Time Series Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for All 

Transect Passes Through the Plume.
D-3

Figure D-3. Paradise Dye Concentration/Depth for All Transect Passes Through 

the Plume.
APPENDIX E

SCATTER PLOTS OF DYE 2 CONCENTRATION VS. DEPTH
E-1

Figure E -1. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Majesty.
E-2

Figure E-2. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Explorer.
E-3

Figure E-3. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Paradise.
E-4

Figure E -4. Scatter Plot of Dye Concentration/Depth for Fascination.
APPENDIX F

DISCRETE DYE SAMPLE DATA
F-1

Table F-1. Discrete Dye Sample Data Collected from Each Plume Used for Calibrating the insitu Rhodamine Dye Sensor

Ship Sample ID Dye Concentration (ug/l)

W23PT092 MDL

W23PT095 MDL

W23PT099 MDL

W23PT09C MDL

W23PT09F MDL

W23PT0AD 0.446

Majesty

W23PT0B0 0.532

W23PT0F9 MDL

W23PT0FD MDL

W23PT100 MDL

W23PT103 MDL

W23PT106 MDL

W23PT119 25.658

W23PT11C 0.563

W23PT11F 4.529

W23PT122 2.002

Explorer

W23PT126 0.207

W23PT16A MDL

W23PT171 MDL

W23PT174 MDL

W23PT177 MDL

W23PT17A MDL

W23PT196 MDL

W23PT199 0.426

W23PT19C 0.527

W23PT19F 0.075

W23PT1A2 MDL

W23PT1B2 0.116

W23PT1BD MDL

Paradise

W23PT1C0 0.129

W23PT1E4 0.433

W23PT1E7 MDL

W23PT1EA MDL

W23PT1ED MDL

W23PT1F0 MDL

W23PT203 3.629

W23PT206 1.166

W23PT20A 2.707

W23PT20D MDL

W23PT210 MDL

W23PT21B 0.365

W23PT21E 0.439

W23PT215 MDL

Fascination

W23PT219 1.280
F-2

Table F-2. Measured Dye Concentrations and Average Concentration for Each Cruise Ship

Monitored during the Survey.

*Not used in calculations

Ship Sample ID Value ug/L

Tank Conc. 

(ug/L) 

(after 

accounting 

for dilution )

 Tank Conc. 

(g/L)

Average 

Tank Conc. 

(g/L)

Calculated 

Tank Conc. 

(g/L)

Amount 

 of Dye 

Added 

(gallons)

Amount 

 of Dye 

Added 

(kg)

ET=1D 0.54 1077030.44 1.08 1.00 1.44 35 26.4kg

ET=2C 41.90 838024.33 0.84

ET=3C 42.79 855741.66 0.86

ET=4C 23.29 465898.95 0.47

ET=OD 0.89 1773055.80 1.77

Sum 5.01

FT=1D 2.45 980549.92 0.98 0.98 1.00 36 27.1kg

FT=2D 1.54 615647.82 0.62

FT=3D 1.29 517182.18 0.52

FT=4D 1.00 401364.81 0.40

FT=OD 5.97 2388029.43 2.39

Sum 4.90

MT=0 <0.024 0.00 0.14 0.20 30 22.6kg

MT=1C 10.19 101881.14 0.10

MT=2C 12.37 123746.47 0.12

MT=3C 14.17 141709.15 0.14

MT=4C 17.32 173159.56 0.17

Sum 0.54

PT=1C 17.30 173018.30 0.17 0.27 0.24 35 26.4kg

PT=2C 18.42 184170.35 0.18

PT=3C 34.23 342336.78 0.34

PT=4C 42.55 425474.73 0.43

PT=OC 22.72 227152.75 0.23

Sum 1.35

Majesty

Paradise

Explorer

Fascination
APPENDIX G

CALCULATIONS FOR CALCULATED VS. MEASURED DYE DILUTIONS FOR EACH CRUISE SHIP.
G-1

M/S Majesty

Majesty calculated dye concentration in tank

Volume of graywater in tank (Vgw) - 113 m3 X 1000L/m3 =113,000L graywater/blackwater

Volume of dye (Vdy) - 30gal . dye = 113.6L

Vgw + Vdy = 113,114

Wt. Of active ingredient in 30 gal, dye - 22.6 kg active ingredient/114 L dye

therefore Concentration of active ingredient in tank (Ctc) = 22.6kg dy/113,114 L gw or 22600 g dy/113,114 L gw

Calculated Tank Dye Concentration (Ctc)= 0.1998 g dy/L

Measured Tank Dye Concentration (C tm) from Appendix F -Table F- 2 = 0.13512 g dy/L

Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)

Of the 113,114 L of Dye in the tank at the initiation of pumping 7000 L (7 m3) were not pumped overboard.

0.1998 g dy/L (conc dye in tank)= Xg/7000L where X=amount of dye not discharged

0.1998 g dy/L* 7000 L = X g = 1398.6 g dy

Distance traveled Dx in 57 min at a speed of 17.4 kts.

DX/57=17.4/60

Dx = 57 min. * 17.4 kts./60 min.

Dx = 991.8 min kts./60 min

Dx = 16.5 nmi traveled

Majesty calculated initial concentration based on length (ship pumping specifications - Table

2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.

Plume dimensions and volume

1 nmi = 1852 m

1852 x 16.5 = 30,558 m

Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 66m

Depth of plume ~ 18 m

Volume of plume~ 66m * 18m * 30,558= 36,302,904 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 36,302,904,000 L

Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L

Cpc = 22600g – Xg from above/36,302,904,000 = 22600g –1399g/36,302,904,000 L= 21201/36,302,904,000 L

Cpc = 5.84 * 10(-7) g/L =

Majesty Initial Calculated Dye Concentration (Cpc) = 0.584 ug/L

Majesty - Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.1998g/0.584ug/L = 0.1998g/L/.000000584g/L =

Majesty Calculated Dilution = 342,123:1

Majesty - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (dye 2) in Plume = 0.35 μg/L (First

Transect)

Majesty - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.13512g/L/0.35ug/L = 0.13512g/L/.00000035g/L =

Majesty Measured Dilution 386,057:1
G-2

M/S Explorer

Explorer calculated dye concentration in tank

Volume of blackwater and dye in tank ( Vbw+dy) - 18.3 m3 *1000L/m3 =18,300L gw+dye

Volume of dye (Vdy) - 35 gal. dye = 133 L (already measured as part of the gray water volume)

Wt. Of active ingredient in 35 gal (133 L) dye - 26.4 kg active ingredient/133 L dye

26.4kg dy/18300 L gw+dye therefore 26400 g dy/18300 L gw+dye

Calculated Tank Dye Concentration =1.443 g/L

Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 1.002 g/L

Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)

Of the 18300 L of Dye in the tank at the initiation of pumping 1200 L (1.2 m3) were not pumped overboard.

1.443 g dy/L (conc dye in tank)= Xg/1200 L where X=amount of dye not discharged

1.443 g dy/L* 1200 L = X g = 1731 g dy

Distance traveled (DX) in 18 min at a speed of 19 kts.

DX /18=19/60

DX =18 min.*19 kts./60 min.

DX = 342 minkts./60 min

DX = 5.7 nmi traveled

Explorer calculated initial concentration based on length (ship pumping specifications - Table

2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.

Plume dimensions and volume

1 nmi = 1852 m

1852 x 5.7 nmi =10556

Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 147m

Depth of plume ~ 10 m

Volume of plume~ 147m * 10m * 10556 = 15,517,320 m3 * 1000L/ m3 = 15,517,320,000 L

Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L

Cpc = 26400g – Xg dy from above/15,517,320,000L = 26400g –1731g dy/15,517,320,000L= 24,669g

dy/15,517,320,000L

1.59 * 10(-6)g/L =

Explorer - Calculated Initial Dye Concentration = 1.59 ug/L

Explorer- Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

1.443g/L/1.59ug/L =1.443g/L.00000159g/L =

Explorer Calculated Dilution = 907,547:1

Explorer - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume = 5.13 ug/L (First

Transect)

Explorer - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

1.002g/5.13ug/L = 1.002g/.00000513g/L =

Explorer Measured Dilution = 195,321:1
G-3

M/S Paradise

Paradise calculated dye concentration in tank

Volume of graywater in tank (Vgw) - 108 m3 * 1000L/ m3 = 108,000L gw+dye

Volume of dye (Vdy ) 35gal . = 133 L dye

Vgw + Vdy = 108,133

Wt. Of active ingredient in 35 gal (133 L) dye - 26.4 kg active ingredient/133 L dye

26.4 kg dye/108,133L gw+dy therefore 26400 g dy/108,133 L gw+dy

Calculated Tank Dye Concentration = 0.244 g/L

Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 0.2704 (from Table F-2 in Appendix F)

Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)

Of the 108,133 L (108.133 m3 )of dye + graywater in the tank at initiation of pumping 40,000 L (40 m3) were not

pumped overboard (pumping lasted for 30 min).

0.244 g/L (conc dye in tank) = Xg/40,000L where Xg = amount of dye not discharged

0.244 g/L * 40,000L =Xg therefore Xg = 9765g

Distance traveled (DX) in 30 min at a speed of 15 kts.

DX /30=15/60

DX =30 min * 15 kts./60 min.

DX = 450 min kts./60 min

DX = 7.5 nmi traveled

Paradise calculated initial plume concentration based on length (ship pumping

specifications - Table 2), width, and depth of initial plume transect.

Plume dimensions and volume

1 nmi = 1852 m/nmi

1852 * 7.5=13,890 m

Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 182 m

Depth of plume ~ 18 m

Volume of plume~ 182m * 18m * 13890= 45,503,640 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 45,503,640,000 L

Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L

26400 g - Xg from above/45,503,640,000 L = 26400g –9765g/45,503,640,000 L =

16635/45,503,640,000 L = 3.656 *10(-7) g/L =

Paradise Initial Calculated Dye Concentration = 0.3656 ug/L

Paradise Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.244g/L/0.366ug/L = 0.244g/L/.000000366g/L =

Paradise Calculated Dilution =666,667:1

Paradise - Average Initial Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume = 0.42 ug/L (First

Transect)

Paradise - Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.2704g/L/0.42ug/L = 0.2704g/L/.00000042g/L =

Paradise Measured Dilution = 643,809:1
G-4

M/S Fascination

Fascination calculated concentration in tank

Volume of graywater in tank (Vgw) - 27m3 * 1000L/m3 =27,000L gw

Volume of dye (Vdy ) 36gal . = 137 L dye

Vgw + Vdy = 27,137

Wt. Of active dye ingredient in 36 gal, 27.1 kg dye

27.1 kg dye/27,137L gw+dy therefore 27100 g dy/27,137 L gw+dy

Calculated Tank Dye Concentration = 0.999 g/L

Measured Tank Dye Concentration = 0.9806 (from Table F-2 in Appendix F)

Amount of dye not discharged (left in the tank)

Of the 27,137 L (108.1370m3) of Dye in the tank at initiation of pumping

3000 L (3 m3) were not pumped overboard. (pumping lasted for 30 min).

0.999 g/L (conc dye in tank)= Xg/3,000L where Xg=amount of dye not discharged

0.999g/L * 3,000L = Xg therefore Xg = 2997g

Distance traveled in 20 min at a speed of 9.1 kts.

X/20=9.1/60

X =20 min * 9.1 kts./60 min.

X= 182 min kts./60 min

X = 3.03 nmi traveled

FASCINATION CALCULATED INITIAL CONCENTRATION BASED ON LENGTH (SHIP PUMPING

SPECIFICATIONS - TABLE 2), WIDTH, AND DEPTH OF INITIAL PLUME TRANSECT.

Plume Dimensions and Volume

1852 * 3.03=5612 m

Plume width = width of plume at first transect = 88m

Depth of plume ~ 12.5 m

 Volume of plume~ 88m x 12.5m x 5612= 6,172,100 m3 * 1000L/m3 = 6,172,100,000 L

Calculated concentration of dye in plume (Cpc) = g/L

27100 g - Xg from above/6,172,100,000 L = 27100g dye –2997g/6,172,100,000 L =

24103g dye/6,172,100,000 L = 3.91 * 10(-6) g/L =

Initial Calculated Dye Concentration = 3.91 ug/L

Fascination - Calculated Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.999g/3.91ug = 0.999g/.00000391g/L =

Fascination Calculated Dilution = 255,499:1

Fascination -Average Measured Dye Concentration (Dye 2) in Plume= 3.4 ug/L (First Transect)

Fascination Measured Dilution = Tank Concentration/Seawater Concentration

0.9806g/L/3.4ug/L = 0.9806g/L/.0000034g/L =

Fascination Measured Dilution = 288,411:1