NATL INST. OF STAND & TECHi R.I.C

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PUBLICATIONS

United States Department of Commerce

Technology Administration mistNational Institute of Standards and Technology

NIST Technical Note 1515

Comparison of Passive

Intermodulation Measurements

for the U.S. Wireless Industry

Jeffrey A. Jargon

Donald C. DeGroot

QC

100

.15753

N0.1515

1999

MST Technical Note 1515

Comparison of Passive Intermodulation

Measurements for the U.S. Wireless Industry

Jeffrey A. Jargon

Donald C. DeGroot

Radio-Frequency Technology Division

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328

October 1999

V 0F Cr

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, William M. Daley, Secretary

TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION, Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Raymond G. Kammer, Director
National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Tech. Note 1515, 48 pages (October 1999)

CODEN:NTNOEF

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1999

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
Contents

1

.

Introduction 2

2. Motivations 3

3. Methodology 4

4. Results 6

4.1. AMPS Band 6

4.2. GSM Band 7

4.3. PCS Band 8

4.4. DCS Band 8

4.5. Long-Term Stability 9

5. Discussion and Conclusions 9

6. Acknowledgments 10

7. References 10

Appendix A. Instructions for Participants 41

Appendix B. Artifact Measurement Form 43

in

Comparison of Passive Intermodulation

Measurements for the U.S. Wireless Industry

Jeffrey A. Jargon & Donald C. DeGroot

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Radio-Frequency Technology Division

In response to requests by U.S. industry and members of the International Electrotechnical

Commission, the National Institute of Standards and Technology initiated a comparison of

measurements of passive intermodulation for the U.S. wireless industry. The goal of this comparison

was to determine the level of agreement in measurements of passive intermodulation (PIM) made

by U.S. manufacturers and suppliers of passive components for wireless-communication base

stations. This study reveals not only the difficulties industry is having in making PIM measurements,

but also provides U.S. companies with a tool to improve their measurement capabilities as they deal

with PIM-related trade barriers. Since August of 1998, ten U.S. companies have participated in the

PIM intercomparison. The participants measured four round-robin artifacts and contributed 19 data

sets for four different commercial Communications bands. This report preserves company anonymity,

and allows participants to determine how well their measurements compare to ensemble averages

for each of the four artifacts in each of four communication bands. While the study shows the

majority of participants reporting PIM levels within one standard deviation of the mean values, it also reveals significant discrepancies reported by some.

Key Words: communications, comparison, intermodulation, measurement, passive, thirdorder, wireless.
1. Introduction

Passive intermodulation (PM) is a form of signal distortion that occurs whenever signals at two or more frequencies conduct simultaneously in a passive device, such as a cable or connector,

which contains some nonlinear response. The non-linear behavior produces spurious signals whose

frequencies are linear combinations of the frequencies of the original signals. The lower odd-ordered

intermodulation (IM) products (e.g./(/M5)=2/r/2) are usually the most problematic in the wireless

industry since they have the highest potential of falling within the receive band, or up-link, of a base

station, creating rf interference in the receiver [1]. Although frequency allocations are specifically

designed to guard against this problem, collocation of two or more base station transceivers at a

single site substantially increases the risk of PIM interference [2], as illustrated in Figure 1.

Base stations built for mobile communications systems such as Personal Communication

Service (PCS 1900), Advance Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Global System for Mobile

communications (GSM), and Digital Communications System (DCS 1800), use DIN (Deutsche

Industrinorm) 7-16 and Type N coaxial connectors to handle the high transmit power requirements.

At high (above 1 W) power, non-linearities in coaxial connectors become apparent and measurable

[31. The many possible causes of intermodulation in coaxial connectors and cables include poor

mechanical contact, dissimilar metals in direct contact, ferrous content in the conductors, debris

within the connector, poor surface finish, corrosion, vibration, and temperature variations. The

sources of PIM have been studied extensively at various laboratories [4-15].

Base Station ReceiveBase Station Transmit

Base Station Transmit

<-t

1M3

A

.o oCIOn O

On

Frequency (MHz)

Figure 1. Potential third-order intermodulation in broadband PCS.
2. Motivations

Before beginning the measurement comparison, we had the opportunity to collaborate with

members of the Radio-Frequency Fields Group at NIST and a major provider of telecommunications

service in measuring passive intermodulation distortion of base-station antennas. Service providers

are now interested in measuring PIM of their incoming and field-tested antennas. The new anechoic

chamber at NIST allows such measurements to be made with high isolation from external sources

generating interference. In addition to measuring numerous antennas, we also looked at a number

of other passive devices. One of the experiments performed was to compare two commercial cables

used in PCS base stations. The powers of the third-order IM products of each cable were measured

using two cw signal sources each measuring +40 dBm (10 W) at the instrument's test port, which

is comparable to the power levels they are exposed to in the field. Both cables had DIN 7-16

connectors and were supposedly within PIM specifications (P (IM3) < 120 dBm). Figure 2 shows

the results. While one cable clearly met specifications throughout the frequency range, the other one

exceeded specifications at all frequencies by more than 30 dB. Thus, our corporate partner concluded

that it was important to measure all passive components in a base station that have the potential of

causing IM distortion, regardless of manufacturers' specifications.

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-120-

-130

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"Bad" Cable

"Good" Cable

1870

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1880 1890 1900

3rd Order IM Frequency (GHz)

1910

Figure 2. Third-order response of two commercial cables used in PCS base stations.
Coaxial connectors can be a major source of intermodulation distortion in communications

systems. Due to the high transmit power levels required at base stations, the two most widely used

connector types are Type N and DIN 7-16. In the United States, the Type N connector has been

widely used for many years, although the DIN 7-16 connector is rapidly becoming the connector of

choice by manufacturers of base-station equipment. A previous publication [16] has reported that

DIN 7-16 connectors show a measurable improvement in reducing PIM compared to the Type N

connectors. We performed our own measurements on coaxial cables with Type N connectors using

a commercial passive intermodulation analyzer to verify these claims. We applied two continuouswave (cw) signal sources each measuring +40 dBm (10 W) at the instrument's test port, much like

we did with the DIN 7-16 cables previously, only this time using an AMPS system. We found the

third-order IM products to be in the range of -70 dBm at most frequencies, more than 10 dB higher

than even the worst DIN 7-16 cable. Thus, we obtained our first evidence of the dramatic difference

in PIM levels between the two types of connectors.

3. Methodology

To conduct the U.S. PIM comparison, NIST obtained two sets of artifacts, one which was

used as control artifacts by NIST, and the other which was circulated among the participating

companies. The artifacts were labeled with different colors to distinguish them: red, white, yellow,

and blue. Each artifact had two ports with male and female DIN 7-16 connectors and varying passive

non-linearities. The red, white, and yellow artifacts were simply male-to-female adapters with diodes

inserted through the outer conductor wall to generate non-linearities of varying degrees. The blue

artifact, which also had a diode inserted in one connector, was a cable-assembly whose purpose was

to create noticeable frequency-dependent behavior.

Following the International Electrotechnical Commission's guidelines [17], the powers of

the third-order IM products of each artifact were measured with two cw signal sources, each

measuring +43 dBm (20 W) at the test ports. Each artifact was measured within the base station

receive (up-link) band of any or all of the four communications bands listed in Table 1 , when the two

+43 dBm signals were tuned to fall within the corresponding base-station transmit (down-link) band.

The minimum required data from each participant was a single third-order intermodulation power

in one communication band.

Participating companies were asked to measure either or both forward and reflected

intermodulation products, as illustrated in Figure 3. To measure reflected intermodulation,

participants were instructed to connect the male connector of the artifact to the active test port of

their system and the female connector of the artifact to a low PIM load. To measure forward

intermodulation, they were instructed to connect the male connector of the artifact to the active test port of their system and the female connector of the artifact to their own cable that was in turn connected to the receiving port of their system. Participants who had the ability to make sweptfrequency measurements were encouraged to make additional measurements at specified frequencies.

Those who had systems that could measure intermodulation products in more than one
Table 1. Base station receive and transmit frequencies for four communications bands.

Base station Base station

Communication receive transmit

band frequencies frequencies

(up-link) (down-link)

(MHz) (MHz)

AMPS 824-849 869-894

PCS 1900 1850-1910 1930-1990

GSM 890-915 935-960

DCS 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880

Reflected

(SK5

(SKS

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Forward

Figure 3. Two configurations for measuring passive intermodulation products: reflected and

forward.
communication band and those who had multiple systems were encouraged to measure the devices

in as many different bands as possible. Appendix A contains the Instructionsfor Participants, and

Appendix B includes the Artifact Measurement Form that each participant completed.

The role of NIST in this comparison was to act as a pilot laboratory. Without knowing

absolute PLM values, our tasks were to organize the comparison, measure the stability throughout

the study, keep a database of the measurements, and report the results [18]. Our first responsibility

was to procure a passive IM analyzer and two sets of artifacts, one of which we kept in-house for

measuring the long-term stability of our system, and the other of which we circulated among the

participants. After each company measured the set of four artifacts, they sent them back to us, along

with their data, and we re-measured the artifacts to ensure that they were still in working order,

before sending them to the next company. Now that 10 companies have contributed 19 data sets over

the past 9 months, we present a report showing how each of the participants' measurements compare

with the ensemble, keeping all companies' identities confidential.

4. Results

Of the 10 participants, 5 made measurements in the AMPS band, 6 in the GSM band, 6 in

the PCS band, and 2 in the DCS band. The data presented in this report span a time period of 9

months —the first participant made measurements in August 1998 and the tenth participant in April

1999.

Tables 2 through 23 list the measured data, along with mean values and standard deviations,

taken by the 10 participants for each of the 4 round-robin artifacts. These data are also plotted in

Figures 4 through 19, where hollow symbols denote reflected measurements, solid shapes denote

forward measurements, solid lines between measurements indicate a sweep with source 1 held

constant, and dashed lines between measurements indicate a sweep with source 2 held constant. The

mean value at each frequency was calculated by converting each of the measured PIM levels from

dBm to watts before computing the mean, and then converting back to dBm. Likewise, the standard

deviation at each point was first computed in watts and then converted to dB. Below, we discuss the

results obtained in each of the four communications bands.

4.1. AMPS Band

We specified five particular EVI3 frequencies (844, 845, 846, 847, and 848 MHz) for

measurements spanning the AMPS band. Measurements at these frequencies could be obtained in

two ways: ( 1 ) holding source 1 at 869 MHz and sweeping source 2 downward from 894 MHz to 890

MHz in steps of 1 MHz, or (2) holding source 2 at 894 MHz and sweeping source 1 upward from

869 MHz to 871 MHz in steps of 0.5 MHz. All five participants who made measurements in the

AMPS band made swept-frequency measurements in both directions. Participant A made reflected

measurements, participant E made forward measurements, and participants B, G, and I made both

forward and reflected measurements. Tables 2 through 5 list the measured data taken by the five

participants for each of the four round-robin artifacts, and Tables 6 and 7 list the mean values and
standard deviations for each of the artifacts at the five measured frequencies. These data are also

plotted in Figures 4 through 7.

From the data we compiled in all of the bands, including AMPS, it appears that there is no

significant difference between reflected and forward measurements for the electrically short artifacts

(red, white, and yellow). However, there were noticeable differences for the electrically long (blue)

artifact, so we separated the two types of measurements when we calculated the mean values and

standard deviations. We also found the white artifact to be less stable than the other artifacts in all bands, but could not explain why, since its values of passive intermodulation were very close in

value to those of the red artifact. The mean values measured throughout the AMPS band for the red

artifact varied between -100.3 dBm and -101.4 dBm, with standard deviations ranging from 1.5 dB

to 1.9 dB; the mean values of the white artifact varied between -98.8 dBm and -99.5 dBm, with

standard deviations from 2.8 dB to 4.8 dB; the mean values of the yellow artifact varied between - 79.4 dBm and -79.7 dBm, with standard deviations from 1.3 dB to 1.9 dB; the mean values of the

blue artifact measured in the reflected configuration, varied between -93.6 dBm and -95.1 dBm, with

standard deviations from 3.3 to 4.6 dB; and the mean values of the blue artifact measured in the

forward configuration, varied between -87.9 dBm and -88.3 dBm, with standard deviations from 1.4

dBto2.1dB.

4.2. GSM Band

We specified five particular JM3 frequencies (890, 895, 900, 905, and 910 MHz) for

measurements spanning the GSM band. Measurements at these frequencies could be obtained in two

ways: (1) holding source 1 at 925 MHz and sweeping source 2 downward from 960 MHz to 940

MHz in steps of 5 MHz, or (2) holding source 2 at 960 MHz and sweeping source 1 upward from

925 MHz to 935 MHz in steps of 2.5 MHz. Of the six participants who made measurements in the

GSM band, two made swept-frequency measurements. The other four made measurements at 910

MHz (source 1 at 935 MHz and source 2 at 960 MHz). Participants B, F, and J made reflected

measurements, participant D made forward measurements, and participants C and H made both

forward and reflected measurements. Tables 8 through 1 1 list the measured data taken by the five

participants for each of the four round-robin artifacts, and Tables 12 and 13 list the mean values and

standard deviations for each of the artifacts at 910 MHz. These data are also plotted in Figures 8

through 11.

Similar to the AMPS band comparison, the GSM measurements showed no difference

between reflected and forward measurements for the electrically short artifacts (red, white, and

yellow) but did for the electrically long (blue) artifact. And once again, we found the white artifact to be less repeatable than the others. Since only two participants made swept-frequency

measurements in the GSM band, we performed statistical calculations only for 910 MHz, where all of the participants made measurements. Participant D's measurements were more than 30 dB lower

than the others' for all four artifacts, so we did not include their data in the figures or the

computations of mean values and standard deviations. For the remaining five participants, the mean

value measured at 910 MHz in the GSM band for the red artifact was -102.3 dBm, with a standard

deviation of 2.3 dB; the mean of the white artifact was -99.9 dBm, with a standard deviation of 3.6
dB; the mean of the yellow artifact was -80.1 dBm, with a standard deviation of 0.7 dB; the mean

of the blue artifact measured in the reflected configuration was -93.2 dBm, with a standard deviation

of 1.1 dB; and the mean of the blue artifact measured in the forward configuration was -88.3 dBm,

with standard deviation of 2.6 dB.

4.3. PCS Band

We specified five particular IM3 frequencies (1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910 MHz) for

measurements spanning the PCS band. Measurements at these frequencies could be obtained in two

ways: (1) holding source 1 at 1930 MHz and sweeping source 2 downward from 1990 MHz to 1950

MHz in steps of 10 MHz, or (2) holding source 2 at 1990 MHz and sweeping source 1 upward from

1930 MHz to 1950 MHz in steps of 5 MHz. Of the six participants who made measurements in the

PCS band, five made swept-frequency measurements in both directions, and one made sweptfrequency measurements in one direction (source 1 held constant). Participant B made reflected

measurements, participant E made forward measurements, and participants A, F, G, and I made both

forward and reflected measurements. Tables 14 through 17 list the measured data taken by the six

participants for each of the four round-robin artifacts, and Tables 18 and 19 list the mean values and

standard deviations for each of the artifacts at the five measured frequencies. These data are also

plotted in Figures 12 through 15.

Overall, measurements in the PCS band showed significantly larger variations than those seen in either the AMPS or GSM bands, which is consistent with the results of the European roundrobin [19]. Similar to the AMPS and GSM comparisons, the PCS measurements showed no

difference between reflected and forward measurements for the electrically short artifacts (red, white,

and yellow) but did for the electrically long (blue) artifact. We observed frequency-dependent

behavior in the blue artifact when reflected measurements were made, which is predicted by models

developed by Deats and Hartman [20] and Jargon et al. [18]. This is not to say that the blue artifact

is not frequency dependent at lower frequencies, but rather the frequency range of the PCS band is much wider than both the AMPS and GSM bands. Thus, the frequency-dependent behavior is more

apparent in PCS when swept-frequency, reflected measurements are performed. And once again, we

found the white artifact to be less stable than the others. The mean values measured throughout the

PCS band for the red artifact varied between -98.9 dBm and -100.6 dBm, with standard deviations

ranging from 2.3 dB to 7.4 dB; the mean values of the white artifact varied between -87.9 dBm and

-90.5 dBm, with standard deviations from 7.5 dB to 8.0 dB; the mean values of the yellow artifact

varied between -73.7 dBm and -74.4 dBm, with standard deviations from 3.5 dB to 4.8 dB; the mean

values of the blue artifact measured in the reflected configuration showed a downward trend in PIM

from -83.5 dBm at 1870 MHz to -95.1 dBm at 1910 MHz, with standard deviations from 2.5 to 3.7

dB; and the mean values of the blue artifact measured in the forward configuration varied between

-84.3 dBm and -85.7 dBm, with standard deviations from 2.5 dB to 3.2 dB.

4.4. DCS Band

We specified five particular IM3 frequencies (1730, 1740, 1750, 1760, and 1770 MHz) for

measurements spanning the DCS band. Measurements at these frequencies could be obtained in two

8
ways: (1) holding source 1 at 1805 MHz and sweeping source 2 downward from 1880 MHz to 1840

MHz in steps of 10 MHz, or (2) holding source 2 at 1880 MHz and sweeping source 1 upward from

1805 MHz to 1825 MHz in steps of 5 MHz. Participants B and J made measurements in the DCS

band. Participant B performed both forward and reflected measurements, and participant J made

reflected measurements. Tables 20-23 list the measured data taken by the participants for each of the

four round-robin artifacts. These data are also plotted in Figures 16-19.

Since only two participants made measurements in the DCS band, we did not perform any

statistical computations. However, similar to the PCS band, we did observe frequency-dependent

behavior in the blue artifact when reflected measurements were made. And once again, we attribute

this to the wide bandwidth of the DCS band.

4.5. Long-Term Stability

For the first four months of the comparison (August through November 1998), we made

stability-check measurements on an AMPS system, and then for the remainder of the comparison

(November 1998 through April 1999), we have made measurements on a PCS system. We also

procured two sets of artifacts. One set of artifacts has been circulated among the participants, and

the other set has been kept in-house to verify the long-term stability of our systems. In the event that our system shows large variations in the round-robin artifacts, we can use the in-house artifacts to determine whether the problem is due to the artifacts themselves varying or whether something was

wrong with the system. Fortunately, this has not happened yet. Our systems and the round-robin

artifacts have remained stable throughout the comparison. Table 24 lists the standard deviations of

the measurements made at NIST of the round-robin artifacts. All of the artifacts have remained stable

within standard deviations of 2.9 dB or less for up to five months on a single system.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

Of the 19 data sets received, most companies' measurements fell within 2 standard deviations

of the measured means of each band. In the AMPS band, 3 of the 5 participants' measurements fell consistently outside 1 standard deviation (typically less than 3 dB), although all the measurements

fell within 3 standard deviations. In the GSM band, only 2 of the 6 participants' measurements fell consistently outside 1 standard deviation (typically less than 3 dB), and all were within 2 standard

deviations, except for one, which was as much as 50 dB from the mean. In the PCS band, none of

the 6 participants measured consistently outside 1 standard deviation (between 2 dB and 8 dB),

except for measurements of the yellow artifact, where 2 participants measured outside 3 standard

deviations from the mean. We make several conclusions with regard to PEVI measurements. First of all, it appears that

there is no significant difference between reflected and forward measurements for electrically short

artifacts (red, white, and yellow). However, there were noticeable differences for the electrically long

(blue) artifact. Secondly, intermodulation in passive devices is not always frequency independent.

This contradicts the findings of the European round-robin performed in 1995 [4]. Figure 20 plots

PIM versus frequency for the red, white, and yellow artifacts. Our white and yellow artifacts show
deviations by up to 10 dB between lower frequencies (AMPS and GSM) and higher frequencies

(PCS and DCS). We also observed frequency-dependent behavior over a frequency range of 40 MHz

in the blue artifact when reflected measurements were made. Measurements in the PCS band showed

significantly larger variations than those seen in either the AMPS or GSM bands, due to the higher

operating frequencies. This behavior agrees with the findings of the European round-robin. Finally,

we found that measurements made by our system of the round-robin artifacts remained stable within

a standard deviation of 2.9 dB over a five-month period.

This comparison of passive intermodulation measurements has addressed, in a timely

manner, a direct need expressed to NIST by U.S. base station equipment manufacturers. This

comparison allows each participant to assess its capabilities in an impartial way, while also allowing

NIST to evaluate the urgency of any PIM measurement problems that may exist within the industry.

6. Acknowledgments

The authors thank Werner Wild of Spinner GmbH; Charlie Spellman of RFS Cablewave

Systems; Chuck Gilbert of USWest Communications; and Rick Hartman, Brad Deats, and James

Brunner of Summitek Instruments.

7. References

[1] Nagel, R. and Audenaerde, K., Passive intermodulation in duplexed communication systems,

Semint97, Parana, Brazil; Oct. 1997.

[2] Lang, M., The intermodulation problem in mobile communications, Microwave Journal: 20-28;

May 1995.

[3] King, J., Intermodulation in coaxial connectors, RF Design: 68-71; Sep. 1996.

[4] Bayrak, M. and Benson, F. A., Intermodulation products from nonlinearities in transmission lines

and connectors at microwave frequencies, Proceedings of the IEE 122(4): 361-367; Apr. 1975.

[5] Young, C.E., The danger of intermodulation generation by if connector hardware containing

ferromagnetic materials, Naval Research Laboratory Memorandum Report 4233, Presented at the

Ninth Annual Connector Symposium: 23-37; Oct. 1976.

[6] Amin, M.B. and Benson, F.A., Nonlinear effects in coaxial cables at microwave frequencies,

Electronics Letters 13(25): 768-770; Dec. 1977.

[7] Amin, M/B. and Benson, F.A., Coaxial cables as sources of intermodulation interference at microwave frequencies, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC-20(3); Aug.

1978.

[8] Arazm, F. and Benson, F.A., Nonlinearities in metal contacts at microwave frequencies, IEEE

10
Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC-22(3): 142-149; Aug. 1980.

[9] Kumar, A., Passive IM products threaten high-power satcom systems, Microwaves & RF: 98-

103; Dec. 1987.

[10] Lui, P.L., Rawlins, A.D., and Watts, D.W., Measurement of intermodulation products generated

by structural components, Electronics Letters 24(16): 1005-1007; Aug. 1988.

[11] Foord, A.P. and Rawlins, A.D., A study of passive intermodulation interference in space if

hardware, ESTEC Contract 1 1 1036 Final Report, University of Kent at Canterbury; May 1992.

[12] Carlson, B., RF/microwave connector design for low intermodulation generation,

Interconnection Technology: 23-27; Jul. 1993.

[13] Petit, J.S., Rawlins, A.D., and Mitchell, S.D., PIM characterisation of ESTEC CPTR for

ARTEMIS PIM testing, JSP/ESCTEC/03/96 Final Report, University of Kent at Canterbury; Mar.

1996.

[14] Petit, J.S. and Rawlins, A.D., A study of multipaction in multicarrier rf components, Volume

2 WP2100: Anomalous Effects; Sep. 1996.

[15] Petit, J.S. and Rawlins, A.D., The impact of passive intermodulation on specifying and

characterizing components, Proceedings Third ESA Electronic Components Conference: 45-49; Jul. 1997.

[16] Paynter, J.D. and Smith, R., Coaxial connectors: 7/16 DIN and type N, Mobile Radio

Technology; Apr. 1995.

[17] International Electrotechnical Commission, RF connectors, connector cable assemblies and

cables —intermodulation level measurement, Technical Committee 46, Working Group 6.

[18] Jargon, J.A., DeGroot, D.C., and Reed, K.L., NIST passive intermodulation measurement

comparison for wireless base station equipment, 52nd ARFTG Conference Digest: 128-139, Rohnert

Park, CA; Dec. 1998.

[19] Rosenberger, B., The measurement of intermodulation products on passive components and

transmission lines, 50th ARFTG Conference Digest: 13-22, Portland, OR; Dec. 1997.

[20] Deats, B. and Hartman, R., Measuring the passive-IM performance of if cable assemblies,

Microwaves & RF: 108-114; Mar. 1997.

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40
Appendix A. Instructions For Participants

NIST Passive Intermodulation Measurement

Comparison for Wireless Base-Station Equipment

Instructions for Participants

Round-Robin Artifacts

You will find enclosed four two-port artifacts with DIN 7-16 connectors and varying levels of

passive nonlinearity to be measured. Please make every effort to perform all of the measurements

described below, and to send the artifacts along with the data, back to NIST within one calendar

week after receiving them. If for some reason your laboratory cannot meet this deadline, contact us immediately so we can make alternative arrangements.

Measurements

The power of the third-order intermodulation products of each round-robin artifact are to be

measured in a system with two cw signal sources, following the International Electrotechnical

Commission's guidelines (DEC Technical Committee 46, Working Group 6). The two test signals

should each measure +43 dBm (20 W) at the test ports of your measurement system. All

measurements should be reported in dBm.

The third-order intermodulation products of each artifact are to be measured within the receive (uplink) band of any or all of the communication bands listed below when the two +43 dBm signals are tuned to fall within the corresponding transmit (down-link) band. The minimum required data is a

single third-order intermodulation power in one communication band. If your system has the ability to make swept frequency measurements, please perform additional measurements at the frequencies

listed on the attached Artifact Measurement Forms. In either case, please provide an overall

intermodulation value for the entire band in the space provided.

Measure either or both forward and reflected intermodulation products. To measure reflected

intermodulation, connect the male connector of the artifact to the active test port of your system and

the female connector of the artifact to a low passive intermodulation load. To measure forward

intermodulation, connect the male connector of the artifact to the active test port of your system and

the female connector of the artifact to your own cable that is in turn connected to the receiving port

of your system.

41
If your system has the capability of measuring intermodulation products in more than one communication band, or if you have multiple systems, we encourage you to measure the devices in as many of the different bands as possible.

Communication band Receive frequencies

(up-link)

Transmit frequencies

(down-link)

(MHz) (MHz)

AMPS 824-849 869-894

PCS 1900 1850-1910 1930-1990

GSM 890-915 935-960

DCS 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880

Reporting the Results

When you have finished your measurements, enter your measured data (in dBm) of each artifact into

the provided Artifact Measurement Forms replacing the zeroes with your data. Where you do not

make measurements, do not replace the zeroes. For each artifact, use a separate form. On the form,

enter the artifact color, as painted on the device, along with contact information, and any comments

you would like to share with us relating to your measurements, such as environmental conditions,

measurement system and load used, uncertainty bounds, and anything else you think appropriate.

Returning the Devices

Once you have completed the Artifact Measurement Forms for each of the measured artifacts, e-mail

them to iiargon@nist.gov, and return the devices with hard copies of the data to:

NIST c/o Paula Hewitt

325 Broadway, Mail Stop 813, Boulder, CO 80303

Contact Information

If you have any questions regarding these measurements, contact:

Jeffrey Jargon

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway, Mail Stop 813.01

Tel: (303)497-3596 I Fax: (303)497-3970 I E-Mail: jjargon@nist.gov

Thank you for your participation. We will contact you in the near future showing you how your

measurements compared with everybody elses', keeping other companies' identities confidential.

Likewise, your identity will remain confidential in the reports we send to other companies.

42
Appendix B. Artifact Measurement Form

! ARTIFACT MEASUREMENT FORM

! Artifact

! Date:

! Organization:

! Contact:

! Address Line 1)

! Address Line 2 )

! Tel:

! Fax:

! E-Mail:

! Comments (Line 1)

! Comments (Line 2)

! AMPS (8241-894 MHz) - Overall PIM leve!L: dBm

! Freql(MHz) Freq2 (MHz) IM3Freq(MHz) Forward PIM (dBm) Reflected PIM (dBm)

869.0 894.0 844.0

869.0 893.0 845.0

869.0 892.0 846.0

869.0 891.0 847.0

869.0 890.0 848.0

869.0 894.0 844.0

869.5 894.0 845.0

870.0 894.0 846.0

870.5 894.0 847.0

871.0 894.0 848.0

! PCS 1900 (1850-1990 MHz) - Overall PIM level: dBm

! Freql(MHz) Freq2 (MHz) IM3Freq(MHz) Forward PIM (dBm) Reflected PIM (dBm)

1930.0 1990.0 1870.0

1930.0 1980.0 1880.0

1930.0 1970.0 1890.0

1930.0 1960.0 1900.0

1930.0 1950.0 1910.0

1930.0 1990.0 1870.0

1935.0 1990.0 1880.0

1940.0 1990.0 1890.0

1945.0 1990.0 1900.0

1950.0 1990.0 1910.0

! GSM (880-•960 MHz) - Overall PIM level : dBm

! Freql(MHz) Freq2(MHz) IM3Freq(MHz) Forward PIM (dBm) Reflected PIM (dBm)

925.0 960.0 890.0

925.0 955.0 895.0

925.0 950.0 900.0

925.0 945.0 905.0

925.0 940.0 910.0

925.0 960.0 890.0

927.5 960.0 895.0

930.0 960.0 900.0

932.5 960.0 905.0

935.0 960.0 910.0

! DCS 1800 (1710-1880 MHz) - Overall PIM level: dBm

! Freql(MHz) Freq2(MHz) IM3Freq(MHz) Forward PIM (dBm) Reflected PIM (dBm)

1805.0 1880.0 1730.0

1805.0 1870.0 1740.0

1805.0 1860.0 1750.0

1805.0 1850.0 1760.0

1805.0 1840.0 1770.0

1805.0 1880.0 1730.0

1810.0 1880.0 1740.0

1815.0 1880.0 1750.0

1820.0 1880.0 1760.0

1825.0 1880.0 1770.0

43

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