National Bureau of Stasdarda

^"'^'^ library, N.W. Bldg -^

: 191962

^ecknlcaL v2ote 157

INFORMATION SELECTION SYSTEMS

RETRIEVING REPLICA COPIES:

A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT

THOMAS C. BAGG AND MARY ELIZABETH STEVENS

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,- devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic

and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,

and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's

unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or

in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail- able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre- liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining

the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,

and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,

July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) (S2. 25); avail- able from the Si^erintendent of Documents,' Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^Ttote

157

DECEMBER 31, 1961

INFORMATION SELECTION SYSTEMS

RETRIEVING REPLICA COPIES:

A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT

Thomas C. Bagg and Mary Elizabeth Stevens

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Supcrinlrndent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, DC. - Price $1.25
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

(Table I. Document Retrieval Devices)

3. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVAILABLE

AND PROPOSED SYSTEMS

(Table II. Systems Evaluation Criteria)

3. 1 Continuous Rolled Film Systems . .

3.1.1 Rapid Selector

3. 1. 2 FOSDIC II 3.1.3 FileSearch

3.1.4 Automatic Image Retrieval System

3. 1. 5 Photo -Magnetic System

3.1.6 Video File

3. 1. 7 70 mm Selector

3. 2 Chip or Discrete Unit Record Systems

3. 2. 1 Micro Research System

3. 2. 2 Filmorex

3. 2. 3 Minicard

3.2.4 Magnavue

3.2. 5 "Is There a Doctor in the House?"

3. 3 Sheet or Strip Film Systems

3. 3. 1 Microcite

3. 3. 2 Large -Capacity Document Storage and

Retrieval System (IBM-Walnut)

3. 3. 3 Documentary Storage and Retrieval

System - Staats

3. 4 Microfilm Aperture Card Systems

3. 5 Address -Type Selection Systems

4. SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5. THE STATE OF THE ART AND PROSPECTS FOR

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued ) Page

5. 1 Storage Media and Equipment . . , , 103

5. 2 Applications 108

5. 3 Implications for Further Development. . 112

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS _ 115

APPENDIX A - Bibliography 117

INDEX 149

APPENDIX B - Summary Chart 173

III
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

Figure 17

Figure 18.

Figure 19.

Figure 20.

Figure 2 1. Figure 22.

Figure 23.

Figure 24.

Figure 25.

Page

Schematic Diagram of Bush Rapid Selector 20

Filra Formats for ERA and Yale Selector 24

Spectral Data Card 29

Rapid Selector Encoder 42

Rapid Selector Filra Transport Schematic 44

Rapid Selector 45

FOSDIC II Camera 50

FOSDIC II 51

FileSearch Camera 53

FileSearch Selector 54

Micro Research Card 62

Filmorex Chip 64

Filmorex Camera 65

Filmorex Selector 67

Minicard Document Camera 69

Minicard Selector-Sorter 70

Minicard Computer Duplicator 71

Left: Operator's Console

Middle: Data Processor

Right: Film Card Unit

Minicard Film Processor 72

A Minicard 74

Magnavue Display Unit 79

Data Bank Format 81

Microcite 84

Microfilm to Film Strip Conversion System 88

("Walnut)

Document Image File (Walnut) 89

Staats -- Document Storage and Retrieval System 91

IV
INFORMATION SELECTION SYSTEMS

RETRIEVING REPLICA COPIES:

A State-of-the-Art Report

Thomas Co Bagg and Mary Elizabeth Stevens

ABSTRACT

A state-of-the art survey on information

selection systems that retrieve replica copies of

selected items as the products of search has been

conducted by the Research Information Center

and Advisory Service on Information Processing,

National Bureau of Standards, under the sponsorship of the Council on Library Resources, Inc.

After discussion of the general historical background

of the development of such devices, 15 specific

systems ^employing search-type selection principles

are described. In addition, microfilm aperture

card systems and related devices as used for address

location retrieval are briefly discussed. In general,

it is concluded that many advantages of compressed

data storage, integral indexing, mechanical selection,

and graphic facsimile -copy output can be achieved

through use of currently available technology. The

principal problems remain those of initial human

analysis of document content, of effective manmachine communication, and of determination of

realistic user requirements. A bibliography of

several hundred literature references pertinent to

the survey is included.

1. INTRODUCTION

For over a quarter of a century, it has been recognized that

mechanical tools to aid in the handling of scientific information must

be found. This is because the exponential growth of the technical

literature poses unprecedented problems both of storage and of

search. In recent years, more and more individuals and many

different organizations have become aware of new possibilities of

mechanization in the solution of specific storage, selection, and

retrieval problems. Attention has been directed to new techniques

and media for information storage in compact, readily retrievable

form. These new developments may be combined with means for

1
the identification of information items so that those desired may be

automatically selected from a store or file.

This report discusses the development and current status of a

group of information storage and retrieval devices that fulfill the

following requirements (assuming the prior establishment of a suitable system index):

lo Storage of a large amount of documentary material in

microfornn

2. Storage of coded index information physically adjacent to or mechanically linked to the stored document image,

3. Mechanical search of this coded information, and

4. Reproduction of a facsimile of the original document(s)

selected as a result of the search.

Practical progress has been made in the use of various

mechanized devices as applied to particular small areas of this

field. In other cases, mechanized tools have been applied prematurely and with insufficient attention to practical usage requirements and to the fundamental, but formidable, intellectual problems

involved. Research and development efforts have also been directed

to long-range objectives for irnproved utilization of scientific

information in a very general context. In this case, there is often an

assumption that new technological developments will be required

before a proposed program could be put into effect.

This is usually caused by failure to appreciate the possible

applications of currently available technology. The practical

realization of these applications would of course require that the

necessary systems analysis has been carried out, resulting in a plan

for a practical and economical balance of man-machine efforts in the

total system. If the result of such an analysis does not indicate

precise performance specifications with respect to user requirements

as well as to equipment characteristics, the application is not likely

to be successful. The difficulties will be related less to the equipment than to the lack of proper preparation for the machine,

particularly, failure to plan adequately for document analysis,

indexing, and machine coding.

The possibilities for premature attempts at application are often

combined with a lack of necessary emphasis on total system

requirements. In this sense, a state-of-the-art report on one or

more classes of currently available mechanical aids is itself

premature. On the other hand, currently available tools may,

indeed, find useful application for specific situations. Knowledge of

what is already available should help to direct and to motivate the

essential systems planning and systems analysis required for

successful application.
The purpose of the present report is to review certain aspects of

currently available mechanized techniques for storage, selection,

and retrieval with the objectives just discussed in mind. It must be

pointed out that the simple devices for mechanized information

retrieval and the special-purpose systems which have been successfully used to date are essentially mechanized aids to people. It appears that this is the way even the most complex systems and

equipment must be used.

In general, there is agreement in the field today that there is a

need for automatic processing techniques and for mechanized aids at

all levels of information storage, search, selection, and retrieval.

There is increasing awareness of need for mechanized document

retrieval devices. When such machines or devices are to be

considered, the following two major factors must be kept in mind:

1. The specific application for which the equipment is to be

used, especially the needs of those whose operations are

to be aided; and

2. The means of communication between man and machine.

This report is based upon the results of a survey conducted by

the Research Information Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing (RICASIP), National Bureau of Standards, under

the sponsorship of the Council on Library Resources. It is a

summary report which will review the characteristics of a particular

group of document retrieval devices. The devices described are

those which search some form of a coded file that is associated with

a graphic representation of the filed information. In particular, this

report will examine some of the factors that determine the latitude

currently available to the user in setting up an information selection

and retrieval system where graphic-facsimile copies of the selected

items are desired as direct outputs. A prime system requirement

for graphic -facsimile or replica copies to be retrieved as the result

of search is, of course, the use of a storage medium which will

permit ready reproducibility of the replicas.

In large files and libraries there are obvious advantages to be

gained by providing copies as selection-retrieval output products

rather than the original items themselves. Simultaneous access by

different users is thus assured, and the integrity or completeness

of the collection is maintained at all times. The information that

may be stored in such systems is relatively unrestricted as to

content. It can include complete documents, abstracts of the

literature, technical drawings and blueprints, maps, aerial or

microstructure photographs, and, in particular, items containing

admixtures of textual and pictorial information.

A second system requirement, especially for large collections

of recorded knowledge, may be for compact storage. In such cases.
the need for compressed information storage as an operational

requirement leads to increasing use of various microforms. J_/ Then,

as data reduction ratios increase, the second major factor, that is,

the means of communication between man and machine, takes on

additional importance. As microphotographic techniques are applied,

the small size of the recorded items and the difficulties of their

manipulation by the human combine to restrict the feasibility of

manual scanning of the stored text as a method for selection and

retrieving. Retrievability may therefore depend on the use of marks,

holes, or other encoded indicia for subsequent selection. These are

imposed on or added to the stored item itself.

In many retrieval operations, the address of a stored item in the

file is known, or other locator information, such as the serial

number, the author's name, and/or the title of the paper, can be used

directly in a straightforward look-up operation. The dictionary,

telephone directory, and the file alphabetically arranged by names of

correspondents are obvious examples of efficient and easy ways in

which address file systems may be used. Further, if the items in

the file are to be stored as microforms, the addresses and locatorclues may be encoded and attached to the items in machine -usable

form so that mechanized retrieval methods may be applied. Thus,

for very large document collections a variety of mechanical handling

devices is being developed to retrieve documents in this manner. In

general, however, this report is concerned with such equipment only

in so far as it may be used as an adjunct to more versatile searching

systems.

We distinguish, therefore, between document retrieval devices

that use address -type selection and those that use search-type

selection. The distinction is a direct result of the basic differentiation between two unlike situations. The first is the case wherein the

address of the desired file information is known in advance and the

information is retrieved on the basis of its location within the file.

The second, which includes both the file reference approach and the

search prescription approach, involves the use of search terms to

locate the data according to its contents as indexed. In this second

case, a specific address is unimportant because the document or data

not only can but usually will be identifiable in a variety of ways. In

1/ Heilpi^in, L. B. , "Communication engineering approach to microforms, " Ref, 122, p. 213: "Microform is a general word which

includes microfilm, microfiche, film strips, insert cards, and

the like - any opaque or transparent carrier of a miniaturized

permanent message. "
fact, it is not known in advance whether one, many, or no items of

information will match the searcher's request to the system file.

In the file reference approach, the information to be processed

is manipulated, counted, sorted, combined in various ways, stored

or filed, and the datum itself is usually retrieved, such as the value

for the melting point of molybdenum as recorded in a file of test

reports. In the search prescription approach, on the other hand,

the information which is directly processed usually consists of

information about other information, such as the indexing terms or

other "retrieval hooks" used to describe the subject contents of

documents in a technical literature collection.

Both the file reference and the search prescription approaches

may involve searches of a collection of stored items in order to

locate and retrieve individual items which meet the selection

criteria specified by the potential user. If the purposes of the

typical user in requesting a search are to locate and recover a

specific fact or a particular paper by a particular author, the file

reference system may best meet the specific application requirements. On the other hand, if the purpose is to review the pertinent

literature in order to plan new work, to locate suggestions for

carrying out an experiment, or to ascertain whether or not

particular results have been previously reported, some form of

search prescription will be required.

The distinction between the two approaches is also evident with

respect to the factor of man-machine communication, especially in

terms of the means available to identify the material for machine

processing. In the file reference case, the problem of describing

to a machine what information is desired is typically that of

specifying the location by address-in-storage of an item to be

retrieved. Alternatives are to indicate the title, name of author,

and other bibliographic identification or similar "look-up" cues. In

the search prescription case, conversely, the problem typically

involves first a determination of the possible terms under which a

relevant item might have been indexed or classified and secondly,

a search of appropriate records for items so indexed.

In general, the distinction between the file reference and search

prescription approach can be further emphasized by recognizing that

for most file reference applications existing equipment and welldeveloped data processing techniques can be and are being successfully used. The situation with respect to the search prescription

approach, however, presents added problems. This is true both

with respect to possibilities for mechanization and v/ith respect to

the even more difficult and challenging area of how to identify and

categorize the documents for items that are to be stored and subsequently searched. It is in this latter area that the problem of

developing effective communication between man and machine is

particularly acute.
Similar considerations both as to the distinction between the two

approaches and as to the difficulties inherent in the search

prescription type of problem have been covered in a statement by

Dr. Alan T. Waterman to the Senate Committee on Government

Operations. This was in connection with a general study of the

problems of documentation of scientific information. Dr. Waterman

noted three types of information storage and retrieval operations.

The first type concerns the manipulation of numerical data and names

and characteristics of individuals and organizations, and involves the

use of straightforward data processing techniques. The second type,

which involves the printing of indexes and bibliographies, has found

success in the practical combination and application of existing

equipment and techniques. However, with respect to the third or

search prescription type of operation. Dr. Waterman had the following to say:

"The third type of mechanization is much more difficult

and is concerned with the processing of the subject content of

scientific and technical documents for storage and automatic

searching. In this area of mechanization we and other agencies

support a good measure of research to determine how best to

identify and to code the significant information in scientific

documents and whether these steps, as well as searching

procedures, can be mechanized in order to handle large

collections of information effectively. . . . "One of the difficulties of mechanization of storage and

search operations. ... is that of the effect of volume of

material to be handled in the process. Procedures that work

well for a few thousand or tens of thousands of documents

probably will not adequately handle the volume of material

that would have to be processed for a major scientific

discipline, such as chemistry, for example. .... The relationship of volume to the complexity may be stated as the larger

the volume of material that is to be handled by a retrieval system

to serve scientists, the more detailed must be the analysis and

indexing of the subject content of the documents. This must be

so in order to provide the highly selective discrimination that

will make it possible to avoid swamping the inquirer with too

many documents of tenuous relevance to his question. " ±.1

In considering machines as aids to the solution of search type

selection problems, then, we note first that the major difficulties

do not lie in the hardware but rather in the means for identifying the

documents in terms of subject content, i.e. , the difficulties of

—' Senate Document No. 113, Ref. 284, p. 95.
man-machine communication. _1/ Again, it should be made clear that

any machine serves primarily as an aid to the user. The use of

machines therefore presents the communication problem both in the

input operations, e.g. , the translation of indexing information into

machine -usable language, and in the search prescription process.

In the latter operation, the critical problem is for the questioner to

frame his request for desired information in language appropriate to

machine search.

Organization of information items that are to be stored so that

subsequent search may be expedited involves the identification of

each item in terms of one or more criteria or retrieval hooks which,

it is assumed, will be useful for subsequent selection. The choice of

criteria assumed to be useful reflects the requirements of the

specific application. For file reference situations, the criteria

might include, as we have seen, accession number, name of author

or issuing agency, date of publication, and the like. For search

prescription systems, however, the selection criteria which are used

would typically represent the results of human analysis, classification, and subject-content categorization of the probable meanings of

the messages conveyed by the item. Selection by a title or permuted

title exists as a transition area between the file reference and

search prescription situation.

The process bf organizing items for search, preparatory to

storage, thus covers the broad area in which both the traditional

library classification and the newer, less conventional, indexing

techniques are applied. This process is therefore one in which

critical problems of language, of meaning, and of meaning -of

meaning (or "aboutness") are encountered. It is for this reason that

the efficient organization of items, prior to storage and for later

search, constitutes "an intellectual problem of formidable

proportions. "_f /

For this reason, a comparative evaluation of different techniques

of mechanization, different devices, and different storage media is

relatively meaningless unless the same collection is subjected to the

— Herner, S. , "The relationship of information-use studies

and the design of information storage and retrieval systems",

Ref. 124;

Manly, R. , "The inadequacy of varying the depth of indexing

and other 'document collection' approaches to information

retrieval for researchers", Ref. 171. —2/

' Bush, V. , "Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the

advisory committee on application of machines to Patent

Office operations", Ref. 46, p. 8.
same depth of content analysis and is searched for the same user

purposes. A combination of specific, user-centered, operational

requirements and of man-machine factors predominates in the

success or failure of a particular mechanized technique or tool in

the overall selection and retrieval system. If we accept a definition

of storage, selection, and retrieval efficiency as being "maximum

transfer of information of high quality, within the least space, at the

low^est cost, "_f/w^e must recognize that the overall costs include not

only the human effort necessary to reduce the subject-content

analysis to machine usable form, but also the human effort necessary

to sample, appraise, and make effective use of the search products.

It is these human factors, rather than the technical factors, that

form the present frontier of information selection and retrieval. The

question of the kind and depth of subject content analysis and indexing

permitted in a system is in a general sense outside the scope of a state-of-the-art study of specific storage media and selectionretrieval equipment. However, the interplay among such factors as

depth of subject content analysis, choice of coding system, capacity

for accommodating coded representations of the selection criteria,

and ability to provide an open-ended system that permits up-dating

and reorganization on the basis of actual use should certainly be

examined.

To summarize, then, we shall assume first that a suitable

indexing system has been established. Secondly, we shall limit

detailed descriptions to those available techniques in which the

selection and retrieval devices are designed to provide graphic

replica copies of the documents that are to be selected and retrieved.

We shall emphasize the search-type selection systems rather than

those which are mechanized aids to retrieval by means of bibliographic citations, accession or serial numbers, or other direct

address -clues. Finally, we shall be particularly concerned with

devices that provide for the physically adjacent combination of the

selection criteria information and the stored material itself. This

is sometimes termed integral indexing and provides for different

degrees and/or depths of representation (coding) of the subject

content of documents stored. Thus, a single selection-retrieval

system will provide different levels of access and, hence, permit

flexibility without compromising the direct graphic -replica output

feature.

—' Heilprin, L. B. ^ "Communication engineering approach to

microforms"., Ref. 122, p. 214.
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

During the past three decades, a number of devices have been

proposed which are based upon the recording of actual documents in

reproducible form, e.g. , on various photographic media, and which

provide for coded information (combined with the recording of the

item itself) to serve as the means for identification and selection of

items to be retrieved. This system design approach permits the

direct retrieval of a full replica copy. Such replica copies are

graphically identical to the original filed items that are selected by

virtue of meeting the criteria enumerated in a specific search

prescription.

The devices proposed represent various combinations of storage

media and processing methods, and they were designed for several

different applications. In the devices considered in this report, the

combination typically consists of the following: (1) storage media

providing for ready reproduction of the information or images stored,

(2) compressed information storage, (3) use of the principle of

integral indexing, and (4) means for machine manipulation of the

file in the operations of search, selection and retrieval.

Of these, the use of the principle of integral indexing in documentation operations has by far the longest history. In ancient

Sumaria it was sometimes the practice to cover a cuneiforminscribed clay tablet with a thin clay layer. This covering layer

carried access clues to the more detailed information recorded on

the tablet itself. _^/The stamping of the Dewey Decimal or Library of

Congress classification code on the spine of a book has been library

practice for many years. A modern example which combines

compressed data storage with integral indexing is the so-called

pocket card used for various literature search files. Typical of its

use is the patent file at the Cables and Insulating Materials Research

Institute in Czechoslovakia. The pocket card itself carries

information as to the UDC classification code, the first application

1/ Compare, for example, Lalley, J. M. , "A treasure lost in unread wedges", Ref. 157, p. A-10: "The characters were

impressed on tablets of soft clay by the triangular end of a blunt

stylus, hence 'cuneiform', or wedge-shaped. Then the record

was made permanent by baking the tablet. Sometimes the tablet

was covered by a thin envelope of clay, and baked again. The

envelope could be broken and removed without difficulty or

damage; it might also be inscribed with a name and address and

a brief description of the contents - very useful no doubt for

delivery and for purposes of filing. "
date, the patent class, and the patent number. It contains both

photo-copies of abstracts as published in abstracting journals and

a microfilm copy of the patent specification itself. ±_l

Other modern examples of retrieval systems in which the

original item itself is retrieved on the basis of integral index code

include two separate systems developed at the Edwal Laboratories in

Ringwood, Illinois. ^/ The first is for the indexing of photographic

slides by punching holes at dedicated positions along the edges of

the slide itself. However, only 10 such positions are used, and a

separate master index code must be consulted in order to identify the

"address" by which desired slides may be located. 3^/ The second

example is a system devised by Thomas T. Hill of the Edwal

Laboratories for philatelists. It uses 5" x 8" McBee cards and has

been described briefly as follows:

"From one to ten stamps can be mounted on the face

of a card with the name of the country and the date typed

on the card. Technical and descriptive information is

coded and the file can be hand- sorted for information on

such things as perforation method, type of ink and paper,

subject, historical connection and type of stamp. " ^/

Means for machine manipulation of items in a file for the

purposes of selecting and retrieving certain specific items date from

at least the development of punched card machine tabulation

equipment. As developed by Hollerith in the 1890's, ^/ the punched

i/

1/

i/

5/

Ciganik, M. , "Scientific, technical, and economic information

in a research organization, " Ref. 54, pp. 632-635. Similar

techniques are used elsewhere, for example, in the British

Patent Office.

Casey, R. S. , J. W. Perry, M. Berry and A. Kent, "Punched

cards -- their application to science and industry", Ref. 50,

pp. 333-334.

Patton, A. R. , "Punch card filing system for your slides",

Ref. 211.

Haksteen, B. L. , "Review of applications", Ref. 113, p. 333.

Martin T. C. , "Counting a nation by electricity", Ref. 172, and

Rex, F.S. , "Herman Hollerith", Ref. 242. The principles of

recording and tabulating by machine had been sufficiently well

established by 1890 that punched card processing was actually

used for the 11th Decennial census. Hollerith's first patent

for such equipment was issued on January 8, 1889-

10
card carries information coded as a pattern of holes. When the same

or other information is also imprinted on the same card in humanly

legible form and when the card is selected on the basis of the pattern,

a special case of integral indexing combined with mechanical manipulation is achieved. Further, these advantages may also be

combined with those of a storage medium which provides for

compressed data storage as in the use of microfilm inserts in

aperture cards.

Compressed data storage, especially by use of photographic

techniques, antedates by at least several decades the development of

punched cards and of equipment for the manipulation of discrete

items carrying recorded information. The date of 1839 marks the

first known instance of microphotography. In that year, John

Benjamin Dancer of Manchester, England, installed a microscope

lens in a camera and succeeded in making a microphotograph of a

document.— ' Rene Dagron, however, is generally credited with

being the inventor of commercial microfilm. The first microfilm

patent ever granted was issued to Dagron in France in the year 1859.

He also may be credited with personal supervision of the first use of

microfilm other than as a novelty, that is, for the sending of -, / dispatches by carrier pigeon during the siege of Paris in 1870.—

Thus, as noted by Watson Davis in a plea for microphotography

in the service of scientific information in 1936, "microphotographic

duplication, both as an idea, and practically, is not new. "_3/

Actually, the potentialities of microphotography for compressed data

storage with particular reference to books, records, library catalogs,

archives, and libraries have been repeatedly suggested by

1/

3/

Luther, Frederic, "Microfilm - a history -*1839- 1900",

Ref. 164, p. 16: "This, the earliest example of microphotography on record, had for its subject a document twenty

inches long; at the 160:1 reduction used by Dancer the image

was one -eighth of an inch in length, yet the writing on the

document was described as perfectly legible under a lOOX

microscope. "

Ibid. , pp. 58-82.

Davis, W. "Microphotographic duplication in the service of

science, " Ref. 66, p. 402.

11
photographers, scientists, and others, from 1851 onward. _!/ Microphotography in the service of documentation, however, probablyreceived its first practical application with the initiation of the

Bibliofilm Service in the Department of Agriculture Library in

November, 1934_L'

During the 1930's, then, microfilming of books and records was

established as practical. Thereafter, many individuals proposed

ways for mechanical handling, sorting, and filing of records maintained in microphotographic form. Punched card equipment and

punched paper tape systems for handling business and statistical data

w^ere also w^ell developed by that time. Goldberg, Bryce, and others

approached the problem of combining photographic records with

mechanical manipulation largely from the point of view of accounting,

banking, and statistical records processing. Investigators such as

Seidell, Draeger, Davis, and others stressed the documentalist

approach in terms of new means for improved utilization of the

scientific literature.

In 1931, Emanuel Goldberg of Dresden, Germany, was issued

U. S. Patent 1, 838, 389 for a statistical machine. The Goldberg

disclosure reads, in part, as follows:

"This invention relates to a method of and means for

controlling statistical machines, and its object is to provide

a method and means in w^hich counting devices, for example,

may be controlled in action by radiating energy such as rays

from a selenium cell, so that simplicity and rapidity of action

may be served. , . .

"This idea can be realized in various ways. A perforated

caied can be put in front of a series of selenium cells, lightelectric cells, thermoelectric piles or bolometres (called

1/

2/

For early examples, see the discussions and quotations from

the Jury on Photography, 1851 London World's Fair; the

American Journal of Photography, 1858; Photographic News, 1859;

Sir John Herschel writing with respect to microscopic editions of

reference works in 1853, and Sir David Brewster, physicist,

writing for the Encyclopedia Brittanica in 1857. (Ref. 164, passira)

Davis, W. "Microphotographic duplication in the service of

science, " Ref. 66, p. 402-403. It is to be noted that the

combined interests of F. G. Cottrell, E. E. Slosson, and W. Davis

had resulted in suggestions for microphotographic duplication

services applied to scientific literature as early as 1925.

12
hereafter 'radiation indicators'). Only the instruments

receiving the rays of radiating energy through a perforation

will be influenced, all others remaining immobile. A spot

translucent for the kind of radiation in question can be used

of course in place of the perforation. This is a particularly

great advantage for the process, as thereby the perforated

plates can now be substituted by plates made by photography.

"This development of the process is of great importance

if a combination of different statistical records is desired. In

place of the perforations a positive photographic transparency. . . provided with black letters, words, figures or other recording

marks can then be used, further a negative. ... of a certain

combination of figures or words (called hereafter 'searchplate') is made. If the transparency containing the various

statistical indications is now run through the machine in such

a manner that the negative coincides with the transparency a complete coincidence impenetrable to any light or heat

radiation will only be possible in one defined case; this will only

occur when the negative bears exactly the same characters,

marks, figures, etc. , as the transparency in question, the

only difference being that in the negative these records are

light on dark ground, while in the transparency they are dark

on light ground. A certain combination has thus been picked

out of a large number of others with extraordinary speed and

reliability hitherto not attainable. . . .

"Another feature. ... is the fact that the instrument

indicating the existence of a certain statistical combination

serves to simultaneously record the statistical indications

connected with the combination. The light falling through

the transparency can for instance be divided into two parts. . . . One part falls on the negative containing the combination

desired (search-plate), and the other on a sensitive photographic plate. . . . protected by a shutter .... connected with

the photoelectric cell. Thus the access of light to the

photographic plate is possible when the radiation indicator

records the existence of the combination desired or looked

for. By this method certain defined cases out of a large

number of statistical indications are picked out and recorded

on the photographic plate " _/

Thus, as early as 1927, when Goldberg filed a patent application

for this device in Germany, there was a proposal for a system

combining principles that are basic to many of today's selectionretrieval systems, as listed below:

—' Goldberg, E. , "Statistical machine, " U. S. Patent No.

1, 838, 389, Ref. 105.

13
1. Use of photographic storage media for records and

items to be subsequently selected and retrieved.

2. Use of integral indexing in that the selection criteria

are physically recorded on the same storage medium

as the information items to be selected.

3. Means for mechanical manipulation and search, in

this case including a search plate or search mask

which carries the photographic negative image or a similar complement of the specific selection criteria

to be used for selection and retrieval.

4. Means for providing replica copies of information

identified as being desired by coincidence of the

search plate indications with the recorded selection

criteria, in this case by a photographic copying

process triggered by extinction of light to a photocell.

Similar but independent suggestions for information selection

systems using photographic storage and providing replica copies

were proposed by several different investigators during the decade

or so following Goldberg's patent. James W. Bryce was issued a

number of patents dealing with various equipment developments

applicable for such systems, zl For example, in Bryce 's U. S.

Patent 2, 172, 330, he claims the following:

"A film printing machine including a master film scanning

station with means for scanning the indicia disposed on the

master film, said scanning means comprising a source of

light rays and light responsive means controlled by the light

rays modified by the indicia, a circuit network including means

for conditioning the network selectively for representing

selected predetermined indicia, means controlled by the

scanning means for comparing the scanned indicia and the said

indicia retained by the conditioned circuit network for determining the relationship therebetween, a detail film, and

means for transferring the scanned indicia to the detail film

upon determination of a predetermined relationship between the . scanned and predetermined indicia by the comparing means. " _/

1/ -' Refs. 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39.

Bryce, James W. "Sele

No. 2, 172, 330, Ref. 37.

2/— Bryce, James W. "Selective film printer, " U. S. Patent

14
Bryce, Goldberg, Townsend l/and Goodale i/ , among others, were

concerned primarily with integrally indexed storage and selectionretrieval equipment for accounting and statistical purposes. However,

it was in this same period of the 1930 's that Vannevar Bush initiated

the developments which combine equipment techniques of this type

with specific documentation purposes, leading to a working model of

the Microfilm Rapid Selector.

This early work by Bush was on a document retrieval device that

utilized microfilm with mechanical manipulation and search, and

provided replica copies. His combination of microphotographic and

mechanical search techniques for handling scientific information

followed suggestions made by Slosson, Davis, Draeger, Seidell, and

others. As early as 1926, Edwin E. Slosson and Watson Davis had

urged in correspondence and in presentations of the Science Service

organization that attention be given to the use of .microphotographic

techniques in scientific publication activities. _ ' _z/ Stemrriing from

this interest, new possibilities for combining microphotography with

mechanized selection-retrieval began to be recognized.

Atherton Seidell, writing in Science in the summer of 1934, first

noted the earlier Watson Davis proposals to provide for publication

of scientific information in microphotographic form. Seidell then

proposed what is probably the first version of microfilm aperture

cards, as follows:

"It is probable that the most satisfactory system will be

one in which 16 mm film is used, and from such strips of

negatives of printed pages positives will be prepared and these

mounted in windows on filing cards. Such cards need not be

much larger than 10x15 centimeters and have sufficient space

for typewriting the author's name, title of paper and its classification number . . . . " £./

It is to be noted, of course, that the integral indexing proposed is

both of the address type (author, title) and the search type (library

-' Ref. 279, 280, and 281. -' Ref. 106. —3/

' Davis, W. , "Scientific publication and bibliography, " Ref. 69. —4/

' Remarks by W. Davis at the National Microfilm Association's

Banquet, 1959, Ref. 68, pp. 76-81,

Seidell, A. "Reforms in chemical

Ref. 253, P. 71. See also Ref. 254, p. 184. —5/

' Seidell, A. "Reforms in chemical publication (documentation)",

15
classification data). Since the selection material would be typewritten,

the actual manipulation and search of the carrier cards would

presumably be manual.

However, Davis himself in the following year (1935) noted that

the selection criteria need not be limited to humanly legible, humanly

manipulatable form. At a meeting of the Institute International de

Documentation in Copenhagen, September, 1935, Davis proposed

that:

"For every published article, past or current, there would

be as many abstract bibliography cards in a master bibliographic file as there are subject classifications under which the

article should be indexed. A complete and comprehensive

scheme of numerical classification by subject would be created

through the utilization of existing subject classifications in

science, in so far as they can be utilized (International Dewey

Classification?) and the creation of new subject classification

schemes for unclassified areas of science toward the creation

of which the best scientific and library brains should be directed.

Upon each card (the word card is used although the item in the

bibliographical index might not be of paper material) there would

appear the abstract bibliographical entry and also a subject

classification punched or otherwise marked so as to actuate the

proper mechanism in a sorting machine of the punch card, photo - electric cell or some other type. Once these bibliographical

cards are placed in the files, this sorting machine would file

them and select from them the classifications desired. The

sorting machine could be linked mechanically to a duplicating

machine of some sort (microphotographic camera as used in

publication project). In this way it would be possible to receive a

request from a scientist for a bibliography upon a certain subject

and supply it by setting the sorting machine's selectors to

select the number corresponding to that subject classification,

the duplicating machine wedded to the -sorting machine producing

to order the bibliography desired. " —'

In addition to the combination of photographic copying with

mechanical selection there are two other significant points in the

above quotation. These are (1) the idea of multiple copies for

cross-referencing (a principle applied, for example, in some

Filmorex and Minicard systems), and (2) the important point that

the problem of intellectual effort in applying or developing a subject

classification must be distinctly separated from the problem of

implementing storage, selection, and retrieval.

—' Davis, W. "Scientific publication and bibliography", Ref. 69,

p. 16, underlining supplied.

16
Also in 1935, Rupert H. Draeger (who was then associated with

Davis in the Documentation Institute of Science Service) proposed

that abstract cards, together with patterns of holes punched into the

cards to represent the subject classifications assigned, be photographed onto a microfilm roll for subsequent photoelectric selection.

More specifically, Draeger suggested the following:

"Bibliographic abstracts may be made on cards measuring

3" X 8". The right-hand 3" x 5" area is used for typing of the

bibliographic title and abstract; the left-hand 3" x 3" space is

the selector area, of which the central 2" x 2" area is used

for punched holes the permutations and combinations of which

form a pattern for the selector mechanism.

"The cards are prepared. . . . from existing literature,

and when sufficient cards have accumulated they are filmed,

32, 000 cards to 1, 000 feet of film. No definite order of the

cards need be maintained.

"The classification of the cards is accomplished on a punching machine operated by the classifier, who sets the

machine to the pattern of the classification desired and

presses a lever, when the selector area is punched to the

desired pattern.

"The selector mechanism projects an image from the

selected film in such a manner that the abstract 3" x 5" area

focuses to the plane of a 35-mm positive motion film, while

the 3" X 3" area is diverted by a prism onto the selector pattern.

When darkness results due to a matching of the holes, the

mechanism is actuated so as to photograph the abstract area

onto the 35-mm film.

"A claw mechanism operates the two films synchronously

at 10 per second, the selected film moving continuously, while

the copy film moves only when selection is made. "_!/

Helen M. Davis, also of Science Service, added to the proposals

of Watson Davis and Draeger the idea of compartmentalization or

file segregation so that abstract cards in the same classifications

would be filmed and stored on the same film strip or roll. For

automatic searching, the appropriate subject roll would be selected

for processing against the specific bibliographic request. She also

proposed that the abstract card copies to be supplied to the requester

1/ Draeger, R. H. "A proposed photoelectric selecting mechanism

for the sorting of bibliographic abstract entries from 35 mm

film, " Ref. 74.

17
should contain enough additional address -locator information so

copies of the full original item could be ordered if desired. }^i

It is probable also that Watson Davis and Vannevar Bush had

discussed mutual interests in the area of microfilm document

retrieval devices as early as 1932. _/ In any case, there are two

dominant strands in the tapestry of the historical background of

replica-copy retrieval devices. They are those of (1) equipment

development with respect to automatic selection and duplication of

certain specific information records, and (2) concern for improvements in the use of the scientific literature. In accounting, statistics,

and many related data processing operations, it is not usually

necessary to obtain a graphic replica copy of the original information

item. In the retrospective search of the literature, however, the

document or item often contains interspersed equations, drawings,

and other pictorial or graphic data which is essential to the understanding of the total text. The two strands of selection equipment and

concern for improved retrieval of scientific information were brought

together in an actual device in the case of the Bush Microfilm Rapid

Selector.

By February of 1938, Bush had formalized his ideas for a

document retrieval device to the extent of proposing a specific

research project. The work was proposed to be carried out at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the auspices of the

Research Corporation, which in turn was under sponsorship for this

particular work from Eastman Kodak and the National Cash Register

Company. The research was to be divided into three stages, as

follows:

1. Construction of experimental equipment to test the

feasibility of a device which would search reels of

coded microfilm at high speed and which would copy

selected frames on the fly, for printout and use.

I

2. Investigation of the practical utility of such equipment

by experimental use in a library.

3. Further development aimed at exploration of the

possibilities for introducing such equipment into

libraries generally.

2/

Davis, Helen M. "Proposal of bibliographic department of the

documentary Institute of Science Service, " Ref. 64.

Information and copies of pertinent unpublished documents of

Science Service have been made available through the courtesy

of Watson Davis and Calvin N. Mooers.

18
The first Rapid Selector J^/was constructed at M. I. T. during the

period 1938-1940 by Bush and his assistants ^/. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the original Bush Rapid Selector. In this

original version, the microfilmed file consisted of document frames

accompanied by specific patterns of clear dots used as a selection

code. The code pattern consisted of 12 fields, each of which

contained 27 discrete indexing areas. Each area represented a

different indexing character. This pattern could be used to identify

each document by serial number, name or title, author, or subject

content indicia. In this machine, the code appeared on one longitudinal half of a 35 mm film and a photographic image of the original

document was recorded on the other half, as show^n in Figure 1.

In searching, the code pattern for each document frame was

projected onto a bank of photocells. The photocells were masked by

a cutout that was the exact physical image of the selection criterion

code pattern. Recognition would therefore occur whenever match

resulted in all photocells being illuminated. Such a match fired a

strobotron that projected the selected frame (document-record half)

onto a section of hitherto unexposed 16 mm microfilm advanced

to proper position, thereby allowing a replica recording to be made.

Thus, the result of finding a desired documentary item was to copy

it -when it was appropriately positioned in the selection-mechanism.

This preliminary Bush Rapid Selector was used experimentally by

the U. S. Department of the Navy during the early years of World

War II and subsequently was returned to M. I. T. , where it is now

stored.

Following World War II, because of interests of the Office of

Technical Services, (OTS), Department of Commerce, in improved

techniques in the organization and use of scientific literature. Dr.

Bush was asked to make his invention available for public use. Under

the direction of John C Green of OTS, two contracts were placed.

One, based on proposed specifications as of August 19471/, was

negotiated with Engineering Research Associates for the design and

1/

2/

3/

Howard, J. H. "A brief progress report on the rapid selection

research", Ref. 128.

Howard, J.H. "Description of the rapid selector camera",

Ref. 129.

Howard, J.H. , and L. R. Steinhardt, "General description of

the rapid selector and the apparatus for preparing the index

film", Ref. 131.

Project Engineer: John H. Howard; Research Assistants: Russell

Coile, John Coombs, Claude Shannon and Lawrence Steinhardt.

Coile, R. C. "Scientific aids to documentation", Ref. 55, p. 2.

"General description and proposed technical specifications for

microfilm selector", Ref. 84.

19
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20
construction of a second model. The other was negotiated with

Ralph R. Shaw of the Department of Agriculture Library for the , / encoding of test material and for practical testing of the device. —

1/ The early history of the Bush Rapid Selector was described by

Shaw in 1949, as follows:

"The Rapid Selector is the culmination of many years of

development and experimentation, in part directly connected

with it, in part in the fields of organization of knowledge,

electronics, mechanics, and other fields.

"The first practical application of electronics to selection

of data on film appears to have been made some twenty years

ago by Dr. E. Goldberg, who at the time was with Zeiss in

Dresden. His invention was protected by United States Patent

No. 1, 838, 389 issued on 29 December 1931.

"The basic principles of organization of knowledge applied

in the present machine were developed by Dr. Vannevar Bush

at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology more than ten

years ago, and while many changes were made in operating

details in designing the Rapid Selector, its basic electronic

system should be credited to Dr. Bush.

"The funds for development of the Rapid Selector were

provided by the Office of Technical Services of the Department

of Commerce^ from an appropriation intended for development

of new tools to advance the technological development of the

nation and to result in wide public benefit. Mr. John C. Green,

Director of the Office of Technical Services, not only supervised

the contractual details, but also was of constant assistance in

technical aspects of the development of the work.

"The Engineering Research Associates of St. Paul,

Minnesota, selected and designed the electrical, optical, and

mechanical components, and assembled this first machine.

"The author, with Dr. Bush's permission to use his concept

for the public good, developed the programme, devised the

method of mounting the coding system so that any size document

could be taken without changing the size of the dot codes,

devised the triggering dot scheme so that multiple codes could

be used in connection with a single reproduction of the text data,

and supervised the design, construction, and testing of the

machine. " Shaw, R. R. , "Machines and the bibliographical problems of the

twentieth century", Ref. 258, footnote 18, p. 58.

21
The Rapid Selector built by ERA (principally by John Howard

and John Coombs) had code space for seven decimal characters in

the form of six selection criterion entries of seven digits each, and

could operate with the film running in either direction. The machine

used four photocells for character reading. As in the original.

M. I. T. machine, the second model used a flash lamp to make the

output replica copies. Successive document frames could not be

copied at high speed because of the time constant requirements in

the power supply for the photoflash lamp. To overcome this difficulty,

an anticipator was added to slow down the film so that the flash unit

would be ready to take the next frame if necessary, J^/

The ERA model was designed to use a 2, 000-foot roll of 35 mm

microfilm. On this, up to 72, 000 frames of text or abstract material

and 432, 000 encoded selection entries to this material could be

recorded. The searching procedure consisted of inserting a question

mask (punched as a negative image) for the desired codes. Searching

was intended to proceed at rates of between 70, 000 and 120, 000 codes

per minute. The search run for the entire roll would therefore take

between four and six minutes. However, in this model only one code

pattern could be searched per run.

In operation, certain mechanical difficulties were encountered

with the ERA model of the Rapid Selector. It was at this point that

the National Bureau of Standards was asked to assist in overcoming

some of the troubles. _/ Although most of these difficulties were

— Engineering Research Associates, "Report for the microfilm

rapid selector", Ref. 85. and Bagg, T. C. and Greenwald, S.

"The rapid selector development program at the National

Bureau of Standards", Ref. 14.

1/ Among the difficulties studied by Rabinow and Rotkin at NBS

was that of incomplete blackout when the film item code did in

fact match the search prescription code. Rabinow recognized

that the problems of distinguishing between a true mismatch and

an apparent mismatch caused by light leakage or variations in

density of recording might be solved by examining the selection

code area in small sub-areas one at a time. While not directly

used in subsequent Rapid Selector developments, this principle

of "best-fit" rather than "extinction" or exact matching has been

w^idely used in automatic character recognition devices. See

Rabinow, J. "Optical coincidence devices", Ref. 228.

I

22
minimized, the major factor causing abandonment of the machine

was that it was not designed to copy successive frames without

delays that severely increased search time. Moreover, the

limitation of the selection code area to six selection criteria per

document frame and the limitation of the question to one criterion per

run had seriously restrictive effects upon indexing and search, and

therefore upon the practical use of the selector.

In the early 1950's, a situation arose in which the Central

Intelligence Agency desired to explore the potentialities of the Rapid

Selector techniques for a large collection of documents where about

4, 800 bits of information had already been used to identify the subject

contents. Yale University undertook the re-design of the Rapid

Selector to provide for both the greatly enlarged selection code area

and successful copying of successive frames without slowing down

the search process. 1/The design engineers at Yale therefore changed

the arrangement of code and document areas. Previously, as we

have noted, the film was divided in half longitudinally so that

document frames and their corresponding selection code areas were

recorded side by side. In this third model, the document image was

recorded across the entire width of the film, and the document frame

was accompanied by a code area also covering the width of the film,

recorded in 40 -bit groups and extending along the film as far as

required.

The documents involved had previously been analyzed, and the

results had been coded and recorded on punched cards. Five cards'

worth of such coded information, representing the subject content

analysis of a single document, could be recorded in a code area

1 1/4 inch long. Thus the code area occupied about the same space

as the image of the document at an 8 to 1 reduction. Figure 2

illustrates the recording format for the ERA and the Yale versions

of the Rapid Selector. Input equipment used with the Yale machine

translated the coded selection criteria as punched in the card to a black or white bit representation. Specifically, the pattern of holes

as punched in the card was transformed to a pattern of lighted

miniature bulbs that photograph as black dots. This design feature

thus made the Selector compatible with standard punched card

equipment in terms of the code input operations.

The interrogator system of the Yale model was designed to read

the entire code field simultaneously, using one photocell for each bit

position in the code field. This arrangement provided considerable

latitude in search, especially by comparison with the earlier Rapid

Selector models. For instance, any pattern involving any one or

more of the 400 columns could be searched. Alternatively, selection

could be made on the basis of a range of codes within a column, if

desired. —' "Nature and use of the Yale Rapid Selector", Ref. 306.

23
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24
The copying of successive document frames without slow-down

was achieved by using a continuously lit conventional projection lamp

which illuminated the master film as it passed over a slit. The image

was focus sed onto another slit behind which unexposed microfilm

was placed. The Selector controlled the motion of this unexposed

film. When a printout copy of a document frame w^as called for, the

unexposed film was brought up to matching speed so that a 1-to-l

copy could be made. After the copying operation was finished, the

film gate w^as cleared of the newly exposed film, so that a new unexposed section was available for the next print command.

In addition to using this third model as an experimental document

retrieval device, Professor Richard Ruggles of the Economics

Department at Yale pointed out its potential use for statistical

operations. Only digital data, in binary representation, would be

used on the film. Under such conditions, and with a film speed of

5 feet per second, the Rapid Selector could read almost a million bits

per minute. Unfortunately, the Yale machine was never completed

for operational use.

Subsequently, however, the original sponsor, CIA, and Yale

University agreed to make this equipment available to the National

Bureau of Standards. Further development and experimentation was

undertaken at NBS, first in connection with a cooperative NBS-Patent

Office program, and later in terms of specific operational applications for the Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. As a result

of these efforts, it could be reported as of 1961 that:

" The Rapid Selector - a dream 25 years ago and a

laboratory instrument as recently as five years ago - is

today the basis of an operating information retrieval , / system in the Navy Department's Bureau of Ships. " —

Returning to that period of a quarter-century before, however,

we note again that there were several different efforts being pursued

at about the same time with respect to the Rapid Selector type of

device. Two apparently independent but similar patent applications

were filed in the years 1937-1938.

The first was filed by Loughridge and Stuart on October 1, 1937,

and their invention was patented July 30, 1940. It was for a

selective photoprinting system designed to meet the following

objectives as described by the inventors:

" To selectively print enlargements from any

frame of a photographic film; to provide each frame of the

film with distinctive markings for selective purposes; to

—' McMurray, J. P. , "The Bureau of Ships rapid selector system, " Ref. 177.

25
provide a control film or band having markings arranged in a

predetermined order on the film to register with the markings

of the picture film for selective purposes; to provide light

sensitive means responsive to the markings of the films when

they come into register for controlling the system; to provide

a control film or band with predetermined markings which are

progressively brought into use for selecting the frames of

the film desired; to provide for projecting the picture of the

film and the markings of the film through the same gate with

light cells responsive to the film markings only and to provide

a selectively operated shutter mechanism controlling the ^ / projection of the picture but not the light to the light cells. " —

Lioughridge and Stuart specifically proposed the application of such

equipment to collections of photographic records of indices,

documents, and books. However, it is clear from the suggested

embodiments of the invention that the selection criteria markings

were intended to be used as serial numbers distinguishing each

frame rather than as direct clues to the contents of the recorded

items. This was therefore an address -type rather than a searchtype retrieval system.

2/ The second patent application, filed by R. S. Morse in 1938,—

disclosed a search-type system. It covered a combination of the

Rapid Selector type principles with the calculating and statistical

operations with which Goldberg, Bryce, Goodale, Townsend, and

others had been concerned. The possibility of use for "literature

abstracts" was mentioned, but the emphasis was upon the recording

of "information items" such as identification cards, bank checks,

sales records, social security cards, and the like. The film band

was to be divided longitudinally with the items along one side and the

corresponding codes for selection along the other. Interesting

features of the disclosure include the suggestion of sound and

magnetic recordings as well as photographic means for the selection

code representation. Another feature was the provision for

selection on the basis of any four -of -five of the code "tracks", thus

providing directly for generic as well as specific searches if the

code language permitted. The Morse patent was issued September 8,

1942, and was assigned to the Eastman Kodak Company.

— Loughridge, M.H. , and Stuart, R. "Selective photographing

system", U.S. Patent 2, 209, 342, Ref. 162.

2/ Morse, R.S., U.S. Patent 2, 395, 000, Ref. 190.

26
As previously mentioned, Eastman Kodak had also been

interested in automatic selection equipment for use with photographic

storage media from at least the time of the early Bush proposals.

Investigators there did further work on this type of equipment, and

as a result designed and built the "Photographic Digital ReaderRecorder, " _i/ which was used for a time as input to the Whirlwind

computer at M. I. T. Following that, about 1950 Eastman Kodak

came to the conclusion that the discrete record approach should be

explored for the ha;?fdling of very large, rapidly expanding, frequently

revised files^ This idea ultimately led to the system now known as

Minicard. _/

A similar approach was taken, apparently independently, by

Samain with his Filmorex systems in' France which date from at

least 1952. _f/ The Minicard, Filmorex, and similar systems manipulate discrete film chips each of which contains a number of code

bits recorded in a selection area together with images of one or more

document pages.

The particular form of the discrete unit record that utilized a

microphotographic recording physically bonded to or inserted in a, punched card had been specifically proposed by Seidell in 1934. _/

During the early 1940 's John Langan and his associates, working

originally at the Office of Strategic Services, successfully modified

the ordinary machine tabulating card to contain a frame of microfilm. _/ This idea^ was pursued commercially by the Film Sort

Company (formerly Film'N File, Inc. , later the Filmsort Company,

a division of Miehle -Goss-Dexter, Inc. , and now a subsidiary of

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. ) which called the product

"aperture cards".

—' Eastman Kodak, "The Kodak digital reader-recorder, " Ref. 79.

2/ Tyler, A. W. , Myers, W. L. , and Knipers, J. W. , "The

application of the Kodak Minicard system to problems of

documentation, " Ref. 282.

3/ -' Samain, J., "Filmorex, " Ref. 249.

4/

5/

Seidell, A. "Reforms in chemical publication (documentation)",

Ref. 2 53, and "The photographic reproduction of documents, " Ref. 2 54.

Langan, J. F. , "Record Card, " U. S. Patent 2, 512, 106, Ref. 159

At about the same time as the Langan developments, A. V.

Loughren was issued U. S. Patent 2, 402, 058 for a "Secrecy

Communication System" in which selective scanning of code

patterns on a specially designed aperture card would be

employed, see Ref. I6I

27
In 1951, applications of cards with microfilm attachments and

inserts had been seriously considered by several of the scientific and

industrial contributors to the study of punched cards. J:/ For example,

C. A. Burkhard suggested:

"In addition to entering numerical data and similar

reference information on punched cards it is also

possible to attach photographs, drawings, graphs,

charts, microfilms, etc. , directly to the cards.

By sorting for a particular item or topic all

corresponding photographs, drawings, and charts

may be obtained in addition to the pertinent

references and data. This is often helpful in

writing papers as it may prove desirable to include

photographs, etc. , which otherwise might be

overlooked. " _/

By 1956, aperture cards were used for engineering drawings,

real property title records, the "rogues'"gallery of a large metropolitan police department, and copies of labels used on packaged or

canned meats sold in the United States. _' Similar cards that

provided for microfilm inserts and integral indexing using the edge?-

/

notched-card technique (such as found in McBee's Keysort system)—'

also became available. The use of aperture cards is discussed in

more detail in Section 3. 4 of this report.

Some variants of the discrete unit record approach are

exemplified by the following systems:

1. About 1949 the National Research Council and the

National Bureau of Standards sponsored a program to

assist in the interchange of infrared spectral data

between cooperating laboratories. They proposed the

use of a 5" x 8" McBee card (Figure 3) that enabled the

selection and retrieval of data about compounds on the

y

1/

4/

Casey, R. S. , and J. W. Perry (Eds. ) "Punched cards, their

applications to science and industry, " Ref. 49. The Filmsort

cards and equipment are discussed on pp. 71-74.

Burkhard, C. A. "The use of punched-card techniques in

preparing reports, papers, and books", Ref. 41, pp. 183-189.

"205,000 meat labels on file", Ref. 127;

"How MID handles label control", Ref. 126.

Filmsort Division "New horizons with microfilm", Ref. 91,

p. 26.

28
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29
basis of absorption band position, melting point, molecular functional groups, and number of carbon atoms.

In addition, these cards, which were selected by a

needle -sorting process, carried a chart tracing of the

spectrogram. Such cards were issued by the NBS to

subscribers. Similar developments in Great Britain

and Germany as well as in the United States led to the

Documentation of Molecular Spectroscopy System, _/

a system now internationally available through Butterworth,

Inc.

2. The Recall Film Index System, which existed only as a

proposal, was suggested to the Patent Office in 1954.

The proposed system would have used Kalfax film, which

has an ultraviolet- sensitive heat-developed emulsion

that can be processed in normal light. This would

provide film cards on which would be recorded both the

reduced image of a document and coded index entries

or selection criteria. The latter w^ould be produced on

the Kalfax film card by contact printing from a punched

card.^/

3. The Micro-Research-Cards of the Petroleum Research

Corporation are film cards with integral indexing which

are actually being used for a collection of documents

concerning the petroleum resources, geology, and

paleontology of the Rocky Mountain region. As described

in 1956, pertinent features of this operational system _'

were as follows:

"This library contains microphotographic

reproductions of approximately 8, 000 published

and unpublished articles and theses. . . yet the

entire library fits easily into a two -drawer legalsize file cabinet . . . "The file contains approximately 8, 000 5-by-8

inch film transparencies, each imprinted with up

to 100 pages of text reproduced about l/20 the

size of the original. The card is perforated at

1/

2/

"Punched cards facilitate rapid searching for spectrograms",

Ref. 227.

"Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the Advisory

Committee on Applications of Machines to Patent Office

Operations", Ref. 46, Appendix I, p. 32; Appendix III, p. 56. —3/

' See Section 3. 2. 1. of this report.

30
one end with 207 small holes. Each hole

represents a geologic subject, a geologic

time, date of writing, or geographic area

within the Rocky Mountains.

"Every article included in the file has

been 'coded' by a geologist to indicate area,

subject, and geologic time covered by the

article. The geologist's notations appear on

the card in microfilm form and also as slots

extended from the holes in the punched end of

the card. These slots make possible the

selection of material by subjects. A needlesorting system is used. . . In selecting cards

by subjects, one may use as many qualifying

coding categories as desired. . . " _'

Another specific use of the Micro-Research System has

been proposed for the field of neurology.

4. FACSI (Fast Access, Coded Small Images) Inc. , of

Deerfield, Illinois, reprints each article that appears in

the Journal of the Society for Nondestructive Testing.

This is accomplished by printing each article onto an

8" X 10 l/Z" edge -punched card at about a 3 to 1 reduction.

These cards, purchased in sets, are indexed and prepunched with a code specifically designed for the nondestructive testing literature. The article-cards are

then stored in any order and are retrieved from file by

needle-sort selection on the basis of search parameters

that consist of any number of applicable subject/function

keywords. The retrieval process takes only a few

moments to yield an article(s) that fills the search

requirements. The required information is then readable with at least a low-power magnifying glass, if not

with the naked eye. _'

By 1956 and in fact from 1945 onward, several factors have

emerged which demanded and hence fostered an increasing interest

in the development of practical information selection systems that

retrieve replica copies. First, there have been many important

advances in data processing techniques and in the fields of

mechanics, optics, electronics, and photography. Secondly, there

has been a significant increase in the serious attention given to the

—' Chronic, J. "How microfilm library aids research", Ref. 53.

See also Ref. 215, p. 16.

_' Staats, H.N. "Data extraction in nondestructive testing",

Ref. 265.

31
field of documentation, especially the development of new and nonconventional systems i/ for storage, selection, and retrieval. In

part, new technological possibilities have sparked a fresh approach

to the problems of classifying, categorizing, indexing, and encoding

information so as to expedite future retrospective search. On the

other hand, new or newly revived documentation techniques, such

as the development of descriptors, uniterms, and the principles of

coordinate indexing, _/ lend themselves effectively to machine

implementation.

A third and most important factor has been that of increasing

recognition of need. The exponential growth of scientific literature

has forced recognition that this problem is one of the most critical

of our time and that the best utilization of available intellectual and

technical resources must be applied to it. The need for better use

of scientific information thus demands the continuing development

of new selection and retrieval systems. In turn, serious concern

for the possibilities of new systems requires not only the exploitation

of current technology but the development of new techniques as well.

For this reason, the report of the Bush Committee, established

to advise on the application of machines to Patent Office search,

includes a review of the state of the art of data handling. This was

prepared as of December 1954. It covered various advantages and

disadvantages of the punched card approach, the magnetic tape

approach, the photographic approach with respect to rolls and chips,

and the use of high-speed electronic data processing techniques.

Devices which meet the compressed storage, selection, and replica

retrieval definitions of the present report were discussed. These

included the Goldberg patent, the Rapid Selector, the Filmorex

System, Minicards, the Recall Film Index System, and Filmsort

Aperture Cards. Other aspects of the then state of the art with

respect to systems providing replica copies were described in part

as follows:

"An outstanding advantage of the photographic technique is

that graphic material can be directly recorded and is thereafter

1/

2/

For example, as early as 1947, Mooers suggested an application

of a Rapid Selector type device that would incorporate Boolean

manipulations for selection. See Ref. 188.

A note by Watson Davis, recording a conversation on November

15, 1932, stated that Dr. Bush "favored the use of large sheets

of film, say 20x12 inches or more, and a coordinate method of

indexing. " See Ref. 65. While this terminology may have been

intended to refer only to the engineering sense of 'indexing', in

view of the later Bush proposals on "Memex" (Ref. 43), it may

also be of historical interest.

32
available for human inspection, even if it has been greatly

reduced in scale, by enlarging the image in projection or

during reproduction.

"To date, the conventional use of photographic methods

for compressed data storage has been in the form of microfilm. The microfilm is relatively permanent and quite

durable, but it cannot be erased or directly revised, and it is a scroll-like medium that must be read through from the

beginning until the desired material is reached.

"However, electronic means of scanning can be coupled

with coded digital information accompanying frames of text so that this searching procedure can be carried out by machine. . "The microfilm selector equipment. . . has definite advantages for searches where the desired result is the facsimile

reproduction of text, drawings and other graphic material, or

abstracts. Its chief disadvantages are that the medium

requires a serial selection, that reproduction is a separate

process of development, that the area for coded selection is

limited by the space required for the text material, that the

coded entries cannot be changed or added to without recopying

or splicing the entire roll, and that the roll imposes a fixed

physical grouping ^of the material which must be determined

at the time of recording.

"Some -of these disadvantages have been attacked by

systems using microphotographic media on which both text

and coded index data are recorded but where the long lengths

of microfilm are divided up into discrete pieces or cards.

Thus the advantages in handling, regrouping, and direct

selection of punched cards are combined with the advantages

of data compression and reproducibility of graphic material. . . .

"In the microfilm card approach, then, the photographic

advantages of compact storage with large data capacity and

facsimile reproducibility are retained, and the punched card

advantages in the treatment of each record as a discrete unit in

sorting, selection, removing from and adding to the files,

and re -arrangement of selected groups of records, are added.

The disadvantages include the limitations of photographic

processing, the non-erasability of the medium, and the fact

that separate conversion processes are now necessary to

make information stored in this form available to other types

of processing equipment. . . "The photographic approach is particularly attractive

where it is desired to obtain facsimile copies of graphic as

well as text material. . . The use of photographic media is

thus favorable for large collections of permanent material

33
where the information stored changes slowly or not at all but

where rapid access to both specific records and large groups

of records is necessary. It provides compact, inexpensive,

and effective storage in situations w^here copies of the original

material are frequently required. " _/

Possibilities for improvements and for combination techniques,

such as the use of magnetic recording for selection codes for microfilmed information, were also considered by the Bush Committee.

Some of these, as well as other developments not anticipated at that

time, have occurred since submission of the Bush Committee report

in late 1955. In 1956 Magnavox announced its Film-Data Recorder

and Reader. In 1957 Benson-Lehner designed and built the system

known as the FLIP, or Film Library Instantaneous Presentation.

Both of these machines search a limited number of bits (which are

in essence an address), then stop and project the appropriate frame.

Experimental systems using video magnetic tape or a magnetic

aperture card have been partially tested by RCA, Ampex, and

Magnavox. In addition to the rolled film and film chip systems,

several devices using micro-images on large sheets, planes, or

scrolls have been built. Of these, the NBS Microcite is apparently

the only operational one that locates the desired images by subject

content codes at the present time.

One group of information retrieval devices has been excluded

from this survey because of the special-purpose nature of its

application. This group includes two types of data display systems.

The first of these has the capability for retrieving a limited number

of items such as maps or charts for immediate visual display. In

general, the selection of the items to be displayed is by specification

of the file address, and the selector mechanism is just a part of a

teaching machine or a small part of a large computer-controlled

system. The other type is similar, but it regenerates for display

specific information from a small file, the contents of which are

subject to frequent changes, often on a real-time basis, for example,

as seen in air traffic control systems.

Selection and retrieval devices designed for the more usual

purpose of handling scientific information are listed in Table I. Many of these devices have the same advantages and disadvantages

as v/ere considered by the Bush Committee in 1954. Consideration

of the comparative characteristics of these devices however provides

the framework for a current appraisal of the state of the art in

systems providing replica copies. We shall therefore consider each

— "Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the Advisory Committee

on Application of Machines to Patent Office Operations", Ref. 46,

Appendix III, pp. 54-57.

34
of the devices listed in Table I, but with major emphasis on those

particular devices which are employed in search-type, rather than

address-type, selection systems.

Table I. Document Retrieval Devices

H refers to known operating hardware; M indicates model;

C means proved components but no complete model;

P is a paper proposal.

Search type selection:

Continuous rolled film systems:

H 1938 Rapid Selector,

Bush, Green--ERA--Shaw, Yale, NBS, BuShips

H 1956 FOSDIC II, NBS--Weather Bureau

H 1961 FileSearch machine, FMA

M 1961 Automatic Image Retrieval System, Recordak

C I960 Video File System, RCA

C 1961 70-mm Selector, Photo Devices, Inc.

C 1961 ECCETRON, Loquin

P 1959 Photo -magnetic system, James (IBM)

I. Chip or discrete unit systems:

H 1956 Micro Research Card, Petroleum Research Co.

H 1956 Filmorex

H 1958 Minicard, Eastman Kodak

C i960 Magnavue, Magnavox

P 1959 Data Bank ("Is there a Doctor in the House?"),

Benson- Lehner

Sheet or strip film systems:

H I960 Microcite, NBS

M i960 Document Storage and Retrieval System, Staats

C 1961 Large Capacity Document Storage and Retrieval

System, (Walnut), IBM

Address type selection:

Continuous rolled film systems:

H 1956 Film Data-Recorder and Reader, Magnavox

H 1957 FLIP, Benson-Lehner

H i960 Lodestar with Kodamatic or Counter, Recordak

H I960 AutoTutor Western Design--USI

H 1961 Rapid Access Look-up System, Ferranti

H 1961 Rapid Random Access Projector, Mast Dev. Co.

M 1961 Viewer reproducer Model C and E, Hughes

P 1961 Reader-Finder, MIT

35
Table I. Document Retrieval Devices (Continued)

Chip or discrete unit systems:

M I960 MEDIA, Magnavox

M i960 Telecard (aperture), General Precision

M 19 61 Aperture card, Hughes Model D

M 1962 Target Map Coordinate Locator, Fairchild

C 196

1

Automatic Unit Research Storage and Retrieval

Device, Houston Fearless

P 1961 Metricard, Thompson Ramo-Wooldridge

Sheet or strip film systems:

H 1955 Micro-image locator, NBS

H I960 Verac 903, Avco

M 1957 Amfis, Avakian

P 1961 Information Retrieval Corp. , Information for

Industry, Inc. (Amfis) CRIS

36
3. COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AVAILABLE

AND PROPOSED SYSTEMS

As shown in Table I, the various available and proposed systems

may be grouped in terms of whether the storage medium used is of

continuous rolled film, chip, or discrete unit record, or sheet or

strip film. Within each grouping by storage method, these devices

may be further divided by whether selection is made on a searchprescription or on an address -locating basis. The specific

characteristics of those devices which use search type selection will

be discussed in detail below, following the order of Table I. In

addition, selected examples of microfilm aperture card systems and

other address-type systems will be briefly described.

In the systems considered in this report, the storage media used

consist either of printed matter on paper or card stock, or of photographic images _/ on triacetate or polyester base, or of magnetic

tape recordings on polyester base. There are other possibilities

for use as storage media, such as the thermoplastic recording of

the General Electric Company, ^/ the photochromic techniques of

the National Cash Register Company, ±_l and the fluorescent- .1

recording materiels being studied at the University of Chicago. -'However, to date these storage materials are not yet being used in

document retrieval systems.

Certain general characteristics of storage media therefore

affect the systems to be discussed. The materials now used for

storage of documents and other information items in these systems

all have good life. They are stable at temperatures of 60°F to 80°F

and relative humidities of 40% to 60%. Ideal storage conditions are

darkness, temperature of 50oF, and relative humidity of 50%.

However, if necessary, they can be used throughout an ambient

temperature range equal to or greater than that acceptable to human

operators, i.e. , 0° to 140°F. Since all media will support the

growth of microorganisms under hot and humid conditions unless

especially treated they must be adequately protected.

1/

2/

3/

4/

The most common emulsions used are the silver halides and the

diazo dyes and light-scattering materials, see Refs. Z2, 51, 80,

12 5, 240 and 247.

See Refs. , 103 and 104.

Ref. 48.

Ref. 155.

37
The most serious conditions which may be encountered in the

working environment are w^ide variations in humidity, dirt, and dust.

These will adversely affect the life and use of these storage materials.

Paper stock and gelatin emulsion are very sensitive to moisture

content, both high and low. Materials bearing photographic images

and magnetic tape media are very sensitive to dirt and dust. The

adverse effects may include false readings of the information in the

selection code area; for example, by the reading of a speck of dirt

as a recorded bit, by failure to read a mark that has been partially

or wholly obliterated, or by dirt on the tape or film that holds it too

far away from the reading device. Obliteration or false reading of

both code and the information items proper may result from abrasive

action which scratches or wears the recording medium and base.

Also, the effect on film life has not as yet been determined for sudden

stopping and starting of roll film in a high-speed transport.

Characteristics which differ from one device to another include

the kind or type of basic storage media, physical characteristics such

as packing density, storage space requirements, the kind of input

equipment required, the format of the selection code, the search and

selection mechanisms, the search method, the form of output, and the

like. The characteristics which were specifically considered in

evaluating systems for this report are presented in Table II.

38

i;
Table II. Systems Evaluation Criteria

I. General Characteristics

A. Name, developer, manufacturer, and current status,

B. Type of device - selection method, storage media,

document size, code size and format.

C. Search speed, store size, and system expandability.

D. Approximate size and cost of equipment.

E. Power requirements.

II. Basic Storage Media

A. Type or kind.

B. Physical characteristics.

1. Image format and location tolerance.

2. Resolution and gray scale.

3. Method of handling, life, erasability, costs.

III. Input Equipment

A. Type of recording device and associated equipment.

B. Method of handling codes and documents - provision

for parity check.

C. Speed of transcription, ease of adjustment, and

reduction ratio.

D. Equipment and recording costs,

IV. Search Equipment

A. Type of device and method of search.

B. Method of setting up question.

C. Form and speed of output.

D. Equipment and search costs.

V. Auxiliary Equipment

A. Type and purpose.

B. Costs.

39
3. 1 Continuous Rolled Film Systems

3. 1. 1 Rapid Selector —

'

Because of the direct line of descent from the Bush Microfilm

Selector of 1938, it is appropriate to consider first the operational

Rapid Selector as developed at the National Bureau of Standards for

the Bureau of Ships, Departraent of the Navy. There are three of

these systems presently in operation. The first is an NBS modification of a model developed at Yale University. The second is a subsequent model in use in the Publications Branch of the Bureau of

Ships. The third is a later experimental raodel located at NBS. Still

another preproduction model is now being constructed jointly by the

Data Processing Systems Division of NBS and the Engineering

Development Branch of the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of

Ships

,

Much of the work on these machines has been of an experimental

nature in that the Navy has been chiefly concerned with the study of

indexing methods and encoding procedures, while NBS has been

concerned with system development and flexibility. The Bureau of

Ships Rapid Selector is used as part of a complete system for document generation, ranging from a sequenced card-camera system of

text composition^ to a facsimile -distribution system. ^/ The

Selector System at NBS has been used mostly for engineering

investigations such as film life studies and improving methods of

logic control. Also, a variable reduction ratio camera and a new

film transport are currently under construction.

Rapid Selector characteristics include first of all provision for

selection either by a simple address or by descriptive terms and

indexing entries. Combination searches can also be made in ^vhich

both indexing terms and bibliographic data are used to select a

desired item. In addition, there is a "predictive search" mode of

operation in which counters record the number of items that meet the

1/ Refs. 13, 14, 17, 85, 110, 128, 129, 130, 131, 173, 177, 209,

234, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 285, 305, 307, 308 and 309. —2/

' Ball, H. R. "A photographic system for data retrieval and

presentation", Ref. 30.

Ball, H.R. "Information retrieval in the Bureau of Ships",

Refs. 18 and 19. —3/

' Ball, H. R. "Bureau of Ships high speed facsimile printout",

Ref. 16.

\

40
search requirements, so that the querist may broaden or narrow the

scope of his search before actual copies of selected items are

made. _l

The basic storage medium for the Rapid Selector is standard

35-mm unperforated microfilm. The document recording area is

nominally 1. 15" x 1. 75", but the latter dimension may be extended

to any desired length. This area is to accommodate documents

that range in size from 3" x 5" to 22" x 34", covering abstract cards

to engineering drawings. The selection code area is 1. 20" x 0. 36"

per 315-bit field. This provides 280 bits for document coding,

which are divided into 70 hexadecimal characters, i.e. , four bits

per character. Any number of such fields are available for encoding.

The microfilm can be easily handled on 100 foot to 6, 000 foot

reels, representing 600 to 36, 000 coded pages per reel. As many

reels as desired may be used in the total system. Other packing

density characteristics available in the system are (1) a resolution

capability of up to 120 lines per mm, and (2) six coded frames per

foot. _/ The storage space requirement for a 6, 000 foot reel is

2" X 20. 5", or 660 cubic inches. Under normal conditions film

storage life is indefinite. However, for its handling, a controlled

atmosphere is desirable.

The experimental input equipment for the Rapid Selectors is

shown in Figure 4. It is a modified commercial microfilm camera

for photographic recording of documents and other information items

at a reduction ratio of 8 to 1 and a resolution of 60 lines per mm

across the entire field. For recording of the selection criteria

information, a modified IBM 407 card reader is used. This reader

has been altered to read all hole positions simultaneously. Each

hole position sensor is connected to an independent light source in

the code matrix as seen under the table in Figure 4. These lights

are photographed onto the film as the code pattern. To prepare the

cards for recording, an IBM 026 card punch has been modified to

punch hexadecimal characters in each column of the encoding cards.

In addition to punching the characters in a specified 4 rows, it also

punches the compleinent of the characters in 4 other rows of the

same columns. This feature also makes the punch useful for

2/

McMurray, J. P. "The Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector System",

Ref. 177, p. 4.

This may be increased to 36 frames per foot where a punched

card is recorded as both document and code storage area,

e. g. , such as the case in which titles only are used.

41
Figure 4. Rapid Selector Encoder

42
preparing the question cards to be used for interrogating the Selector

because the program logic requires the complement of the characters

as well as the characters themselves.

The input operation thus consists of punching the selection code

information into a card with a manual keyboard. Cards are fed semiautomatically from a hopper. The lights corresponding to the holes

punched in the card come on, and a picture of the code pattern is

taken by the camera. For each document, this is repeated for as

many cards as are required for the document code. A switch is

then thrown to turn on flood lights and refocus the camera onto the

table top where the documents are placed. As many document pages

can be photographed as are required. The original film is edited,

spliced, and retained as a security file. From that copy, as many

machine master copies are made as are needed.

The search equipment for the Rapid Selector consists basically

of a high-speed mechanical film transport, a photocell-activated

interrogator and comparator, and an on-the-fly output copy camera.

Search prescription requirements are established by punching the

codes with the desired selection criteria into a question card. "Yes",

"no", and "don't care" conditions are available through use of the

character complements mentioned above. This card, together with

a patch panel, permits logical relationships between the prescribed

criteria. Togetiier they set the comparator-identification circuitry.

The search method is serial, i. e. , item by item as recorded

on the master film. The selection code area for each item is read

40 bits at a time for the purpose of matching the photocell comparatoridentification circuit to the search prescription. As previously

noted, the present code field capacity is in groups of 280 bits. Each

individual bit in the field may be checked for "yes, " "no, " and "don't

care" conditions. Bits may also be combined logically within a group.

In operation, the master film is run continuously at a uniform

velocity. The paths of the master and recopy films are shown schematically in Figure 5 and may also be traced in the photograph of the

Rapid Selector search equipment (Figure 6). On this particular model

both films are driven by a single drive drum. Whenever a searchpattern match identification is obtained on the master film, the copy

film is brought up to proper speed by the clutch and a copy is made.

A delay mechanism is required for the clutch control signals since

the selected area on the master film does not reach the copy station

until some time after it passes the code recognition station. The

clutches used in two of the operational models will accelerate the copy

film to the full velocity of 5' per second in 3 milliseconds. The amount

of film passing through the copy gate during this period is about equal

to that required to get unexposed copy film to copying position. The

distance between the selection gate and the copy gate is enough so that

the acceleration time is of negligible concern. Good alignment of

43
MASTER FILM TAKE UP REEL

SUPPLY CAPSTAN

SUPPLY

CONTROL

MASTER FILM SUPPLY REEL

RECOPY FILM

Figure 5. Rapid Selector Film Transport Schematic

44
Figure 6. Rapid Selector

45
the film in the selection gate is necessary for proper code recognition. Also, the films must be flat in the copying gates to give clear

undistorted copy. In addition, there are interlocks in the film paths

which automatically shut the machine down if either the master film

or the copy film breaks, or if the copy film runs out.

The output of the Rapid Selector is a 1-to-l copy of the 35-mm

microfilm image of the original document or information item. In

principle, the file items can range from titles, through abstracts, to

full text. In the case of the Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector, this has

included "textual material, engineering drawings, maps and halftones". \± The direct output can be viewed by system customers

on various commercially available microfilm viewers. Alternately,

an auxiliary enlargement-printing process may be employed to

provide full-size replicas. With microfilm, gray- scale or tonal

quality is relatively poor. However, the Rapid Selector system can

be used effectively with other types of films that have good tonal

range.

Performance of the Rapid Selector system, as with any document

retrieval system, is of course related to the requirements of the

specific application. In the case of the Bureau of Ships installation, |

an information specialist analyzes each document and chooses the

terms to be used for identification and subsequent selection. At i least one of these terms is chosen from the Navy-Marine Corps I Standard; Subject Classification System Manual ^/. This term, in

effect, limits or controls the applicability of other descriptors. In

addition, a screening descriptor, such as "research report" or

"operating manual", is assigned to describe the type of item. i Role indicators are also sometimes used to modify the application of

an assigned subject descriptor.

Within the above analytical restraints, performance has been

reported to involve an average time of 20 minutes per item for

document analysis and indexing, with an assigned average of nine

discrete subject entries and 12 bibliographic entries such as author,

title, date, and journal or report.

For 1, 200 retrievable items initially recorded in the Bureau of

Ships system, the average number of searches per month has been

150. The average search handling time has been 12 minutes.

Theoretically, the rate of search is 36 coded pages per second, or

1, 960 coded pages per minute for a full reel. However, the time

required to locate a particular item depends upon the length of the

—' McMurray, J. P. "The Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector System",

Ref. 177, p. 3.

-/ Ref. 286.

46

\
master reel and amounts to an average of six minutes for a full

2, 000-foot reel (12, 000 coded items). \/

There are a number of overall system features and operational

and maintenance characteristics that are pertinent to system design

considerations. The total cost of the input equipment is approximately $35, 000. 00 on a one of a kind basis. The cost of auxiliary

equipment (modified card punch, Kalvar microfilm copier, modified

Fairchild self-threading processor) may amount to an additional

$10, 000. 00. Operator time, including manual placement of

documents to be photographed, is estimated at 1 minute per complete

item. A 100 foot reel of film costs $6. 50 including processing.

The search equipment in the Rapid Selector system would probably

cost approximately $40, 000. 00 for a prototype model. In general,

operational costs are estimated at $0. 05 per page for file input and

$0. 03 for each page retrieved. Space required for the system

includes storage space for as many reels as may be required,

3'x5'x8' plus 3'x3'x4' for the input equipment, and 4'x2'x6' plus

2'x2'x4' for the search equipment. Power requirements for the input

and the search equipments are lOA, 115V and 20A, 115V respectively.

The storage medium is neither erasable nor reversible. Therefore, insertion and deletion of items must be accomplished by a manual cut-and-splice process. Similar manual operations are

required for both replacing damaged material and for rearranging ' the item order. For input, the only provision for manual insertion or code correction is that the code card may be corrected and replaced.

There is no provision for verifying and checking the coded information

other than by visual inspection. However, file integrity is maintained, since the master film always remains in the file area.

Developments similar to those for the Rapid Selector are

covered in several other systems discussed in this report. In

addition, an apparently related development in the USSR is referred

to as an "automatic catalog -handbook ". In particular, this device

has been reported as follows:

"On a film strip is printed on one side annotation of

articles, on the other side an index to them. The index

consists of black and white dots. Automatic devices with

photo-electric cells scan such bibliographical cards up to

lO's of lOOO's per minute. In 6 or 7 minutes the automatic

librarian is able to find any one of 70, 000 references

recorded on the strip. " ^

a any

n 2/

1/

2/

McMurray, J. P. "The Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector System, " Ref. 177, p. 1.

Private communication, Melville J. Ruggles, enclosing his

translation and abstract notes on an article in a Soviet journal,

by V. Pekelis, published in 1958.

47
Also, a similar device is purportedly being developed by Marcel

Loquin of Paris. In it, 16 mm film is used for storing the

index code words adjacent to the documents. Search is performed

by optically matching a projected image of the index word with a

mask of the word. The original and masked code words are inscribed by a conventional typewriter (the same for both). When a

match is made, the film is stopped and the document area projected

onto a reading screen. This unit is called ECCETRON.

3. 1. 2 FOSDIC III/

The second device in the continuous rolled film, search-type

selection category is, interestingly enough, a retrieval system that

uses the document information in its original form as the selection

code. The FOSDIC II system is one of several different types of

FOSDIC (Film Optical Scanning Device for Input to Computers)

equipment. The FOSDIC systems have been designed at the National

Bureau of Standards to meet the special needs of the Bureau of the

Census and other Government agencies. FOSDIC II, developed for

the U.S. Weather Bureau, represents a special case of the FOSDIC

systems in which microfilm is used as the storage media, automatic

selection is made of certain specific records on the basis of information contained in these records, and an exact replica is

provided as output. £/

The FOSDIC II system was specifically designed to meet the

needs of the National Weather Records Center. At this Center, more

than 450, 000, 000 punched cards containing climatological information

must be maintained on file, and the file grows at the rate of approximately 35, 000, 000 cards per year. For economy, compactness,

permanence and security of storage, the original punched cards are

microfilmed. FOSDIC II is used to search the microfilmed file and

to select those items which meet specified requirements, e.g. , a

given combination of wind velocity and barometric pressure in a

certain geographical region.

The retrieval output from FOSDIC II is an exact duplicate of the

original punched card. It is on card stock and is punched to carry

all of the data originally recorded. A second FOSDIC II system,

which will read twice as many items per minute, is being tested. This

second model can generate magnetic tape recordings for direct input

-' Refs. 96, 97, and 112. —2/

' That is, one in which the physical dimensions of the original,

including card thickness, are at least as important as the

graphic facsimile aspect.

48
to computer, and thus can provide another output mode as well as the

replica copy output feature.

The storage medium used in FOSDIC II is 16 mm unperforated

microfilm. The document or item area is approximately

0. 075" X 0. 307", recorded across the film at a density of 1 1 cards

to the inch. The selection code area exactly coincides with the

document area, since the indexing and selection information can be

any of the data originally punched into the card. The reduction

ratios used are 24:1 across the film and 43. 5:1 along the film; so

that the original rectangular holes of an IBM card have a square

image after microphotography. The handling units are 100 foot reels

of film, with a capacity of 13, 200 cards per reel. Reels must be

hand-threaded. Cut-and-splice processes must be used to insert new

items, to rearrange the order of items, or to replace damaged

material. Handling, cleaning, and maintenance operations involve

standard commercial processes, which for this purpose are under

carefully controlled conditions to protect against dirt. Input recording is achieved by means of a modified standard microfilm camera

at rates up to 800 cards per minute (Figure 7).

The FOSDIC II search equipment occupies five relay racks, as

shown in Figure 8, with overall dimensions of 12'x6'x2'. It combines electronic, mechanical and optical techniques. Search

questions are set up by plugboard. The device can select from

information recorded in any 10 columns of the 80 columns of the

original card. Search is serial in terms of items, and for the 12

hole positions per card column. The search speed for the equipment

now in use is at the rate of 4, 000 cards per minute.

The FOSDIC II equipment thus uniquely combines integrity of

the master files with the advantages both of a continuous storage

medium (master cards cannot be lost or misfiled) and of the manipulation features generally available for discrete unit records. Costs

of the system approximate $100, 000 for the search equipment, with

standard costs for the microfilm medium, processing and duplication.

The second model now under construction is designed for greater

flexibility of the programmed logic, higher speed, and magnetic

tape output.

3. 1. 3 File Search -'

The FileSearch equipment, designed and produced by FMA, Inc.

is presently being put to operational use in the Central Records

Section of the Navy Bureau of Ships. At the present time, document

analysis, encoding, and machine file input is limited to a collection

of Navy directives. These are being indexed for machine retrieval

-' Refs. 89, 93, 94, 99 and 269, p. 66.

49
Figure 7. Fosdic II Camera

50
51

'xiCOo

00

uM•rH
by the following selection criteria: document type, date, directive

number, supplement or change number, originator, routing, and

subject. The subject terms and codes used are derived from the

Navy-Marine Corps Standard Subject Classification System Manual

(SECNAVINST P5210. 11).!/ Only one subject term is permitted per

selection code card. If more than one subject term is required, a

trailer card is used for the additional term. One selection code card

is required for each document page. Normally, the trailer card is

photographed with the second document page. Otherwise a blank

document area must be left for each trailer card.

The Navy installation of FileSearch equipment consists of two

Friden card punches for selection code inscription, a card cutter,

two fixed-reduction cameras (both of which will take legal size

document pages), and the search equipment. The camera set-up and

the search equipment are shown in Figures 9 and 10, respectively.

The camera requires a space of 3' x 4' x7' and the selector a space

of 6'x4. 5'x2. 5'. Power requirements for the selector are 35A, 115V.

The storage medium used in the FileSearch device is 35 mm

perforated photographic film with a resolution of 200 lines per mm

and a reduction ratio of 25: 1 for page sizes up to 8. 5"x 14". The

packing density is 32 pages per foot, or 32, 000 coded pages per

1,000-foot reel of film. The actual document area is 0. 340" xO. 560"

and that for the selection code is 0. 280"x0. 160". A maximum of 56

alphanumeric characters can be stored in this selection code area

which is located beside the document page frame. Characters are in

the form of 7-bit code, including a parity check bit. As in most other

microfilm selector equipment, each bit is represented by a small

area (0.010" x 0.010" in the FileSearch format) which can be either

transparent or opaque.

The input operations require first that the selection codes be

punched into Friden cards, 56 characters per card. Documents are

placed by hand on a table. The card is inserted into the read slot

of a special card reader having a fiber optics bundle which reorients

the bits for photography into rows of 14 information bits each. When

the camera is activated, it records the light array and the document

simultaneously. Processing of complete items for file input proceeds at rates ranging from 180 to 400 finished frames of film per

hour, depending on the experience of the operator.

For purposes of search, selection, and retrieval with this

equipment, the 56 characters of the selection code area may be

separated into six groups which may be used in several ways. All

six groups can be logically combined to specify a single document or

1/ Ref. 286.

52
Figure 9. FileSearch Camera

53
uoo

<v —I

(U CO

siou

54
set of documents, or they may be used to describe with less specificity up to six separate sets of desired documents. In this case,

the descriptor codes desired will be or-gated together, and therefore

a hit will be recognized whenever any one of these codes appears for

any document. Thus, a measure of multiple -search capability is

provided, either for simple single -subject searches or for an addressselection mode in which the six-code groups prescribed can

represent six different document numbers.

The search equipment consists essentially of a high-speed

mechanical film transport, a flying spot scanner, and the recognition

circuitry. When a frame is found with a code that matches the search

prescription, the film is stopped and backed to viewing or copying

position by means of a sprocket hole counter. The search method is

serial. The logic provided includes "and", "or", ''greater than", and

"less than" conditions which may be combined. The output of the

search can be either the projection of the image of the document for

direct inspection, a 35-mm perforated microfilm copy, or a hard

copy print (3M), i. e. , Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.

The search rate can be as high as 6, 400 coded items per minute

provided that there are no stops, i.e. , no hits. In considering

search time it should be remembered that the film in the FileSearch

machine is brought to a full stop for view^ing or copying each time a

frame is selected. "-The speed of a complete search of the file is

therefore a function of the number of items selected. Stopping the

master film for each hit permits the searcher to make an immediate

inspection of the selected item. He also can take advantage of this

feature to provide a limited degree of browsing ability, since manual

controls allow him to view adjacent frames as well as a selected

item.

Because copying is done with the master film held stationary,

greater reduction ratios can be used than is the case for systems in

which copies are made dynamically, viz. , on-the-fly.

A controlled atmosphere is desirable for processing, handling,

and cleaning. Reels are hand-threaded onto the search equipment.

Cut-and-splice operations are required to replace or rearrange

recorded items. The master film is never removed from the file.

However, unlike the Rapid Selector, FOSDIC II, and other systems,

a security film does not now, exist for this system. Therefore, loss

of or damage to the master film requires the preparation of a new

master film.

Costs of the equipment are approximately $15, 000 for each input

camera, $88, 000 for the search unit, and $11, 500 for auxiliary

equipment, such as the 1:1 file expansion camera and card cutters.

55
3.1.4 Automatic Image Retrieval System —

The Automatic Image Retrieval System consists of equipment

under developraent by the Recordak Corporation, a subsidiary of

Eastman Kodak. Up to the present time only the cameras for this

system are being used outside the company laboratories. Three

cameras are now in operation at the Defense Logistics Service

Center and four selection units are scheduled to be delivered to that

agency in May, 1962.

The first model uses 16 mm unperforated dyeback microfilm

with a selection code area at present effectively limited to 24 bits or

six 4-bit characters. The microfilm is packaged in 100-foot selfthreading magazines. On this film, the documents are recorded by

a modified Recordak MRD2a camera in an area 0. 510" x 1. 8", at

a reduction of 23 to 1, and with a resolution capability of 120 lines

per mm. There are 2, 000 coded pages per magazine at a packing

density of 2 5 coded pages per foot. As for the systems previously

discussed, the total system storage capacity is as many magazines

as are needed for a specific collection. Each magazine has

dimensions of 4. 5" x 4. 5" x 1. 2". Thirty such magazines (60, 000

coded pages) can be filed in a tray measuring 4. 5" x 4. 5" x 36. 0".

The Defense Logistics Services Center has a modified Diebold, Inc.

tub file which contains approximately 1, 600 magazines.

Stored items are to be searched serially within each magazine.

The magazines are inserted in a holder so that film is automatically

threaded for search. Cutting and splicing will be necessary for rearrangement, insertions, and deletions. However, since each item

in the current file is searched by a number, all replacement items

bearing the same number as the original are added at the leading end

of the film. While making a search then, the most recent

acquisitions are found first. Searching further down the film is done

only if data on a previous item bearing the same number are required.

The input operations involve the punching of the selection code

entries into cards which are hand-fed into the reader while the

corresponding document is manually positioned on a photographic

copying table. The codes are punched in standard IBM cards. The

reader modifies the Hollerith code form^-t to binary-coded-decimal

(BCD) for recording. The resultant code-light-raster and the

document itself are photographed simultaneously.

The search equipment is a high-speed mechanical film transport

based on the Lodestar Reader in which the master film is stopped for

viewing or copying. The search requirements are set on a

—' "Recordak Autoinatic Image Retrieval System", Ref. 239, and

Senate Document 113, Ref. 284, p. 2 56.

56
six-column keyboard for the desired code pattern. The initial film

speed is 10 feet per second. When a hit is encountered, the film is

stopped and is reversed to correct for over-shoot. A maximum of

two seconds may elapse from time of match-recognition to exact

location of the item. Upon the incidence of a selection-hit, the film

is stopped for viewing or copying. Theoretically, the search speed

would approach 250 coded pages per second or 2, 500 items per

100-foot reel in 10 seconds provided there were no hits or stops. The

output is projected for inspection or printed as hard copy.

Operational requirements are similar to those noted for other

systems, particularly in that a controlled atmosphere is desired.

Other features noted are that broken film can be spotted by visual

inspection and that initial record-processing, handling, cleaning, and

duplication costs are commensurate with standard commercial microfilm practice (processing at $4. 18/100 feet, duplicating at $3. 90/lOO

feet, and cleaning at $2. 50/l, 000 feet). Costs are $24, 000 for the

input camera and $18, 000 for the selector equipment.

3. 1. 5 Photo -magnetic System

This proposed system was suggested by Peter James in a paper

which appeared in the October, 1959 issue of American Documentation

and also appeared as an IBM research report dated March 1, 1958. £/

A dual storage recording system is proposed in which selection code

information in the form of binary-encoded data on magnetic tape would

be run simultaneously with microfilm containing the compressed

images of documents to which the encoded entries refer.

The purpose of the proposed Photo -magnetic system is to provide

selection and retrieval operations similar to those of the original

Microfilm Rapid Selector except that the selection code identifiers

would be recorded magnetically rather than photographically. Such a

change from optical to magnetic recording would provide advantages

of erasability, reversibility, up-dating, and revision for the selection

criteria not readily available with photographic storage of the

selection code entries. However, precisely these possibilities had

been considered by the Bush Committee, as reported in 1954, as

follows:

"Developmental work is also in progress on ways

and means to combine varied data storage media for special

purposes. Combinations of punched cards and microfilm are

commercially available. Combinations of magnetic tape strips

and punched cards are being explored.

"In the Yale version of the Rapid Selector, a magnetic

recording track stripe on the film has been suggested to carry

-' Ref. 142.

57
pulses produced by recognition signals from the Interrogator

Unit in order to activate the recopy camera. These pulses

would be retained on the film after the interrogation run. This technique would make possible the transfer of the film

to a separate printer so that rearrangements of selected

frames could be made up into separate reels as desired. It is certainly possible that the portion of film now reserved for

optically sensed recording of coded index entries could be replaced by an area for magnetic recording of similar selection

information that could be more readily revised. " \l

The James system would provide for the combination of microfilm with magnetic tape recording for document and selection code

areas, respectively. Resolutions of 120 lines per mm and 400 bits

per inch should be easily achieved. Either a fixed or variable code

field format could be used. Keyboard input might be utilized both

for initial selection code inscription and for subsequent presentation

of the search prescription requirements. Search would be serial and

the output might be either a 1:1 replica or an enlarged hard copy

print. In terms of maintenance and operating conditions, these would

be similar to those encountered in the purely photographic retrieval

devices. However, while document images in storage would require

cutting, splicing, or recopying for new additions or arrangements,

the selection code areas could be readily rewritten and revised as

required.

2/

3. 1. 6 Video File -'

The Video File system exists to date as tested components that

have been built by RCA and, as such, has been suggested for several

different applications. For each specific proposed application there

have been variations in the number of information reading stations

suggested, this number being a function of file size, speed of output

desired, and estimated costs.

In one such proposed application where speed was not of major

importance, a single video tape reading head station was envisaged

which would handle 10 reels of 60, 000 coded pages each. Under

these circumstances, the average time to provide hard copy printout

1/ "Report to the Secretary of Commerce by the Advisory Committee on Application of Machines to Patent Office Operations",

Ref. 46, pp. 61-62. In addition, the Morse patent previously

cited (Ref. 190) also suggested magnetic recording.

-/ RCA Brochures, Ref. 231 and 232,

58
of a selected item was estimated to be six minutes. About half of

this time would be necessary in order to locate the proper reel on

which the selected item would be found. Although various components

of the Video File system have been constructed, no complete system

has as yet been assembled.

The storage medium in the RCA proposal would be high-quality

2-inch video magnetic tape, of the general type used for television

recording and playback. The document page area would occupy a space of 1. 70" x 2. 25", with a 0. 15" gap between each recorded page.

The selection code area would provide a 0. 070" x 2. 25" space for the

information-carrying codes together with index timing and control

track signals. At a resolution equal to five lines per mm and a reduction ratio of 5:1, six pages could be recorded per foot. The

basic handling units would be 10, 000-foot reels containing 60, 000

pages each.

With respect to storage life, it should be noted that while the

search process itself would cause little or no deterioration, the

action of the read-out head would wear the information tracks to the

point of uselessness within approximately 100 readings of a given

area. However, the location of lost or seriously deteriorated

information could usually be detected both by checks on parity bits

incorporated in the codes and by visual inspection of the quality of

the output.

Input operations with respect to documents to be filed would be

carried out by means of a flying spot scanner which would generate

video signals for recording on magnetic tape. Input of selection code

inscriptions could be by manual keyboard or by various card or tape

input devices. Search prescription requirements could also be set

up by manual keyboard or by card or by tape input. The search

process is designed to be parallel with respect to direction to the

proper tape unit, but serial with respect to items recorded along

each reel. Search speed per reel is estimated at 300 inches per

second.

The proposed output of the Video File system would be either a projected image for human view^ing or hard copy produced by £lectrorfax printing. A 16-channel high-speed conventional tape buffer unit

would store the selected information for reproduction by the printer.

Because of the buffering, multiple copies of the same selected information item can be made on programmable command.

The physical space requirements for this equipment would be

4'x4'x3' for the input scanner, 3'x6'x2' for the various tape units,

6'x6'x2' for the control unit, 3'x6'x2' for the tape buffer, 3'x5'x3'

for the viewer, and 3'x5'x5' for the Electrofax printer. Costs are

not generally available and would obviously vary with the number of

component units desired in a particular installation. For several of

the proposed applications, the Video File system is apparently

59
intended primarily as an address -type selection and retrieval system.

In principle, however, with at least 400 bits available for selection

criteria coding, there is no reason why the system cannot also be

used for search and selection on the basis of other descriptive and

subject indexing terms.

3. 1. 7 70 mm Selector

A prototype model for a 70mm Selector-type system is currently

under construction for the U. S. Naval Photographic Interpretation

Center by Photo Devices, Inc. The storage medium is continuous

roll 70mm unperforated microfilm. The document area is

2-3/8" X 2 1/2" and can accommodate document sizes ranging from

9" X 9" to 31" X 31" at reduction ratios varying between 4 to 1 and

14 to 1. The commercially available Photo Devices Model 1088B

camera is being modified for this purpose. The code information will

be derived from standard punched cards using the Hollerith code. The

code area will therefore contain space for 960 bits in a 1" x 2 1/4"

area. For this model, a Richardson static card reader will be used

to activate a light raster which will produce an optical image of the

punched hole pattern. The raster is to be an integral part of the

camera and will have its own optical system so that the variable

reduction features of the camera can be used for recording the

documents.

The search equipment will use 3. standard punched card for

control. Sorae logical manipulation of the codes will be provided.

The search will be serial on 1000-foot reels at approximately 100

feet per minute. The output will be a 6X enlarged view of the search

film or a 3M hard copy. The search electronics was built by the

Computer Control Company, Inc. The input equipment will be about

5'x 8' X 10* in size. The dimensions of the selection and retrieval

portion of the system will be 4' x 3' x 4. 5' and 4' x 2' x 6'. Other

details, including costs, are not as yet available. However, total

cost of the prototype model is expected to be about $75, 000.

3. 2 Chip or Discrete Unit Record Systems

The second category of document retrieval devices producing

replica copies as listed in Table I is that of operating systems or

proposed machines which store information items on small pieces or

chips of film, together with their appropriate selection codes. These

are frequently referred to as discrete unit record systems.

3. 2. 1 Micro Research System —

The first of the systems utilizing chips as discrete unit records

for which there is an early report of actual operational use is that of

-/ Refs. 53, 215, 216, 217, and 218.

60
the Micro Research Cards of the Petroleum Research Corporation,

previously mentioned in the section covering the historical background _£./ of such devices. Manipulation and selection in this

system are by semi-automatic means, but are carried out on the

basis of integrally recorded indexing information. The output product

is the photographic replica of the original item.

As previously noted, the system for the Rocky Mountains Geology

Library was in actual operation at least as early as 1956. It is

understood that, at present, over 100 Micro Research Card units are

in use for various applications. Storage medium characteristics, input and search procedures, and operational details other than those

previously mentioned are therefore discussed below.

The cards are of 5" x 8" dimensions, produced on contrast

process ortho film. The document area (5" x4. 5") can accommodate

images of one large item or of up to 56 letter-sized pages as required.

The reduction ratios used are either 18:1 or 20:1. The original

documents are first photographed with 16 mm or 35 mm cameras.

These photographic images are then transferred to the cards by a step and repeat camera. The selection code area is a space 5" x 3"

at the bottom of the photographic card. There are 2 6 holes across

the card in each of eight rows. These holes are either elongated or

not to provide the required binary code pattern. Thus there is a

total selection cod^e capacity of 208 bits. A sample card is shown in

Figure 11.

Input of code information is performed by marking a paper

master with an electrographic pencil. This master, mounted on a

drum device, is matched to the photographic card, and a special

machine is activated to cut slots for the appropriate holes.

Subsequent search is carried out by the proper placing of needles

in a naechanical sorting box which may hold up to 400 cards for each

sorting pass. Search is therefore parallel for the items held in the

sorting box at one time. Selected cards are rennoved from the deck

by hand for viewing, contact printing, or printing of hard copies at

24x enlargement.

The principal equipment costs in a Micro Research System

installation would be incurred in a combination camera and automatic high-speed slotter, which for a first model might cost as much

as $25, 000. Manual or less automatic means for slotting, however,

cost considerably less, e. g. , about $5, 000 including a suitable

camera. The cost of sorting boxes and needles is about $50 per unit.

System costs in actual operation for the recording of individual items,

—' See pp. 30 and 31 of this report.

61
«i(M»Ka^s

SEDIMENTARY a PETROLEUM GEOLOGY ROCKY MOUNTAIN EDITION TV^RESEARCH&4S&tn PETROLEUM RESEAFfrl -,0R DENVER, COLORADO

o n o o o n

u

o o

uu Ou

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n o

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u

oononooo

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Figure 11, Micro Research Card

62
including indexing as well as encoding, are reported to average $15

per item. Duplicate cards cost $0. 26 each, and hard copy prints

cost approximately $0. 08. Since search speed is less than three

minutes for each group or batch of 200 to 400 items, each of which

may be a multi-page document, the Micro Research System would

appear to offer certain advantages, especially for relatively small

collections.

3.2.2 Filmorex

The Filmorex systems were developed in the period of the early

and middle 1950's by Jacques Samain in France. They utilize film

chips with space for recording two 8. 5"x 11" document pages plus a

selection code area of 400 bits capacity, arranged in 20 rows of 20

bits or five hexadecimal characters each, as shown in Figure 12.

By special codes and fixed field format combinations, a number of

indexing criteria may be recorded. Several ^Z of these systems are

in use today, notably an installation at the Centre National de

Recherche Scientifique de France and an installation at the Rome Air

Development Center, Griffis Air Force Base, New York.

The film chips used as the basic storage medium are transparent microfilm cards, 35 mm x 60 mm, of 8 mil thickness to

provide necessary sturdiness in both manual and machine manipulation. These cards are usually cut from coated "Orthochromatic

de Securite Microfile" film made by the Eastman Kodak plant in

Paris, which was especially designed for use with Filmorex equipment. A film card size of 45 mm x 72 mm has also been reported

for Filmorex systems, and the RADC installation is investigating the

possibilities of using Du Pont "chronar" film, which is a polyester

base film 5 mils thick. The thickness of the storage medium

assumes considerable importance in the Filmorex system because

the chips are manipulated mechanically by an oscillating hammer in

the Selector unit.

The Filmorex camera and input unit are shown in Figure 13. In

the input operations, the operator first places the document itself in

position. He draws from a file of vocabulary code cards those cards

which correspond to the codes indicated as appropriate for that

document by the subject matter analyst. These are stacked one on

top of the other so that, for all except the top card, only the blackwhite representation of the code pattern shows. The top card,

however, carries the name or code of the descriptor or indexing

term in humanly legible form. Document and selection code are then

-' Refs. 90, 248, 249 and 250. —2/

' Twelve in France , two in England, one in USSR, and

one in USA .

63
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64
Figure 13. Filmorex Camera

65
photographed simultaneously. If desired for compartmentalized multiple filing, the operator may permute the order of code cards in the

stack. He then rephotographs the document and the stack so that

each additional chip will have a different key descriptor which can

be read directly for purposes of manual sorting, filing, and selection.

The Selector unit of the Filmorex systems is shown in Figure 14.

It has dimensions of 2'x2'x4'. Photocell scanning and electronic

selection circuitry are employed. A perforated aluminum mask,

called a search key or scanning grid, is prepared by key punch to

give the complement of the code patterns desired. Logical manipulations desired, including "yes", "no", "and", and "or", are set by

switches. However, in any given search pass the search prescription can not be allowed to call for more than three patterns. This

limitation relates to the desirability of multiple filing so that there

are separate decks of chips filed under various leading descriptors.

Then, the operator may manually select a deck corresponding to

one of the search criteria prior to machine sorting and further

selection.

The search rate per pass is 600 to 700 chips per minute. Output is the selected chip itself which can be read in a suitable viewer

or which can be projected to prepare either a microfilm copy or an

enlarged print through a viewer-reproducer. Where the threepattern limitation on the search prescription prevents completion of

a search on one pass, the stacks of tentatively selected items are reinserted for further sorting. These searches are serial by chip, but

parallel with respect to the code patterns.

At the RADC installation, operational experience indicates that

up to 300 items can be recorded per day. These are presently items

from a library of ASTIA abstracts, and those ASTIA descriptors

which are starred are used for the selection criteria. The Filmorex

equipment was originally chosen because of its simplicity and low

cost (i. e. , for the equipment, a quoted price of $7, 500 FOB Paris,

France). It was installed in January, I960.

Difficulties have arisen both with respect to the equipment (film

curl and film chip feed jamming) and with respect to the intellectual

problems of analysis and adequacy of the indexing system. The

equipment problems can apparently be solved. Basic questions as to

the adequacy of the ASTIA descriptors for RADC purposes and the

possibilities for a "customized" RADC indexing scheme remain under

investigation. Nevertheless, a number of advantages are claimed by

RADC personnel for their Filmorex system. These specifically

include high storage capacity, the inclusion of both graphic and

digital material in the same discrete unit record, and the re-sorting,

re -arranging, compartmentalized processing advantages of punched

card-type manipulation. The low cost of the system is emphasized.

66
KS^^?*^.?^-^***,-, Wi^ -^^S^s^'iC*.

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Figure 14. Filmorex Selector

67
3. 2. 3 Minicard }_/

The Minicard systems of today derive, as we have previously

noted, from early work (i. e. , late 1930's or before) at Eastman

Kodak in the combination of microfilm storage with mechanical

manipulation and selection techniques. In 1953, a proposal to exploit

the Minicard development was made to the U.S. Air Force. In 1954,

a contract was entered into between Eastman Kodak and the Rome

Air Development Center for a Minicard information and intelligence

data handling system. This work, described by A. W. Tyler, W. L.

Myers, and J. W. Kuipers, _/ ultimately resulted in the first

operational system, which had its first public demonstration

November 17-21, 1958, on the occasion of the International _ / Conference on Scientific Information held in Washington, D. C. —

There are now at least four Minicard systems in use, three in

agencies of the

Company itself.

U. S. Government and one at the Eastman Kodak

Camera, selector-sorter, computer -duplicator, and processor

for a typical Minicard system are shown, respectively, in Figures

15-18. In addition, film processors, film cutters, viewers, enlargers, print processors, filing sorters, and other auxiliary devices

are typically required. It is noted that this is a very-large-scale

system.

Costs of a coraplete system will, of course, vary with the

number of constituent units required for a particular application, but

in general the costs for Minicard systems are likely to be comparable to those for large general-purpose computer installations. It should be remarked, however, that the initial application of Minicards was for a very large collection, including, for example, a subcollection of several million aerial photographs. Moreover,

multiple-copy filing, high speed selection and processing, and highquality reproduction of replica copies were included in these initial

operating requirements.

-' Refs. 75, 77, 78, 81, 154, 181, 189, 192 and 282.

-' Ref. 282. —3/

"Eastman Kodak demonstrates high-speed Minicard system".

V

Ref. 78.

A Minicard system designated AN/GSO-26, also for the Rome

Air Development Center, uses a computer-type selector system

that operates on magnetic tape item recordings rather than

Minicards as the main store or file, and thus lacks the true

graphic replica feature.

68
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72
The basic storage medium for Minicard systeras is a special

fine -grain emulsion film on triacetate base 16 x 32 mm in area when

cut to the Minicard chip size. Under certain conditions, resolution

may be as high as 1, 500 lines per mm, and the reduction ratio most

commonly used is 60 to 1. _/ On each chip, the document and

selection code areas can be assigned several variable formats, ranging from, effectively, almost all code area up to 12 letter-sized page

images plus a minimum code space for sorting and control purposes

(i.e. , limitation to address-type selections). The variable selection

code format reserves two 42 -bit columns for the sorting field (these

two columns remain blank in the master card for each item, but code

patterns may be added to replica cards in duplicating operations).

Several columns are also reserved as a control field containing such

information as document number and the number of Minicards to be

treated as a group for filing and processing. The remaining columns,

up to a maximum of 70 42 -bit columns in all, are used as an openended selection code field. Figure 19 shows the size and format of a Minicard. It should be noted that the Minicard contains a slot used

for handling.

In the input operations, code is entered either by means of

punched paper tape or by direct keyboard operation at the camera

station. A master film of negative Minicards is first prepared.

From this, positive copies are made and cut to the chip size for use

as required, whether in a single file or in various working files. In

some applications, Minicard duplicates, one for each significant code

inscribed on the master chip, are made for each item. These

duplicates are filed in separate sections of the file which are reserved

for a particular selection criterion or a particular combination of such

criteria. Minicard duplicators may be so used as to provide mechanically for the re -ordering of code patterns and the identification of a "filing-key" code, such as is achieved manually by the operator rearranging the code card stacks in the Filmorex systems. In particular, selected code patterns for filing purposes may be automatically

recorded by the duplicator equipment into the sorting field columns

left blank on the Minicard Master.

There are both advantages and disadvantages to this approach.

Thus, as Eastman Kodak investigators have reported:

"Multiple entries for a file item expand the size of

the file and require more duplicating and more infiling.

The whole purpose, however, of a multiple -entry approach

is to achieve an organization of the file so that all duplicates

1/ Other reduction ratios for large maps, drawings, and photographs may also be achieved by use of specially designed

cameras

.

73
Figure 19. A Minicard

74
having to do with a particular code category may be brought

together in one section of the file, then, when a search must

be made, only a portion of the total file need be presented for

the searching operation. " \/

In a particular operational application of Minicard equipment, two

file sets are used in parallel. In response to a specific inquiry, a

search is made against the appropriate section of the positives file.

Within 10 minutes at most, the querist will have delivered to him the

actual selected item or items from this file. An identical search is

then made against the file of masters (negatives), and duplicate

copies of the responding items are made to replenish the positives

file. These are re -filed automatically by machine techniques.

In general, because most Minicard systems are intended for

large-scale high-activity applications, as much of the handling,

filing, infiling, and processing as possible is done by mechanical

means. Individual Minicards are mounted through the slots in the

chips on sticks in "shishkabob" fashion, with a packing density of

2, 000 chips per stick. Sticks in turn are grouped into file "blocks"

or magazines, which are combined into file units of, say, 10 or 50

magazines each. For example, a three -drawer file cabinet of

dimensions 15" x 30" x 50" can accommodate several 50-magazine

file units with a total capacity of 900, 000 Minicard chips representing

up to 11, 000, 000 c"oded document pages in microform. However,

2, 000-item groups of these records can be removed manually by

means of the skewer -sticks.

With regard to the selector-sorter equipment, searches are set

up by punching tape and by setting up the appropriate logical relationships desired -- "and", "or", "greater than", "less than" -- on a

program logic plugboard. Searches are serial with respect to chips

read in sequential order and with respect to the rows of the selection

code area, but parallel with respect to each row. The output of a search may be a duplicate Minicard, an enlarged hard-copy print, or

a microfilm copy mounted in a 3" x 5" aperture card. When the

duplicates of selected items have been made, they are combined with

the non-selected records and returned to the file as soon as possible.

Operating rates that have been reported for various phases of

Minicard system processing include the following:

(1) Input recording rates for average documents (i.e. , 200 characters of selection code, six document pages) -- 40 to 90 per hour, per camera station.

(2) Minicard duplication rate -- 120 Minicards per minute.

-' Kuipers, J. W. , A. W. Tyler and W. L. Myers.

"A Minicard system for documentary information, " Ref. 154,

p. 258.

75

II
(3) Aperture card output mounting --10 Minicard records

per minute.

(4) Enlarger-print processor rate -- 480 prints per hour.

(5) Search rate in the 1959 model Selector-Sorter -- 1,200

Minicards per minute.

It is to be noted that search time in a Minicard system depends

on the extent of compartmentalization and subject or selection

category segregation that can be achieved in the organization of the

files. Thus, for very large files a search of the entire file might

take a matter of hours, whereas the same collection maintained as a

group of multiple -entry working files might require a search time

of a few minutes. The maximum time to locate an individual item on

a particular Minicard stick is 1. 5 minutes. Under operating

conditions, an average time of 10 minutes per search, from input of

the search prescription to delivery of selected chips for viewing or

reproduction, is not uncommon.

3.2.4 Magnavue —

The Magnavue System, which uses a magnetic aperture card for

document and code storage, is currently under development by the

Magnavox Corporation for the Rome Air Development Center. A

laboratory model of this system has been tested using a prototype

model of the Magnacard ^/equipment, to which a visual image display

device has been added. This model is currently undergoing

modifications

.

There are two different storage media used in Magnavue. For

the documents, DuPont 4696 photographic film on mylar base is used

to record a single page image in a 7/8" x 7/8 " area. Reduction

ratios used vary from 10:1 to 30:1. Selection code information is

recorded magnetically on a mylar base card. The two parts are

bonded together by a lamination process, with the photographic

emulsion and the magnetic surfaces placed face to face so that

1/

2/

Refs. 42, 101, 117, 121, 167, 200, 202, 278 and 299.

A Magnacard System is a storage and retrieval device also

developed by Magnavox. It has not been separately included in

the present report because it does not provide graphic facsimile

copies as output. It is similar in principle of operation to

standard EAM equipment. However, the cards are coated with a

magnetic material on which information to be stored and selected

is recorded in digital form.

76
the bases form a protective coating for both recording surfaces. The

selection code area is 1" x 2", providing space for Z, 700 bits of

code information.

Packing density for the magnetic recording of code is 100 bits

to the inch, recorded in 20 channels, two of which are used for

timing signals and parity checking. The code format uses 18 of

these channels to give three 6-bit, alphanumeric characters per

column. There are 150 such columns per card. Because the

storage medium used for the selection code is erasable and reuseable,

additions, changes, and corrections can readily be made. The

storage life of the magnetic card is estimated to be 20, 000 machine

passes.

Handling units, equipment, and procedures for the Magnavue

System are substantially those found in the Magnacard System, except

that visual display and replica copying of the selected items is

provided. This system therefore includes a Magnascriber keyboard

input device, a means for completely automatic handling of the chips

after they have been cut to proper size and stacked into magazines,

a card transport system consisting of pneumatic vacuum drums, a

feed-stack station, a transfer assembly, a data processor, a datacontrol unit and a new image display station.

Magazines of the- Magnavue System hold 3, 000 chips. A vertical

file block holds 10 magazines at a time, or 30, 000 chips. A file unit

consists of 15 such file blocks (150 magazines or 450, 000 chips) and

a mechanism to insert or extract any magazine from a vertical file

block into the card transport feed- stack station. The average time

required to remove a file block from the station and locate and insert

a new block is approximately 15 seconds. The average access time

to a particular magazine in the block is an additional 3. 84 seconds.

The magnetic card transport unit uses vacuum drums as the

basic means of moving and manipulating cards. With each drum

there is associated a feed-stack station which releases cards onto the

drum or carries out the re-stacking of cards picked up from the drum

at a rate of 90 cards per second. The transfer assembly enables the

transfer of cards from one drum to another. The release of cards

onto or from a particular drum, as well as reading, writing, and

selective transfer, is accomplished by the data control unit. The

data that are written or read are stored in the data processor as are

the instructions for the data control unit and the search requirements.

The proposed operations of Magnavue Systems, when used for

document retrieval, begin with photographing the document image

page by page. It is assumed that each document has an accession

or other identifying number assigned. For the completed magazine

of cards with document pages recorded, each card is visually displayed to a Magnascriber keyboard operator who copies the document

number into the selection code area. These cards are then restacked. The selection codes assigned to the document are also

77

I

II
recorded by Magnascriber onto separate Magnacards. The two sets

of cards are then read together on the card transport unit and

collated by document number to produce a new, complete, coded item

card.

Selection and retrieval operations may be either of the addresstype on document number or of the search-type. In the latter case,

logical manipulations can be provided by the data processor that is

associated with the system. Provision is also made for a two-step

process on which the actual search would be made on Magnacards

(without images) to give document numbers, followed directly by an

internal look-up operation to select the corresponding image -carrying

cards. Output may either be a visual display or a hard-copy print.

A 10-sided drum is proposed for either on-line or off-line stationary

viewing or printing. An image superimposition device, shown in

Figure 20, has also been proposed. This would involve a display

wheel carrying 10 different image cards which belong to the same

"family" or set of, for example, maps or charts. These images

would then be partially or wholly superimposed so that the user might

detect changes or trends.

3.2.5 "Is There a Doctor in the House?" -'

Ideas for a parallel search system for document retrieval, using

film for document image storage and interrogating all items

simultaneously, were advanced in a report of the BensonyLehner

Corporation prepared for the Office of Naval Research.— ' This

proposal can best be described by an analog to situations in which the

question "Is there a doctor in the house?" is asked, and any doctor

who is present immediately responds. The proposal suggests the

incorporation of two features into large file systems usually found

only in small files. These features would (1) permit entering the file

for simultaneous search in parallel and (2) enable the operator to

monitor the selections being made to the extent that he may

continuously inspect the number of documents found to satisfy each

part of the question.

The system would operate in a similar fashion to that found in

edge -notched card systems using needle sorting boxes except that

coded light pipes would be used. Visible indications of recognitions

made would be presented to the user. As the user enters various

selection terras into a keyboard, the effects of each selection

criterion and of the criteria combinations are immediately available.

—' "A study of the fundamentals of information storage and

retrieval", Ref. 303; also Taube, M. and H. Wooster, "Information Storage and Retrieval", Ref. 273, pp. 188-189.

-'2/ Ref. 303,
>>

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79
It is assumed that approximately 20 searches per hour could be made

per file rack, each of which store 75, 000 items.

It is further assumed that each item will have a format such as

that shown in Figure 21, where the terminology "the reference" is

equivalent to what we have terrned the "selection code" and where the

individual elements of this reference, called "cells", may take on

several possible states. A possible implementation for this scheme

is described in part as follows:

". . . Each document remains in position during the

interrogation process. . . .

". . . the question must be brought to the item, wherever

it may be in the store. . . . One method appears to best meet

our requirements. This is a piped-light communication channel

using plastic or glass plates, the outside of which would be

opaqued and made reflective so that light travels certain paths

without dispersion. . . . "Under appropriate circumstances, light could leave the

communication channel and travel tow^ards a cell. The cell,

having several functional stages. . . must as the first stage have

some means of receiving the light. Then facilities must exist so that the light can trigger a series of other functions within

the item which as an integration make the item respond. . . .

"If from the total spectrum of light we select only two

different colors, for instance yellow and blue, we can produce

band-pass filters for those wavelengths If we provide

the cell with either a yellow or blue band-pass filter we can

consider the cell having either of two states Sj or S2

respectively. . . . The (corresponding) questions . . . are now^:

a. Ar e you S^?

h. Are you S2?

A cell can answer to these questions by letting light pass or

not pass. . . .

". . . We require the following from the circuit:—' It must be a conductive line leading to some kind of visual indicator. It must connect a number of 'switch-like elements'.

It must contain an energy source or equivalent. The circuit

and its elements may not have greater bulk than the item

itself. . . .

—' I. e. , internal circuitry associated with each item.

80
CARD DETAIL KERR OR FARADAY CELL

POWER i

INPUT

CODED EDGE

50 POSITION =100 BITS

CARD

2 X 2 X .010

MICROFILM

1 X 1 X .003

rV-i

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MATERIALCONDUCTOR

^v'A^^^'-^

VIEW A - A

OPTICAL

FILTER

a = THE EMITTER FOR VISUAL INDICATION

b = THE REFERENCE

c = THE INFORMATION (DOCUMENT)

d = AREA FOR EVENTUAL ADDITIONAL

COMPONENTS

Figure 21. Data Bank Format

81
"Considering a circuit with a number of parallel

resistors, we can make the resistors photosensitive and

place one such resistor behind each filter. . . . then anylight passing the filters will lower the resistance (effectivelycausing a short-circuit) and produce a flow of energ-y- through

the circuit. This is the case if ANY filter (cell) transmits

light. Since a reference matches if all cells match, _/ but

mismatches if onl-y ONE cell mismatches, this system would

result in a mismatch indication which would require a complementary- coding. . . . "The following solution was found for a visual indication.

A Kerr cell (using the Kerr magneto -optical effect) has been

developed for evaporated circuitry, where a layer of appropriate material is evaporated onto a surface. This system is

surrounded by evaporated wires forming a coil. If current

flows through this coil, its magnetic field will change the

properties of the layer so that plane polarized monochromatic

reflected light will suffer a rotation. If such a cell is offered

monochromatic polarized light, it will then in its working

state rotate the plane of polarization further so that through

an analyzer this cell and the item to which it is attached appear

darker. A permanent magnetic foil behind the Kerr cell acts

as a bias returning the cell to a normal state on the removal

of the current. Since all mismatching items are darker the

visual indication for matches Avould be a reflection, that is,

a bright appearing item. ... " ^/

Possibilities for storing the items in cassettes, (and these in

turn are stored in 4* x 4' x 4' racks containing 75, 000 items, all of

which could thus be searched simultaneously), and for using superimposed coding for coordinate indexing in the interrogation process

have also been considered.

3. 3 Sheet or Strip Film Systems

In addition to the continuous roll film and film chip systems as used for document retrieval devices, various compromises have

been suggested. These are usually intended to gain some of the

advantages and eliminate some of the disadvantages of the other tw^o

systems. For such purposes, sheets or strips of film have been

1/

2/

I. e. , if the selection code pattern for the item exactly matches

the code pattern required to be satisfied by the search prescription.

Weber, E. "A retrieval solution", appearing in Benson and

Lehner on "A study of the fundamentals of information storage

and retrieval," Re f . 303. See also Weber, E. "A suggestion

for an improved data banking system", AD 225 097, Ref. 293.

82
proposed for use with automatic selection mechanisms. With the

exception of Microcite, those that are in actual operation today are

primarily address-type selection systems. However, in some cases,

current system design planning is directly concerned with possibilities for search-type modifications. Of these systems, those which

are representative of address -type systems potentially adaptable for

subject searches will also be discussed.

3. 3. 1 Microcite —

The Microcite equipment, developed and operated experimentally

at the National Bureau of Standards, is shown in Figure Z2. It is an

extension of a Peek-a-boo system. _' Peek-a-boo systems utilize

Batten, term entry, aspect, or index term cards to index literature

for later search; i. e. , internal hole locations that identify document

numbers are punched into just those index term cards that represent

index terms specifically applicable to the document. In searching,

the cards corresponding to the terms of the search prescription are

located and visually compared for hole coincidence. Whenever this

occurs, the document indicated meets the index parameters of the

search. The output of such systems is a list of document numbers,

and a separate retrieval operation is required to select the corresponding documents from file.

Microcite provides a Peek-a-boo system with a means for visual

display and output copy of the selected document's abstract. These

abstracts are stored as micro-images on a film matrix. "In

operation, the film matrix appropriate to the peek-a-boo set being

searched is selected and mounted on a drum. The operator places

selected peek-a-boo cards on an illuminated area of the machine and

manipulates two control wheels to position a set of cursors on each

illuminated, that is, unobscured hole in turn. Turning the control

wheels causes rotation and translation of the drum carrying the film

matrix, so that as the cursor is set on each hole, a full-size focused

image of the citation and abstract corresponding to that hole is

projected on a screen in front of the searcher. "

J./

Posting document numbers in a Peek-a-boo system involves

locating, in a rectangular array on an index term card, the coordinates corresponding to the document number and punching a hole

at that point on each card applicable to the document. A search will

then let light pass through the same hole locations in several stacked —' A new Microcite machine", Ref. 206

2/— "Microcite, an aid to more effeiztive referencing", Ref. 179 —3/

' "A new Microcite machine", Ref. 206.

83
84
cards indicating, with the aid of a grid, the nurabers of those documents indexed by all the terms selected for the search, hence the

documents to be retrieved.

In Microcite, the location of each indicated hit is used as a reference point from which to position and project a microfilm image

of the abstract of the document for visual inspection by the querist.

The searcher may then (1) determine the probable relevance of the

projected items to his question prior to retrieval of the full document

text, (2) selectively sample the results to ascertain whether his

search prescription is too broad or narrow, and, with collateral use

of an indexing term dictionary (coding vocabulary), (3) either reformulate his search prescription in the former case or add and/or remove

index term cards in the latter. These operations are possible

because the searcher becomes part of a closed feedback loop when he

is conducting a machine search; that is he receives indications of the

machine output from which he may modify the input. In terms of

"directed browsing" (where the user poses a deliberately broad

question), a convenient tool is thus provided. A degree of "free"

browsability is potentially available if consecutive document numbers

are assigned for items of similar subject content. The searcher can

operate the cursor controls (handwheels) so as to project the abstracts

of non-indicated items that are physically adjacent to a selected item.

Microcite is therefore a special-case system involving searchtype selection that not only retrieves address locators, but is

coupled with a direct facsimile output of document abstracts (projected image and, if desired, hard copy). It thus uses two basic

storage inedia: viz. , film on which the abstracts are copied and

Peek-a-boo cards for storage of the document codes. _/ The

process for storing the abstracts involves first filming onto 16-mm

double perforated microfilm strips and then contact printing to

produce the proper array on "ortho A litho", polyester-based film

sheets. At a reduction ratio of 37. 75 to 1, there are 18, 000 3" x 5"

abstracted items recorded in a 15" x 15" area on a 20" x 24" film

sheet. Since the Microcite equipment has so far been used only for

experimental operations, no data are available as to time and costs

for filming abstracts on a production basis.

The Peek-a-boo or search cards presently used are of 5" x 8" x

. 007-. 010" polyvinyl stock, of which there is one each for every

primary index term used in an 18, 000 document (sub) collection. For

input of selection code information, index term cards applicable to a , specific document are individually and manually drawn and punchedz./

1/ Ref. 179. A third level of storage, whether printed paper or

photographic copies, is obviously required for the documents

themselves

.

—2/

' Ibid- A commercial version of the punch is available.
for each term assigned to the document. The hole is made at the

proper coordinates for the document number. The rate of the

selection code inscription operation is approximately that by which

33 documents per hour may be coded.

For a search, the appropriate term records (Peek-a-boo cards)

are manually selected and stacked together on a back- illuminated

search easel. In manual search, a grid overlay indicates the

numbers of selected documents. With Microcite, the cards are

placed under cursors over a similar easel in the face of the machine.

Then, movement of the handwheels so as to position the cursor intersection over the holes of visual coincidence -will simultaneously

position a full-size enlargement of the abstract microimage onto

a screen so that the indicated item may be readily inspected. Output

may be limited to this display or a hard copy may be obtained on

Polaroid Land film or oscillograph paper, or the querist may himself

record document numbers or other bibliographic citation data in

order to retrieve the original documents.

Search is made in parallel for each group of 18, 000 documents

and for larger collections would be repeated for each such group or

file section. ±_l In one search, approximately a minute would

typically elapse between physically locating the index term cards and

projection of the first abstract. About three seconds is required for

each succeeding item. However, total search time is obviously

affected by the user's inspection or scanning time.

The size of the search and projection equipment is that of a

small desk or about 4' x 3' x 4'. Costs are estimated at $1, 100 for

the manual system, w^hich includes the Peek-a-boo card punch and

illuminated readout stand, and $10, 000 to $15, 000 (using Government

machine shop costing) for an exact copy of the present prototype

model of the Microcite search-projection equipment.

3. 3. 2 Large -Capacity Docurnent Storage and Retrieval

System (IBM- Walnut) j./

The Advanced Systems Development Division of IBM Research

Laboratories, San Jose, California, has developed a large -capacity

document storage and retrieval system. This system uses the IBM

1410 computer, a large random-access digital magnetic storage

device and a special image file. —' Ref. 179- Note that a separate film sheet must be placed in the

machine for each set of Peek-a-boo cards. It is planned that this

operation may become automatic in a future model.

-/ See Refs. 138 and 223.

86
The index or search terms and a brief abstract of the documents

are stored in the digital magnetic memory associated with the 1410.

The complete text of each document is stored in the image file. A

search is made by feeding into the 1410 the desired search terms and

their logical relationship. The computer translates these terms into

machine language, makes the search, and delivers cards which are

punched with document address codes and onto which are printed the

index terms and abstract of the document. The searcher reviews

these cards and returns to the system those cards which represent

the texts he desires to see in full. The image file then automatically

locates the desired documents and copies them onto aperture cards

which are delivered to the requestor.

The document images are stored in the image file on Kalvar film

strips 0. 9" wide by 15. 5" long. The image area for each 8 l/2"x 14"

document is 0.242" x 0.400" at 35 to 1 reduction. Under these

conditions 99 document pages are recorded per strip. The strips are

grouped into "cells", each containing 50 strips, and the cells handled

in groups of 200. Such a group is called a module and contains

990, 000 document pages.

The input operations for storing documents involve, first, a

recording onto 35-mm perforated microfilm at reduction ratio of

about 16 to 1 and, second, the transfer of these images onto the

Kalvar strip at a further reduction so that the total reduction ratio is

35 to 1.

At the time of the final recording an address is assigned each

item. This is also punched into cards containing the corresponding

index terms and abstracts. The data from these cards are then

stored in the large digital magnetic memory for search and retrieval

use. The Kalvar film used for the image file has an emulsion of

500 lines per nnm on a mylar base. The transfer of the microfilmed

images to the image file strips requires about two hours per cell,

which is 4, 900 document frames. The transferring and address

assigning device is shown in Figure 23. Figure 24 shows the image

file which is currently undergoing operational tests.

Search time averages about five seconds of computer time per

item, including the printout of address data and abstract. Image

search and printout time is 5 to 10 seconds for the selected texts

delivered to user as aperture cards. Information as to probable

cost of the total system is not yet available.
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89
3.3.3 Documentary Storage and Retrieval System- -Staats _/

The Documentary Storage and Retrieval System exists primarily

as a proposal, but a small model of the search machine has been

built, as shown in Figure 25. ^/ Proposed and developed by Henry N.

Staats, this system would use electrostatic printing plates (zinc

oxide) as the basic storage medium. On each 5" x 8" plate, up to 180

letter-size pages may be stored as micro-positive images. These

images may easily be copied, erased, or replaced.

For input recording a special cainera and coding equipment will

be required. A reduction ratio of 20:1 and a resolution of 10 lines

per mm is expected. The selection code recording is achieved by

removing insulation at any of 128 specifiable locations on the upper

edge of the image-storage plates. This provides electrical contacts

or sensing points for the selection mechanism. Either fixed or

variable field coding may be used. Selection is accomplished by

activating the appropriate contact wires and passing or "rippling" the

storage plates against them. When the activated wires make contact

with the image plates matching the search request, these plates are

ejected into a rack for viewing or copying. A search speed of 32

plates per second is anticipated. The output product would be microimage prints.

3. 4 Microfilm Aperture Card Systems

The idea of combining microfilm document image storage with

the advantages of card manipulation was, as mentioned in the

historical background, an early suggestion for improving literature

search techniques. By 1951, in the first edition of the book "Punched

Cards, their application to science and industry, " ±1 several

contributors had seriously considered the use of this technique for

scientific information selection and retrieval systems. In 1958,

however, when a second edition of this book was published, only a

few examples of operational use were included. The example of

Eastman Kodak was cited as follows with respect to possibilities for

storing and retrieving photographic negatives:

1/

1/

3/

Staats, H.N. "Description of the Staats documentary storage

and retrieval system, " Ref. 266.

Glass, rather than metal, plates are used in this representation

to illustrate the principles of the system.

Ref. 49, p. 212, Casey, R. S. and Perry, J. W. "Punched Cards'

90
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91
"Punched cards have also come into use in the filing

of photographic negatives. E-Z file cards ^vith Filmsort

positive transparencies of the print have been used by Eastman Kodak for this purpose. Different classifications are

necessary to suit the type of work being done by different

photographic organizations. For the commercial photographer,

the name of the subject or client serves as the best filing key.

This is true also for such files used for police identification,

and by industrial, personnel, passport and medical photographers.

Commercial illustrators and industrial photographers, on the

other hand, are more concerned with jobs or products and for

them filing by product name, company or department, job

name or job number is more desirable. Coded punching

around the edge of the card carries the key to the filing classification for the photograph covered by each card and allows

rapid mechanical selection of the desired cards. Print and

data sheet transparencies may be examined directly from the

card with a viewer without removing the negative from the file.

This system fulfills the two most important requisities for

filing negatives: prompt location and minimum handling to , / avoid scratching the surface and damage from dust particles. " —

Mention was also made of the use of punched cards with microfilm inserts for the compact storage of blueprints and engineering

drawings. These systems are of the address -type. The most

commonly used method of retrieval is by manual extraction from the

file. This method of record storage has found wide use in industrial

and Government organizations, _/ including aboard ship. One

example of an application may be found at the Wright-Patterson Air

Force Base, where the Engineering Drawings Branch has over

6, 000, 000 aperture cards containing aircraft drawings. Another is

at the Meat Inspection Branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,

which has over 180, 000 cards containing colored film inserts that

illustrate meats, their markings, and their brands.

Another example discussed in the 1958 punched card survey was

that of a market research application at the Magnaflux Corporation, i

1/

2/

Ref. 50, p. 312.

As early as 1955, military specifications for microfilming

engineering drawings included a requirement for mounting

the film in standard punched cards and punching into the

cards selection information such as Federal Supply Code

Classification and drawing number. Specification MIL-M18872 (Aer), June 13, 1955, is cited in Ref. 50, p. 338.

92
which included a photographic illustration of the 5" x 8" edge-notched

cards containing microfilm copies of all correspondence with a particular customer. These were filmed on adhesive-backed film

and mounted on the card._L/

In addition, three specific examples were given of either microfilm insert or photographic card application to literature search

problems. These were for (1) chemical literature, (2) reduced

image versions of articles published in The Journal of tji^ Society

for Nondestructive Testing , _/ and (3) geological data. ^^ The

chemical literature instance follows the suggestions of T.J.Williams

and A. Rose.z/ In this proposal, a standard S" x 5" Microcard

would be mounted on standard punched cards so that 20 columns

would be left for a subject-matter classification code and 10 columns

could be used for 4-digit random numbers for additional indexing and

selection information.

The present state of the art with respect to the application of

discrete record systems using microfilm inserted into aperture

cards or mounted on other cards, which can be manipulated by sorting needles or by machines, continues to be marked by many storage

applications that do not use mechanical selection. In most cases, it appears that difficulties in handling and machine manipulation of

punched cards with these inserts preclude extensive use of searchtype selection methods. Also, when filing is by address, manual

retrieval from a large address file is faster than any existing

mechanical retrieval system. On the other hand, the carrier card

provides ease of manual handling and protects the film insert itself.

More significantly, the microfilm aperture cards lend themselves

to appreciable economies of storage and effective use of machine

manipulation techniques in initial sorting and file merging.

A representative example of a very large collection maintained

in the form of microfilm inserts in IBM punched cards is the

Intellofax system at the Central Intelligence Agency. The Intellofax

System has been in use since 1953. It contains 2, 750, 000 aperture

cards and grows at the rate of 250, 000 cards per year. Searches are —' Ref. 50, p. 318. See also Cannon, W.A., Jr. "A punched

card system for technical liaison, sales analysis, and file

reductions, " Ref. 47.

2/— Ibid, pp. 323, 339, and 319, respectively. See also p. 31

of this report. —3/

' Ibid. See pp. 329 thru 333. See also Section 3. 2. 1 of this

report. —4/

' Ibid, p. 323, citing Williams and Rose, "A solution to the problem of storage and availability of chemical literature",

Ref. 297.

93
made manually on index and cross-reference cards which have a

brief abstract of the document typed onto them. These cards list

the document numbers that are used as addresses to enter a file of

16-mm type E aperture cards. The aperture cards contain microimages of the original documents. Hard copies are made as they

are required.

Two difficulties have been observed with this system. First, the

use of a single card both for punched and for typed information

limits the amount of either kind that can be recorded. The actual

abstract, in particular, contains much less information than was

available in the cover sheet prepared during analysis of the original

document. Second, the time and cost involved in typing all of the

cards required for cross-referencing and multiple -search-access

purposes are high. For these reasons, a proposal by the Bell and

Howell Company which would provide the means for a film chip replica retrieval system is currently being tried.

The Bell and Howell proposal originally suggested a copying

machine (Document Abstract Retrieval Equipment, DARE) to

produce on punched cards reduced size images of the full text of the

cover sheets prepared by the document analysts. The techniques

have been described, in part, as follows:

"In this system it is assumed that the analyst, when

preparing the cover sheet for a document, has decided what

indexing headings will be appropriate for that document in

the master index file. The total number of headings is then

indicated by a punched-hole code system at the bottom of the

document cover sheet. . . "Under the proposed system, the cover sheet. . . . will

be placed in the feed hopper of the machine, and from then

on processing will be automatic. As the machine takes the

top cover sheet from the hopper and feeds it into the recording section, the number of duplicate IBM cards to be prepared

from that cover sheet is sensed by the machine, and that

particular cover sheet will be retained. . . . until the necessary

number of image cards has been made. . . . "The image of the cover sheet, reduced approximately

3. 33X, would be focussed through a folded optical system

onto a rotating selenium-coated Xerographic drum. This

drum, which moves in synchronism with the document drum,

is first sensitized by passing it under a corona charging

station, then exposed in motion while it passes the exposure

slit. The exposed area of the drum then rotates past the

image -development section. . . .Following development, the

image area rotates to the image -transfer station where an

IBM card is fed against the powder image at the proper time.

Electrostatic transfer will be used. The drum then rotates

94
through a cleaning station where the residual powder image

is removed, through a light -flooding station where the

residual electrostatic image is removed, and then back to

the charging station. The image -bearing card, meanwhile,

passes through an image -fixing station and then into a cardreceiving hopper. . . "

_£/

In practice, for the equipment now being tested, the reduction

ratio is approximately 3:1 for cover sheets up to 8 1/2" x 14" in size.

It is anticipated that the input processing operations will proceed at

the rate of 2, 000 cards per hour when the machine is in operation.

This rate accommodates 1, 000 cover sheet recordings per day,

assuming a 6-hour production period, and an average of 12 selectioncoded cards per document. The selection and retrieval operations in

the DARE system will then proceed by conventional punched card

processing means. These cards and their handling equipment possess

characteristics similar to other systems described in this report.

However, the cards are frequently retrieved manually by an alphabetical keyword address.

3. 5 Address -Type Selection Systems

In addition to the systems and proposed devices previously

described, a number of devices meeting the definitions of compressed

storage, mechanical manipulation, and replica copy output have been

and are being developed. In most cases, however, these additional

systems incorporate integral indexing only to the limited extent of

keys, marks, or codes corresponding to address -locations and are

used only for address -type or file reference applications.

Table I (page 35) listed a number of these address -type machines.

Most of them, as previously mentioned, will not be described in this

report. However, there are several that appear to have the storage

capacity and mechanical agility to be coupled as output devices with

conventional computers. These computers could search a "deeply"

indexed tape file and retrieve the desired document on the basis of an

address location instruction to the storage device.

One of the earliest devices of this nature is the NBS micro-image

locator_f/ developed in 1955. This uses a punched-paper-tape input as an instruction to print out selected frames of information. The

retrieval time is less than two seconds per item for 10, 000 information items stored on a drum-mounted stabilized film sheet.

1/ "Proposal to Central Intelligence Agency for development of a device to prepare reduced-size images of analysts 'cover sheets

on IBM cards", Ref. 23. —2/

' "An automatic micro -image file", Ref. 4.

95
Another device, called Verac 903, ±,1 is being developed by the

Avco Corporation. Laboratory models of the input camera, "direct

access file" (selector), and the print-out components have been

completed with some financial aid ^/ from the Council on Library

Resources. This system uses a number of film or "memory" planes,

each of which contains 10, 000 document images. Address selection

is accomplished by specifying the coordinates (column, row, and

plane) of the item location. The camera is a precision step and repeat

device. It photographs up to legal- size documents at either 70 to 1 or

140 to 1 reduction. Two film planes are made simultaneously, one for

use and the other for a security file. The current rate of image

recording is about four per minute. With automatic document handling

equipment, Avco anticipates that this would increase to one document

per second.

The storage medium is a high resolution, Lippman emulsion

(EK 649 GH) coated on film strips. This emulsion has a resolution

capability of 1, 500 lines per mm. A memory plane measures

7. 6" X 7. 8" and is composed of film strips that may be individually

replaced for updating purposes. At a reduction of 140 to 1, 10, 000

images can be stored in maximum areas of 0. 128" x 0. 192" for each

image. The "direct access file" will store up to 100 image planes,

or a total of 1, 000, 000 items, in a carriage. Upon instruction, the

carriage moves the required image plane to the reading station. The

plane is then slid from the carriage until the appropriate column is

aligned with a reading head. While the plane is being positioned, this

reading head moves vertically to the proper row level. Accurately

placed index marks on the edges of the plane activate a monitoring

servo system to precisely position the image. The output from a

selected image can be either an optical enlargement transferred to

35-mm microfilm or a full-size enlargement produced by video

techniques. The latter is viewed on a cathode -ray tube or printed out

from this by an electrostatic tube-printer (Print,-a-Pix). The CRT

viewing and/or recording may also be accomplished at remote points

through utilization of commercial-type video signal transmission

systems.

3/ A third device, based upon the earlier Amfis system, —' has .i

recently been developed by the Information Retrieval Corporation, —

— "Technical investigation of elements of a mechanized library

system", Ref. 32.

2/— Council on Library Resources Third Annual Report, Ref. 58, p. 49,

"Information storage and retrieval equipment, " Ref. 7. -/ Avakian, E.A. "AMFIS", Ref. 6. —4/

' Information Retrieval Corp. "The command retrieval

information system, " Ref. 140.

96
a subsidiary of Information for Industry, Inc. The new system is

called CRIS (Command Retrieval _Information System). A prototype

model of CRIS'is expected to be completed in March 1962, to be

followed by production models scheduled for delivery in June 1962.

The storage medium used in the CRIS system is a film scroll of

microfilmed images 17" x 400' containing slightly over 500, 000

8 1/2" X 11" page images. The reduction ratio for this packing

density is 30 to 1. Lesser reduction ratios or larger-sized items,

such as drawings, may also be accommodated with a corresponding

decrease in the number of items per scroll. Format may be either

11 35-mm frames per column across the film scroll, or these same

11 frames may be divided into nine sub areas each. Selection and

retrieval is by 7-digit keyboard entry _^/ giving the address plus an

indication of whether the whole frame or a subarea is desired. This

permits the control of magnification for viewing as well as providing

the necessary micropositioning. Average access time is approximately 20 seconds for a given item on a particular scroll. Scrolls

are handled in cartridges which can be changed either manually or

automatically. Output is by viewer -display with a microcopy print

if desired. The price of the image locator and viewer will be

approximately $26, 000.

There are a number of address -type systems which use film

chips in one form or another. The Magnavox Company has developed

the MEDIA _/ systern which uses a 16-mm film chip. Each chip has

an image of two legal sized pages and a 17 -digit code. This code is

recorded in a human readable form for the manual in-filing and is

separately encoded in a 4-bit binary forna for raachine search use. The chips are stored in groups of 200 in capsules. The retrieval

machine searches through a manually loaded capsule on the two least

significant code digits for the desired chips within that capsule. An

enlarged hard copy of the selected item is produced by Xerographic

techniques.

Houston-Fearless is building an "Automatic Image Retriever",

which consists of a central control station and modular storage units.

Each storage unit stores 5, 120 cassettes containing photographic

film chips 2 l/2" x 3 l/2" in size. Retrieval is accomplished by

setting a keyboard or by using punched paper tape. Maximum

retrieval time for any cassette is 7. 7 seconds.

1/

2/

At a later stage, it is envisioned that punched paper tape or

computer control will be used for entry.

The Magnavox Company, "MEDIA, Magnavox electronic dataimage apparatus", Ref. 168.

Tate, V. D. "Microreproduction", Ref. 270.

97
In addition, there are film chip devices such as General

Precision's "Telecard" system, which uses aperture cards and

transmits the image by television; the Hughes Model D aperture card

system; Ramo-Wooldridge's Metricard; J:/ and U.S. Army Engineers'

Target Map Coordinate Locator by Fairchild.

Systems employing continuous rolled film, or its equivalent, for

address -type selection and retrieval include another Magnavox

development, the Film Data-Recorder and Reader of 1956, ^/ and

the FLIP (Film Library Instanteous Presentation) system developed

by Benson-Lehner in 1957. _' More recent developments are represented by hardware, prototype models, or proposals such as the

Lodestar (Recordak) with either Kodamatic or counter,^/ AutoTutor,^/

the viewer reproducer model C & E equipment (Hughes) o/and an

MIT proposal in 1961 for a Reader-Finder. Z' Ferranti 8y has in use

a number of Rapid Access Projectors which are similar to the Rapid

Selector and the FileSearch, except that they use 16-mm film in a

continuous loop, have a limited code field (18 bits), and have only a

direct viewing output. This equipment is used for locating price data

at high speed (approximately one second per item). In addition, there

are a number of "teaching machines" or aids available that use a

simple address -type serial selection.

4. SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

In the design of a specific system for information storage,

selection, and retrieval, w^e have previously noted two major factors.

These are the needs of the particular application and the means available for effective man-machine communication. There are, in many

cases, many degrees of interaction between these factors and the

1/ Re£. 243.

i/ Refs. 169 and 178.

1/ Refs. 26 and 27.

v Refs. 116, 236, 237, 246 and 277.

5/ Re£. 63.

6/ Refs. 132, 133 and 134.

2/ Ref. 62.

8/ Ref. 88.

98
characteristics of storage media, selection equipment, and output

techniques that might be combined in a given system.

The results of human analysis, which are used to identify, index,

or classify the items that are to be stored, comprise a set of one or

more search entries, file access points, or selection criteria.

Preparatory operations such as transcription from handwritten

records to machine -usable language are usually required. These

inscriptions then may be affixed as labels to the items they represent,

or they may be recorded on separate carriers which in turn are filed

or stored. For the devices considered in the present report, ±_i

integral indexing is used, so that selection criteria are attached to or

inscribed on the same storage medium as the item images.

The selection criteria may or may not be encoded before they

are recorded. Whether or not they are encoded, the format and

capacity of the space in the storage medium is a condition limiting

certain aspects of system design. For example, the total space

available for storing the coded data for each item may restrict the

number of selection criteria that can be assigned per item. Limitations of this selection code space may also dictate the use of special

coding schemes such as superimposed coding. Choice of inscription

methods and storage media usually reflects observed and predicted

requirements for future use --the relative permanence of the inscribed marks, erasability of the storage medium, and ease with

which new information can be inserted- -as well as considerations of

cost, convenience, and availability.

Other system design considerations reflecting the importance of

effective man-machine considerations occur with respect to the

formulation of specific search prescriptions. The subsequent

process of search will involve one or more operations of inspecting

stored items (or, more precisely, the records of the selection

criteria assigned to the items) to select those which match one or

more specifications of desired characteristics which an item should

have if it is to be retrieved. A prerequisite for the conduct of a search, consequently, is a precise statement of the requirements

upon which the search would be based.

The search prescription is typically composed of statements of

what the selection criteria are and of relationships that should be

found to obtain between several such criteria. As appropriate, the

search prescription may also include statements limiting the desired

scope of the search or setting other restrictive conditions. Examples

of possible search prescriptions are thus: "A, B, or C, and D, but

not E;" "A, B, and C, if published after I960"; and "A, B, and C

—' Microcite is an exception, see Section 3. 3. 1,

99
except Russian language items. " Here again we find that machine

characteristics, such as the extent of logical manipulation permitted

in the search process, will affect the choice of equipment for a

particular system.

The primary considerations and the most critical problems have

to do with the human user. The search prescription as proposed by

the user may or may not reflect accurately what he needs or even

what he wants. What he does ask for will be determined by one or

more of the following factors:

1. Detailed conscious awareness of the specific characteristics which items must have in order to be relevant to the

query;

2. Understanding of the current state of knowledge in a

particular field and in other fields that may be related;

3. Understanding of the terminology in current use in that

field or fields;

4. Preconceived notions as to what is apt to be found;

5. Willingness to undertake additional work in further

screening and selection from the items that may be

delivered as the result of the search; and

6. Prior experience with the performance of the search

system.

The search prescriptions thus reflect with varying precision a

real or assumed user need. For most mechanized systems using

currently available techniques, however, there are restrictions

imposed by the machine. Terms used for the selection criteria and

the grammar or format used to specify interrelationships between

them must be suitable for machine processing. Often the search

prescription must be framed in terms of a relatively limited and

fixed vocabulary. The selection logic of a particular device may

require a one-to-one correspondence between the terminology and

format of the selection criteria comprising the search prescription

and the terminology and format of the search-entry-record for a stored item.

The user himself may be required to frame his prescription

in this way. On the other hand, special tools are often made available. These range from the provision of access guides or search

notes that aid in defining the search terms used in the system to the

services of a reference librarian or information specialist who

'negotiates' the search prescription in collaboration with the system

customer.

100
Machine techniques may ultimately serve as aids in these

operations as well as in subsequent renegotiations of search

prescriptions to improve the results of search, but such techniques

are not as yet generally available. Machine techniques are available

for some of the auxiliary operations of encoding and preparing the

search prescription for automatic processing, including the possibility of translating a given natural language statement into the

required machine language. It is to be noted that mechanized

systems typically tend to restrict the ability of the user to alter the

prescription during the actual on«line course of a search, in

accordance with tentative results, and also tend to eliminate the

possibility of "browsing". V

The actual conduct of search proceeds on the basis of the search

prescription. Desired scope or limiting conditions are incorporated

so far as possible into search strategy. That is, for example, if

stored items are compartmentalized (e.g. , in or on separate shelves,

bins, drawers, tape reels, etc. ) by language, date of issue, and the

like, only those reels or bins which meet the limiting conditions are

selected for actual processing. A number of different search prescriptions may be processed in parallel in some systems. If so, the

conduct of actual searches may require scheduling, consolidation of

several search prescriptions into a new master prescription, and

provision for tagging the various selections so that they may be

sorted out for the different customers. The usefulness of the output

product will be dete'rmined not only by the relevance of the selected

items to the user's question but also by the physical appearance and

legibility of the items delivered to him and the ease with which he

can use them directly.

The critical requirements in systems design fall into the areas

of input preparation, input processing, file organization, search and

selection, retrieval and output, and provision for making changes in

the system such as updating, reclassification, and expansion. With

respect to input preparation, we find the basic problems of item

identification, item categorization, and other accessioning, cataloguing, and indexing requirements. The input processing operations

necessary to store retrievable information items involve means for

handling text and graphic information, and for recording selection

criteria assigned. File organization involves not only storage,

handling, and security considerations but also the question of the

extent to which compartmentalization by subject matter is or is not

feasible.

—' Note, however, possibilities for free browsing due to preorganization of the file in the FileSearch and Microcite systems,

101
In the subsequent search and selection requirements, there is

first and foremost the crucial problem of adequate formulation of

search prescriptions, together with questions of selection logic,

search strategies, and possibilities for multiplexing or making manysearches in parallel. Under typical output requirements, there are

questions of the kind, quality, and relevance to the user of the

products of the search; provision for rapid retrieval or on-line

display; and compatibility with dissemination or communication

systems. System considerations relate to changes in file organization, the required selection logic, and the possibilities for revising

and updating the contents of either items or selection criteria

records.

More specific considerations in the design of a particular

information selection and retrieval system typically involve such

problems as (1) storage economy, (2) effective capacity of the total

system, (3) adequate selectivity in search, (4) speed of search and

retrieval, and (5) compatibility of the output product with other

operating requirements. For example, the limited storage space

available for the necessary engineering drawings aboard a nuclearpowered submarine dictates a medium capable of greatly compressed

storage; thus, microfilm aperture cards are now being used for this

purpose. Output requirements may be for direct input to a facsimile

transmission system _/ or for copy of a quality likely to meet -, / customer acceptance, as in a sales or order fulfillment application.—'

5. THE STATE OF THE ART AND PROSPECTS FOR

FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS

System design considerations and comparative equipment

characteristics meet together to provide a picture of the state of the

art with respect to present or potential applications of document

retrieval devices such as those discussed in this report. Some or

all of the advantages of compressed storage, integral indexing,

mechanical search, and facsimile replica output may suggest the

choice of any one of these devices for use in a particular system.

1/

2/

Ball, H. R. "Bureau of Ships High Speed Facsimile Printout",

Ref. 16.

McMurray, J. P."The Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector System",

Ref. 177.

See, for example, Vander Wolk, L. J. "Teletype et Microfiche

Transperente dans les relations entre bibliotheques", Ref. 287

which discusses possibilities for combinations of teletype communication with transparent microcards in connection with interlibrary loans and exchanges.

102
The state of the art with respect to any given type of equipment

for application in information selection and retrieval systems has at

least three major aspects. The first, and most important, is the

extent to which the system design meets real user needs and permits

effective man-machine communications. The second involves the

extent to which the characteristics of hardware , selection code

capacity, programmable logic, and the like limit or constrain the

system designer's choices in setting up a system intended to meet as

effectively as possible the system objectives. The third factor is

the extent to w^hich systems have actually been used, so that the

results of practical operating experience in one or more specific

situations can be extrapolated to other possible applications.

We shall consider the present state of the art first, in terms of

available storage media and equipment; second, with respect to

applications; and third, with reference to implications for further

developments. A summary table of the characteristics of devices

considered is provided in Appendix B to this report.

5. 1 Storage Media and Equipment

The microphotographic and related techniques for compressed

data storage in the devices we have described provide for significant

economics of storage, ranging up to 10" coded pages stored in a

space of approximately one cubic foot. Most of the devices

considered presently use standard microfilm, either 16-mm, 35-mm,

or 70-mm, in continuous rolled film, film chip, or sheet or strip

form. The medium used is related to quality of output, in that good

tonal quality for closely packed graphic information is not achieved

with standard microfilm, although the quality is adequate for most

purposes. However, high-resolution film and other media possessing

good tonal quality are available for use in most systems when

required. A research study is being made, under a grant from the

Council on Library Resources, to investigate high-reduction microphotography at resolution capabilities up to 1(D times greater than

that available with conventional microfilmo_i/

The advantages of compressed data storage are obvious. The

principal disadvantages associated with greatly reduced image

storage include the following:

1. As storage becomes more compact, the requirements for

mechanical selection and handling become more critical.

2. Quality of the original information may deteriorate in the

viewing or reproduction process.

— Council on Library Resources 5th Annual Report, Ref. 59,

pp. 23-25, and Recent Developments No. 53, Ref. 61.

103
3. Auxiliary display and viewing equipment or a separate

printing process must be used in order to make the

output product }J visible to the eye of the customer.

Charles Bishop, discussing the use of the microcard or microfiche as such, lists requirement-questions which are equally applicable to automatic selection and retrieval systems using microforms,

as follows:

"1. Is the microform material to be used mainly for storage

and preservation of the originals or will the microfilm

collection be constantly consulted and manipulated?

2. If the microform collection is being used continually,

are the documents actually being read extensively or

are they only used for verification of a few details?

3. Are the microforms being removed from the collection

so they can be regrouped for some new purpose?

4. Must there be extensive coding on each microform so

the collection can be sorted to drop out documents with

specific attributes?

5. Is it necessary to be able to make microcopies of the

documents in the collection? Can these copies be

supplied quite flexibily or must large segments of the

collection be duplicated, giving wanted and unwanted

material together?" ^1

The respective advantages of a continuous storage medium,

serially searched, and of discrete unit record processing have been

separately exploited in various different devices covered in the

present survey. In general, the continuous roll or serial medium

provides protection against loss, misplacement, or temporary

absence of individual items from the file. It does require an item-byitem serial search, at least of each storage unit (such as a reel of

tape or microfilm) or of the entire unit. Insertion of new items into

an ordered arrangement, deletion, and change of item content usually

—' I. e. , the sheet film card. —2/

' Bishop, C. "Problems in the production and utilization of

microfiche", Ref. 28, pp. 53-54.

104
requires an extensive series of cut-and-splice operations, increasing the problems of file maintenance. On the other hand, compartmentalized working files, with duplication of items meeting a

specific grouping requirement, can be readily produced as required.

Conversely, the discrete unit record or film-chip approach

emphasizes the importance of file compartmentalization to pinpoint--

and thus to shorten -- the search, selection, and retrieval processes,

Duplicates may easily be made at the time of input to provide

multiple cross-reference copies. In addition, comparative ease of

insertion, deletion, or revision of stored items is claimed. Care in

handling, whether manual or mechanical, is an obvious operational

requirement. An additional factor, at least for some applications,

is that the integrity of the file is not necessarily maintained. Thus,

individual chips of items may be physically withdrawn from the main

file or from sections of working files for viewing or copying. The

latter disadvantage may be eliminated by provision of an inviolate

master or security file, but only at the expense of added costs and of

multiple -search processing of both the working and the master files

to assure integrity of search.

The film sheet, strip, and equivalent approaches attempt to

minimize the disadvantages and to capitalize on the advantages of

both the serial and the discrete unit storage media. In particular,

they are highly adaptable to subject matter and other search-grouping compartmentalizations of the file. Thus, for example, 18,000

copies of abstracts are provided on a single film sheet for selective

viewing in the Microcite system; 1, 000, 000 images per plane are

recorded in the Verac 903 input process; and up to 2, 000, 000 coded

pages may be provided per WALNUT file module.

The question of file organization with respect to subject-matter

compartmentalization may or may not be of particular importance.

The importance of this factor will generally depend upon the size and

diversity of the collection even more than upon the possibilities for

multiple or parallel search, or upon differences in search processing time. The question of access is also important. There has been

considerable confusion in the literature between such terms as "random access", "randomly organized files", and "rapid direct

First, it is noted that search-type selection systems all imply

some type of random access. That is, the addresses of items which

will meet the search prescription requireraents are not usually

known in advance. Therefore, items are randomly located in the

file and will be selected during the search process with an access

time that is conditioned by the number of items stored per search

unit and the speed with which such units may be searched. This is

random access, but the search process is total, systematic, and

usually serial for serially-arranged storage media.

105
Conversely, in address -type selection systems, the location of

a desired item in file must always be known in advance. Access may

be serial, as in an operation checking the address-code-key of each

item in turn until the desired one is found. In addition, many socalled "random access" devices may be employed for this purpose.

What this means is that rapid direct access is provided to any

specific item, wherever it may be located in the file, provided that

the location is known. Amfis, CRIS, Verac and the NBS Microimage

Locator System are among the examples that have been cited.

Randomly organized files provide that stored items may be

located anyw^here in the file as opposed to situations in which items

must be inserted, and replaced, in a specified order. There are

obvious advantages in file maintenance operations if no ordered

arrangement for re -insertion, addition, or deletion of items need be

followed. Normally, the randomly organized file implies a searchtype selection and retrieval system. Either address -type or searchtype selection methods may be applied to ordered files in contrast to

randomly organized files. Ordered files when used in systems

employing continuous roll or other large -capacity serially arranged

storage media typically require cut, splice, and recopy procedures

in order to insert new items, to delete items, or to revise contents

or arrangements. On the other hand, discrete unit record systems

which require an ordered organization to permit efficient address

type selection and retrieval also require extensive file maintenance

operations.

Limitations on the number of selection criteria allowed per

recorded item, per search prescription, and per search run of the

file are evident with raost of the document retrieval devices

considered in this report. The information- storing capacity of

selection code areas per retrievable item ranges from only those

necessary to give the file address, for example, the Verac 903, up to

2, 500 to 3, 000 bits worth of selection code field capacity, as in

Minicard and Magnavue. The choice of any of these devices may

therefore require specially designed coding, such as the use of

superimposed random coding, }J to maintain adequate selectivity.

On the other hand, these media generally provide equivalent

selectivity in any systera where the indexing and selection information can be accommodated on a single punched card.

This state-of-the-art survey of storage and retrieval equipment

reveals unresolved difficulties in all reported systems, regardless

of whether they use chip, roll, or sheet media. In the Filmorex

System, for example, problems of film chip curl have been noted

under operating conditions. These difficulties may be miniraized by —' Mooers, C. N. "Putting probability to work in coding punched

cards", Ref. 185, Ref. 50, pp. 340-356.

106
maintaining an air-conditioned environment, by choice of a film

medium with sufficient sturdiness and thickness, and by proper

film processing. In continuous roll systems, such as the Rapid

Selector, the problem of reliability of a high speed clutch is

encountered if on-the-fly copying is to be used. On the other hand,

when the film medium which is moving at high speed is brought to a sudden stop for copying, special problems of wear and damage to

the film may arise.

Notwithstanding difficulties of selection code capacity and

engineering problems that are still arising in prototype models, the

present state of the art offers a variety of choices to the system

designer. Equipment and installation prices range from under

$10, 000 to over $1, 000, 000 depending on the needs of a particular

proposed application. Assuming that the critical aspect of selection

criteria assignment(based primarily on human analysis and indexing

of document content) has been resolved, a user may then take

advantage of the selection code and selection logic capabilities

available in most of the document retrieval devices considered in

this report.

In addition, we note that the possibility of the use of several

level systems clearly exists. For example, as an indexing and coding system becomes more elaborate, i.e. , includes genericspecific relationships, role indicators, and interfixing, the selection

logic tends to grow to at least those proportions that require a small

general-purpose computer. In this respect, it is technically

feasible today to use computer-type selection logic in direct conjunction with storage -retrieval equipment that provides graphic

replica copies as output.

Further, it is possible that the use of document retrieval devices

of this type may be so planned that simple or routine selections can

be executed by a directly-attached electronic assembly. This should

be quite modest in size and cost. More sophisticated selections,

dependent upon more complicated logic-relationship discriminations,

would require separate operations using a more complicated system.

Output might be in the form of "locator" codes for direct automatic

retrieval. Alternatively, the output might consist of abstracts from

which the querist would make a further personal selection prior to

full-text retrieval, much as in the previously described DARE and

Microcite Systems.

Moreover, advantage may be taken of technological possibilities

available today without requiring the design of a completely

mechanized selection and retrieval system. This is true both for the

address -type selection systems using various media and for the

microfilm aperture cards. The modified punched card containing

an inserted photographic image has, as pointed out earlier, been

offered as an effective medium for storage and retrieval of graphic

data such as photographs, drawings, and maps. There are many

107
millions of these aperture cards in use today. Few of these

collections currently are being searched by mechanical means.

The probable reasons are as follows:

1. The small number of machine -us able characters

available for selection code use limits the amount of

information that can be used for search-type retrieval.

2. The items contained in the cards are usually describable

by an identifying label or number and are filed sequentially

by the label or number; under these circumstances, manual

retrieval from organized files is as fast or faster than

machine processing rates.

3. Manual retrieval operations result in less wear and damage

to the photographic material inserted in the cards.

4. There are some continuing mechanical problems with

respect to the satisfactory adhesion of the photographic

items to the card stock, etc.

Despite the difficulties, just listed, aperture cards can serve and

are serving a very useful and valuable role in the storage of

engineering drav/ings and similar items.

Likewise, the Rapid Selector type equipment (roll-film) can be

used for information retrieval in the same way as a conventional

punched card system (viz. , to select arid retrieve a single -line title

and citation, plus address -location clues). When so used, gains in

the order of 40 to 1 are possible not only in compactness of storage

but also in processing time.

5. 2 Applications

The state of the art with respect to the actual use of information

selection systems providing replica copies is marked primarily by

technological potentialities which have not as yet been widely applied.

With the exception of Minicard, Filmorex, Petroleum Research,

FOSDIC, and the Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector, the document

retrieval devices considered in this survey have seen little or no

practical use in search prescription applications. Even in the case of

the exceptions, experience to date has been too limited or specialized

to provide for comparative evaluation of total systems. Generally

lacking are case histories that would provide important information

as to the interaction between technological capabilities and the latitude available to the user in choosing means to meet his requirements.

In the period 1957-1958, the National Science Foundation undertook a survey of "non- conventional" (including mechanized) systems

for the selection and retrieval of scientific information. 1/

IT Ref. 197.

108
Of 30 systems reported at that time, all except two involved mechanized or machinable selection techniques, including those which use

manual needle sorting or edge -notched cards. Some degree of

integral indexing was involved in seven cases, including two nonmachine systems which required manual search of indexed folders

or jackets. Only one of the systems reported involved the use of

microform storage. This was at the Gallery Chemical Company,

and involved essentially a two-level system for the literature on

boron compounds. Originally, abstracts were prepared on McBee

edge -notched cards. As the file grew, it was decided to convert to

a mechanized system, described in part as follows:

"The IBM card used has a microfilm insert on which

appears the abstract for the reference coded on the card.

The original McBee files were photographed for this purpose.

When an abstract is microfilmed now, a positive copy of it is made for each IBM card needed, and rolls of the negatives

are kept on file in serial-number order. The number of boron

compounds mentioned in an article or research idea determines

the number of IBM cards to be prepared, one card for each

compound. . . . "The code system emphasizes data on individual

compounds -their properties, reactions, uses, etc. Compounds

are classified l^y structure rather than by name. The cards

contain either the coded original reference or number of report

.... code and subclass designation; compound code number. , . and general subjects. . . " }J

As of January, 1958, trial searches were being made on a sample

file of 400 cards.

In Septemter 1959, a second NSF study reported no further data

on the Gallery experiments and added only one further example of a system combining microform storage, integral indexing, and

mechanical selection- -that of the Filmorex System at the Centre

National deRecherche Scientifique in Paris, France. ^/ This

system also was designed to retrieve abstracts, and an average of

eight indexing terms has been used to index these abstracts. A

supplement to the second NSF report adds the examples of an address

type selection system for a microfilm aperture card collection of

1/ Ibid, pp. 6-7; see also Maginnity, P.M. and J.J. Allison,

"Use of machine-sorted punched cards in literature searching",

Ref. 166.

-/ Ref. 198.

109
engineering drawings at Bell Telephone Laboratories and of the

Petroleum Research Corporation Systems previously discussed in

this report. V

Thus, with respect to the actual use of information selection

systems producing replica copies as output, the present state of the

art may be summarized as follows:

An effective means for total system evaluation is currently

lacking. This is primarily because the relatively few

systems of this type now in operation are, quite properly,

geared to particular needs. No single collection, subjected

to the same depth of analysis and indexing, has as yet been

studied in terms of comparative or parallel operation using

various possible techniques. With respect to intercomparisons

between several different systems, inforraation as to practical

operating conditions, costs, and benefits is generally lacking

due either to the experimental status of the installation, the

short period of time during which it has been in operation, or

the classified nature of the application. The potential advantages of technological developments now available have thus

not been fully tested to date.

Nevertheless, certain potential advantages of the selection and

retrieval devices combining microform storage, integral indexing,

mechanized search, and graphic replica output can be stated in

general terms. If large collections are considered, it is obvious that

the larger the file becomes the more difficult it is to maintain

multiple access by different users. Thus, the integrity or completeness of the files becomes increasingly important. By this, we mean

that if several different users require the same material at approximately the same time, no one misses or overlooks pertinent

material simply because it is not in the file at the time of search.

This requirement is readily met by document retrieval devices where

the master file is never broken and where copies, not originals, are

issued to the user.

The use of photographic images or other microform versions for

document storage permits the inclusion in the collection of a large

variety of information items such as full text, maps, drawings, aerial

photographs, laboratory notebook pages and other hand-written

records, charts, and the like. By virtue of the high resolution of

microform storage media, the physical volume of the file is greatly

reduced over that required by the original items. In addition, the

replica copy output feature provides that the querist may retain

selected items for personal use, that copies may be transmitted over

facsimile communication links to users in remote locations, and that

1/ Ref. 199.

110
copies of rare and one-of-a-kind originals may be made readily

available to depositories and other collections elsewhere.

With few exceptions, there have been almost no publicly available

studies or evaluations of systems as used in specific applications.

Users and suppliers have claimed important advantages of continuous

or chip film replica retrieval systems. The following advantages

have been claimed for chip systems in particular:

" Microfilm has been widely used for certain types

of information handling and has been effective especially where

the high information storage capacity could be used to advantage.

Microfilm in continuous roll form, however, has certain limitations where information must be manipulated, rearranged, and

sorted, or 'where information must be added to or removed from

a file. Punched cards, on the other hand, have desirable

characteristics for manipulating, rearranging, and sorting information in a system. They can be removed from or added to a

file readily. However, the information storage capacity of

punched cards is of a low order, and this is a disadvantage for

many information- system requirements.

"The Kodak Minicard combines the desirable characteristics of microfilm and punched cards. The Minicard has the

high storage capacity of microfilm, has the abilities for

manipulation which are characteristic of the punched card,

and handles digital and graphic information in a single record

medium.

" The Minicard System not only can serve in the

areas now occupied by punched cards and microfilm, . . . but

the system offers new capabilities in the region which has no

satisfactory medium at present, that is, where there is a

requirement for high record activity and high quantity of

information per record. " }_l

Advantages claimed by users of the experimental Bureau of Ships

Rapid Selector system have been reported as follows:

"1. High-speed multiple -access search. Minimum search

speed is approximately 5, 000 images per minute. _/

1/

2/

Users of Filmorex at RADC have paraphrased these stated claims,

substituting only the word "Filmorex" wherever "Minicards"

appears in the original. See also Ref. 282, pp. 20-21.

This rate is presumably based upon estimates of a search speed

of 20 inches per second as presently planned for later models.

Ill
A capability of approximately 40 accesses to each document image is available.

2. Simultaneous search, selection, and copying.

3. Search and selection as an integrated operationNo artificial address, such as a document number

or accession number, is ever used or required as

a transition between search and selection. The

search is conducted directly in terms of bibliographic

data and/or in terms of subject-matter.

4. An inviolate file. The films used in Rapid Selector

searches never leave the room where the machine

search is made. " }_i

A further advantage of this system application in the Navy is the

compatibility of the photographic copy output with the high-speed

facsimile transmission system developed for and used by the Bureau

of Ships.

In general, however, the respective advantages of continuous

roll film, chip or sheet film systems, as well as the overall

advantages of storage, selection and replica retrieval offered by

these devices, must be appraised in the light of specific user

requirements and system design objectives. Thus, as L.B.Heilprin

has said:

"We are constantly asking: Is it more efficient to store

on roll film than on flat, film? What is the optimal length of

a roll of microfilm for -rapid access in searching its content?

What is the optimal width of a roll of microfilm? Is it 70 mm,

35 mm, 16 mm, or some intermediate width such as Z 1 to Z2

mm? Is it better to use a single frame, such as an insert, or

a short linear 'microfiche' of several such frames? All such

questions are based on efficiency in achieving a given objective.

And, of course, no general answer can be given. We must

know the specific objectives. " zJ

5. 3 Implications for Further Development

The advantages mentioned above, plus other potential benefits

of the document selection and retrieval devices that provide graphic

facsimile copies as output indicate that further experimentation and

-' Ref. 177

2/ Heilprin, L. B. "Communication engineering approach to

microforms," Ref. 122, p. 214.

112
test for various practical applications should be encouraged. Comparative tests to deterraine operational processing times and costs

for different storage media and equipment, given the same depth of

analysis and the same user queries, should be undertaken. Practical

demonstrations may go far to overcome user inertia, user dissatisfaction with the product, and lack of familiarity with what these

systems can potentially do.

Systematic efforts to determine realistic overall usage requirements will go far to speed the exploitation not only of systems of

this type but of other nonconventional documentation techniques and

new equipment developments as well. In this process, a distinction

should be made between possible answers to the question "What can

we live with or make short-term gains by means of?" and potential

answers to the question "What do we really need?"

Determining what is really needed is the first and crucial step

for effective system design, ^s we have previously noted, the

choices available to the potential user in relating equipment possibilities to his needs are most critical with respect to input

preparation and organization of the files for subsequent search. It is here that the interplay between depth of subject content analysis,

choice of coding system, capacity for selection code representation,

and the ability to provide an open-ended system to permit updating

and reclassification on the basis of usage is most important.

There are, in addition, certain prospects for further technological developments that are implicit in the present state of the art.

These include increasing use of erasable and rewritable media for

selection code recording and storage. __' Further development and

use of high resolution media which would be capable of higher quality

output may be required to increase user acceptance of the search

product. Further research on .raicro -image viewing and display

equipment is also indicated. _/ Improvement of engineering design

to increase ease of operation, to provide for checking and error

correction, to expand {and in some cases open-end) selection code

—' As in several previously discussed systems using magnetic

media for selection code recording. Also see Section 3 of

this report. —2/

' Such as work at Battelle Memorial Institute under a grant from

the Council on Library Resources, for the development of

improved micro-image reading techniques , Ref. 59, p. 50,

and Ref. 60.

113
field capacitVy and to increase selection-logic flexibility is already

under way. _' Improved engineering design for systems embracing

a hierarchy of mechanized selection and retrieval devices will also

be required for the large-scale systems that must meet many

different requirements and accommodate many searches involving

varying degrees of search complexity.

Nevertheless, the fundamental problems remaining are those of

communication, analysis, and relevance to needs and end-use.

These are primarily matters of human intellectual endeavor and are

the heart of the overall information selection and retrieval problem.

—' Certain industrial organizations other than those who have

announced systems as covered in this report are actively

engaged in research and development efforts in these and

related areas. A representative example is that of the Itek

Corporation, where a current program objective has been

described as follows:

"Itek Laboratories' current graphic information

handling research and development activities are

primarily concerned with identifying and selecting

from a file information that a user needs rather than

some broad subject in which he is interested.

"The principal novelty lies in the dissemination capability which will be provided by a new type of distribution

system. Simple and flexible methods have been conceived for controlling the physical handling of graphic

information in accordance either with routing instructions

or with file organization data, or with the nature of the

information content of a unit record.

"The new techniques for guidance, propulsion and route

selection offer a promising and highly flexible approach

to the problems of maintaining and operating a file of

graphic unit records, particularly in situations in

which information has to be selectively distributed from

a central file to a large number of users with differing

specialized requirements, " W. S. Dempsey, private

communication, dated December 13, 1961.

114
This point, which is also the key to the present state of the art with

respect to selection systems producing replica copies, was cogently

formulated as follows in the First Annual Report of the Council on

Library Resources:

"We know how to stimulate the production of books to

provide information in better form than do existing books;

how to create and organize additional indexing and other

bibliographic services; how to develop guides to library

resources so as to assure access to materials even though

unavailable locally; how to assemble through micro-copying

or publishing projects the resources for research now

scattered through the libraries and archives of the world so

that almost any library might supply in compact form the

materials which would otherwise take lifetimes of travel and

sifting to discover . . .

" (but) even if cures were limitlessly applied in

terms of present knowledge, the result would probably only

be a further glutting of the channels of communications. " _/

^. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Support for this survey of information selection systems providing graphic replica copies has been provided primarily by

Grant CLR-147 from the Council on Library Resources to the

National Bureau of Standards. This is in connection with a continuing program to establish and maintain the Research Information Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing, which

has been jointly supported by the National Science Foundation, the

National Bureau of Standards, and the Council on Library Resources.

A major function of this Research Information Center is to provide,

from time to time, state-of-the-art reports on topics of interest to

research workers and others concerned with improved utilization of

scientific information.

Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions of many

individuals and organizations active in the area of either development

or application of document retrieval devices covered in this report.

Their cooperation and assistance has been invaluable.

Permission to reproduce various photographs of equipment,

coded item formats, and related drawings is also gratefully acknowledged. Especially, acknowledgement is made to Mrs. Eileen

Bowers of the Carnegie Institution of Washington for Figure 1. ; Julius Bosen of the U.S. Weather Bureau for Figures 7 and 8;

-' Ref. 57, p. 7 and 9-

115
FMA, Inc. , for Figures 9 and 10; Mr. George Lear of Eastman

Kodak for Figures 15 through 19; and Mr. Richard Furman of

IBM for Figures 23 and 24. In particular, the permission of Dr.

Vannevar Bush to examine the original literature on the Microfilm

Rapid Selector and the access to the archival records of Science

Service provided through the courtesy of Messrs. Watson Davis

and Calvin N. Mooers are greatly appreciated.

With reference to the preparation of this report, grateful

acknowledgment is made to F. C Rose for editorial revisions and

for the design and compilation of Appendix B and the index, and to

Miss Josephine L. Walkowicz for the preparation, checking, and

editing of the bibliography. Acknowledgment is also made of the

able typing, clerical, and processing assistance of Mrs. Anna E.

Upperman, Mrs. Helen B. Grantham, and Mrs. Anna K. Smilow^,

116

.
APPENDIX A: BIBLIOGRAPHY

SuinLiaries of ciorrent \/ork in the field of document retrieval

including pertinent devices are provided on a periodic basis in the

National Science Foundation's Publications "Current Research and

Development in Scientific Docui.ientation," and "Non-conventional

Technical Information Systems in Current Use."

Examples of surveys vrtiich cover some of the saine or similar

devices vfill be found in reference nuinbers 21^ 2k^ 30, 31^ ^6_, ^2,

TO, 123, 139, IG^, 191, 229, 256, 258, 260, 273, 2Qk.

117
1. "Automated Machine Trains Men," Electronics , 33^17

(April 2.2, i960) 39-

2. "An Automatic Micro-image File," Computers and Automation , 5'-ll

(November I956) 26-27, 50.

3. "An Automatic Mcro-image Pile," Journal of the Franklin Institute , 262:5 (November I956) 396-398.

h. "An Automatic Micro-image File," National Bureau of Standards

Technical News Bulletin, 40:7 (July I956) 89-9O.

5. AVAKIAN, EI'lIKA., Yonkers, N. Y. "Stored Function Calculator,"

U. S. Patent 2,610,791; patented September 16, 1952; filed

April 18, 1950. Class 235-61.9-

6. AVAKIAN, EMIK A. and EUGENE GARFIELD. "AI^IFIS - The Automatic

Microfilm Information System," Special Libraries , ^8:U (April

1957) 1^5-1^8.

7. AVCO CORPORATION, Cincinnati, Ohio. "Information Storage and

Retrieval Equipment: A Proposal to the National Library of

Medicine," March 22, I96I, 1^ p.. File No. E-3.4.987-26I.

8. AVCO CORPORATION, Cincinnati, Ohio. "VERAC 903; a System for Data

Indexing, Searching, Retrieving and Reproducing," undated.

9. AZARI, ERIC, ALFRED E. GRAY, HERMAN J. MALIN, and HAROLD B.

THOMPSON, assignors to The Magnavox Company, Los Angeles, Calif.

"Card Feeding Apparatus," U. S. Patent 2,9^1-7,538; patented August

2, i960; filed February 2U, 1958. Class 271-11,

10. AZARI, ERIC and ALFRED M. NELSON, assignors to The I4agnavox

Company, Los Angeles, Calif. "Card Processing Apparatus," U. S.

Patent 2,95^^,226; patented Septem.ber 27, I96O; filed May 5j, 1958.

Class 271-5.

11. BADGLEY, ROBERT F., \nLLI/.M A. WILKEN, and CHESTER TIETIG.

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263. SHAW, RAJ.PH R., assignor to the U.S.A. as represented by the

Secretary of Agricultiure. "System and Apparatus for Selective

Photographing," U. S. Patent 2,59^,358; patented April 29, 1952;

filed April 2k, 195O.

26h. SPRING, ELISABETH. "S.L.A. Nev/ York Chapter Looks at Mechanical

Aids," Library Journal, 75:8 (April 15, 1950) 722-724.

265. STAATS, HEIJRY N. "Data Extraction in Nondestructive Testing,"

Nondestructive Testing, 15:1 (January-February 1957) kh-k6.

266. STAilTS, HE^JRY N. "Description of the Staats Documentary Storage

and Retrieval System," londated, 6 p.; addendum, 2 p., with

Appendices A-F.

267. STERN, JOSHUA, REY^IOLD GREEI^STO]\JE , and J. HOV/ARD \ /RIGHT. "Data

Pi^ocessing Devices and Systems." Washington, D. C, National

Bureau of Standards, September 1955, 26 p. (Unpublished report.)

268. SULLIVAN, l/ALTER. "IClectronlc Microfilm Archive is Seen as an Aid for Overcrowded Libraries," New York Times , August 9, 1959,

p. E9.

1^3
269- TATE, VERNON D. "An Ingenious Searcher/' Section from "PMI

In-Plant Reproduction/' PMI - Photo Methods for Industry, 4:7

CJuly 1961) 66-67.

270. TATE, VEMON D. "Microreproduction," PMI - Photo Methods for

Industry, 4:9 (September I961) 3 5, 99,10^

•

271. TATE, VERNON D. "Photography in Research--Postvrar," Revievf of

Dociimentation , (Federation Internationale de Documentation,

Tlie Hague) l4:l (19^7 ) 8-l4.

272. TATE, VEIRNON D., Editor. Proceedings, Seventh Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 21-23^ 19^8 . Annapolis, Md., The

National Microfilm Association, 195^^ 209 P?

. Proceedings of Eighth Annual Meeting & Convention

of the National Microfilm Association held in Washington, D» C,

April 2-4, 19^9 . i'Vnnapolls, Md., The National I'ttcrofilm

Association, 1959^ 298 p.

. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting and

Convention held at New York, April, I96O . Annapolis, Md., The

National Microfilm Association, I96O, 244 p.

, Proceedings of Tenth Annual Meeting and Conven - tion, Chicago, 111., April 4-6, I961 . Annapolis, Md., The

National Microfilm Association, 1961, 305 p.

273. TAUBE, MORTE'IER and HAROLD WOOSTER, Editors. "Information

Storage and Retrieval, Theory, Systems, and Devices." New York,

Columbia University Press, 195^^ 228 p.

274. TAUBE, MORTIMER. "New Tools for the Control and Use of Research

Materials," Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 93^3

(June 1949) 248-252.

275. TAUBER, MAURICE F. "Problems in the Use of Microfilms, Microprint, and Microcards in Research Libraries," Industrial and

Engineering Chemistry, 42:8 (August 1950) l467-l468.

276. TAUSCHEK, GUSTAV. "Reading Machine," U. S. Patent 2,026,329;

patented December 3I, 1935; filed May 27, I929. Class 250-41.5.

277. THOMAS, A. J. "Rapid Roll Film Image Retrieval Systems."

New York, Recordak Corporation, undated, 3 p.

144
278. THORENSON,, R. "The Magnacard Development/' presented at the

Swamer General Meeting_, American Institute of Electrical

Engineers _, Montreal, Quebec, June 24-28, 1957' Preprint

CP 57-861.

279. TOVmSELTD, LEON/O^D G. "Apparatus for Making and/or Utilizing

Photo Pvecords," U. S. Patent 2,l40,567; patented December 20,

I93O; filed Febrmry 8, 1937- Class 88-24.

230. TOvmSEI\ID, LEOrix^J^D G. "Control Device for Indexing and Phototranscription Machines," U. S. Patent 2,215^381; patented

September I7, 19^0; filed August 10, 1939- Class 40-53.

281. TOVmSEiro, LEON/mD G. "Method of and Apparatus for the Indexing

and Photo -transcription of Records," U. S. Patent 2,121,06l;

patented J\me 21, 1938; filed July 3, 193^. Class '40- 53-

282. TYLER, A. V/., W. L. MYERS, and J. W. lOJIPERS. "The Application

of the Kodak Minicard System to Problems of Documentation,"

Ai'.ierican Documentation , 6:1 (January 1955) I8-3O. Presented at

the Annual Meeting, American Docuraentation Institute, Cleveland,

November 4-5, 1954.

283. U. S. AIR FORCE. "The USAF Logistics Program for Engineering

Data." Ohio, V/right -Patterson Air Force Base, Cataloging and

Standardization Division, Directorate of Supply, PIq. Air Materiel

Command, Septeiaber 1, I96O, Publications Sl-5, Sl-5-1, and

S-1-5-2.

284. U. S. CONGRESS. "A Study of Federal and Non -Federal Science

Information Processing and Retrieval Programs." Senate Committee

on Government Operations, 86th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate

Doc. No. 113. VJashington, D. C, U. S. Government Printing

Office, i960.

285. U. S. NAVY DEP/'RTI.IENT . "The Bureau of Ships Rapid Selector;"

V/ashing-ton, D. C, Bureau of Ships, December 1959^ 10 P'

286. U. S. NAVY DEPARTI'IENT. "Navy-Marine Corps Standard Subject

Classification System." V/ashington, D. C, Office of the

Secretary, October 30, 1959, 53 P-, SECNAVIN3T P5210.ll.

287. VAN DER 'JOLK, L. J. "Teletype et Microfiche Transparente dans

les Relations entre Bibliotheques (Telex and Microcard Communication)," Bulletin des Bibliotheques de France , 4:11 (November 1959)

475-494. Abstracted in American Docuraentation , 12:1 (January

1961) 69.

145
288. VEERY, H. R. "Rapid Selectors/' & M Biaietin, London, 8:5

(October 1953) k-3-k6,

289. VESSEY, H. F. "Documentation Committee Report on Retrieval

Systems." Farnborough (England), Royal Aircraft Establishment.

Prepared for discussion at the Third Meeting of the Documentation

Committee, Fourth General Assembly of the Advisory Group for

Aeronautical Research and Development, The Hague, May 195^»

5 p.; AGARD/DOC/5.2. ASTIA doc. no. AD-68~199.

290. VICKERY, BRIAN C. "Some Comments on Mechanical Selection,"

American Documentation, 2:2 (April 1951) IO2-IO7.

291. WALKER, FRED L., JR. "Blueprint for Knowledge," Scientific

Monthly, 72:2 (February 1951) 90-101.

292. V/ARHEIT, I. A. "Machines and Systems for the Modern Library,"

Special Libraries , kQ:Q (October 1957) 357-363-

293* WEBER, E. "A Suggestion for an Improved Data Banking System.^"

Los Angeles, Calif., Benson-Lehner Corp., July I5, 1959^ 29 p*^

Research Report 59-8, Contract Nonr-2666(00), Nr 048-135. ASTIA

doc. no. AD-225 097.

294. WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, Cleveland, Ohio. Contract

AF 30(602)-lJ+98, "Minicard Indexing Study."

PERRY, J., Report 1, Ivlarch I956, ASTIA doc. no. AD-91 78l;

PERRY, J. and M. EGAN, Report 2, April 1956, ASTIA doc. no. AD-101 10k;

PERRY, J., A. KENT, and M. EGAN, Report 3^ May 1956, ASTIA

doc. no. AD-96 889;

PERRY, J., Report k, June I956, ASTIA doc. no. AD-97 75^-

295* "Westinghouse Automates Engineering Drawings," Management and

Business Automation, 1:1 (January 1959) 19-25, ^7-4-8.

296. WILD, JOHN J. "Predetermined Counters," Electronics , 20:3

(March 19^+7) 120-123-

297. WILLIAMS, T. J. and A. ROSE. "A Solution to the Problem of

Storage and Availability of Chemical Literature," Journal of

Chemical Education, 29:3 (March 1952) lk6~lkl

.

ikG
298- WILSON, CARROLL L. Boston, Mass., Research Corporation, letter of

April 3, 19^0, to Dr. Vannevar Bush, Carnegie Institution of

Washington, transmitting for comments the Howard -Wilson memorandum

of April 1, 19^0, Subject, Discussion of Possible Applications of

the Rapid Selector. (Unpublished).

299. WILSON, LOREN R. "Integrated Card Handling and File Unit."

Fort Wayne, Ind., I-'Iagnavox Company, I/Iay 3I, I960, 44 p.. Report

No. R332, Contract AF 30(635)l2004; RADC TR 6O-I67. ASTIA doc.

no. AD-243 065.

300. WISE, CARL S. "Multiple Word Coding vs. Random Coding for the

Rapid Selector," American Documentation, 3:4 (October 1952)

223-225.

301. WISE, CARL S. and JAMES W. PERRY. "Multiple Coding and the Rapid

Selector," American Documentation, 1:2 (April 1950) 76-83.

302. WORSLEY, PETER K. "Data Retrieval With Especial Application to

Use of Film Library Instantaneous Presentation (FLIP) in

Literature Searching." Chapter in Modern Trends in Documentation, Proceedings of a Symposium held at the University of Southern

California, Z^P^il 1958, edited by Martha Boaz. New York, Pergaraon

Press, 1959, p. 70-73.

303. ITORSLEY, PETER K. , ROGER R. DITTMAN, EBERHARD V7EBER, JUAN C.

GRBIBERG, and PETER GARRETT. "A Study of the Fundamentals of

Information Storage and Retrieval." Los Angeles, Calif., BensonLehner Corp., August 20, 1959, 97 P-^ Final Report No. 4l7,

Contract Nonr -2666(00). ASTIA doc. no. AD-229 709.

304. XEROX CORPORATION. "Final Engineering Report on the Development

of a Minicard Viewer Processor MX-1993(XI^-1)/G." Rochester,

N. Y., June 1, I961, 50 p., appendix. Submitted under Contract

No. AF 30 (602) -1523 to Rome Air Development Center;

RADC -TR -61 -128. ASTIA doc. no. AD-26O O73.

305. YALE UNIVERSITY. "Interim Report on the Development of the

Rapid Selector." New Haven, Conn., May 1953, 53 p.. Contract

(RD)XG-796.

306. YALE UNIVERSITY. "The Nature and Use of the Yale Rapid Selectorv"

New Haven, Conn., October 1953, 13 p.. Contract (RD)XG-796.

l47
307- YALE UNIVERSITY. "Progress Report on the Yale Rapid Selector."

New Haven, Conn., October 1953^ 20 p.

308. YALE UNIVERSITY. "Progress Report on the Yale Rapid Selector."

New Haven, Conn., March 195^^ 30 p»

309. YALE UNIVERSITY. "Report on the Demonstration of the Rapid

Selector at Yale University." New Haven, Conn., May I8, 1955^

1^ p.

310. YOUNG, GEORGE V., Inglewood, Calif., assignor of one -half to

Peter J. Pohl, Manhattan Beach, Calif. "Video Image Frame

Recording and Reproducing System," U. S. Patent 2,955^157;

patented October k, I960} filed August 22, 1956. Class I78-6.6.

311. ZEISIG, H. C, JR. and P. T. MARTIN. "Commercially Available

Punched-card Systems, Equipment and Supplies. " Chapter 4 in

Punched Cards, Their Applications to Science and Industry, edited

by Casey and Perry. New York, Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1951*

148
INDEX

abrasion: 38

abstracts: 3, 10, I6, YJ, 22., 2.G, k±, kG, 66, 83, 85-87, 9k, 105, 10?,

109

access: IO5

clues: 9

level: 8

(see also type of access)

accoijinting: 12, 15, I8

address: h, Q, 10, 3^^, 37, 87, 94, 95

code -key: I06

file systems: h

type selection and systems: k, I5, I8, 26, 35-37, 4o, 60, 78, 83,

92, 95-98, 106, 107, 109

(see also file)

adhesion: I08

adhesive -backed film: 93

aerial photographs: 3, 68, IO9

Agriciilture, Department of: 12, 21, 92

air-conditioning: IO7

aircraft drawings: 92

Air Force, U.S.: 68

air traffic control: 3^

alignrnent : ^3

"American Docuirientation" : 57

"American Joiarnal of Photography" : 12

AI/IFIS: 36, 96, 106

Ampex Corporation: 3^

AN/GSQ-11(v): (see Minicard)

AN/gSQ-26: (see Minicard)

annotation: h"{

(see also abstracts)

anticipator: 22

apertiore

cards: k, 11, 15, 27, 28, 32, 36, 75, 76, 87, 98, 102, IO7-IO9

card systems: 36, 90-95, 98

(see also magnetic aperture cards, microfilm aperture card systems)

Apertiire Card System, Model D: 36, 98

applications: 2, 3, 6, 9, 25, 46, IO3

archives: 11

Armed Services Technical Information Agency: 66'' Army Engineers, U.S.: 98

149
aspect card: 83

ASTIA: (see Armed Services Technical Information Agency)

atmosphere^ controlled: 55^ 57^ 58

Automatic Catalog-Handbook: h'J Automatic Image Retrieval System: 35

description: 56, 57

(see also Appendix B)

Automatic Image Retriever: 97

automatic

processing

search

selection

(see information)

Automatic Unit Research Storage and Retrieval Device: 36

AutoTutor: 35, 98

auxiliary eq[uipment: 39, 10^

Avakian, Emil A.: 36

Avco Corporation: 36, 96

"banl<:ing: 12, 26

Battelle Memorial Institute: II3

Batten card: 83

Bell and Howell Company: ^k

Bell Telephone Laboratories: 110

Benson-Lehner Corporation: 3^, 35, 78, 98

Bibliofilm Service: 12

bibliographic identification: 5, 7, 8, I7, 4o, kS, 86, 112

bibliographies: 6, 16

binary representation: 25, 56, 57, 61

Bishop, Charles: 104

blueprints: 3, 92

bolometres: 12

books: 9, 11, 26

Boolean manipulation: 32

Brev/ster, Sir David: 12

browsing: 55, 85, 101

Bryce, James V/.: 12, l^i, 15, 26

bioffering: 59

Bureau of : (see generic name of Bureau)

Burkhard, C. A.: 28

Bush Committee: 32, 3^

Bush Rapid Selector: (see Bush, Vannevar; Rapid Selector)

Bush, Vannevar: 15, I8, 19, 21, 2?, 32, 35, ^0, 57

business data: 12

Butten/orth, Inc.: 30

150

i\
Cables and Insulating Materials Research Institute: 9

Gallery Chemical Company: 109

cameras: (see microfilm)

canning: 28

capsule: 97

card

cutter: 52

punch: h'J reader: 52

stock: 37

thickness: ^8

transport: 77, 78

(see also type of card)

carrier cards: l6, 93

cassetts: 82, 97

catalogues and cataloguing, 11, 101

categorization: 5, 7, 32, 101

cathode-ray tube: 96

Census, Bureau of: 40, hd

Central Intelligence Agency: 23, 25, 93

Centre National de Recherche Scientifique de France: 63, IO9

charts: 28, 3^+, 78, 110

(see also maps)

chemical literature: 6, 93, 109

Chicago, University of: 37

chip film and systems: 27, 3^-37, 6O-82, 9k, 97, IO3, IO5, 111, 112

(see also Appendix B)

circuitry: l4, ^3, 101

classification: 5, 7, 16, I7, 32, 93

(see also subject, specific classification scheme)

clay tablets: 9

climatology: ^1-8 clutch control: 43

code: 3^

field: 23

pattern: I9, 22, 23, 27

coded

file: 3

information: 8, 10, I8

coding: 2, U, 8, 10, 21-23, 30-32, ^lO, kl, 78, 93, 95, 99, 101, 107,

113

vocabulary: 85

Coile, Russell: I9

color film^: 92

Commerce, Department of: I9, 21

151
communication and systems: 7^ 102, llU

(see also facsimile, remote, teletype, television, video)

compact/compressed storage: 4, 11, 32-3^, 95, 102, 103

compartmentalization: 17, 101, 105

Computer Control Company, Inc . : 60

compressed: (see compact)

computer

application: 3^1, U8, 87, 95, 107

control: 97

installation: 68

content analysis: 8

continuous roll: (see roll)

control film: 26

conventional

approach: 7, 33

systems : 108

Coombs, John: I9, 22

coordinate indexing: 32, 82

copy gate: ^3, ^6

c orre spondence : 93

Cottrell, F. G.: 12

Coimcil on Library Resources: 3j 9^, IO3, 113^ 115

counting devices: 12

CRIS: 36, 91, 106

cross-referencing: I6, ^k, I05

cuneiforms : 9

cursors : 87

Czechoslovakia : 9

Dagron, Rene: 11

damage: 107, IO8

Dancer, John Benjamin: 11

DARE: 9k, 95, 107

Data Bank: 35

description: 78-82

(see also "Is there a Doctor in the house?". Appendix B)

data

display systems: 3^

handling and processing: 5j 6, I8, 31^ 32, 77

locating: k

manipulation : 6

reduction: k

retrieval: 5

storage: 9, 11, 103

(see also information, type of data)

152
Davis, Helen M. : 17

Davis, l/atson: 11, 12, 15-18;, 32

decimal characters: 22

deep indexing: 95

Defense Logistics Service Center: 5^

Department of : (see generic name of departm.ent)

descriptors: 32, ho, 66

deterioration

general: 59

microbial: 37

(see also specific type of deterioriation involved)

developmental prospects: 102-115

devices: (see information)

Dewey Decimal Classification: 9^ l6

diazo dye: 37

dictionary: k

Diebold, Inc . : 56

digital data: 25, 66, 86, 87

(see also data)

direct access file: 96

directives: h^

directory: k

dirt: 38, k9

discrete

indexing: I9

unit records and systems: 27, 28, 30, 3I, 33, 37, 6O-82, 93 j, 10^1 [106

dispatches: 11

displaj'-: 3^1- wheel: 78

document analysis: 2, 23

Documentary Storage and Retrieval System: 35

description: 90

(see also Appendix B)

dociMientation: 2, 6, 11, 15, 32, 113

Documentation of Molecular Spectroscopy System

description: 28, 30

Documentation Institute of Science Service: (see Science Service)

document

frames: I9, 22, 23, 25, 3^

identification: 5, 19

recording: 9

retrieval devices: 3, h, 15, 18, 25, 35-37, IO6-IO8, 112

(see also image)

153
documents and docujment collections: 3-6^ Q^ l8^ 19; 23 ^ 26^ 30, 63,

93. 96, 110

(see also information, libraries)

Draeger, Rupert H. : 12, 15, 1?

drawings: 3:, I8, 28, 73, 97, 107, 110

(see also aircraft drawings)

duplication: 11, 12, I8

(see also reproduction)

DuPont film

Chronar: 63

Mylar if 696: 76

dust: 38

EA14 eqiiipraent: 'j6

Eastman Kodak Company: I8, 26, 27, 35, 56, 63, 68, 73, 90, 111

ECCETRON: 35

edge-notched cards: 28, 3I, 78, 93, I08, 109

(see also E-Z Sort, Friden, McBee, punched cards)

Edual Laboratories: 10

Edual Laboratories for Philatelists: 10

electricity: (see electronics)

Electrofax printing: 59

(see also Radio Corporation of America)

electrographic pencil: 61

electronics: 31-33, ^1-9, 66, IO7

(see also circuitry)

electrostatic printing: 90, 96

(see also Electrofax printing, xerography)

encoding: (see coding)

Encyclopaedia Brittanica: 12

engineering drawings: 28, it-1, '46, 92, 102, I08, 110

(see also drawings)

Engineering Research Associates: I9, 21-23, 35

England: 11, 63

(see also Great Britain)

environmental conditions: 37, 38, IO7

(see also atmosphere, controlled; deterioration)

equations: I8

equipment: 39, IO3-IO8

characteristics: 2

development : II3

(see also type of equipment)

experience: (see system)

E-'Z Sort cards: 92

154
FACSI, Inc.

description of system; 3I

facsimile

communication: kO, 102, 110, 112

reproduction: 2, 3? 33^ 102

(see also communication, replica)

facts: 5 Fairchild Camera and Instrui-nent Corporation: 36, 98

self -threading processor: k^

Federal Supply Code Classification: 92

feedback: 85

Ferranti Packard Electric Limited: 35^ 9^

fiber optics: 52

file access points: 99

address: 3^^ I06

arrangement: k, 19^ 33^ IO6, IO7

expansion: 101

handling: 101

integrity: 3, h^J, IO5, 110

maintenance: 12, I05, IO6

manipulati on : 10

merging: 93

organization: 73, 101, 102, IO5, II3

rack: 80

reference approach: ^-7^ 95

revision: IO5, IO6

segregation: I7

storage : 101

(see also document, information, item, type of file)

FileSearch: 35, 98, 101

description: ^9-55

(see also Appendix B)

filing-key code: 73

film: (see microfilm)

cards: 15, 30, 10i+

cartridge : 97

Film Data Recording and Reading System: 3^, 35, 98

film

life: 37, 38, ^0

matrix: 83

Filra'N File, Inc.: (see Filmsort Company)

Filmorex system: 16, 27, 32, 35, 73, 106, I08, 109, 111

description: 63, 66

(see also Appendix B)

155
film printing machines: ik

Filmsort Company: ZJ, 28, 32

film transport: 17, ^1

(see also high-speed transport)

filtering: 8o, 82

flashlamp: (see photoflash)

flexibility: 8

FLIP: 3^, 35, 98

fluorescent recording: 37

flying-spot-scanner: 55, 59

niA, Inc.: 35, ^9

FOSD^C II: 35, 108

description: kQ, kS

FOSDIC systems: kQ

(see also Appendix B)

France: 11, 2?, ^8, 63, 66, IO9

Friden

card: 52

card punch: 52

gating: 55

gelatin emulsions: 38

General Electric Company: 37

General Precision, Inc.: 36, 98

generic terms and search: 26, 107

geology and geological data: 30, 61, 93

Germany: 12, 13, 30

Goldberg, Emanuel: 12-15, 21, 26, 32

Goodale, Charles J.: 15, 26

graphic

data: IO7

identity: 9

replica: 8, 18, 107, 110

representation: 3^ 66, 101, IO3, 112

graphs : 28

gray-scale: k6

Great Britain: 30

(see also England)

Green, John C: 19, 21, 35

grid: 85

overlay: 86

Griffis Air Force Base: 63

half-tones: h6

handwritten records: 110

156
heat development: 30

(see also Kalvar)

Heilprin, L. B.: 112

Hershel, Sir John: 12

hexadecinial code: kl, 63

hierarchical systems: ll^i- high -re solution media: IO3, II3

high-speed

clutch: 107

search: 18^, 111

slotter: 6I

transport: 38; ^3^ 55

Hill, Thomas T.: 10

historical background: 9-35

hole

coincidence: I7, 86

pattern: 11, I7, 23, 60

Hollerith Code: 56, 60

Hollerith, Herman: 10

Houston-Fearless Corporation: 36, 97

Howard, John: I9, 22

Hughes Aircraft Company: 35^ 3^, 98

human factors: 8, 16, 37, 99

humidity: 37, 38

IBM: (see International Business Machines Corporation)

026 card p\mch: 4l

407 card reader: ^1

1^10 computer: 86, 87

card: ^9, 56, 93. 9^h 109

ICSI: (see International Conference on Scientific Information)

identification: (see information, item)

cards: 26

image: 2, l4, 23, 27, 30, 37, 38

reproduction: 9

(see also information, microimage, reproduction)

implications: 112-115

index card: S^h indexes: 6, 26

index folders: IO9

indexing: 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 23, 31. 32, 4o, 46, i^7, 93, 99, 101, 106,

107, 110

(see also coordinate indexing, deep indexing, discrete indexing,

integral indexing)

157
index

term cards: 83, 86

terras: 5j, ^0, 60, 85, 87, 109

information

analysis: 7

automatic handling and mechanized devices: 2., h, 6, 9^ H; 12,

1^^-19, 22, 27, 32, 3^,

38, 66, 6Q, 97, 101,

103, lOi^, 107, 108, 110

classification: 7

(see also address, classification, code, data, docioment, file,

item, mechanics, replica, retrieval, scientific information, search, selection, system, and various types of

these and subheadings)

Information for Industry, Inc . : 36, 97

(see also Information Retrieval Corporation)

informati on ( c ont .

)

identification: 1, 7^ 1^

organization: 7

processing: 3, 5, 9, 27, 101

recording: 9; H

retrieval: 1, 3-6, 8-10, ik, 16, I8, 28, 3I, 32, 3^, 60, 98, 101,

103-105, 107, 108, Hk

(see also address, classification, code, data, document, file,

item, mechanics, replica, retrieval, scientific information, search, selection, system, and various types of

these and subheadings)

Information Retrieval Corporation: 36, 96

(see also Information for Industry, Inc.)

information (cont.)

search: 1-3, 5, 1-9, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 31, 38, ^0, 101, 102,

105, 110

selection: l-i+, 7-10, ik, 16, 17, 19, 28, 3I, 32, 38, 60, 98,

101-105, 108, llU

storage: I-3, 5-9, 1^-17, 32, 37, 98, I06

(see also address, classification, code, data, document, file,

item, mechanics, replica, retrieval, scientific information, search, selection, system, and various tj/pes of

these and subheadings)

infrared spectral data: 28

input: (see generic type of input)

equipment: 39

insert cards: (see aperture cards)

Institute International de Documentation: 16

158
I 

„ ~i^^H^^^"^^^B^BS9S-_ MM

integral indexing: 2, 8-11, l4, I5, 28, 30, hQ, 6I, 95, 99, 102, IO9,

110

integrated search and selection: 112

intelligence data: 68

Intellofax system: 93

interfixing: IO7

interlibrary loans: 102

(see also libraries)

International Business Machines Corporation: 35, 57, 86

International Conference on Scientific Information: 68

International Dewey Classification: (see Devrey Decimal Classification)

interrelationships: l4, 100

interrogator: 23, 58

introduction: 1-8

inviolate file: 112

"Is there a Doctor in the house?": 35

description: 78-82

(see also Data Bank, Appendix B)

Itek Laboratories: ll4

item

characteristics: 100

classification: 99

identification: 7, 9, 99, 101

manipiilati on : 10

organization: 7

retrieval: 10, ik, 3k

selection: 9, 10, 1^, 3U

storage : 99

(see also file, information)

James, Peter: 35, 57, 58

Kalfax/Kalvar: 30, ^7, 87

Kerr cell: 82

keyboard/keypunch input: 58, 59, 66, 73, 78, 97

keywords: 3I, 95

Kodak: (see Eastman Kodak Company)

Kodamatic: 35, 98

Kuipers, John V/. : 68

labeling: 28

Langan, John: 27

159
language

machine: 7, 2G, 87, 99, 101

natural : 101

problems of: 7

translation: 'J, 87, 101

Large -Capacity Document Storage and Retrieval System: 35

description: 86, 87

(see also Walnut, Appendix B)

large-scale systems: Ilk

libraries: 3, 1, 9, H^ 12, 15^ I6, I8, 21, h^J , 100, 102

(see also documents)

Library of Congress Classification: 9

light: 78

cells: 26

channel: 80

extinction: 22

raster: 56, 60

scattering materials: 37

spectrum: 80

Lippman Emulsion EK 6k^ GH: 9^

literature: (see information, scientific information, type of

literature)

locator information: h

Lodestar Reader: 35, 56, 98

logic

control: ij-0 manipulation: 100

London World ' s Fair : 12

long-range objectives: 2

look-up: h, 5, 78

Loquin, Marcel: 35, ^8

Loughren, Arthur V. : 27

Lovighridge, Matthew H. : 25, 26

machine: (see information, man-machine communication, mechanics, and

the machine's function by name)

Magnacard system: 7^-78

Magnafl-ux Corporation: 92

Magnascriber: 77, 78

Magnavox Company: 3^-36, 76, 97, 98

Magnavue system: 35, I06

description: 7^^-78

(see also Appendix B)

160

\
^iH^"'«-^-'55^

magnetic

aperture cards: 3^^ 7^

cards: 77

field: 82

recording and storage: 26, 3^, 57, 58, 76, 77, 86, 87

tape: 32, 37, ^8, ^9, 57, 59, 10^

(see also video magnetic tape)

magneto-optical effect: 82

manipulation: (see information, mechanics) man-machine comxiunication: 2-8, 98, 99, 103

manual

filing: 66

retrieval: 93, I08

scanning: h

search: I6

selection: 66

sorting: 66

maps: 3, 3^, ^^6, 73, 78, 107, 110

(see also charts)

masking: 19, 22, ^8, 66

Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 18, I9, 21, 22, 27, 35, 98

Mast Development Company, Inc.: 35

master ' file: 105, 110

film: II+, 25, ^3, ^9

index code: 10

matrix: (see grid)

McBee

cards: 10, IO9

Keysort System: 28, IO9

meaning : 7

mechanics, mechanization, and manipulation: l-^i-, 6-12, 31, ^9, 63,

95, 109

(see also Inforniation)

media: 1, 8, 9, ik, 33

(see also high -resolution, storage)

MEDIA system: 36, 97

Meraex: 32

memory plane: 96

Metricard: 36, 98

microcard: 93, 102, 10^^

Microcite: 3^1, 35, 83, 99, 101, IO5, I07

description: 83-86

(see also Appendix B)

microcopy: 97

m.icrofiche: ^i-, lO^i- 161
microfilm: h, 10, 11, 15, 17-19. 22, 25, 2?, 28, 31, 33, 3^, 38, ^3,

if-T, 57, 66, 68, 73, 85, 92, 93, 97, 102-104, 107, 109, lio,

111

16 mm.; 16, 19, ^8, k9, 56, 61, 85, 9h, 97, 98, 103

35 nim.: 17, 19, 22, ko, 1^1, k6, k9, 52, 55, 61, 87, 96, 97, 103

70 mm.: 60, I03

aperture card systems: 15, 37, 90, 92-95, 102, I09

cameras: 40, ^9, 6I, 73

cards: 33, 63

processing: II3

vievrers: 46, 66, 97, 104, II3

(see also aperture cards, film)

Microfilm Rapid Selector: (see Rapid Selector)

microform: 2, 4, 75, 104, 109, 110

microimage: 9^, 113

print : 90

(see also image)

Microimage Locator System: 36, 95, I06

microphotography and microfilming: 4, 11, 12, 15, 27, 92, IO3

(see also photography)

micropositioning: 97

Micro-Research-Cards: 30, 31, 61

Micro-Research System: 35, IO8

description: 30, 31, 6O-63

(see also Appendix B)

mdcroscope lens: 11

microstructiire photographs: 3

Miehle Dexter Lawson Company: (see Filmsort Company)

military specifications: 92

Minicard: I6, 27, 32, 35, I06, IO8, 111

description of system: 68-76

(see also Appendix B)

Minnesota Mining and Mantifacturing Company: 55, 60

(see also Filmsort Coinpany)

module : 87

moistLure: 37, 38

Mooers, Calvin: 32

Morse, R. S.: 26

162 *
I 

.

.- _^^^^^^^^B^-i^i^i^——

-s— _ mj%

rn\iltiple

access: 110^ 111

codes: 21

copies: 16 f 105

entry file: 73^ 76

filing: 66

search: 55

search access: 9^

search processing: IO5

multiplexing: 102

Myers, W. L. : 68

national Academy of Sciences: (see National Research Council)

National Biireau of Standards: 3, 22, 25^ 28, 30, 3^-3^, ^0, 48, 83,

95, 106

National Cash Register Company: I8, 37

National Research Coimcil: 28

National Science Foundation: I08, IO9

National VJeather Records Center: 48

Naval Photographic Interpretation Center, U.S.: 60

Navy, Department of: I9, 25, 4o, 4-9, 112

Navy-llarine Corps Standard Subject Classification System. Manual: 46, 52

needle -sorting and selection: 30, 31, 6I, 78, 93, 109

needs: 3

neurology: 3I

nonconventional

approach: 7

systems: 32, IO8, II3

nondestructive testing: 3I

notes: 110

n\imerical data: 6, 28

numismaticG: (see philately)

Office of Naval Research: 78

Office of Strategic Services: 27

Office of Technical Services: I9, 21

open-ended systems: 8, II3

optical recording: 57

optics: 31, 49, 82

ordered files : I06

ortho A litho film: I08

Orthochroraatic de Securite Microfile: 63

ortho contrast film: 61

ONR: (see Office of Naval Research)

oscillating hammer: 63

163
oscillograph paper: 86

OSS: (see Office of Strategic Services)

OTS: (see Office of Technical Services)

output: (see generic type of output)

packaging: 28

packing density: 38; ^1

paleontology: 30

paper stock: 38

parallel search: 59^ 6I, 66, 75 _, 78, 101^ 105

(see also multiplexing)

Paris, Siege of: 11

parity check: 32, 59^ 77

Patent Office, British: 10

Patent Office, U.S.: 25, 30, 32

patents: 9, 10, l4

peek-a-boo

card punch: 85, 86

cards: 83, 85, 86

systems : 83

performance specifications: 2

permuted title index: 7

Petroleum Research Corporation: 30^ 35^ 61, I08, 110

petroleum resources: 30

philately: 10

photocells: 12-1^, I6, I9, 22, 23, 26, ^3, kq , 66

(see also scanning)

photochromic recording: 37

Photo Devices, Inc.: 35^ 60

Model 1038b Camera: 60

photoelectric techniques: I7

(see also photocells)

photoflash : 22

photographic card: 61

Photographic Digital Reader -Recorder: 27

"Photographic News": 12

photographic output: 112

photographs: 10, I3, 19, 26, 28, 73^ 90, IO7

(see also aerial photographs, images, microstructin^e photographs,

pictorial data)

photography: 8, 11, 12, ik, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 27, 31, 32, 37

(see also microxDhotograjyny)

Photo -magnetic System: 35

description: 57, 58

(see also Appendix B)

photoprinting: 25

164
^7^

pictorial data and information: 3^ l8

(see also photographs)

pigeon, horning: 11

plugboard: ^9

pneumatic system: 77

pocket card: 9

polarized light: 82

Polaroid Land filiri: 86

police departments: 28

povrer supply: 22

predictive search: ^0

prematurity: 2

primary index terms: 85

Erint-a-Pix: 96

printing, contact: 30

processing: (see information)

protection of media: 37^ lO^t- prototype: hj, 86, 97, 107

publications: I5

punched cards: 10-12, I6, I7, 23, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, ^1, ^3, ^8, 57,

60, 61, 66, 83, 92-95, 106-108, 111

(see also edge-notched cards)

Punched Cards, Their Application to Science and Industry : 90

punched hole code: '^k punched paper tape: 12, 73, 95, 97

punch equipment: 23

Rabinow, Jacob: 22

Radio Corporation of America: 3'+, 35, 58

Raino-Wooldridge: (see Thompson Ramo V/ooldridge, Inc.)

random

access: 86, IO5, I06

location: I05

randomly organized files: IO5, I06

Rapid Access Look-up System and projector: 35, 9^

rapid direct access: IO5, IO6

Rapid Random Access Projector: 35

Rapid Selector: 15, I8, I9, 21-23, 25, 26, 32, 35, 57, 93, 107, IO8,

111, 112

description: ^1-0-48 (see also Appendix B)

RCA: (see Radio Corporation of America)

Reader -Finder: 35, 98

reading devices: 38

Recall Film Index System: 32

description: 30

165
recognition match: 19

Recordak Corporation: 35^ 5^, 98

MRD2a Camera: 56

recording

format : 23

indicia: h

records: 11, 12, ik, iQ, 26, 99, 110

remote commimication: 110

replica

copies: 3, 8, 9, ik, 15, 22, 32, 3^, ^6, 95, 10?, HO, 115

copy retrieval devices: I8

recording: I9

retrieval: 3I, 32

(see also graphic)

reports: 5, ^6

reproduction: 9

(see also duplication)

research and development: 2

Research Corporation: I8

Research Information Center: 3

resolution: 110

retrieval

hooks : 5,7

speed: 102

systems: 8, 10, 12, 15

(see also information, type of retrieval)

retrospective search: I8, 32

RICASIP: (see Research Information Center)

Richardson Static Card Reader: 60

Rocky Mountains: 30, 31

Rocky Mountains Geolog;^'' Library: 61

rogues' galleries: 28

role indicators: 46, I07

roll film and systems: 3^+, 35, 37, ^1-0-60, 98, IO3, 10^^, 112

(see also Appendix B)

Rome Air Development Center: 63, 66 j 68, 76, 111 «

Rose, A.: 93

Rotkin, Israel: 22

Royal McBee: (see McBee)

Ruggles, Melville J.: ^7

Ruggles, Richard: 25

Russian language: 100

sales: 26

Samain, Jacques: 27, 63 ji;

166
sampling: 8

scanning and scanning grid: 1^+^ 27, 66

(see also flying-spot -scanner, grid)

screening: 100

"Science": 15

Science Service: 15, 1?^ 19

scientific information: 1, 2, G, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 32^ 3^

(see also information)

scratching: 38

scroll film: 33, 97

search

complexity: ll4

easel: 86

entry record: 100

equipment: 39

integrity: IO5

key : 66

plate: I3, 1^+ prescription: 5, 9, 22, 37^ ^^3, 59, 99-102, I05, IO6

prescription approach: h-7

procedure: 22, 100

products: 102

request: 5

' requirements: 4l

scheduling: 101

selectivity: 102

speed: 102

strategy: 101, 102

terms : k

time: 23

type selection and systems: ^4-, 6-8, I5, 23, 26, 35-37, 40-90, I05,

106, 108

(see also file, information, type of search)

searching systems: h

SECNAVINST P5210.ll: (see Navy-Marine Corps Standard Subject

Classification System Maniial)

security file: IO5

(see also master file)

Seidell, Atherton: 12, 15, 27

167
selection

code: I9, 2.2, 23, 2.G, 38, U3, 80, lOG, 107, 113

code capacity: II3

code pattern: 82

code recording: II3

code storage: 13.3

criteria: 3, IS, ik, ±G, I9, 22, 23, 26, 30, 99-102, IO6, IO7

gate : k6

logic: 102, 107, 114

systems: 8, 12, 1^^, 15, I8, 3I, 99, 110, II5

(see also code, information, type of selection)

seleniiim cells: 12

semi-automatic selection: 61

Senate Committee on Government Operations: 6

sequential filing: IO8

serial

access: I06

arrangement: I06

search: k3, k9, 58, 59, 66, 75, 98, 104, I05 | Seventy Millimeter Selector: 35 t

description: 60

(see also Appendix B)

Shannon, Claude : I9

Shav/, Ralph R.: 21, 35

sheet or strip film and systems: k, 35-37, 82-9O, IO3, I05

(see also Appendix B)

shipboard : 92

Ships, Bureau of: 25, 35, ^0, i+6, ii9, IO8, 111, 112

silver -halide: 37

simultaneous

access: 3

seajTch: 112

selection: 112

slides: (see photographs, photography)

Slosson, Edwin E.: 12, 15

slotted card: 61

slotting: 73

Social Security cards: 26

"Society for Nondestructive Testing, Journal": 3I, 93

sorting: 5, 12, 93

box : 61

mechanism: 16

special-purpose systeras: 3

specific terms and search: 26, I07

spectrograra: 30

splicing: I05, 106

168
Staats, Henry W.: 35; 90

stability of media: 37, 95

stainps: (see phi3-ately)

state-of-the-art: 2, '^h, 100, 102-115

statistical

data: 12, 15, l8, 25, 26

machines: 12

Steinhardt, Lav/rence: 19

step and repeat camera: 6l, 9^

storage

conditions : 37

devices: 95

economy: 102

levels : 85

life: 37

materials: 1, 3, 27, 37-39, ^1, 99, IO3-IO8, II3

space: 77

(see also information, media, type of storage)

strip or sheet film and systems: h, 35-37, 82-90, IO3, 105

(see also Appendix B)

strobotron: I9

Stiiart, R.: 25, 26

subject

analysis: 8, II3

classification: I6, I7

content: 8, 23, 3^1, I05

identification: 6

submarines: 102

Sumaria: 9

superimposed

image : 78

random coding: 82, 99, I06

system

advantages: 104, 112

analysis: 2, 110, ll4

applications: 2

availability: IO3

benefits: 110

capacity: 102

characteristics: 37-98, 102

comparisons: 110

compatibility: 102, 112

costs: 8, 107, 110

design considerations: 23, 98-IO3, 112-11^

(more)

169
system (contd.)

development : ^0

difficulties : 106

di sadvantage s : IO3

efficiency; 8

evaluation criteria: 'J, 39; 110, 111

experience: 108-112

flexibility: kO

index: 8

objectives: I03

operating conditions: 110

operations: II3

planning: 2

requirements: 2, 5j 38, ^7^ 112, 113

selectivity: I06

utilization: 12, I8, 23, 32, 100, 102, I03, 112, 11^4- (see also information, type of system, subheads and individual

entries. Appendix B)

tabulating

card: 27

equipment: 10

Target Map Coordinate Locator: 36, 98

teaching machines: 98

technical literatinre: 1, 5

(see also scientific information)

technological application development: 2

Telecard system: 3^;> 98

teletype commimication: 102

television

recording: 59

techniques: 98

(see also video)

terra entry card: 85

terminology: 100

textual information: 3, 18, 22, ^^0, 46, 101, 110

thermal stability: 37

thermoelectric pile: 12

thermoplastic recording: 37

Thompson Ramo V/ooldridge, Inc.: 36, 98

title records: 28

Tovmsend, Leonard G. : 15, 26

TPR: (see thermoplastic recording)

traditional approach: 7

translation: (see language)

170
tub file: 56

Tyler, A. V/.: 68

typewriter: I6, ^0

UDC: (see Universal Decimal Classification)

ultraviolet exposure: 30

(see also Kalvar)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: k'J, 63

United States : (see generic name of organization^

United States Industries, Inc.: 35

uniterms: 32

Universal Decimal Classification: 9

University of : (see proper name)

up-dating: 8, 101, II3

usage and user requirements: 2, 8

USI: (see United States Industries, Inc.)

vacuum druiris: 77

Verac 903: 36, 96, 105, IO6

Video File System: 35

description: ^B-60

(see also Appendix B)

video

communication systems: 96

magnetic tape: 3^^ 59

techniques: 58, 96

(see also television)

Viev/er Reproducer, Models C and E: 35^ 9^

vie\/ers: (see microfilm)

visual image display device: 76

vocabulary code cards: 63

VJalnut: 35^ 105

description: 86, 87

(see also Appendix B)

Waterman, Alan T.: 6

wear: 38, IO7, IO8

Weather Bioreau, U.S.: 35, 48

Western Design & Electronics: 35

VHiirlwind computer: 27

'Williams, T. J.: 93

word card: 16

World VJar II: I9

VJright -Patterson Air Force Base: 92

171
xerography: 9^, 97

(see also electrostatic printing)

Yale University: 23, 25, 35, ^0, 57

172

ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1962 O - 649108
/

TOTAL SYSTEM

Cost

$8, 000-

$4,000-

Approximate

Volume

350 ft. ^

150 ft.

150 ft.-/TL

Approximate

Cost

$80,000-

$112, 000-

$115, 000-

Name

Rapid Selector

p. 40-48

FOSDIC II p. 48-49

FileSearch

p. 49-55

Type

continuous roll

continuous roll

continuous roll

$3, 400-

$5,500-

INA

STL

320 ft.

$45, 400- Automatic Image Retrieval

System p. 56-57

continuous roll

$80, 000- 70 mm. Selector

p. 60 continuous roll

INA INA INA Video File System

p. 58-60

continuous roll

INA INA Photo-magnetic System

p. 57-58

continuous roll

dupli-

'iewer;

INA

00- (3M

viewerprinter)

7 5 ft.

included in

total cost 1200 ft.^

included in

total cost 2000 ft.^

INA Micro Research System

p. 60-63

discrete chip

$8, 300- (FOB-Paris)

Filmorex

p. 63-66

discrete chip

$2,000,000- Minicard

p. 68-76

discrete chip

$400, 000- Magnavue

p. 76-78

discrete chip

INA

INA

INA

2 50 ft STL

INA Data Bank ("Is there a doctor in the house?")

p. 78-82

discrete chip

INA Microcite

p. 83-86

sheet or strip

INA INA INA Walnut

p. 86-87

sheet or strip

INA INA $60, 000- Documentary Storage and

Retrieval System

p. 90

sheet or strip

Cost VolumeApproximate

Cost Approximate Name Type

TOTAL SYSTEM

APPENDIX B: DOCUMENT SEARCH SYSTEMS THAT UTILIZE MICROFORM STORAGE AND RE PLICA RETRIEVAL TOTAL SYSTEM . ORIGINAL DOCUMENT INPUT DEVICE DOCUMENT STORAGE CODE STORAGE SEARCH DEVICE OUTPUT AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT

N»mi btatuB J CO»l Media Media ° ' '"^"' ""^(Der'^temr'

Volume_^ '^"'"n rfTM""

CoBt Average Item Approximate Item Type. {p.t Approxlmat. Appro.imatc Name Type ""'""""" ""

'*' S^nda^dr'"

°' "".Z".",.',TM"";.;"

ii" X 3^" 300 / f,."^ "'^cldeT'' ""^

,w r^

S3Z,000- 35 mm. lilm l.ZS0"Xl.S50" 6/f7:^nboooi,.

reel (36.000)

. , „ ,,i6 /, 3'

$0.05 35 mm. film

tiplca) sloraae cost """^clor

2800 / tnie. 6. 00 min. 540,000- 35 mm. roll film on the fly $0.03 SB. 010- W*"5' $80,000- Rapid Selector

""''."'.."mln''.'." (EAM cardt """""

reel (IZ. 000)

16 mm. Mm

"':^:",e. "°°'"'" l.ZO mill. EAM card S^U^ $112,000- FOSDIC 11 can,,.TM.. „11

^'^^"o'^'s

conliouous roll FMA. IDC, commfr^iiillv^ava^Uable 1500 / fl. „s.«... mm. 1 m ..wxo.TM-

reeKJZ.OOO)

* 5 nTM- '»!'" '"•^:.,e.

6400 / min- 2. 50 min. $95,500- "lr,r"

'"' "'" S..000- """' $115,000- ^'7""^^

conlinuoue roll

Au^^^...^S=R«.TM. contmuoui roll "" "°''"'" camr^ra

TJl

SZ4, 000- 16 mm. film 0.400" X 0.400" "i/iittsooV"So.oiz 16 mm. film 27 included in ":s:i',i.INA... ISOOO / min. 0. 12 mm. $18,000- card punch t),.oo.

'in

$45,400- Syalemp. 56-57 ..«,.».., rail

^° TM6o^''"'"'

eoQtmuoui roll Fho.o Dcv,c«. Inc- ''" """"•"" 31"X31" 300 / U.'^ camera

fjl

SZ5, 000- 70 mm. Iilm Z. 500" X Z. 500" 3. Z / fl. on 1000 11.

f^i T"

INA 70 mm. film

'""s Hector

100 ft. "° ' "'" 5. 00 min. $50,000- card punch $80,000- """"^a^"'"""

canttna... toll

confauou. roll RCA. Inc. '"'"'""'"""'

'"''::TM"r'""'' INA Z" v^deo magnelic 1.700" XZ.ZSO"

reclTsfc-OOO)'' INAtape *"' sector

INA 7500 /min. 5.00 mm. INA "t; •;',;;:;""" INA INA ''V.%V-6o''"'""

eant.aaaua rail iNA

Photo-nugBeUc Svitem

p. 57-58

contii-oou. roU Peter J«mes written propoial B I/Z" X 14" ISOO/i..^' "^"t/p"'^r'^oVdcrINA INA 35 mm. Iilm INA 1/Z" magnetic tape ^"'s^ctor

INA INA INA ""• INA INA Photo -^.nagnetic Sy.iom """""" ""

"%-S."""''

'•"'"" <a.c» echip

""i:';;:^.,';:;""'' """-":i;"i',tr;;f,'m

8 ^/^ X ll"[ond 2000 / fL, * ";:;;;"'""' INA 5-

''^f '^p^"^'";^ 5.00O-X4.500- "^rr:e';,U0%"0,''

INA 5" X B" photo

graphic ca '

5. 000" X 3.000" Z06 '"trj:.. ""lieclor''' "P

.00/„i„. 3. 00 min. S50- proiectcd imaac NA NA """ NA Mic_ro^Re.»rchSy..cm "'•"' ecKip

Fito»r« di.cre.e Cb,p Jacq^,*. Sinuin 8 1/z- X II" 2000 / ii!^ camera 50 ft. ' '"'loiVeost Iilm" (heavy base)

1.000" X 1.188"

^ ^/ S'rawerT4.''o''oO) r p

SO. 07 "^iV.%-z.,, '"''dolume"n. ^"X^or

r^i

700 / min. I. 00 mm. mcludad m NA _iu»"i ^$8. JOO- ^''""r!*,. ""' e chip

MiDicsTd dilCICtc chip "^c^^nr"

8 I/Z" X H" (.pecial camera

'"';:ufco".

"' nu^ ^ "

"^' 0.475" X 0.874" 12 /chip, ZOOO chips n

P

$0.04 mm. X mm. 0.483" X 0.96Z" Z904 ""'s^eelorIZOO =h,p, /-te. 1.00 mm.

'"'lofal^'o^t

lile ehio T^l^ io.007S '"^J'"'*.'''" $2,000,000-

"'"p'^olii,

Ulaai,

Mag[ia<rue di.crete chip Magnavoi CompaDy '"'""°"'"°"°" 26''x"8'" 3007 (..^ "lletTcUpeTM^' ^^lofal^oal '"TM;^t"a"per.

0.875" X0.87S"

/"[ock (30,000)*'' ° 2.3 X 10 /ft. n—Tl

$0.04 1" X 3" photo-

*"' a Sector

5400 / min. 3. 80 miti. '"'^J"^''

"" duplicator '"r."i'e'.".t $400,000- Masnavue ec >p

doctor ia the houie?"J

diiciete chip ^"cor'^u'o"written propoeal tNA". INA camera INA INA film chip Z.OOO"XZ.ODO'- (75,000 chips) INA (on chip edge) Z.0U0-XO..U0" r-TM4^

'"""' ""'•• "r hour) INA INA -—p^ .h=«or.T,p °"' »""""" "• ' "*' 6000 / (t.^ '"^^^^h"" ""

(per item) 18,000/.hee. 5" X 8" card

''',iv".v,;j" INA"''^riecloTM'"' NA $15,000-rirni^.'rip'"""' Tira

ea,d 1,1. INA '

p. 83.86

'

*T86-B7

.h„.o.„.ip .....,od.l .Ift-XM" •^^"/"^ "r.".:rV"'

INA

'''1ofal'co"»i "nl'nf "'"' 0.Z4Z" X 0.400" 990. 000/ module

1

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i.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

^'national bureau of standards

A. V. Astin, DirectorTHE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

|he scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and Boulder,

Dlorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each

ction carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief descrip-

}n of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover.

Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements. DiPhotographic Research. Length. Engineering MetrolStatistical Physics.

Radiological Equipment.

Standard Reference

Combustion

WASHINGTON, D.C.

lectricity. Resistance and Reactance.

Btrics. High Voltage.

fettology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry.

Mass and Scale. Volumetry and Densimetry.

|eat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State.

iation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation,

lucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

lalytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry,

laterials. Applied Analjrtical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

lechanlcs. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology.

jntrols.

Blymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterfttion. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Resesurch.

letallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Microscopy and Diffraction. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis

^d Metal Deposition.

organic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth, Physical Properties,

pstallography.

Iding Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials,

les and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials.

pplied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operai)ns Research.

ita Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation. Enaeering Applications. Systems Analysis.

»mic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Btrnmentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instruments.

ic Instrumentation,

kysical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. MolecKinetics. Mass Spectrometry.

lee of Weights and Measures. )ULDER, COLO.

fogenlc Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials. Cryogenic Technical

ices. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

losphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research.

Bdiction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings

earch. Jo Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements

apospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

lie Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. amic Frequency and Time Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research. Micro-

^ve Circuit Standards.

lo Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation

rch. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems.

er Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Jow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

^dlo Physics. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Time-Interval

idards. Millimeter-Wave Research.

renlt Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Microwave Circuit Standards. Electronic Calibration

Iter.