Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1955

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 215
NBS PUBLICATIONS

Capacities of Plumbing Stacks in Buildings

A study of the maximum load that can be brought from a horizontal branch

into a stack down which water is being discharged from fixtures on higher

floors. This phase^ of a projected complete investigation, intended to make

drainage design more economical, is concentrated on the drainage stack and

the building drain. The report describes tests to determine terminal velocities

and terminal lengths in stacks as well as tests on stacks and drains. It analyzes

stack conditions in a multistory building and suggests applications of the

study's results.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 132, Capacities of Plumbing Stacks

in Buildings, 28 pages. Price: 25 cents.

Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps

An explanation of the extent to which trap-seal losses are influenced by such

considerations as the diameter of the trap and the depth of trap seal, the

diameter and slope of the fixture drain, the type of vent fitting used, and the

rate of discharge of the fixture. The report shows the importance of standardizing fixture traps and the hydraulic characteristics of plumbing fixtures, such

as lavatories, sinks, and trays; and it makes recommendations for use by

code-writing authorities.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 126, Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps,

32 pages. Price: 20 cents.

Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

An account ot extensive research and laboratory tests to determine the feasi- bility of using vented one- and two-story plumbing drainage systems. The

conclusions reached regarding satisfactory operation limits for wet-vented

fixtures are given in a form suitable for inclusion in plumbing codes. The

report describes test procedures and explains results. Diagrams, tables, and

graphs are included showing the trap-seal losses that occur under various

conditions of wet venting and indicating the maximum permissible unvented

lengths of fixture drain.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 119, Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures, 27 pages. Price: 25 cents.

Stack Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

A report describing tests involving use of pipes, traps, connections, and vents

made of transparent plastics which make all flow phenomena visible. Similar

tests were made with regular metal fittings to obtain comparative data and to permit correlation of results. The report discusses and interprets results,

(Continued on page 3 of cover)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1955

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 215

Issued July 1, 1955

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Price $1.25
FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by the various

hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the united States and Canada. The cooperation of these

agencies is greatly appreciated.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers commencing with 20^9 refer to projects

which are reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted

under (f).

It is emphasized that the National Bureau of Standards does not have in its files reports

or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such

information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the

title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory

submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified

inquirers

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the International

Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted

in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Prof. J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic

Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary at $6.00 each

(postage included).

A bulletin entitled "Directory of Hydromechanics Research Projects in the United States Related to Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering" is prepared by the Hydrodynamics Committee

of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Copies may be obtained by addressing

the Secretary of the Society, Captain W. N. Landers, Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers, 7l| Trinity Place, New York 6, N. Y.

A. V. Astin, Director
Contents

Page

Foreword ii

List of contributing laboratories iv

Project reports 1

Subject index 186

Key to projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

(c) correspondent (g) Results

(d) Nature of project. (h) Publications
iv LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMELTON CORPORATION, THE Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia Ij2, Pa. Mr. W. R. MacNamee, Manager, Hydraulic Turbine Department

Mr. C. H. Diehl, Supervisor of Laboratory

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

99 Livingston Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. Prof. Chilton A. Wright, Professor of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena Ij, Calif.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Prof. F. J. Veihmeyer, Directing Head, Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 21), Calif.

Prof. M. R. Huberty, Chairman, Department of Irrigation and Soils

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF College of Engineering, Berkeley Ij, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN

Research Foundation for Cross -Connection Control, Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Dr. Robert E. Vivian, Director

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Prof. F. T. Mavis, Head

COLORADO A AND M COLLEGE Department of Civil Engineering, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. Maurice L. Albertson, Head of Fluid Mechanics Research

COLORADO UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering, Boulder, Colo.

Prof. Warren Raeder, Head

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering, New York 27, N. Y.

Dr. Richard Skalak, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. Victor Scottron, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF

Soils Mechanics Laboratory, Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. Edward V. Gant, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
List of Contributing Laboratories v

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 27

School of Civil Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. N. A. Christensen, Director

Prof. Andre L. Jorissen, Head, Dept. of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 29 School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Ga. Prof. C. E. KLndsvater

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 31

Department of Mathematics, Div. of Applied Science, Cambridge 38, Mass.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 31

Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho

Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 33 Armour Research Foundation, Chicago 16, Illinois

Dr. Haldon A. Leedy, Vice President and Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 33 Engineering Subdivision, Box 232, Urbana, HI.

Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Head

Engineering Research Subdivision, Box 117, Peoria, HI, 36 Dr. Max Suter, Head

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 37

Department of Public Works and Buildings, 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, HI.

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Engineer

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 38

Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 21b Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111.

Prof. F. B. Seely, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 38 Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, 111.

Prof. J. J. Doland, Director of Hydraulic Engineering

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IjO State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY OF (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE ij8 Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md.

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE I48 School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY h9

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa.

Dr. W. J. Eney, Director
vi List of Contributing Laboratories

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE

School of Hydraulic Engineering, Baton Rouge 3, La.

Prof. T. M. Lowe, Director

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY

Glenn L. Martin College of Engineering and Aeronautical Sciences,

College Park, Md.

Prof. John B. Cournyn, In charge Hydraulic Laboratory

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. C. R. Soderberg, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. S. C. Powell, Director, Propeller Tunnel

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF Engineering Research Institute, Amherst, Mass. Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Department of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

Prof. Harold R. Henry

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Department of Civil Engineering, 320 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. E. F. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF Experimental Naval Tank, 326 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. Louis A. Baier, Director

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE Engineering and Industrial Research Station, Box l£l6, State College, Miss.

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Director

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY

Department of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. Prof. Joe B. Butler, Chairman

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF

Department of Civil Engineering, Columbia, Mo,

Prof. H. W. Wood

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY

Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Va.

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Department of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 5>3, New York

Prof. John Happel, Chairman
List of Contributing Laboratories . vii

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 70 Department of Engineering Mechanics, New York 53, N. Y. Dr. Glen N. Cox, Chairman

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING 70 University of North Carolina, Dept. of Engineering Research, Raleigh, N.C. Prof. N. W. Connor, Director

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 71 The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111.

Dr. Donald H. Loughridge, Dean

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 72 College of Engineering

Dr. Karl E. Schoenherr, Dean

PELTON WATER WHEEL COMPANY, THE 72 2929 - 19th Street, San Francisco 10, Calif.

Mr. I. M. White, Manager of Engineering

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 73 Hydraulics Laboratory, State College, Pa. Prof. Sam Shulits, Head

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 73 Ordnance Research Laboratory, College of Engineering, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

Dr. G. G. Quarles, Director

PENNSYLVANIA WATER AND POWER COMPANY 76 h0$ Fulton National Bank Building, Lancaster, Pa. Dr. S. K. Waldorf, Engineer of Research

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 77 Mechanical Engineering Department, Troy, N. Y. Prof. Grant K. Palsgrove, Director, Hydraulic Laboratory

RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL (see University of Southern California)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 77 Allenspark, Colo.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Director (winter address; State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa)

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY . 77 Department of Botany, New Brunswick, N. J. Prof. M. F. Buell

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 78 University of Minnesota, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis llj, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director

SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS 83

7h Trinity Place, New York 6, N. Y. Capt. W. N. Landers, Secretary

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITI 83 School of Engineering, Hydraulics Laboratory, Dallas, Texas

Prof. I. W. Santry
viii List of Contributing Laboratories

STAMFORD UNIVERSITY 83 Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Director, Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 8£

Experimental Towing Tank, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Dr. Kenneth S. M. Davidson, Director

TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF 89 Hydraulic Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville 16, Tenn.

Dr. Henry H. Ambrose

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 90

Department of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 91

Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. J. E. Christiansen, Dean, School of Engineering and Technology

WASHINGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF 93 Dept. of Civil Engineering and Division of Industrial Research, Pullman, Wash.

Prof. C. L. Barker, Hydraulic Engineer

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 9k

Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle f>, Wash.

Prof. R. B. van Horn, Acting Director

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Government)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 9h

Hydraulic and Sanitary Laboratory, Madison 6, Wis.

Prof. Arno T. Lenz

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 96

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 2, Mass. Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 99 Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Beltsville, Md.

Dr. Robert M. Salter, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

California Forest and Range Experiment Station 10£

P. 0. Box 2lj5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

Mr. George M. Jemison, Director

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 106

Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director
List of contributing Laboratories

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station

102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Pa.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station

Post Office Box Ij05 o , Portland 8, Ore. Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo. Mr. Raymond Price, Director

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station

P. 0. Box 2^70, Asheville, N. C. Mr. E. L. Demmon, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM!

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

Beach Erosion Board

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., 'Washington 16, D. C. Colonel L. H. Hewitt, President

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5> Ore. The District Engineer

Los Angeles District

P. 0. Box 17277 Foy Station, Los Angeles 17, Calif.

The District Engineer

St. Paul District

1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul 1, Minn.

The District Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station

P. 0. BOX 63I, Vicksburg, Miss.

Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

National Hydraulic Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU

Hydrologic Services Division, Wash. 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Washington 25, D. C. Mr. R. W. Davenport, Acting Chief Hydraulic Engineer
X List of Contributing Laboratories

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

Branch of Design and Construction

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo.

Mr. L. N. McClennan, Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY

Philadelphia 12, Pennsylvania

The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION Pasadena Annex, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander, Attn. Code P807

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Washington 25, D. C.

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN

Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

HYDRAULIC DATA BRANCH

Knoxville, Term.

Mr. Albert S. Fry, Chief

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulics Laboratory, British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

McGILL UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering, Montreal 2, Que., Canada

Prof. R. E. Jamieson, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics

MONTREAL, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE Hydraulics Laboratory, 11j30 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal 18, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head, Department of Hydraulic Engineering

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division of Mechanical Engineering, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada

Mr. J. H. Parkin, Director

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Applied Science, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Prof. D. S. Ellis, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. E. A. Allcut, Professor of Mechanical Engineering
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

1

THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, l8lLi, 20jj9, and 20^0, should be addressed to

Mr. C. H. Diehl, Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation,

Philadelphia Ij2, Pa.

(271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS,

(bl Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) To improve performance of present designs, and to extend the range of application of

this type turbine. Propeller runners of various designs in combination with modified

turbine settings are being methodically tested in the 11-inch cavitation flume. Efficiency, output, cavitation, runaway speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic blade torque

are measured.

(g) Results provide data for improvement of existing design and information for designs

which extend the range of application.

(I8llj) PUMP MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Model pumps of the centrifugal and axial flow types have been tested to determine characteristics of: efficiency, horsepower, discharge, cavitation, thrust, runaway speeds,

blade and wicket gate torques.

(20tj9) DRAFT TUBE INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Draft tubes of various lengths, widths, heights and flare have been tested. The purpose

was to determine the effect of dimensional changes on the performance of various propeller type turbines.

(g) The results will provide information that will extend the application of propeller type

turbines

(2050) PUMP TURBINE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A closed flume for the testing of pump-turbine model units is being installed in an extention of the present laboratory building. The performance characteristics of efficiency, horsepower, discharge, thrust, cavitation, runaway speeds, blade and wicket gate

torques will be obtained on models of prototype units.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. If>lj6 and should be addressed to Prof. M. W.

Stewart, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 99 Livingston St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.

(I$h6) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FLUID POLARISCOPE.

(T) Completed.

(h) "Study of Fluid Flow by Means of Fluid Polariscope." Bachelor's Thesis, A. M. James. (Available on loan.)
2 Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn

California Institute of Technology

(I5I47) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 6 -INCH rfATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Design and construction of a 6-inch water tunnel to be used for various laboratory

exercises as well as for fluid flow studies.

(f) Design completed - construction suspended.

(h) "Design and Construction of 6-inch Water Tunnel." Bachelor's Thesis, S. Moskowitz.

(Available on loan.)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to the following, all at Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena h, Calif.

Nos. 6, 805 to Prof. Vito A. Vanoni

Nos. 1§, 80I4, I8I5 to Dr. Robert D. Knapp

Nos. 16, 1301, 20^2, 20^3, 2051) to Mr. Robt. W. Kermeen

No. 2 79 to Dr. A. J. Acosta

Nos. 803, 15^8, 1816, 1817 to Prof. Milton S. Plessett

No. 1300 to Mr. Joseph Levy

No. to Mr. John H. Carr

No. 2051 to Prof. A. Hollander

(6) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION.

(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the mechanics of transportation of sediment by flowing fluids including

studies of the suspended load as well as the bed load phases of the problem.

(h) "Laboratory Studies of the Mechanics of Streams Flowing Over a Movable Bed of Fine Sand."

Thesis by N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Technology, 19%h.

(15) STUDIES OF CAVITATION PHENOMENA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Details of fixed void type cavitation have been studied experimentally in the water

tunnel. Special emphasis has been given to characteristics of the interface, dynamics

of entrainment at downstream end of cavity, and behavior of entrained voids.

(g) Two fundamental characteristics of fixed cavities have been delineated: (a) The cavity

interface is packed with small traveling voids, (b) There is a stagnation zone at the

downstream end of the cavity. The liquid upstream from this zone forms a re-entrant

flow into the cavity. This results in a cyclic process: fonnation-filling-breakoff

.

(h) "Present Status of Cavitation Research", Robert T. Knapp, Mechanical Engineering, Vol.

76, No. 9, Sept. 1951, pp. 731-731j. "Recent Investigations of the Mechanics of Cavitation and Cavitation Damage", Robert T. Knapp. Paper No. %h —A-106. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Amer. Society of

Mech. Engineers, New York, N. Y. , Nov. 28-Dec. 3, 195k.

(16) HYDRODYNAMIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Hydrodynamic forces on bodies of different shapes and designs are measured in water

tunnels and a vertical drop tank. The important steady state and damping force

coefficients are obtained. These data are used to predict full scale behavior.
California Institute of Technology 3

(h) "Water Tunnel and Drop Tank Tests of a Streamlined Body of Revolution for the Naval

Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena, Calif." R. W. Kermeen and R. L. Waid (in preparation).

''Hydrodynamic Forces on Prolate Ellipsoidal Bodies", John A. Stallkamp, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., (Hydrodynamics Laboratory report in preparation).

(279) FLOW IN ROTATING CHANNELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Studies on the internal and over-all flow behavior and hydrodynamic performance of

centrifugal pump impellers, volutes and axial flow pumps.

(h) "Potential Flow Through Radial Flow Turbomachine Rotors", A. J. Acosta, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-l°.lj, Feb. l°£lj. "Note on the Effect of Meridian Curvature", A. J. Acosta, C.I.T, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.5, April V}$h.

"Experimental Study of Flow Between Centrifugal Pump Shrouds", H. N. Tyson, Jr., C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.6, July 1951j.

(803) DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION AND CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical and experimental studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "The Production of Accelerated Cavitation Damage by an Acoustic Field in a Cylindrical

Cavity", A. T. Ellis, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 21-11) (in preparation).

"On the Mechanism of Cavitation Damage", M. S. Plesset and A. T. Ellis, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 21-1$, June 19$h. "An Intermediate Theory of Longitudinal Stress Waves in Bars", G. W. Sutton, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 21-18, Sept. 19$lj. "The Growth and Collapse of Vapor Bubbles", S. A. Zwick, C.I.T. Hydrodynamic Laboratory

Report No. 21-19, Nov. 195h.

"On the Stability of the Spherical Shape of a Vapor Cavity in a Liquid", M. S. Plesset

and T. P. Mitchell, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 26-9, July 19$h.

"Note on the Dynamics of Small Vapor Bubbles in Liquids", S. A. Zwick and M. S. Plesset,

C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 26-7, Feb. 1951i.

(8OI1) THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID ON THE INCEPTION OF CAVITATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Scope of investigations has been extended to include the dynamic testing of treated

samples under normal flow conditions. To date pressurized samples show significant

apparent tensile strengths, but of somewhat lower magnitude than those determined by

boiling point measurements. The results of these experiments, like all others in this

particular research, appear to have inherent wide scatter. Thus, considerable additional work will be required before generalizations can be made.

(805) DIFFUSION IN TURBULENT FLOW.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Diffusion and turbulence measurements have been made in a water tunnel with a 12-in. square working section for three similar turbulence -producing grids.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.
h California Institute of Technology

(1300) BASIC WATER ENTRY STUDY.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation of the phenomena accompanying the entry into water of solids traveling at moderate speeds. The initial study covers the formation of the cavity, and the measurement of pressure within the cavity formed behind spheres entering the water

vertically.

(f) Suspended.

(1301) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-BOUNDARY AND CAVITY FLOWS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance and Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied research.

(e) Free-surface and closed-jet water tunnels are used in experimental and analytical

studies of cavity and jet flows in two and three dimensions.

(g) Drag and cavity shape measurements on a variety of body shapes including cones, disks

and spheres. The results have been compared wherever possible with theoretical results.

Scale and tunnel blockage effects have also been studied.

(h) "Water Tunnel Measurements on Spheres in Cavity Flow", En-Yun Hsu and B. Perry, Calif.

Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-2li.9, April i?51j. "An Experimental Study of the Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on a Family of Cavity-Producing Conical Bodies of Revolution Inclined to the Flow", T. Kiceniuk, Calif. Inst, of

Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report N . E-12.17, June 1951). "Stagnation Cup Flow", B. Perry, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report

(in preparation)

"An Experimental Study of Vapor Cavities in a Closed Jet Water Tunnel", R. W. Kermeen,

Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report (in preparation).

(151j8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating flow.

(h) "Two-Dimensional Sink Flow of a Viscous, Heat-Conducting, Compressible Fluid; Cylindrical Shock Waves", Y. T. Wu, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 21-16,

Aug. 1951). "Flow through a Heavily Loaded Actuator Disc", Y. T. Wu, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 21-17, (in preparation).

"On the Application of Free Streamline Theory to Cavity Flows", M. S. piesset and Byrne

Perry, Jubile Scientifique de M.D.p. Riabouchinsky, Memoires sur la Mecanique des Fluides,

(Publications Scientifuques et Techniques du Ministere de l»Air, 1951))

"On the Stability of Fluid Flows with Spherical Symmetry", M. S. Piesset, Jour, of

Applied Physics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 96-98, Jan. 1951).

(151)9) WAVE FORCES AND PRESSURES.

(b) Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Total force and moment acting on rigid bulkheads due to wave breaking being investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Correlation between impulse measurements and solitary waves momentum theory has been

obtained for the case of waves breaking against a vertical bulkhead.

(h) "Wave Forces on Curved and Stepped Barriers", John H. Carr, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Hydraulic Structures Division Report No. E-11.2, June 1951). "Breaking Wave Forces on Plane Barriers", John H. Carr, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Hydraulic Structures Division Report No. E-11.3, Nov. 1951).
California Institute of Technology 5

(1815) THE CORRELATION OF THE MECHANICS OF CAVITATION WITH THAT OF PHYSICAL DAMAGE.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is on the basis of the present knowledge of the mechanics of the cavitation

process to endeavor to clarify the mechanics of cavitation damage of solid surfaces. Two approaches are being used: (1) Study of damage on standard metal specimens subjected to cavitation in the water tunnel} (2) study of damage on samples of same material in the standard magnetostriction equipment.

(g) Pure annealed aluminum has been employed as standard damage specimen. Microscopic

examination after very short runs shows the surface covered by pits produced by plastic

deformation, with no material removed. Indications are that pitting rate per unit area furnishes rough measure of cavitation intensity. Variations of intensity with both

cavity length and flow velocity have been studied.

(h) "Recent Investigations of the Mechanics of Cavitation and Cavitation Damage", Robert T. Knapp. Paper No. $h—A-106. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Amer. Society of

Mech. Engineers, New York, Nov. 28-Dec. 3, 1°51|.

(1816) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and Experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of hydrofoils.

(h) "Calculation of Hydrofoil Sections from Prescribed Pressure Distribution", Blaine R. Parkin and Glenn H. Peebles, C.l.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. ii 7—1, (in

preparation)

"The High-Speed Water Tunnel Three -Component Force Balance", George M. Hotz, and J. T. McGraw, C.l.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. h7-2, (in preparation).

"Pressure Distribution on a Hydrofoil Running near the Water Surface", Blaine R. Parkin,

B. Perry and Y. T. Wu, C.l.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. U7-3, (in preparation).

"Comparison of the Characteristics of a Hydrofoil under Noncavitating and Cavitating

Operation", B. Perry and Y. T. Wu, C.l.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. kl-h t ( in

preparation)

(1817) SCALE EFFECTS IN CAVITATING FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Experimental and theoretical studies are being carried out on the effect of model size

on incipient cavitation.

(h) "Incipient Cavitation and Wake Flow behind Sharp-Edged Disks", R. W. Kermeen and B. R. Parkin, C.l.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-35.3, (in preparation).

"The Mechanism of Cavitation Inception and the Related Scale Effects Problem", R. W. Kermeen, J. T. McGraw and B. R. Parkin, (in press). (Trans. A.s.M.E.).

(20^1) EFFECT OF VISCOSITY ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PERFORMANCE.

(b) Standard Oil Company of New Jersey; Byron Jackson Company.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Investigation of the effects of Reynolds number on the internal and over-all flow

characteristics of a centrifugal impeller with a view to improving the performance by

means of design changes.

(g) A small recirculating test facility has just been completed. It will permit the measurement of over-all characteristics in addition to the measurement of vane pressure

distributions and internal flow losses.
6 California Institute of Technology

University of California

(20^2) EXPERIMENTS ON SMALL SCALE PLANING SURFACES.

(b) Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy; ConsolidatedVultee Aircraft Corp.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Measurement of the lift on small-scale (0.5 to 3 inches width) planing surfaces have

been made in the Free Surface Water Tunnel to ascertain the nature of the scale effect,

if any, and to develop methods of extrapolating such force data to full scale.

(g) Planing flat plates and circular cylinders have been studied, and it has been found

that flat plates as small as 2 in. width show no scale effect on the lift. The

situation for cylinders appears more uncertain and is still under investigation.

(h) "Experimental Study of Froude Number Modeling for Cylinders Planing on Water", T. Kiceniuk, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-2ii.b, Jan. 19!>2 (declassified January 19f>ii)

"Lift Measurements on Small Scale Flat Planing Surfaces", B. Perry, Calif. Inst, of

Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-2lj.l0, April 195>lj.

(20^3) EXPERIMENTS ON STRUTS PIERCING THE WATER SURFACE.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The mechanism by which air ventilates down aft of a surface-piercing strut such as might be used to support a hydrofoil boat, and the resulting force system is being

experimentally investigated in the Free-Surface Water Tunnel.

(g) Data have been taken on rectangular and circular cylinder struts, and the resulting

flow has been found to be closely related to two-dimensional cavity flow. Measure- ments have also been made on a symmetrical air-foil shape.

(h) "Experiments on Struts Piercing the Water Surface", B. Perry, Calif. Inst, of Tech.

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report (in preparation)

(20^1)) FORCES ON UNDERWATER MISSILES RUNNING IN A CAVITY.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research and development.

(e) The hydrodynamic forces on missiles and simulated missile body components are being

measured in water tunnels for cavity flow. Model studies of forces on individual body

components of basic geometric shapes are being correlated with studies made on composite

bodies

(h) "Forces on a Cylinder Planing in a Vapor Cavity", R. w. Kermeen, Calif. Inst, of Tech.

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-12.1lj, Nov. 1953.

"Force and Moment Measurements on a Torpedo Afterbody with Three Tail Configurations

Planing on a Free Water Surface", T. Kiceniuk, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. E-£lj, Dec. 19^3. "Force Coefficients of Six Related Configurations in Cavitating Flow", R. L. Waid, Calif.

Inst, of Tech. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-pl.l, Jan. 195lj.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation.

(21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) Studies include water distribution and irrigation efficiency in orchards and field crops, characteristics of nozzle shapes and their effect on distribution patterns, cost analysis

of sprinkler irrigation operation, and causes of aluminum pipe corrosion.

(g) Information is being secured which may lead to the design of new jets for more uniform

distribution patterns. Several year's data will be secured on sprinkler irrigation

efficiency of orchards.

(h) "Irrigation by Sprinkling", California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 67O, Revised by W. A. Hall.

(Submitted for publication).
University of California 7

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research and operation.

(e) Studies are being continued on the hydrologic effects of various watershed practices on typical range and brush lands. Measurements are being made of rainfall, runoff, erosion

and soil moisture on small watersheds located throughout California on lands with widely

varied climatic conditions, topography, soil and vegetation. Data are being collected

on an individual storm basis to yield all possible correlations between precipitation,

intensity and the other factors.

(g) Data from small watersheds are being analyzed to evaluate the effects of the management

practices on water yield, infiltration, runoff and erosion. Results of earlier plot

experiments have indicated that it is possible to remove brushy vegetation by fire with

consequent revegetation by grasses, and that this management practice does not show any deleterious effect on the hydrologic elements.

(2I4) MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Studies of farm irrigation systems for the improvement of design and efficiency of

irrigation equipment are being continued. Work on prefabricated materials in small

farm ditches and reservoirs is continuing. Methods of grading land for surface irrigation have been studied in detail. Such factors as land clearing, surveying, staking,

as well as the various pieces of earth moving equipment have been investigated.

(g) Information is available on the seepage control of certain prefabricated materials, and

on the best methods of grading land for surface irrigation.

(h) "Grading Land for Surface Irrigation", J. C. Marr, California Agr. Exp. Sta. Ext. Cir.

138, 19*li. "Irrigation Structures — Siphons", V. H. Scott and L. J. Booher, California Agr. Ext.

Service unnumbered leaflet, 1951j.

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. L. D. Doneen, Department of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies on the permeability of different soils are being continued. Cultivation in

relation to soil structure and soil compaction is being investigated. Reasearch is

continuing on factors affecting accumulation of salines in soil from irrigation water,

the effect of quality of water on infiltration of water into soils, and treatment of

irrigation waters to increase water penetration into soils.

(g) As a result of studies on the quality of water for irrigation, a new method of calculating salinity of irrigation water has been devised. Analysis of an irrigation water may

show a high concentration of salts, but only a small portion of them may be effective in

accumulation of soluble salts in the soil. Under the current system of classification,

many waters would be condemned for use in irrigation, but when solubility effects are considered, these waters might be useful.

(h) "Salination of Soil by Salts in the Irrigation Water", L. D. Doneen, Trans. Amer. Geophys.

Union 3^:91j3-950, 19$U.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) To improve drainage design by the development of methods of drainage investigation and

design which will have wide application. Field work is in progress in several areas of

California. Observation wells and water stage recorders have been located in selected

sites, and drainage systems have been designed on individual farms to serve as demonstrations .
8 University of California

(g) Many areas of the State are affected by high water table conditions. In some areas salt concentration in the soil has resulted from poor drainage. Both the high water

table and accumulated salt have caused a decrease in crop yield. Information concerning water table elevations, soil permeability and effectiveness of existing drains

should alleviate the drainage problems in these areas.

(h) "Alfalfa and Water Table Levels", James N. Luthin and William Bianchi, California

Agriculture 8:lj-5, 195b •

(2055) THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif; Dr. Paul Day, Department of Soils, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and theoretical studies; basic research.

(e) Studies of the movement of water in the unsaturated state, relationship between the

capillary conductivity and soil moisture tension, and numerical solution of the nonlinear form of Laplace's equation where the capillary conductivity is pressure-dependent,

are being conducted.

(g) The seepage from irrigation furrows was studied by means of a sand-tank model. Special

conditions were imposed on the boundaries of the flow regions. RLrkham's drainage

theory was applied to the problem.

(h) "Sand-Model Experiments on the Distribution of Water-Pressure Under an Unlined Canal",

Paul R. Day and James N. Luthin, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 18:133-137, 1951j.

(2056) THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL CASING PERFORATIONS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies have been initiated to theoretically analyze flow through well casing perforations followed by laboratory and field experiments to determine (1) head loss characteristics of various perforation shapes, and (2) the influence of the gravel pack on the

hydraulic performance of the perforations.

(g) Study in preliminary stage.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation and Soils.

Inquiries concerning Projects 26, 27, 1058, 1302 and 1303, should be addressed to Prof.

M. R. Huberty, Chairman, Department of Irrigation and Soils, University of California, Los Angeles 2i|, California.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley County Water District, Coachella, Calif., U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder City,

Nev. (Now inactive); and this laboratory.

(d) Field investigations; applied research, and design.

(e) To develop and improve techniques for observing shallow ground water movement, for reclamation of saline and alkali soils, and installation of drainage devices and systems.

(g) No completed results not previously given.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, coordinated with similar work under Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Department

of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Field experiments; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the effects of the burning of brush-covered watersheds on runoff and erosion

in southern California.

(g) No new results not previously reported.
University of California 9

(10^8) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Laboratory and field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of the soil properties which affect water flow into and through soils.

(h) "Soil Compaction Apparatus and Related Soil Properties", by L. V. We eks and S. J. Richards (in press).

(1302) OXNARD PLAIN IRRIGATION AND RECLAMATION INVESTIGATIONS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations] applied research and design.

(e) Investigations of drainage conditions, drainage mechanics, and irrigation efficiency

with view towards improving reclamation of this rather saline-high water table area, and towards establishing more rational criteria for tile drainage design.

(g) Indications of a relatively simple time-rate relationship of water table recession under

tile drainage are being checked by a theoretical analysis which is now being programmed

for solution on a SWAC automatic high-speed computer.

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION PIPE SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with College of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles 2h, Calif.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) (l) A theory was developed for the initiation, because of air entrainment, of surge in

an open-type pipe irrigation system, and the theory was checked by comparing an empirical run with the solution of the equations obtained on the differential analyzer. (This work

done by graduate student Philip Dahl working under Professor E. H. Taylor, and under E.

C. DeLaud for the differential analyzer solution). (2) Work is being initiated on the

mechanics of semi-closed pipe irrigation systems.

(h) Results of (l) being prepared for publication.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 35, 38, IjO, Ijl, I|6, hi, 280, 529, 1059, 1060, 1307,

1551, 1552, I55li, 1557, 1822, to 1827, incl., 1829 to I83I, incl., and 2057 to 2063,

incl., should be addressed to prof. J. w . Johnson, Department of Engineering, University

of California, Berkeley h, Calif.

(35) OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimantal.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the details of the three dimensional problem of

wind generated waves. Experiments are being conducted in a wind-wave tunnel 20 ft.

long, 0.5 ft. deep by h ft. wide. Wave patterns and dimensions are being correlated

with wind velocity and fetch length.

(h) "Wave Runup on Sloping Structures", by Kenneth N. Grantham, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union,

Vol. 3b, No. 5, PP 720- 72lj, 1953.

(38) STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WAVE ACTION.

(b) Laboratory and field research, Signal Oil and Gas Co.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental data for the design of offshore drilling structures. Present work

involves the measurement of forces exerted on both model and field structural elements

subjected to wave action. Work is also being done on the pressure distribution around a model cylindrical caisson as a function of wave length depth and angular position. Data

to be compared with theory. Work being continued.
University of California

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES

Laboratory project. Supported in part by Research Corporation.

Experimental (basic and applied research, design)

The flow characteristics of a gas-solids mixture (ALjO., SiO catalyst and air) are investigated in a 17 mm. I.D. glass conduit for various gas flow and solids flow rates. Pressure drops across test sections are accurately measured for a series of air flow

rates in which the solids to air ratio is varied from zero to 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air. The solids are introduced into the flow system through a mixing nozzle

fed by a slide valve controlled weighing tank, and have a size distribution varying from

particles less than 10 microns to particles greater than 220 microns. Investigation on

the metering of solids-gas mixtures by nozzle and Venturi tubes has been carried out and

at present preliminary studies on heat transfer to flowing gas-solids mixtures have been

made. Metering studies to be continued using fixed size particles.

Experimental data has been presented on the metering of gas-solids mixtures. Equipment

for the study of the heat transfer characteristics of flowing mixtures has been set up

and investigations started.

PRESSURE DROP ACCOMPANYING TWO-PHASE, TWO-COMPONENT FLOWING PIPES.

Laboratory project supported by Research Corporation.

Experimental and theoretical, masters and doctoral thesis. To determine the conditions governing transition under which the gas and/or liquid

phases are flowing in viscous and/or turbulent motion or in slug flow for isothermal

flow in horizontal and vertical pipes. Mixtures of air and various liquids are made to

flow through tubes. Pressure drop and fluid distribution with consideration of flow

stability are determined for a range of liquid and gas rates which may be controlled

separately.

Work completed on vertical flow for viscous liquid, turbulent gas flow and slug flow.

Report in preparation.

THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENT VELOCITY COMPONENTS BY THE METHOD OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical investigations; faculty research.

Velocity fluctuations are measured by determining the potentials induced in water cutting

transversely across a steady magnetic field. An electrical probe consisting of two close

ly spaced fine wires is arranged to traverse the pipe cross section in the fluctuating

potential gradient. The electrical impulses of the probe are amplified and measured by

means of a thermal milli ammeter.

"The Measurement of Turbulent Velocity Components by the Method of Electromagnetic

Induction", L. M. Grossman and A. F. Charwat, Review of Scientific Instruments 23, No. 12

p. 7ljl, Dec. 1952.

GRAVITY WAVES AND RELATED PHENOMENON.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and laboratory investigation; basic research.

To develop methods of forecasting wind waves and swell, surf conditions and beach changes measurement of wave characteristics; and make laboratory investigations to provide experi

mental checks and other information. A wave channel, ripple tank, model basin, and other

facilities are used in the laboratory investigations.

"Summary of Wave Data for Cape Mendocino, California", J. W. Johnson, Report No. 116-356,

Nov. 1953.

"Wave, Longshore Current and Beach Profile Records for Santa Margarita River Beach,

Oceanside, Calif., 19h9", R. L. Wiegel, D. G. Patrick (USN), H. L. Kimberley (USN),

Report N . 116-357, Nov. 1953.

"Some Ripple Tank Studies of Wave Refraction", Ning Chien, Report No. 116-358, Nov. 1953. "Statistical Analysis of Wave Records", R. R. Putz, Report No. 116-359, Jan. 1951.

"Statistical Analysis of Ocean Waves", R. R. Putz, Report No. II6-36O, Jan. 1951.

"Flow Over Reefs and Structures by Wave Action", 0. Sibul, Report No. II6-36I, Jan. 19514. "Laboratory Study of Gravity Waves Generated by The Movement of a Submerged Body", R. L. Wiegel, Report No. H6-362, June 195Ij.
University of California 11

"Movements ondulations de la mer en profondeur constante on decroissante (Undulatory Movements of the Sea in Constant or decreasing Depth"), M. Miche, Report No. II6-363,

June . "Operation Manual, Shore Wave Recorder, Mark IX, Model 5", L. E. Snodgrass, Report No.

116-361j, June 195li. "Hyperbolic Amplifier (Hydro-dynamic Attenuation Equalizer), L. E. Snodgrass, W. W. Lund,

Report No. 116-365, June 19^1). "Mooring Cable Forces Caused by Wave Action on Floating Structures", K. E. Beebe, Report

No. II6-366, June 19$h.

"Propagation of Radial Waves Generated by an Oscillatory Body", 0. Sibul and K. Pister,

Report No. II6-367, June 195 h* "Asymptotic Developments of Water Waves Obliquely Incident to a Dock", R. G. Fuchs,

Report No. 116 -36 8, June 19$h.

"Some References on Wave Motion", J. H. Sorenson, Report No. II6-369, June 19!?lj. "A Model Study of Wave Action on a Cylindrical Island", A.D.K. Laird, Report No. 116-370,

June 195h- "Direct Reading Wave Meter", L. E. Snodgrass, Report No. 116-371, June 19?Ii.

(280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

(b) Laboratory project, U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Various fundamental problems in relating to sediment transport have been studied, and

efforts have been made to apply the results of research to solve practical problems.

(g) The transport rate of wash-load was found to follow the bed-load function if the instantaneous bed composition is known.

The conventional suspended-load theory was improved by introduction of higher terms of

the concentration and of the probability distribution for the turbulence velocities.

The similarity conditions for distorted river models with movable bed were derived from

the theoretical and empirical equations which have been found to describe the hydraulics

and sediment transport in such rivers.

Various bed-load formulas were compared and a certain degree of uniformity among them

was found.

The depth and slope of an alluvial channel were given graphically in terms of the unit

discharge and sediment load to be carried, thus providing a more rational approach to

the problem of alluvial channel design.

Lacey's regime theory was analyzed on the basis of the Einstein bed-load function.

Functional relationships between the "silt factors" and the sediment characteristics

were given for the channels in the Indian plain area. The general application of Lacey's

regime theory to other than conditions in India and Pakistan is questionable as the "silt

factor jur" then depends also on the characteristics of the flow, making its selection

extremely difficult.

(h) "Similarity of Distorted River Models with Mo/ able Bed", H. A. Einstein and Ning Chien,

submitted to and accepted by ASCE for publication as a proceedings - separate.

"The Present Status of Research on Sediment Transport", Ning Chien, submitted to and

accepted by ASCE for publication as a proceedings - separate.

"Meyer-Peter Formula for Bed-Load Transport and Einstein Bed-Load Function", Ning Chien,

Sediment Series, Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Division (in press).

"Graphic Design of Alluvial Channels", Ning Chien, submitted to and accepted by ASCE for

publication as a proceedings - separate.

"A Concept of Lacey's Regime Theory", Ning Chien, submitted to and accepted by ASCE for

publication as a proceedings - separate.

{$29) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW ON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. G.

(d) Field, laboratory, experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The mechanics of movement of sand in relatively deep water around the end of rocky promontories off the coast of Southern California is being intensely investigated. The object

of this work is to determine the source of sands on the beaches near Santa Barbara. Pre- vious work had indicated considerable sand moved around various rocky promontories between Santa Barbara and the mouth of the nearest river, the Santa Ynez River, and the

present investigation is designed to show how this sand moves.
12 University of California

(h) "Bore Hole Studies of the Naturally Impounded Fill at Santa Barbara, California", Parker

D. Trask and Theodore Scott, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Tech. Memo. No. h9,

36 pages, 19$b*

"Sand Movement by Waves", Theodore Scott, Beach Erosion Board, Tech. Memo. No. I48, 37

pages, 195b.

(1059) HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP IN COOLING TOWERS.

(b) Laboratory research.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) To determine the heat transfer from water in contact with air in a mechanical draft,

packed cooling tower as a function of water rate, air rate, water temperature and packing geometry. To determine the pressure drop as a function of the above-mentioned

variables.

(g) Several results have been obtained and reported.

(1060) MASS TRANSFER TO RISING BUBBLES AND BUBBLE PLATES.

(b) Laboratory research.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) A study of diffusion to bubbles and mass of bubbles.

(g) Some equipment has been completed: experimental research in progress on the mass transfer to single bubbles and to masses of bubbles on a 13" sieve plate. In addition a study

is being made on the interfacial resistance to mass transfer by studying the growth and

temperature variation of bubbles formed during boiling.

(h) "Mass Transfer in a Rising Bubble", G. Humphrey, Master of Science Thesis, June 19i>3.

(1307) DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TURBULENCE IN LIQUID FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Development of instruments and methods to measure pressure fluctuations in the free stream and at the flow boundaries.

(g) A Rutishauser pressure gage is tested for its applicability to the problem. The frequency response is measured and calculated for various measuring arrangements. A first report is under preparation covering the description of the instrumentation and

of its calibration for use in water and oil. A set of well measurements was made in a turbulent open channel flow of oil. The records

are being analyzed. A flow system to measure wall pressures as well as point velocities in pipes is under

construction.

(15^1) STUDY OF VERTICAL GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Collection of data and photographs of gas-liquid flow in glass tubes less than one inch

diameter. Analytical work to help explain flow transitions.

(g) Apparatus designed.

(15^2) EFFECT OF WAVE LENGTH ON PIPE FRICTION IN TRANSITION REGION FOR WAVED GLASS TUBES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Collection of one component pipe friction data on waved glass tubes to study effect of

wave length and amplitude on transition. Also to show rigid waved wall does not give

exceptionally high friction factors.

(g) Early transition shown and correlated; little increase of friction.
University of California 13

(i55b) s:a water re a; arch.

(b) State of California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The several investigations for demineralizing sea water carried on during the past year

are: (1) Solar distillation, (2) low-temperature difference method, (3) skimming processes, (b) use of high liquid pressures in combination with appropriate permeable membranes (Osmotic Pressures), (5) thermodynamic analyses of separation methods, (6) computations on the use of a freezing process, involving sublimation and vapor compression,

and (7) a survey of the possible use of clays for filtration of sea water.

(g) The first two investigations were described in the previous report. Progress since that

time has resulted in the development of a plastic solar still, and in an equipment of

the low temperature difference type which will make possible the gathering of dependable

data. Skimming Processes - These tests, made at the Los Angeles campus, are based on the large

concentration gradient which occurs near any free surface. The first tests were devoted

to various schemes for mechanically slicing thin layers of water from the surface and

were not successful. Presently, efforts are directed toward forcing the water through

very small pores and preliminary results appear to be encouraging.

Osmotic Membranes - These tests are also being conducted at the Los Angeles campus and

are being financed by the United States Department of the Interior. This scheme is

similar in some respects to the skimming process, in that water under pressure is ex- posed to a membrane having small pores. The major difference lies in the fact that the water remains in the liquid phase for the skimming process, while it vaporizes and condenses again in the osmotic process. The membranes are of different pore sizes and the

pressures involved are different. Progress on this project so far is that of equipment

development. A small unit was built on University of California funds and operated with

an air gap. The unit now being built is designed to use oil or cellophane films in the

gap. It is too soon to be sure of results.

Freezing Processes - The report on the Zarchin process necessarily contained assumptions

as to properties of salt water below 32°F and as to appropriate design of vapor components

at high vacuua. Final conclusions on this very promising scheme should be made only when

dependable unextrapolated data on the above points are available. A thorough search of current literature will be made before any experiments on this point are made.

(h) "Utilization of the thermal potential of the sea for the production of power and fresh

water", by Andre Nizery, March 195b (An address presented at Berkeley).

"Summary Report on the University of California Program", by E. D. Howe, for conference

of the United States Department of the Interior contractors, April 195b.

"Feasibility of Using S il as a Medium for the Reclamation of Saline Waters", by Martin

R. Huberty, May 195b.

"A Demonstration of Distillation by Pressure Alone", by Gerald L. Hassler, June 195b.

"Rate of Vapor Production by Water in Vacuum", by Lev Akobjanoff, July 195b.

"An Analysis of the Zarchin Scheme for Demineralizing Sea Water by Cold Distillation",

by L. Shafer, S. F. Mulford and E. D. Howe, Aug. 195b.

"Fresh Water from Salt Water", by Everett D. Howe, Trans, of the Amer. Geophys. Union,

Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. bl7-b22, June 1952.

"Utilization of Sea Water", by Everett D. Howe, UNESCO Proceedings, April 195b.

"Fresh Water from the Sea", by Everett D. Howe, Science Counselor, Vol. 17, No. 2, June 195b.

(1557) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POROUS MEDIA AS A FUNCTION OF FLUID SATURATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, doctoral thesis.

(e) To obtain experimental confirmation of a theory of heat conduction in porous material

which relates to the structure porosity of the material and the relative amounts of two

different fluids contained in the pores. More complete information may show that pa- rameters determined by heat flow may have possible application to interpretation of borehole measurements and certain other applications. Thermal conductivities to be correlated

with electrical conductivities.

(g) Experimental work completed: doctoral thesis and paper now in preparation.
Ill University of California

(1822) SHIP MOTION IN NON-UNIFORM AND SHORT -CRESTED WAVE SYSTEMS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) To make theoretical studies of ship motion in wave systems and to compare the results

with experimental data.

(h) "The Motion of a Floating Sphere in Surface Waves", R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of Calif., IER,

Berkeley, Series 61, Issue U, Mar. 195 b. "A Source Solution for Short-Crested Waves", R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of Calif., IER, Berkeley, Series 61, Issue 5, April 1951u

"The Oscillations of Ships in a Solitary Wave", R. C. MacCamy, R. A. Leichs, 0. Sibul,

Univ. of Calif. IER, Berkeley, Series 61, Issue 6, May 1951j. "The Motion of an L.C.M. Underway in Waves", R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of Calif., IER, Berkeley, Series 6l, Issue 7, June 19$b*

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the criterion for initial and general movement of

bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype conditions of the relative motion of water

and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate in still water.

(I82l|) BEHAVIOR OF AIR ABOVE MECHANICAL OCEAN WAVE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental j basic research.

(e) Measurement of velocity distributions in air above a mechanical model of long-and-shortcrested ocean waves as a function of wind velocity, wave height and wave length. Drag

forces as a function of distance from wave plane to a rigid ceiling determination.

(g) Preliminary model tested - being reinstalled.

(1825) WIND WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the factors of wind velocity, wind duration, water

depth, and bottom roughness as related to wave generation and wind tide produced in shallow water at limited extent. A glass-wall channel 70 feet long, 15 inches deep, and 12 inches wide has been constructed for this study.

(h) "Measurement of Water Surface Roughness and Wind Shear Stress by the Use of a Pilot Tube

in a Laboratory Wave Channel", 0. Sibul, Univ. of Calif., IER, Berkeley, Series 71, Issue

2, Oct. 1951).

(1826) INVESTIGATION OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA BY MEANS OF A HELE-SHAW VISCOUS FLUID MODEL, j

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research; for doctoral thesis.

(e) A Hele-Shaw apparatus, consisting essentially of an oil flowing through two closelyspaced glass plates, was constructed as a model analogy of flow in porous media. Steady

flow measurements were used to calibrate the model. Unsteady flows, including sudden

releases of oil into and out of the channel and damping of solitary sine waves, were

studied by means of motion pictures.

(f) Completed.

(g) Sudden release flows were found to agree with earlier numerical solutions of unidirectional gas flow in porous media. The damping rate of sine waves was independent of both

j wave amplitude and period; whereas the damping distance was a function of the period but

| not of the amplitude.

(h) "Unsteady Flow in Porous Media by means of a Hele-Shaw Viscous Fluid Model", D. K. Todd, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union (in press).

"Ground-Water Flow in Relation to a Flooding Stream", D. K. Todd (submitted for publication in Proc. Amer. Soc. of Civil Engineers).
University of California 15

(1827) STUDY OF SHOCK REFLECTION AND CHANNEL BLOCKAGE BY THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY.

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) To study the behavior of shock reflection, channel blockage and wind-tunnel choking by

the free-surface wave analogy. Cylinders and wedges are towed through still water in

various channel widths.

(h) "A study of Transonic Wind-Tunnel Wall Interference by the Hydraulic Analogy", George

Lee, Master*s Thesis, Oct. 195>lj.

(1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES.

(b) Laboratory research project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Collection and correlation of data on several diameters of tubing at inclinations from

horizontal to vertical.

(g) One inch diameter smooth tube data collected.

(1830) MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A GAS AND TWO LIQUIDS IN A POROUS MEDIUM BY X-RAY

TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of a calibration and measurement method for the distribution of three or more materials in a laboratory sample of sandstone.

(g) Apparatus tested.

(1831) SALT WATER INTRUSION PROJECT.

(b) California State Water Resources Board.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of basic information on sea water intrusion methods for its control.

(f) Completed.

(g) To prevent sea water intrusion the fresh water table must be held above sea level and some seaward leakage of fresh water will take place. Coastal injection wells cannot prevent intrusion unless they completely make up the local overdraft.

(h) "Basic Parameters of Salt Water Intrusion and the Hydraulics of Injection Wells", report

submitted to State Board of Water Resources, Sacramento, California.

"Final Report on Sea Water Intrusion", Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Univ.

of California, 19!>3.

(2057) PERFORMANCE OF THE PERIPHERY PUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experimental investigation to determine the influence of clearance and other features on

the performance of the turbulence pump.

(g) Laboratory investigation started.

(20^8) STUDY OF EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN A TURBULENCE COLUMN.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d) Experiment al

.

(e) Exchange of various properties are studied and compared for various properties in a column with a reproducible turbulence pattern.

(g) The column is constructed. The measuring instrumentation is under development.

(2059) STUDY OF BED-LOAD MOTION IN A FLOW SUBJECTED TO COMPOSITE FRICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A granular bed is developed between a system of obstructions such as piles. It is at- tempted to determine the part of the flow resistance which determines the rate of sedi- ment motion.

(g) The instrumentation is designed and under construction.
16 University of California

University of Southern California

(2060) ESTIMATING STBEAMFLOW INTO A TIDAL ESTUARY FROM SALINITY MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Analytical study.

(d) Applied research} master's thesis.

(e) Continuous salinity records of water in Carquinez Strait are now available. These data,

together with tidal data, enable estimates of discharge from the Sacramento-San Joaquin

River system into San Francisco Bay to be made.

(g) Streamflow computations have been completed for two summer months. Analysis of errors and methods of refining the method are under way. It is planned to compare the results

with actual streamflow measurements recently completed by the California Division of Water Resources.

(2061) SHOCK WAVE FORMATION BY HYDROFOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Limiting velocity on hydrofoils due to formation of a hydraulic pump at small submergence

depths

(g) Work continuing, — photograph to be taken to show surface profile of hydraulic pump

produced on a two-dimensional hydrofoil near the free -water surface of deep and shallow

water.

(h) "Limiting Pressure on Hydrofoils at Small Submergence Depths", E. V. Laitone, Journ. of

Applied Physics, Vol. 25, No. 5, May 195^1.

(2062) STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN A SAND-WATER MIXTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The relationship is determined in an especially constructed rotating shear device for

various normal pressures.

The results will be used to predict the behavior of a granular stream bed subjected to high shear by a flow.

(g) Preliminary results are obtained, calling for some improvement of the instrumentation.

(2063) METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; doctoral thesis.

(e) In order to reduce seepage losses from canals, several methods have been suggested. Of

the various geophysical methods, the electrical resistivity and earth potential methods

have been most widely used in locating ground water; however, little has been done with

them in tracing ground-water flows. The recent availability of radioisotopes has opened new fields of research in ground-water flow. It is anticipated that certain of these

isotopes may be used effectively to study ground-water flow distributions, and to avoid

density, absorption, and base exchange difficulties encountered in earlier studies em- ploying dyes and salts.

(g) Initial phases of the research program include preparation of an abstract of literature,

a review of methods and techniques indicating greatest possibilities of success, and

design of appropriate materials and equipment.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross-Connection Control.

(1)9) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Walter H. Albach, Research Engineer, Research Foundation for Cross-connection, University of Southern California.

(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research.
University of Southern California

Carnegie Institute of Technology

Colorado A and M College

17

(e) To determine by proper research the relative value and protection afforded by various

backflow and back siphonage prevention devices.

(g) Establishment of standardized laboratory and field test procedures and minimum specification requirements for backflow prevention equipment and continuous evaluation and improvement of such procedures and specifications.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1558, l83lj, 1835, and 2061j, should be addressed to

Prof. F. T. Mavis, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

(1558) CONVERGING AND DIVERGING STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for undergraduate thesis.

(e) For converging streams, the depth after the junction is a function of the common depth

before the junction and the ratio of the flows in each branch.

(g) Depths after a junction are smaller than the common depth before the junction; it is possible for the downstream depth to drop below the critical depth.

(1831) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; J. Waldo Smith Fellowship of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's degree.

(e) An investigation to determine the amount of air that can be carried by flowing water. Experiments are conducted with free water jets and with air-water mixtures flowing in

pipes at different slopes.

(h) "Air Entrainment in Jets and Pipes", R. E. Templeton, M. S. Thesis, Carnegie Institute

of Technology, 195b.

(1835) MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for undergraduate thesis.

(e) The design of a morning-glory spillway without negative pressures and other undesirable

hydraulic characteristics is being studied.

(g) Pressures are measured on models shaped by conventional design methods. Depths, and

velocities in the nappe are also measured.

(206ij) VIRTUAL MASS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) The virtual mass of partially submerged bodies is measured to determine their reaction

to dynamic loads.

(h) "Virtual Mass of Partially Submerged Bodies", J. P. Murtha, M. S. Thesis, Carnegie

Institute of Technology, 1?51j.

COLORADO A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. £2, 538, 822, 828, 107lj, 1076, 1313, 1311), 1318, l£65

to 1£68, incl., 1570, I838, 1839, 2066, 2070, and 2071, should be addressed to Dr. Maurice L. Albertson, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado A and M College, Fort

Collins, Colorado.
18 Colorado A and M College

(52) HYDRAULIC SAND SEPARATOR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain data for design of hydraulic models, and to supply means of separating sand

and gravel where a narrow size range is desired.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) An apparatus designed and built classifies sand according to fall velocity by a continuous flotation process. The process is purely dynamic in that sand is introduced

directly into the flow. A check for duplication of results indicates that duplications

within plus or minus one percent are obtained. Construction of a pilot apparatus is

being completed to perform sand separation on a continuous basis of operation. Preliminary tests indicate satisfactory results.

(53) SAND TRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr, R. L. Parshall and Mr. Carl Rohwer, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M

College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To develop design data for sand traps useing vortex tubes, riffles, and deflectors alone,

or in combination, and to perfect the design of sluiceways having a relatively flat

grade which will effectively transport the bed load material from sand traps to a point

of disposal.

(g) Several additional laboratory models were investigated. Some variations of riffle design

and general arrangement were tried and the minimum velocity necessary to provide satisfactory action was studied. Some of the models were installed in actual canals and their

prototype behavior is being observed. A general report on the work is being prepared.

(h) Trans. ASCE, Vol. 117, p-.20.Ij.

(55) snow ccuRa; measurements and forecast analysis.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Bureau of Reclamation, State Engineer of New Mexico, and State Engineer of Wyoming.

(c) Mr. H. J. Stockwell, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Colorado A and M

College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depths and water content of snow at high elevations in Colorado

mountain areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal rivers of the

state in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and other uses. The use of

electrical resistance soil moisture units is being tested to determine a factor of soil

moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes.

(g) Snow measurement data are correlated with runoff. Once the relationship is established,

the snow measurement data are used to predict the runoff for the coming season.

(h) For 1951j, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station General Series Papers Nos. 557, 558,

559, 567, 568, 569, 573, 57ij, 575 , 577 , 578 and 579. These are monthly Snow Survey

reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(287) PERFORMANCE OF WELL SCREENS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Research Service, and various well screen manufacturers.

(c) Mr. C. H. Rohwer, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.
Colorado A and M College 19

(e) (1) Measurement of loss of head in different types of well screens for discharges suitable for each screen. (2) Determination of the size of opening in well screens, diameter

of screen, thickness of gravel envelope, and size and gradation of sand or gravel for most effective control of flow of sands of different finenesses into the well with least

loss of head. (3) Determination of the size of openings in well screens and diameter of screen for most efficient operation in natural sands and gravels of a given classification. An additional study is underway on the loss of head at interface of gravels of

different sizes.

(g) Tests of gravel envelopes showed that the uniformity coefficient of the aquifer as well

as the pack-aquifer size ratio was an important factor in controlling the movement of

sand into wells.

(h) "Effect of Well Screens on Flow into Wells", Jack S. Petersen, Carl Rohwer, M. L. Albertson, ASCE Separate No. 36^, Dec. 1953.

"Selection of Gravel'Pack for Wells in Fine, Uniform Unconsolidated Aquifers", John R. Lockman, Master's Thesis, Department of Civil Engr., Colorado A and M College, 19Sh>

"Hydraulic Head Loss at the Interface between Uniform Sands of Different Sizes", Frank N. Leatherwood and Dean F. Peterson, Jr., Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 3$, No. Ij, Aug. 19$h.

(538) HYDRAULICS OF SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design and master's thesis.

(e) To obtain generalized design information for spillways having the shape of the underside

of the nappe from a sharp crested weir. Generalized tests are being made to determine

the shape of the nappe with various negative pressures under it. Ultimately, the discharge coefficient and the pressure distribution will be obtained for all practical

degrees of submergence and ambient pressures. These data will permit the designer to

determine in advance the necessary shape of a spillway crest if a certain negative

pressure is desired for a given head on the crest.

(g) Using data reported by others, and data obtained in this laboratory, dimensionless design

curves have been developed which permit solving directly for the design head, the discharge, the height of the spillway, or the shape of the spillway crest. Further data

have been obtained which show the effect of downstream submergence on the discharge and

the pressure distribution over the spillway. Data have also been obtained on the shape

of the underside of the nappe from a sharp-crested weir for different negative pressures.

(h) "Nappe Characteristics for Flow Over Sharp Crested Weirs", Donald A. Thorson, Master's

Thesis, Aug. 19f>3-

(820) THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the factors influencing seepage from irrigation channels and to perfect methods

for making pre-investigations of seepage for the purpose of determining the seepage from

existing canals, and predicting the seepage from proposed canals. Methods of measuring

seepage were evaluated to determine the limitations and advantages of each. The effect

of depth to ground water as well as effect of temperature on the seepage rate was also

investigated.

(f) Active but in final stages.

(g) A report is in progress describing the results of the experiments. Several methods of

measuring seepage were evaluated and the relative merits of each method were determined.

The seepage rate was found to decrease as the ground water approached the ground surface.

In some cases, the seepage rate was found to vary inversely as the temperature of the

water.

(h) Final report in progress.
20 Colorado A and M College

(821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado A and M Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. E. Code, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation! applied research.

(e) This is a continuing project in «hich semi-annual measurements are made in about 2I4O observation wells. The data so gathered provides information on the impact of pumping

or of replenishment factors. Some indication of the magnitude of pumping is gained

from the compilation of the amount of electrical energy being used. Part of the data

is being gathered by the U. S. Geological Survey.

(g) The results of this work have served to outline the areas where pumping is causing a definite continuing decline in the water table. Similarly, those areas have become

known that are reasonably certain of recovery under intensive pumping draught of a few

years duration.

(h) Reports are included in U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Papers.

(822) DIFFUSION OF HEAT, VAPOR, AND MOMENTUM.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A controlled study in a wind tunnel of the fundamental principles describing the process

of diffusion of vapor, heat and momentum from various surfaces. Eventually it is intended to use the fundamental information to aid in determining evaporation from free

surfaces, land areas with various soil and crop covers, and plant surfaces, and heat

and moisture losses from animals.

(g) A non-dimensional parameter containing the rate of evaporation is found to be a unique

function of the Reynolds number in terms of shear velocity at the end of the evaporation

surface. The results so presented are independent of the length of dry approach, and

the regime of boundary layer flow. Sutton and Koehler-Iih solutions are found to yield

identical vapor profiles, a theoretical curve for the rate of evaporation is calculated

on the basis of Sutton's theory of turbulent exchange as modified by Pasqulll. This

curve follows the data closely.

(h) "Vapor Transfer by Forced Convection from a Smooth Plane Boundary", J. E. Cermak and

P. N. Lin, Colorado A and M College, Report No. 9„ Jan. 1951.

(828) INFLUENCE OF SHAPE ON THE FALL VELOCITY OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Influence of Shape on the Fall Velocity of Sedimentary Particles", E. F. Schulz, R. H. Wilde, and M. L. Alberts on, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 1216, Omaha 1, Nebraska,

Missouri River Division Sediment Series No. 5 , July ~L9$h*

(107b) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.

(e) To obtain generalized design information for stilling basins utilizing a scour hole

created by a jet of water as well as stilling basins utilizing the hydraulic jump

together with chute blocks, floor blocks, and sills.

(g) Studies have been completed using circular jets and two-dimensional jets. The variables

considered were the depth of the pool, the fall velocity of the erodable material, the

size of the jet, and the velocity of the jet. Results show that the depth and rate of scour depend upon the depth of water in the stilling basin, the size and velocity of the

jet, and the size and gradation of the bed material. Studies are now being conducted to determine the influence of size gradation and the sorting of the finer materials which

leaves the coarser materials as armor plating to protect the hole from further scour.

(1076) INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMICS AND PRACTICABILITY OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION IN COLORADO.

(f) Completed.

(h) "When to Use Sprinkler Irrigation in Colorado", W. E. Code and A. J. Hamman, Colorado A and M College Bulletin k0$~h, June 19^0.
Colorado A and H College 21

(1313) HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project and Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and design; for masters' and doctors'

theses

.

(e) A part of the laboratory study on the roughness of alluvial channels has been completed.

Thirty runs were made in a variable slope flume 70 ft. long and h ft. wide. The following measurements were made for each run: (1) water discharge, (2) total sediment

discharge, (3) slope of water surface, (h) suspended sediment load, (5) velocity

distribution, (6) average length and height of dunes, (7) depth of flow, (8) miscellaneous such as temperature, etc. The flume is now being extended to a length of 150 ft.

(g) The variation of Chezy's resistance coefficient with Reynolds number shows that for a given size of bed material relative to depth of flow the bed is plane and smooth at a low Reynolds number, but ripples and random dunes develop to create a maximum resistance

as Reynolds number increases. As Reynolds number increases still farther, the dunes increase in height and spacing (and become more uniform in shape and spacing) but the resistance decreases until the bed becomes plane and rough prior to development of antidunes at highest Reynolds numbers.

(h) Report on channel roughness for the Corps of Engineers is now in preparation.

"Some Aspects of Roughness in Alluvial Channels", S. M. Ali and M. L. Albertson, submitted to AGU for publication.

(1311j) LAKE HEFNER MODEL STUDY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, and the U. S. Geological Survey,

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(f) Completed.

(g) In the case of flat surrounding terrain, Reynolds analogy was found to be a promising

means of estimating prototype evaporation. It was also found that the same relationship

between the wind velocity at the 52.5 foot level and the shear velocity existed in both

the prototype and the model.

(h) "Lake Hefner Model Studies of Wind Structure and Evaporation, Final Report, Part I",

J. E. Cermak and H. J. Koloseus, Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No. 5ijJEC20, Nov. 1953.

"Lake Hefner Model Studies of Wind Structure and Evaporation, Final Report, Part II",

J. E. Cermak and H. J. Koloseus, Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No. 5ijJEC22, 195b.

(1318) REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR FLOW THROUGH SANDS AND GRAVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Peterson, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; basic research for masters* and doctors' theses.

(e) The characteristics of porosity, particle shapes and size gradation of particles are not specifically considered in the usual equations of flow through porous materials. These

fundamental characteristics are introduced into the equations of flow resulting in a standard Reynolds number.

(f) Completed.

(g) Beginning with the Hagen-Poisseuille-equations the more fundamental media characteristics of porosity, particle shape, and characteristic pore length are introduced theoretically to give ?

= (2gpd2/Cs/t) (n3/(n . ^

(h/L)j

where V is the bulk velocity, Cs is a particle shape factor, de is an effective

particle diameter, n is the porosity, h is the piezometric head, L is the length

of flow and p, g, and/*,are the fluid density, acceleration of gravity and viscosity

respectively. Experimentation verified the theoretical effect of porosity and showed

Cs to vary from 350 for spherical particles to 680 for micaceous river sands. An

effective diameter for graded sands of £p/£(P/D) where P is the percentage between

any two sieve sizes and d is the mean diameter between those sizes was shown to give correct results.
22 Colorado A and M College

(1^65) SEDIMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Armco Drainage and Metal Products, Inc., Middletown, Ohio, and Research Corporation,

Santa Monica, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine suspended load capacity of 12-inch diameter corrugated Helcor, and smooth

pipes carrying sand and flowing full. To determine effect of boundary form on sand

transport capacity. T develop design criteria for pipelines carrying sediment. Graded

sediments are being used, with mean size from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. Testing with 0.2 mm sand

has been completed.

(1^66) DIFFUSION OF GASES INTO AN AIR STREAM HAVING VARIOUS DEGREES OF STABILITY.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 230 Albany Street, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) By means of a horizontal, heated, metal plate placed in the floor of a wind tunnel, the

effect of various artificially created lapse rates upon mean velocity profiles and

turbulence structures is being investigated. Also the effect of lapse rates upon the

diffusion of gases from a point source and a line source will be studied. In addition,

simultaneous measurements of evaporation, boundary shear, and heat transfer will be

conducted for a range of lapse rates.

(1567) BEHAVIOR OF SEAPLANE HULLS IN SIMPLE SEAS.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The behavior of model seaplane hulls when towed at different angles to a wave train has

been studied experimentally. The model motions have been obtained from motion picture

films made of the tests. In addition an electrical method for measuring these motions

has been used.

(h) "Development of a Basin for Investigation of the Seaworthiness of Model Seaplane Hulls", E. F. Schulz, Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No.

5JjEFSll, 1,0 p., March 1951). "Tests of the Seaworthiness of Seaplane Hulls Having a High Length to Beam Ratio", E. F. Schulz, Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No. 51)EFS12,

IjO p., May 1951). (These reports may be obtained from the Navy Department, Bureau of

Aeronautics)

"Equipment for Testing Model Ship and Seaplane Hulls in Oblique Seas", E. F. Schulz,

Proceedings Conference of Ships and Waves, 1951) •

(1568) BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for J. Waldo Smith Fellowship of the A.S.C.E. To supply experimental data on the shear distribution along the boundary of open channels

This information is needed in connection with the new theory conceived by E. W. Lane on the design of stable alluvial channels. The shear will be measured instead of calculated

from other hydraulic measurements

The shear measuring device has been constructed and installed in the flume and shear measurements are now in progress.

(1570) DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSTANT FORCE BOTTOM FOR SEAPLANE HULLS,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Development of a Constant -Force Bottom Contour for Seaplane Hulls", E. F. Schulz,

Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No. 51)EFS31> k9 p. Nov. 19SU- (Available from Department of the Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics.)
Colorado A and M College 23

(1836) EFFECT OF CANAL WATER DEPTH AND DEPTH TO WATER TABLE ON SEEPAGE FROM AN IDEALISED CANAL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Peterson, Jr., Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental, master's theses.

(e) Study of seepage from an idealized canal to a shallow water table using sand models and

electric analogue.

(g) Sand model studies to date indicate that in an isotropic media of unlimited breadth and

depth, seepage to a shallow water table consists of the sum of two parts. The first part

varies linearly with depth to the water table at a specified distance from the canal and

the second part varies linearly with water depth in the canal. The portion of seepage

described first varies with B ^ and the remainder with B°*-> , where B is the water

surface width of the canal. Studies are being started for the cases of impermeable

boundaries at finite depths using the electrical analogue.

(h) "Model Study of Seepage Flow", S. KarafcL, M. S. Thesis, 1951, Colorado A and M College

Library.

(1837) SEDIMENT LININGS FOR CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) D. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, and various

bentonite producers.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Department of Civil Engineering Colorado A and M College, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop a truly low-cost canal and reservoir lining method — sediment linings.

Briefly, sediment lining is a process involving the use of canal or reservoir water for

the placement of an impervious filler or binder into the pervious or unstable materials

of the canal or reservoir bed.

(h) Monthly progress reports obtainable upon request.

(1838) BEHAVIOR OF MODEL SHIP HULLS IN AN OBLIQUE SEA.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin through the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

( d) Experimental

.

(e) This investigation will yield information regarding the magnitude of the amplitude

response operations for the motions of heave, pitch and roll of a model when towed at different angles to the wave front.

(h) "Development of a Facility for Testing the Performance of Ship Hulls in Oblique Seas",

E. F. Schulz, Colorado A and M College, Department of Civil Engineering Report No. 51jEFSlO, 39 p., March 19$h. (This report can be obtained from David Taylor Model Basin, Department

of the Navy).

"Equipment for Testing Model Ship and Seaplane Hulls in Oblique Seas", E. F. Schulz,

Proceedings, Conference on Ships and Waves, 1951j.

(1839) INVESTIGATION OF REGIME THEORT OF SELF FORMED CHAMJELS.

(b) Cooperative project sponsored by Colorado A and M College, U. S. Engineers, U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

(d) Field investigation! basic research.

(e) This is an investigation of regime channels to conditions related to channel stability.

The field data being collected from selected straight reaches of canals having a reasonably steady discharge include the following: (l) Slope of energy gradient, (2) Velocity profiles, (3) Discharge, (Ij) Shape of channel, (?) Suspended sediment load, (6)

Total sediment load when possible, (7) Samples of bed material, (8) Samples of side

material, (9) Dune and ripple formations on the bed, (10) Temperature of water, and (11)

Photographs of the reaches investigated for both empty and full supply conditions.

The primary purpose of the study is to obtain information that will assist in establishing

a more precise theory applicable to the design of stable channels in alluvium. The data

collected should also be useful in the investigation of other related open channel problems.

Field data has been collected and are currently being analyzed.
2lj Colorado A and M College

(2065) FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(c)

(d)

(b) Colorado A and M Experiment Station Field and Laboratory project.

Mr. W. E. Code, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

The project is principally a field investigation consisting of study of and experimentation with design, materials and methods of constructing farm irrigation structures,

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop better functional and hydraulic designs for

hydraulic structures used in farm irrigation systems. Through purposeful observation

and experimentation, it is hoped that ideas can be developed and passed on to farmers

for building better and more efficient farm irrigation systems at the least cost.

(g) Work with concrete blocks of various materials gives promise of easily built checks,

turnouts, and Parshall measuring flumes.

(h) A manuscript for a bulletin on the subject has been prepared.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A SLOPING FLUME.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Models of spill-through and wing-wall bridge abutments are being studied in a rectangular

variable slope flume having a variable width of lj feet to 8 feet. Several degrees of con- striction are being used with one bed roughness. Measurements are being made to determine

backwater effect of the abutments. Objective of investigation is to obtain design criteria

for prototype structures.

(2067) MOEEL STUDY OF A TILE INTERCEPTOR DRAIN.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Colorado Agri. Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental; applied research; for design and master's thesis.

(e) (1) Study the shape of the water table drawdown curve resulting from an interceptor drain

installed in an area above an impermeable layer. (2) Determine the characteristics of

drains placed at different levels above the barrier layer. (3) Check the results of the

model study by means of an electrical analogue.

(g) Project is in the initial phase and no results have been obtained.

(2068) A STUDY OF THE CHANNEL FORM OF NATURAL STREAMS IN ERODIBLE MATERIAL.

(b) U. S. Engineers, Department of the Army.

(c) Mr. E. W. Lane, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field and library investigation and office computation, basic research.

(e) This project is an attempt to clarify and systematize the knowledge of the forms which

natural streams assume when flowing in erodible material, in order to be able to predict

the changes which will occur when these conditions are changed by the works of man. Frora a study of the conditions under which the various forms occur, it is hoped to determine

the reasons for these formations and the quantitative relations between the various shapes

and the factors causing them.

(2069) A COMPARISON OF IRRIGATION CANALS DESIGNED BY REGIME THEORY METHODS WITH THOSE OBTAINED BY DESIGN METHODS RECENTLY DEVELOPED IN THE UNITED STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c} Mr. E. W. Lane, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Office computation, applied research

(e) A comparison is being made of the cross sections for irrigation canals for a wide variety

of conditions computed by various regime theory methods and the methods recently developed

by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, to determine the extent of agreement on divergence of the results obtained by these methods. Study project for master's thesis.
Colorado A and M College

University of Colorado

Columbia University

2$

(20?0) ROUGHNESS IN OPEN CHANNELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's and doctor's theses.

(e) Project intended to determine the fundamental aspects of roughness in open channels.

Different types of roughness are being studied to determine their influence on the

resulting velocity distribution resistance coefficient, and depth and pattern of flow.

(g) Certain results have been reported in previous issues of this publication. At present

cooperating on project reported under Rocky Mountain Hydraulics Laboratory.

(2071) MANIFOLD DIFFUSER STILLING BASIN.

(b) Larimer and Weld Irrigation Company.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field study, applied research.

(e) To develop an economical structure to dissipate the energy of high-velocity flow economically and in a small space.

(f) Completed.

(g) A box manifold was developed with sloping bottom and cross bars spaced across the horizontal open top. Water enters at 30 fps., dissipates its energy as the two-dimensional

jets move vertically upward, and comes to the pool surface at about U fps. No bank rip

rap is needed and cost is about one-fifth that of a standard stilling basin.

(h) Report in preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1321 and 2072 should be addressed to Prof. Warren

DeLapp, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.

(1321) HYDRAULIC JUMP IN OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and master's thesis.

(e) Profile of hydraulic jump is being studied in rectangular channel contractions with

various central angles.

(2072) FREQUENCY CURVES OF FLOW IN COLORADO STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d> Analytical; for design and master's thesis.

(e; Data for all Colorado stream stations with more than thirty years of record are being

studied to determine the frequency of moderate flood peaks.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

(62) HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. W. Delleur, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia

University, New York 27, N. Y.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral thesis.

(e) The growth of the boundary layer in the intake reach of an open channel is studied

theoretically and in a rectangular channel in the laboratory.

(g) The boundary layer in horizontal open channel develops more slowly than for comparable

conditions on a flat plate in an infinite fluid. Experiments also indicate an influence

of secondary motion on the velocity distribution across the channel.
26 Columbia University

University of Connecticut

(290) HYDRAULICS OF SHORT OUTLETS IN BODIES OF DAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. R. Henry, Department of Civil Engineering, Michigan State College, East Lansing,

Michigan.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral thesis.

(e) An investigation of boundary layer development in short conduits. Pressure and velocity

distributions are measured along the pipe and entrance section.

(132ij) LOSSES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL JUNCTIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. T. Tsakonas, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia

University, New York 27, N. Y.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral thesis.

(e) A study of flow patterns at junctions in rectangular conduits which can be considered two dimensional with particular attention to the influence of initial velocity distribution on the characteristics of the side jet.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being taken on small watersheds varying in size

from lj to IjOO acres.

(1079) STUDY OF WIND EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES.

(b^ Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. L. Mirsky, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of wind action and flow on the roofs of various types of buildings and structures

is to be conducted in a small wind tunnel.

(1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are under way on influence of plan form of parallel bar gratings on hydraulic

capacity. This is being coordinated with field tests on full-sized gratings.

(g) A report has been issued to the Connecticut Highway Department on the design of parallel

bar gratings. This is being abstracted for distribution.

(2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. E. Scottron, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Work is being started on the hydraulics of rectangular channels with sloping bottoms and

uniformly entering side flow.
University of Connecticut

Cornell University

27

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1571, 1575, and 1577, should be addressed to Prof.

Edward V. Gant, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(1571) VARIATION IN AMOUNT OF FROST HEAVE WITH DEPTH OF GROUND WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation is under way on a series of 12 tests cells, 6 containing silt and 6 glacial

till at depths from 2 1/2 to 6 ft. Observations taken on heave, depth-temperature variation, and water consumed from water table.

(h) "A Study of the Effect of Depth of Water Table on Frost Action in Soils", R. J. Leonard, Master's Thesis, University of Connecticut, 1951.

(1575) EFFECT OF WASHED CONCRETE SAND IN INCREASING CAPILLARY RISE AND FROST HEAVING IN ADJACENT

SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigations are being made of the effect of washed concrete sand in raising the ground

water table in adjacent silt or glacial till,

(h) "The Effect of Concrete Sand on Capillarity in a Parent Material", E. S. Budzik, Master's Thesis, University of Connecticut, 1953.

(1577) FILTER TESTS OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Factors affecting the stability of filters are being studied.

(h) "Some Aspects of Filter Action in Highway Underdrains", E. R. Phelisse, Master's Thesis,

University of Connecticut, 195ij.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. I81jl, 181j3, I8I46 to I81j8, incl., and 207li, 2075, and

2076 should be addressed to Prof. Andre L. Jorissen, Head, Department of Hydraulics and

Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Lincoln Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York.

(I81jl) STUDY OF VENTURI TUBE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b} Builders-Providence, Inc., laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of effect on Venturi tube coefficient of discharge of such factors as pressure taps

location, downstream throttling, mismatch between inlet pipe and Venturi.

(I8I43) VENTURI TUBE AND NOZZLE CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Builders-Providence, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The following are being calibrated; One 10" x 3" Venturi tube, one lj n x 1.9" nozzle, two

1" x 0.6" Venturi tubes, two 2" x 1.1" Venturi tubes, two 3" x 1.8" Venturi tubes, two

5" x 3.3" Venturi tubes and one 12" x 1|.5° Venturi tube.
28 Cornell University

(I8ij6) CHECK VALVES TESTS.

(b

(d

(e

(f

(1817

(b

(d

(e

(18/j8

(b

(d

(e

(f

(18Ij9

(b

(c

(d

(e

(207ij

(b

(d

(e

(2075

(b

(d

(e

(2076

Williams Gauge Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Experimental.

Tests on $" x 1U" check valves to determine pressure losses.

Completed

STUDY OF FLOAT-TYPE, VARIABLE AREA FLOW METERS.

Fischer and Porter Co., Hatboro, Pa. laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental.

Study of effect of body length - diameter ratio.

"Coefficients of Float-Type, Variable-Area Flow Meters", by V. P. Head. Discussion by

A. L. Jorissen, Trans. A.S.M.E., August 19f>lj.

MODEL STUDY OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY ROWING TANK.

Department of Buildings and Grounds, Cornell University.

Experimental.

Model study of flow conditions in rowing tank in order to obtain smooth flow conditions

at desired velocity.

Completed.

PUMP CAVITATION.

Goulds Pumps, Inc., Seneca Falls, N. Y., laboratory project.

Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Experimental

Determination of required net positive suction head when pumping hot water. Equipment

permits wide variation in water temperature and suction head.

EFFECT OF INSTALLATION ON PERFORMANCE OF INFERENTIAL FLOW METERS.

Builders-Providence, Inc., laboratory project.

Experimental.

Study of effect of 2 short-radius elbows in orthogonal planes on coefficient of discharge

of Venturi Tubes, Gentile Flow Tubes and Dall Flow Tubes. Effect of straightening vanes.

EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS FOR DALL FLOW TUBES.

Builders -Providence, Inc., laboratory project.

Experimental

Determination of expansion coefficients for Dall Flow Tubes measuring a compressible

fluid (air).

20" FLOW CONTROLLER TESTS.

(b) Builders -Providence, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of 20" RCB flow controller: determination of head losses and discharge coefficients

with different types of vanes.

(f) Completed.
Georgia Institute of Technology 29

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 291, 158b, 1851, 1852, 1851, 1855, 1856, 2078, and

2079, should be addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Engineering, Georgia

Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project; currently sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers

(J. Waldo Smith Fellowship).

(d) Experimental; research for master's thesis.

(e) Comprehensive tests on a l;6-scale model and preliminary tests on a l:12-scale model of

a typical highway embankment section have been completed. Variables include roughness

and shape of crown, slope and height of embankment. Data includes discharge calibration,

water-surface profiles, and tailwater levels corresponding to (1) free flow, (2) incipient

submergence, (3) lower limit of surface flow, (lj) upper limit of plunging flow, and (5)

submerged flow.

(f) Reactivated 1951j.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION MECHANISM OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles is being studied in a vertical diffusion

chamber. The turbulence within the column is uniform. The turbulence amplitude and

frequency are controlled. The diffusion characteristics of spherical glass beads are being studied in the water-filled column.

(I581j) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b} Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis and correlation of published data, plus original research as required.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge characteristics of practical forms of weirs and

spillways. Initial phase includes the preparation of bibliography and the collection of

experimental data from all known sources. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available experimental data and the preparation of a list of research

problems

.

(1851) EFFICIENCY OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE DRAFT TUBES.

(4

(e)

(b) S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa. Experimental; for design.

Transparent plastic models of several different draft-tube designs were tested. Drafttube performance was evaluated on the basis of hydraulic efficiency. Test variables included a full range of artificially-produced discharge whirls and a limited variety of

boundary modifications for each model,

(f) Completed.

(1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR PLATE WEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; research for two master's theses.

(e) An investigation of the comprehensive discharge characteristics of the basic sharp-edged,

rectangular-notch weir. An attempt to evaluate by experimental means the influence of the

several variables excluded by restrictions on the standard weir formulas. Tests cover a full range of notch widths, weir heights, and heads. Investigation limited to free flows

of water at normal temperatures.

(f) Research for one thesis complete. Additional tests will be made in a wider flume.
30 Georgia Institute of Technology

(l851j) INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS ON ABRUPT ENLARGEMENTS IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by the U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) An experimental investigation of the influence of boundary roughness on the total energy

loss due to abrupt area-enlargements in circular conduits. Variables include discharge,

expansion ratio and roughness. Test data will include piezometric profiles and velocitydistribution curves.

(f) Work on one thesis scheduled for completion in Winter Quarter 19514.

(1855) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN AN OPEN-CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION.

(b} Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A preliminary objective will be to establish principles of flow division at a multiopening width constriction. A llj-foot wide by 80-foot long flume will be used in the

experimental investigation. Channel shape, degree and pattern of boundary roughness and

constriction geometries will be varied. Boundary conditions considered will be governed

by highway bridge practice.

(1856) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULVERTS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Analysis and correlation of published data, plus original research as required.

(e) A study of the discharge characteristics of culverts. The study will be limited to culvert shapes which are common in modern highway practice. Criteria for distinguishing

between full (pressure) flow and sluice (open-channel) flow based on length, roughness,

bed slope, head, submergence, and entrance geometry are sought.

(1857) REGIMES OF FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL WITH A NON-RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia-Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; research for master's theses.

(e) A detailed analysis of the transition from subcritical flow to supercritical flow in an

open channel with a non-rectangular cross section. The channel walls are parellel. In

cross section, the bottom has uniform slope. Velocity traverses and water surface

elevation determinations are made upstream and downstream from a stationary finite gravity

wave. Experiments have been performed with both the stationary breaking wave (hydraulic

jump) and with the non-breaking wave.

(f) Research for two theses is complete.

(2077) UNSTEADY FLOW IN SMOOTH PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for three master's theses.

(e) The mean flow characteristics in a pipe line during the time flow is being established

will be studied experimentally. The flow will be from a quiescent reservoir, through a rounded inlet, and thence through a straight, smooth pipe. Flow is to be established by

instantaneously opening a downstream valve. Pressure-time and velocity-time measurements

will permit calculations for shear which are to be compared with steady-state shear values.

Particular attention is to be given to the transition from laminar to turbulent flow.
Georgia Institute of Technology

Harvard University

University of Idaho

31

(2078) INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL GEOMETRIC VARIABLES ON THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO MOIERN DRAFT TUBES.

(b) Research for master's thesis, partially supported by the S. Morgan Smith Company,

(d) Experimental.

(e) The object of this investigation was to determine the relative influence of several

critical geometric variables on the hydraulic efficiency of a quarter-turn, elbow draft

tube. Indentical test programs, involving systematic variations in certain boundary

characteristics, were carried out on two basic draft-tube designs. The efficiency of the

tubes as hydraulic diffusors was used as the principal criterion of performance.

(f) One master's thesis completed (J. Jones, 1951|).

(2079) SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON DIFFUSERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical; for master's thesis.

(e) The literature of diffusers through May 19$h was reviewed and abstracted. The literature

review was restricted to circular and two-dimensional diffusers with smooth, straight

walls. From the published velocity distributions the values of the kinetic energy

correction coefficients were calculated. The value of the kinetic energy correction

coefficient at the diffuser outlet and the energy efficiency were graphically presented

as functions of the Reynolds number, kinetic energy correction coefficient at the inlet,

area ratio, and the divergence angle.

(f) One thesis completed (Jacques H. Bureau, 195h)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Mathematics.

(1335) MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF WAVES AND SHIP WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Garrett Birkhoff, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Mass.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose of present work is to perfect our methods of calculating Mitchell's Integral

numerically. The methods are based on previous theoretical work (see 19!?li edition

Hydraulic Research Bulletin).

(h) "Theory of the Wave Resistance of Ships", Garrett Eirkhoff, Jack Kotik, B. V. KorvinKroukovsky, to appear in the Journal of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers.

"Some Transformations of Michell's Integral", Garrett Birkhoff and Jack Kotik, to appear in the Journal of The National Technical University, Athens, Greece. "Asymptotic Expansion of Michell's Integral at Low Froude Numbers", Jack Kotik, unpublished.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. $1)7, l8£9, 2080 and 2081, should be addressed to Prof.

C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(51)7) STUDY OF PRINCIPLES, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE OF HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Civil Aeronautics Administration, Weather Bureau, Forest Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and Agriculture Research Service,

(d) Experimental; design and development.
32

Ce)

Cg)

00

(1859)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(i860)

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(1861)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(1862)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

University of Idaho

A series of wind tunnel tests have been made on movement of air around precipitation

gages using sawdust to simulate snow. Qualitative catch studies on a model basis have

also been made to develop proper windshielding for several types of precipitation gages. Prototype gages and shields have been installed at remote mountain locations to check

field performance against the results obtained from wind tunnel tests. Improved windshield designs developed through testing in a wind tunnel are showing similar

advantages in actual field tests at remote mountain locations.

"Mechanical Problems in Precipitation Gage Studies", D. L. Womeldorf, The Idaho Engineer,

May 195h.

A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN CONTROLLING SEEPAGE LOSSES.

Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Field investigation; basic and operational research.

Different types of new lining materials and methods of lining irrigation canals are being

studied in special field test sections. A study is also being made of the effectiveness

of chemically treated soils and soil sediments in preventing seepage. Two years of field testing is completed and much data has been collected on sediment

carried in operating irrigation canals.

"Experimental Studies with Canal Linings and Soil Sediments for Controlling Seepage

Losses", C. C. Warnick, Progress Report No. 1, Engineering Experiment Station, University

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE METHODS OF MEASURING SOIL MOISTURE IN IDAHO SOILS.

Laboratory and field project; under investigation in the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental

Laboratory and field comparisons of all the commercial types of soil moisture resistance

blocks

One season of field testing of replicated installations has been completed. Methods of

improving installations and accuracy of results are being devised when possible.

Annual progress report.

THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM FLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

Laboratory project; cooperative with Agriculture Research Service, being carried on under

the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research.

Study is being made in a laboratory flume and in field streams with full-size models of

stage-measuring devices (primarily crest gages) under controlled conditions. Other

stream-flow measuring devices are also being developed. A new crest gage inlet device has been developed that results in very little drawdown at velocities normally encountered in streamflow. a direct reading current meter has been

constructed. Velocities are read directly from a scale.

Annual progress report.

DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS

Laboratory project; being carried on under the Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research. To investigate statistically the correlation between various watershed characteristics

and annual runoff on gaged watersheds, for application to ungaged areas. Work is in progress evaluating watershed characteristics.
University of Idaho

Illinois Institute of Technology

Illinois State Water Survey Division

33

(2080) A STUDY OF RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau and Agriculture Research Service.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied operational research.

(e) Several gages are being installed near Bogus Basin ski area to study the phenomenon of

capping of gages. Measurements of temperature and wind velocity will be made as well as photographic studies of conditions that cause rime ice and snow to collect on the gage.

(g) Work is being initiated this fall with installation of gages. Observations will be made

during the winter season.

(2081) THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Cooperative with Agricultural Research Service being carried on under the Agricultural

Experiment Station,

(d^ Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the engineering design of existing sprinklers, obtain field data related to design and operation of systems and to establish sprinkler design criteria that are especially applicable to Idaho conditions.

(g) Only preliminary work has been completed.

ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Armour Research Foundation.

(2082) INVESTIGATIONS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CASCADES.

(b) Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio.

(c) Mr. W. P. Green, Manager Heat-Power Research Department^ Armour Research Foundation of

Illinois Institute of Technology, Technology Center, Chicago 16, Illinois.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and doctor's thesis.

(e) A series of mixed-flow blade cascades have been constructed in accordance with vortextheory. Internal measurements of relative flow fields have been made with threedimensional spherical pitot probe mounted on rotating impeller using mercury-type rotary

seals. Relaxation techniques are being applied to solve theoretical flow equations.

Comparison is made with the measurements and are used as basis for evaluation of design

procedure and determination of the effects of changes in blade number, speed and load.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Champaign.

(551) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c} Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, HI.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, design.

(e) Measurements are being made of water shed rainfall and stream flow, of stage, discharge

over the spillway, and municipal pumpage on five small water supply reservoirs in Illinois.

(g) Twenty-four years of continuous measurements completed. Annual summaries 19h& to 195k

available for limited distribution.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Research Service and Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.
3lj Illinois State Water Survey Division

(e) For design of water supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation have been

made on eighteen lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are being analyzed and complete

surveys of watershed soil type, slopes, land use, and conservation practices are being

made.

(g) Results at Lake Decatur, Decatur, 111., showed correlation between rate of sedimentation

and land use on the watershed.

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. ij, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, and l8j sedimentation surveys

of Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake Chautauque, Carbondale Reservoir, Lake Bracken, West

Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Calhoun, Lake Springfield, and Lake Carthage, respectively.

"Land and Water Resources of Crab Orchard Region."

(553) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Signal Corps, Department of the Army.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A radar installation is being used to track rain clouds, showing extent, movement, and

intensity of each rain area. Two concentrated recording rain gage networks consisting

of 2lj and 50 rain gages each yield rainfall data which are correlated with photographic

records of the radar PPI scopes. Precipitation praticle-size data are being collected

in a volume of one-third cubic meter using high-speed photography. These data will be

correlated with radar echo-return. Twenty-one rain gages concentrated with 300 square

feet are collecting data on the variability of precipitation within a very small area.

(g) Results indicate that radar is capable of matching an equivalent rain gage spacing of

at least the gage each 150 square miles.

(h) Reports of Investigation 13, 19, and 21, Illinois State Water Survey. Progress reports

to Signal Corps.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made of evaporation at three stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients are obtained at Four-Mile Crib in Lake

Michigan and at Urbana. Evaporimeters constructed and installed adjacent to pans for

year-round records.

(h) "Evaporation Records in Illinois", Illinois State Water Survey Division Circular

No. 1j3, 195ij.

"Report on Recording Evaporation Gage", Civil Engineering, October, ±9$h.

(561) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Jack Bruin, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the ground water resources of the American Botton (E. St. Louis region).

Ground water levels are measured continuously. Pumpage, river stage, and rainfall data

are collected. Chemical quality of ground water is measured. Areas of infiltration are determined, and all data are correlated with consideration of local conditions. Statistical studies have been made of the service lives of municipal wells.

(g) Average daily ground water pumpage in the area is between 100 and 110 million gallons.

Since 19ijl there has been no recession of ground water except in areas of high concen- trated pumpage. The data indicate the water-bearing formations are being recharged by

water from the Mississippi River, local rainfall, and upland drainage.

(8143) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS, STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.
Illinois State Water Survey Division 35

(e) To determine ground water resources of the area, water level contours of the sandstone

aquifers, transmissibility and storage coefficients of the aquifers, quantity of water

available were obtained.

(g) Data indicate that piezometric surface conforms generally with topography, with a 500-

foot drop in about 30 miles with no apparent withdrawal. The sandstone aquifers are overlain with 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious limestone.

(1092) RYDROLOGIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered under Project £5>3) together with information from

five stream-gaging stations and five ground water level recorders are being maintained.

Data will be used in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds

and effect of runoff on water table. Analysis in progress.

(1336) DESIGN OF A 60-F00T TILTING FLUME.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, HI.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Design of versatile flume for hydraulic laboratory.

(f) Completed.

(1337) DESIGN OF BUBBLER SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER LEVELS IN WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The bubbler system or purge method of liquid level measurement was applied to measuring

well levels. The theory of operation was advanced and checked by laboratory tests.

(f} Completed.

(g) Laboratory accuracy obtained to 0.020 feet. Field accuracy comparable to float operated

recording devices.

(13ljl) CORROSION STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c} Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, HI.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A basic study of corrosion occurring at the steel electrodes under flow through a twenty

foot plastic tower.

(13lj2) STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES WITH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(e) One -half inch pipes made of different material are in service. Changes in the flow due to corrosion and at constant head are being measured.

(186D FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State 'water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Study of transition from viscous to turbulent flow in porous media.

(g) Data collection completed. Analysis in progress.

(h) "Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow through Granular Media", H. E. Hudson, Jr. and R. E. Roberts. Proceedings Second Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Ohio

State University, 19$2.
36 Illinois State Water Survey Division

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP INLET SPILLWAY STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The project will provide hydraulic criteria for the economic design of these structures. A field study of structures now in use is included.

(g) Preliminary findings indicate five states of flow in drop-inlet structures.

(h) Report in preparation.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Peoria.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556 to 560, incl., 81j5, 1335, and 1866, should be

addressed to Dr. Max Suter, Engineering Research Subdivision, Illinois State Water Survey

Division, Box 717, Peoria, 111.

(556) PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES.

(b} Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental! basic research.

(e) The permeabilities of known mixtures of graded sand are measured to determine functional

changes

(g) Sand mixtures containing 60 to 70 percent of fine material in 1)0 to 30 percent of coarser from 2 adjoining sieves of the \j 2 series have less permeability than the material of

the fine screen alone. Evidence accululates that the permeability is not much influenced by the amount of voids but greatly by the size of the smallest opening between

sand grains.

(557) TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Critical flow is determined to define conditions under which turbulent flow occurs outside of well screens.

(g) In flow through granular media, the Reynolds number cannot be calculated from ordinary

formulas. By assuming a critical Reynolds number as existing at the determined critical

flow conditions, the corresponding pore size can be calculated. This has been done in

preliminary tests, but further work is needed to get a correlation with screen analysis.

(558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Sand boils occurring during floods in levied districts are mapped, classified, and

sampled. Also sampled are river and nearby well waters.

(g) From chemical analyses and temperature measurements, it was found that the water flowing

in typical sand boils (those free from pipe connections towards the river) is different

from the river water and similar to well water in neighboring wells. Such sand boils can be stopped from flowing by damming them up to a level that is below that of the river

stage. They are not caused by leaks through the levee.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river intake, control tower with chlorination and

measuring devices, gravel pit with bottom 10 feet below river pool stage, sides and

bottom covered with sand. A model of 1/8 of pit (centerline to diagonal) is available to

study different types of pits and variations in ground water gradients.
Illinois State Water Survey Division

Illinois State Waterways Division

37

(g) Pit in operation for fourth winter. Seven months of uninterrupted operation gave silting

in only the top 2 inches of the 6-inch sand layer. A cleaner of the swimming pool type

is now being used to suck off silt on top of sand.

(h) Mimeographed reports for each of the first three seasons have been issued.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA, ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the ground water resources of the district, inventory of wells was made,

including construction and logs of wells. Ground water levels are measured continuously,

pumpage data collected, river stages and rainfall recorded, chemical analyses for changes

in composition of ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and all

data are correlated with consideration of local ground conditions.

(g) So far conservation measures have shown more effect than artificial recharge.

(8Ij5) EXTENSION OF THE IS' NON-EQUILIBRIUM THEORY FOR VARIABLE FLOW.

(b) Office project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Development of formulas that could be used for conditions of variable flow.

(g) Formulas developed for most important types of variable flow, but the series obtained

have not been calculated for wide ranges.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field study on variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field

with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally heavily pumped. Study of ground water level

recession, interferences, transmissibilities, effect of additional demands.

(g) Results determine recession and give good data for future prediction. Collection of data

continued.

(1866) GROUND WATER FORMULAS.

(b} Office project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Compilation of all published ground water theories and formulas and a comparative

evaluation of their range of usefulness.

(h) Report in preparation.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863 ) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Engineer, Division of Waterways, 201 W. Monroe Street,

Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved in erosion

processes along the Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan to the end that future efforts toward

the prevention of erosion might be founded upon a more definite and factual basis with a consequent greater degree of assurance that the works will serve the intended purposes.
38 Illinois State Waterways Division

University of Illinois

The project was initiated in 1950 and is continuing. Lines of study are as follows:

Observation of lake stages, wave height and period, wind direction and velocity, and

barometric pressures at Wilson Avenue Crib and Waukegan Harbor; shoreline and offshore

topography; sampling and analysis of beach and bottom materials; wave refraction studies;

detailed studies ot case histories of selected shore protection and harbor structures; periodic studies of selected recently constructed groin systems; detailed studies of

effect of harbor structures upon littoral drift; measurements of littoral current, including magnitude and direction; and determination of areal extent and depth of offshore

sources of beach material for artificial replenishment,

(g) Results are incomplete

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Theoretical

and Applied Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13lj3, 1589, and 2083, should be addressed to Prof.

W. M. Lansford, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(131)3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD-PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data has been collected on quantities of flow varying from 1.59 cfs to 11.5 cfs in a flood plan channel. The channel is of wood 160+ feet long. The cross-section of the

channel consists of a 1 foot x 1 foot main channel with a sloped flood plain on each side.

(g) Data being analyzed.

(1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Data has been collected on a meter which may be built in a sewer leading from a man hole

after the sewer has been in service. The models tested were constructed of artists clay

in a 6-inch lucite pipe and in a 6-inch x 6-inch lucite open channel.

(f) Inactive.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data are being obtained on a channel artificially roughened by means of small Pitot tubes.

It is hoped to obtain data giving velocities close to the walls and using various roughnesses .

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. $6h, 1095, 1096, 1097, 1591, 2081j to 2089 incl.,

should be addressed to Prof. J. J. Doland, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(56b) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois State Water Survey Division and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and design.
University of Illinois 39

(e) Fourteen recording rain gages, one evaporation station including recording dew-point

device, one radar station, and two recording stream gaging stations are installed for

observation of rainfall and runoff for an area of about eight square miles. Analytical

investigation includes frequency analysis of rainfall intensity, area-depth relationship

for storms, ground-water depretion study, unit hydrograph analysis and consumptive use

determination. New type of evaporimeter has been developed and check studies are being

made.

(1095

0>

(d

(e

(b

(d

(e

(h

(1097

0>(d

(e

(h

(1591

SCALE MODEL STUDIES OF INLET BOXES.

Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau of

Public Roads.

Experimental, applied research, field, design.

Model tests of inlet boxes with the aim of utilizing kinetic energy of the falling jet to obtain higher velocity discharge in connecting pipes. Temperature studies are being

conducted to determine the desirability of catch basins as heat reservoirs for winter

grate operation.

Preliminary report has been presented to the Sponsor.

FULL SCALE GUTTER TESTS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

Experimental; applied research.

Determination of roughness coefficients for very smooth concrete gutters. Tests section

120 feet long, six longitudinal slopes have been tested with maximum Q = 5.5 sec-ft.

.Revised report in preparation.

CORRECTION OF SCOUR BELOW TWO-PIER HIGHWAY BRIDGE.

Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways.

Experimental, applied research. A 1;50 scale model of an overflow bridge on flood plain of the Wabash River has been

constructed as an aid in determining the cause of excessive scour just downstream from

the bridge. Remedial dikes and topography changes have been tested in the model to

determine their suitability.

Revised report in preparation.

DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the amount of water which will reach highway openings, such as bridges and

culverts and provide a simple but scientific procedure for use of engineers in establishing

the economical and adequate size of opening. Methods of investigation include a survey of

existing structures, library study of literature, analyses of pertinent climatological and

physical factors relating to the hydrologic and hydraulic features of the problem. The

following studies were completed; (1) Compilation of formulas for waterway area determination, (2) historical review of engineering studies of the subject under consideration,

(3) preparation of a bibliography of related literature that have been studied (lj) Analyses

of waterway area problems at Florence and Petersburg, Illinois, and (5) nationwide survey

of waterway area design practice in state highway departments.

(h) Three preliminary reports and two field reports were produced.

(208I4) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNNEL-TYPE STREET INLET.

(b) Departmental thesis study,

(d} Laboratory investigation, applied research.

(e) Scale model tests of a funnel type inlet structure, discharging vertically downward into

a pipe elbow. Correlation of discharge characteristics with approach channel flow.

(f) Study completed.

(h) Thesis submitted to Graduate College. Preparation of report for general distribution

i3 in progress.
ho University of Illinois Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(208^) CALIBRATION AND Uffi OF CERTAIN INLET GRATES.

fb) Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Laboratory investigation, applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of four standard Division of Highways inlets. Original and

revised inlet grate designs have been tested.

(h) Report to sponsor is in preparation.

(2086) A STUDY OF FISHWATS.

(b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation, basic research.

(e) Scale model tests of a pool type fishway to determine efficient orifice design and ladder

pool length.

(208?) EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE.

(b) Departmental special study.

(d) Laboratory investigation, applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of two subway grating designs are being tested in standard Illinois

Division of Highways, Type 11 inlet frame.

(2088) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR TYPE INLET BOXES,

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Laboratory investigation, basic research.

(e) Scale model investigation of rectangular inlet box with long lucite discharge pipe to

verify or disprove the weir-orifice discharge theory.

(2089) STUDIES OF DESILTING STRUCTURES FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau of

Public Roads.

(d) Analytical} applied research and design.

(e) The study covers a comprehensive review of literature related to various subjects of the

investigation, an analytical study of a topic area selected from the portion of the

Congress Street Expressway at Chicago, Illinois, a comparative study of the conventional

"inlet box-catch basin" system as designed for the topic area and the "inlet box-desilting

chamber" system as applied to the area, and other aspects concerning the hydraulic design

of a desilting chamber.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of this investigation reveal that the design of the catch basin under

consideration is unsatisfactory. A possible kinetic sedimentation type structure utilizing the principle of a vortex-tube is developed and proposed for laboratory

investigation.

(h) "Desilting Structures for Highway Drainage Systems", by John C. Guillou and Ven Te Chow,

Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic Engineering Series No. 3, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., June 1951j.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to the following, all at State Universit;

of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa:

Nos. 66, 1^93, I869, 1870 to Prof. J. W. Howe.

Nos. 69, 568, 1101, 1107, 1597, 2093, 209$ to Mr. Emmett M. Laursen.

Nos. 72, 73, 851 to Dr. Philip G. Hubbard.

Nos. 1102, I87I1, 1875, 2090, 209I4 to Dr. Hunter Rouse.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research Ijl

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b} Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and master's theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge

from a 3-square-mile area measured by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at five

automatic recording stations collected by Soil and Water Conservation Research Service.

Continuous records since l°2lj of precipitation, runoff, ground-water levels, and vegetal

cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 192ii available in files at the Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research.

'67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE -WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

(b) Cooperative with Geological Survey.

(ci Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic stream-flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. Geological Survey.

(g) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

;68) HTDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and master's theses.

((e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge

from a 25 -square -mile area measured and flood runoff on main sub-basins determined by

U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four automatic recording stations collected

by U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records since I9I4I of precipitation, runoff, and

ground-water levels.

1(g) Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.

:69) RELATION OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS TO BED EROSION.

(h) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; for doctor's thesis.

(e) To evaluate general relations between geometric and kinematic parameters of flow and mean

size and grading of bed sediments for an arbitrary conditions of scour. Experiments

conducted in glass-walled flume V~, feet long, 3 feet deep, 1-1/2 feet wide with a two- dimensional horizontal jet. Selected geometrical proportions kept constant during all runs, the variables being the rate of flow, the mean diameter and standard deviation of

the sediment, and time and depth of scour.

(g) Determination of the transport capacity of the flow as a function of the scour hole size,

the sediment size and the jet velocity permitted the establishment of a relationship

between the extent of scour relative to a limiting extent as a function of a time parameter w t/a divided by a flow parameter V ^a Ay/p . The limiting extent of scour was found to be a function of the flow parameter and the ratio of the jet velocity to the

fall velocity of the sediment v/w. The equipment has been modified for the continuation

';

' of the study to include the effect of the grading of the bed sediments.
Ii2 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(72) ELECTRICAL ANALOGY OF THREE -DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Various three-dimensional flow transitions have been tested in order to provide useful

design data for mechanical and hydraulic engineers.

(g) A paper summarizing the work is in preparation.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b^ Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation, are being developed to measure the characteristics of turbulent flow under a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Bpth

sensing and computing elements are involved.

(g) The hot-wire anemometer has been used successfully, and dissipation of heat from plane

surfaces is now being studied for possible application to the problem.

(h) "Constant-Temperature Hot-Wire Anemometry with Application to Measurements in Water",

Philip G. Hubbard, Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of Iowa, 195b, (available on loan).

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(cj Dr. David W. Appel, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation for systematically varied boundary conditions.

Tests are conducted in two variable -pressure water tunnels and a special cavitation tank.

Studies of high-velocity submerged jets are being continued with measurements made of the

local velocity and pressure fluctuations in the mixing zone. Instrumentation is being

developed for measurement of the correlation between the velocity and pressure fluctuations to make possible prediction of the incipient cavitation index for given mean flow

conditions. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution around various rounded,

ellipsoidal, and conical head forms are being extended to various angles of yaw.

(81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa,

(dj Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Methods of applying irrotational-flow theory to problems of hydraulic design have been

used to obtain information on specific problems. Both analytical and numerical methods

were used, and whenever possible the results have been compared with available experimental measurements. New methods of solving potential flow problems are also sought. A method

of generating three-dimensional potential flows from two-dimensional ones has been

discovered recently. Another method for the determination of flow about bodies of revo- lution and symmetrical two-dimensional forms in arbitrary states of motion, developed at the David Taylor Model Basin, is now being tested. This method is based on solutions of I Fredholm integral equations of the first kind derived from application of Green's formulas

(568) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS. 1

(b) Cooperative with Iowa State Highway Commission and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the effects of pier and abutment geometry, sediment properties, and stream- flow characteristics on the rate and pattern of scour, to the end of providing safe design

criteria.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research 1*3

(g) Initial phase, the study of pier and abutment geometry, has been inactive for the past

year. The second phase, the study of the effect of stream-flow characteristics, and the

third phase, the study of sediment characteristics, are almost complete. If the bed-load

movement is general and the flow sub-critical, the investigation shows that neither the

velocity of flow nor the sediment size has any appreciable effect on the equilibrium

depth of scour. The depth of flow, however, has an effect on the scour depth at equilibrium. Because of the limited range of the laboratory experiments this effect cannot be well established. Electrical measuring and recording equipment have now been installed

at a chosen bridge site to determine the depth of erosion at a centrally located pier

during floods. Results will be correlated with laboratory studies to provide information

relative to the necessary depth of footings for bridge piers. Measurement of scour in the

field obtained for several floods at one location. A 1:12 model of the prototype pier

is being studied to help establish model-prototype conformity.

(851) A CONSTANT-TEMPERATURE HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN AIR.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the. Navy.

(d) Experimental} instrument design.

(e) The anemometer was designed to measure fundamental properties of turbulence in a lowvelocity air tunnel, with special emphasis on simple operation techniques and high

sensitivity at low frequencies. The aims were accomplished by utilizing carefully designed electronic control circuits and maintenance of the wire temperature at a constant

level, above that of the air stream.

(g) Improvements' have been made which led to greater stability and a more nearly linear response to the magnitude of the velocity. Complete new design now available. During

the year, a complete two-channel system with linear velocity vs. output -volt; age characteristics was constructed for the David Taylor Model Basin. New techniques using a radically different sensing element are now under investigation.

(8$h ) BOUNDARY-LAIER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteristics for

smooth and rough boundaries of arbitrary shape. Presently being investigated is the

boundary layer on a smooth glass plate. In order to improve the accuracy of the determination of the shear stress at the wall, the method of measuring this characteristic by

means of total-head measurements with a tube in contact with the wall is being tried. It is planned to check the "inner" and "outer" laws of the boundary layer, determine the

effect of the freestream turbulence upon the outer law, and to apply the results to the case of the flat plate in zero pressure gradient. Subsequently this work will be ex- tended to flows with pressure gradients.

(h) "Boundary-Layer Characteristics for Smooth and Rough Surfaces", F. R. Haraa, Trans, of the

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. 62, l°f>ii. "On the Velocity Distribution in the Laminar Sublayer and Transition Region in Turbulent

Shear Flows", F. R. Hama, Jour, of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 9, Sept. 1Q5>3«

1101) MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) Cooperative with Iowa State Highway Commission and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; for basic research and graduate theses.

(e) A study of the movement of sediment in pipes, including the pattern of sand transport and

the accompanying hydraulic energy losses for quasi -uniform flow in a circular conduit.

Both full-pipe and free-surface flows have been studied.

(f) Complete except for final report.

(g) Relationships adequate for design established for the energy loss, the blockage, and the

limiting condition of residual deposition as a function of the discharge, the sediment

load, the pipe size, and the sediment size. Experiments now include pit-run sand and

slag.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1102) HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS,

(b) Institute project.

(e) To trace the historical development of the important theories of hydraulics, covering the

fundamental ideas of the science, the critical periods of its development, and the personalities whose contributions were of major importance.

(h) Now appearing as bilingual supplement to La Houille Blanche.

(1107) TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED AND TOTAL LOAD.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental} basic research.

(e) To determine the suspended and total load as a function of hydraulic and sediment parameters

A recirculating flume 3 feet wide, 15 inches deep, 100 feet long, and of variable slope

has been in operation for several years (see Proj. £6$>, 195>0). Distribution of sediment,

as well as total load is measured. Effect of sediment transport on velocity distribution,

energy loss, and other hydraulic characteristics will also be evaluated.

(13l£) DESIGN OF HIGHWAY FILLS FOR SAFE OVERTOPPING BY FLOOD WATERS. 00

(c)

(d)

(f)

(g)

00

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Iowa Highway Research Board.

Prof. C. J. Posey, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research pertaining to design.

Completed.

Flume tests show that highway fills built of fine material can be protected by graded

layers meeting requirements of Terzaghi-Vicksburg criteria for inverted filters. Binding

the top layer tightly in wire sausages makes it unnecessary to carry the filter up to uneconomical rock sizes.

"Rock Sausages Provide Economical Protection Against Erosion", C. J. Posey, Engineering

News-Record, May 13, 19$h, p. bS , progress report. Final report in preparation.

(1593) PRESSURE CONDITIONS AT THE OUTLET OF A PIPE.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic investigation for master's thesis.

Location of the line of piezometric head just upstream from the outlet of a pipe in

relation to the Froude number.

Completed.

Projection of grade line intersects the outlet section at a level which varies from above

the top to below the center of the pipe, depending on the Froude number. Negative

pressures exist in the flow several diameters upstream from the outlet. "Pressure Conditions at the Outlet of a Pipe", Daniel Rueda, M. S. Thesis, ~L9$h. Loan

copy available from Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

0$9b) UNSTEADY PHENOMENA IN FLUID FLOW AND IN HEAT TRANSFER.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Chia-Shun Yih, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical. To study certain unsteady phenomena in fluid flow and in heat transfer. Unsteady boundary

conditions and internal heat sources are treated by a technique similar to the Duhamel

principle of heat conduction. This technique is applicable to a wide variety of problems

in the field of lubrication.

Completed.

Results for unsteady fluid flow and heat transfer between concentric cylinders have been

obtained.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1^97) A STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SAND TRAPS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and Iowa State Highway Commission.

(d) Experimental ; for master's thesis.

(e) A study of the effects on the efficiency of sand traps of the geometry of the trap and

the ratio of velocity of flow to settling velocity of particles. Various trap proportions

sand sizes, and rates of both sediment and water transport have been varied.

(g) Efficiency of trap shown to be a function of relative trap dimensions and ratio of conduit

velocity to fall velocity of sediment. Experiments continuing to check tentative relation

ships.

(1598) A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF LIP ANGLE ON FLOW UNDER A TAINTER GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. E. Metzler, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental] for master's thesis.

(e) Experimental data obtained on a model Tainter gate in a horizontal channel. The results,

presented in three dimensionless diagrams, show the discharge coefficient as a function

of the ratios of headwater elevation to gate radius, tailwater elevation to gate radius,

gate opening to gate radius, and trunnion height to gate radius.

(f) Completed.

(g) "Discharge Characteristics of Tainter Gates", Arthur Toch, Proceedings ASCE Separate 295,

Oct. 19^3.

(1869) AERATION DEMAND OF A STANDARD SHARP -CRESTED WEIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental] basic research; master's thesis.

(e) Air was fed to space under weir nappe in quantity necessary to keep this space at atmospheric pressure. Quantity of air required in relation to weir height and head investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Air intake relative to discharge found to increase with ratio of head to weir height and

with relative height of fall. Maximum air demand is of the order of 5 percent of water

discharge for normal weir.

(h) "Aeration Demand of a Sharp-Crested Weir", Go-Chean Shieh and Arturo Obadia, M. S. Thesis

1951j. Loan copy available from Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(1870) EFFECT OF SHAPE OF VERTICAL DRAFT TUBES ON THEIR EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) Comparative study of conical, Prasil, White, and Moody draft-tube efficiency under

indentical conditions.

(1871) CAVITATING FLOW AROUND HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. David W. Appel, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental project.

(e) Hydrofoils of the NACA 66-series and EPH-series of various thickness and camber are to be

tested in a variable-pressure water tunnel having a closed-throat test section 6 by 2h inches to provide information on the effect of cavitation on the characteristics of twodimensional hydrofoils at various angles of attack. Model hydrofoils supported at one end and spanning the width of the water tunnel will be tested to determine the lift, drag,

and pitching moment at various angles of attack and with various degrees of cavitation. A balance has been designed and is now being built which will give electrical indications

of the instantaneous forces on the models. This will be installed in the water tunnel

and the tests begun early in 1955.
1|6 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1873) STABILITY OF LAMINAR PARALLEL FLOW WITH A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Chia-Shun Yin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and basic research.

(e) The stability of parallel laminar flow of a liquid film along a solid boundary is studied.

The object is to obtain the relationship between the Reynolds number and the wave length

of the disturbance for neutral stability.

(f) Completed.

(g) The relevant Sommerfeld-Orr equation is solved by an expansion in ascending powers of the

Reynolds number. The curve for neutral stability giving the relationship between the

Reynolds number and the wave length of the disburbance is provided by the secular equation

obtained from the boundary conditions. The flow is found to be unstable at very low

Reynolds numbers.

(h) "Stability of Laminar Parallel Flow with a Free Surface", C. S. Yih, Second U. S. National

Congress of Applied Mechanics, June 19$h»

(I87I1) DIFFUSION OF TURBULENCE ON STEEP SLOPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental] basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Extension of Project (1100) to include effects of side walls and piers on the disturbance

of the free surface on spillways.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "Diffusion of Turbulence From Piers and Abutments of Spillways", Luis Fernandez, M. S. Thesis, Aug. 1°5Jj. (Copy available on loan).

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and turbulence will be measured in an air tunnel

throughout the vicinity of separation zones produced by abrupt changes in flow section,

to the end of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary

geometry.

(2090) MODEL STUDY OF CRAWFORD STATION.

(b) Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) 1:60 model of a reach of the Chicago Sanitary Canal and the inlet and outlet of the

Crawford steam power plant is being used to study the recirculation of heated water. Possible changes in design of inlet and outlet to minimize recirculation are under study.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces, moments and motions of ships in smooth and

disturbed seas, in order to furnish design data to the naval architect. A towing tank

10 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 300 feet long is being constructed. Theoretical work on

the effect of the form of a body on its added mass coefficients, and the relations be- tween these coefficients and the singularity distributions which may be considered to

generate the body, is under way.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research ii7

(2092) STABILITY OF STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Array. (c) Dr. Chia-Shun Yih, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental.

(e) The stability as well as the mixing characteristics of stratified flow is studied. The

stability aspect is analyzed by the method of small disturbances. Experiments are performed in a recirculating water tunnel permitting the flow of two liquids of different

densities in opposite directions.

(2093) MODEL STUDY OF KEOKUK DAM.

(b) Sverdrup and Parcel, St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Several modifications developed for iainimizing erosion at toe of spillway using a two-bay,

sectional model. Effect of thickening of piers or discharge coefficient checked.

(f) Completed.

(g) Best hydraulic solution for low tailwater conditions: depressed stilling basin with blocks. Less extensive works needed for medium and high tailwaters. Simplest solution for low

tailwater: flip bucket to move point of active erosion.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(209lj) HYDRAULIC LABORATORY DESIGN.

(b) Foreign Operations Administration and University of the Phillipines.

(d) Design.

(e) Planning of special equipment and recommendation of commercial equipment for a hydraulics

laboratory for undergraduate and graduate instruction and research.

(f) Completed.

(h) Detailed plans and specifications submitted to sponsor.

(2095) MODEL STUDY OF WESLEY S3 ALE DAM.

(b) Ambursen Engineering Corporation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Pressure distribution on automatic flashboard gates and discharge coefficient for various

headwaters, tailwaters, and gate settings determined from 1:20 sectional model.

(2096) REMOVAL OF CAPILLARY WATER FROM HIGHWAY SUBGRADES BY EVAPORATION.

(b) Iowa Highway Research Board.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Bldg., State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research pertaining to design.

(e) Removal of excess "held" soil moisture by evaporation requires an efficient and correctly

located circulation system for air. Possibilities of a combination drainage and air

circulation system powered by prevailing winds and/or pulses from vehicles are being

investigated.

(2097) A POLICY FOR FLOOD CONTROL.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical, doctoral thesis.

Flood frequencies and flood damages are related to reservoir protection, channel and

levee improvements, and flood insurance with determination of proper balance for minimum

total cost. Equitable allocation of proportionate costs of improvements, to be kept

essentially the same for all components of a complete protection system, is shown to be a necessary prerequisite for achieving proper balance.

Completed

Incertain not uncommon situations, determinable by methods given in the thesis, the inclusion of flood insurance as a part of the over-all plan will permit great economies.

"A Policy for Flood Control", I. M. Mostafa El Assiouty, Ph.D. Dissertation, June 195>I|.

Available on inter-library loan.
The Johns Hopkins University

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physios Laboratory.

(1876) ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC (FORCE) AMPLIFIER TRANSFER VALVES.

(tQ Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental! basic development and research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental project designed to develop a set of linearized differential

equations to describe the operation of the single and double nozzle type, hydraulic

force amplifier, transfer valves.

(g) Comparison of theoretical and experimental data nearly completed.

(h) Report on experimental data and preliminary non-linear equations complete - APL/JHU, TG No. 198.

(1877) ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC SERVO MECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic development and research.

(e) Phase (1); static operating characteristics of closed-loop servo mechanisms. Phase (2)j

dynamic operating characteristics of closed-loop servo mechanisms, including effects

of complex mechanical loads.

(f) Phase one; nearly complete. Phase two; proceeding.

(g) Phase (1); some specific recommendations have been derived for system and component

design. Phase (2); with the use of analogue computers, the non-linear differential

equations of the servo mechanism have been solved. These equations include effect of

oil compressibility and complex mechanical loads. Excellent agreement has been obtained

between experimental and theoretical results. Analysis is in process to develop a technique to linearize equations and solve for servo transfer characteristics and

stability problems without the aid of analogue computers.

(h) Phase (1); Bumblebee Report No. CM-717-A.

Phase (2); report in preparation.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 855, 856, and 1111 should be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md.

(855) HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF STORM WATER INLETS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.

(d) Experimental, basic research, and design.

(e) Model studies of curb, gutter, deflector and combination inlets for various gutter

geometries. Attempt has been made to design a "best" inlet for given street conditions.

(f) Model studies have been suspended. Final report is now in progress.

(g) A short-type grate of 2.5 ft. length (no transverse bars) appears to be hydraulically

efficient for normal street conditions. Width of the grate depends upon design flow.

Short span permits use of moderate size cast iron bars.

(h) "Calculation of Rating Curves for Gutter and Combination Inlets", Oct. 1°51j. Committee

Report ( available for loan by request)

"A Simplified Method of Determining Capacities of Single and Multiple Inlets", Nov. 1°51j.

Co.mittee Report (available on loan by request).

"Progress Report on The Storm Drainage Research Project", J. C. Geyer and P. Bock, June

195ij. (Available on loan by request).

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission,

(d) Field Investigation, basic research, and design.
The Johns Hopkins University

Lehigh University

b9

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 7 urban areas ranging in size from 10 to JjOO acres are gaged, h by

a newly developed flow meter, and 3 by stage measurements only. Two recording systems

which simultaneously record rainfall on and runoff from llj inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About Ij years of rainfall records now exist for a network

of 10 recording gages covering an. area of about 50 square miles.

(g) The past year of rainfall data support previous findings of extreme variations in areal

distribution of storms. A study of the 20 highest recorded flows in Ii years for a drainage

area of about 100 acres shows the time between peak rainfall and peak runoff averaged

about 10 minutes. Further analyses are under way.

(1111) IEVEL0PMENT OF FLOW GAGE FOR STORM SEWER DISCHARGES.

(b} Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The development of gages for measuring both depth and velocity of the debris-laden

shooting flow commonly found in storm sewers. The search is for a method generally

adaptable to existing storm sewers that does not require extensive alterations of the

sewer channel.

(g) During the past year, "Pigmy"type cup (Price) current meters in a special mount to give

shielding against debris have been installed in 3 storm sewers. It appears that suc- cessful operation of the flow meters depends upon the type and amount of debris present.

Velocity and depth of flow are recorded alternately on a single chart. Further refinement

of the instrument, calibrations, and analysis of the data are under way.

LEHIGH UNI'SERSITY, Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project Nos. 90, 1113, 1602, and 1603, incl., should be addressed to Prof. M. B. McPherson, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Fritz Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Penna.

(90) STUDIES OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS CAUSED BY BOUNDARY MISALIGNMENT IN THEIR RELATION TO CAVITATION IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) A.S.C.E. Subcommittee on Cavitation and the Lehigh Institute of Research,

(d) Experimental; basic research; master's thesis,

(f) Inactive.

(1113) A STUDY OF SHARP CRESTED CIRCULAR WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate thesis.

(e) Study of the effects of variations in head, approach depths and diameter. Weirs are circular in plan, radial in approach.

(f) Experimental work with water completed

(h) "Morning Glory Shaft Spillways: Determination of Pressure-Controlled Profiles". Proceedings Separate No. h32, Discussion by M. W. White and M. 3. McPherson; in A.S.C.E. Proceedings Separate No. Ij91.

1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research, for professional degree thesis, undergraduate and graduate

special problem.

(f) Bend studies using air with rectangular cross-sections are being continued. Electricalanalogy study of bends of circular cross-section has been initiated,

(h) "The Characteristics and Accuracy of Rectangular Bends Used as Flow (Air) Meters", by

W. Van Cmmeren, graduate special problem Fritz Laboratory, July 10, 1953.

"Elbow Meter Performance", by D. C. Taylor, M. B. McPherson, Jour, of Amer. Water Works

Assn. Vol. l|6 , pp. 1087 - 1095, Nov. 1951j.
$0 Lehigh University

Louisiana State University and A and M College

University of Maryland

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

(b) C. D. G. Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa.

(d) Experimental; applied research, Master's Thesis,

(f) Inactive - 19^3 to 19$h.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE, School of Hydraulic Engineering.

(2098) LOWLAND RECLAMATION IN LOUISIANA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Thomas M. Lowe, Louisiana State University and A and M College, Baton Rouge 3, La.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) Investigation into the possibilities of reclaiming waste land in the state of Louisiana,

(h) "Engineering aspects of lowland reclamation possibilities in Louisiana", William P. Kohl. Master's Thesis, 19^h»

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, Glenn L. Martin College of Engineering and Aeronautical Sciences.

(2099) TRANSITION FLOW PATTERNS IN PIPES.

(b) Office of Scientific Research, Air Research and Development Command, U. S. Airforce.

(c) Dr. John R. Weske, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

(d) Experimental (primarily) and theoretical; basic research.

One side problem is being investigated by a graduate student as a master's thesis in

Physics

(e) In the present phase of the investigation certain discrete vortex formations are studied

which arise spontaneously or may be generated at will in the transition range from

laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe and in the boundary layer of a flat plate. Experimental work is done both in water and in air.

(g) None available at this time.

(h) A 16 mm color movie of 600 feet in length completed June 19%b showing discrete vortex

patterns in a pipe is available on loan.

(2100) DESIGN OF LABORATORY EQUIPMENT TO STUDY FLUID FLOW BY VISUAL MEANS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. B. Cournyn, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

(d) Experimental; for design and for master's theses.

(e) The equipment is being built for the investigation of several phases of flow in clear

pipes by means of visual methods.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics

LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 307, S77 to £80, incl., 13!?!>> 1608 to 1610, incl.,

1881 and 2101 to 2103, incl., and requests for reprints and Technical Reports should be

addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 51

(307) STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DDE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES.

(0} Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate research.

(e) (1) Theoretical and experimental investigations have been made on steady-state uniform

density current flows including determination of velocity distributions, resistance laws

and interfacial stability. (2) Investigation of control structures for stratified flow.

(g) Experimental work on phase (2) now in progress. Initial studies were concerned with the

design of curtain walls for condenser water intakes in which the source of water consists

of a warm layer overlying a cold layer. Experiments to determine the maximum rate of flow

which can be discharged under the curtain wall without drawing in water from the upper

layer have been completed. Experimental investigations of other types of control structures

are now being made.

(h) "Sluice Gate Discharge of Stratified Flow", C. C. Jacobson and N. R. Rosen, M. S. Thesis,

195U.

(577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) (1) Experimental investigation of solitary wave characteristics in a horizontal channel. Measurements of attenuation for various bottom roughnesses. (2) Investigation of amplitude change, profile deformation and breaking characteristics of the solitary wave on a sloping beach. (3) Measurement of unsteady velocities in the boundary layer region.

(g) Phases (l) and (2) of the program have been essentially completed. Work on phase (3) has

included the development of a new differential pressure gage for the determination of small

unsteady velocities. Gage is being utilized to measure the boundary layer development at

a given station due to the passage of a solitary wave. Velocity distributions in the

lower regions of a representative solitary wave have been obtained at various positions

along the wave.

(h) "Attenuation and Shoaling Characteristics of the Solitary Wave", A. T. Ippen and G. Kulin,

Fifth Conference on Coastal Engineering, Grenoble, France, Sept. 195h»

"The Measurement of Low Velocities in Unsteady Flow", M. A. Raza, M. S. Thesis, 1951.

(578) torbulence measurements in free surface flow.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; development of instrumentation.

(e) Studies of turbulence characteristics in open channel flow.

(g) Turbulence measurements in water with a Pitot tube-pressure cell combination have been

obtained with a frequency response of the order of 250 cps. Oscilloscope records have

been analyzed by means of a digital computer and auto-correlation curves, mean intensity

spectra and macro-turbulence scale have been obtained. The results compare favorably

with the work of other investigators in air. Present and future work will be concerned with the study of turbulent wakes and the decay

of turbulence behind screens in open channels.

(h) "Characteristics of Pitot Tube-Pressure Cell Combination for Turbulence Measurements",

R. S. Tankin, M. S. Thesis, 195k.

(579) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN UNSTEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental: basic research and development of instrumentation.

(e) Study of the basic flow characteristics in unsteady motion. Flows involving both

fractional and separation effects have been investigated in unsteady flow water tunnel.
52 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(g) High frequency response electronic cells were developed for direct measurement of

transient pressure differentials. These cells were employed in experiments to determine

loss of head in a one-inch pipe during unsteady flows with accelerations up to 1|0 ft/sec^. A servo-mechanism has been developed to regulate the pressures governing the acceleration

rates

The first phase of experimental work in which head losses were measured at various

acceleration rates has been completed. Experiments on the second phase are concerned with

the measurement of losses for unsteady flow through flow metering devices. Accelerating

and decelerating tests on orifices of various diameter ratios have also been completed.

Further tests on Venturi-type meters are planned. Results indicate that unsteady flow

effects are important when separation occurs.

(h) "Resistance Coefficients for Decelerated Flow through Orifices", R. W. Olive. M. S. Thesis

193*.

(580) FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON METHODS OF AIR DISPERSION IN AERATION PROCESSES.

(b) Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of the mechanics of oxygen absorption by water with the purpose of increasing the

efficiency of aeration processes in the treatment of sewage and industrial wastes.

(g) The first objective of the research program, a quantitative evaluation of the mechanism

of oxygen absorption from air and oxygen bubbles has been completed. Present investigations are concerned with a quantitative determination of the mixing coefficient in the

diffusion equation which is a measure of the degree of turbulence associated with freely

rising bubbles in a liquid column. Such information permits the prediction of air flow

rates necessary to maintain material of given physical characteristics in suspension.

Mixing coefficients have been obtained by measurements of sediment concentrations in a vertical column by means of a sensitive pressure cell.

(h) "Basic Factors of Oxygen Transfer in Aeration Systems", A. T. Ippen and C. E. Carver, Jr.,

Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 195>Ii.

(1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental j basic research.

(e) Cavitation inception for steady motion is being studied for systematic variations in

boundary layer development and in the turbulence level for the zone of minimum pressure.

(g) A closed-jet water tunnel with a rectangular test section has been developed. The working section is arranged so that the boundary layer growth is controlled by a systematic

change of its shape. Provision is also made for control of turbulence level, pressure

intensity, and air content. Experiments involving the effect of velocity variation on incipient cavitation and on

the influence of dissolved air content have been completed. Information on the turbulence

of the flow in the cavitation region is being obtained by high-speed photographs of the

cavitation bubbles.

(h) "Factors Affecting the Inception of Cavitation in a Turbulent Boundary Layer", I. Vivaldi,

M. S. Thesis, 195h.

(1608) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SWING AND BALL CHECK VALVES.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of the components of a heat exchange circuit are being determined. Major objective of program is the testing of development models of check

valves to meet strict specifications regarding head loss, magnitude of reverse flow to

cause valve closure and stability of valve components.

(g) Test circuit consists of an 8-inch pipe approximately 60 feet long with associated pressure measuring and flow metering equipment. Tests on various designs of swing and ball

check valves are being continued. Interior geometry of valves are modified to obtain

dynamic stability of movable components. In addition, tests have been conducted on a filter, an expansion joint, a model of an electro-magnetic pump duct and a Pitot tube of

special design.

(h) "The Head Loss Characteristics of Various Control and Check Valves", R. E. DuBois, M. S. Thesis, l?5lj.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 53

(160?) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Array Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the sorting action and selective transport of beach material by

shallow water waves moving on a granular beach.

(g) Equipment consists of a wave channel 30 inches wide, 36 inches deep and 100 feet in

length together with a piston type wave generating mechanism. The wave generator is

controlled by a hydraulic servomechanism which permits continuous variation of both wave

amplitude and frequency during operation. Beaches consist of graded materials of

selected sizes and variable physical properties. The results of the sediment transport

and sorting studies are related systematically to the various wave characteristics such

as shape, celerity, frequency and internal velocities.

A systematic series of observations of sediment particle velocities for a particular

beach slope and roughness and for waves of varying characteristics has been completed. A second series of tests on a beach of different roughness is in progress. Both size and

specific gravity of the spherical particles which compose the movable sediment have been

varied. A series of tests on a smooth beach is also planned.

(h) "Experimental Study on Sediment Sorting by Wave Action", W. G. Kratz and W. McCollam, Jr.,

M. S. Thesis, 19$h.

(1610) WATER TABLE EXPERIMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF BLAST EFFECT ON STRUCTURES.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of water table techniques as a means of obtaining experimental information

on transient shock wave diffraction pressures on structures of various shapes.

(f} Completed.

(g) Hydraulic shock waves of variable strength are created by a surge generator. As the surge impinges on an obstacle, the depth-time relationships at designated points are obtained

by a capacitance type electronic depth probe. A modified hydraulic analogy has been

developed for conversion of water table results to equivalent aerodynamic data. Quantitative pressure distributions as a function of time and incident shock strength have

been obtained for nine structural models. Results have been compared on a dimensionless

basis with shock tube tests in air on geometrically similar models. It is concluded that

the water table results are quantitatively reliable with an accuracy of from 5 to 1S%

depending on the complexity of the model. Analysis time is estimated as one-tenth of

that required for shock tube data.

(h) "Water Table Experiments on Transient Shock Wave Diffraction, Part II, Experimental

Results and Evaluation", D. R. F. Harlemen, 0. A. Boedtker and S. Wolf, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Tech. Report No. 13, Oct. 195b.

"The Range of Application of the Hydraulic Analogy in Transonic and Supersonic Aerodynamics", D. R . F. Harleman and A. T. Ippen, Riabouchinsky Anniversary Volume, Pub.

Scientifiques et Tech. Du Ministere De L'Air, Paris, France, May 195b.

(1881) WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Humble Oil and Refining Company.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is the determination, by means of model tests, of the design forces to be

expected on offshore structures subjected to shallow water wave action.

(g) Experimental equipment includes a 100-foot wave tank, an oscillatory wave generator of

variable amplitude and frequency and a force balance for measuring dynamic forces caused

by the wave motion.

A systematic series of 20 tests on vertical cylinders of various diameters in waves of

varying height and length have been completed. Force and moment due to wave motion are continuously recorded together with the wave profile (by means of a capacitance -type depth

recorder) . The data is being correlated with a theory to permit extrapolation of the

model data to the range of interest in the field. Additional tests on interference

effects and pile groups have been made. Further tests on submerged cylinders and barge

shapes to determine both lift and drag are planned.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(2101) PELIGRE DAM (HAITI) MODEL STUDY.

(b) Brown and Root, Inc., Houston, Texas.

(cQ Experimental; design.

(e) Model to study the performance of the stilling basin under all possible operating

conditions of discharge through sluices and over spillway.

(g) A 1 to I4O scale model has been completed. Tests of stilling basin performance for

various sluice operation conditions are in progress. Rating curves for the spillway and

sluices will be obtained and certain modifications to pier shapes at the spillway crest will be undertaken to obtain an improved distribution of flow over the face of the spillway. 5

(2102) FREQUENCY OF DEPTH OF AREAL RAINFALL.

(b} Laboratory project.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Previous studies have usually been confined to considerations of the frequency of point

rainfalls. Purpose is to develop frequency of storms over areas of different sizes in

order to establish the frequency of known storms in a given area.

(g) Study has been completed for two large areas: North Atlantic Region and the Gulf Coast Region. Data from the Department of the Army - Weather Bureau Storm Study Program covers records of llf> storms over areas up to £0,000 sq. miles with durations from 6 to 96 hours.

(h) "Frequency of Depth of Areal Rainfall for North Atlantic and Gulf Coasts", R. S. Braden

and T. J. Henderson, M. S. Thesis, 19$h>

(2103) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STILLING BASINS.

(b^ Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; graduate research.

(e) General study of the basic fluid mechanics associated with energy dissipation in stilling

basins.

(g) A study of the characteristics of the hydraulic jump at an abrupt drop has been made for

a range of initial Froude numbers from 2.J> to 6.£ for a drop height 2, 3 and ij times the

initial depth. A second investigation of the reduction of bottom velocities in stilling

basins for various lengths of basin is underway.

(h) "The Characteristics of a Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop", M. H. Silverman, B. S. Thesis,

195b.

"Reduction of Bottom Velocities in Stilling Pool", A. A. Vulgaropulos, B. S. Thesis, 19$b.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to the following, all at Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

1118, 1901, 2IOI4 to Prof. E. S. Taylor

1882, I883, 2117 to Prof. Wra. A. Wilson

1887, 2108, 2109, 2110, 2115 to Prof. A. H. Shapiro

1890, 1891, 1895, I896, 1900, 2105, 2106 , 2107 to Prof. J. L. Shearer

2111, 2112, 2113 to Prof. K. R. Wadleigh

(880) RECOVERY FACTORS AND HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR SUPERSONIC FLOW OF AIR IN A TUBE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mechanical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for M. S. and Sc.D. degrees.

(e) The project objectives are to measure reliable heat-transfer coefficients for supersonic

flow of air in a tube to study characteristics of such flow by investigation of the fundamental differential equations, and to measure boundary layer characteristics such as velocity and temperature profiles for such flows.

(g) The publications summarize results obtained to date.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 55

(h) "Measurements of Friction Coefficients for Supersonic Flow of Air in the Entrance Region

of a Tube With and Without Heat Transfer", by J. Kaye and T. I. Toong, Sept. 1, 1953. "An Inexpensive Supersonic Wind Tunnel for Heat-Transfer Measurements, Part I - Apparatus,

Data, and Results for a Laminar Boundary Layer Ba3ed on a Simple One -Dimensional Flow

Model", by J. Kaye, J. H. Keenan, G. A. Brown, and R. H. Shoulberg, June 1, 1951i. In Inexpensive Supersonic Wind Tunnel for Heat-Transfer Measurements, Part II - Results

for a Laminar Boundary Layer Based on a Two-DLmensional Flow Model for the Entrance

Region of a Tube", by J. Kaye and G. A. Brown, Oct. 1, 1951). •A New Examination of the Concepts of Adiabatic-Wall Temperature and Heat-Transfer

Coefficient", by T. T. Toong, Nov. 15, 1951.

"Experimental Velocity Profiles for Supersonic Flow of Air in a Tube With and Without

Heat Transfer", by J. Kaye, G. A. Brown, J. J. DLeckmann, andE. A. Sziklas, Nov. 15, 1951).

(1118) THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS IN CASCADES. M General-Electric, Westinghouse, Curtiss -Wright, Alii son.

d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; basic research in fluid dynamics,

(e) Experimental work is performed on a rectilinear cascade in a low-speed wind tunnel.

Detailed pressure of stream direction measurements are made in the three-dimensional

flow (end-wall) region. Results are intended to give a better understanding of flow

through turbo-machinery . The behavior of boundary layers on casings and blades is of

particular concern.

(g) Empirical data on secondary flow and boundary layer behavior in a rectilinear cascade.

Theoretical consideration of boundary layer behavior.

(h) "Effect of Tip Clearance and Moving Wall on Lift Characteristics of Stationary Blades",

K. V. Christie, P. J. Cunavalis, B. S. Thesis, 1951.

"Effects of Moving and Tip Clearance on Secondary Flow in a Cascade", E. M. Rex, M. S. Thesis, 1951). "Effects of Slotted Blade Tips on Secondary Flow in a Compressor Cascade", R. F. Roache,

L. R. Thomas, M. S. Thesis, 1951j.

"Secondary Flow Investigation in a Ninety Degree Diffusing Bend", G. M. Wood, M. S. Thesis,

1951J. "Secondary Flow in Axial Compressors", R. C. Dean, Jr., ScD Thesis, 195b. "Pressure and Temperature Wakes for Stream-Line Tracing in Three-Dimensional Flow",

J. Johnston, W. Nelson, M. S. Thesis, 195k

.

"A Preliminary Study of Streamline Tracing and Secondary Losses in a Compressor Cascade", E. Poulos, M. S. Thesis, 1951). "Secondary Flow, Preliminary Report on Progress 1952-53, GTL Staff, Sept. 195b

.

These reports may be obtained in photostat or microfilm from MIT Librarian, or from MIT

Gas Turbine Laboratory.

(1882) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW OF FLDIDIZED SOLIDS.

(b) Laboratory project under Grant-in-Aid from M. W. Kellogg.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The objective of this project is to produce several regimes of fluidized 3olids flow under

controlled conditions and to retionalize the observed behavior.

(g) Properties of dense-phase down-flows have been measured.

(h) "The Properties of Fluidized Solids in Vertical Down-Flow", Master's Thesis by

C. Kojabashian.

(1883) INVESTIGATION OF "REGENERATIVE TURBINE" PUMPS.

(b) Laboratory project under Grant-in-Aid from Worthington Corporation.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The objective of this project is the rationalization of the performance characteristics

of "friction" pumps and the determination of the relationship between these characteristics

and the design parameters.

(f) Inactive.
$6 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(g) A satisfactory theoretical model has been devised and shown to be adequate to account for

the performance of at least one commercial unit. The relationship of performance to

casing geometry has been measured and rationalized.

(h) "Experimental Investigation of .Variables Affecting Regenerative Pump Performance",

M. A. Santalo, Master's Thesis.

"A Hypothesis of the Fluid Dynamic Mechanism of Regenerative Pumps", W. A. Wilson,

M. A. Santalo, John Oelrich, ASME Preprint 51|-A-59.

"Relationship of Regenerative Pump Performance to Casing Geometry", W. A. Wilson,

M. A. Santalo, John Oelrich, ASME Preprint $k~k-60.

(l88ij) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF A CYCLONE DUST SEPARATOR.

(b) Sponsored by Jabez-Burns and Sons, Inc., New York City.

(c) Prof. Joseph H. Keenan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Effect of variation of geometry of separator on separating efficiency.

(e) A fine dust is fed continuously over a time interval to the air stream entering a cyclone

separator. The amount of dust separated is measured for various inlet and outlet

dimensions

(h) Master's Theses by R. Shuart, and R. T. Salter.

(1887) THEORY OF DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROUNDED-ENTRANCE FLOWMETERS AND VENTURIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theory of rounded-entrance flowmeters, based on a consideration of the potential and

boundary layer flows in a converging nozzle, is constructed. Curves are presented

showing the discharge coefficient as a function of diameter Reynolds Number, with the

"total equivalent length-diameter ratio" of the nozzle as a parameter. An investigation

of the frictional equivalent length-diameter ratio of the contraction section of the A.S.M.E. long-radius nozzle shows this ratio to decrease from a value of about 0.£6 at

a diameter Reynolds Number of 1,000,000 to a value of about 0.25 at a diameter Reynolds

Number of about l,000j in the range of diameter Reynolds Numbers from about 1 to 1000,

the equivalent length-diameter ratio is about 0.2. The theoretical curves of discharge

coefficient vs. Reynolds Number are in good agreement with experiment.

(f) Completed.

(g) A rational theory for rounded-entrance flowmeters has been developed, agreeing with known

experimental data.

(h) "On the Theory of Discharge Coefficients for Rounded-Entrance Flowmeters and Venturis",

by Miguel A. Rivas, Jr. and Ascher H. Shapiro. To be published by A.S.M.E.

(1890) STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURIZED AIR HEARINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) In order to gain a better understanding of the behavior of pressurized, journal bearings

having no external flow resistances, basic studies have been made of the flow between

closely spaced flat plates. The results of this basic work were applied to the design

of a pressurized air bearing which was used in an experimental investigation of dynamic

characteristics of this type of bearing.

(g) Non-dimensionalized graphs have been obtained showing the pressure distribution for

various flow configurations between parallel and non-parallel flat plates. A design

procedure has been worked out to make it possible to design a bearing to meet specified

steady-state requirements, and a bearing has been built and tested which verifies the

design procedure. This same bearing has been analyzed dynamically and the analysis and

experimental dynamic tests indicate that this bearing is adequate for a wide range of

applications.

(h) "A Study of Pressurized Air Bearing Design Steady Loading — No Rotation", by S. K. Grinnell, S. M. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb. 1951. M.I.T. Library will furnish quotation on microfilm or photocopy upon request.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 57

0-891) DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PHESSURI2ED LIOJID BEARINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Analytical and experimental techniques are employed to study the dynamic performance of

pressurized liquid bearings. Electronic analogue studies are planned to augment the

experimental work and provide useful design data for bearings of this kind.

(fl Completed.

(g) The work that has been done shows that the dynamic performance of pressurized liquid

bearings is adequate for a wide range of applications and that the analytical techniques

developed are useful in estimating the dynamic performance of these bearings. Of

particular interest is the major role played by so-called squeeze action of oil in the

clearance spaces in providing adequate system damping.

(h) "Dynamic Analysis of Externally Pressurized Bearings", by Max Luming, S. M. Thesis,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb. 195k > M.I.T. library will furnish quotation

on microfilm or photocopy upon request.

(1895) EFFECTS OF FLUID MASS AND COMPRESSIBILITY ON CONTROL VALVE STROKING FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U. S. Air Force, Wright Air Development

Center.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A fundamental investigation has been made into the nature of the dynamic flow forces uncwintered in valves when the mass of the fluid in the connecting passages is significant. This work has also been extended to a study of situations that occur when both

fluid mass and compressibility are significant.

(g) A thorough analysis reveals that the mass of the fluid in the passages of a valvecontrolled hydraulic system can have an important influence on the dynamic forces

.

exerted by the fluid on the moving member of the control valve. Experimental results were inconclusive because of insufficient instrumentation and the compromising effects

of fluid compressibility. It was found that in many cases it is necessary to consider

the effects of continuously distributed fluid mass and compressibility in the lines

leading to a hydraulic valve.

(h) "Stability of Flow Control Valves", by George Friedensohn, S. M. Thesi3, Jan. 19$h,

Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T. , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 39, Mass., M.I.T. Library will furnish quotation on microfilm or photocopy upon request. A Doctoral thesis investigation is now being carried on by Mr. F. D. Ezekiel, Dept. of

Mech. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(1896) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research and design.

(e) A comprehensive design study has been made of a typical valve-controlled-ram-plus-load

system. The approach was made in the most general manner possible so that the results

could be applied to a wide variety of pneumatic systems. Since the characteristics of some of the system components were not thoroughly known, part of the effort was expended on gaining a better understanding of the basic processes involved in the operation of a system of this kind. Although no work has been done on this project with continuously

distributed effects such as long lines, it is vital that some of these effects be studied

in terms of over-all system performance.

(g) A doctoral thesis investigation has been completed which shows how to employ analytical

and graphical representations of system components in over-all system analyses, using

linear techniques to the fullest extent possible. A non-linear analogue study and

experiments with a typical system in the laboratory revealed the extent to which a linearized analysis may be carried with reliability. As a result of the dynamic studies

of the valve, ram, and load system, a clear evaluation was made of various means of

attaining adequate system damping.

(h) "Continuous Control of Motion with Compressed Air", by J. L. Shearer, Sc.D. Thesis,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June, 195b. Quotations on microfilm or photocopy

available on request from the M.I.T. Library.
58 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1900) PRESSURE -FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF PNEUMATIC VALVES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Flow versus pressure curves at various valve openings have been obtained analytically

for various 3-way valve configurations and experimental curves are being obtained for a number of real valves.

(g) An experimental study of a large-scale, two-dimensional model of the flow in a slide

valve^ has been completed which revealed that there are two possible flow regimes in this

type of valve. With one regime, the flow discharge coefficient is nearly 1.0, and with

the other, the discharge coefficient is approximately 0.8.

Quantitative measurements have been made of the pressure-flow characteristics of a closedcenter, slide-type, three-way valve2

. The effects of side leakage in the clearance spaces of the valve is evident at small valve opening conditions, but otherwise the results seem

to agree well with analytically derived characteristics. Measurements have also been made of a flapper-type three-way valve3. in addition to

pressure-flow characteristics, the steady-state flapper force characteristics have been

measured.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Two Dimensional Gas Flow Through Valve-Type Orifices",

A. H. Stenning, presented at the 19%b Annual Meeting of the ASME, preprints available

from the ASME. "Continuous Control of Motion with Compressed Air", J. L. Shearer, (See separate chapter on Valve Characteristics), M.I.T. Sc.D. Thesis, Cambridge 39, Mass. M.I.T. Library will

furnish quotation on microfilm or photocopy upon request.

Sc.D. Thesis by G. Reethof, Assistant Prof, of Mech. Eng., M.I.T. nearly complete. This

thesis will have a separate section on valve characteristics.

(1901) CENTRIFUGAL DLFFUSER STUDY.

(b) General Electric Co., Allison, Westinghouse , Curtiss-Wright.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The project is aimed at understanding and in proving the behavior of centrifugal com- pressor diffusers. The ultimate goal is to evolve a rational method of design.

(g) (l) Experimental data on flow in a centrifugal diffuser, and (2) theoretical analysis

of wall boundary layer flow.

(h) "Experimental and Theoretical Study of Vaneless Diffuser Flow with Supersonic Entry",

C. R. Faulders, Gas Turbine Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass., 1952. "An Aerodynamic Investigation of Vaned Diffusers for Centrifugal Compressors", C. R. Faulders, Gas Turbine Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39,

Mass., Jan. 195>1|.

"Experimental Data on Three -Dimensional Flow in a Centrifugal Compressor Diffuser",

J. P. Johnston, Report of Research Activities 19S>3-19£1j, Gas Turbine Laboratory,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass., Dec. 195h»

(1903) INVESTIGATION OF ROTATING STALL IN AXIAL COMPRESSORS.

(e)

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Prof. A. H. Stenning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass. Applied research. A theoretical and experimental study of rotating stall, using a stationary circular

cascade fitted with windows for Schlieren observation, and a single stage axial compressor. The object of the study is to obtain a fundamental understanding of the

phenomenon of rotating stall observed in turbo-compressors.

(g) Rotating stall has been obtained in the stationary cascade and measurements of propagation velocity, number of stall cells, and pressure fluctuations are being made.

(h) "Stall Propagation in Cascades of Airfoils", by A. H. Stenning, Journal of Aeronautical

Sciences, Oct. 195h, pp. 711-713.

Stall Propagation in a Cascade of Airfoils", by A. H. Stenning, Gas Turbine Laboratory

Report No. 25, M.I.T., May 1951j. "A Cascade Tunnel for Investigation of Rotating Stall", by A. R. Kriebel and A. H. Stenning, Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. 26, Aug. 195L

These publications are progress reports to the N.A.C.A. and may be obtained only through

the N.A.C.A.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 59

(210b) THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS IN COMPRESSORS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Project Is applied research using both experimental and theoretical methods. Thesis

work (bachelor's, master's and doctor's) is carried out on the project.

(e) Three-dimensional flows in a single stage axial compressor are being studied. The

complete flow pattern throughout a stage is observed to provide a clear picture of the

nature of flow through a turbomachine . Methods of predicting the flow with accuracy

are being sought.

(g) A method of calculating "secondary velocities'1 which arise when a stream with a stagnation

pressure gradient flows around a 90° bend was derived. A theory of vorticity transport

through a blade row has been evolved. An approximate method of designing axial turbomachines based on the "simple radial equilibrium" assumption has been devised. The

method does not require the use of calculating machines.

(h) "Shear Flow in Bends'", H. P. Eichenberger, Office of Naval Research Technical Report, 1952.

"Vorticity and Vortex Sheets in Axial Turbomachines", Q. L. Mellor, S. M. Thesis, Sept.

1951|.

"Investigation of Velocity Profile Generators", L. H. Bartolink, S. M. Thesis, Sept. 195b.

(2105) A MINIATURE VALTE ACTUATOR - HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, U. S. Air Force, Wright Air Development

Center.

(d) Design and development.

(e) A miniature valve-controlled hydraulic servomotor employing an electro-mechanical torque motor and mechanical feedback has been developed to stroke precision control valves with

simplicity, reliability and speed of response as major objectives in the design.

(g) A single unit has been operated successfully for a limited period of time. It is capable

of delivering an output motion of .050 inch with an available force of 50 lb when

operating with hydraulic oil supplied at 2000 psi. The natural frequency of this unit

is IjOO cycles/sec when operating with a maximum output stroke of .030 inch. A second

unit of this type has been designed to have increased force level (150 lb) and increased stroke (.060 in.). Hiis new unit is under construction.

(h) "Development of a Miniature Electrohydraulic Actuator", by S.-Y. Lee and J. L. Shearer,

ASMS Paper No. 5b-A-196, prepared for presentation at the 195ii Annual Meeting of the

ASMS . Preprints available from the ASMS.

(2106) DESIGN OF A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT ROTARY AIR MOTOR.

(b) U. S. Air Force, Wright Air Development Center.

(a) Design and development.

(e) A unit is being designed to operate on air at room temperature and pressures up to 500

psi with a maximum speed of about 5000 rpm.

(h) M. S. Thesis by H. Kolm in preparation,

(2107) A STUDY OF THE STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A "JET PIPE" TYPE CONTROL VALTE.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dl Basic research.

(e) A fundamental study is planned to try and discover the upper limits of performance that

may be obtained with this type of flow modulating device. This is to be a doctoral

thesis investigation.

(2108) FRICTION IN TUBE ENTRY FOR LAMINAR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A simple, approximate method for determining longitudinal pressure and Mach Number

variations for laminar flow in a tube entry is developed for the case where the boundary

layer is thin compared with the tube radius.

(f) Completed
60 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(g) Results of the theory are presented in convenient form for practical calculations. Good

agreement exists between the approximate, simple method and experimental data.

(h) "Theoretical Investigation of Fractional Effects for Laminar Compressible Flow in a Tube

Entry", by Tau-Yi-Toong and Ascher H. Shapiro, to be published in the Anniversary Volume

on Fifty Years of Boundary Layer Theory.

(2109) FRICTION IN TUBE ENTRY FOR LAMINAR, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research for doctoral theses.

(e) The apparent friction factor for steady, incompressible flow in the laminar entry region

of a smooth tube was studied experimentally and theoretically.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental and theoretical results are worked out fully, and are in good agreement with

each other.

(h) "Friction Factor in the Laminar Entry Region of a Smooth Tube", by Ascher H. Shapiro,

Robert SLegel, and Stephen J. Kline, to be published in Prcseedings of Second U. S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics.

(2110) GASDYN1MICS OF ARBITRARY FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d} Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Four common, simple, steady one -dimensional motions were examined for a single-phase

pure fluid substance: (1) Isentropic flow, (2) Rayleigh curve process, (3) Normal shock waves, (h) Fanno curve process.

(f) Completed.

(g) The behavior of the several flows is shown to depend on the curvature of the pressurevolume isentrope and on whether the constant-volume pressure -entropy derivative is

positive or negative.

(h) "One-Dimensional, Steady Gasdynamics for an Arbitrary Fluid", by S. J. Kline and A. H. Shapiro, Extrait des Memoires sur la Mecanique des Fluides, offerts a M. d. Riabouchinsky

a 1'occasion de son Jubile' Scientifique, Publications Scientifiques et Techniques du

Ministere de l'Air, Paris, 19$h, pp 171-202.

(2111) STUDY OF AT0MEZATI0N OF LIQUIDS INJECTED INTO HIGH VELOCITY GAS STREAMS,

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research carried out under several theses.

(e) To study the formation of liquid water droplets injected axLally into a high-velocity

gas stream, a drop-size measuring probe and a photometric drop-size measuring instrument

are being developed. In the probe, measurements of static pressure variation caused by

droplets decelerating in a stagnant gas indicate drop size. In the photometric instrument, measurements of light intensity which passes through a suspension indicate drop size. Future work utilizing these instruments will study experimentally the influence of variations in operating parameters on drop size, drop-formation distance, and spatial distribution of drops.

(g) Initial tests of both probe and photometric device using glass beads in oil and air for

calibration have indicated feasibility of methods. Development continues.

(h) "A Study of an Optical Method for Measuring Particle Sizes in Aerosols", John McGrew,

Thesis for S. B. degree, M.I.T., 19$h>

"The Photometric Measurement of Particle Size", J. B. Cheatham, Jr., Thesis of M. E.

degree, M.I.T., 1951). "Measurement of Droplet Size in Aerosols by Modified Impact Probe", G. E. Keeler, Thesis

for S. B. Degree, M.I.T., V)$h»

"Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Deceleration Probe", Jules Doussord,

Thesis for Sc.D. degree, M.I,T., 1951).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 61

(2112) STUDY OF TWO-STROKE ENGINE SCAVENGING PROCESS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Study of the effects of geometry and valve timing on scavenging.

(e) A special cylinder with variable inlet porting and poppet exhaust valves in the head

whose timing and lift can be varied.

(f) Engine in construction.

(g) Test cylinder $0% complete.

(2113) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION TO MEASURE PROPERTIES OF HIGH-VELOCITY GAS STREAMS

CONTAINING LIQUID DROPLETS IN SUSPENSION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d^ Theoretical and experimental; applied research carried out under several theses.

(e; Special instruments are being developed for the following purposes: (1) Measurement of

local specific humidity of high-speed stream of mixture of air-water vapor and liquid

droplets by withdrawal of sample of gas phase alone. (2) Measurement of total water

content of above stream by withdrawal of representative sample of liquid-vapor mixture.

(3) Measurement of local stagnation pressure of gas with suspended liquid droplets.

(g) Suitable probes to withdraw representative samples of vapor phase alone and of vaporliquid mixtures have been tested with generally satisfactory results. A probe for measurement of gas stagnation pressure of liquid-vapor streams has been developed.

(h) "An Experimental Investigation of a Small-Scale Aerothermopressor", K. R. Wadleigh,

Thesis for ScD degree, M.I.T., 19!?3. "Techniques for Measuring Specific Humidity of a High-Temperature, High-Speed Gas Stream",

H. K. Larson, Thesis for S. M. degree, M.I.T., 195b*

"A Sampling Technique for the Measurement of Water-Air Ratio of a High Speed Spray",

R. E. Kosiba and F.H.E. Vose, Thesis for Naval Arch, and Eng. Degree, M.I.T., 1953.

"Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of a Deceleration Probe", Jules Doussord,

Thesis for ScD degree, M.I.T., 195h.

(211b) A TRANSITIONAL PHENOMENON FOR FLOW IN THE ENTRANCE REGION OF A TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Flow characteristics, upstream and downstream of a sudden transition in a stream of a compressible fluid, have been analyzed with the use of equations of continuity, momentum,

and energy. The computations were made for two particular forms of velocity profile on

the two sides of the transition.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Downstream center-line Mach number, change of entropy flux, and static -pressure ratio

across the transition have been calculated for different values of upstream center-line

Mach number and boundary-layer thickness-ratio. Physical significance of this work is to be studied.

(h) "A Transitional Phenomenon for Flow in the Entrance Region of a Tube", T. N. Chen,

S. M. Thesis, 19^3.

(211^) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF FRICTIONAL EFFECTS FOR LAMINAR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN A TUBE ENTRY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) An approximate integral method is used for calculating the longitudinal pressure distribution of a laminar compressible flow in the entrance region of a tube. The method

is based on the observation that when the boundary layer is thin, its growth along the

tube is approximated by that for laminar flow over a flat plate.

( f) Completed
62 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(g) The integral method has been used to compute the longitudinal pressure distribution,

the mean pressure-gradient coefficient and the mean apparent friction factor for a laminar compressible flow in the entrance region of a round tube, for several entrance Mach numbers and thermal conditions at the wall. In the case of constant values of specific heat, absolute viscosity and thermol conductivity of the compressible fluid, the computed approximate results are compared with

those obtained by solving exactly the partial differential equations of motion. In the

region where the integral method is considered to be valid, the agreement is within $%s thus indicating the reliability of the procedure. In the case of temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity, the computed

results are compared with those obtained experimentally at an entrance Mach number of

2.8, and the agreement is within 8%.

(h) "Theoretical Investigation of Frictional Effects for Laminar Compressible Flow in a Tube Entry", T. Y. Toong and A. H. Shapiro. Prepared for the Anniversary Volume on Fifty Years of Boundary Layer Theory, Gottingen, Germany, June 19!?lj.

(2116) THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE MEASURING PROBE.

(b) Wright Air Development Center.

(c) Prof. John A. Clark, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretic alj master's thesis.

(e) A study of the fluid mechanics of the flow into the entrance of an open probe and the

effect of the flow on the determination of the static thermodynamic temperature of the

stream.

(f) Completed.

(g) At room temperature the static temperature of air streams were measured reproducibly

within 1% for Mach numbers up to 0.60. Results indicate an improved accuracy at higher

subsonic Mach numbers.

(h) Technical Report No. 1, DIC Project 5-7130, by J. A. Lehtinen, J. A. Clark, W. M. Rohsenow.

(2117) INVESTIGATION OF RADIAL INFLOW TURBINE PERFORMANCE.

(b) Laboratory project under Grant-in-Aid from Electrolux Corporation.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The objective of this project is to determine the existence of and quantitative character

of the effect of centrifugal field on irreversibilities in the flow through simple radial

flow expander impellers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) An effect has been demonstrated and measured quantitatively for a few combinations of

the several independent variables of design and operation.

(h) "The effect of the Centrifugal Field on Losses in a Radial Inflow Turbine Rotor", J. A. Meyer, Master's Thesis.

"Loss Coefficients in Centrifugal Turbine Rotors", D. E. Magnus, Master's Thesis.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.

(190ij) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SERIES OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research. Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. F. M. Lewis, Propeller Tunnel, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine

Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d^ Applied research.

(e) A Series of Controllable Pitch Propellers is being tested in the Model Tunnel under both

cavitating and non-cavitating conditions for a range of pitch settings and operating

conditions.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

University of Massachusetts

63

(2118) FORCES ON ADJACENT STRUCTURE CAUSED BY A PROPELLER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. F. m. Lewis, Propeller Tunnel, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine

Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Applied research; for naval engineer thesis.

(e) A model of a strut will be mounted in the Propeller Tunnel upstream of a propeller

operated under various conditions. The forces on the strut caused by propeller action

will be measured. This project is associated with, but not actively sponsored by, The

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, under a program investigating the

hydrodynamic forces associated with propeller action on ships.

(2119) THE EFFECT OF HYDROFOILS ON THE WAVEMAKING AND SEAKEEPING CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. M. A. Abkowitz, Director, Ship Model Towing Tank, Department of Naval Architecture

and Marine Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The use of a hydrofoil to produce a low pressure field and wave hollow at the proper

location on a ship in order to reduce overall wave resistance is being investigated.

Model tests with hydrofoils placed at the bow or stern are being conducted. Tests are also being conducted in waves to investigate the seakeeping aspects of the ship with

attached hydrofoils.

(h) "A Device for Reducing the Wave Resistance of a Ship", John Randolph Paulling, Jr.,

S. B., M.I.T. Thesis, NA+ME Department.

"Hydrodynamic Control of Trim and WavemakLng at High Speeds", S. M., M.I.T. Thesis, NA+ME Department.

"The Effect of a Swept-Back Hydrofoil upon the Resistance Coefficient of a Ship", S. B., M.I.T. Thesis, NA+ME Department, Anselm L. Beal and Abraham Zakay.

"The Ship Model Towing Tank at M.I.T.", M. A. Abkowitz and J. R. Paulling, Jr., The Soc. of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 195>3. "Model Seaworthiness Testing Technique and the Effect of Anti -Pitching Fins", J. R. Paulling, Jr., S. M. Thesis, NA+ME Department, M.I.T.

(2120) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS.

(b) The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Prof. M. A. Abkowitz, Director, Ship Model Towing Tank, Department of Naval Architecture

and Marine Engineering, Massachuestts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The project consists of testing a series of ship models in waves to determine those

features of a ship's design which contribute to better seakeeping qualities. The wave

size and height are varied as well as the model speed. Design features which are to be

investigated include variations in displacement, flare, freeboard, sheer, shape of bow,

and shape of stern. The parent model is the Series 60, Block 0.70 design.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1905) DETERMINATION OF LIFT COEFFICIENTS OF CYLINDERS PLANING IN TROUGHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dean George A. Marston, Director of Engineering Research Institute, University of

Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

(d) Master's thesis.

(e) Lift forces on cylinders planing in trough and on plane water surfaces are being

determined by means of a beam and SR-lj gage arrangement.

(f) Completed.

(g) Data relating lift coefficient to Froud number was obtained.
6h University of Massachusetts

Michigan State College

(2121) EFPECT OF AIR POCKET FORMATION AT THE SUMMIT OF A PRESSURE PIPE SYSTEM ON FLOW THROUGH

THE SYSTEM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dean George A. Marston, Engineering Research Institute, University of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigation is to correlate the amount of air pocket formation,

and the resultant head loss, with the angle of a vertical bend and the velocity of flow

through a system.

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2122 and 2123 should be addressed to Prof. Harold R. Henry, and concerning Projects Nos. 2125 to 2128, incl., should be addressed to Mr. E.

H. Kidder, Civil Engineering Dept., Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich.

(2122) DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER IN THE ENTRANCE TO A PIPE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research for doctor's thesis.

(e) Velocity and pressure measurements obtained to determine boundary layer growth and

characteristics. Also analytical study used in interpreting and analyzing experimental

results

(g) As of the present the tests have been of a preliminary and exploratory nature.

(2123) DEVELOPMENT OF A BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUS3R NEAR THE ENTRANCE OF A PIPE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) A diffuser section increasing from two inches diameter with an included angle of 6° is

attached to a two-inch pipe at various distances from the pipe entrance. Velocity

traverses are made and pressure drop recorded. An analytical study conducted in parallel

is used as a guide.

(g) In preliminary stage.

(212ij) AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER IN ARTESIAN AQUIFER UNDERLYING THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE CAMPUS AND FARM AREA.

(b) Michigan State College.

(c) Norman E. Tufford, Mechanical Engineer Buildings and Utilities Department, Michigan State

College, East Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Field research for purposes of development.

(e) Geophysical studies through use of aquifer performance testing advocated by Jacob and

Theis and others, and also through use of earth resistivity methods.

(g) Nothing definite has been concluded as yet but some very encouraging and useful tests have been conducted.

(2125) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta.

(d^ Field investigation; for design.

(e) Samples of runoff water from small watersheds will be collected to determine the concen- tration and size of sediment in transport. Runoff gagii^g stations are being operated

and samples obtained from two watersheds in a drainage type topography. An attempt will

be made to determine the source of sediment.
Michigan State College

University of Michigan

65

(2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE,

(b) Michigan Agr. Exp. Sta.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding and moling, bedding and tile and tile drainage on the yields in a sub-marginal cropping area. Crop yields in a grain-grain-hay-hay

rotation are measured in increments away from the drainage feature.

(g) Sixty-feet spacing, tile and bedding, produced the highest oat yields; two-rod spacing,

tile only, produced the highest hay yields.

(2127) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND DURABILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN MUCK.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the stability and durability of subsurface drains in muck soils, four different

materials and different lengths of these materials were placed in a newly cleared muck

area (pH of 6.0). Concrete and clay tile in one and two foot lengths; perforated steel

pipe in eight-foot lengths and perforated fiber pipe in six-foot lengths were installed.

Elevations and quality of these materials are checked periodically.

(2128) FROST PROTECTION OF PLANTS BY THE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION OF WATER THROUGH OVERHEAD

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research for the development of design

criteria for irrigation systems used for frost protection.

(e) Tests have been conducted in the field to determine the minimum water application rate,

sprinkler rotational speed, sprinkler spacing and other design factors on the effectiveness of this method for varying temperatures on different crops.

(g) Strawberry blossoms, tomatoes and peppers have been protected against temperatures as low as 20°F.

(h) "Frost Protection by Sprinkler Irrigation: A Field Survey", W. Bilanski, J. R. Davis

and E. M. Kidder, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Quarterly Bulletin Article

36-16, May 19$h.

"Protection of Garden Crops against Frost Damage by the Use of Overhead Irrigation",

Walter Bilanski, Master's Thesis, Michigan State College, June 19$h. (Available on loan).

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engineering.

(2129) DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CONTROL.

(b) Rackham Research Grant.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, 322 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan,

(d^ Basic research.

(e) To apply the principle of a nonlinear spring single orifice flow control to open channel

flow.

(2130) MODEL STUDY OF BLACK RIVER HARBOR.

(b) Michigan State Waterways Commission.

(c) Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine the breakwater arrangement which will produce the most effective economical

harbor.
66 University of Michigan

(2131) THE DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF WAVE ACTION ON FLOATING DRILLING BARGES.

(b) Bethlehem Steel Company.

(c) Mr. J. E. Steele, Chief of Design, Bethlehem Steel Company, Shipbuilding Division,

Beaumont, Texas.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine the action of anchored and towed barges under the influence of storm waves

(f) Completed.

(g) The information obtained was used to prepare the final design.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Experimental Naval Tank.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 585, 1127, 1128, 1378, 1906, and 2132 should be

addressed to Prof. L. A. Baier, 326 West Engineering Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Itch.

(585) RESISTANCE OF BARGE TOWS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental} design.

(e) To determine resistance of several formations of certain barge types relative to non- restricted straight channels and to selected channels restricted in width and depth.

Each run will consist of movement of one model formation, at one draft and one depth of water for a given channel condition through a range of velocities sufficient to define curve of functions of resistance versus velocity.

(f) Tank work completed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(1127) TRANSOM IMMERSION ON HIGH-SPEED MOTORBOATS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d} Research; design.

(e) Tests are being conducted to determine the most efficient transom immersion for various

high speed hull forms.

(1128) COMMERCIAL VESSELS, 150 to 250 FEET IN LENGTH.

(b) Fairbanks, Morse, and Company,

(d^ Experimental; design.

(e) A large family of hull forms is being tested in order to provide design data for the

future design of commercial vessels, 150 to 250 feet in length.

(1378) VIBRATION ELIMINATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d) Experimental

(e) Design and testing of fins fitted to both single and multiple screw hulls in way of

propeller aperture in order to eliminate fantail vibration. Emphasis placed on twin

screw fantail vibration.

(1906) FORM DESIGN, GREAT LAKES CARRIERS.

(b) Bradley Transportation Line.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Design and testing of four types of hull forms suitable for large cargo carriers on the

Great Lakes, including self-propelled tests.

(f) Completed.
University of Michigan 67

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy

University of Missouri

Newport Mews Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company

C2132) SKEG DESIGN FOR CONTROL OF TAW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental) applied research.

Ce) Design and testing of various types of skegs for use on towed barges where control of

yaw is required. The purpose is to obtain positive operating skegs with a minimum of

resistance and cost of installation.

(f) 1$% completed.

(h) Report of present status to be given as a paper before the Gulf Section of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Spring Meeting, 1955

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(2133) CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPRESSIBLE ORIFICE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Mettalurgy, Holla, Mo.

( d) Experimental

.

(e) Primarily a study of orifice coefficients using compressed air as the test fluid. It is

felt that this project will confirm some proposed orifice coefficients and serve as a basis for an enlarged study of several orifice characteristics, such as head loss, shape

effect, etc.

(f) Recently activated.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, Department of Civil Engineering.

(213b) HEAD LOSSES IN STORM DRAIN JUNCTIONS.

(b) Cooperative with State Highway Department of Missouri and the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Prof. H. W. Wood, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia Mo.

(d) Experimental! applied research.

(e) To determine the extent of head losses in storm drain junction boxes as affected by

variations in size of box relative to pipe size, change of pipe size at junction,

arrangement and relative sizes of pipes, and means for reducing loss.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 123, 12lj, 896, 901, 1132, 1133» 1136, and I63I4,

should be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding

and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

\dS Experimentalj for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis or propeller type runners, are tested for

power and efficiency at various speeds.
68 Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company

(12ij) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(di Experimental.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of flow. Meters are tested at various heads and rates of flow by weighing tank method. Time is

recorded electrically by chronograph.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d} Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams. The turbine load is applied by an electrical

dynamometer and the gate openings are controlled by a governor. The blades adjust auto- matically and the blade moment is measured by a spring dynamometer.

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b> Laboratory project.

(d) Experimentalj for design data.

(e) Scale ship models are towed to determine the effective horsepower, bare hull, required

by the ship. Because of their small size, several models may be towed in a short period

of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice of lines. The final

lines are checked by the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this

preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic models was arranged in which the beam-draft

ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and the prismatic coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing of this set of models is continuing and when completed will provide

design data for a standard offset series covering a wide range.

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design data.

Scale model pumps centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant speeds for

head developed, power consumption, and efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by lowering the suction head to a point where

the developed head and efficiency bread down.

Cd)

Ce)

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

(b^ Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which cavitation

starts

(1136) WAVE TESTS ON SHIP MODELS.

(b} Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Ship models are tested with scaled waves to determine the speed reduction in waves for

the pull required for various still water speeds. Pitching periods and angles are determined from light trace photographs. Wave tests were conducted for the ICSH Seaworthiness Committee and the results were reported at the Seventh International Conference on

Ship Hydrodynamics in Scandinavia in August 19$k» These tests were made on a Todd-Forrest

Series 60, Block 0.60 model, at three radii of gyration, at five towline pulls, in four wave lengths of a single wave height. Wave tests are being made in conjunction with the ATTC Seaworthiness Committee program. The parent model for these tests is the Todd-Forrest

Series 60, Block 0.60. Tests have been completed on three models of a flare series, all

models having the same shear line and radius of gyration. The models were tested at five

towline pulls in five wave-lengths and two wave-height ratios. Shear and other variations

will be tested as time permits.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company- New York University

69

(I63U RESEARCH AND TEST OF MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGE.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine the principal criteria governing the flow in ship circulating systems and to obtain some design data on the various circulating components. Model components are tested separately in a water channel. Dynamic similarity is enhanced by modeling the

boundary layer thickness and shape to scale. Stagnation, secondary flow, etc. are observed through transparent plastic models.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 590, II38, I635, 1911, 2135, and ZL36, should be

addressed to Prof. John Happel, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, Bronx 53, New York.

(590) PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FLUID FLOW THROUGH ASSEMBLAGES OF SPHERES.

(b) Texas Company; laboratory project.

(d^ Experimental and theoretical} for doctoral thesis.

(e) The pressure drop caused by the slow flow of a viscous fluid through constrained cubical

assemblages of spheres was measured at different void volumes. A theoretical treatment involving a pertubation of Stokes 1 velocity field is being employed.

(f) Experimental work completed} theoretical active.

(g) Completed results indicate that assemblage approach velocities calculated from pressure

drop data do not approach Stokes' Law at infinite dilution due to the presence of a bounding wall.

(h) "Viscous Flow in Multiparticle Systems - Cubical Assemblages of Uniform Spheres",

J. Happel and N. Epstein, Ind. Eng. Chem. I46, pp. Il87-119lj, June 1951).

(1138) EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOLID TO FLUID DENSITY RATIO ON FLUIDIZATION CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(&) Experiment alj for one doctoral and one master's thesis.

(e) Screened particles of very light solid substances were fluidized in a 2 -inch glass tube

and the fluidization characteristics observed. The primary objective will be the determination of the optimum ratio of solid to gas density for smooth fluidization.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the range of smooth fluidization and slugging zones can

be graphic ally correlated on a single plot.

(1635) A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE PRIME VARIABLES IN A FLUIDIZED BED.

(b) Texas Company, laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for doctoral thesis.

(e) The parabolic flow pattern was converted to a uniform flow pattern by means of a properly

constructed bed screen support, and the velocity profile was measured with a pitot tube.

The effect of flow pattern and height of column to diameter ratio on the variables in a fluidized bed, together with the results of Projects 590, 1379 and 1910, will be used to separate and determine the effect of the various variables present on fluidization

tendencies and pressure drop.

(1911) STEADY STATE VISCOUS FLOW IN UNBOUNDED CUBICAL ASSEMBLAGES OF SPHERES.

(bl Texas company, laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical} for doctoral thesis.

(e) The Stokes-Navier Equations neglecting inertial terms will be approximately solved to obtain a theoretical relation between pressure drop, fluid velocity, and voidage in

packed and fluidized beds consisting of uniform spheres in an unbounded cubic assemblage.
70 New York University

North Carolina State College

(2135) EFFECT OF A CYLINDRICAL BOUNDARY ON STEADY VISCOUS FLOW PAST SPHERES.

(b} Texas Company, laboratory project.

(d) Experimental j for doctoral thesis.

(e) A study of the effect of a cylindrical boundary on steady flow past spheres as a function

of Reynolds number, sphere-to-cylinder diameter ratio, distance of spheres from axis of

cylinder and void volume by simultaneous measurement of drag on the spheres and pressure

drop caused by their presence.

(2136) EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY PROXIMITY IN DILUTE, FLUIDI23D AND 35DIMENTING SYSTEMS OF UNIFORM

SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

00 Research Corporation of America; laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) An attempt to reconcile the theoretical and experimental discrepancies observed in the

determination of pressure drop caused by slow viscous flow in bounded and unbounded media

at identical voidages and velocities.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. H. Griswold, New York University, New York 53, N. Y.

(d) This is an applied research project in which a theoretical analysis is to be checked

experiment ally

(e) Because of the wide divergence between the results that can be obtained using generally

accepted equations, a theoretical and experimental study of the discharge characteristics

of a sharp-crested side weir is underway.

(f) A test program has been completed that included tests of two widths of channel, two

lengths of crest and two crest heights. The analysis of this data is now underway.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(593) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY OF SMALL HYDRAULIC MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. W. Long, Dept. of Engineering Research, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To make a theoretical study of dynamic similarity of small hydraulic models at large

scale ratios.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(I636) RAINFALL INTENSITY - DURATION - FREQUENCY - CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Charles Smallwood, Dept. of Engineering Research, North Carolina State College of

Agriculture and Engineering of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The collection and analysis of data pertaining to intensity, durability and frequency of

rainfall in North Carolina.
Northwestern University 71

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 12? and 90ii should be addressed to Prof. M. B. Garnet, Projects 326 and I637 to Prof. W. S. Hamilton, and Project No. 2137 to Prof. Wm. F. Stevens, Northwestern Technological Institute, Evanston, HI.

(127) RELIEF FROM WATER HAMMER BY MECHANICAL-PNEUMATIC SURGE SUPPRESSORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine extent to which surge pressures in pipe lines may be relieved by a preloaded,

gas-filled, compression chamber in which the gas is separated from the liquid in the pipes

by a stainless steel bellows.

(f) Inactive, to be continued.

(g) Work has shown this type of unit to be free from fatigue failure and capable of protecting

pipe systems from severe shock. Some field tests have been conducted.

(326) CAVITATION DAMAGES UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research; for theses and staff papers.

(e) The pressure in a vertical column of liquid is caused to fluctuate by a motor-operated

piston and bellows arrangement, thereby forming and releasing a cavity at the top of

the column. The amount of damage to various materials will be related to size of cavity

and proximity of material to point of cavity collapse.

(g) Pits have been caused in brass, lucite, and mortar. An elastic-tube strain gage has been

constructed for pressure measurements. Tests on mortar samples and other materials

continue.

(90lj) BULK MODULUS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, INCLUDING CRUDE OILS AND GASOLINE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for design.

(e) Tests have been conducted on three crude oils, one gasoline, and on distilled water at temperatures from 60° F to 130° F and at pressures ranging from to 1^00 psig.

(f) Inactive; to be continued.

(g) Tests indicate high modulus with low temperatures and rapidly increasing modulus at low

pressures after which leveling off takes place with nearly constant modulus above 1000

psig.

(1637) SPRAT FORMATION.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

d) Theoretical and experimental; for design.

e) The effects of different variables in causing a jet of water to break up into spray were being investigated.

(f) Initial phase completed.

(g) A cylindrical jet is unstable; beads are caused by surface tension when air traction is

small. The edges of thin flat jets roll up into cylinders and disintegrate by forming

beads. Transverse ridges in flat jets grown rapidly into waves because of air pressure

differences. Longitudinal ridges of small size disappear. Photographs of flat jets

produced in the laboratory and of seaplane spray show the same characteristics break-up

processes,

(h) "Liquid Jet Disintegration", John Dundurs, and W. S. Hamilton, Jan. 1951.

"Some Laboratory and Field Studies of Water Jet Disintegration", John Dundurs, and W. S. Hamilton, Jan. 195h.

Reports submitted to BuAer.
72 Northwestern University

University of Notre Dame Pelton Water Wheel Company

(2137) SPRAT DROPLET FORMATION AND VAPORIZATION

(b) Laboratory project, supported in part by Project SQUID, Princeton University.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation, involving basic research, in part for thesis

work.

(e) In order to understand more completely the operation of a spray nozzle, information is

being sought concerning the mechanism of droplet formation and vaporization. Studies

are presently being carried out to determine the force and velocity distributions within

the nozzle, the droplet size distribution, and the effect of nozzle valocity on the

vaporization rates.

(h) Project SQUID, Semi-annual Progress Reports, October 1, 19$h - pp. 53-57, April 1, 19Sh - pp. 1j8-51j.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, College of Engineering.

(161,2) COMPUTATION OF EMPIRICAL DISCHARGE CURVES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. S. Kolupaila, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,

Indiana*

Design, and theoretical and experimental investigation.

The experimental work involves the design and installation of several hydrometric screens in a new U* x 2.5* hydrometric flume and measurements of discharge thereby.

Results may be obtained when available by writing to project director.

FORCES ON OSCILLATING HYDROFOILS.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Department of Engineering Mechanics. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.

Basic theoretical research.

Investigation to determine the hydrodynamic forces acting on an oscillating submerged

hydrofoil moving below a free surface with steady translationed velocity,

(h) Reports submitted to sponsor.

PELTON WATER WHEEL COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. llb& and 1915 should be addressed to Mr. R-. M. Bacchi,

Pelton Water Wheel Company, 2929 19th Street, San Francisco 10, Calif.

(11^6) HEAD EFFECT ON IMPULSE TURBINE MODEL TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project, sponsored by the Mountain Laboratory Group.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To establish model law for testing impulse turbines under various operating pressures. Tests are being made under heads of 100 to 2000 ft. The effect of housing size and

shape is under study.

(g) Reduced head testing now under way.

(1915) BUCKET SHAPE TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A new bucket shape is being tested to determine its characteristics.
Pennsylvania State University 73

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1917, to 1920, incl., and 2139, should be addressed

to Prof. Sam Shulits, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pa.

(1917) EED LOAD FORMULAS.

(b) Laboratory project supported by Research Corporation and University Council on Research.

d) Analytical; applied research.

e) Examination and analytical comparison of existing bed load formulas and their theoretical

and experimental bases, to determine whether the formulas can be synthesized into one or

a reduced number.

(1918) DESIGN OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project supported by Research Corporation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation in a plexiglas-walled flume, of rational basis of design of stilling basins, to reduce dependence on model studies.

(g) Nappes covered by tailwater and free nappes with a repelled jump have been measured on a sloping spillway face for subsequent comparison with theory.

(1919) DOWNSTREAM DISTURBANCE OF ORIFICE METERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research; master's thesis.

(e) Measurement of minimum distance downstream from an orifice meter at which various pipe

fittings may be placed without altering meter reliability.

(g) Five orifices of different diameters have been calibrated in a 2-inch pipe. The downstream disturbing effect of a gate valve will now be measured.

(1920) EQUATION OF RIVER-BED PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of profiles of various rivers to prove whether a rational equation of

river-bed profiles is attainable.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Plots of low-water slope against distance yield a linear relation on semi-log paper, as analysis would predict.

L39) VERIFICATION OF THEORY OF STANDING-WAVE FLUME,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research; master's thesis.

(e) A measuring flume of the critical-depth type, with rectangular throat, will be built

into circular flume with a free water surface. The measured water surface profiles will

be compared with theory. Some discharge coefficients will be obtained.

(g) Literature search completed; design of model started.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Research Laboratory.

(328) FLOW PAST SLOTS IN SURFACES,

(f) Suspended.

1 ,
7lj Pennsylvania State University

(605) FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE CAVITATION.

(b) Laboratory project for Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A laboratory-size eggbeater apparatus is used in which the noise inception point is

correlated with the composition and nature of the liquid and the surface of the propeller.

(f) Major activity completed.

(g) The effect of blade size and shape, fluid air content, fluid surface tension, and fluid

temperature were investigated as to their effect on the incipient cavitation index.

(h) "The Effect of Some Fluid Properties on the Inception of Cavitation", A. F. Lehman,

M. S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, Aug. 1951j.

(921) PROPELLERS FOR OPERATION IN SYMMETRIC WAKES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy (Contract NOrd 7958).

(c) Dr. B. W. McCormick, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The problem is the design of optimum-efficiency and cavitation-free propellers for

operation behind bodies of revolution. It is being attacked through consideration of

the physics of propeller action. Design methods resulting from the theory are being

tested by experiment on an 8-inch diameter model torpedo in the lj8-inch Water Tunnel.

(g) Work with propellers designed for optimum efficiency indicates that the performance can

be predicted with reasonable accuracy. Emphasis is now being directed toward the design

of cavitation-free propellers. An analysis has been made of the effect of finite hub

size on the optimum propeller. The results of this analysis have been incorporated in

the present design methods.

(1150) HYDRCDYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF Ij8-1NCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project for Bureau of Ordnance (contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. F. Wislicenus, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Velocity distributions and pressures are being measured in all portions of the lj8-inch

Water Tunnel at velocities up to 80 fps.

(f) Major activity completed.

(g) The flow measurements in the working section show excellent flow conditions at least to within the precision of the measuring equipment and techniques. The static pressure

coefficient is constant to within 0.0005 in the core outside of the boundary-layer region.

The extreme variation in velocity in the central core does not exceed 0.5/£. The pressure

gradient in the working section decreases slightly with increasing Reynold's number.

The working section cavitation inception index is 0.3 for all speeds. This inception is

measured with acoustic listening gear and lower operating indices are possible for visual

observ ation.

(h) "Water Tunnel Diffuser Flow Studies", J. M. Robertson and Donald Ross, Part I—Review of

Literature, ORL Report, Serial No. NOrd 7958-139, May 16, 19 1)9. "Water Tunnel Diffuser Flow Studies", J. M. Robertson and Donald Ross, Part n—Experimental Research, ORL Report, Serial No. NOrd 7958-1Jj3, July 8, 19b9. "Water Tunnel Diffuser Flow Studies", J. M. Robertson and Donald Ross, Part III—Ana- lytical Research, ORL Report Serial No. NOrd 7958-230, March 1, 1952.

"Flow in Closed-Jet Working Section", Donald Ross and J. H. McGinley, ORL Report, Serial

No. NOrd 7958-283, Feb. 5, 1951).

(1151) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 12-INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project for Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958 and NOrd (f) 11)1)5), department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(d) Design.
Pennsylvania State University 75

(e) The Tunnel was planned for general supplementary research. There are two interchangeable

working sections: one, circular closed-jet (12 inches in diameter), and the other, rec- tangular closed-jet working section (ij 1/2 x 20 inches), the design velocity for the

circular working section is 70 feet per second, but speeds of 80 feet per second are obtained with the rectangular working section.

(f) Major activity completed.

(g) The Tunnel is in operating condition and basic proofing is completed. In the rectangular

working section, velocity variations were in the neighborhood of two percent from the average velocity outside of the boundary layer.

(1152) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF I48-INCH AIR TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project for Bureau of Ordnance (Contract Nord 7958 and NOrd (f) IhbS)

,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. F. Wislicenus, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(d) Design.

(e) Closed circuit tunnel planned for supplementary research; working section Ij8-inch octagon,

16 feet long j maximum design velocity including honeycomb and screens, 200 feet per

second.

(f) Construction is completed.

(g) Working section turbulence level 0.1$. Velocity profile uniform to within £_ 1.25$.

(h) "The Design of a Small Subsonic Air Tunnel", G. L. Calehuff, M. S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, August 1952, (available on loan).

(1386) CAVITATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project; Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. J. W. Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of cavitation scaling on two-dimensional hydrofoils. The size of the

hydrofoil, water velocity, and water temperature are varied to determine their effect on the inception of cavitation.

387) STUDY OF TIP VORTEX CAVITATION.

(b) Laboratory project; Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,

(c} Dr. B. W. McCormick, Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Attempt to predict the minimum pressure in the trailing vortex system behind a wing.

(g) A semi-empirical method has been developed for the prediction of the minimum pressure in

a trailing vortex system behind a wing. The prediction method is based on the thinking

that the thickness of the tip-vortex core and consequently the magnitude of the minimum

pressure coefficient is determined by the thickness of the boundary layer on the lower

side of the wing at the trailing edge of the tip.

(h) "Tip-Vortex Cavitation", B. W. McCormick, Paper presented at the Joint Admiralty—U.S. Navy meeting on Hydroballi sties, September 9 to 15, 1951j, Admiralty Research Laboratory,

Teddington, England.

"A Study of the Minimum Pressure in a Trailing Vortex System", B. W. McCormick, PhD

Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1951).

TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Laboratory project, Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(f) Major activity suspended.

(g) Further investigations of the conical diffuser studied by Uram having various exit

conditions was conducted to determine the possibility of extending Ross» analysis of twodimensional turbulent boundary layers to the axisymmetric case. The results of the test indicate that with certain modifications, it may be possible to extend Ross* two-dimensional theory to the axisymmetric case.
76 Pennsylvania State University

Pennsylvania Water and Power Company

(h) "Investigation of the Growth of a Turbulent Boundary Layer in a Conical Diffuser Followed

by a Straight Pipe", J. W. Holl, Informal Report OMR Project NR062-139-3, June 30, 195lj.

(1389) REDUCTION OF STRUT WAKE.

(f) Suspended.

PENNSYLVANIA WATER AND POWER COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. llf>lj, 1156, and 1157, should be addressed to Dr. S.

E. Waldorf, i|05 Fulton Bank Building, Lancaster, Pa,

(llSli) MEASUREMENT OF WATER VELOCITIES WITH ULTRASONICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop an improved method of measuring large quantities of water, particularly the

discharge of large hydroelectric units having short intake conduits with large rectangular

cross sections. An ultrasonic transducer rod is placed at each of two parallel opposite

walls of the rectangular duct in which water velocity is to be measured. The transducers

are displaced from each other along the principal axis of flow. The phase angle between

the transmitted and received ultrasonic signals is a measure of the water velocity.

(f) Completed.

(g) The validity of the new ultrasonic method was established in the laboratory where errors

of 1% and less were obtained with water velocities of 1 to 10 feet per second in a 5-inch

by 9-inch steel conduit. These tests of accuracy also showed that the method is affected to only a negligible amount by turbidity, temperature and departures from uniform velocity

distribution that are normally encountered in straight flow sections. Its practicality

was demonstrated by the measurement of the discharge through a hydraulic turbine intake

25 feet high by 16 feet wide. In this application an absolute test of precision could

not be made, but the reproducibility and consistency of readings, along with their close

agreement with those from installed piezometers, give confidence in the reliability of

the ultrasonic flowmeter when measuring large quantities of flowing water.

(h) "The Ultrasonic Measurement of Hydraulic Turbine Discharge", R. C. Swengel, W. B. Hess,

S. K. Waldorf, 1951 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Paper 51j-A-5ij.

"Demonstration of the Principles of the Ultrasonic Flowmeter", R. C. Swengel, W. B. Hess,

S. K. Waldorf, Electrical Engineering, Vol. 73, No. 12, pp 1082-lj, Dec. 1951|.

"Principles and Application of the Ultrasonic Flowmeter", R. C. Swengel, W. B. Hess,

S. K. Waldorf, 1955 Winter General Meeting of the American Institute of Electrical

Engineers, Paper 55-28.

(1156) AIR BUBBLER SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN OPEN CHANNEL IN SHEET ICE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Three experimental 1000-foot and one 1500-foot lengths of galvanized steel pipe, with

holes at intervals for discharging compressed air, are laid on the reservoir bottom

perpendicular to the dam. The warmer water caused to rise with the bubbles maintains an

open channel in the reservoir sheet ice. The pipes are widely spaced to avoid interactior

and are placed so that open channels will direct the movement of pack ice over the dam at [, selected gates. If successful, a system of such pipes extended farther upstream is ex- pected to reduce the possibility of ice jams.

(g) Results are encouraging, but not conclusive because of recent mild winters. Experiments

with flexible tubing revealed some inherent difficulties with tubing which have not been

overcome.
Pennsylvania Water and Power Company 77 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory

Rutgers University

(b)

(d)

SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIR OF SAFE HARBOR HYDROELECTRIC STATION.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research

(e) With a U.S. D-Ij3 sampler, suspended sediment in the Susquehanna River is measured at the

head of the Safe Harbor Reservoir. The suspended sediment in the discharge of the

reservoir is measured at the station discharge and dam overflot<r by special means applicable to turbulent water. The rate of silting in the reservoir is measured periodically

by fathometer soundings.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Suspended sediment has been measured for flows of L|,000 to [£0,000 cfs. Recorded extremes

of flow of the Susquehanna are 2,000 and almost 900,000 cfs. The fathometer soundings

revealed the occasional presence of fluffs on the river bottom.

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.

(1660) HIGH SPEED HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS.

(b) Frankford Arsenal, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army.

(c) Associate Professor Frederick J. Bordt, Mechanical Engineering Department, Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research, development.

(e) Continuing investigation of control of a high speed hydraulic torque system. The system,

with a constant high speed input, is to have a variable torque and speed output.

(g) Unique constant pressure variable flow valve has been developed.

(h) No reports or publications available before completion of project.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(21ijO) EVALUATION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES.

(b) National Science Foundation, State University of Iowa, Ohio State University, and

Colorado A and M College Cooperating.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory, Iowa State University,

Engineering Bldg., Iowa City, Iowa (winter address), Allenspark, Colorado (summer address).

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Variable -slope flume long enough to permit accurate evaluation of open channel friction

losses will be tested at slopes into the steep range. Roughness and shape variables

will also be investigated.

(f) Planning during winter months, active experimentation during summer months. Flume headworks with capacity to 100 cfs under construction, 195ii.

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, Department of Botany.

(1662) PINE REGION HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Cooperative with Groundwater Division of the U. S. Geological Survey, New Jersey,

Department of Conservation and Economic Development, and United States Forest Service.

(c) Mr. Murray F. Buell, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water relations of two watersheds, one of which will be burned according to recently developed silvicultural practices and the other will be left to natural forest

succession.
78 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, University of Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 92k, 1665, 166?, 1671, 1672, 1923, 1926, 1927,

1928, and 21ijl to 211j8 incl., should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis llj, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, I398, and 1929 which are conducted in

cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed to Dr. Robert

Salter, Chief, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research

Service, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 19lj, 196, 9^6, 1206, 1911, and 2199 which are conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, should be addressed to the District

Engineer, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, St. Paul District, St. Paul, Minn.

(These projects are listed on pages 122, 123, and 12lj.)

(100) AIR ENTRAINMENT RE31 ARCH.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigation of self-aeration of high velocity open-channel flow. Air concentration

distributions in the flow have been measured for equilibrium aeration conditions at a number of discharges up to 10 cfs and slopes up to by means of specially developed

electrical instruments. The measurements were made for a single channel roughness

condition.

(g) Air concentration distribution indicates that the flow consists of two parts: (1) open

channel flow in lower region with air distributed by turbulent mixing, (2) upper region

consisting of water particles or spray generated by intense transverse velocity fluctuations that carry water particles through the surface. Roughness coefficient for aerated

flow appears to be less than that for unaerated flow. Mean concentration of air depends

upon slope and discharge.

(h) Project report in preparation.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Tests have been made on three different sizes of lucite pipe set on slopes ranging from

2.5$ to 30$ to verify the similarity relationships. Information on discharges, pressures , and flow conditions has been obtained. Future studies will be on the effect of different

types of inlet on the flow conditions and hydraulic losses.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Theory has been developed, verified, and published. Generalized methods for analysis

and reporting results have been developed. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes will flow

completely full even though the outlet discharges freely. Entrained air did not invalidate the Froude model law.

(h) "Hydraulic Fundamentals of Closed Conduit Spillways", by Fred W. Blaisdell. American

Society of civil Engineers, Proceedings-Separate No. 3%k, Nov. 19!>3.

(92k) FREE -JET WATER TUNNEL STUDIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Tests are being conducted in a 10-inch free-jet water tunnel to determine steady-state

cavity dimensions resulting from various geometries of head form. Emphasis is on tests | at low sigma values. Tests at sigma = 0.00£ have been made.
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 79

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVEHED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of

the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various field conditions.

(f) Suspended.

(1398) STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental j applied research for development and design.

(e) Spillway is used as a grade control structure in ditches and streams. Study will result

in general design rules for the spillway and outlet. Outlet studies have been completed. Present studies are to determine spillway performance and capacity with various approach

channel shapes.

(g) Minimum basin length is equal to distance at which upper nappe strikes basin floor plus

2.55 times the critical depth of flow. Floor blocks 0.8 d^ high by O.h dc wide must

occupy $0% to 60% of basin width. End sill is 0.1) dc high. Flaring triangular wingwalls are used. Approach channel design affects basin performance. Longer stilling

basins are required with high tailwater levels because the nappe floats.

(h) "Straight Drop Spillway Stilling Basin", by Charles A. Donnelly and Fred W. Blaisdell.

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 15, Series B, Oct. 195b.

Available from the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory at <f. per copy.

(1665) LOW VELOCITY WIND INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) U. S. Army, Signal Corps.

(d) Experimental design and development.

(e) Development studies on thermal anemometer for measuring speed and direction of winds

from 1 to 50 fps and from ground to 1000 ft elevation.

(h) "A Survey of Measuring Instruments for Low Velocity Winds", by John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. IjO, Dec. 1953-

(1669) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BASIC EQUIPMENT AND METHODS ASSOCIATED WITH LABORATORY

WAVE STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) Objective of the study is the investigation of equipment and methods associated with

laboratory surface-wave studies. Three items were proposed for study; namely, absorbers,

filters, and generators, with major emphasis on absorbers.

(g) A brief summary of literature and a translation of several foreign reports have been

prepared in the form of project reports. Experimental studies of wave filters and

absorbers were conducted with emphasis on absorbers. Data were obtained on the effect

of permeability and slope on the absorption characteristics of permeable absorbers with

both continuous and discontinuous slopes.

(h) "Laboratory Surface Wave Equipment, A Summary of Literature", by James A. Ross and C. E. Bowers, St., Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 38, Nov. 1953.

"Laboratory Wave-Generating Apparatus", by F. Biesel, F. Suquet and Others, Translation

of a Series of French Articles from La Houille Blanche by Meir Pilch, St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 39, Oct. 1953. (A limited number of copies of

of these reports may be made available by the sponsor.)
80 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(1671) CAVITATION TESTING IN WATER TUNNELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental} basic and applied research.

(e) An experimental program to study some of the factors believed to affect a measured

pressure at which water cavitates and to determine if a measured pressure is a better

datum than the vapor pressure in computing the cavitation index. Incipient bubbling

cavitation is of primary interest.

(1672) SLOTTED-WALL TEST SECTION FOR WATER TUNNELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) Studies of a number of slotted-wall test sections in a 6-inch recirculating tunnel are being made to determine primarily the optimum test-section geometry, the flow quality

in the test section, the head losses, and the cavitation characteristics.

(1923) DRAG OF AN ACCELERATED SPHERE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) spheres of 2 1/2 to 6 in. diameter of various materials were dropped through 16 ft of water in a large tank. Accelerations were determined from a position-time graph and Tine resistance was computed using this acceleration and the known weights.

(f) Completed.

(g) Resistance coefficient was best coordinated when plotted against the parameter AD/V

where A is the instantaneous acceleration, D is the diameter of the sphere, and V is

the instantaneous velocity. It was shown that the resistance coefficient approaches the

steady flow value when AD/V is small and tends to approach the theoretical value

2/3 AD/V^ when AD/V^ is large. The experimental equipment was not accurate enough,

however, to adequately check the results for high AD/V^. Reynolds numbers for the

experiments were in the range where the steady flow resistance coefficient for spheres is

relatively constant.

(h) "The Resistance to Accelerated Motion of Spheres in Water", by Giorgio Bugliarello.

Master's Thesis, University of Minnesota, July 195b.

(1926) STUDY OF HYDROELECTRIC TURBINE SETTING.

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) Test of hydroelectric turbine model to determine influence of flume setting on performance

of propeller turbines installed in the reconstruction project at the Lower Dam Hydroelectric Plant at St. Anthony Falls.

(f) Completed.

(1927) ULTRASONIC AND OTHER VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigations of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids, mixtures, and suspensions using

commercial ultrasonic viscosimeter in conjunction with conventional apparatus (rotating

cylinder, capillary).

(f) Completed.

(1928) DEPRESSED TEMPERATURE SEDIMENT STUDIES.

(b) Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Basic research; analytical and experimental.

(e) An investigation of the effect of temperature changes on the suspended load in natural

streams. The experimental program includes measuring in a flume the amount and size

distribution of sediment carried in suspension by water whose temperature is held constant

at several levels between freezing and well above room temperature.
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 81

(f) Completed except as relates to total load sediment studies.

(g) Both sediment size and concentration of suspended sediment are notably affected by

temperatures, both increasing with lowering of temperature. The effect of a temperature

decrease of U0° (to about 35° F) was to increase the suspended sediment concentration by

a factor of between 2 and U depending on the relative depth. For this same temperature

range, the median sediment size increased 35$ or 2.5 times by weight.

(h) "Terminal Report on Transportation Characteristics, Missouri River Sediment", by Lorenz

G. Straub, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 5> Series A, April 195b.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, Professor of Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota,

St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing full will be determined for laterals of

different sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles.

(211jl) TAC0NI1E HARBOR BREAKWATER STUDY.

(b) Erie Mining Company.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) To investigate the design of the breakwater for Taconite Harbor on the Minnesota shore

of Lake Superior. The breakwater is of stone construction and is approximately 1300 ft

long extending to water depths of 100 ft. Model scale is 1:50. Purpose of testing is to determine the stability of the proposed breakwater design under various wave conditions,

(g) Not complete.

(211j2) THE ABSORPTION OF ULTRASONIC RADIATION BY SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN WATER AS A MEASURE OF PARTICLE SIZE AND CONCENTRATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) The absorption of a 25 megacycle plane wave of ultrasonic radiation as affected by various

concentrations of suspended sediment is measured for particle sizes of liij-500 microns and

concentrations of 100-2200 parts per million by volume.

(21ij3) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF THE MECHANICS OF SELECTED METHODS OF SURFACE WAVE ABSORPTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Initial objective of the study is the procurement of quantitative data on wave attenuation

caused by a surface current induced by jets of water and air.

(g) Tests have been conducted on the attenuation of both deep and shallow water waves as a result of submerged air jets; results for deep-water waves compared favorably with

available theory. Tests of vertical and horizontal water jets indicated that the horizontal water jets were the most efficient. These tests were conducted in a small wave

channel; additional studies will be conducted in a larger channel 9 ft wide, 6 ft deep,

and 250 ft long.

(2UI4) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Objective of the study is the determination of the principal effects of dihedral on the

performance of hydrofoils.
82 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(g) to approximate theory was developed whereby the lift of a surface-piercing foil at high

speed can be determined as a function of the angle of attack solely from two-dimensional

wind tunnel data. A theory for the trailing vortex drag was developed for both deeply

submerged and surface -piercing dihedral hydrofoils, to analysis of the wave drag of

surface-piercing hydrofoils was developed and compared with experimental data.

(h) Report in preparation.

(21i£) FLOW OF WATER THROUGH PERMEABLE MIXTURES OF SAND PARTICLES OF DIFFERENT SITES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and basic; for master's thesis.

(e) Resistance coefficient is being measured for sieved separates of a natural sand and for

various combinations of the separates such that the mean size is constant and the distri

bution standard deviation is varied systematically.

(211j6) MODEL STUDY FOR MENOMONIE POWER PROJECT.

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) Experimental design of spillway apron. Study of gate operation.

(211j7) TOTAL LOAD SEDIMENT STUDIES.

(b) Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Basic research; analytical and experimental.

(e) An investigation of the total sediment load in a recirculating laboratory flume. The

experimental program includes the measurement of sediment concentration and size of the

suspended sediment and of the total load. The bed load to be obtained by subtracting

the suspended load from the total load. The effect of water temperature on total load

is to be studied.

(211)8) AIR-WATER MIXTURES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The investigation has been divided into two parts; namely, (1) production of air-water

mixtures in closed conduits, and (2) flow of air-water mixtures in closed conduits.

Only (1) has been pursued extensively so far. The experimental work has been done on

aspirator type mixers and has consisted of measuring bulk water and air input and bubble

size of the resulting mixture as a function of the aspirator characteristics. Air-water

ratios from zero to one (measured at atmospheric conditions) have been used.

(g) A theory for the aspirator has been developed, predicting air-water ratios. This theory

is supported by the experimental data. The back-pressure produced on an aspirator by

the conduit downstream is important in determining the output of the aspirator; a tentative assumption that the friction factor in this conduit is the same for the air-water

mixture as for a homogenous fluid appeared to be in agreement with the experimental data A special apparatus was designed to sample the flow in order to measure bubble sizes.

Bubble size could not be predicted by theory, but experimental measurements were cor- related by dimensional analysis. Maximum bubble diameters produced by an aspirator can

be controlled to a limited extent by controlling water and air inflow and back-pressure

on the aspirator.

(h) "Generation of Air-Water Mixtures in Closed Conduits by .Aspiration", byE. Silberraan,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. U5, (in press).
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

Southern Methodist University

Stanford University

83

THE SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS.

(895) THE COMPILATION OF RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION DATA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Capt. W. N. Landers, Secretary, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,

lh Trinity Place, New York 6, N. Y.

(d) The project is concerned with the effective and systematic presentation of existing

experimental data on ship model resistance and propulsion.

(e) Ship model resistance data for models of various types are assembled on standard data

sheets designed for ready reference and aimed towards further analysis to determine the

influence of hull form on wavemaking resistance. Standard data sheets for reporting

data on self-propelled models and model propellers are also devised, and representative

data presented thereon. The dual purposes of this compilation work are to foster the

adoption of standard forms for reporting model data and to facilitate the analytical

analysis to determine the influence of geometry on resistance and propulsion.

(g) One hundred and fifty-nine resistance data sheets for models for various types have been

assembled. These data have been requested by numerous shipyards, design agents, consulting naval architects, students, etc. Towing tanks in this country have unofficially

adopted the form of the data sheet and are actively proposing it for international use.

The self-propulsion data sheets and propulsion data sheets are still in preliminary form.

Empirical analysis so far has indicated which form factors have the major effect on wave- making resistance. The need for basic research in the hydrodynamics of ship resistance

is, however, apparent.

(h) "Model Resistance and Expanded Data Sheets",

Models 1-^0 $10.00 to members $11.00 to non-merabers Models 51-100 $10.00 to members $11.00 to non-members

Models 101-150 $10.00 to members $11.00 to non-members

Explanatory notes are available with each order on request. Single data sheets are available at $1.00 each.

"Index to Model and Expanded Resistance Data Sheets, Nos. 1-150", Bulletin 1-llj, $1.00

per copy.

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(211(9) THE HYDRAULICS OF THE CITY OF DALLAS STORM WATER INLET.

(b) City of Dallas (Department of Public Works) and Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. I. W. Santry, Jr., School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas 5, Texas

.

(d) Experimental; operation and design; undergraduate thesis.

(e) The project is designed to determine the efficiency of the present storm water inlet of

the city of Dallas and to determine criteria for use. Also consideration will be given to the possibility of changing the design for better operations.

(g) The project has just started and therefore no results will be available until late in 1955.

STANFORD UNI'VERSITY, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 627, 1171, 2150 and 2151, should be addressed to

Prof. John K. Vennard, and Projects Nos. 19li3 to 19lj6, incl., should be addressed to Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
8L, Stanford University

(627) STUDY OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Study of the zone of boundary layer transition in smooth pipes of various diameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Semiempirical relationships derived.

(h) Engineer theses by S. M. Barnes and C. T. Chen completed. Ph.D. thesis by Karl Brerikert,

Jr., completed.

(1171) STUDY OF MANIFOLD PORTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Measurement and interpretation of pressure variation near outlet ports in manifold pipes

and obtaining hydraulic coefficients for various flow geometries.

(£) Completed.

(g) Appropriate coefficients obtained and justified.

(191)3) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED STREAM FLOW ROUTING ANALOGUE.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(b)

(d)

(o)

(g)

(h)

U. S. Weather Bureau. Experimental; applied research.

Using a Beckman analogue computer equations of the type S = alx + b0z a xl11^ are being

tested to determine if they are superior to the ordinary Muskingum type equation. Special

components for introducing the inflow current and for raising the necessary numbers to

powers are being designed.

Inactive

A circuit design has been completed and a pilot model is under construction by the sponsor.

(191)1) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR EVAPORATION.

(t) U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Evaporation from a small reservoir is being compared with that from four different

evaporation pans. Data is also being collected to test the applicability of the energy

balance theory and the mass transfer theory.

(191)5) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Statistical study, applied research.

Hourly rainfall intensity is being correlated with various topographic parameters as a basis for estimating intensities appropriate for drainage design in the absence of

observations. Three preliminary techniques are being evaluated prior to further basic

studies.

A preliminary correlation is completed, for California north of 3£* Lat. Preliminary report prepared. Copies available through project director.

(191)6) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPH FOR SMALL AREAS. Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation, basic research.

A study of the mechanics of overland flow in an attempt to develop a universal method of

estimating the hydrograph of runoff from small areas for drainage design.

Theoretical study of profile of overland flow completed.

"The Fundamental Hydraulics of Overland Flow", Eugene Richey, Ph.D. Thesis, Nov. 195ij.
Stanford University

Stevens Institute of Technology

85

(2150) STUDY OF FLOW FROM SLOTTED PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Extension of the manifold port problem to a continuous slot.

(f) Experimental work completed; thesis being written.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Comparison of spillway performance and design predictions.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental Towing Tank.

MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS.

The Experimental Towing Tank carries out an extensive research program of a classified

nature for the Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Office of Naval Research, and the Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy. A large number of projects involving

commercial vessels of many different designs for private clients are also undertaken for

the determination of effective horsepower, the resistance, directional stability of barges, the determination of shaft horsepower for river towboats and comparable vessels,

resistances under sailing conditions of sailing yachts, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of flying boats and seaplane floats.

OhO) PLANING SURFACES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A continuous series of theoretical and experimental studies of the basic hydrodynamic

processes involved in the planing action of seaplane hulls and high speed surface craft. In particular, the pressure distribution, wake and main spray formation are being studied.

(g) Investigations have extended from elementary planing surfaces of several deadrises, through

surfaces in the shape of Vee planf orm; also surfaces planing parallel to each other and

combinations of forebody with an afterbody planing in its wake.

(h) Fifteen papers on the results of research conducted under the subject contract have been

prepared and published. Two reports are presently in preparation. One is concerned with

the main spray of planing surfaces and the other with the two step planing of seaplane

hulls.

(U07) s:aworthiness of ships.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing T ank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the vertical forces and pitching moments acting on a restrained ship model

moving against head seas. This project supplements the project on seaworthiness mr del tests conducted at David Taylor Model Basin and Massachusetts Institute of Technol' gy.

(g) Model tests obtained in waves of the length equal to length of ship model, and wav s length to height ratio of IjO are completed, and are partially analyzed.

(h) "Progress Report on Determination of Forces and Moments Exerted by 'Waves on a Restrained

Ship Model", an informal letter report, No. 525, describes the results of the tests.
86 Stevens Institute of Technology

(lij09) BENDING MOMENT OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

0>)

(c)

(d)

(e)

CO

(g)

(h)

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental method to check calculations.

Stress measurements of jointed model of T2-SE-A1 tanker to determine external bending

moment underway in waves, for comparison with calculated bending moment in "stationary"

wave. Completed. In regular waves of length equal to the model length and of height equal to 1/20 of the

length, the measured bending moments were found to be appreciably lower than those

obtained by the conventional static method of calculation, although an upward trend

appeared as speeds in head seas were extended above the service speed of this ship.

"Ship Model Tests to Determine Bending Moments in Waves", by Edward V. Lewis, presented

at the November 195b meeting of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York.

(IJjIO) SELF-PROPELLED TESTING.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental; developmental research.

To determine if successful self-propelled testing can be conducted using models of less

than 12-foot length and to determine causes of scale effect in propulsion factors.

Open-water tests have been completed on three different sized models of a propeller designed by the Netherlands Model Ba sin for the Victory type cargo ship. Hull models of

the Victory ship, 7-1/2 feet and 9 feet in length, have been tested self-propelled. This

work is being carried out in cooperation with the Netherlands Model Basin who are testing

models 9 feet long and above.

Second part is covered in E.T.T. Report No. 5b2, "A Study of Ship Propulsion Scale Effects",

by Edward V. Lewis, August 195b, and in abstract in a contribution to the Seventh International Towing Tank Conference by Allan B. Murray, Gothenburg, Aug. 195>li«

(1680) COMPUTATION OF WAVE RESISTANCE OF SHIPS.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Office of Naval Research, Department

of the Navy.

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To verify the applicability of methods and tables developed by R. Guilloton to the calculation of wave-making resistnace of ships of practical shape. To verify validity of certain

second order corrections.

(h) "Calculation of the Wave-Making Resistance of Ships of Normal Commercial Form by Guilloton's

method and comparison with experimental data", by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and Winnifred R. Jacobs, E.T.T. Report No. 51)1.

(1681) TO EVALUATE RESISTANCE AND MOTION IN STILL WATER AND IN WAVES WITH BULB VARIATIONS FROM

0^ TO ABOUT 13% OF THE IMMERSED MIDSHIP AREA.

(b) U. S. Maritime Administration.

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; model testing.

(e) Resistances of various models being measured in smooth water and in head seas. Bow

accelerations and bow pitching being measured in head seas.

(f) Completed . (g) The effect of bulbous bow size and resistance and motion has been evaluated.

(h) Paper by E. Scott Dillon and Edward V. Lewis presented to the Chesapeake Section of the

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, March 1955.
Stevens Institute of Technology 87

(1917) THE EETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE AND AMPLITUDES OF PITCH AND HEAVE OF A MERCHANT SHIP MODEL IN WAVES.

(b) International Towing Tank Conference, Committee on Seakeeping Qualities.

(c) Mr. Edward v. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; model testing.

(e) Resistance of David Taylor Model Basin Series 60 ship model is being measured in smooth water and in waves of various lengths; amplitudes of pitch and heave are being determined

by analysis of moving picture records, and by means of a new apparatus for recording pitch,

heave, surge, and wave profile simultaneously.

(g) Results have been forwarded to the sponsor for analysis and comparison with results from

other model basins.

(h) Report presented by sponsor to Seventh International Towing Tank Conference, Gothenburg,

August 195h.

(19i|8) SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE TURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHIP MODEL FITTED WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF APPENDAGES.

(b) Office of Naval Research Department of the Navy (DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain data on the influence of appendages on the turning characteristics of a twin- screw surface ship; the appendages under consideration are skegs and bilge keels, with

rudders and propellers of different sizes

.

(g) Tests have established the magnitude of the rudder-on-hnl 1 interaction effects and its

variation with skeg and propeller size. Data on the rudder moments required to provide

various turning radii with different sizes of skegs and propellers is believed to be of

general applicability to design problems. It is shown that a study of hull-on-rudder

interaction is needed to complete the picture.

(h) "A Study of the Effect of Appendages on Surface Ship Turning n

, by Edward V. Lewis and

Nishan M. Eskigian, E.T.T. Report No. 5b5.

(2152) PLANING SURFACES IN ROLL AND YAW.

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To conduct an exploratory investigation to define generally the nature of the flow in

unsyrametrical planing, the magnitude of steady-state forces and moments, and their

variation with yaw and roll angle.

(g) Tests have been conducted on two simple machined planing surfaces of zero deadrise and

20° deadrise. Resistance, side force, pitching moment, rolling moment, yawing moment,

and planing area were measured simultaneously over the following range of independent

variables: trim, 6° to 30°; roll, 0° to - 15°; yaw, 0° to 20°; speed coefficient

Cy, 7.0 to 17.5; load coefficient, C

fi , 2.5 to 1|9.0.

(2153) EVALUATION OF WAKE FRACTION AND THRUST DEDUCTION OF A SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy (DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) Traditionally the wake fraction and thrust deduction for design of a ship propeller are obtained by means of model tests of a specific ship form and its propeller. The general

dependence of these characteristics on ship form is known only empirically. In the

attempts at rational solution, the mathematical difficulties required drastic simplifying

assumptions as to physical conditions, which undermine the practical value of the results. In the present project the wake fraction and thrust deduction is obtained by computational

methods as functions of the hull form and the thrust distribution over the propeller disk.
88 Stevens Institute of Technology

While the expression of many hydrodynamical relationships involved in the problem in a compact mathematical form proved to be prohibitively difficult, these relationships are basically simple and are amenable to the computational procedure, treating one aspect of

a problem at a time* In this approach to the problem the physical conditions of it are realistically represented.

(g) An introductory investigation of a body of revolution with a hypothetical propeller is

completed. The work is continued with application to a "Victory" ship form.

(h) "Stern Propeller Interaction with a Streamline Body of Revolution", by B. V. KorvinKroukovsky, E.T.T. Report No. $kh.

(2l51j) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) The development of the method of calculation for predicting ship motions caused by the

head or following seas. Towing tank tests of ship forms differing widely from the forms

currently used in practice in search of considerable improvement in seakeeping qualities

of ships.

(g) The preliminary calculations of the coupled pitch and heave motion of a model of DTMB

Series 60 , 0.60 block hull were completed. The calculated pitching and heaving motions

are found to agree reasonably well with the available towing tank test data.

(h) "Ship Motions in Regular and Irregular Seas", by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and Edward V. Lewis, E.T.T. Tech. Memo. No. 106.

(2155) INVESTIGATION OF THE SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MOTIONS IN IRREGULAR HEAD SEAS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy (DTMB Technical Supervision)

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and Experimental} basic research.

(e) A method of producing realistic irregular long-crested waves in the model tank is being

developed and applied to the comparative study of the motions of two ship models of the

same proportions but different forebody form. Results are to be compared with the motions

calculated by recently developed methods from model performances in regular waves of a wide range of frequencies.

(g) The development of irregular waves has been completed; test results have not yet been

analyzed.

(h) "Irregular Waves in Model Tanks", by Edward V. Lewis

"Observation of Ship Motions by. Models", by Professor B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Both

papers presented at the Conference on Ships and Waves, sponsored by the Council on Wave Research and the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Hoboken, N. J.,

October 1951j.

"Ship Motions in Regular and Irregular Seas", by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and Edward V. Lewis, (ETT TM No. 106) to be published in an early issue of the International Shipbuilding Progress, Rotterdam.

(2156) MOTION AND STABILITY OF HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy (technical supervision by David Taylor

Model Basin, at present^.

(c) Mr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the longitudinal stability characteristics of tandem hydrofoil configurations

in smooth water and in waves, both controlled and uncontrolled. The resulting motions of

the system and the loadings on the foils can then be determined.
Stevens Institute of Technology

University of Tennessee

89

(g) A theoretical analysis of motion in smooth water has been completed. A preliminary

analysis of forces and moments in waves has been completed and tests will be made for

comparison with theory. These results have been incorporated into a preliminary study of

motions in waves.

(h) "Theoretical Analysis of the Longitudinal Stability of a Tandem Hydrofoil Systems in Smooth

Water", by W. C. Hugli, Jr. and Paul Kaplan, E.T.T. Report No. h!9»

(21$7) WAKS AMD DOWNWASH OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To evaluate analytical expressions for wake and downwash aft of hydrofoils in order to

determine the effect of this flow field on the forces acting on a tandem foil located aft.

(g) The two-dimensional wake and downwash of a hydrofoil in waves has been determined in a form applicable to stability and motion analyses in waves. A determination of the threedimensional flow field aft of a finite span hydrofoil in smooth water is continuing and

a report is in preparation.

(h) "The" Two-Dimensional Wake and Downwash of a Hydrofoil in Waves", by Paul Kaplan, E.T.T.

Report No. b97.

(21^8) COMPARISON OF STREAMLINED BODIES AND PROLATE SPHEROIDS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy (technical supervision by David Taylor

Model Basin).

(c) Alice Winzer, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Calculations based on a theoretical analysis of the three added mass coefficients for a series of rotationally symmetric streamlined bodies; comparison of these calculations with

those based on a simplified semi-empirical formula for the added mass coefficients.

(g) A simple semi-empirical formula is established from which the added mass coefficient k, for longitudinal motion can be obtained for a family of bodies. This is found to be

in much better agreement with the true k^ of the body than the one used thus far, namely

the k^ of a prolate spheroid of same fineness ratio.

(h) "A Comparison of the Virtual Mass Coefficients of an Airship and of its Equivalent"

Ellipsoid", by A. Winzer, E.T.T. Note No. 2£2.

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9hh, 21^9, and 2160, should be addressed to Dr. Harry

H. Ambrose, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 16, Tennessee.

(9hh) HYDRAULIC FRICTION.

(b) Partially sponsored by the David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A long-term investigation has been made to determine the effect of certain roughness

characteristics upon the boundary resistance and the velocity distribution in turbulent

flows through pipes. Tests were made in a four-inch plastic pipe which was roughened by

the insertion of sleeves.

(f) Experimental work completed, final report in preparation.

(g; Resistance coefficients for both depression-type and projection-type roughnesses show

persistent viscous effects throughout the test range.
90 University of Tennessee University of Texas

(2159) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR TAINTOR GATES ON SPILLWAYS.

(b) Cooperative with the Tennessee Valley Authority.

(d) Experimental) for master's thesis.

(e) Discharge coefficients were determined for a generalized model of a taintor gate on a spillway. The effect of the trunnion location was investigated as well as that of the

relative head and of the relative gate opening.

(f) Experimental work completed, thesis in preparation.

(2160) CHARACTERISTICS OF A THREE-WAY FLOW REGULATOR.

(b) Fulton Sylphon Division, Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Company.

(d) Experimental) applied research.

(e) Three-way flow regulators of 2, 2 1/2, 3, tr, 5, and 6-inch nominal diameter were tested

for discharge-vs-differential-head characteristics.

(f} Completed.

(g) The regulators are generally more efficient for dividing flow than for mixing flow.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9lj8, I683, to 1685, incl., and 2162, should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas.

(91)8) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED JET.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation is being made of the diffusion of momentum in a two-dimensional jet as influenced by the proximity to a plane boundary. Apparatus was constructed for measuring

the velocity field in the diffusion region of an air jet 0.05 ft. thick and 3.0 ft. wide

with a plane parallel boundary at various distances from the axis of the jet.

(g) Measurements are nearly complete covering a range of boundary distance from to 1.8 ft. Results indicate that the boundary has a stabilizing influence and tends to reduce the rate of diffusion. As the distance to the plane boundary is increased the diffusion

increases. Mean flow streamlines obtained in the diffusion region defined a stable eddy

between the jet and the boundary and indicated a linear spread of the jet downstream from

the eddy. Velocity profiles in the zone of linear spread were all reducible to a single

dimensionless curve.

(h) Unpublished annual report to National Science Foundation is available on two weeks loan.

(I683) THE EQUIVALENT PIPE CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical) basic research.

(e) An analytical study to clarify the conditions for the validity of the equivalent pipe

concept and to modify the parameters of the conventional general resistance diagram

making it more convenient for problems with pipes in series, branching pipes, and pipe

networks

(f) Temporarily inactive.

(g) The concepts are all clarified and limited application of the proposed method indicates

reasonable results with advantages over other methods. The method seems to combine the

convenience of the equivalent pipe method with the completeness of the general resistance

diagram. The approximations made in the interest of convenience are made evident in

contrast to the conventional equivalent pipe method.
University of Texas Utah State Agricultural College

91

(1681,) FLOW PATTERNS AS SOCIATED WITH THE VENTILATION OF A LARGE AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The flow patterns associated with a conventional plan for the ventilation of a large

area will be studied by visual observations in a model of a portion of a large underground

garage. Water will be used as the fluid and colored dye to trace the flow patterns. The effectiveness of alternative flow patterns will be investigated,

(g) The model has been completed and ventilation patterns recorded by photographing the move- ment of a front of dyed fluid sweeping through the area. Additional observation and

analysis remain to be done.

(1685) THE INFLUENCE OF ENTRANCE CONDITIONS ON THE FLOW IN SPILLWAYS.

(b) Texas Board of Water Engineers.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Tests were made on three typical spillways structures chosen from the Board of Water

Engineers files. General observations were made of the flow patterns, surface profiles were recorded, and a photographic record made. Results are being reported for the benefit

of interested engineers.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results indicated instances of satisfactory and unsatisfactory performance and suggested

some modifications for improvement of flow conditions.

(h) "A Report on Model Spillway Studies, Board of Water Engineers, State of Texas", Sept. 1,

\9$h, Austin, Texas. A motion picture of the tests is being edited.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Prof. C. W. Morgan, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experimental determinations will be made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises . The velocity distribution and surface profile will be determined

(1) throughout the length of the jump for various relative changes in bottom elevation.

The longitudinal location of the jump in relation to the change in bottom elevation will

be varied ever a broad range in distinction to previous related investigations in which

relative location of the jump was held constant.

(g) For a given entering flow condition, three different types of the hydraulic jump may form

at an abrupt drop. The form of the jump, the transition between types, and the longitudinal location of the jump relative to the drop are dependent on the downstream depth.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a U square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed will be made to provide basic information for estimating runoff from small urban

watersheds in the Southwest area. Efforts will be made to correlate runoff with rainfall

and characteristics of the drainage basin when sufficient data have accumulated. The

streamflow station has been completed and arrangements for the rain gages are being made.

UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(359) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(c) Mr. A. Alvin Bishop, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

(d) Field studies; applied research and master's theses.
92 Utah State Agricultural College

The major purposes are to find low cost, effective methods of drainage of arid-region

waterlogged saline and alkali lands. In the past year work has been concentrated in

Utah and Weber Counties with preliminary studies being made in Cache County.

Piezometers were used to measure the hydraulic head in the area affected by the Hooper

Pilot Drain and flow patterns were constructed for conditions before construction of the

drain and after the drain was completed. The effect of the drainage construction on the

ground water flow pattern was significant.

"Drainage of the Cache Valley Lowlands", Willard Gardner and 0. W. Israelsen, Utah

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 368, Logan, Utah, May l°5ii.

CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS.

Laboratory project, cooperating with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Geological

survey and Utah State Engineer.

Prof. Wayne D. Criddle, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan,

Utah.

Field investigation; applied research.

To obtain basic information regarding consumptive use of water by agricultural crops, pastures, and native vegetation; and to study methods of measurement of consumptive use

of water. Results being obtained are used currently in administration of the surface and underground

waters of Utah.

"Consumptive use of water by major farm crops in the Escalante Valley of Utah", Glen L.

Steed, Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, 19!?li.

A STUDY OF FARM IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT AS RELATED TO OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS, COSTS, LABOR

REQUIREMENTS AND TIME STUDIES INVOLVING IRRIGATION SCHEDULES AND SYSTEM CAPACITIES.

Laboratory project, cooperative with Reynolds Metals Company.

Prof. Wayne D. Criddle, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

Field investigation; applied research.

To evaluate irrigation equipment being used in the field and to develop criteria for the use of various types of equipment.

WATER RESOURCES PHASE OF INDUSTRIAL SURVEY SOUTHWESTERN UTAH, THE -COUNTY AREA (Kane, Iron,

and Washington Counties)

Utah Committee on Industrial and Employment Planning.

Prof. Wayne D. Criddle, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

Field investigation; basic research.

The purpose of this study is to provide complete inventory of all water resources of the area and also to examine extent and economic value of losses, shortages, and wastes. Re- commendation for more efficient utilization of the resources will be made. Findings to

be integrated with other phases of the survey. Results not yet available.

EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING WATER YIELDS FROM HIGH WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Gregory L. Pearson, Soil Conservation Service, Salt Lake City, Utah, Mr, Cleve H

Milligan, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

Field investigation, statistical studies; applied research.

The purpose of the project is to improve the accuracy of prediction of summer irrigation

water supplies based on snow and rainfall measurements, base stream flow, soil moisture

conditions, etc. These predictions provide a basis for efficient water and farm management, including reservoir operation, cropping practices, and flood control.

As a consequence of these studies, it is now possible to estimate summer streamflow on

many Utah streams within 10 percent, and on some streams within 5 percent, as compared

to actual U.S.G.S. streamflow measurements.

"Federal-State Cooperative Snow Surveys and Water Supply Forecasts for Utah", published

annually in mimeographed form. Available: Soil Conservation Service, Salt Lake City,

Utah or Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.
Utah State Agricultural College

State College of Washington

93

UTAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Engineering Experiment Station.

(1956) INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION LOSSES IN FITTINGS AND VALVES FOR PORTABLE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

EQUIPMENT.

(b) Cooperative with Irrigation Equipment Company and Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mc Alvin Bishop, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; design research for master's thesis.

(e) To obtain head loss factors for fittings and valves used in portable sprinkler irrigation

systems and to compare hydraulic performance of valves partially closed with valves fully

opened.

(f) Completed.

(g) Valves tested showed a friction loss for a condition of seven-tenths open to be less than

for the same valve operated under full open conditions. Special hydraulic characteristics

of the valves were determined.

(h) "An Investigation of Friction Losses in Valves for Portable Sprinkler Irrigation Equipment",

by Nukruk Paholyotin, Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, May 193>li.

STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering and Division of Industrial Research.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Charles L. Barker, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Wash.

( d) Experimental

.

(e) Using the Mcllroy flow network analyzer the following studies are to be made: (1) Effect

of eliminating small pipes in a distribution system in the Hardy-Cross analysis, (2) effect

of combining loads in a network, and (3) the effect of pipe roughness on pumping costs on network flow.

(1690) PLACEMENT OF AIR VENTS IN IRRIGATION PIPELINES.

(b) Concrete Products Association of Washington.

(c) Prof. Charles L. Barker, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Wash.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) The minimum distance that an air vent is to be placed from the inlet of a pipeline (where

air enters the pipeline) is a function of the rise velocity of the air bubbles, the

velocity of water in the pipe, and physical characteristics of the structure. An attempt

will be made to determine the rise velocity of bubbles as a function of bubble size, and

Reynolds number.

(h) Publication in press.

(1691) PRESSURE RELIEF STRUCTURE.

(b) Concrete Products Association of Washington.

(c) Prof. C. L. Barker, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Wash.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for design.

(e) Former research has shown that air releases from small vents in irrigation pipelines may

generate water hammer. An air dome used in conjunction with the small vent pipe will

reduce the magnitude of pressure generation. Design dimensions of the air dome are being

evaluated as a function of vent size, pressure reduction desired, size of main pipe, length

of main pipe.

(h) Publication in press.

(2165) THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON RUNOFF FROM PRECIPITATION.

(b) Division of Industrial Research.

(c) Mr. E. Roy Tinney, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.

( e) Study of cutting records of lumber companies and of precipitation and runoff records for

the same period of time.
9U State College of Washington

University of Washington

University of Wisconsin

(2166) MODEL STUDY OF NOXON RAPIDS DAM ON THE CLARK FORK RIVER, NOXON, MONTANA.

(b) Washington Water Power Company and Ebasco Services Incorporated.

(c) Mr. Paul Ruff, State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.

(d) Study of cofferdam construction procedures, spillway capacity, training wall design, etc.

(e) Model 1 to 5 of same 3000 feet of river section has been constructed. Flow up to 7500 gpm

representing 250,000 cfs is being used.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1692) SHORT RANGE FORECASTS OF SNOW-MELT RUNOFF IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Bonneville Power Administration, cooperative with the Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash.

(c) Prof. T. H. Campbell, Civil Engineering Dep't. Univ. of Uash., Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Theoretical; applied research, for doctor's .thesis.

(e) To develop a procedure whereby increased flow from snow melt can be forecast for periods

of five to ten days from wheather bureau records or from forecasts of weather in the

Columbia River Basin.

(1693) SHORT RANGE FORECASTS OF RUNOFF FROM PRECIPITATION IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Bonneville Power Administration, cooperative with the Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash.

(c) Prof. T. H. Campbell, Civil Engineering Dept't. Univ. of Wash., Seattle 5» Wash.

(d) Theoretical j applied research.

(e) To develop a practicable procedure for estimating the flow of streams in the Columbia

River Basin for periods of five to ten days in advance during periods of rainfall.

(h) "Short Term Streamflow Forecasting from Precipitation Data", Ernest C. Pogge, 110 pages. Applies to St. Maries River, St. Joe River, and Coer d'Alene River Basins. Unpublished

Master's Thesis, University of Washington, library.

(1705) A HYDROGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF THE STREAMS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

(b) State of Washington, Department of Fisheries.

(c) Prof. Harold K. Moritz, Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Comparative hydrographic study of streams in the State on basis of high year, low year,

and mean year.

(2167) THE USE OF A HIGH SPEED WATER JET FOR DETERMINING THE HYDROSTATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANING SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Harold K. Moritz, Hydraulics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle 5, wash.

(d) Experimental, basic, for Master's Thesis.

(f) Completed.

(h) Unpublished Master's Thesis in University of Washington library, by Richard A. Balser,

26 pages.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 956, 958, and 1181 should be addressed to Dr. J. R. Villemonte, and Projects Nos. 959, 1707 and 1709, to Dr. Arno T. Lena, Hydraulic Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.
University of 'Wisconsin 95

(956) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN PIPES UNDER HEOH LINE PRESSURES.

(b) Cooperative with Ladi3h Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) Low pressure studies of fitting losses with laminar flow are in progress.

(g) Tests have been completed on 1/2, 1 and 2-inch seamless steel tubes over a Reynolds'

number range of 50 to 150,000. The relation between the friction factor f and Reynolds'

number is consistent, provided the temperature and pressure effects on fluid properties

are known.

(958) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN WELDING PIPE FITTINGS AND YALTES.

(b) Cooperative with Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental j for doctoral, master's and bachelor theses.

(e) Additional tests since those reported in Hydraulic Research in the United States, 195ij,

have been made on 2-inch pipe bends and elbows.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Coefficients K in H = KvV2g in the Reynolds' number range from 25,000 to 500,000 were found to be as follows:

The minimum value of K occurred at an Np^ value of 100,000 for all bends and elbows

tested.

(h) "Friction Losses Due to Pipe Elbows", R. k. Espe, D. S. Loos, D. G. Poss, B. S. Thesis,

June 1951j. (Available on loan.)

(959) HTDROLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF LAKE MENDOTA DRAINAGE BASIN.

(b) Part of a larger project entitled "Origin and quantities of algal fertilizers tributary to Lake Mendota". Cooperative study sponsored by University of Wisconsin.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for Ph.D., M. S. and B. S. Theses.

(e) Seven stream gaging stations have been installed to ireasure tributary inflow to Lake

Mendota and Tahara River outflow. Precipitation records are being obtained from fourteen

recording rain gages. Current efforts are concentrating on publication of summary of

results to date.

(g) Three M. S. and six B. S. Theses completed. (Available on loan.)

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE ORIFICES.

(b) Cooperative with Mr. J. C. Stevens, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D., M.S. Theses.

(e) Existing fundamental considerations are being studied and a new practical approach has

been developed. Initial vorticity can be completely controlled, and measurements of head,

discharge, and surface profile can be made. Orifice diameters will vary from 2 to 8 inches

with the existing apparatus.

(g) Tests have been completed on 2-, and 6-inch diameter sharp-edged orifices. Tests on

an 8-inch dia orifice are now in progress.

(1707) PROBLEMS OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE AND CULVERT OPENINGS.

(b) Consolidated '3 Civic Foundation, Inc.

(d) Experimental; for M. S. and B. S. Theses.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are in progress to determine methods of estimating probable scour pattern for a proposed structure having certain physical site characteristics and conditions

of flow. Remedial methods will also be studied so scour at existing structures will be

reduced or eliminated.

K

One -cut miter bend

Short radius welded elbow

Long radius welded elbow

Standard short radius threaded elbow

l.li—1.7

0.3—0.6

0.2—0.7

0.6—1.0
96 University of Wisconsin

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

(g) Causes of scour at one location have been correlated with topography and water levels.

Study of the design of training walls to get better flow under the bridge structure is

in progress.

(h) "lpproach Improvements to Reduce Scour, Backhorn Bridge Model", J. C. Ringenoldus, M. S. Thesis, June 195Jj. (Available on loan.)

(1709) CALIBRATION QF V-NOTCH WEIRS AT ENDS OF CULVERTS,

(b) Wisconsin Culvert Co.

(d) Experimental; for M. S. and B. S. Theses.

(e) A 90° V-Notch is installed in a rectangular flume and is being used as a control for flows

up to and above the top of the weir plate.

(g) Mathematical interpretation of the flows as the summation of V-Notch and rectangular weir

flows was made and coefficients determined to express the total flow as a function of the

head above the bottom of the V-Notch.

(h) "Calibration of V-Notch Weirs at Ends of Culvert Pipes", M. W. Busby and L. R. Hafeman,

B. S. Thesis, June 1953. (Available on loan.)

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 961, 1712, 1713, 1961, and 2168 to 2170, incl., should

be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester 2, Mass.

(961) VALVE TESTS.

(b) Chapman Valve Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Head loss measurements for various discharges are made on a 2jj-inch disc type check valve.

Closure time and pressure changes are recorded photographically for various flows up to

16 gps.

(1712) CROMBY MOVEABLE BED MODEL.

(b) Philadelphia Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A distorted model (l'l5 vertical scale, 1:1)5 horizontal scale) was constructed of a section

of the Schuylkill River including provision for heating water pumped through the condensers.

Studies were made of re-circulation of hot water discharged from condensers.

(f) Inactive - work will be continued.

(1713) LITTLETON HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

b) Connecticut River Power Company,

d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model was constructed of the chute spillway and section of the Connecticut River

to study flow conditions in the chute and in the river adjacent to the chute.

(f) Completed. Model kept in readiness to check details during construction.

(1961) HOGBACK DAM WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT.

(b) The Water Bureau, Hartford, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the dam, spillway, diversion tunnel, Mill Brook diversion and adjacent

river topography was constructed to study flow conditions for diversion and flood flows.

V/ater surface profiles in diversion tunnel and spillway channel were determined.

(f) Completed. Model maintained to provide information during construction.
Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Mississippi State College

97

(2168) HOGBACK DAM WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT

(b) The Water Bureau, Hartford, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:9 model of a section of the spillway was installed in the 3 foot glass sided flume. Tests were made to determine the discharge coefficient and the pressures on the surface near the crest.

(f) Completed.

(2169) EDGAR STATION.

(b) Boston Edison Co., through Jackson Moreland Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:250 model of the Edgar Station steam plant was installed in a wind tunnel (£'x5«x8' test section) to determine the effect of various devices on the smoke pattern from the

stacks.

(2170) TITEFLEX COUPLINGS.

(b) Titeflex Corporation.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A series of quick disconnect couplings in various pipe sizes up to 2 inches were tested

for head loss and leakage. Several combinations of valve and check arrangements were

studied.

(f) Completed.

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE, Engineering and Industrial Research Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. h, 5, 1631, and 2171 should be addressed to

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Box lf>l6, State College, Miss.

(lj) DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Research on the theories of surface wave origin and growth, on measurements in the

laboratory and in nature, and on the comparative results of theory and measurement.

(g) A paper on the proposed theoretical approach of the project is in preparation. New

experimental equipment has been acquired.

(5) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Exact and approximate formulas determining certain characteristics of ships, such as rolling period, metacentric height, etc., are compared with the results of experiments on ship models.

(g) Preliminary experiments have been performed on a basic model, and some of the results

assembled in a brief report.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Determination of relationship between wave energy and beach profile and contours,

(g) Equations and formulas for beach slopes and beach contours have been confirmed.
98 Mississippi State College

(2171) THE PERFORMANCE OF SAILING VESSELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Records of sailing vessels, with particular reference to speed and direction of vessel

and wind, are examined, to determine the performance of these vessels. Field tests are run on available sailing vessels.

(g) A small number of field test results are available.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 99

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soils and Water Conservation

Research Branch.

Eastern Soil and Water Management Section .

(1966) SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES, INCLUDING DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION.

(b) In cooperation with the following State Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies throughout the 31 Eastern States: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania,

South Carolina, Virginia and Wisconsin. Hydraulic measurements are necessary for determining the effects of land management practices on runoff, soil moisture and erosion. Research is continually being carried on to improve these hydraulic measurements, since few

data are available on measurement of silt and trash laden flows from small agricultural

areas. Since the type of studies conducted at different locations within the many states

are similar except for variations in soils, climate and cropping, they are being consolidated under a single heading.

(c) Mr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water Management Section, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research for design purposes.

(e) To determine the (1) effects of different land use and farming practices upon surface

runoff, soil losses and groundwater supply and movement; (2) soil characteristics that

are basically related to soil and moisture conservation principles as a basis for designing conservation practices; (3) relation of water runoff and soil erosion to the

topography and other physiographic conditions of the drainage area, and to climatological

conditions; (lj) design of effective and economical structures and cultural practices for

erosion control, water disposal and moisture conservation; (5) requirements for control

of surface water and ground water where agricultural production is prevented or limited

by excess or deficiency of moisture; (6) practical methods and means of installing and

maintaining land drainage improvements in the East; (7) water requirements for irrigation in the East; (8) best sources of irrigation water and how it may be most eco- nomically stored and applied to the land; (9) best techniques for measuring and evaluating the infiltration rates and permeability characteristics of soils throughout the

Eastern Section of the United States and to determine the magnitude of change that may

result from changes in management and varying soil treatments; and (10) principles

underlying the flow of water into and through soils.

(g) Rainfall, runoff and erosion data from land in different crops and receiving different

cultural and fertilizer treatments in many locations, are being tabulated on standard

forms for early analysis.

(h) "Preliminary Tests of Homemade Drainage Pumps", E. G. Diseker. Special Report No. 62,

Eastern Soil and Water Management Section, SWC, ARS, in cooperation with the North

Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, N. C, May 10, 19$h*

"Engineering Applications of Soil Permeability Data", T. W. Edminster. Presented before

the Commission VI (Soil Technology) Fifth International Congress of Soil Science, Belgian

Congo, August 16-22, 195b. (See 195b Int. Soil Sci. Soc. Abstracts).

"Changes in Air-Water Relationships Due to Structural Improvement of Soils", V. C. Jamison,

Soil Sci. 76 t 113-151 (1953).

"Improving Land Conditions for Conservation and Production with Chemical Soil Conditioners",

R. W. Pearson and V. C. Jamison, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 8 (3): 130-135 (1953). "How to Operate Sprinklers Most Efficiently", J. R. Carreker, Amer. Fruit Grower 73 (6)t

11, U2 (1953).

"Machinery Aspects of Land Drainage", I. L. Saveson, Agr. Eng. 3I1 2 303-306 (1953).

"Rsults of Evapo-transpiration and Root Distribution Studies", W. B. Land and J. R. Carreker, Agr. Eng. 3ht 319-322 (1953).

Soil-Plant Relationships Section.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

See University of California, College of Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and Soils, page 8.
100 Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

(119 lj) PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE MOVEMENT OF AIR AND WATER INTO AND THROUGH SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hayward, U. S. Saliuity Laboratory, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence the flow of water and air into and through

soils. The ratio of air to water permeability is used as a measure of the stability of

soil structure, and the effect of various treatments on the stability of soil structure

is being evaluated.

(g) Exchangeable sodium has been shown to be the principal cation which adversely affects

soil physical condition. Exchangeable potassium and magnesium have been found to have

little adverse effect upon soil structure.

Ch) "A Comparison of the Effects of Exchangeable Sodium and Potassium upon the Physical

Condition of Soils", R. C. Reeve, C. A. Bower, R. H. Brooks, and F. B. Gschwend, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 18: 130-132, 1951.

(2172) MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SOLUTES IN THE ROOT ZONE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. A. Richards, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Involves measurement of water intake rate, and at various depths over a period of time,

hydraulic head, hydraulic gradient, suction, temperature, and salinity are measured.

The rate of lowering of the static zone through the soil is determined and is related to

the rate of evaporation from the soil surface.

(h) "Multiple Tensiometer for Determining the Vertical Component of the Hydraulic Gradient in

Soil", L. A. Richards, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 7-10 (1951).

(2173) MOVEMENT OF WATER AND SALTS FROM A WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Milton Fireman, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Involves soil-column studies on evaporation as affected by depth to ground water, amount

of incident heat, humidity, soil texture, bulk density, salt content of ground water, and

moisture transmission properties of the soil. Data are collected on rate of evaporation, rate of accumulation and mode of distribution of salt, moisture distribution, and the

relation of moisture content and capillary conductivity to soil moisture movement.

(217b) MATHEMATICAL THEORY FOR THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUBLE SALTS BY LEACHING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Purpose is to derive a mathematical theory for the leaching of soluble salts frcm soils.

The soil properties which govern the amount ,of leaching are determined. Mathematical

results are checked experimentally in laboratory soil columns.

(g) Tentative theory for leaching during saturated flow has been derived. Laboratory experiments to check theory are in progress.

Watershed Hydrology Section.

(150) EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED STUDIES.

Also included Project number 1965 which appeared in Miscellaneous Publication 210, 1951j.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experiment Stations, Soil Conservation Service,

University of Iowa, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Central and Southern Florida

Flood Control District, and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company.

(c) Mr. William C. Ackermann, Watershed Hydrology Section, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for design of Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention

Projects and general information in planning farms for soil and water conservation.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 101

(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on watersheds ranging from 1 to 1j0,000 acres. In

addition to rainfall and runoff measurements, studies are made on small Governmentoperated areas of evapo-transpiration, moisture storage, moisture transmission through

the soil, hydrologic effect of physiography, tillage, and ground surface conditions,

vegetal covers and soils and geology, and the effect of conservation farming on runoff

and erosion, as well as the characteristics of flood runoff from agricultural watersheds.

Studies are being carried on at, Tombstone and Safford, Arizona; Ft. Lauderdale* Florida;

Alhambra, Edwardsville and Monticello, 111.; Iowa City, Iowa; Skowhegan and Presque

Isle, Maine; College Park, Md.; East Lansing, Mich.; Hastings, Neb.; Freehold, N. J.; Albuquerque and Santa Rosa, New Mexico; Cohocton, N. Y.; Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater,

Oklahoma; Riesel, Texas; Blacksburg, Virginia; and Colby, Fennimore, and Madison, Wis.

(g) Conservation practices have appreciably reduced peak rates of runoff for all storms for

areas as large as 300 acres, Runoff volume is appreciably reduced for some storms. Data

comparing areas larger than 300 acres under conservation with similar untreated areas

are not available due to the difficulty of finding comparable treated and untreated areas.

(h) "The Role of Soil in the Hydrologic Cycle", L. L. Harrold, 5th Inter. Congress of Soil

Sci. Brussels, Aug. 16-22, 1951.

"Soil Type and Land use Effects on Percolation of Soil Water through Monolith Lysimeters "

,

F. R. Dreibelbis, Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings Vol. 18 No. Ij, Oct. 1951j.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Projects - 111, page 78; 1168, 13°8, page 79; and 1929, Page 8l. Also included are Project Numbers 152, 153, 1722, and I96L1 which appeared in Miscellaneous

Publication 210, 1951.

(b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Mr. William C. Ackermann, Watershed Hydrology Section, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Field studies are made to determine the causes of deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace outlets, and hydraulic structures that have failed in service. Laboratory ex- periments in methods of preventing such deterioration are supplemented by field tests of

those measures or devices that appear promising. Models of hydraulic structures are built and tested in the laboratory; and when the design has been developed to seemingly

satisfactory operation, full-scale structures are tested before they are recommended for

field use. By laboratory and field studies, determinations are made of the suitability

of certain grasses for preventing erosion of terrace-outlet channels and other farm

waterways, and of the different grasses in checking the velocity of flow.

Studies are being carried out at the Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory at Stillwater, Okla.,

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Minn.

(g) Studies of various grasses have shown that smooth brome and fescue (Kentucky 31) can be

used for erosion control in waterways but even in the best condition should not be used

where velocities will exceed 5 feet per second. A suitable formula for the determination of the tailwater depth required to insure

satisfactory performance of the straight drop spillway was developed.

(h) "The Use of Grass in Waterways", W. 0. Ree, Proc., Sixth International Grassland Congress,

1952.

"Characteristics of Tipping Bucket Devices", H. L. Cook and D. A. Parsons, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 3h'.^6-9h, 1953.

"Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways", F. W. Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, Tech. Paper 12, Series B.

(2175) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND VALLEYS.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experiment Stations in Mississippi, Nebraska and New

York.

(c) Mr. William C. Ackermann, Watershed Hydrology Section, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland.

(d) Experimental) field and laboratory, for design of Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention

Projects and general information in planning farms for soil and water conservation.
102 Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

(e) Field studies are made to determine sediment sources in watersheds, the character and

amount of sediment carried out of watersheds, the nature and rate of movement in channels

the nature and rete of stream-bank erosion, and the nature and rate of deposition of

sediment in channels, on flood plains and in reservoirs and harbors. Field studies

generally are confined to watersheds of less than 100 square miles in area. Evaluation

studies are made of various types of control measures to determine their effectiveness

in reducing sedimentation damages. The work is oriented to meet the immediate and

specific needs for information for the planning and design of watershed treatment

programs in connection with soil conservation and flood prevention work.

Studies are being carried on at State College, Miss.; Lincoln, Neb.j and East Aurora,

New York.

(g) In Nebraska, areas with h to 6 inches of sediment deposited on them yielded US percent

more corn per acre than a check plot in the same field which received no sediment. Areas with 6 to 8 inches of topsoil removed by scour during the flood yielded 26 percent less corn per acre than the check plot. Yields of corn on plots receiving sediment were 96 percent greater than those on plots where scour occurred.

(h) "Water Erosion Problems and Control on Non-Irrigated Agricultural Lands", L. M. Glymph,

Jr., Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 35:2lj6-252, April 1951j.

"Coshocton-Type Runoff Samplers", D. A. Parsons, Soil Conservation Service Tech. Publ.

12lj, April 19$h.

WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT SECTION .

(53) SAND TRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 18.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 18.

(287) PERFORMANCE OF WELL SCREENS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 18.

(820) THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 19.

(2067) MODEL STUDY OF A TILE INTERCEPTOR DRAIN.

See Colorado A and M College, page 2lj.

(2176) USE OF WATER IN THE SANTA MARGARITA RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Field project in cooperation with State of California, Department of Public Works,

Division of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, 1509 Post Office and Court House Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water by agricultural crops, native vegetation and

evaporation. To obtain data on irrigation practices and farm irrigation use.

(f) Field work on consumption use complete. Evaporation, humidity, temperature and wind

movement data still being recorded at three stations.

(g) Long-term mean consumptive use of water by agricultural crops, native vegetation, and

evaporation losses have been computed for the area. These values have been computed by

the Blaney-Criddle method which utilizes weather records for estimating consumptive use.

(h) "Irrigation and Consumptive Use Investigations, in the Santa Margarita River Basin, River

side and San Diego Counties, Californian

, by William W. Donnan and G. Marvin Litz.

(Mimeographed). Revised report being prepared.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 103

(2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE IRRIGATED AREAS OF THE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST.

(b) Field project in cooperation with Western States' Agricultural Colleges, State Engineer,

Soil Conservation Service, and Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, 1509 Post Office and Court House Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

(e) (1) To determine the consumptive use of water by agricultural crops and native vegetation

and water requirements for irrigated crops. (2) To compile and prepare for publication

available data relating to irrigation requirements and consumptive use as determined by

field experiments. (37 To estimate water requirements from climatological and other data.

(f) Investigation has been underway for several years and has not been completed.

(g) Normal rates of consumptive use and water requirements have been estimated and provisional

reports are prepared for several western states and Colorado River Basin. These values

have been computed by the Blaney-Criddle formula; U = KF. Where U is a consumptive use in inches, K is an empirical coefficient based on experimental measurements and F is

a factor determined from monthly mean temperatures and percent day-time hours.

(h) "Consumptive Use of Water in the Irrigated Areas of the Upper Colorado River Basin", by

Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle, SCS, USDA, pp. 1)9, illus., 19ij9.

Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation

Data", by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne D. Criddle. SCS, USDA, pp, 18, illus., 1950.

"Consumptive Use and Irrigation Water Requirements of Crops in Arizona", by Harry F. Blaney and Karl Harris. USDA, SCS, pp. 19, illus., Dec. 1951.

"Consumptive Use of Water Rates in the Lower Colorado Basin", by Harry F. Blaney and Karl

Harris. (Mlmeo.)

(2178) DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUSPENDED SILT LOAD OF TEXAS STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Dean W. Bloodgood, 302 W. 15th St., Austin, Texas.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) To determine the relationship between the suspended silt load and the discharge of Texas streams; (2) to establish criteria for planning surface reservoir storage based on suspended silt to be handled; (3) to determine the characteristics of silt deposited in

reservoirs for use in evaluation of the life of a given reservoir; (h) to secure data

necessary to determine the effect of silt load on the cost of preparing water for domestic

and industrial use; and (5) to determine the relationship between silt load and the

management of the tributary watersheds.

(h) "Silt Load in Texas Streams", Annual report.

(2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAT AND

ADJACENT AREAS.

(b) Field study.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Primarily applied with some field tests.

(e) To determine rates of evaporation from fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use of water by phreatophytes and the consumptive use of water by salt grass at varying depths to

water table for the following periods: (a) Average annual for the period 1921-52, and

(b) Monthly during the calendar years 1923, 192Jj, 193Q, 1931 and 1951.

(f) First stage of field work is now completed and rates of evaporation and consumptive use

outlined under objectives have been determined for various locations in the. San Francisco

Bay area. A continuation of the project has been requested in order to obtain longer and more complete coverage of the area.

(h) "Rates of Evaporation and Consumptive Use in the San Francisco Bay and Adjacent Areas",

by Harry F. Blaney, Dean C. Muckel and G. Marvin Litz - Preliminary Report. Jan. 28, 19514. (Typed) 70 pages, illus.
101) Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Field project in cooperation with State of California and County Flood Control Districts.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, 1509 post Office and Court House ELdg., Los Angeles, California.

(d) Experimental; compilation and data.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes in California and compile and

prepare for publication reliable evaporation and related data measured since 191)5 in

cooperation with the State Engineer of California.

Field measurements are being made in cooperation with the State and local agencies on

15 stations ranging in elevation from -2l)0» below sea level at Salton Sea to 9,19lj' at Kaiser Pass in the Sierra-Nevada mountains.

(g) Monthly evaporation from pans, temperature, humidity, wind movement, and precipitation

are being compiled for the various stations.

Evaporation from Lakes* surface is being computed by reduction factors. In the mountain areas, records are being kept at Shaver Lake (elevation 5,376 ft.);

Huntington Lake (elevation 6,951i ft.)j Florence Lake (elevation 7,31)5 ft.)j Kaiser Pass (elevation 9>19li ft.). Data is being compiled to bring up-to-date California State

Bulletin No. 5lij "Evaporation From Water Surfaces in California (A Summary of Pan Records

and Coefficients 1881-191)6)"^

(h) "Evaporation from and Stalibization of Salton Sea Water Surface", by Harry F. Blaney,

(Mimeographed)

(2181) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, P. 0. Box 513, flakersfield, Calif.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the percolation rate on water-spreading areas, and to devise ways and means to increase the percolation rate. In some soils the percolation

rate decreases during spreading, and the objectives are to determine the cause of the

decrease and to find practical methods of maintaining the high initial rates. Field

tests are being made on test ponds and strips.

(2182) PAYETTE VALLEY DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS, GEM COUNTY, IDAHO.

(b) Field project.

(c) Mr. R. William Nelson, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho,

(d^ Basic and applied.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to obtain basic physical data necessary to design

drainage systems and reclaim water-logged and alkaline-saline lands in the Payette Valley

and (2) to develop methods and techniques that might be applied to the solution of

drainage and salt problems on the lands in the intermountain and northwestern states. Future work is dependent upon an action program directed toward construction of the

drainage facilities recommended for the solution of the problem.

(g) The sources of water causing the drainage have been determined and a plan for the removal

of these waters has been formulated.

(h) "Progress Report on Drainage Investigations", George B. Bradsahw, June 1953.

"Progress Report on Drainage Investigations, Emmett Valley, Gem County, Idaho", George

B. Bradshaw, May 1951j.

(2183) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FIREBAUGH AND OTHER CENTRAL VALLEY, CALIFORNIA SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICTS.

(b) Laboratory and field.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, P. 0. Box 513, Bakersfield, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain basic physical data necessary to design and adequate drainage systems to control

the ground waters in various Soil Conservation Districts in the Central Valley of California

and to develop methods and techniques that might be applied to the solution of similar

problems in other areas.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

Agriculture - Forest Service

105

(2l8Ii) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LAND IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN.

(b) Field and laboratory.

(c) Mr. Minoru Araemiya, P. 0. Box 786, Grand Jet., Colorado,

(d) Basic and applied pesearch.

(e) (1) To develop procedures for making drainage investigations involving the source,

amount and distribution of excess water. (2) To evaluate the effects of water logging

on soil permeability and crop response. Work has been underway on field tests using a drainage well and pump tests.

(2185) SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING WATER TO IRRIGATED FARM LANDS, ITS PROBLEMS AND

LIMITATIONS.

(b) Field project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To obtain more precise information for the design,

layout, installation and operation of sprinkler irrigation systems on various soil types,

slopes and crops under various weather conditions; (2) To determine the effect of sprinkling upon various soils and crops; (3) To determine the economic limitations in the use

of sprinkler irrigation systems; (li) To assist in the development and testing of better

sprinkler equipment and more efficient operating procedures.

Work is continuing on items (1) and (2) of (e) along with testing pressure regulating

valves for use in sprinkler systems.

(g) Results from 19 sprinkler efficiency tests near Caldwell, Idaho show that 66$ of the water delivered to the sprinkler system could be accounted for as soil moisture in the root zone depth of the crop. Individual efficiency measurements varied from h9% to 97%.

(h) "Annual Progress Report, Cooperative Surface and Sprinkler Irrigation Investigations,

Black Canyon Project, Canyon County, Idaho", Claude H. Pair, Dec. 1953.

(2186) RELATIONS BETWEEN SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPER IRRIGATION PRACTICES.

(b) Field project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Basic and applied.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (l) To obtain more precise information on the design,

layout, construction, and operation of farm irrigation systems on new and old irrigated

lands; (2) To determine the irrigation efficiencies and water requirements for those

irrigated lands; (3) To determine procedures to assist in adequate land classification on proposed and existing irrigation projects.

Work is continuing on items (1) and (2) listed in the objectives above.

(g) Results from twelve irrigation efficiency measurements near Caldwell, Idaho show that

36% of the water delivered to the downhill furrow plots could be accounted for as soil

moisture in the root zone depth of the crop.

The effect of irrigation on the infiltration rate of virgin soils show a decline from

O.ljli" per hour to 0.10" per hour from May 19l9 to August 1953.

(h) "Annual Progress Report Cooperative Surface and Sprinkler Irrigation Investigations,

Black Canyon Project, Canyon County, Idaho", Claude H. Pair, Dec. 1953.

IU. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(261) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. George M. Jemison, Director, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 21j5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.
106 Agriculture - Forest Service

(e) Purposes are (1) to determine how watersheds function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology,

and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of

areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum yielf of usable water and satisfactory flood and

erosion control. Major work center is the San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the

San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Here rainfall, runoff, and erosion are measured on two major drainage areas, on 10 large and 7 small watersheds within these areas, and on 2ii experimental plots. Vegetation cover on the watersheds is mostly mature brush

or chaparral, unburned for 35 years or more. However, in 1953 about one-third of one large watershed was burned-over by wildfire and in 1938 one-fourth of another large watershed, 3 small watersheds, and 9 plots were denuded by wildfire. Fifteen other plots are equipped to obtain detailed information on the disposition of rainfall from annual ryegrass, native scrub oak -chaparral, and a 27-year-old Coulter pine plantation. Twentysix large lysimeters furnish comparisons of water use and surface runoff control by five

species of native shrubs, one species of pine, and a bunchgrass association. Climatic

data are obtained from several meteorological stations. Ways of improving the vegetation

cover to reduce soil movement on mountain slopes are being studied in the Los Angeles

River watershed. Measurements to determine kinds, rates, and volumes of soil movement

(soil, rock, and organic debris) are made on five study sites representing typical watershed soil and vegetation conditions. Studies of runoff and erosion as influenced by

logging and by fire are in progress elsewhere in California.

(g) The first storm after the 1953 fire produced a peak flow of Ij29 csra from the partially

denuded watershed. Analysis of streamflow records from the burned and from a comparable

unburned watershed showed that this flow was about 68 times the probable flow, had the

watershed been unburned. A peak flow of 297 csm during the second storm was about 16

times the expected flow. Erosion from the burned area during these storms was estimated

from field measurements as 55,500 cu yds / sq mi. No erosion was observed in adjacent

unburned watersheds during either storm. Analysis of 8 years of runoff data from the large San Dimas lysimeters indicates a general

decrease in surface runoff with increase in age of cover. This decrease in runoff varied

from species to species and ranged from zero for Coulter pine cover to over one inch per year for scrub oak cover.

The first year's measurements of soil (debris) movement from the five study sites in the Los Angeles River watershed showed that slopes above rejuvenated channels had higher rates

of soil movement than slopes above non-rejuvenated channels. The highest movement was on

a south-rejuvenated slope which produced debris at the rate of 3,600 tons/sq mi/yr. This was about 36 times the rate of debris movement from the lowest producing site, a northfacing, non-rejuvenated slope.

The dry season movement of soil, by sliding and creep, amounted to about half of the total

yearly movement at the rejuvenated sites and ranged from one-fifth to one-third of the

total movement of the non-rejuvenated sites. Winter storms, however, produced the highest

short-term rates.

(h) "Annual Report - California Forest and Range Experiment Station", Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, pp. ljlj-56, 1953.

"Fire-Flood Sequences on the San Dimas Experimental Forest", San Dimas technical staff,

California Forest and Range Experiment Station, Tech. Paper No. 6, 29 pp., illus.,

March 195b.

"Erosion in the San Gabriel Mountains of California", J. D. Sinclair. Trans., Amer. Geophy. Union, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 26Ij-268, illus., April 195b.

"Suspended Sediment Discharge as Related to Streamflow, Topography, Soil, and Land Use",

H. W. Anderson. Trans., Amer. Geophy. Union, Vol. 35(2), pp. 268-281, illus. April 195b.

"Rainfall Sampling on Rugged Terrain", E. L. Hamilton. U. S. Department of Agriculture

Tech. Bulletin No. IO96, Dec. 195b

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 652 to 655, incl., should be addressed to the Director,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(652) SOIL RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).
Agriculture - Forest Service 107

(b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tests on plots and small watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous

plant cover in natural, depleted, and restored condition on the infiltration, storage,

fertility, biology and stability of forest and range land soils; to determine land use

practices for stabilizing eroding watershed soils and for maintaining soil stability

under the impact of grazing, logging, and other wild land uses. Studies are underway on

forest and range lands having coarse, granitic soils of southwestern Idaho; various soils on steep slopes of the Wasatch Mountain in northern Utah; and on heavy limestone soils

in central Utah.

(g) Completed installation of 20 sediment catchment dams and observation plots on 20 com- partments of the Boise Basin Experimental Forest near Idaho City, Idaho, for evaluating

effects of ponderosa pine timber cutting and logging on sediment production.

Completed installation of erosion control measures on logging roads and skidways of four

ponderosa pine timber sale areas on the Boise and the Payette River watersheds to determine

best logging practices for minimizing sediment production.

Continued erosion control studies at the Wasatch and the Great Basin Field Research Centers,

Completed drafts of following reports: "Plant Cover Establishment in Relation to Soil

Moisture on Granitic Soil Foothill Watersheds in Southwestern Idaho", "Nitrogen Loss from

Granitic Soils on Cheatgrass Browse Range", "The Intermountain Type F Infiltrometer",

and "Indicators of Watershed Damage."

S£3) WATER RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

.

(b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tests on watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous plant cover, and of

mechanical soil stabilization structures, on runoff characteristics of mountain watersheds; to determine land use treatments required for flood control and for maximum yields

of usable streamflow.

(g) Continued streamflow records on experimental watersheds at the Wasatch and the Great

Basin Field Research Centers. Artificial reseeding, supplemented by some contour trending resulted in immediate control of summer storm runoff and erosion on a formerly

depleted high elevation subalpine -herbaceous range watershed at the Great Basin Field

Research Center. Analysis of 17 years of records indicate restoration of plant cover on formerly depleted

flood source areas in the headwaters of a stream in the Davis County Experimental Watershed has brought about a 1$ percent decrease in annual runoff, but has also prevented the recurrence of devasting stunner storm mud-rock floods.

Completed drafts of following reports : "Runoff and Erosion Trends on Two Subalpine Water

sheds in Central Utah", and "Floods from Western Mountain Lands."

S51j) PLANT RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).

(b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tests on plots and watersheds of the effect of forest, brush, and herbaceous cover on interception and evapo-transpiration losses; to determine the kind of plant cover re- quired for producing maximum yields of useful runoff from watersheds.

(g) Completed installation of Colman soil moisture units on 16 plots in the Davis County

Experimental Watershed to determine the effect of seasonal use of range forage on water

available for streamflow.

Completed exploratory study of the effect of four kinds of herbaceous range cover on

soil depletion moisture.

Initiated a 6 year study of soil moisture characteristics on about 1J>0 sites in Utah,

Nevada and southern Idaho, in cooperation with the U. S. Corps of Engineers.

Completed draft of report on "Consumptive Water Losses from Perennial Grass and Annual

Plant Cover in Southwestern Idaho."

(h) "Water Yields from Snow as Affected by Consumptive Losses", George W. Craddock, proceedings of the Western Snow Conference, 19%h-
108 Agriculture - Forest Service

(6$5) CLIMATIC RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

(b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation! basic and applied research.

(e) Measurements and studies of climatic factors including percipitation, temperature, etc.,

that have a bearing on the hydrologic behavior of forest and range watershed areas at the Boise Field Research Center, Boise, Idaho; Wasatch Field Research Center, Farmington,

Utah; Great Basin Field Research Center, Ephraim, Utah; and the Inland Empire Field

Research Center, Spokane, Washington.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos, 656, 966, II87 and 1188, should be addressed to

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pa.

(656) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT).

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Delaware-Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County, Pa.,

to determine the water economy for a watershed covered with scrub oak. Afterwards, the cover will be converted by planting and fire protection to a commercially valuable type,

and the effect on water relations will be measured. Installations have been established to evaluate all components of a water balance equation for the watershed.

(966) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT), P0C0N0 EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to

determine effects of forest management practices and logging operations upon the quantity

and quality of water yielded by a small watershed. Installations have been established

to measure precipitation, streamflow and rainfall interception.

(1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of land use and condition upon type and depth of frost formation.

Periodic observations of frost type and depth, snow depth, and water content are made

upon a large number of plots in New England, New York, and northern Pennsylvania,

selected to sample a variety of land uses and conditions within certain land use classes. A system of 186 plots were established and observations made thereon during the winters

1950-51 and 1951-52. Data are now being ,analyzed.

(1188) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT), FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., to

determine the effect of different levels of cutting practices and different logging

methods upon water quantity and quality. Five watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging stations and raingages. No logging will be done on these watersheds during a calibration period. Measurements are now being made on areas adjacent to the gaged

watersheds to determine erosion rates on logging roads as influenced by length and steep- ness of grade and various erosion control measures.
Agriculture - Forest Service 109

(h) "Do We Need Watershed Research in West Virginia", Sidney Weitzman, W. Va. Conservation,

March 1951). "Forests are Important on the Watershed", G. R. Trimble, Jr., W. Va. Conservation,

March 19$h.

"Effects of a Hardwood Forest Canopy on Rainfall Intensities", G. R. Trimble, Jr. and

Sidney Weitzman. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union y~>\ 226-23li, 195h»

"Home-Made Gadgets and Forest Influences Research", Burley D. Friedley, Jour. Forestry

tl- 907-908, 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING AND OTHER FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Post

Office Box ij05>9, Portland 8, Oregon.

(d) Field investigation) applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, in the McKenzie River drainage of west central Oregon.

Streamflow from three small experimental watersheds in virgin Douglas -fir has been

measured for two years by means of trapezoidal flume stream gages. These observations

are the beginning of a pretreatment calibration which will be carried on for h years or more. Planned treatments will test effect of two systems of timber cutting on water yield and erosion.

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Post

Office Box 140^9, Portland 8, Oregon.

(d) Field investigation! applied research.

(e) To test the effect of heavy, moderate and light grazing on erosion and sediment production,

Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Sediment catchment basins have been constructed in

small drainages, one in each of six pastures in which are tested three rates of grazing

and two systems of management: deferred-rotation and season-long use. Major effect on erosion will be determined by volume of sediment accumulated in the basins.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 376, 377, 6f>7, 1967 to 1971, incl. and 2188, should be

addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station, Room 221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colo.

C376) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, MANITOU EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber cutting, and revegetation of depleted water- shed lands upon water supplies, and upon erosion and sedimentation, to solve problems in

watershed management for the forest and range-covered watershed lands of the Rocky

Mountain Front Range such as: (1) Effect of grazing intensity on the water absorption of

granitic soils, (2) Runoff and erosion from natural storms on bunchgrass plots, (3) Runoff and erosion from natural storms on young pine plots, (h) Effect of type conversion

on runoff and erosion from small watersheds, and (5) Characteristics of runoff from cloudburst storms on a large watershed,

(g) The recording of rainfall, runoff, and erosion from plots and watersheds representing

different complexes of soil, vegetation, and treatment have been continued in conformance

with the long-term nature of the study.
110 Agriculture - Forest Service

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation} applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests and of the management of

these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water, largely

from stored snow. The purpose is to solve problems in the management of forested watersheds of the high altitude zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum yields of usable water.

(g) Logging on one 711j-acre watershed was started during 195k . One-half of the timbered area is being cleared in a strip-wise pattern. Streamflow records during 11 years before logging and continuing after logging will enable detection of the effects of timber removal

on total water yield and its distribution in time.

(h) 1953 Annual Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(6^7) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental} basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is: (1) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed

vegetation, and (?.) to determine the influence of various types and densities of natural

vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment such as grazing and

timber harvest, on streamflow, water uses, water losses, and erosion and sediment yields.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and erosion

are measured on three watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation types at high elevation, on

two watersheds in the ponder osa-chaparral type, and four watersheds in the grasslandchaparral type at intermediate elevation, and on nine small watersheds in the semidesert

chaparral type at low elevations. Water use by different types of plants in different

soils is studied on 11 large lysimeters.

(g) Four of the watersheds in the semidesert chaparral type at low elevations were reseede

to Boer and Lehmann love-grasses (Eragrostis chloromelas and E. lehmanniana) after the

chaparral had been grubbed out and spread over the area as a mulch. Gully banks were sloped to prevent sloughing and to provide a seedbed for grasses. The weather during

1953 was favorable to the establishment of grass and a good stand of Boer and Lehmann

lovegrass was established. Soil loss and erosion from the reseeded watersheds decreased

materially as the result of this reseeding.

(1967) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE , NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of reseeded rangelands for infiltration, soil stabilization, and soil productivity in woodland-sagebrush zone of north central New Mexico.

Rocky Mountain infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration and erosion rates from

reseeded and adjacent native rangelands under grazing and nonuse. Measurement of selected

vegetation and soil factors included in this study.

(f) Field study completed. Conducted during summers of 1952, 1953 and 1951j.

(g) Laboratory analyses to be completed by March 1955- In process of analysis of data.

(h) Two publications planned — one to be released in spring of 1955.

(1968) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Range and watershed condition, trend, and potential in north central New Mexico.

Rocky Mountain infiltrometer is used to measure infiltration and erosion rates from

about 50 fenced-in enclosures installed on native rangelands in 1939 and 19lj0 and from

adjacent open range. Detailed soil and vegetation measurements are taken at each infiltrometer plot location. In addition, re -examination and quantitative measurement of

vegetation are taken inside and outside the enclosure for comparison with measured

vegetation conditions in 1939-ljO.

(f) Field studies in 1953 and 195ii have been completed for most of the woodland-sagebrush zone

(g) Work plan, May 1953-
Agriculture - Forest Service 111

>69) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Cooperative study with the Bureau of Land Management and Geological Survey.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Range -watershed evaluation of small watersheds in Rio Puerco. Three watersheds, ranging from 370 to 735 acres, are located adjacent to one another

about 8 miles north of San Luis (Dominguez) and west of the Rio Puerco. Waterflow and

sediment are measured by inflow into small reservoirs formed by dams. Precipitation

and vegetation measurements are taken currently. After an adequate calibration period, two watersheds will be treated and the other grazed at the present intensity to serve

as a climatic control for evaluating fluctuations in climate. Watershed treatments will

be concerned with grazing control, revegetation, and water retardation measures,

(h) Annual Reports of the Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Stations.

>70) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Object is to determine biological and physical characteristics of the oak brush type in

West-Central Colorado as a guide to land capability.

In 19^3 a preliminary study of ground cover, soils, and topograph was completed, and some tentative guides were set up for conversion of oak brush to herbaceous cover. In

19!>lj the object of the study was to determine when and where oak brush (Quercus gambelii)

has spread in the past and how rapidly it is spreading now. To accomplish the latter

objective annual ring counts were made on Ij5 representative sites,

(g) Oak brush covers about 1 million acres in western Colorado. On many areas the brush is so dense that it prevents livestock grazing and crowds out desirable range plants. In

certain localities, especially on steep slopes, oak brush is largely responsible for

holding the soil in place and preventing flash runoff. In general, it appears that conversion may be desirable only where the following conditions exist: (l) Pure oak brush stands, (2) Brush dense enough to be inaccessible

to livestock, (3) Gentle slopes (less than l|0 percent), (li) Deep surface soil (over

12 inches), (5) Adequate natural seed supply of desirable range plants, and (6) Erosion

not serious. (5 and 6 apply only where reseeding is not planned.) Results of the 195b

study of the spread of brush are not available.

?71) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation,

and Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Purpose of experiment is to determine the effect of exclusion of livestock grazing on erosion and runoff from semidesert lands in western Colorado, eastern Utah, and southern

Wyoming.

Study area is located in the Badger Wash drainage 30 miles west of Grand Junction,

Colorado, at an elevation of lj,500 feet.

It is characterized by steep to rolling topography, a sparse cover of salt-desert shrub

vegetation, and soils derived principally from Mancos shale. Although average annual

precipitation is less than 10 inches, cloudburst storms result in extensive runoff and

erosion. Cattle and sheep graze the area during winter months.

Eight experimental watersheds are included in the study, ranging from 20 to 100 acreas in size. Four watersheds have been fenced to exclude livestock for a period of 20 years,

and four will continue to be grazed. An earth dam at the mouth of each watershed has

been constructed to collect runoff and sediment. Pretreatment measurements of infiltration, erosion, vegetation, gully cross sections and

reservoir bottoms have been completed

(g) None are available yet as the pretreatment measurements were not completed until

Nov. 1951j.
112 Agriculture - Forest Service

(2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT HESSARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A study of evaporation - transpiration losses in the moist woodland zone. A record of precipitation and soil moisture is maintained under three ground-cover

conditions under pinyon trees » in grassland, in a woodland opening, and from a bared

area in woodland opening kept free of any vegetation by chemical spraying. Colman soil

electrical units are spaced 3 inches apart in depth between 1-1/2 and 22-1/2 inches and

one unit at 30 inches. Soil is derived from limestone and is mostly less than 30 inches

in depth in the general vicinity,

(g) In process of analysis.

U. S. EEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATIONS - WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. L. Demraon, Director, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service

P. 0. Box 2^70, Asheville, N. C. (d) General and complete investigation of forest influences in southeastern United States. Includes fundamental hydrologio research and applied research in water resources and

watershed management.

(e) To determine the effect of vegetation on the phases of the hydrologio cycle. To find

out the effect of land use and land management practices on water yield and water

quality. To develop standards and methods of watershed management so as to derive the

greatest benefit from the land and water resources in the southeastern United States. Most of the actual research experiments and hydrologio data collection is carried out on

the 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologio Laboratory which is located in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the Southern Appalachian

Mountains). Within this experimental area are approximately 35 individual watersheds

whose streamflow is being continuously gaged and which are either being treated experimentally or being used as control checks. In addition to the streamflow gaging, there

are 13 recording and 80 non-recording (standard) rain gages, 21 recording and 19 nonrecording ground water wells, 8 recording hygrothermographs, 2 recording anemometers,

and one evaporation pan. Water samples for quality analysis are collected on a weekly

and storm period basis from selected experimental watersheds.

The Calhoun Experimental Forest near Union, South Carolina, has been established and is

doing basic research on how piedmont soils influence water resources and plant growth.

Studies include measurement of infiltration, daily changes in field moisture, and runoff

from several small watersheds.

Research projects include determination of effects of (1) permanent removal of all major

vegetation and cutting all natural regrowth, (2) temporary removal of all vegetation

followed by natural regrowth, (3) removal of cover-site forest vegetation, (Ij) removal

of laurel and rhododendron shrub vegetation, (5>) rehabilitating a depleted steep-land

agriculture watershed, (6) rehabilitating a grazed woodland watershed, (7) improved

techniques for removing wood products and retaining high quality water values on mountain

watersheds, and (8) removing deficient age classes in a forest stand for changing water

yields.

(g) Land use studies on woodland grazing and mountain farming have shown changes in soil due to trampling are reflected in infiltration, permeability total porosity, increases in

storm peaks, surface drainage characteristics, changes in time of watershed concentration

during storm periods and stream turbidities. Data analyzed this year shed new light on

the short time required to alter watershed conditions on undisturbed forested drainages

converted to mountain agriculture and grazing the woodland.

Results from fundamental studies covering the storage and depletion of ground water,

annual water balance, and control of storm water has made it possible to interpret some

of the hydrologic processes taking place on small tributary watersheds having a forest

cover.
Agriculture - Forest Service

Army - Beach Erosion Board

113

A simple graphic solution was devised this year for approximating the length of time

required to detect significant differences between treatments on experimental watersheds.

Piedmont studies are showing that the organic layers of forest soils are a valuable

diagnostic tool for timber and watershed management. They can be changed by modifications

of the vegetation on the site. Where forest soils need improving, steps should be taken

to manage the stands so that some rapidly decomposable hardwood litter will be incorporated,

(h) "Applying Unit Area Control to Watershed Management", T. C. Nelson and E. A. Johnson,

Jour, of Forestry, 52(2), Feb. 19$U- "USDA - AIB 117 - Waters of Coweeta", 22 pp.

"A Study of the Effect of Grazing upon Changes in Vegetation on a Watershed in the

Southern Appalachian Mountains", Jerry G. Williams. Thesis for M. S. Degree, Michigan

State College, 138 pp, 195h

.

"Methods of Soil Moisture Determination Under Field Conditions", D. F. Olson, Jr., and

M. D. Hoover, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Paper 38, April 1951, 28 pp. "Soil Sampling for Pore Space and Percolation", M. D. Hoover, L. J. Metz, and D. F. Olson,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Paper lj2, June 1951, 29 pp. "Watershed Management Affecting Current Water Supplies", E. A. Johnson. Symposium on Water Management, University of South Carolina, July 195b. "Forest Floor in the Piedmont Region of South Carolina", L. J. Metz, Soil Science Society

of America Proceedings, 18(3) : 335-338, July 1951j.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 181, l81j, 399, 660, 66l, 663, 972, 973, 975, 977,

11j59, 1725, 1727, 1972, 1973, and 2189 to 2195, incl., should be addressed to the Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington 16, D. C.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Laboratory Study of Equilibrium Profiles of Beaches", Beach Erosion Board Technical

Memorandum No. Ijl, Aug. 1951 •

(I81j) STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(f) Suspended until completion of Project 399; thereafter further testing scheduled.

(399) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SIX-FOOT WAVE TANK.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To design and construct a wave tank for the study of the effect of waves 6 feet high and

300 feet long. Various types of wave generating mechanisms, the -power required by the

generator to form the waves, and the action of the waves on a beach which is placed at an angle to the axis of the tank have been studied in a 1:12 scale model.

(g) The large wave tank is completed and is 635 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 20 feet deep.

Generation of the waves is to be accomplished by a pusher-type wave generator which is

under construction with completion expected in 1955.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; additional research by New York University.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves, a number of

electrical recording wave gages have been installed in coastal waters and these records

are analyzed for significant height and period.
Ill) Army - Beach Erosion Board

(661) REPORTS ON BEACH PROCESSES BASED ON EXISTING MISSION, ANAHEIM, AND SANTA MONICA BAY

FIELD DATA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation! basic research.

(e) A study of the relation between movement of beach material and natural forces such as wave, tides, and littoral currents. Fourteen million cubic yards of sand have been

placed on Hyperion Beach, Santa Monica Bay, and one million cubic yards have been placed

on Sunset Beach, Anaheim Bay, California. Rate of movement of this material from the

placement areas is being studied by frequent hydrographic surveys. Intensity and direction of waves are being recorded.

(f) Field work completed.

(h) "Coast Erosion and the Development of Beach Profiles", Per Brunn, Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. ijlj, June 1951.

(663) SAND MOVEMENT AND WAVE STUDY, LONG BRANCH, NEW JERSEY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine if sand placed in deep water will be moved onto the beach by wave action.

Six hundred thousand cubic yards of sand have been placed in 38 feet of water at Long

Branch, New Jersey, Movement of sand is being studied by frequent hydrographic surveys. Wave intensity and direction is being recorded for comparison with any sand movement. An effort is being made to measure the amount of sand moving along the bottom and the amount thrown into suspension by the waves.

(f) Reactivated to determine disposition of dumped sand after 3 years (October, 1919 to

October, 1952).

(g) There is no evidence that material moved ashore from the stockpile or that the shore has

benefited by the operation. Shore erosion continued during the h years subsequent to

placement of the material.

(h) "Restudy of Test-Shore Nourishment by Offshore Deposition of Sand, Long Branch, N. J. Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 62, Nov. 195i|.

(972) STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To aid in the preparation of a handbook on the design of shore structures. Field and

model tests on the wave pressures caused by breaking waves which act on structures will

be made in order to fill such gaps in our present knowledge of these forces not covered

by other current investigations.

(f) Laboratory pressure measuring tests completed.

(g) Measurements have been made of the shock pressure of breaking waves on a vertical

structure (maximum wave height about 7 inches). Wave pressures of more than 18 psi were

measured. The high pressures lasted for a very short time. The time-pressure integral

was also measured, the highest being about 0.02 psi-seconds. Froudian model scale

relations indicated that the time-pressure integral should vary with three-halves power

of the scale of the wave.

(h) "Laboratory Study of the Pressures Developed by Breaking Waves", Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 59 (expected publication Feb. 1955).

(973) CONSTRUCTION OF COAST MODEL BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental} basic research.

(e) To study beach problems involving waves, littoral currents and tides. The basin is 300

feet long, 150 feet wide, and 3 feet deep.

(g) The basin has been completed; ten portable wave machines have been constructed, tested

and accepted as satisfactory. The tidal system is now under construction.
Army - Beach Erosion Board 115

(975) METHODS OF BT-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

(h) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. A component of this study is the correlation of effectiveness of the South Lake Worth Inlet,

Florida, By-Passing Plant with rate of drift reach plant. Data were collected (3/6/52 to 6/10/52) which included daily recorded wave heights and periods, daily observed

littoral currents, measured volume of material pumped at by-passing plant, and sand

samples

.

(f) Completed.

(g) The following relationship between the rate of nearshore littoral movement and the shallow

water wave energy was developed from the data:

Q - 0.0011 (Et

)

* 9

where Q is the southerly rate of nearshore littoral drift in cubic yards per day, and

E^ is the southward component of Wave work or energy for the corresponding period.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction gages for use in securing accurate records of wave characteristics.

(g) Additional development of recording parallel wire resistance gages for laboratory use

has been made to obtain constant linear calibration characteristics.

(1169) WAVE TANK STUDY OF EFFECT ON BEACH PROFILES OF VARYING WAVE PERIODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) It is believed that constant period wave trains as presently used in most small scale

tanks unduly accentuate profile irregularities peculiar to the wave period used. In

these tests the wave period will be varied both rapidly and slowly from 10% to 30% from

a mean period. Profiles obtained with varying periods will be compared with those

obtained with a constant period equal to the mean of the varying period in order to

determine how much and how frequently the wave period should be varied in wave tank tests in order to eliminate irregularities due to the use of a fixed period and thereby

approximate more nearly a profile resulting from a "significant" wave period with its

multitude of components

.

(f) Completed.

(g) The offshore bar and trough formations, which are inherent in constant period tests of

this type, were greatly reduced by the variable period tests, the plus or minus 30 percent period variation and the 10-minute changes being the most effective.

(h) "Laboratory Study of the Effect of Varying Wave Periods on Beach Profiles", Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 53> Sept. 1951u

(1725) STUDY OF EFFECT OF TIDAL FLUCTUATIONS ON WAVE-PRODUCED BEACH PROFILES.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Laboratory Study of the Effect of Tidal Fluctuations on Beach Profiles", Beach Erosion

Board Technical Memorandum No. 52, (expected publication Jan. 1955).

(1727) STATISTICAL WAVE DATA FOR GREAT LAKES AND ATLANTIC COASTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research development.

(e) To compile statistical wave data, by hindcasting from weather maps, into a form suitable

for engineering usage. The present study includes five stations on Lake Michigan, four

on Lake Erie, three on Lake Ontario, and four on North Atlantic, from which data are being obtained and compiled.
116 Army - Beach Erosion Board

(h) "Wave Statistics for the Horth Atlantic Coast", I. Seville, Jr., Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 55, (expected publication Dec. 19$h).

"Wave Hindcasts for the North Atlantic Coast Based on Unified Wave Theory", 0. Neumann

and R. W. James, Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 57, (expected publication

Jan. 1955).

(1972) TSUNAMI STUDY.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research. To study the action of Tsunami waves over shore areas, with particular application to Bilo Harbor, Hawaii.

Completed.

It was found that relative run-up (the ratio of the vertical distance to which water in

a wave will rise over the shore line to wave height R/H) may be related to wave steep- ness (the ratio of wave height to length H/L). The average relationships between R/H

and H/L for a 1:60 continuous slope, considered representative of Hilo Bay conditions,

for a reflecting type wall and for a dike type wall installed in turn at the shore line

on the lt60 slope were:

for the 1:60 slope

for the reflecting type wall R/H 0.1j36 CH/L)

for the dike type wall R/H - 0.1jl8 (H/L)

R/H - 0.206 (H/L)"

' 30*

-0.285

-0.283

For the Hilo Bay conditions this study indicates that a run-up of at least two wave heights (Hs ) at the shore line is possible.

"Laboratory Study of Tsunami Run-Up", Kenneth Kaplan. Beach Erosion Board Technical

Memorandum No. 60, (expected publication March 1955).

(1973) EFFECTS OF SOUNDING METHODS ON INDICATED NAVIGATIONAL DEPTHS.

North Atlantic Division of the Corps of Engineers.

Experimental; basic research.

Experimental sounding leads of various shapes were fabricated and tests were made to

compare these leads with sounding leads currently being used. The laboratory tests were

conducted with an objective of selecting or devising a more suitable size, shape, and

weight of sounding lead which would indicate the elevation of bottom material of mini- mum consistency which has detrimental effects on navigation.

Completed.

These tests show that a spherical lead with a diameter of from 5 to 6 inches gives more

consistant results than leads of other sizes and shapes. The most desirable weight of

the lead was not determined in these tests. "Laboratory and Field Tests Sounding Leads", Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum

No. 51j, (expected publication Dec. 1951)

(2189) LABORATORY STUDY OF THE REFORMING OF WAVES AFTER BREAKING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the conditions under which waves break over an offshore bar and the amount

of the original energy propagated into deeper water behind the bar for given initial

wave and bar conditions.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the energy propagated into deeper water behind the bar

varies inversely as the initial wave height.

(h) "A Statistical Study of the Effect of Wave Steepness on Wave Velocity", R. P. Savage,

Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, Vol. 8, No. h, Oct. 1951j.
Army - Beach Erosion Board 117

(2190) STUD! OF THE EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system. The test ia presently being set up in the coast model test basin (973) where waves will be

generated at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach containing a groin system. Measurements

of the material passing the system will be made in a trap at the downbeach end.

(2191) SAND MOVEMENT STODT AT MORICHES INLET, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To investigate the pattern of movement and deposition of the littoral material in the

vicinity of a newly opened inlet. Movement of the littoral material is being traced by

means of hydrographic surveys of both the ocean and bay sides of the inlet, and through

variation in size characteristics and heavy mineral composition of the littoral material. An attempt is being made to correlate movement of the littoral material with the natural

forces involved.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE NEW JERSEY SEACOAST; DELAWARE SEACOAST FROM KETTS HUMMOCK, DELAWARE BAY TO THE DELAWARE -MARYLAND STATE LINE; AND THE LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing factual data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale.

Report to consist of five chapters: geomorphology, littoral forces, littoral materials,

shore line history, and summary and conclusions. Subject matter to include physiography,

geological development of the shore region, sources of littoral materials, waves, tides

or water level fluctuations, currents, physical characteristics of the littoral materials,

interrelation of sedimentary properties, relation of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, changes in shore line configuration, and the volumes of

accretion and erosion.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(d) Design.

(e) To assemble in a single volume, insofar as practicable, a manual of practice for shore

protection. Attempt to include a detailed summary of applicable methods, techniques and

useful data pertinent to the solution of shore protection problems.

(g) The report has been completed and published in loose-leaf form, but it . will be kept

active in order to provide up-to-date information in the form of addenda sheets.

(h) "Shore Protection Planning and Design", Technical Report No. U, Beach Erosion Board,

Office of the Chief of Engineers, June, 1951. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $2.25.

(219lj) FACTORS EFFECTING THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF TIMBER IN COASTAL STRUCTURES.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose is to report on the various factors that effect the economic life of timber

in coastal structures. This report includes a discussion of the causes of deterioration

and protection method to increase the economic life.

(2195) RE -EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and economic life of beach

fills through artificial nourishment. A selected number of locations where beach fills

have been made are being re-examined.

(h) "Artificially Nourished and Constructed Beaches", Jay V. Hall, Jr., Beach Erosion Board

Technical Memorandum No. 29, Dec. 1952.
118 Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1198, llj62, 11j6Ij, llj65, li)66, 1729, 1971 to 1976,

incl., 2196 and 2197, should be addressed to the District Engineer, Portland District,

Corps of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

(1198) FRICTION LOSSES IN CORRUGATED METAL PIPE. (CW-828).

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests were conducted to determine values of Manning's "n" for corrugated metal pipe of

3-, 5-, and 7-foot diameters with velocities from 1 to 16 fps. Open-channel flow was tested with the two smaller sizes and full-pipe flow was investigated with the three

pipe diameters. Similar tests were made with inverts of 5-foot diameter pipe paved with

asphaltic compound covering one-fourth and one-half the circumference j the 7-foot diameter

pipe was tested with one-fourth of circumference paved. Velocity distribution at various

sections of the pipe and pressure distribution along the corrugations were also obtained.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Results indicated that "n" varies between: O.O236, O.O2I45, and 0.023b for Reynolds

Numbers of 3 x 1(P , 9 x 105, and h x 10°, respectively, for the 3-foot pipe; O.O238,

0.021j3, and O.O2I4O for Reynolds Numbers of 1 x 10°, 2 x 10°, and lj x 10° for the

5-foot pipe; and 0.023ij, 0.0237, and 0.0230, for Reynolds Numbers of 1 x 106, 3 x 10°,

and 5 x 10° for the 7-foot pipe. With the pipe circumference one-fourth paved, "n" varied between: 0.0211 and 0.0207 for Reynolds Numbers of 1.5 x 10° and ii x 10°,

respectively, for the 5-foot pipe; and 0.0208 and 0.0203 for Reynolds Numbers of

2.5 x 10° and 5 x 10° for the 7-foot pipe. With the circumference of the 5-foot diameter

pipe one-half paved "nM varied between 0.0180 and 0.017lj for Reynolds Numbers of 1.5 x 10* and lj x 10°.

(h) Five preliminary or memorandum reports have been issued on results of the tests. Final

report being prepared.

(Ilj62) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:80-scale undistorted fixed bed model reproduces 2.7 miles of the Columbia River at the dam site. The original layout consisted of a circular arc 30-bay spillway, a 22-

unit powerhouse, an 86- by 675-foot navigation lock, a rock-fill non-overflow section,

and facilities for passing fish over the dam. Maximum head is 90 feet. Revised layout

has a straight 23-bay spillway. Purposes are to study the structures alignment and flow

conditions affecting navigation, power generation, cofferdam placement, rock-fill dam

construction, and fish passage.

(g) Four major layout plans were tested and the most economical plan that effected satisfactory hydraulic conditions was selected. Tests indicated ability to reduce length of

spillway and to reduce forebay excavation by 30 feet. Data relative to water-surface

elevations and velocities in the tailrace, and the effects of excess fill placed in the

forebay have been obtained. Flow conditions during various stages of construction and

with the project completed have been observed.

(h) Twenty-3ix memorandum reports have been issued to date.

(l[|6b) MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:i|0-scale model of the 600-foot wide closure section of the rock-fill non-overflow

section of The Dalles Dam includes portions of the river channel upstream and downstream

therefrom and the eight parti ally-completed units at the upstream end of the powerhouse

through which the river flow will be diverted as the closure fill is constructed. A study of the rock sizes and placement procedure required to construct the fill at a river flow of 200,000 cfs and for stability at 300,000 cfs is being made.
Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory 119

(g) The fill has been successfully constructed to closure by placing quarry-run rock (1000

lb and less) in 10-foot lifts in velocities of 15 fps with a river discharge of 200 000

cfs. This type of fill was placed on two different alignments and was found to be stable

in either position when subjected to a flow of 300 000 cfs. Preliminary tests have indicated that the fill may be placed with material of the same size by end-dumping from

one side of the river channel.

(h) Three memorandum reports have been issued.

(l!j65) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM SPILLWAY, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three bays of the spillway are reproduced to a scale of 1:36 to study the hydraulic

characteristics of the spillway crest, piers, gates, stilling basin and baffle piers.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The increased crest efficiency indicated by the model, in conjunction with a crest

shape designed for 75 percent of maximum head, permitted a reduction in the number of

spillway bays. The stilling basin was shortened $0 feet to a total length of 170 feet,

and one row of baffle piers, of the Bluestone type, was eliminated. The capacity of the

stilling basin would not be materially reduced by erosion of the shelf located downstream

from the basin.

(h) Sixteen memorandum reports have been issued on results of tests to date.

(li|66) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model of the 86- by 675-foot lock chamber including its culvert systems and

portions of the upstream and downstream approach channels is reproduced. Maximum lift is

90 feet. Studies are being made of various types of filling and emptying systems to determine the most advantageous from the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of

turbulence, and economy. The several proposed plans include lateral culverts within the

lock chamber combined with several locations of intake ports, longitudinal culverts,

and outlet works.

(g) Designs have been selected for all features of the lock. A change in valve-opening

schedule resulted in a filling time of 12.5 minutes and a maximum hawser forces of 8 tons without supplemental use of the upstream lock tainter gate. The lock emptied in 16 minutes. Studies are being made to determine if staggered valve operation will reduce

maximum hawser forces.

(h) Six memorandum reports have been issued.

(1728) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM FISH LADDERS, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l;8-scale model reproduced a straight portion of a fish ladder containing ten

stilling pools. Tests were made to study flow conditions with ladder slopes of 1 on 16

and 1 on 20 and to determine the most efficacious orifice sizes for ladder widths of 2li and 30 feet.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Results indicated insignificant differences in flow conditions between 1 on 16 and 1 on

20 slopes. Orifices 21 by 23 inches and 25 by 26 inches have been selected for the 2ij- and 30-foot ladders, respectively.

(h) Four memorandum reports have been issued on results of tests to date.

(1729) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM POWERHOUSE INTAKE, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon,

(d) Experimental; for design.
120 Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

(e) The l:25-scale model contains a test unit consisting of intake and scroll case, two

adjacent units with intakes only, and a semi-circular forebay in which flow can be

introduced from any desired direction. Tests were made to determine the effect of the

direction of approach flow on velocity distribution in the intake, discharge distribution

through the scroll case, and head loss.

(f) Inactive. „ (g) Results indicate that oblique approach flows, at an angle of 1$ from the powerhouse axis,

have little effect on the efficiency of the unit, as indicated by head loss and flow

distribution in the intake and scroll case, when trash racks are installed on the noses

of the piers to function as guide vanes.

(h) Six memorandum reports have been issued on results of tests to date.

(197b) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES POWERHOUSE FISHWAT DIFFUSE, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine means of baffling auxiliary flow in diffusion chambers to obtain uniform

distribution into the fish collection channel by means of a l:8-scale model of one diffusion chamber and a portion of the collection channel.

( f) Inactive

(g) Vertical strip baffles placed downstream from the regulating valve produced satisfactory

flow distribution.

(h) Three memorandum reports have been issued on the results of tests to date.

(1975) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To design for adequate discharge capacity and to determine pressures and velocities on

exposed rock surfaces in eight skeleton powerhouse units that will be used for diversion

during construction of a rock-fill non-overflow section. A l:2£-scale model reproduces

one skeleton unit.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The required size of the draft tube openings and the areas requiring protection from

high velocities were determined. The effect of varied tailwater elevations and of

operation with one or two of the three intake bays per unit was observed.

(h) Three memorandum reports have been issued on tests to date.

(1976) MODEL STUDY OF BONNEVILLE DAM STILLING BASIN, COLUMBIA RIVER, BONNEVILLE, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:36-scale model reporduces three bays of the spillway and stilling basin for the purpose of studying the need of maintaining the stilling basin baffle piers. Additional

tests were made to determine the resisions required to improve pressure conditions on the

baffles and to eliminate scour of the river bed adjacent to the apron downstream from the

stilling basin.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Results indicated that baffles with a sloping front face were required because of their

close proximity to the spillway bucket. Placing elliptical side curves on the leading

edges of the baffles and revising the second row to a solid sill of similar cross section

improved pressure conditions on the baffles and eliminated the erosion of bed material

downstream from the stilling basin.

(h) Two memorandum reports have been issued.

(2196) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER SURGE FOR THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland Oregon,

(d) Experimental; for design.
Array - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

Army - Los Angeles District

121

Ce) A lilO-scale model reproduces the 30-foot -wide, 1 on 16 slope, East fish ladder from

weir 96 to weir 155. Included are llj weirs of the downstream tangent, the 180-degree

bend, the lj7 weirs of the upstream tangent, the 116-degree /j5-minute bend, and three

weirs upstream therefrom. Provision was made for varying the slope of the fish ladder.

The occurrence and best means of controlling the surge are to be investigated.

(g) Results to date have indicated that a bi -nodal surge occurs with or without the orifices

in the weirs open. Reduction in surging has been accomplished by: (a) various designs

and arrangements of baffles placed at the quarter points, normal to the downstream sides

of the weirs; (b) varying the width of the ladder by changing wall widths in groups of

pools; and (c) changing the curved-top weirs (design) to square-top weirs.

(2197) FINGERLING MORTALITY STUDY: FISHERIES ENGINEERING RESEARCH. M Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, North Pacific Division, Portland, Oregon,

c) District Engineer, Portland District, Corps of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5,

Oregon.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The effects of reduced pressure, high velocity impingement against walls placed at various

angles and turbulence on salmon fingerling, either free-swimming or encased in gossamer

bags of various types, to be investigated. Results of tests will be used in evaluating

studies of passage of fingerling through spillways and powerhouse turbines. Apparatus to utilize approximately 25 cfs, including device to lock the fingerling salmon into the

test sections, is under construction.

(f) Under construction.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Los Angeles District.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 980, 1203, 1732, and 2198, should be addressed to the

District Engineer, Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 17277, Foy Station, Los Angeles 17, California.

(980) MODEL STUDY OF WHTTTIER NARROWS FLOOD-CONTROL BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Earth dam with gated outlets and spillway. Three models are being used: A l:2lj-scale

model of the outlet works for tests on the operation of the four 30 ft. by 19 ft. radial

sluice gates with maximum head of 50 ft.; a l:l42-scale model of a half plan of the spillway for tests on the operation of the nine 50 ft. by 29 ft. tainter gates with maximum

head of 3h ft.; a l:60-scale general model of the flood-control basin for tests on the

over-all operation of the project.

(f) Completed.

(g) A complete set of calibration curves was obtained for the radial sluice gates in the out- let works; two-foot increments were used for the partial gate openings.

(1203) MODEL STUDY OF LOS ANGELES RIVER CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT, RIO HONDO TO PACIFIC OCEAN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) In the reach from Rio Hondo to Spring Street (ljlj,500 ft.) the improvement proposed is a paved trapezoidal channel with 300-ft. base and 1 on 2 l/h side slopes. Normal velocity

would be supercritical (25 fps) but numerous bridges would produce Class "B" flow and

attendant hydraulic jumps upstream of the bridges. From Spring Street to Pacific Ocean

(17,600 ft.) the channel will be trapezoidal with a base width varying between 530 ft. and I47O ft., the 1 on 2 sides slopes will be paved, the bottom unpaved, and the velocity

subcritical (12 fps.). The design discharge is lljO,000 cfs in the first reach and 1146,000

cfs in the second reach. A l:50-scale model will be used to study flow conditions at confluences, at bridges, and at the junction of the paved and unpaved channels. The model

tests will be accomplished in stages.
122 Army - Los Angeles District

Army - St. Paul District

(g) Tests are in progress to determine the proper design of the structure which will form

the junction between the paved channel and the unpaved channel.

(1732) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS FOR SAN ANTONIO DAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Earth dam with maximum height of 160 feet and length of 3850 feet. The outlet works

designed for a maximum discharge of 10,000 cfs will be at right abutment and will consist

of an intake with 3 gated openings 5 feet 8 inches by 10 feet high converging into a circular conduit llj.5 feet in diameter and 621 feet long. The spillway designed to pass

5b,000 cfs will be in right abutment and will consist of a concrete ogee 200 feet long

and a concrete side channel and chute 1075 feet long which will terminate in a flip

bucket at stream bed. Three models are being used to study various designs: a 1:20-

scale model of the outlet works made of transparent plastic j a l:36-scale model of the

ogee and side channel of the spillway; and a l:lj8-scale general model of the spillway.

(g) Tests were made in the l:20-scale outlet works model to determine head-discharge relationships for partial gate openings.

(2198) MODEL STUDY OF SUFERELEVATED FLOW IN CURVED OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Tests are being made to determine the characteristics of flow in curved trapezoidal

channels and the effectiveness of spiral easement curves in maintaining equilibrium of flow in the curve and in the downstream tangent. A l:25-scale model of a trapezoidal

channel having a base width of 62 1/2 feet and side slopes of 1 on 2 l/k is being used

for the test. The radius of curve is 850 feet. The discharges are 35*000 cfs and

1j5,000 cfs. The channel slopes are 0.003, 0.006, 0.008 and 0.010.

(g) Tests completed on simple curves without spirals indicate that waves developed in the

curve will continue for a distance of 1500 feet into the downstream tangent.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMf, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, ST. PAUL DISTRICT.

In cooperation with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 19tj, 196, 985, 1206, 1977, and 2199, should be

addressed to the District Engineer, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul 1, Minn.

(19 1j) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Federal Interagency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Sedimentation.

(d) Experimental j applied research and development.

(e) Plans and specifications for point- and depth-integrating suspended sediment samplers

and associated laboratory apparatus have been prepared. Sediment sampler designs include

a light-weight depth sampler (U lb) hand operated, medium-weight depth sampler (62 lb),

point sampler (100 lb), and heavy point sampler (300 lb) for use in deep swift streams. Designs for a sediment sample splitter, a bottom withdrawal tube, a hand operated bed

material sampler, a heavy bed material sampler (100 lb), the visual accumulation sedimentation tube and particle size analyzer for recording the sedimentation size distribution (fall or settling velocities) of sand particles have also been prepared.

(g) Instruments and apparatus required for sampling and analyzing fluvial sediments are being manufactured in quantities sufficient to satisfy the current needs of Federal

agencies. Field testing of an improved 100-pound bed material sampler and the visual

accumulation tube method of determining particle-size gradations of fluvial sediments in

the sand size range is progressing.
Army - St. Paul District 123

(196) MESSISSrPPI RIVER, FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR NEW 1200-FOOT LOCK AT LOCK AND DAM

NO. 19, KEOKUK, IOWA.

(b) Rock Island District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Array. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model 3, 3 to 100 scale, simulated a lock 110 feet wide by 1,200 feet long, with a normal lift of 3$. 2 feet. An existing model culvert system was adapted to similate the

performance of the prototype dual wall culverts with lateral culvert diffusers in the

bottom of the chamber. The upstream emergency and service gates were of the vertical

lift submergible type designed for overflow.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The forces required to raise and lover the emergency and service gates were measured

and the relative effect of slight modifications to the superstructure and pier shapes were determined. A method of operating the service gate was devised to supplement

filling through the culvert system and reduce the filling time with a minimum of disturbance to barge tows of various sizes and locations in the lock chamber. Stresses in

the linkage between individual barges in a tow were measured.

(985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH -LIFT LOCKS.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop adequate criteria for the design of filling and emptying systems for highlift locks. Tests will be conducted in prototype locks, in model locks for definite

projects, and in a general lock model simulating a maximum lift of 150 feet.

(g) Culvert valve models were tested to measure head losses due to stoplog and valve recesses, vibration, forces required to raise a Tainter valve, and surges in the culvert

and pressures on a Tainter valve during sudden closure resulting from failure of the

operating mechanism. A wall port filling system was tested with a wall dividing the

culvert into two conduits from the valve to the middle lock manifold port to establish

initial flow simultaneously in two ports but no improvement in operation was noted.

(1206) CONDUIT GATE STRUCTURES AND TRANSITIONS.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general model study was conducted to establish gate operating procedures for multiple

gate conduits and design criteria for conduit transitions downstream from single and

multiple control gates. Influence of conduit length in dampening undulating flow in the

conduit was also investigated. The model included a complete outlet conduit with upper

pool reservoir, multiple control gates in conduit intake, and a stilling basin.

(f) Testing has been completed.

(g) Spiral or undulating flow was found to originate at the gate and transition sections.

The degree of disturbance varied with the type of conduit boundary, being most severe with circular conduits. Guide vanes located on the conduit walls downstream from the

intake transition reduced spiral or turbulent flow resulting from the operation of one gate alone in multiple gate intake structures.

(h) Report is in preparation.

(1977) MODEL STUDY FOR GREENUP AND MARKLAND LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

(b) Huntington and Louisville Districts, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hydraulic systems of the two locks which are of similar design are being tested in a 3 to 100 scale model. The proposed locks will be 110 feet wide and 1,280 feet long with

lifts of 32 and 35 feet, respectively. The filling and emptying systems are combined in

two culverts, one in each wall, with lateral culvert diffusers in the lock floor and

flared outlets discharging into the river below the dam.

(f) Tests completed.
12lj Array - St. Paul District

Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(g) The model was revised to simulate a prototype design for introducing flow from one wall

culvert in the upper half of the lock and inflow from the other culvert, in the down- stream half of the lock chamber. The hawser pull exerted by large and small barge tows during typical lockage operations was less than that obtained with a system introducing

flow from both culverts in the middle third of the chamber. Port extensions on the

lateral culvert diffusers were the most effective means of reducing cross currents. A delay in the operations of one valve did not reduce disturbances in the lock.

(2199) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR ROBINSON BAY AND GRASS RIVER LOCKS, ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY.

(b) Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

(d) Experimental! for design.

(e) The hydraulic systems of the two locks are of similar design and will be tested in a 1 to 2ij.2lj scale model. The filling and emptying systems are combined in two culverts,

one in each wall, with intake in the upper gate sill, ports in the chamber walls, and

diffusers in the lower approach channel.

A model simulating a single wall port discharging into a segment of the proposed lock

chamber was constructed to a scale of 1 to 36.2.

(f) General model design and testing of a single wall port model are in progress.

(g) The vertical and horizontal angles, velocity, and spread of the jet issuing from ports

of various designs were measured for the subsequent selection of a proper design for the two locks.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Waterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 211, 218, 226, 230, 236, kl9, k25, 673, 678,

682, 783, 986, 992 to 99h, incl., 998 to 1002, incl., lOOlj, 1207, 1210 to 1212, incl.,

IL167 to 11j72, incl., Iij7ij, 11j7$, 1735 to I7I4I, incl., 1978 to I98S, incl., I987, 1988,

and 2200 to 220lj, incl., should be addressed to the Director, Waterways Experiment

Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

(211) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, GARRISON DAM, MISSOURI RIVER,

NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Garrison District, Corps of Engineers, Bismarck, N. D.

(f) Testing Completed,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental! applied research.

(e) Scale models are being used for a general study of the hydraulic characteristics of entrance curves for (1) rectangular conduits in which the entrance is flared in four

directions, (2) a gated tunnel having a rectangular entrance with floor at same elevation

as approach channel (entrance flared in three directions), and (3) a rectangular conduit

in which parallel side walls are extended upstream from the entrance and only the roof

flared (entrance floor at same elevation as approach channel). Tests involve determination of pressures and discharge coefficients.

(g)

In the above equations D is the distance across the conduit in the direction concerned,

(h) Report of tests with conduit flared in four directions in preparation.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 125

C226) POTAMOLOGI INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; applied research.

(e) These investigations, to determine the governing principles for the design and over-all

planning of river improvements and bank stabilization, consisted of model studies con- ducted at the Waterways Experiment Station and field studies made at selected sites

along the Mississippi River. The purposes of the model studies were to: (1) provide

means of predicting future channel changes in meandering of the Mississippi River and

the need for bank protection, (2) study revetment stability, (3) study and develop

methods of channel stabilization by means other than the use of revetment, and

develop and test plans for improvement of specific troublesome reaches of the Mississippi

River. The field investigations consisted of (1) soil surveys to determine the nature,

characteristics, and physical properties of the banks of the Mississippi River to permit

recognition of soil factors affecting bank stability, (2) hydrographic and hydraulic

surveys to provide information in specific revetted reaches of the river to permit re- cognition of hydraulic and hydrographic factors affecting revetment stability, and (3)

turbulence surveys to determine the magnitude and extent of the forces of turbulence

engendered at the boundary layer of the Mississippi River and the effects of these

forces on revetment stability to permit adequate and economical revetment design.

(f) Model tests and field investigations completed.

(g) A model-operating technique was developed that can be used to forecast with reliable

accuracy the future courses of regimen changes in any troublesome reach of the Mississippi River. In addition, a model-operating technique was evolved that permits investigation of various bank-stabilization features. The primary findings of the soils studies

indicated that the massive failures occurring in the banks of the Lower Mississippi

River are liquefaction failures. Hydraulic studies indicated that the interstices in

the articulated concrete mat of conventional design permit a flow of sand sufficient to produce extensive underlying pockets and sinking of the revetment.

(h) Final report on hydrographic and hydraulic field investigations completed.

(230) MOIEL STUDY OF FLOOD CONTROL, CUMBERLAND, MARYLAND.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (f ) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and operation of a model of the Mississippi River

Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers, and

their principal tributaries. All existing and proposed flood-control reservoirs, dikes,

floodwalls, and other pertinent works will be reproduced. The model area comprises 200

acres, and measures ij ,500 feet east and west, and 3,900 feet north and south. Completed

construction consists of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal, Missouri, to Tiptonville, Tennessee; the Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Arkansas

River from Blackburn Dam Site, Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the Ohio River from

Golconda, Illinois, to the mouth; and the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth. The topography of the streams and floodplains are being reproduced

to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale of 1:100. Water-surface elevations

are measured by electrically operated stage devices with the recorders located in central

control buildings. Stream flow is introduced and controlled by automatic instruments

called inflow controllers. The model was designed to aid in the development of co- ordinated basin-wide plans for flood control and operation of flood control structures.

(g) The extent of operation of the model is determined each year by the testing programs

requested by the Districts and Divisions that have operable sections on the model. Tests to check present flood-routing methods to aid in perfecting flood predictions and reser- voir operations, and tests to check the grades and to determine the effect of project

levees to aid in planning flood protection and other levee studies were conducted during

the current year for the Missouri River, Upper Mississippi Valley, and Southwestern

Divisions.
126 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(ljl9) SLUE GATE TESTS, NORFORK DAM, ARKANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rook District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas,

(d) Experimental; for design.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Results of full-scale tests of the two types of slide gates, selected on the basis of

model tests, indicated that the performance of a gate with a lj5-degree upstream bevel at the lower edge was superior to that of the Norfork-type gate which had a flat bottom with

a slight slope to fit the sealing surface. High negative pressures on the gate bottom,

considerable gate vibration, and crackling sounds characteristic of cavitation were noted

for most gate openings of the Norfork gate. By contrast, high positive pressures occurred

over the sloping bottom of the li5-degree gate, resulting in elimination of cavitation

sounds and in a marked reduction in gate vibration. The high positive pressures also

resulted in less air demand at partial gate openings. Tests of long duration at partial gate openings with both test gates revealed some cavitation damages to the outer edge of the bronze seals on both sides of the gate frame and to the cast steel immediately

downstream and just under the gate.

(h) "Slide Gate Tests, Norfork Dam, North Fork River, Arkansas", Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Memorandum No. 2-389, July 19%h. (Available on loan).

(h2S) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation

channel, the entire Delaware River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is re- produced in the model which is of the fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale ratios

of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced

by automatic tide-control machines. Observed prototype salinities are reproduced in the

Delaware Bay portion of the model, and provisions made for the injection of silt, and

for measuring silt deposits.

(g) Tests to determine effects of tide range, fresh-water discharge, mean tide level, disposal of industrial and municipal wastes, and regulation of fresh-water discharge on the

salinity regimen of the Delaware Estuary were completed.

(h) "Delaware River Model Study", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-337,

Report No. 2, "Salinity tests of existing channel", June 19!>li. (Available on loan).

(673) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests on a 1:Jj0 model are used to study hydraulic characteristics of the standard spillway shape with heads up to 1-1/3 times the design head of the crest, including the effect

of crest piers and gates, elevation of downstream floor of spillway, and downstream slope

of spillway. Tests are also being made to establish general rules for design of rollertype energy dissipators. The drop from spillway crest to bucket is varied to study the

effect of nappe thickness. Tests to study pressures on a flat apron-type energy dissipator were undertaken. Tests to determine the effect of tainter gate location on spillway pressures and discharge characteristics were completed. Tests concerning the effect

on discharge coefficients of the location of the toe curve on a low ogee spillway were

accomplished.

(g) Tests to obtain discharge and pressure data for various approach elevation conditions

indicated that with height of weir equal to or greater than the head, coefficient and pressure data were in the same range for the same crest shape. The spillway discharge

per net foot of width is not materially affected by the use of crest piers or by variation

in the shape of these piers. Thickening of the spillway nappe permitted established

roller action to continue at lower tailwater depths than noted with the thin spillway jet. Pressures on a flat apron-type energy dissipator approximated the water-surface elevation

above the apron. Discharge and pressure values were not materially affected by locating

the gate seat on the spillway crest or 5.0 feet downstream from the crest. Location of

the gate seat on the spillway crest permitted more positive control of flows at low heads.

Toe curve location had little effect on discharge coefficients after it falls a O.8I49 Hd

distance below the spillway crest. The radius of the toe curve had little effect on discharge coefficients.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 127

(h) Advance Report No. 1, General Spillway Investigation, CW 801, "Spillway Crest Data with

and without Piers", dated August 19l9.

Advance Report No, 2, General Spillway Investigation, CW 801, "Spillway Crest Data with

Varied Depths of Approach", dated June 19!>0. A consolidated report of the above advance

reports, together with results obtained by varying the spillway slope and exit area elevation below the spillway, is in preparation.

(67lj) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(678) CHARLESTON HARBOR MODEL STUDY.

(b) The District Engineer, Charleston District, Corps of Engineers, Charleston, South Carolina.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(682) HYDRAULIC CAPACITY OF MEANDERING CHANNELS IN STRAIGHT FLQODWAYS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(683) MODEL STUDIES OF FLOW CONDITIONS IN PUMPING PLANT SUMP AND SURGES IN SEWERS.

(b) The District Engineer, Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, Kentucky,

(f) Testing completed.

(h) "Surges in Southern Outfall Sewer and Flow Conditions in State Fairgrounds (Western Parkway) Pumping Plant, Louisville, Kentucky", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memo- randum No. 2-367, June 1951. (Available on loan).

(986) MODEL TESTS OF SPILLWAY TAINTER GATE, CHEATHAM DAM, CUMBERLAND RIDER, TENNESSEE.

(b) The District Engineer, Nashville District, Corps of Engineers, Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A lt36 model of a portion of spillway crest and bucket was used to determine the most

advantageous shape for the submergible tainter gate; the forces acting on the gate; and

flow conditions for various tailwater elevations. In addition, the submergible tainter

gate developed in the 1 :36 model was tested in a 1 :10 model to determine its operating

characteristics at the larger scale. Tests to determire the location and height of end

sill for use with a partially submergible tainter gate also were conducted.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) The tests showed that the gate as originally designed was unsatisfactory because of its

instability, and the uplift forces and high downpull forces exerted on it. As the test

gate was raised, pressure conditions over the gate were such as to cause it to oscillate.

Downpull forces were as high as 6£0 kips or about twice those considered allowable. Revisions to the crest and over-all shape of the gate together with proper venting eliminated all uplift forces tending to float the gate, and reduced downpull forces to within

allowable limits. The tendency of the gate to oscillate also was eliminated by the design

developed from the model tests. Results of tests on the l:36-scale model were confirmed

by later tests on a ltlO-scale model. The actual design of gate adopted for construction

in the prototype was a semisubmergible type; flow is to be passed over this gate up to a head of 7 feet, after which the gate will be raised and all flow will pass under it.

This type gate was not tested in the model except for stilling basin tests that were con- ducted using a schematic reproduction of the final-type gate. These tests indicated that

a horizontal apron, 6I4 feet in length at elevation 3h5t and a 9-foot-high end sill would

be most effective in stilling flow passing either over or under the gate.

(h) "Submergible -Type Tainter Gate for Spillway, Cheatham Lock and Dam, Cumberland River,

Tennessee", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-381, Aptil 19$h»

(Available on loan).
128 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(992) MOTEL STUDIES OF PINE FLAT DAM, KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California.

(d) Experimental j for design.

(e) Four models were involved in the study of the Pine Flat spillway: (1) a 1:60 comprehensive

roodelj (2) a l:ljO section model of the spillway crest; (3) a 1:18 model of a conduit outlet portal in the lower tier of conduits j and a 1:18 model of one of the conduits in

the upper tier. Special attention was given in the tests to the hydraulic characteristics

of the crest, flow from the conduits, and to the effectiveness of the flip bucket in deflecting the water away from the toe of the dam. Pressures on the crest and discharge

coefficients were thoroughly investigated because the crest was designed to fit the

lower nappe for a head only 75 per cent as great as the maximum head expected. A deflector block was used in the downstream end of each conduit in the lower tier to spread

the discharge onto the surface of the tailwater.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Results of tests on the spillway crest were of particular interest in that the ogee crest

was shaped to fit the underside of the nappe for a head of 39 feet whereas the maximum

pool for which the dam was designed will create a head of 53.1 feet on the spillway crest. Although negative pressures were measured on the spillway crest at the maximum head, tests in a vacuum apparatus indicated that the spillway nappe will not spring free from

the ogee crest nor will cavitation occur on the crest. Capacity of the crest at the

maximum head was slightly greater than that computed. A flip bucket with a radius of

50 feet, terminated at a slope of 20 degrees above the horizontal, was deemed adequate

for protection of the toe of the dam against harmful erosion. Initial tests indicated

the necessity for revision of the outlets of the conduits in both tiers. Undesirable

flow conditions in the flip bucket and exit area, produced by flow from the upper tier

of conduits, were corrected by turning the outlet portions of the conduits downward on

a parabolic curve which terminated tangent to the spillway face. Negative pressures in

the cavitation range were eliminated in the outlet portals of the lower-tier conduits by

recessing the face of the spillway around the tetrahedral floor deflectors used to disperse the jets emerging from the conduits.

(h) "Spillway and Conduits for Pine Flat Dam, Kings River, California", Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-375, Dec. 1953. (Available on loan).

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C„

(d) Experimentalj applied research.

(e) Cavitation characteristics of such elements as baffle pier3, steps in stilling basins,

gate slots, and offset joints are being studied on models installed in a vacuum tank

and in a variable pressure water tunnel. Models tested to date have been generally of

four types: (1) vertical offsets, into and away from flowj (2) V-notch construction

joints; (3) gate slots; and (lj) baffle piers. A review of existing literature is under

way to evaluate the many variables that affect cavitation results. An investigation

toward developing a material that would/ pit under model cavitation, yet would not erode

under tunnel velocities, was initiated. Preliminary experiments were devoted to a lean

mixture consisting of sand, cement, and water. If a suitable material can be developed,

it may be possible to determine comparatively the vulnerabilities of various boundaries to cavitation damage.

(g) Results of tests indicate that the point of incipient cavitation varies with the scale

of the model when cavitation results from vortex- or eddy-type flow. When cavitation

exists at a zone of separation, the variation in the point of incipient cavitation as a function of model scale is reduced.

(h) "Cavitation of V-Notch Construction Joints for Concrete Spillways , Miscellaneous Paper

No. 2-76, Feb. 19514.

(991) EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 129

(e) A general study is being made to determine the effects of model scale distortion on velocity distribution and other hydraulic conditions. A series of tests has been

completed in a triangular flume having an adjustable central angle and adjustable slope.

Additional studies are being made in a rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend.

(g) The initial results are being analyzed for incorporation in a report.

(998) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation of wave phenomena and resulting forces is being conducted in a wave tank to develop formulas, supported by experimental data, from which wave pressures

on impervious surfaces, vertical and inclined, can be determined.

(g) Development of pressure measuring and recording apparatus and a wave-tank assembly is in

progress

.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a wave tank to determine size of cap rock and

slope of mound necessary to withstand action of waves and to develop formulas, supported

by experimental data, from which the action of waves on rubble structures can be determined. Test data will be presented in dimensionless form, therefore no model scale, as such, is being utilized.

(g) The Iribarren formula for design of rubble breakwaters is being used as a basis for

correlating the results of these tests. Coefficients (K') have been determined for use with Iribarren formula for rubble breakwaters with no overtopping for seaside slopes

from 1 on l-l/li to 1 on 5 and d/L ratios from 0.10 to 0.£0. It was found that K1 varied

considerably with slope (oc ) but very little with the d/L ratio. Average values of K* for different slopes are as follows:

Side Slope K« 1 on 1-1/lj 0.003

1 on 1-1/2 0.008

1 on 2 0.017

1 on 2-1/2 0.028

1 on 3 O.O36

1 on Jj 0.033

1 on 5 0.032

A few tests have been conducted in which tetrapods were used instead of rubble. Results

of these tests indicate that tetrapods are considerably more efficient on a weight basis

than rubble.

(1000) ROUGHNESS STANDARDS FOR HYDRAULIC MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engine ers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study is being conducted to evaluate resistance of definite types of roughness

in terms of Manning's "nM and other parameters, so that much of the trial-and-error

process of adjusting the surface roughness of river models can be eliminated. Tests have

been performed in three rectangular flumes and a triangular flume.

(1001) SCALE EFFECTS ON SPILLWAY DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests were conducted on ojee and sharp-crested weirs to permit comparison of spillway

discharge coefficients obtained from models of different scales. Tests to determine

effect of variation of viscosity from a high of 220 centipoises to about 3 centipoises

also were completed.
130 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Tests to determine effect of surface tension on discharge coefficients of spillways re- vealed no appreciable effect in small-scale spillway models. Analysis of viscosity data

indicated that viscous forces did modify discharge coefficients, although no relationship

was found between discharge coefficients and viscosity that was valid for the entire

viscosity range investigated.

(h) A combined report of tests results to determine the effect of model scale on discharge

coefficients of an ogee weir, with particular emphasis on the effect of surface tension

and viscosity, is in preparation.

(1002) SCALE EFFECTS IN HARBOR MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests will be conducted to determine effects of various model scales and distortion on

wave characteristics in a harbor. The effects on test results of various model-testing

techniques will also be investigated.

(f) Intermittently active as personnel and testing equipment are available.

(lOOlj) INSTRUMENTATION

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) Various types of instruments for use in hydraulic models are being developed to make such measurements as those of wave heights, dynamic fluid pressures, and gate vibration and

downpull. Development of an improved tidal reproducing apparatus is in progress.

(1207) MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study of relative merits of various penstock intake and sluice coaster gate

lip shapes, seals, and recesses is being conducted. The investigation includes determination of downpull effects of changes in gate-lip shape, length and shape of seals, size

and shape of the recess in the face of the dam, and need for an air vent in the entrance.

The 1:20 model of the sluice coaster gate is being tested in combination with a typical

sluice which includes a slide gate, standard entrance curves conforming to the elliptical

equation (x^/d^) + (y^/(D/3)^) = 1, and a removable constriction at downstream end of

sluice

(g) Tests of the sluice coaster gate with various slide gate openings and sluice exit conditions revealed greatest downpull forces at coaster gate openings of 2 to k feet. Downpull forces tended to increase as the operating speed of the coaster gate was increased.

The slide gate and air vent were then moved upstream l£ feet and tested to determine the

effect, if any, of location on the over-all performance of the coaster gate. Moving the

slide gate 1$ feet closer to the intake was found to have little or no effect on the

over-all performance of the sluice gate.

(1210) MODEL STUDY OF GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

(b) The District Engineer, Seattle District, Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The fixed-bed model, scales 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically, reproduced the Pacific

Ocean area adjacent to the harbor entrance and the tidal portion of the harbor and

Chehalis River. This model was used to develop a comprehensive plan to protect the ex- isting south jetty from the undermining effects of tidal currents, and to protect Point

Chehalis from erosion by current and wave action. Upon completion of this part of the

investigation a portion of the model was converted to a movable-bed type to determine

scour and shoal tendencies of the selected plan. Plans for reduction of shoaling in the

30-foot-deep navigation channel were also studied.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) A satisfactory plan for protection of Point Chehalis from further erosion by wave and

current action was developed.

(h) Final report in preparation.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 131

(1211) MOTEL STUDIES OF HOOSIC DIVER, ADAMS AND NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) The District Engineer, New York District, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York.

(d) Experimental j for design.

(e) Two models were used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain sections

of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts, and of

the main channel in Adams, Massachusetts, and to determine whether changes should be made

for safety, increased efficiency, or economy. The flow in the major portion of these

channels will be below critical depth. In Phase 1 of the study a 1:30 model reproduced

the lower sections of the North and South Branches and about 1,300 feet of the main stream below the confluence of the North and South Branches, In Phase 2 North Branch was ex- tended to include the control weir at the upstream limit of the improvement works for

North Adams. A 1:20 model reproduced a section of the main channel beginning in Adams

approximately 8 miles above that reproduced in the 1:30 model. About 1,200 feet of

Tophet Brook, which joins the Hoosic River, was also reproduced.

(f) Tests on Phase 1 of the 1:20 model of the main channel in Adams, Massachusetts, and of

Phase 1 and Phase 2 on the 1:30 model of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in

North Adams, Massachusetts, have been completed. Tests on the initial plan of Phase 2 on the 1:20 model also have been completed. Additional tests are contemplated for Phase

2 of the Adams model.

(g) The stilling basin as designed for the North Adams section was found unsatisfactory and

a basin was developed that produced the desired flow conditions. Design of the curves

and superelevation for the bends in Phase 2 of the North Adams model were demonstrated

to be satisfactory. . The design and location of the stilling basin in the main channel

at Adams were verified. Flow conditions at the junction of Tophet Brook and the culvert

flume feeding into the brook were greatly improved and the turbulence existing in the

Hoosic River below the mouth of Tophet Brook was eliminated. The results of tests com- pleted on the Phase 2 Adams model indicate that one drop structure can be eliminated and

that channel revisions will be required above the weir at station 113 and at the confluence of the Hoosic River and Fiske Brook.

(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two models are being used for complete investigation of the outlet works proposed for

Oahe Dam. A 1:60 model, reproducing the downstream portion of six 18. $ -foot-diameter

outlet tunnels, the stilling basin, and 2,300 feet of the discharge and pilot channels,

is being used to investigate the performance of the outlet works and to effect revisions

demonstrated to be desirable. A 1:25 model of the upstream portion of one of the tunnels,

the control structure located in the center of the embankment, and a short length of the

tunnel downstream is being used to: (l) check piezometric pressures at various points in

the intake structure and transition, particularly pressure variations in the bulkhead

slot area j (2) determine the effect of curvature on flow conditions in the upstream

tunnel and critical areas downstream therefromj (3) check piezometric pressures at various

points in the gate chamber of the control shaft and the upstream and downstream transitions, with particular attention to pressures near the gate slots; (lj) study the forces

acting on the service gate and effects of such forces on gate operation; and (5) measure

air demand characteristics.

(g) A single stage stilling basin was developed on the 1:60 model which performed satisfactorily. However, foundation problems encountered in the field made it desirable to consider use of a double stage stilling base located at a higher elevation. The model tests indicated the length of the primary basin and the secondary basin could be reduced from the

lengths proposed. The height and length of the dividing piers separating each conduit

also could be reduced.

(11(67) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN

CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. c.

(d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field investigations; for design.
132 Army - Waterways Experimental Station

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments, hydraulic design criteria to insure adequate capacity, economy of construction,

and safe and satisfactory operation. Criteria are developed from model and prototype

tests relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates and valves, channels and

navigation structures. Program also includes prototype tests in cooperation with other

Corps of Engineers establishemnts

(g) "Hydraulic design criteria" charts have been prepared on: spillway shapes and discharge

coefficients, pier coefficients and pressures On the crest face, and design aids of

stilling basins and chute spillways; concrete conduit friction factors and design aids

for conduit flow; discharge coefficients for vertical gates on a level floor and for

Howell-Bunger valves. Design aids have been prepared for trapezoidal channels. Prototype tests have been conducted on sluice pressures at Denison Dam, Pine Flat Dam, and at other field installations. Stilling basin pressures were measured at Bull Shoals Dam. Vibration and other types of tests were made on gates at Ft. Randall Dam and Ft. Peck Dam.

(h) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issues Nos. 1, 2, and 3. (Available for purchase in limited

quantities .

)

"Correlation of Model and Prototype Data, Marked Tree Siphon", Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-1, Revised March 1952. (Available on loan.) "Pressure and Air Demand Tests in Flood-Control Conduit, Denison Dam", Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-31, April 1953. (Available on loan).

"Vibration, pressure, and Air Demand Tests in Flood-Control Sluice, Pine Flat Dam",

Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-75, Feb. 195h» (Available on

loan.) "Pressure Cell Tests, Bull Shoals Dam Stilling Basin", Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-77, Feb. 195b. (Available on loan.)

(11)68) VALUEVIA RIVER MODEL STUDY, CORRAL BAY, CHILE.

(b) Government of Chile, South America.

(d) Experimental} for design.

(e) Whether training works or other remedial measures will make possible the maintenance of

a channel at least 6 meters deep over the entrance bar from the port of Corral to the

Valdivia River Mouth, and the effect such structures might have on present depths and

widths of Corral Harbor were studied in a movable-bed model, with scale ratios of ltljOO

horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Corral Bay upstream from Point San Carlos and the

lower 3 miles of both the Valdivia and Tornagaleones Rivers were reproduced in the model.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) A plan was developed that would provide a satisfactory solution of all existing navigation

problems in Corral Bay. The plan would not increase the width and depth of the deep- water portion of the port of Corral, but would prevent subsequent loss of any additional

width or depth that might be obtained by dredging. The plan would provide a channel of

adequate width and depth for navigation from deep water in Corral Bay to the existing

Valdivia River entrance, and would have no detrimental effects on the Valdivia River

channel upstream from the existing entrance. The plan should also afford adequate protection to the port of Corral from storm waves, from the north. Of interest was the fact

that construction of this plan in the prototype would require less revision of existing

structures and installation of new structures than any other plan tested.

(h) "Plans for Improvement of Navigation Conditions in Corral Bay and the Valdivia River,

Chile", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-382, April 19%h* (Available on loan.)

(1169) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD-CONTROL PROJECT, ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed local improvement plan for Allentown was studied to discover and correct any undesirable features of the plan. The fixed-bed model, scales of 1:150 horizontally and

1:50 vertically, reproduced 3 miles of Lehigh River and 1 mile each of Little Lehigh Creek

and Jordan Creek.

(f) Testing completed.
Army - Waterways Experimental Station 133

(g) Test results indicated that Bear Creek Reservoir upstream of Allentown would reduce the

peak of a flood similar to that of 19l|2 (worst in $0 years) by 2.6 feet in the area

adjacent to the Little Lehigh and Jordan Creeks near their junction; an additional reduction of lj.6 feet would result from local improvements embodied in the original plan

(Survey Report Plan) . Tests of modifications of this plan, developed during the model

study, indicated that flood stages could be lowered another 0.7 foot by improving the

alignment of the training dike and extending the dike 60 feet. The model study also

indicated that: the intensity of the current attack on the closure dike could be materially reduced by realigning the lower end of the dike; the amount of dredging opposite the

training dike could be reduced about 55»0O0 cubic yards without affecting flood stages

in the problem area; and a considerable amount of sediment could deposit in the dredged

channel before flood stages in the problem area would be affected.

(h) "Flood-Control Project for Allentown, Pennsylvania; Hydraulic Model Investigation",

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-376, Dec. 1953. (Available on

loan.)

(U70) MODEL STUDY OF NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS.

(b) The District Engineer, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(11j71) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, SAVAGE RIVER DAM, MARYLAND.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests of the side-channel spillway were conducted on a 1:36 model to determine the

discharge rating curve and other hydraulic characteristics of the spillway at heads

greater than that for which the spillway was originally designed because the spillway

design flood for this dam has been increased.

(f ) Testing completed.

(g) Tests revealed that maximum efficiency of the spillway was attained at a head of 1/j.15> feet, at which head the coefficient of discharge, based on the usual weir formula, was 3.80 and a discharge of 62,000 cfs was passed. The capacity of the spillway with the

pool at the top of the dam (head 29 feet) was found to be 109,200 cfs but at this head

the coefficient of discharge for the weir was only 2.20 as the control had shifted to

the chute. The maximum probable flood of 100,000 cfs was passed at a pool elevation of

1,Ij91j; at this discharge flow overtopped the right spillway abutment wall. However, the

area in the vicinity of the wall is paved and no damage should result. At discharges

of 75,000 cfs and greater, large standing waves formed in the upper portion of the chute.

(h) "Spillway for Savage River Dam, Savage River, Maryland", Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Memorandum No. 2-378, Jan. 19514. (Available on loan.)

(U72) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, INDIANA HARBOR, INDIANA.

(~b) Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland S^eel Company, Indiana Harbor Works, East

Chicago, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:13>0 fixed-bed model of Indiana Harbor and sufficient area of Lake Michigan to permit

reproduction of waves from north-northwest to southeast is being used. Effects of pro- posed harbor structures on wave action conditions in the entrance channel and in the

harbor are being studied.

(Ili7li) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.
1314 Army - Waterways Experimental Station

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates and to determine the effect of various elements upon these forces is being conducted in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide is reproduced with provisions for varying the

length up to 600 feet on each side of the gate. Forces required for operation of miter

gates will be measured for variations of the following elements: gate leaves, speeds

and accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances,

chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves. Variations in the type

linkage driving the gate also will be investigated.

Cs) Tests indicate that with the Ohio River type linkage the peak torque occurs as the gates enter or leave the mitered position. Nonsynchronous operation of the gates resulted in a slight decrease in torque on the leading leaf and a lesser effect on the lagging leaf, as compared with synchronous operation. An increase in the speed of operation or depth of

submergence increases the peak torque. Bottom clearances had little effect on torque

values. With the modified Ohio River type linkage the peak torque occurs near the mitered

position as was noted with the standard Ohio River linkage. The peak torque of" the modified type linkage is somewhat less than that of the Ohio type linkage but the average torque is higher and better distributed. Addition of skin plates on the downstream face

of the lock gates with the modified type linkage resulted in a slight decrease in torque. Tests with the Panama type linkage indicated that the high initial torque at the recess position was greatly reduced and distributed more evenly throughout the operating cycle.

(11j75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (a) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study is being conducted to aid in developing design criteria for pumping plants

which depend upon development of siphonic action on the discharge side of the pumps in

order to yield the required discharge. The investigation is to determine the minimum

initial priming velocity and length of time required to expel air from (prime) the siphon.

Variables to be investigated during the tests are: rates of flow, water levels on the

discharge side of the pumps, slope and length of the riverward leg, and venting conditions

at the crown. A full size model of a 6-inch plastic discharge line with a lift of 39 feet was assembled for the investigation.

(g) Model test data were correlated with prototype data collected by the Ohio River Division

and a generalized equation developed which defines the time required to prime the siphon

under a limited range of conditions. It is expected that additional model tests will

permit refinement of this equation to cover a wide range of conditions.

(1735) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) The Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental! for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted in a wave flume, using a scale of 1:17, to investigate the

relationship between water level, wave height, wave period, and beach slope and wave run-up on selected types of shore structures used to prevent erosion caused by wave action.

(g) Tests have shown that the volume of overtopping water and height of wave run-up vary with

both wave height and length. The variation is discontinuous. The volume of overtopping water and height of wave run-up vary in cycles from minimum to maximum and increase as wave height and wave length increase.

(1736) MODEL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF INLETS ON ADJACENT BEACHES.

(b) The Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of natural or artificial inlets on adjacent beaches for various

conditions of waves, tides, rate of littoral drift, and other factors, tests are being

made in a basin simulating an ocean and a lagoon separated by a barrier beach of sand

that can be breached to reproduce the desired inlet.

t
Array - Waterways Experiment Station 135

737) MOEEL STUDY OF CHAIN OF ROCKS PROJECT, MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental} for design.

(e) The Chain of Rocks reach, a 7-raile-long series of rock ledges, is the principal cause of

navigational difficulties in the 1$ miles between the mouth of the Missouri River and the

city of St. Louis. An improvement plan, involving a long canal from the vicinity of the

mouth of the Missouri with a navigation lock at its downstream end, was studied in a combination movable-bed, fixed-bed type model with scales of I:lj00 horizontally and 1:100

vertically. Means were investigated of reducing the silting in the lower approach channel

to the canal and of removing and preventing the rebuilding of a bar across the downstream

canal entrance.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Fixed-bed tests were concerned primarily with elimination of shoaling of fine material

in the downstream end of the canal, and afforded data from which the following principal

conclusions were drawn: (a) considerable deposition will occur in the downstream end of the Chain of Rocks Canal if the adjacent overbank on the lower end of Cabaret Island is not raised; (b) none of the three proposed spoil area alignments would eliminate entirely

the amount of silting in the lower portion of the canal, but they would reduce it con- siderably; (c) installation of a system of dikes along the Missouri shore upstream from

the canal entrance would tend to increase the amount of sedimentation in the lower canal

entrance; and (d) operation of the vertical-lift gates of the locks near the downstream

canal entrance during the 10- and 20-foot stages would not flush any appreciable amount

of sediment from the lower canal entrance. Movable-bed tests were used to determine the

effectiveness of various plans in eliminating or reducing shoaling of relatively coarse material at the downstream entrance to the canal. The plans investigated were of two

general types: One assumed that the dike system would be so designed that the velocity

of flow in the problem area would be increased sufficiently to prevent deposition of

sediment in the area; the other assumed that the problem area would be protected by a dike system of sufficient height and so located as to prevent the troublesome material

from entering that area. Of these two types of plans, the latter was found to be the more effective in eliminating shoaling in the downstream canal entrance.

(h) Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, Huntington District, Corps of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1739) MODEL STUDIES OF MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, Kentucky.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(171)0) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET STILLING BASIN, TUTTLE CREEK DAM, BIG BLUE RIVER, KANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, Missouri.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(171)1) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, GAVINS POINT DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.
136 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(1978) MOEEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, NEW CUMBERLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Pittsburgh District, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

(f) Testing completed.

(h) "Spillway for New Cumberland Dam, Ohio River, West Virginia*, Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Memorandum No. 2-386, July 195h* (Available on loan.)

(1979) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, BULL SHOALS DAM, WHITE RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway was constructed with a stepped-type stilling basin designed to spread the

jets issuing from the conduits. After a period of operation the steps were damaged by

cavitation. A 1:12 model was used to develop a satisfactory method of repairing the

basin for conduit discharges j a 1:3>0 section model was used to check the performance of

the modified basin with spillway discharges.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Negative pressures and resulting cavitation tendencies in the stilling basin have been

eliminated by filling in the steps of the original basin to form a long sloping floor. Tests have demonstrated that spreading of the conduit jets can be accomplished by increasing the end sill height from U feet to 10 feet and installing a single row of 8-

foot-high baffle blocks about £0 feet upstream from the end sill.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1980) MODEL STUDIES OF TABLE ROCK DAM, WHITE RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental j for design.

(e) A 1:50 section model of the stilling basin was used to determine the adequacy of the

basin for spillway flow, and a 1:12 model of the stilling basin was used for tests of the

basin under conduit flow. Current patterns and velocities around the training walls and

in the powerhouse area will be studied in a 1:100 general model.

(g) The action of the stilling basin was improved by installing higher baffles. The spacing

between baffles was increased and the second row of baffles and the end sill were moved

11 feet upstream without decreasing the efficiency of the basin.

(1981) MODEL STUDIES OT SPILLWAY FLIP BUCKET AND CONDUIT OUTLET PORTAL, HARTWELL DAM, SAVANNAH

RIVER, GEORGIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Savannah District, Corps of Engineers, Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:lj£-section model was used to develop a feasible and economical design for the spillway flip bucket and the training wall between the flip bucket and powerhouse. A 1:20

model of the conduit outlet portal was investigated to assure satisfactory spreading of

the jet, pressures, and discharge.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests revealed that although each of four alternate sluice outlet portals tested was adequate as far as safety was .concerned, a portal having a horizontal roof, flared side

walls, and upward curved floor appeared to provide the most satisfactory flow conditions.

A 30-foot-radius spillway flip bucket with 30-degree bucket lip was the most effective

bucket tested. A 5-degree deflector wall constructed on the right wall of the spillway

will divert high-velocity flow away from the powerhouse when the gate bay adjacent to

the powerhouse is in operation. Tests revealed that the training wall extending 80 feet

below the powerhouse into the tailrace can be shortened appreciably with little effect on flow conditions at the draft tube outlets.

(h) "Sluice outlet portal and spillway flip bucket, Hartwell Dam, Savannah River, Georgia",

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-393, Aug. 195h» (Available on

loan.)
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 137

(1982) MODEL STUDIES OF CONTROL STRUCTURE AT MOUTH OF OLD RTVER, LOUISIANA.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(1983)

The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vlcksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

The Old River control structure will control flow into Old River, which links the

Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, so that Mississippi River Flows will be divided

between the lower reaches of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Tests are being made on l:3o models to investigate the over-all performance of the proposed structure with

special attention to discharge coefficients, flow conditions at the abutments, and the

effectiveness of the stilling basin. Tests to date indicate that improved flow conditions can be obtained by realignment of

the upstream and downstream training walls. Also it was demonstrated that the horizontal stilling basin could be raised from elevation -12.0 msl to elevation -5.0 msl.

Discharge curves, obtained in preliminary calibration of the structure, agree very

closely with the computed curves.

MODEL STUDY OF SEDIMENT DIVERSION THROUGH PROPOSED OLD RTVER, LOUISIANA, CONTROL

STRUCTURES.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 10-mile reach of the Mississippi River upstream of the mouth of Old River is reproduced

in a fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:1|00 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tests

are being made to determine a suitable location and design for control structures (consisting of an overbank and a low-sill structure) that will permit the same percentage of

sediment to enter the Atchafalaya River as now enters that stream through Old River,

should Old River be closed with a lock and dam. Additional tests have been undertaken

to determine effects of changes in design and location of structures, changes in shape

and alignment of approach channel, and effect of diversion on Mississippi River channel.

(g) Tests were made of currents and sediment movement with the structures in operation without and with permeable dikes, and with recession of the bankline in the bend upstream. Test results indicated the general location selected for the structures to be satisfactory insofar as sediment diversion is concerned, provided that the relative positions

of the overbank and low-sill structures are reversed so as to place the overbank structure upstream of the low-sill structure. The model study also indicated that velocities on

the structures side of the Mississippi River channel will increase and velocities on the

opposite side will decrease, which will result in some adjustment in the Mississippi

River channel in the vicinity. The extent of changes in the Mississippi River channel

resulting from installation of the structures and the effects of such changes on the

water-sediment ratio of the diverted flow could not be determined from the fixed-bed

model, therefore the fixed-bed study is to be followed by a movable-bed study.

(h) Initial results were presented in "Old River Control Structure, Sediment Diversion;

Hydraulic Model Investigation", Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-388, June 195b. (Available on loan.)

(198b) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL GATE FOR TUNNEL NO. b, FORT PECK DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA.

(b) The District Engineer, Fort Peck District, Fort Peck, Montana, and the District Engineer,

Garrison District, Corps of Engineers, Bismarck, South Dakota.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests to study methods of eliminating cavitation on the port liner and vibration of the

cylinder gate in the main control shaft of tunnel. No. lj will be conducted on a 1:25 model.

Discharge capacities, pressures, air demand, and gate vibration will be determined for

the existing cylinder gate installation.

(g) The use of an offset lip in the inner tower below the discharge ports afforded sufficient

back pressure in the discharge ports to eliminate cavitation tendencies in these areas. Air vents are installed below the lip to satisfy air demand in this area. Installation

of guide vanes at the entrance to the discharge ports reduced turbulent conditions in the

outer water passage and cylinder gate vibrations.
138 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(1985) DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE METER.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) The investigation is being conducted to develop instruments that will: (a) indicate

the speed and direction of fluid currents at great depths and moderate velocities; (b)

indicate the speed and direction of currents at shallow depths and high velocities; (c)

receive signals from (a) or (b) and separate them into (1) instantaneous velocity and

direction, (2) mean velocity and direction, and (3) the root-mean-square deviations from

the mean.

(f) Suspended pending a review of the status of the developmental work on each phase.

(1986) SALT WATER WEDGE PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers.

(c) Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Philadelphia District, Corps

of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of salinity and related phenomena on the vertical distribution

of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite

flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the flume is con- nected to a 25-f oot-square tidal basin in which any desired tide may be produced and in

which the salinity may be controlled. The opposite end is connected to a fresh-water

source.

(g) Performance tests to determine limitations of apparatus over range of desired testing

conditions have been completed.

(h) Preparation of an interim report on results of performance tests is in progress.

(1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION BELOW STILLING BASINS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Initially, the investigation will be conducted on a model of a selected dam with provisions for studying sands of different sizes in the channel below the stilling basin.

Later, models with two or more different linear scales will be constructed to verify

findings using suitable bed materials.

(f) Preliminary design and layout in preparation.

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Existing laboratory flumes, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally

experienced summer and winter temperatures, will be used for investigating the effects of water temperature on bed forms and bed roughness of various types of bed materials.

(f) Preliminary design and layout in preparation.

(2200) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD CONTROL, ANACOSTIA RIVER, MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, scale 1:30, reproducing 2,100 feet of the Northwest Branch channel of

the Anacostia River is being used: (a) to verify conclusions, based upon theoretical

computations, that the paved channel as designed will induce the supercritical velocities

necessary to lower water-surface elevations to provide clearance under existing and pro- posed bridges, and that the hydaulic jump will be formed and retained on the paved section

for the expected range of tailwater elevations; and (b) to test modifications of the

original design.

(g) Results to date indicate that with the channel as originally designed the hydraulic jump

would not be retained on the paved channel for the entire range of tailwater elevations.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station

Commerce - Bureau of Public Roads

139

(2201) MOEEL STUDY OF LAKE REGULATION, LAKE ERIE.

(d

(e

(g

(h

2202

(b

(d

(e

(f

(g

(2203

(b

(d

(e

(2201)

(b

(d

(e

(g)

The District Engineer, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.

Experimental; applied research.

The existing Niagara River and Falls Model (lli70) was used to determine the nature and extent of the excavation required to increase the outlet capacity of the Niagara River

to permit regulation of levels of Lake Erie.

Testing completed.

Excavated channels of sufficient capacity to meet the design criteria were developed for

a deep, narrow-type channel and for a shallow, wide-type channel.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, TACONITE HARBOR, TWO ISLANDS (LAKE SUPERIOR), MINNESOTA.

Erie Mining Company, Cleveland, Ohio.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:150, fixed-bed model of the Taconite Harbor area was used to determine the optimum

breakwater plan for the harbor.

Testing completed.

Preparation of report in progress.

MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING, LAKE OKEECHOBEE LEVEE SECTIONS, FLORIDA.

The District Engineer, Jacksonville District, Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida.

Experimental; applied research and design. Tests are being conducted in a wave flume using a model scale of 1:30 to determine the

optimum levee section for Lake Okeechobee, Florida, with respect to overtopping due to

wave and wind setup.

STILLING BASINS FOR OUTLET WORKS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; for design.

Scale models are being used for a general study of the hydraulic characteristics of

stilling basins below outlet works and will involve study of such items as radii and

flare of side walls as affected by the length of the curved portion of the basin immediately downstream from the conduit; shape of conduit exit portal to improve entrance conditions into stilling basin; advantages of the use of diverging side walls as compared to parallel walls. Emphasis will be placed on the development of a satisfactory stilling

basin for a simple circular outlet tunnel without any transition inside the tunnel.

Analysis of stilling basin data below a 0.8-foot-diaraeter outlet tunnel has been undertaken. In these tests the elevation of the stilling basin was varied from the invert

of the conduit to a depth below the invert equal to 1.08 times the conduit diameter.

Side walls flared 1 on k, 1 on 5, and 1 on 6 were investigated for each apron elevation.

The effect of parallel side walls inserted in the downstream portion of each stilling

basin alternation was also studied.

. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(578) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page Ij2.

(1095) SCALE MODEL STUDIES OF INLET BOXES.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 39.
IJjO Commerce - Bureau of Public Roads

Commerce - National Bureau of Standards

(1096) FULL SCALE GUTTERS TESTS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page 39.

(1101) MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page Ij3.

(1597) A STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SAND TRAPS.

Cooperative with Iowa -Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page Ii5. (19W) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 8ij.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A SLOPING FLUME.

Cooperative with Colorado A and M College. See page 2li

(2089) STUDIES OF DE SILTING STRUCTURES FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page I4O.

(213W HEAD LOSSES IN STORM DRAIN JUNCTIONS.

Cooperative with the University of Missouri. See page 67.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 159, 160, llj77 to llj80, incl., II482, 17lj2, I989, 1990

and 2205, should be addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

(159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine model laws for models involving the motion of stratified liquids. The two

major problems are (1) the motion of a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock" when

released into a long channel containing a stationary lighter liquid, and (2) the motion

of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or flowing lighter

liquid.

(h) "Laws of Salt-Water Flow in Fresh Water", by G. H. Keulegan, presented before the Annual

Meeting of the A.S.C.E., New York City, Oct. 19-21, 195ij.

(160) EFFECT OF STORM WINDS ON LAKE LEVELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine frictional forces of wind on lake surfaces and the resulting set-up.

(Iii77) TURBULENT EXPANSION OF JETS IN WATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine experimentally the nature of turbulent expansion of jets in water with

relation to Reynolds number, using jets of hot water, salt water, etc.
Commerce - National Bureau of Standards 111

(11j78) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental studies of (1) wind tides (set-up), (2) growth

of wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

(h) Paper in preparation.

(1179) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STANDING WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine significance of viscous boundary layer effects in wave phenomena.

(1Jj80) POSITIVE WAVES IN DRY CHANNELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine mathematically velocity and form of waves taking friction into account. To analyze the tip of the wave mathematically, and to determine form of wave experimentally as function of time and roughness,

(h) "Comparison of Theories and Experiments for the Hydraulic Dam-Break Wave", by R. F. Dressier, presented at meeting of Intl. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Rome, Italy,

September 19f>lj.

(l!j82) INITIAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN SALT WATER WEDGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine velocities and particle trajectories during initial motion when a gate separating two bodies of liquids of different densities is suddenly opened.

(17lf2) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE.

(b) Office of Scientific Research, Air Research and Development Board.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine whether reproducible fundamental flow pattern occuring at initiation of

turbulence can be demonstrated.

(1989) STABILITY OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STREAMS OF IMMISCIBLE FLUID OF DIFFERENT

DENSITIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) To determine the stability criterion of the free laminar boundary layer between two parallel streams of different densities.

(h) "Hydrodynamical Stability of Interfacial Oscillations in Two Streams", by C.-M. Tchen,

presented Intl. Cong, for Math., Amsterdam, Aug. 19$h .

(1990) INTERNAL PROGRESSIVE WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) To determine laws of propagation and dissipation of internal progressive waves.

(220$) wave forces on immersed objects.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Forces on submerged cylinders subjected to waves of various characteristics will be

determined.
1U2 Commerce - Weather Bureau

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

'Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1010 to 1015, incl., 17bb, 17b5, 17^8 to 1751, incl.,

1753, 1992, 1993, 199b, and 2206 to 2209, incl., should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C.

(1010) ELECTRONIC FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A basic circuit for an electronic analogue computer to solve flood wave problems by the

Muskingum method has been developed and its application to the solution of local stream- flow problems is being studied at the following River Forecast Centers: Cincinnati, Ohio;

Knox/ille, Tenn.; St. Louis, Mo.; Kansas City, Mo.; Tulsa, Okla.; Portland, Oregon;

Harrisburg, and Pittsburgh, Pa. A circuit for more complex routing, developed at Stanford

University, is being added to the analogue at Washington, D. C.

(1011) SHORT RANGE SNOW-MELT FORECASTING,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop relations between streamflow resulting from melting snow and appropriate

meteorological parameters using a statistical approach.

(g) A reasonably adequate procedure has been established and is being refined and tested.

(h) "Insolation as an Empirical Function of Daily Sunshine Duration", Russell W. Hamon,

Leonard L. Weiss, and Walter T. Wilson, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 52, No. 6, June 195b.

(1012) AUTOMATIC RADIO REPORTING RAIN GAGE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A simple telemetering device has been constructed for use with a standard recording rain

gage. Limited field tests indicate satisfactory performance. Other telemetering units

are also being tested.

(1013) PRESSURE-ACTUATED RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; development.

(e) To develop a more economical remote, recording gage.

(g) Satisfactorily tested for accuracy in laboratory. Experimental field installation at Williams port, Md.

(101b) UTILIZATION OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA IN FORECASTING STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Standard electrical resistance soil moisture and temperature equipment has been installed

in selected areas. After sufficient data has been obtained, statistical tests will be

made to determine whether such data can be used to improve forecasts of runoff from rainfall.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivations of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing readily available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.
Commerce - Weather Bureau

(g) Test of methods and techniques at Lake Hefner, Okla., completed; and similar project

being conducted at Lake Mead. Both are cooperative projects involving Bureau of Reclamation, Navy, Geological Survey as well as Weather Bureau. Another such study has been

started at Felt Lake, on contract with Stanford University. Evaporation pan comparative

studies also being made at Silver Hill, Md.

(h) "Water-Loss Investigations: - Lake Hefner Studies, Basic Data Report", Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 270, 19$h.

"Evaporation from Pans and Lakes", a Weather Bureau Research Paper, is to be published

in 1955.

(llhh) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for Ohio River Basin, Cincinnati; Susquehanna and Delaware River

Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Tennessee River

Basin, Knoxville, Tenn.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Ore.; Middle and Upper Miss.

River Basin, St. Louis, Mo.; and Arkansas River Basin, Tulsa, Okla.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop modern river forecast procedures for all ranges of flow for various streams

of each basin. Procedures include (a) rainfall-runoff relations involving consideration

of the physics of soil moisture, vegetative reception, transpiration, evaporation and

geological features of the basins; (b) snow melt forecasting relation involving consideration of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (c) unit hydrographs; (d) streamflow

routing procedures; based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles.

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed for key points; refinement of these procedures

and development for other basins are underway.

(h) "The Influence of the Great Miami River on Ohio River Stages at Cincinnati", Frank E. Caldwell. Presented at Amer. Met. Soc. meeting, Columbus, Ohio, Sept. 1951).

(171)5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in field offices for River Forecast Center, Portland, Oreg., Water

Supply Forecast Unit, Salt Lake City, Utah, and River Forecast Center, Kansas City, Mo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the development of precipitation-runoff relations

for water supply forecasting utilizing statistical methods to correlate precipitation

during the winter with runoff during the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for over 300 points in the Western United States. These forecasts of water year flow are released in Monthly Water Supply Forecast Bulletins

January through May. This research program is of a continuing nature designed to improve

and extend the present forecasting service.

(h) "Low Winter Flows as Index to Short pnd Long Term Effects in Water Supply Forecasting",

E. L. Peck, Western Snow Conference, Salt Lake City, April 195b.

(17Ij8) CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT.

(b) Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Involves the development of a generalized procedure for quickly estimating the probable

maximum precipitation over areas from 10 to 1,000 sq. mi. on the west slopes of the

Sierra Nevada from the Feather River Basin to the San Joaquin.

(f) Completed.

(g) Relation established for Western Sierra slopes above 1,000-ft. elevation; work continuing

on relation for valley floor.

(h) "Probable Maximum Precipitation on Sierra Slopes of the Central Valley of California",

Coop. Studies Report No. 12, U. S. Weather Bureau 1951).

(171)9) WEST COAST RAINFALL INTENSITY-FREQUENCY PROJECT.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

j (d) Applied research.

(e) Involves determination of 1-hour rainfall amounts expected to be equalled or exceeded

once in 2, 5, and 10 years. Also includes derivation of relationships between the 1-hour
lbb Commerce - Weather Bureau

(f) Completed.

(g) Project extends eastward to 105th meridian.

(h) "Rainfall Intensities for Local Drainage Design in the United States for Durations of

5 to 2lj0 minutes and 2, 5, and 10-year return periods - Part II: Between 105th and

ll^th meridian", Weather Bureau Tech. Paper No. 2b, 1951.

(1750) CRITICAL METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR STORMS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Detailed hour-by-hour analysis of all meteorological data available during major rainstorms . (h) "The Great-Volume Rainstorm at Elba, Alabama", George A. Lott, Monthly Weather Review,

Vol. 82, No. 6, June 195b.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Array. (d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12- and 2ii-hour precipitation, for auto- matic recording rain gage stations, by states.

(g) Project continuing for additional states.

(h) Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 15, Part VIII: Virginia, Part IX: Georgia, Part X: New York (in process of publication).

(1753) SURVEY OF HURRICANES.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Climatological analysis of 50 years of hurricanes affecting United States to establish

frequencies of winds and pressures required as engineering design data.

(h) "Analysis and Synthesis of Hurricane Wind Patterns over Lake Okeechobee, Florida",

Hydrometeorological Report No. 31, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1951j.

"Characteristics of United States Hurricanes Pertinent to Levee Design for Lake Okeechobee

Florida", Hydrometeorological Report No. 32, U. S. Weather Bureau, 195b.

(1992) CONTINUOUS RAIN GAGE CHART.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) To substitute recording chart between rollers instead of on drum to avoid superposition

of traces.

(1993) PRESSURE JUMP LINES.

(b) Laboratory project supported in part by U.S.A.F. Geophysical Research Directorate.

(c) Dr. Morris Tepper, Scientific Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigate the properties of and the mechanisms producing pressure jump lines in the

atmosphere. These lines, indentified by means of discontinuities in microbarograms,

have been found to be correlated very strongly with severe local storms. The study is

based on (1) observational data collected from a special field program and (2) theoretical models in which the, pressure jump line is interpreted as a gravity wave propagating on an inversion surface between stratified atmospheric layers.

(h) "Pressure Jump Lines in Mid-Western United States, Jan. - Aug. 1951", Morris Tepper and

staff, U. S. Weather Bureau Research Paper No. 37, 195b.

"The Washington, D. C. Storm of June 26, 195b", J. B. Holleyman, Mo. Wea. Review, July

19514. "Successive Pressure Jump Lines of August 16, 195b", J. B. Holleyman and J. M. Hand, Mo. Wea. Review, August 195b

"Tornado-Pressure Jump Line Situation of March 18, 195b", H. Newstein, Mo. Wea. Review,

August 195b. "On the Generation of Pressure Jump Lines by the Impulsive Addition of Momentum to Simple

Systems", M. Tepper, Jour, of Met., submitted for publication.
Commerce - Weather Bureau

(199ij) SHORT PERIOD FLUCTUATIONS IN GREAT LAKE WATER LEVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D.C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) The continuous records of lake level gages belonging to the U. S. Lake Survey and several

other organizations for the year 1950 and a few other periods have been examined to learn

the properties of the seich-like phenomena observed on the Great Lakes. A theoretical

model which appears to explain the observations has been derived. This work was undertaken to investigate the possibility of forecasting the floods which are due to the

oscillations of the lakes.

(f) Suspended.

(g) It appears that the east-west oscillation of Lake Erie may be f orecastable. It does not

appear that useful forecasts can be prepared for the other lakes at this time. However,

the analysis of the problem may be of some value in harbor engineering.

C2206) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MISSISSIPPI LEVEE DESIGN.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Applied research for design purposes.

(e) An investigation of the meterological storm potential associated with past floods and

the likelihood of various meteorological combinations of possible future flood-producing

storms

.

(2207) SEASONAL VARIATION OF THE PROBABLE MAXIMUM STORM.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Applied research for design purposes.

(e) An attempt to break down the probable maximum precipitation developed in Hydrometeorological Report No. 23 to seasonal values.

(2208) EXTENSION OF FLOOD FREQUENCI RECORDS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Extension of the record of peak annual discharge values through use of precipitation data

and river forecasting procedures, in order to increase the reliability of frequency

analyses of relatively short discharge records.

(g) Pilot project showed differences between frequency curves based on observed and estimated

flood peaks to be small and far less than between frequency curves developed from segments

of observed records.

(h) "Use of Flood Forecasting Procedures in the Derivation of Flood Frequencies", Ralph F. Kresge and Tor J. Nordenson. Presented at ASCE meeting, Austin, Texas, Sept. 195ii.

(2209) SYNTHESIS OF SHORT -DURATION INTENSITY-FREQUENCY RAINFALL DATA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Derivation of objective method for estimating short-duration rainfall intensity-frequency

values from usually available climatic data, to provide data for coast drainage design in

areas without recording rain-gage data.

(f) Completed.

(g) Objective method derived, based on U. S. and foreign data. Tests with independent foreign

data indicate average error of about 20$ in estimates of 2-year 1-hour rainfall.

(h) "Synthesis of Rainfall Intensity-Frequency Regimes", David M. Hershfield, Leonard L. Weiss,

and Walter T. Wilson. Presented at ASCE meeting, Austin, Texas, Sept. 195b.
11,6 Interior - Geological Survey

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(19b) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS,

(b) Cooperative. See Project 191,, page 122.

(1,39) EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with state of New York.

(c) Mr. A. W. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Albany, N. Y.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To study effect on stream flow of growing trees on abandoned farm land. Observations of stream flow, precipitation, ground-water levels, and evaporation at three small reforested

drainage basins and adjacent controls were begun in 1935.

(kh$) SMALL RESERVOIRS IN ARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. V. Peterson, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine runoff, evaporation, seepage, and sedimentation in arid regions. Readings

are being obtained on staff gages installed on a number of representative stock-watering

reservoirs in western states.

(h) Progress reports on file.

(690) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Crest-stage gates are installed on upstream and downstream sides of all openings of

selected bridge and valley crossings, so that study can be made of the drop through

each opening and of the transverse water-surface profiles. Current-meter measurements

made during the floods will be used to study relationships of discharge through each

opening to the total discharge, the drop, and the conveyance.

(691) COMPUTING PEAK DISCHARGES-BY INDIRECT METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 2$, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Establishment of maximum stage gages on slope-reaches or suitable contracted openings,

computing flood discharges and comparing with measured discharge; to test slope-area

method of computing flood discharge and to verify roughness coefficients.

(1219) ELECTRICAL LOGGING INSTRUMENTS FOR GROUND-WATER WELLS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, Md.

(d) Development.

(e) Development of geophysical unit for obtaining resistivity curves of electrical log, fluid

velocity* conductivity, caliper, and temperature for deep well surveying - all combined in

a single unit and mounted in station wagons.

(f) Completed.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological' Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

( d) Experiment al

(e) Preparation of electrical flow net models using coloidal carbon. Boundary conditions

simulate those commonly found in nature. Object is to catalogue various types of nets

for future reference.
Interior - Geological Survey

(1222) INFILTRATION AND EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION STUDY.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. W. C. Rasraussen, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 2$, D. C. (d) Field investigation.

(e) Weekly measurement of wells, rain gages, soil moisture, runoff and pond storage in two

drainage basins near Salisbury, Md., to measure all factors in hydrologic cycle to determine infiltration, evapo-transpiration and specific yield.

(f) Field work completed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(1223) EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

(b) Cooperative with State of Virginia.

(c) Mr. D. S. Wallace, U. S. Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Va.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Establishment of gaging station and network of observation wells on headwaters of Hudson

Creek, Louisa Co., Va., for correlation of water levels and stream flow.

(122^) STORM WATER INFILTRATION IN GROUND-WATER RECHARGE BASINS.

(b) Cooperative with Nassau County, N. Y.

(c) Mr. A. inf. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Mineola, L. I.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Observations are made of precipitation, evaporation, ground-water levels and storm water inflow into artificial recharge basins, to determine rate of infiltration and amount of storm water available for ground-water recharge when collected in recharge basins, and to evaluate effectiveness of these basins.

(122?) STOCK-WATER RESERVOIR STUDIES.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. R. C. Culler, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Development of techniques for determination of effects of stock-water reservoirs on water

supply. Detailed surveys made of number, capacity and performance of reservoirs in the

Cheyenne River Basin in Wyoming, will be analyzed to determine evaporation, transpiration,

and seepage losses and their effect on flow of Cheyenne River.

(1229) GLACIER RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. S. Heidel, U. S. Geological Survey, Helena, Mont.

d) Field investigation.

e) Study of recession and accretion of Grinnel Glacier, Mont. Glacier mapped annually for

some years, storage rain gage and stream gaging station installed in 19lj9.

(h) Annual reports of surveys available.

(1230) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Cities of Tacoma and Seattle.

(c) Mr. F. M. Veatch, U. S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash,

(d^ Field investigation.

(e) Operation of seven gaging stations on small streams in areas where logging operations

are scheduled in several years. There are control basins where no timber will be cut.

(1231) CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPE AGAINST CORROSION.

(b) Cooperative with State of Pennsylvania and State of Louisiana.

(c) Mr. Max Noecker, U. S. Geological Survey, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Mr. R. P. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, Jonesboro, La.

(d) Field investigation.
I[j8 Interior - Geological Survey

(e) Magnesium anodes are to be installed at several gaging stations where corrosion of pipe,

wells or intake pipes has required frequent replacement. Anodes and pipes are to be

inspected annually to determine rate of loss of magnesium and to observe extent of corrosion.

(1233) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS.

(b) Cooperative with several state agencies.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Analyses of flood records to determine magnitude and frequency of flood discharge at gaging stations, and at supplementary network of crest-stage gages on small streams, to determine techniques for establishing flood discharges on ungaged streams.

(h) Reports published for Georgia, Iowa, Minnesota, Western Washington, Oh? o, Western

Pennsylvania, Alabama, Louisiana, and Illinois.

(1235) SEDIMENT CARRIED AS BED LOAD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field investigations; theoretical studies.

(e) Determination of the amount of sediment moving as bed load at three stations, evaluation

of the several bed-load formulas, and basic studies of bed-load movement.

(1185) EROSION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field surveys; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effects of climate, soil types, geology, topography, and land use in rates

of erosion.

(Ilj87) FLOW THROUGH CONTRACTED OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain data on model and prototype on flow through contracted openings,

(h) Results published as Geological Survey Circular 281j.

(Ilj88) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF SAND BED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. E. Ellsworth, U. S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas, and Mr. D. D. Lewis, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field survey; applied research.

(e) To determine channel coefficients for use in computing peak discharges by indirect methods

in sand bed streams, extent of scour and fill.

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The research is conducted at a 1,900 feet reach. The following factors are being investigated; variation of value of "n" with stage; accuracy and reliability of highwater marks recovered after a rise; accuracy of slope of water surface determined by

present procedures; extent of scour and fill; reliability with which scoured depths can

be determined by subsequent prodding; definition of the pattern of scour and fill during

floods; shapes of vertical velocity curves; and quantity of suspended sediment in transport.
Interior - Geological Survey 1U9

(1756) WATER LOSS FROM LAKE MEAD.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Evaporation from Lake Mead is being determined using mass-transfer and energy budget

techniques. The Cummings radiation integrator is being used to determine the areal

variability in solar and atmospheric radiation.

(f) Field work completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1757) EVAPOTRANSPIRATI ON INVESTIGATION

.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation, Division of Hydrology.

(c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation at site near Bruning, Nebr.

(e) Tests are to be made by mass-transfer and energy budget techniques of evapotranspiration

from grass land, with comparison with water-budget control.

(1758) RELATION OF GROUND WATER TO STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of hydrologic cycle in small drainage basins, in Massachusetts, Virginia, New

Jersey, Connecticut, North Carolina, Louisiana, Oklahoma, New York and Tennessee to determine the relationships between ground-water, levels, runoff, evapotranspiration,

and the geology.

(1759) INFILTRATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, Seabrook, N. J.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the movement of percolating waters between the land surface and the water table,

and water-budget studies in connection with the waste disposal project at Seabrook Farms.

(f) In progress.

(h) Provisional reports on file.

(1761j) COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Field and office research.

(e) Longitudinal profiles of natural channels, relation to bed material, geologic history,

and hydraulic characteristics. Problems in meanders and flood plain construction.

(1765) SONAR INVESTIGATIONS (EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT)

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. N. Sayre, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

(d) Development; theoretical laboratory.

(e) To adopt the sonar principle of the fathometer as method of delineating under-water sedi- ments of moderate thickness (several hundred feet) and depth to underlying bedrock. De- velopment work is presently in progress to modify and simplify the procedures of interpretation and use of the sonar technique for geophysical investigations on land.

(1995) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A comparative study of all commercially available instruments for measuring soil moisture;

possible design of new instruments.

(g) Laboratory and field calibrations in progress.
1^0 Interior - Geological Survey

(1996) INFILTRATION AND E VAP©TRANSPIRATION STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine interrelation of the various factors involved in the hydrologic cycle with

special emphasis on the magnitude of evapotranspiration.

(g) Observation networks established, periodic measurements begun.

(1997) EFFECT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON WATER YIELD.

(b)

(e)

(d)

(e)

Cg)

Cooperative with State of New Jersey. Mr. H. C. Barks dale, U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J. Field investigation.

Study of effects caused by forest management practices on interception, infiltration

capacity, evapotranspiration, and yield of water-bearing sands in New Jersey Pine Barrens

area. Instrumentation in process of installation.

(1998) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Cooperative with State of Arizona.

(c) Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U. S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Applied research.

(e) To adapt instruments and techniques for solving problems of the occurrence of water in

alluvial fillj including electrical resistivity methods, electric logging and deep well

current meters.

(1999) PERFORMANCE OF RECHARGE POND.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. H. A. Waite, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Studies of factors controlling rates of infiltration in an abandoned gravel pit used as

a recharge pond.

(2000) GHYBEN-HERZBERG LENS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Dan A. Davis, U. S. Geological Survey, Honolulu, T. H.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study of ground-water body in marine islands, to determine the relationship of fresh

water storage to the geology of the island, rainfall, head, tidal fluctuations, leakage,

and draft.

(2001) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATION, LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

(b) Cooperative with State of Ohio.

(c) Mr. William C. Walton, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Detailed studies of ground-water levels in various types of glacial deposits to determine

effects on ground-water storage of various land use and stream improvement practices.

(g) Instruments and observation wells installed.

(2210) THERMAL STRUCTURE OF COOLING POND.

(b) Cooperative with Texas Board of Water Engineers.

(c) Mr. Trigg Twichell, U. S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas.

(d) Field investigation at Lake Colorado City, Texas.

(e) Observations of effect of advected heat upon thermal structure, evaporation, and radiation

from cooling pond at power plant.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 151

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 707, 1236, 12lj3, 12UU, 1255, 1262, 1Li95, Dj98, 11j99,

1501, 1502, 1766 to 1769, incl., 1773 to 1777, incl., 2002 to 2007, incl., 2009 to 2011,

incl., 2013 to 2017, incl., and 2211 to 2227, incl., should be addressed to the Chief

Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Den/er Federal Center, Denver, Colo.

(707) WYOMING CANAL DROPS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) 1:6 model was used in developing canal drops, trapezoidal in cross section, thereby re- ducing cost of the structures from that of conventional rectangular cross section.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Concrete Drop at Station 997+00, Wasteway at Station

1188+56, and Intercepting Ditch Chute at Station 1+31, Wyoming Canal —Riverton Project,

Wyoming", Hyd-376, by W. E. Wagner.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Trapezoidal Drop Structures for Wyoming Canal—Riverton

Project, Wyoming", Hyd-371, by W. E. Wagner.

(1236) WILLOW CREEK DAM EMERGENCY SPILLWAY.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Willow Creek Dam Auxiliary Spillway", G. L. Beichley, Report

No. Hyd-356.

RECTANGULAR SEMIBELLMOUTH ENTRANCE STUDIES.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

WILLOW CREEK DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

PALISADES DAM RECTANGULAR REGULATING GATES.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of the 7-foot 6-inch by 9-foot Palisades Regulating Slide Gate

Palisades Project, Idaho", Hyd-387, by W. P. Simmons, Jr.

SHEEP CREEK DIVERSION SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. Tests on a 1:9 model of a sedimentation basin were conducted to determine the modifications required to improve the efficiency of the basin. Tests will also be made on prototype structure to determine additional data on model prototype relationships for movable

bed models.

Suspended.

YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:51 scale model of all discharge facilities and surrounding area was used to determine

feasibility of entire layout, develop a low-cost tunnel spillway and energy-dissipating

device, check the proposed powerhouse outlet works layout, and determine all inter-related

discharge effects in river. A 1:28 scale model of the outlet works was used to develop a low-cost efficient stilling basin.

Completed.

Report suspended.
152 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(11j98) WEIR STANDS—IRRIGATION WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(Ik99) CANAL TURNOUT—METER LOCATION.

(f)

(h)

(1501)

(e)

(f)

(1502)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(1766)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(b

(d

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Completed.

Report in preparation.

STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES—SCOUR ON CURVES.

A program of general testing is being made to obtain information which will correlate extent of scour with degree of curvature in canals. Tests to be conducted in same facility as Item (l£02) at end of tests using straight flume.

Suspended.

STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES—TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE NON-COHESIVE MATERIALS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. Tests are being started in a trapezoidal channel using a pit-run gravel to determine

critical tractive forces required to scour given sizes of materials in the normal mixture.

Tests using curves will be made after tests on straight sections are completed. Information obtained will be used in design of canals in cohesive materials and choosing gravel

blankets for protective cover for canals.

Model studies started.

HYDRAULIC AND SOIL TESTS ON PROPOSED CANAL LINING MATERIAL FOR MADERA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A model study of the action of a proposed earth lining material, under the action of

flowing water, was made. Various velocities were used in the testing program. To study

the possibilities of creating a more stable channel, several types of sand-gravel blankets

were tested.

Completed.

The material was found suitable for canal embankment but unsuitable for canal lining.

The use of a sand-gravel blanket over the soil increased the stability of the section.

"Results of Soil and Hydraulic Tests on Proposed Canal Lining Material from Borrow Area

13 for Madera Irrigation District, Madera Distribution Systems —Central Valley Project

(Progress Report No. 2)", Hyd-358, by P. F. Enger.

(1767) MLLBURN DIVERSION DAM, HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. Tests on a 1*16 scale model of the headworks and sluiceway structures were made to improve

the sediment-excluding characteristics of the structure. A short tunnel separating the

low sediment laden top water and the heavy sediment laden bottom water was developed and

recommended.

Model studies and report completed.

Short tunnel entrance to headworks and sluiceway was developed which gave very good

sediment control characteristics.

"Milburn Diversion Dam Model Study, Missouri River Basin Project, Nebraska, Progress

Report No. h, General Studies of Headworks and Sluiceway Structures", R. A. Dodge, Jr.,

Report No. Hyd-385.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 153

(1766) BARTIEI DIVERSION DAM, HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. Tests on a 1:7 scale model of the hesdwork and sluiceway structures were made to improve

the sediment-excluding characteristics of the sluiceway.

Completed.

Guided flow immediately upstream from the headworks' and sluiceway obtained by installing

curved parallel guide walls proved most effective for reducing bed-load sediment passing

the he adworks

.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Bartley Diversion Dam—Progress Report No. 3 —General Studies

of Headworks and Sluiceway Structures —Missouri River Basin Project", Hyd-38lj, by P. F. Enger

.

WEIR TURNOUT.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

To develop a weir turnout, with emphasis on minimum structure dimensions, that will give

a smooth head-on-weir water surface when the turnout is discharging (1) 5 cfs at 6-foot

head and (2) 2 cfs at 1-foot head.

Completed.

Report being prepared.

WEBSTER DAM SPILLWAY.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of the Webster Dam Spillway—Missouri River Basin Project",

Hyd-390, by G. L. Beichley.

KIR/.TN DAM SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1 :ij8 model used to test the approach conditions, coefficient of discharge, flow distribution on concrete apron and the efficiency of the stilling basin.

Completed.

Approach conditions improved. Training walls realigned to secure better flow distribution

in the stilling basin. Spur-type wing walls were added below the stilling basin to pre- vent erosion.

Report in preparation.

HIGH-HEAD TURNOUT WITH REGULATED VALVE AND IMPELLER-TYPE FLOWMETER.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

ADAMXNABY TUNNEL JUNCTION SHAFT AND CYLINDER GATE.

Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority, Australia.

Experimental; for design.

Hydraulic model studies are being made of an 18-foot-diameter vertical shaft approximately

300 feet deep which supplies excess water from a river to s lij -mile -long, 21-foot -diameter

tunnel. The 21-foot tunnel connects a storage and power reservoir. Water from the river

flowing through the vertical shaft is controlled by a proposed 21-foot-diameter cylinder

gate at the junction of the shaft and tunnel. Two models are used (1) a 1:21.6 model of

the inlet and a section of the vertical shaft and (2) a 1:18 model of the cylinder gate.

(f) Completed.

(g) Controlling the shaft pressure with the cylinder gate will prevent air entrainment.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Eucumbene-Tumut Tunnel Junction Shaft for the Australian

Sno-.y Mountains Authority", Hyd-3°2, by J.C. Schuster.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Combined field and laboratory investigation; development of design data.

Purpose of the study is to determine the operating characteristics of siphon spillways

as currently designed with a view to lessening the priming time and lowering the head

necessrry to prime. Also, attempts will be made to design a parti alization device to regulate the degree of prime through the automatic control of air intake, thereby enabling

the siphon to operate more or less continually at reduced flow rather than intermittently

at full capacity.

The shortcomings of present design practice have been defined, and design changes for

model testing have been set for trial in the laboratory. A new model is in the con- struction stage.

No reports issued. A silent film on the first phase of model studies is being prepared.

(2002) INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL STILLING WELLS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

Unwatering certain structures which contain water under high pressure and supplying

irrigation water from high pressure conduits to earth ditches present problems of energy

dissipation. Investigations of several particular structures and operation of a completed

field structure have established the feasibility of the stilling well. Area, depth, and

shape of well for various discharges and entrance velocities will be obtained in a generalized form. Data now available have been analyzed, indicating that design criteria can be established

for the circular well.

(2003) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC JUMP AND BUCKET ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

Many stilling devices are used in dams and irrigation works. Four general types are considered in this program (1) stilling basins with horizontal floors (with or without

baffle piers and sil^s), (2) basins with sloping floors (no baffle piers), (3) short

stilling basins for canal chutes, drops, river crossings, and wasteways, and (h) bucket

dissipators

Data available indicates that extensive generalization for design application may be

possible

"Progress Report—Research Study on Stilling Basins and Bucket Dissipators", Hyd-380, by

J. N. Bradley.

( 200jj) STANDARDIZATION OF DESIGN OF SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Canal systems contain numerous and many kinds of small structures such as drops, turnouts,

overchutes, wasteways, culverts, and bifurcation works. Many of these incorporate dissipating devices which are quite different from the conventional types. The velocity of

flow is low compared to larger structures. This research will standardize designs to a large extent.

(2005) CAVITATION EROSION OF ROUGHENED SURFACES.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

Irregularities in surface of concrete water passages can be a source of cavitation. The purpose of this project is to explore into a method of determining the cavitation potential

of various types and degrees of roughened surfaces.

Suspended.

A successful test apparatus has been designed and built, and an interpretation method

evolved, from which any specific surface can be evaluated.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 155

(2006) CAMETO CONDUIT TURNOUT AND METERING STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:li scale model was used to determine the head loss through the proposed turnout

structures for Stations 105+85 and 263+50, and to develop suitable baffles and basins to handle and measure the flow which may be diverted through a gate or over an elevated

skimming weir.

(g) The losses through the structures were low enough to permit passage of the desired flows

with the heads available. Economical baffles and basins were developed which produced

relatively tranquil flow at the measuring weirs.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Turnout and Measuring Structure at Stations 105+85 and

263+50 in the Camino Conduit —Sly Park Unit —American River Division—Central Valley

Project, California", Hyd-382, by W. P. Simmons, Jr.

(2007) SLY PARK DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Outlet Works Stilling Basin—Sly Park Dam—American River

Division—Central Valley Project, California", Hyd-383, by W. C. Case and W. P. Simmons, Jr.

(2009) NIMBUS DAM SPILLWAY

.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report suspended.

(2010) BOULDER SUPPLY CANAL.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report suspended.

(2011) PILOT FISH SCREEN STRUCTURE —DELTA-MENDOTA CANAL,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Combined field and laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose of the project is to devise an efficient and economical means of preventing small

game fish from entering the intake canal to the Tracy Pumping Plant, Central Valley Project,

California. Present scheme under test is to use sets of louvers installed at such an angle to the direction of flow that the fish are guided along them, without passing through,

to a small bypass channel feeding a holding basin. The fish are then transported by truck

to safer areas. Project is an extension of original study under same project number in

195ij.

(g) Laboratory model tests and field studies have yielded basic information on louver angles, vane spacing, velocity effects, and characteristics of different species of fish.

(h) Progress reports will be written and published by the Hydraulic Laboratory, Bureau of

Reclamation, and the Fish and Wildlife Service.

(2013) MAIN UNLINED CANAL, KENNEWICK DIVISION, YAKIMA PROJECT—PROTECTIVE COVER MATERIAL.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies to Determine the Required Cover Blanket to Prevent Fine Base Material from Leaching Due to Wave Action—Kennewick Main Canal, Yakima Project, Washington", Hyd-381, by P. F. Enger.

(201ij) CODING DEVICE FOR RADIO-REPORTING RAIN GAGE.

(b) Region 2, Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California,

(d) Field investigation; development.
15?6 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(f)

(g)

00

(e) A consistently accurate, dependable, low power DC coding device for radio telemetering

from remote rain gage stations ivas needed for control of releases from Shasta Reservoir.

A coding system which transmits intelligence by patterned pulse signals from a photoelectric cell to the screen of a cathode-ray tube has been developed. Measurement is

read directly from the cathode-ray screen. Development was extended to cover the housing

of the apparatus, wind shields to insure an accurate precipitation catch, and heating

equipment to melt snow and ice on the collector.

Completed.

Some refinements in the circuitry of the device and the cathode-ray tube receiver have

been made. Six installations have been made. Results to be analyzed after the 195>lj- 1955 season.

"A Coding Device for Telemetering Hydrologic Data", by C. R. Daum. Paper No. 51j-50

presented at the First International Instrument Congress and Exposition, September 19Bh,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the paper will be published in the Proceedings of the Instru- ment Society of America. An evaluation of the installations is contained in "Precipitation Measurement Study, Final Report, 1$ February 1951j", issued by the Meteorologic Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(2015) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW VELOCITY CURRENT METER.

(b) Laboratory project; field performance tests.

(d) Experimental; for development and field studies.

(e) To develop a recording current meter capable of operating unattended for periods up to

lij days; to operate under tidal influence and the attendant reversing direction of flow

without physical rotation of the meter; to develop electronic circuits capable of con- verting impulses received from the meter to a direct recording of velocity versus time; to evaluate various bearings in attempts to measure velocities down to 0.1 foot per second

or lower, and up to 5.0 feet per second,

(g) Two meters have been built and given field tests. Bearing designs and materials have

become standardized with the use of carboloy for the pivots running in miniature pivot

ball bearings. Calibration tests show the meter will, operate satisfactorily from 0.12

foot per second to over 5 feet per second.

(2016) STUDIES OF AIR DEMAND OF GATES AND VALVES IN CONDUITS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research.

This project is being made to determine the size of air vents to prevent adverse effects

of vibration and cavitation erosion from "in line" gates and valves. Small amount of model testing is contemplated to provide data for comparison with results of field tests. Inactive

(2017) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR MEASURING DISCHARGE IN LARGE CONDUITS.

(f) Inactive.

(2211) CLEVELAND DAM SKI JUMP SPILLWAY. 00

(d)

Ce)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Greater Vancouver Water District, British Columbia, Canada.

Experimental; for design.

Study of a 1:60 model to investigate the overall hydraulic characteristics of the spillway

from the entrance to the river channel downstream.

Completed.

Determination was made of the water surface at the piers for bridge girder clearance, and

on the spillway training walls to determine proper walls to prevent overtopping. Size,

shape, and placement of the ski jump bucket flow splitters were determined.

"Hydraulic Studies of the Ski Jump Spillway for Cleveland Dam, Greater Vancouver Water

District, Vancouver. British Columbia, Canada", by L. V. Wilson, Report No. Hyd-369.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 157

(2212) AINSWORTH CANAL DONE SAND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were made in trapezoidal flume to determine tractive force distribution and allowable tractive forces for dune sand through which Ainsworth Canal will be constructed. Tests were also made on dune sand stabilized with asphalt emulsion.

(f) Model study completed, report completed.

(g) Allowable tractive force for dune sand is very low. Asphalt emulsion stabilizes dune

sand when properly applied but breaks down when subjected to freezing and thawing penetrated macadam cover consisting of fine gravel and rapid setting emulsion gives a stable cover and does not break down when subjected to freezing and thawing.

(h) "Hydraulic and Bituminous Studies of Ainsworth Canal Dune Sand, Missouri River Basin

Project, Nebraska", General Report No. 18, by P. F. Enger and L. M. Ellsperman.

(2213) SEEPAGE LOSS STUDIES—GENERAL,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Combined field and laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Coordinating and analyzing the efforts of our own laboratory and various state colleges

engaged in cooperative studies with the Bureau. Part of a long range study toward

development of good lower-cost canal linings.

(g) In the present year tests on seepage meters and the effects of soil density, moisture

content, ground-water levels, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure on seepage

rates were completed by Colorado A and M.

(h) Report on the studies in (g) being reviewed.

(2212,) LOWER-COST CANAL LINING STUDIES—USING BENTONITIC CLAIS TO CONTROL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests in a 1-foot recirculating flume will be made to determine effect bentonitic clays

in water have on reducing seepage using various soil types in which seepage rate will be

controlled.

(f) Flume constructed.

(2215) GORGE HIGH DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) City of Seattle, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:224 scale model of the spillway was used to study the spillway approach conditions and to develop a satisfactory means of dissipating the high velocity flow while directing the

flow into the downstream river channel. Tests were conducted on a l:l6.[|7 scale model of

the outlet works to develop a cavitati on-free bellmouth entrance and to determine discharge capacity curves.

(g) Spillway end pier contractions were reduced by redesigning the spillway piers. A highly

superelevated "flip" bucket was developed to direct the flow away from the adjacent unstable river bank. A satisfactory bellmouth entrance for outlet works was developed.

Discharge capacity curves for the structure were obtained.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2216) ROSS DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) City of Seattle, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for operation of completed structure.

(e) A l:2i| scale model of three bays, or half of one of the two spillways, was constructed for

the purpose of determining spillway head-discharge curves and pressures on the crest and

spillway hood.

(f) Completed.

(g) Head-discharge curves for free flow and 1-foot increments of gate opening were determined

for one bay with and without adjacent bays operating, from which total flow over spillway

was computed. Pressures on crest and hood were obtained for later correlation with field

data.
158 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies to Determine Spillway Discharge Curves for Ross Dam— City of

Seattle, Washington by W. E. Wagner, Report No. Hyd-37£.

(2217) PALO VERDE DIVERSION DAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:28.3 scale sectional model of one spillway bay was used to develop the design of the

bucket-type energy dissipator. A 1:50 scale model of the diversion dam including the

spillway, canal headworks, and the surrounding area in the reservoir and the downstream

river area is to be used to study the hydraulic characteristics of the flow approaching

the spillway and canal headworks and of the flow leaving the spillway.

(g) A bucket-type energy dissipator has been developed. Construction of 1:50 scale model is

in progress.

(2218) GATEWAY CANAL, INVERTED SIPHON SAFETY DEVICE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The studies were performed to develop a safety device to be constructed as an integral

part of the entrance to inverted siphons. The device is intended to carry to safety

floating or partially submerged humans and animals that have fallen into the canal upstream from the siphon.

(f) Completed.

(g) A safety device was developed that consisted of a partially submerged ramp composed of

five steps having part of the riser of each step left open to allow passage of the

surface flow. A specially designed transition was used upstream from the ramp to converge

the flow approaching the siphon without producing objectionable vortices and eddies, since

early tests had shown that such vortices would pull a floating object beneath the surface and into the siphon.

(h) "Safety Device for the Inverted Siphons on Gateway Canal, Weber Basin Project, Utah", by

T. J. Rhone, Report Hyd-391.

(2219) CARTER LAKE DAM NO. 1 OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Studies made on a 1:16 scale model of the outlet works and associated measuring flume and

canal to increase the capacity of the stilling basin and to reduce the wave heights and

surges in the measuring flume and canal.

(f) Completed.

^g) Specially shaped baffle piers added to the stilling basin increased the capacity and improved the performance of the stilling basin, and a short-tube underpass -type wave suppressor reduced wave heights so that accurate staff gage readings could be obtained in

the measuring flume.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2220) FRIANT -KERN CANAL HEADWORKS, WAVE SUPPRESSOR DEVICE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Studies were made using a 1:32 scale model of the stilling basin and canal to develop a wave suppressor. It was desired to reduce the wave action in the canal so that the canal

could discharge about 25 percent more water without overtopping the concrete lining.

(f) Completed.

(g) A wave suppressor was developed in the form of a culvert or short-tube underpass placed

across the channel so that it intercepted the upper IjO percent of the flow depth at maximum discharge. Waves and surges were reduced as they passed through the culvert, the

necessary length of culvert being dependent on the required amount of wave suppression. For the Friant-Kern Canal headworks, a culvert length approximating the flow depth at maximum discharge resulted in a 75 percent reduction in the wave heights.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies on a Wave Suppressor Device at the Friant-Kern Canal Headworks",

by T. J. Rhone, Report Hyd-395.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 159

(2221) FRIANT DAM RIVER OUTLETS.

Laboratory project.

Combined field and laboratory investigation; applied research.

Purpose of the study was to define the operating characteristics of the 96-inch hollowjet valves at Friant Dam, and to compare model data with that of the prototype as a means

of evaluating model calibrations for use in the prototype.

Field and laboratory studies completed.

Results show the model calibration was as accurate as that made on the prototype. The

action in the stilling basin in regard to the relative position of the hydraulic jump

also agreed well with the model.

Hydraulic Laboratory Report Hyd-388 to be published in the near future.

DRAIN TESTS, COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

Coachella Valley County Water District, Coachella, California, laboratory project.

Field investigation; development of design data. Purpose of the study was to determine the friction coefficients in a 16-inch concrete

pipe drain at full and partial flows.

Field work completed.

Apparent friction coefficient in Manning's equation for partial flow condition was found

to be 0.011j2, average for six tests at varying discharge; for a full pipe the friction

coefficient computed to be 0.0115

.

No formal report to be issued.

LOVEWELL OUTLET WORKS AND WASTEWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:18 model is being used to study the proposed design of the radial control gate, stilling

basin, bifurcation, wasteway and waste gate, and the channel leading to the irrigation

canal. Smooth flow is required at the bifurcation for proper operation of the automatically

controlled waste gate, and at the entrance to the irrigation canal to permit accurate measurement of the flow rate. Model studies nearly completed.

Satisfactory flow conditions can be obtained by means of a culvert-type wave suppressor in

the downstream end of the stilling basin.

Report to be prepared.

SHERBURNE LAKES OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for rehabilitation.

A 1:15 model of the outlet works control tower with control gates; the downstream tunnel

and stilling pool are being used to determine the feasibility of altering the gate structure

and utilizing the tower as a combination spillway and outlet works

.

ALAM0G0RD0 DAM, SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for rehabilitation.

Study of a 1:36 model to determine the shape of the redesigned spillway crest and approach,

and the positioning of the upstream control so that the reservoir water surface may be

raised 21 feet while the control gate remains in its present location.

Model being constructed.

FALCON DAM OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for operation.

1:15 and 1:12 scale models were used to calibrate the hollow-jet valvas as installed at Falcon Dam.
160 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

Navy - Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory

(f) Completed.

(g) The pressure distribution around the periphery of the conduits 1 diameter upstream from

the hollow-jet valves is not uniform because of bends, branches, and valves farther

upstream. This study concerned the proper piezometer location and the valve calibration

for each of the four outlets.

(h) Report being prepared.

(2227) ADAMINABY OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Authority, Australia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model studies were made of the outlet works which are to be used in routing

floods through the reservoir above Adaminaby Dam and for diversion of the river during

construction of the dam. The outlet, including the gate section which has two 9- by 20-

foot slide gates to be used for regulating releases during construction and used for

emergency closure of the ultimate structure, two 6- by 7.5-foot slide gates for regulating releases through the final structure, a 25-foot horseshoe tunnel, and a stilling

basin, was constructed on a scale of 1:30.

(f) Completed.

(g) Flow conditions in the gate section, in the downstream tunnel, and in the stilling basin

were improved by minor but important changes. The entrances to the passages leading to

the 6- by 7.5-foot gates were changed to eliminate cavitation pressures and baffles, and

stabilizing walls were placed in the stilling basin to aid in the dissipation of the

energy in the outlet flow.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Outlet Works of Adaminaby Dam for the Australian Snowy

Mountains Authority", by J. C. Schuster, Report No. Hyd-397.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1523 and l52lj should be addressed to Mr. James W. Murdock, Instrument Division, U. S. Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa.

(1523) HIGH PRECISION POWER INSTRUMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) For improvement of fluid flow measurement. (1) Tests underway to determine influence of approach conditions on orifice meters. Various fittings placed 6 to 60 pipe diameters

before orifices. (2) Determination of expansion effects of steam, particularly in low

superheat regions; involves introduction of low superheat steam through proper approaches to orifices having beta ratios of 0.30 to O.87. (3) Work is currently being undertaken

to determine the effect of two phase flow. Data to date have been obtained for moisture

contents in the order of 20 percent.

(g) Results indicate that (1) length of straight pipe required before orifice meter is re- ducible to less than 50 percent of that presently stipulated without appreciably affecting accuracy of measurement; (2) expansion factors for steam are in general agreement

with those now specified except at low superheats where empirical equations must be modified; (3) preliminary results indicate that additional correction for wet steam is essential over and above compensation for density.

(h) "Interference Effects of Approach Piping on Orifice Meter Accuracy", NBTL Test I-67,

March 16, 1951)

"Effect of a Globe Valve in Approach Piping on Orifice Metering Accuracy", by J. W. Murdock, C. J. Foltz, C. Gregory, Jr. ASME preprint 51-A-122, presented at Annual Meeting

Nov. 29, 1951.
Navy - Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory

Navy - Naval Ordnance Test Station

161

(152li) DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIP PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS (1-2$).

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Study of design arrangement for accurate prediction of pressures in copper-nickel piping

systems. (1) Runs conducted to determine friction factors of 1-1/2", 2-1/2", Ij", 6" IPS

CuNi tubing. (2) K factors for 125 psi Navy and commercial valves, tees, and ells.

(f) Completed.

(g) (1) Friction factors agree with ASME (Moody's factors). (2) K values with special Navy

fittings are lower than with standard equipment.

(h) Final report being prepared for issue about 1 January 19£5>.

TJ. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 1?31, 2021, and 2228, should be addressed to the

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena Annex, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd.,

Pasadena 8, Calif., Attn: Code p807.

(1531 ) MECHANISM OF CAVITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The rates of growth of vapor bubbles in water near equilibrium size are being obtained in

order to understand the initial behavior of cavitation bubbles in terms of liquid properties and air content.

(g) High-speed photographs have been obtained of bubbles in slightly superheated water which

seem to indicate rough agreement with theory. Attempts will be made to obtain data for

higher superheat temperatures in order to obtain a more detailed check with theory.

(h) A report describing previous work on the groxrth of vapor bubbles in various superheated

liquids and the present work is in preparation.

(2021) EXPLORATORY, ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATIONAL NONVISCOUS FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The character of rotational nonviscous incompressible flow over bodies situated near or on a bounding wall of the flow region are being investigated. Plan or axial symmetry and

simple vorticity distributions are assumed. Object is to obtain information about

boundary layer flow over shrouds, ducts and protuberances from the surface of a large

body.

(g) Explicit solutions have been found for several models of plane flow with constant vorticity.

(h) A partial report appeared in December 195h.

(2228) BOUNDARY LAYER STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The character of the boundary layer flow aver 3 body of revolution which is yawing or revol/ing about some axis in space is being investigated. For small angles of yaw, the

problem is considered in terms of small perturbations from the axially symmetric problem.

Object is to evolve a technique for solving the incompressible three-dimensional laminar

and turbulent boundary layer equations on bodies of revolution when deviations from axially

symmetric conditions are small.

(g) A method has been devised for computing incompressible, steady, non-meridional boundary

layer flow on bodies of revolution. The method is applicable to laminar and turbulent

boundary layer computations over slightly yawed bodies of revolution, which may or may

not rotate about some axis in space.

(h) "Incompressible Non-Meridional Boundary Layer Flow on Bodies of Revolution", Artur Mager,

NAVORD Report 3366.
162 Navy - Office of Naval Research

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(1^) Studies of cavitation phenomena 2 (16) Hydrodynamic forces on submerged bodies 2 (279) Flow in rotating channels 3 (803) Dynamics of cavitation and cavitation damage 3

( 8OL1) The effect of physical characteristics of liquid on the inception of cavitation 3 (1300) Basic water entry study lj (1301) Hydrodynamics of free-boundary flows Ii (151|8) Special problems in hydrodynamics lj (1817) Scale effects in cavitating flow 5 (2052) Experiments on small scale planing surface 6

(1)7) Gravity waves and related phenomenon 10

(1307) Determination of pressure fluctuations in turbulence in liquid flow 12

(822) Diffusion of heat, vapor, and momentum 20 (I838) Behavior of model ship hulls in an oblique sea 23 (1335) Mathematical theory of waves and ship wave resistance 31

(69) Relation of sediment characteristics of bed erosion ijl (72) Electrical analogy of three-dimensional flow I|2

(73) Measurement of turbulence in flowing water ij2 (79) Cavitation Ij2 (81) Mathematical analysis of pressure distribution I|2

(8^1) A const ant-temperature hot-wire anemometer for the measurement of turbulence on air 1j3 (8%k) Boundary-layer development on smooth and rough surfaces ij3 (1107) Transportation of sediment as suspended and total load hk (2091) Research on ship theory ^6 (577) Characteristics of solitary waves 51

(578) Turbulence measurements in free surface flow 51

(579) Investigation of flow characteristics in unsteady motion 51

(1355) Cavitation inception for steady motion 52

(880) Recovery factors and heat-transfer coefficients for supersonic flow of air in a tube 5ij (210lj) Three-dimensional flows in compressors 59

(2109) Friction in tube entry for laminar incompressible flow 60

(2111) Study of atomization of liquids injected into high velocity gas streams 60

(2113) Development of instrumentation to measure properties of high-velocity gas streams containing liquid droplets in suspension. 6l

(190li) The characteristics of a series -of controllable pitch propellers 62

(2119) The effect of hydrofoils on the wavemaking and seakeeping characteristics of ships 63

(2138) Forces on oscillating hydrofoils 72 (1386) Cavitation studies 75 (1387) Study of tip vortex cavitation 75 (1388) Turbulent boundary layers 75 (100) Air entrainment research 73

(92li) Free-jet water tunnel studies 78

(21)j3) Experimental and analytical studies of the mechanics of selected methods of surface

wave absorption 8l

(2lJjl)) Experimental and analytical studies of hydrofoils 8l

(895) The compilation of resistance and propulsion data 83

(3tj0) Planing surfaces 85

(liilO) Self-propelled testing 86 (1680) Computation of wave resistance of ships 86 (19b8) Systematic investigation of the turning characteristics of a ship model fitted with

various combinations of appendages 87

(2153) Evaluation of wave fraction and thrust deduction of a ship propeller 87

(21$lt) Investigation of ship motions 88

(2155) Investigation of the seakeeping qualities of ships with particular reference to motions in irregular head seas 88
Navy - Office of Naval Research

Nsvy - David Taylor Model Basin

163

(2156;

(2157!

(2158;

(11j77;

(11j78;

(U79:

(Uj80'

(1989'

Motion and stability of hydrofoil systems

Wake and downwash of hydrofoils

Comparison of streamlined bodies and prolate spheroids

Turbulent expansion of jets in water Wind waves Energy dissipation in standing waves

Positive waves in dry channels

Stability of the interface between two parallel streams different densities

Internal progressive wares Wave forces on immersed objects

High precision power instruments (I-II)

88

8989

lliO 111

Ui

ihl

of immiscible fluid of

(1990

(2205

(1523

110. Ihl

Ihl

160

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. i|67, 1j7G, 709 to 711, incl., 1268, 1503, 1505, 1506,

1511, 1512, I5llj, 1516, 1517, 1521, 1522, 1778 to 1786, incl., 1788 to 1791, incl., 2013 to 2020, incl., and 2229 to 22l|0, incl., should be addressed to The Commanding Officer

and Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D. C.

(167) DEVELOPMENT OF A HOT-WIRE INSTRUMENT FOR TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Flow instrumentation.

(e) Development of the hot-wire technique for measuring turbulent velocity components in water,

(g) Many of the wire instabilities have been eliminated by the use of alternating heating

current, isolation transformers, and by the elimination of corrosive action between

dissimilar metals by insulating from the water all parts of the probe holder except the

wire. Accumulation of dirt on the wire is still a problem. Progress report in preparation.

A theoretical study of the time response of a coated wire has been made.

(170) ELECTROLYTIC TANK STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Potential flow research.

(e) Investigations using the method of electrical analogy to obtain pressure measurements on and about various bodies in a fluid.

(g) An electrolytic tank has been developed for obtaining the pressure distribution about

cylindrical bodies. A single probe method is used to obtain potential differences on

the body and a double probe method is used for obtaining the potential differences in

the surrounding field.

Refinement of instrumentation and techniques has made possible the determination of pressure coefficients at a body surface with an accuracy of better than O.Ij percent of

the stagnation pressure. Plans are underwry for adapting the present tank to other problems in potential flow.

(h) "Wall corrections for two and three dimensional bodies in a rectangular electrolytic

tank", A. Borden, TMB Report 86lj, Dec. 195b.

(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships j David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodyn'mic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the analysis of ship resistance. Studies will include

the general theory of waves in liquids and will encompass a review of existing theory and comparisons with existing experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of theory to the calculations of wave resistance. Calculations were made to obtain general information about wave resistance of

submerged bodies of revolution. The forms considered are ellipsoids, Rankine avoids, and

a simple family of streamlined bodies. A report of this work is to be published.

(h) "A Systematic Evaluation of Michell's Integral", G. P. Weinblum, TMB Report 886, Dec. 1951.
16J| Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of a broad series of injection scoops

and discharges to provide design data for use in design of future high-speed ships.

(g) An analysis has been made to determine the important parameters and develop a means of

mathematically describing the geometry of several series of injection scoops. A contract

has been awarded to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company for the conduct of an extensive experimental study to determine the effect of changes in scoop geometry on efficiency. Three different families of scoop shapes are to be tested.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Research on the mechanism and effects of cavitation phenomena including the physics and

analytical description of steady-rtate cavities in real and ideal fluids and investigations

of the inception of cavitation, the growth and collapse processes of transient cavities,

and the effects of cavitation on the forces on underwater bodies.

(g) A linearized theory has been derived for steady, two-dimensional cavity flows about

hydrofoil sections at zero cavitation number. The results are being applied to flows

about low-drag hydrofoil sections.

(1268) STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION OF APPENDAGES AND BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamics of submerged bodies.

(e) An investigation of potential flow and boundary layer phenomena associated with appendage-body combinations in order to determine the nature of interference effects. The

generation of lift and moments by fins in non-uniform flows is being studied. A theoretical and experimental investigation is being made in order to determine the mutual

interference effects of appendages and bodies. In addition an experimental investigation is being carried out in order to determine the effects of non-uniform flows on the

lift and moments of a low aspect ratio fin.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A theoretical investigation is being made.

(l£03) BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION STUDY.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A study of methods for stimulating predictable turbulent boundary layers to improve the

reliability of model tests for resistance prediction. Tests are to be made with flat

plates, ship models and bodies of revolution and will include investigations of the

effects of size arrangement of stimulators and the effect of pressure gradient.

(g) Theoretical studies have directed attention toward internal roughness stimulators. De- sign criteria are being developed by means of qualitative boundary layer measurements

on flat plates using pin type stimulators.

(1$0$) EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE CURVATURE ON FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Studies to determine the effect of transverse curvature on the frictional resistance to motion of a body through a liquid. Shear stress measurements and velocity profiles will

be obtained at 10-foot intervals along a 1^0-foot length of towed cylinder. Results will

be extended to determine flat plate resistance without surface and edge effects normally

present

(g) A theoretical analysis of the laminar flow case for slender cylinders has been made to

determine significant parameters and the expected magnitude of the curvature effect.

Equipment for the experimental phase has been designed and is under construction.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 165

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Development of a turbulence stimulating device which will insure adequate turbulence in

the boundary layer over the entire length of any ship model. Empirical and theoretical

studies will be conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of turbulence rods,

trip wires, sand roughness, isolated studs, noise makers and vibrators. Their relative

effectiveness will be calculated by studying the model resistance and the character of

the boundary layer flow around ship models as determined by the dye-method, the chemical

compound, and the hot-wire survey method.

(g) The work of the previous year was devoted to the study of the stimulating effect of studs

and the development of the technique of the chemical compound. The evaluation of the

stimulators used is still continuing.

(h) The following reports are in review;

"Turbulence Stimulation Tests on BSRA Model and an Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the

Various Stimulators .

"Technique and Application of Chemical Compounds to Detect Laminar and Turbulent Flow on Surfaces of Catamaran Planes and Ship Models and their Correlation with other Detecting

Methods .

"Qualitative Measurements of Effectiveness of Noise Makers for Production of Turbulent

Flow.

"Qualitative Analysis of Effectiveness of Vibration for Production of Turbulent Flow

Around Ship Models .

(1511) SERIES 60 SEAWORTHINESS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of changes in certain features

of hull shape on the seaworthiness characteristics of a series of ship models. Three

single screvj ship forms of 0.60, 0.70 and 0.80 block coefficient have been adopted for

this purpose. Tests to determine the motion and speed reduction characteristics of the

0.60 block model were completed.

Continuation of the experimental work with the 0.70 and 0.80 block models. Correlation

between existing motion prediction theories and experimental results in order to find

the limitations of the theory.

"Seaworthiness Tests of Series 60 Model, Block Coefficient 0.60." Seventh International

Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, 19$h.

(1512) EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of the amplitudes of roll versus rolling moment and frequency at or near resonance for a ship model with and without bilge keels; the increase in resistance of a model due to rolling and roll-induced yawing; and the lift, drag, and torque developed

by fins. Data will be used in arriving at criteria for the design of fin stabilizers.

(g) Roll tests have been made in the basin on a ship model with and without bilge keels.

Also, wind tunnel measurements have been made to determine the effect of variation in fin

» stabilizers on lift, drag, and torque characteristics.

(h) "Model Tests of the Effect of Sweep Hydrofoils on Ships Bilge Keels", by C. G. Moody,

Report 888, Jan. 19%.

"Roll Damping and Resistance Due to Rolling for Model 3878-2 Representing DD6°2 Class

(Long Hull) Destroyers", by George P. Stefun, Report 889, Feb. l°51i.

(l^llj) MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE -SCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller, rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship model

during successive phases of starting, stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A side-force dynamometer has been designed and

completed.
166 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(l£l6) STUDIES OF RESISTANCE PREDICTION METHODS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

Theoretical research.

Ihe theoretical possibility of separating the viscous and wave drag for surface flows by

means of wake surveys, has been demonstrated. Experiments are to be performed on ship

models to verify the practical possibility of using this method to improve resistance

predictions.

Instrumentation for the wake survey, including pitot rakes and traversing mechanisms with

associate manometric system, is under construction.

(1^17) MINIATURE MODEL BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Facility development.

(e) In order to obtain data on the drag, side force, and vortex configurations of vibrating

cylinders a special model basin facility was required. This facility consists of a miniature model basin with small towing carriage whereby cylinders may be towed aver a range of speeds while oscillating with controllable amplitude and frequency. Measurements

of the attendent forces are made by means of strain gage apparatus and vortex configurations may be studied by means of special photographic techniques.

(g) Preliminary tests have been conducted on a 2-inch diameter circular cylinder to determine

the magnitude of vortex-induced forces. Results suggested the existence of three-dimensionality of the wake. This was subsequently verified by flow visualization of the wake

on the same cylinder. A new cylinder is being constructed which will permit measuring

the forces on a small segment over which the flows should be two-dimensional. Concurrent

tests are being conducted in a low-turbulence wind tunnel to determine criteria for two- dimensional flow over a cylinder. Hot-wire anemometer techniques are being used to determine span-wise correlation of vortex shedding as a function of Reynolds number.

(15 21) 36 -INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

New facility.

Design and construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water-tunnel for investigation of

propulsion, cavitation, and noise characteristics of propellers as well as tests on subsurface bodies. Interchangeable test sections of open and closed jet type will be pro- vided. The maximum design speed is 8$ fps.

Architectural and engineering work has been completed. Construction is expected to start

this year.

(1522) WAVEMAKER STUDIES.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Hydrodynamic research and facility development.

Theoretical and experimental studies of surface wave generators to develop criteria for

the design and construction of a large-scale wavemaker installation. A program of re- search on wave absorbers is also underway. Prerequisite to this latter investigation is

the development of practical means for evaluating the effectiveness of a given absorber.

A small pilot model of a pneumatic wavemaker has been developed and successfully operated.

Improvement has been made in the means of controlling amplitude and frequency of generated

waves. A much larger pneumatic wavemaker has been installed in the lljO-foot model basin,

and has been in regular operation generating waves for ship model tests. A £l-foot wide

pneumatic wavemaker has been installed in the deep water basin. A method of making

measurements and determining wave absorption characteristics therefrom has been developed

analytically. The accuracy with which wave height can be determined has been improved by

the development of an electronic wave-height recorder which operates on a change of

capacitance principle.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 167

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

("b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation, bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

(g) Measurements of the noise radiated by a turbulent jet have been made and compared to

existing theory. Studies have been made of noise produced by cavitation, splashing, and

oscillating air bubbles.

(1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LASERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of the velocity profiles and surface shearing stresses in turbulent boundary layers. An instrument for measuring local shearing

stresses utilizing the inner velocity law for she^r flow.

(1780) BUBBLE FLCW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Studies of bubble drag and virtual mass, and the kinematic behavior of bubbles as a function of size, pressure gradient, density, viscosity and surface tension of the media.

(g) Experiments were made to determine the shape and drag of individual air bubbles rising

freely in various liquids. Theoretical analyses are being made to determine the effect

of varying pressure gradients on the motion of bubbles in a fluid.

(1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a circular basin of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120 feet. To be used for towing tests of surface

and sub-surface models. Also, design and construction of a maneuvering basin 350 feet

long and 230 feet wide, equipped with traveling bridge and towing carriages, and wavemakers for the purpose of making maneuvering tests on ship models.

(g) Functional specifications for the facility have been prepared and a Phase I Advance

Planning Engineering Report completed.

(1782) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Determination of ship motions in a regular seaway when coupling exists between heave and

pitch. The work is to be based on the linear theory and is a continuation of work on uncoupled motion. It is intended to extend the applicability of the linear theory to a larger number of vessels of various type.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modern design.

(g) A preliminary study has been made which indicates that a solution should be sought through

mathematical fairing by waterlines (Benson) instead of by sections (Taylor). First application will be made to the design of an oceanographic research vessel.

(I78I4) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS - UNSTEADY EFFECTS ON STABILITY DERIVATIVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Studies of the effect of oscillation frequency and amplitude, speed of advance and geometry on the stability derivatives of an oscillating body in a fluid.
168 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(g) The effect of the various parameters has been studied with a spheroid of 7 to 1 fineness

ratio. It was shown that unsteady effects may be of importance especially when combined

with non-linearity.

(1785) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS - GENERAL THEORY.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A general theoretical study of the field of time -dependent hydrodynamic phenomena,

(g) Flows with d'Alembert type unsteadiness, unsteady jet problems, decay of vorticity,

d'Alembert flows, Gerstner's waves, potential waves, have been studied. It was shown

that the dimensionless parameter which describes the unsteadiness of general fluid motion

reduces to the conventional Strouhal number (or dimensionless frequency ratio) for oscillatory flows under certain conditions.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Computations and measurements of the maximum pressure and impact forces on the bottoms

of slamming ships for the purpose of developing design criteria to effect their reduction.

(g) Studies with ship models were made to determine hydrodynamic impact forces on ships.

Regular and confused seas were studied to determine conditions favorable for slamming.

(h) "Ship Slamming in Head Seas", by V. G. Szebehely and M. A. Todd, TMB Report 913. "Model Experiments of Slamming of a Liberty Ship in Head Seas", by V. G. Szebehely and

S. M. Y. Lum, TMB Report 91lj.

"Progress in Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Ship Slamming", by V. G. Szebehely.

Conference on Ships and Waves, Council on Wave Research, 195^.

••On Slamming", by V. 0. Szebehely, M. A. Todd, S. M. Y. Lum. Seventh International

Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, 195b.

(1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Development of a wax composition and manufacturing techniques for the manufacture of ship

models' up to 30 feet on water-line length.

(f) Completed.

(g) The blend developed is entirely suited to the climatic conditions existing in Washington,

D. C. The strength of this material is such that all types of models, including submarines, may be constructed and handled with no greater care than is given to corresponding

wood models. Ninety-one (91) models, varying in length between 19 and 2h ft. and in

weight between 1,000 and lj,500 lbs., and four 30 ft. models have been successfully manufactured and tested since the development of this new wax blend. The introduction of wax

model construction technique has resulted in a substantial saving in time and cost of ship

model manufacturing at TMB.

(h) The following reports are being reviewed prior to publication:

"Wax Model Construction at the David Taylor Model Basin", by J. Hadler and W. Hinterthan.

"The Development of a N-Butyl Methacrylate Wax Blend for Manufacturing Wax Models at TMB",

by W. Hinterthan.

"Development and Application of a Wax Composition for the Manufacture of Experimental

Ship Models », by W. Hinterthan.

Memorandum: "Methods to be Followed in the Blending of Wax for TMB Wax Model Production",

by W. Hinterthan.

(1789) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Measurements of pressure distribution and resistance with photographs of wave profiles

and flow lines for a series of ship models. Data are to be used for the design of

turbulent boundary layer stimulators and the improvement of resistance prediction technique
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 169

(g) Piezometer orifices have been installed over the surface of a wax model of a merchant

ship. A special multiple -tube, circular manometer has been designed and built for use in obtaining a large number of simultaneous pressure measurements. Preliminary experiments have been conducted on the above wax model. Consistent data were obtained for

the piezometers mounted in the side of the model, but the lack of consistency for those on the bottom indicate the need for improving the measuring technique.

(1790) PROPELLER THEORY, ARBITRARY DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of moderately loaded propellers with a finite number of blades and an arbitrary

distribution of circulation. The theory is based on the velocity potential of helical

vortices with numerical representation of the velocity field by means of "induction

factors." Application of basic theory to contra-rotating propellers.

(f) Completed.

(g) Problems have been solved both for a free-running and for a wake-adapted contra-rotation

propeller.

(h) "Moderately Loaded Propellers with a Finite Number of Blades and an Arbitrary Distribution

of Circulation." H. W. Lerbs, Soc. of Nav. Architects and Marine Engineers, 60, 73 to

123, 1952.

(1791) PROPELLER THEORY, OPTIMUM DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Study to determine the optimum distribution of circulation for a moderately loaded propeller which operates in a radially varying wake. Studies have been carried out to determine whether or not the assumption of an axi -symmetrical inflow is sufficiently

realistic

.

(f) Completed.

(g) The loss of energy which arises from a peripheral non-uniformity of the inflow is small

and may be neglected.

(2018) SERIES 60-RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of resistance upon the coefficients of hull form for a practical range

of single-screw ship forms is to be determined. The history of the project, the scope

of the proposed series is given in (h) for Series 57. The resistance results of the

original Series 57 models were somewhat disappointing and therefore careful thought was given to the problem of improving the original parents. As a result, new parent forms

have been drawn out, together with necessary contours and models run for resistance.

The new family was designated number Series 60.

(g) It is believed that the new Series 60 contours now are such as to justify their use as

a starting point for future research in a number of fields. Suggestions as to such

systematic research were made in the earlier paper, and include the evaluation of the

effect of LCB position, L/B and B/H ratios etc.

(2019) PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation, measurement and prediction of propeller excited vibratory forces on

ship models.

(g) Development of the instrumentation and testing technique for single screw vessels has

been completed. An investigation of the principal main hull, propeller and rudder

parameters is being conducted in order to determine the effect of such parameters on the

vibratory force.

(h) "Propeller Forces Exciting Hull Vibration", Prof. F. M. Lewis and A. L. Tachmindji, Nov.

195h, Paper for Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
170 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(2020) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships ; David Taylor Model Basin,

(f} Completed.

(h) "On the Motions of Ships in Confused Seas", M. St. Denis and W. Pierson, Transactions by S.N.A.M.E. 1953.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the proximity of

a free surface. The studies will include both the case in which the surface is initially

undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating at a distance.

(g) Methods have been developed for computing the forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated by the body itself and to regular trains of waves.

(h) "The Moment Acting on a Rankine Ovoid Moving Under a Free Surface", by H. L. Pond TMB Report 795, Nov. 1951.

"The Pitching Moment Acting on a Body of Revolution Moving Under a Free Surface", by H. L. Pond, TMB Report 819, May 1952.

"The Forces and Moments Acting on a Body Moving in an Arbitrary Potential Stream", by

W. E. Cummins, TMB Report 78O, June 1953.

"Hydrodynamic Forces and Moments Acting on a Slender Body of Revolution Moving Under a Regular Train of Waves", by W. E. Cummins, TMB Report 910, Dec. 195b.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental study of factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships,

for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their motion.

(g) Tests have been completed on two geometrically similar ship models of different lengths.

The analysis of these tests will aid in estimating the validity of model tests for predicting full-scale behavior.

(2231) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental research on methods for analyzing and predicting the frictional

resistance of arbitrary rough surfaces, especially the painted surfaces of ship hulls.

The geometrical characteristics of arbitrary rough surfaces are to be analyzed by amplitudefrequency spectra while the hydrodynamic characteristics are to be analyzed by similarity

laws.

(g) The low frequency characteristics of the roughness records necessitate the development of

a low frequency spectrum analyzer. The analytical procedures for predicting the frictional

resistance of arbitrary rough surfaces from similarity laws have been completed for issuance in a TMB report.

(2232) PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON WO-DIMENSIONAL AND AXI -SYMMETRIC THREE-DIMENSIONAL

FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Potential flow research.

(e) Investigate analytic techniques for determining the pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional and axi -symmetric three-dimensional forms. The solution is to be amenable to coding for UNIVAC computation.

(g) An iterative solution has been developed and coded for the UNIVAC. The pressure distribution for a number of bodies whose pressure distribution is known have been completed and

verified. Some difficulty is experienced however, with convergence in certain portions

of the calculations.

(h) "The Axially Symmetric Potential Flow About Elongated Bodies of Revolution", by L. Landweber, TMB Report ?6l, Aug. 1951.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 171

(2233) THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN BOUNDARY LAYERS AND WAKES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Turbulence research.

(e) A study to in/estigate the behavior of the basic turbulence quantities in boundary layer

and wake flows.

(g) Experimental results indicate that the intensity decay and width increase of the turbulent wake in its downstream course behind three-dimensional bluff bodies (discs and

plates) are in agreement with theoretically predicted -2/3 and 1/3 power laws, respectively.

(h) Report in preparation.

(223b) SURFACE WAKES BEHIND TOWED STRUTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic Research.

(e) Research on the mechanism of plume and wake formation of surface piercing struts, including the determination of wave drag, spray dr?g, and induced drag for geometrically

varied series.

(2235) INVESTIGATION OF LIBERTY SHIP - SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical. I (e) Computations and measurements of motion of Liberty ships in regular and irregular seas. Wetness and acceleration studies at two draft conditions, speed reduction characteristics,

etc. are also included.

(g) Some 200 experiments were performed with a 5>-foot model. Acceleration, motion and speed

records were obtained and in part analyzed.

(2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF PROPELLERS,

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on boundaries and in the free space produced by

propeller operation. The purpose of the work is to determine the magnitude of the hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory forces acting on ship's hulls and the effect of operating parameters.

(g) Experimental results are being obtained.

I (2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line theory which arise from the finite extent of

the blades.

(f) Application of an approximate lifting surface theory is completed. Development of a rigorous theory in preparation.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods.

(h) "Propeller Pitch Correction Arising from Lifting Surface Effect", by H. W. Lerbs,

Preliminary Report, David Taylor Model Basin, June 195!|.

(2238) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF LCB POSITION UPON RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS SERIES 60.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) For each block, four models are built from the contours of Series 60, and tested. The plot of resistance against LCB positions will show the effect of the latter upon the

former

.

(g) Only part of this work has been completed.

(h) When this project has been completed, a paper will be given to the Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers.
172 Navy - Dsvid Taylor Model Basin

Tennessee Valley Authority

(2239) PROPULSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS S1RIES 60.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Commanding Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of propulsion characteristics upon the coefficients of hull form and

propeller diameter for a practical range of single-screw ship forms are to be determined.

Series 60 parent models are used for this project.

(g) The dependance of wake, thrust deduction, propulsive coefficient, etc. upon the block

coefficient, propeller diameter, trim etc. has been obtained.

(h) "Propulsion Experiments on Single-Screw Merchant Ship Forms - Series 60", by J. B. Hadler,

G. R. Stuntz and P. C. Pien of Nov. 195L. Paper for Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers

(22ij0) ROLL DAMPING - GENERAL SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The purpose of this work is to establish a method for predicting the damping characteristic

of a ship in rolling motion. Ursell's theoretical results are compared with experimentally

obtained values.

(g) Preliminary experimental investigation showed that using properly selected frictional re- sistance coefficients the experimental results were in agreement with the theoretically

predicted values as far as orders of magnitude were concerned.

TENNESJEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA Projects should be addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

Unless otherwise noted, work is being done for Tennessee Valley Authority, Hydraulic

Laboratory Section.

(728) SOUTH H0LST0N AND WATAUGA DAMS, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(730

(d

(e

(f

(h

(731

(d

(e

Experimental; for design. Tests on 1:100 and 1:51 models were made to develop a morning-glory spillway to handle

flood overflows.

Model studies completed.

Proper location of piers on crest were determined, and a deflector in the vertical shaft to deflect flow to outside of bend at bottom was developed.

Final report published.

SOUTH H0LST0N DAM, SPILLWAY OUTLET MODEL STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Tests on a 1:51 model were made to develop an outlet structure to dissipate the energy

from the morning-glory spillway and the Howell-Bunger valve sluiceway without damage to

the tunnel or outlet structures.

Model studies completed.

Final report published.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TAJIK MODEL STUDY.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (l) the orifice size

and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface elevation changes

for the best governor operation; (2) the maximum and minimum water surface elevations to

be expected in the surge chamber; and (3) the operational characteristics or the selected

design.

1
Tennessee Valley Authority 173

Model studies completed.

With the proper orifice between the riser and the surge chamber as satisfactory results can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

Report in preparation.

WATAUGA DAM, BED LOAD STUDY.

Experimental j for design.

A fixed-bed 1:70 model of the river near the powerhouse was tested to determine whether

bed load moved by the spillway discharge would be deposited in the powerhouse tailrace,

and, if so, how it could be prevented.

Model studies completed. A small wall located along the upstream edge of the tailrace channel was found sufficient to keep the bed load from depositing in the draft tubes and the tailrace.

Report in preparation.

APALACHIA DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

CHEROKEE DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimentalj operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

Field investigation; operation. Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented by model

test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the eight sluices. Tables

of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating range

ere to be prepared.

DOUGLAS DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

DOUGLAS DAM, SLUICE RATING.

Field investigation; operating.

Correlation of the measured differential pressures in the sluice with discharges obtained

at a downstream river discharge gage will be used to establish the discharge ratings for

the eight sluices. Tables of discharge for one half and full gage openings at any headwater elevation within the operating range are to be prepared.

Completed.

Sluice tables in preparation.
17ij Tennessee Valley Authority

(116) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

(f) Model studies completed.

(7ij6) FORT LOUDOUN DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d^ Experimental and field investigation; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be prepared.

(f) Model studies completed.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to determine the operating characteristics of the structures and the effect of operation on the structures.

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in

1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past 11 years.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to

determine the operating characteristics of the structures and the effect of operation on

the structures

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in

1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past 10 years.

(760) FONTANA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Plaster surface impressions of carefully located sections are taken after each extended

period of tunnel operation to obtain evidence of damage. Entire tunnel is examined for

erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.

(g) Inspections made in Sept. I9I16, Oct. 191)9, and May 1950.

(761) KENTUCKY DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are made of lateral pressures on the face of the spillway piers and on the

submerged baffle piers on the spillway apron to be compared with the results of the

model tests.

(g) Field measurements of crest and baffle block pressures were made in 19lj6 and 1950.

( 762) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus be obtained.

(g) Initial tests made in Feb. 1950.
Tennessee Valley Authority 175

(763) HTWASSEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation! applied research.

(e) Measurements of pressure in sluices are being obtained for comparison with pressures

measured in model tests.

(g) Field measurements of sluice pressures were made in 19^3 and 1951j. The sluice barrels

and apron were inspected in 1951j«

(IO38) HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine effect of the remains of cofferdam structures upstream of the spillway on the spillway discharge and to determine amount of the obstructions which should be removed.

(f) Model tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1273) HALES BAR DAM, MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were made on a 1:65 model to determine location of trash boom and head-water gage intake for a new powerhouse.

(h) Final report issued.

(127ll) BOONE DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on a 1:50 model to determine proper dimensions for bucket-type spillway

and associated training walls.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) The tests proved that for certain anticipated operating comditions for the bucket-type

spillway can be advantageously used.

(h) "Boone Project Hydraulic Model Studies", Tech. Memo. 7lj, 1951. TVA, Treasurers Office,

Knoxville, ($2.25).

(1277) WATAUGA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Outlet tunnel surfaces are inspected after completion and after extended pariods of op- eration to determine erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.

(g) Initial inspection in Dec. 19ij9«

(1283) STEAM PLANT AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

(e) To obtain information for use in studies of air pollution and its control. Measurements

of air temperatures, wind velocities and directions, and atmospheric sulpur dioxide are being obtained at Johnsonville, Shawnee, Widows Creek, and Kingston Steam Plant areas. Air temperature, wind velocities, and wind directions are being measured at Colbert,

Gallatin, and John Sevier Steam Plant areas.

(153b) FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted on a 1:50 scale and 1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron

design, training wall dimensions, and other related data.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) An apron using a single row of rectangular baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50 scale

model. This apron was then used in the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary appurtenant structures developed. Of main interest in the developed design was the lack of

training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the island areas below the spillway showed which areas must be kept free of growth and which may be allowed to grow up.

(h) Report in preparation.
176 Tennessee Valley Authority

(1^35) DEVELOPMENT OF ERODIBLE BED MATERIAL FOR USE IN MODEL TESTING.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) An erodible material that will start to move at model velocities comparable to the anticipated velocity at which the prototype material will erode is needed when erosion tests

are to be made for areas in which steep banks or cliffs exist. Experiments are under way

to develop such a material.

(g) Limited success has been achieved. Experiments are continuing.

(1536) VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND RIVER STAGES.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Standard FM tone modulated I69 - 172 Mc. radio equipment has been modified to transmit

pulsed signals produced in a specially designed electro-mechanical converter unit (keyer).

This keyer can be directly operated for river stage measurement by the conventional float

system. By use of an electrical servo system, rainfall caught in a standard weighing

type gage can be transmitted to the keyer unit. Standard VHF radio station transmitterreceiver units have been modified for use as automatic repeater units. A printing type

recorder operated by a standard VHF, FM receiver suitably modified, records and prints

all transmitted signals on a 5 inch tape. All transmitting units are supplied with at least 3 days emergency power in case of AC power failure. Suitable signals indicate

when any gage is on emergency power.

(g) Seven receiving systems which include llj stream gages, lij rainfall gages, 9 repeater

stations, and 7 receivers have been installed and operated up to two years very satisfactorily. Installation is continuing. Keyer unit has been patented.

(1791)) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d

(e

(f

(n

(1795

(e

(f

(g

(h

(1796

Field investigation; applied research.

The prototype installation was equipped with piezometers to allow checking of culvert

and port pressures and discharges. The culverts and ports were designed from model

studies. Thus, measurement on the prototype would provide model-prototype verification

data.

Complete field tests were conducted in May 1952.

Reduction of data is being completed.

HALES BAR DAM, PROPOSED LOCK LOCATION STUDIES.

Experimental; for design. To determine the most expeditious location for the proposed 110 by 600 foot lock, tests

are being made on a 1:65 scale model. Effect of changes is determined by measurement of

bow and stern forces on model tows and by measurement of wave heights in the navigation

channel.

Model studies completed.

The study showed that any of the proposed locations were satisfactory and that only the

minimum length of lower guide wall was required. An upstream guide wall set on spaced cell

without connecting diaphragms provided satisfactory approach flow conditions.

Report in preparation.

KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER INTAKE TEMPERATURE STUDIES.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets draw water from and discharge into Watts Bar

Reservoir (Tennessee River). During the warmer portions of the year this reservoir becomes stratified and the inflowing waters pass through the reservoir as density currents. By means of theoretical considerations and field observations, the proper location and

shapes for the intakes and outlets are to be determined and the probable intake temperature calculated.

(g) Six-point recording temperature gages were installed on the Tennessee, Clinch, and Emory

Rivers and data obtained during the period of stratification in 1953 and 195ij. Velocity

and temperature profile measurements were made at eight sections in the Clinch and Emory
Tennessee Valley Authority 177

Rivers for periods of steady flow to define thermal density underflow. Theoretical analyses were made to show the benefits that could be derived by the installation of a submerged dam in the Clinch River below the mouth of the Emory River to divert the density

underflow up the Emory River.

(1797) GALLATIN STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER INTAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets are to draw water from and discharge into the

proposed Old Hickory Reservoir (Cumberland River) . The entire setup is to be analyzed to determine the type of flow conditions to be expected in the reservoir j the temperatures to be expected at the inlets; and the best design for the inlets and outlet structures.

(g) Single-point temperature recorders were installed at six stations which, in combination

with turbine intake temperature recorders at three upstream dams, will be used to determine temperature increases between points on the Cumberland River for various conditions. Data are being collected and evaluated.

(2028) JOHN SEVIER STEAM PLANT, INTAKE DAM.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:5>0 scale model was used to study the energy dissipating characteristics and the

erosion tendencies of the cascade-type water diversion dam.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model studies showed that an end sill k feet high, instead of 2 feet, provided ex- cellent operation. These studies also showed that this simple apron was effective in

front of the gates, which eliminated a more elaborate and expensive apron.

(h) Final report issued.

(2029) APALACHIA POWER TUNNEL, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Periodic inspections of the power tunnel will be made to determine change in subsurface

roughness. Field test measurements will be made to determine the change in friction and

roughness coefficients.

(g) The tunnel was inspected in 1953 after 10 years of continuous operation. Field pressure measurements were made in March l$$h to determine change in friction coefficients as compared to those obtained as reported in Project 757 in Hydraulic Research in the United

States, Vol. llj, 1950. These tests are now being analyzed.

(2030) BOONE DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for op- erating purposes will be prepared.

(f) Model studies completed.

(2031) FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. A 1:15 scale model of one bay and its

associated Taintor gate was used to determine discharges for gate openings below crest level and up to five feet above crest level. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be issued.

(f) Model studies completed.
178 Tennessee Valley Authority

( 221)1) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING WATER CONDUIT LOSS.

Experimental; for design.

Longitudinal interior support was required for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study

was made of the relative loss for a six-inch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams

separated by lj-1/2 inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined lj-l/2 inch

pipe columns.

Laboratory studies completed; field tests planned.

NORRIS DAM, TAILRACE HEAD-LOSS STUDIES.

Field investigation; applied research. Measurements were made to determine the effect of obstructions in the tailrace channel

on head at turbines.

OCCEE 3, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to determine the operating characteristics on the structures and the effect of operation

on the structures.

The power tunnel to the powerhouse was inspected and found to be in good condition. A partial inspection was made of the spillway apron and sluice channel.

WAYNE SVLLLE WATERSHED, RATING OF SAN DIMAS FLUME.

Experimental; applied research.

A steel 1.5 foot wide San Dimas Flume was rated in the laboratory for heads up to 2.16

feet.

Completed.

Rating issued.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, TAILRACE HEAD-LOSS STUDY.

Experimental; applied research.

The study was conducted to determine the increase in head at the turbine that could be

produced by removal of certain flow obstructions.

Completed.

It was estimated that removal of about 300 cubic yards of debris would reduce the tailwater about 1 foot. Subsequent investigations after removal of material showed that a gain of 1.5 feet was realized due to the careful removal job.

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATE ON STANDARD CREST.

Experimental; master's thesis in cooperation with University of Tennessee.

Tests were made on a 1:15 scale model of a single bay to determine the effect of trunnion

and gate seat location on the spillway discharge coefficient using the Creager -Justin

standard crest. Model tests completed.

DOUGLAS DAM, SLUICE OPERATING ORDER STUDY.

Field investigation; operation.

Prototype flow conditions were studied to determine the best sluice gate operation sequence to minimize the type of apron damage that had occurred during the first ten years

of operation.

Completed.

A gate sequence utilizing gates set at half discharge and full discharge was developed

which minimized eddy formation on the apron and practically eliminated backflow onto the

apron.

(h) Data on file; no report contemplated.
Tennessee Valley Authority 179

Hydraulic Investigations Section .

(761j) DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUSPENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.

Field investigation; basic research.

To provide data for estimating effective life of storage reservoirs, and loss of soil

from the land. Samples of water were collected periodically at stream gaging stations

in the watershed, analyzed to determine the sediment content, and correlated with river

discharge to determine the suspended sediment load at each station.

Report in preparation.

EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

Fielf investigation; applied research. To provide data for estimating reservoir losses and derive a general rule, applicable to

the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin together with standard meteorological readings.

"Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin", published in monthly and annual bulletins.

PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

Field investigation; basic research. A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum precipitation, rainfall-runoff , spillway design and operation, etc. Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin." Also annual summary.

RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research.

Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs throughout the year are determined by soundings, and by continuous recording gages in natural

streams.

GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

Field investigation; design.

Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

WHITE AND RICHLAND CREEKS—DETERMINATION OF ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT.

Field investigation; basic research.

Determinations being made in several river reaches of known discharge to extend knowledge

of relation between roughness coefficient and physical characteristics of rivers.

Completed.

SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

Field investigation; basic research.

Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded, volumetric samples are collected

and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine deposition

by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of downstream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reser- voirs .

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(a) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water during passage downstream are determined. A given

mass of water is identified by electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

(f) No work done in recent years.
180 Tennessee Valley Authority

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but remains

as a density current as a result of the difference in temperature between the inflowing

Water and that in the reservoir. During certain seasons of the year, in Watts Bar Reser- voir the cold water released from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along the bottom of

the Emory River arm of the former reservoir.

(1281j) REIERVOIR SEDIMENT DENSITY SAMPLER.

(b) Cooperative with Federal Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design, operation, development.

(e) Preliminary laboratory testing of the device for making in-place density measurements of deposited reservoir sediment showed the need for simpler and better instruments and a more satisfactory source material.

Hydrology Section .

( 777) RUNOFF-EROSION INVESTIGATIONS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) To evaluate hydrologically existing or changed land-use practices or management. Data

are obtained on rainfall, runoff, and soil loss, and in some instances include groundwater levels and soil moisture.

(778) EFFECT OF ALTITUDE UPON RAINFALL.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report on a precipitation-altitude study in the Snowbird Mountains is in preparation.

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydr©meteorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current series of hydrometeorological reports by the

U. S. Weather Bureau and cooperating agencies.

(780) MONTHLY EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined for use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs.

(g) Results reported monthly within the organization.

Procedures Development Section .

(1801) RAIN GAGE LOCATION STUDIES—SOUTH CHICKAMAUGA CREEK WATERSHED.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study to learn the most applicable location and necessary density of rain gages to obtain an accurate record, particularly for river forecasting purposes, in a basin having

numerous parallel ridges, and to compare several methods of computing average rainfall

and of estimating runoff. Three recording and 11 nonrecording rain gages, in addition

to U existing nonrecording gages, were established in the South Chickamauga Creek watershed, which has a drainage area of I| 28 square miles.

(f) Completed.
Tennessee Valley Authority 181

(g) Daily observations began December 1, 19!?2. Two recording and 8 nonrecording gages are being discontinued December 1, 1°!?3. (h) Report in preparation for internal use. Condensed paper in preparation for publication

in Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union.

(2032) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies to develop improvements to river forecast procedures with particular application to streams and local inflows into reservoirs operated by the TVA. Procedures include

(1) rainfall-runoff relations involving the effect of soil moisture, evapo-transpiration

and interception losses, geological features of the watersheds, and seasons; (2) unit

surface-water and ground-water hydrographs; (3) streamflow routing procedures; (Li) co- ordinated studies with an established unit of the U. s. Weather Bureau for determination

of natural flows at pertinent river points.

(22ij8) RAIN GAGE LOCATION STUDIES—FLINT RIVER WATERSHED.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) a study, similar to that on the South Chickamauga Creek watershed (1801), to determine

the most advantageous location and necessary density of rain gages to obtain the desired

accuracy in storm rainfall for river forecasting purposes, on a watershed having in

general a gently rolling topography. In addition to one existing nonrecording rain gage

and two existing recording rain gages in or adjacent to the area, eight nonrecording

gages were established on the watershed, which has a drainage area of 3ij2 square miles.

These gages were located to provide approximately uniform distribution throughout the

watershed.

(f) Daily observations beginning November 1, l°51j.

Field Investigations Section .

(221j9) EXPERIMENTAL RAIN GAGE.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) An inner concentric ring was installed in the collector of a standard nonrecording rain

gage so that the gage would collect only half of the catch of a standard gage. This

would double the measuring capacity of gages and would be particularly useful in remote

areas where heavy seasonal rainfall is experienced.

(f) Initial tests completed. Tests continuing on several alternate designs.

(g) A 12-month record, compared with the record for an adjacent standard gage, showed an accuracy within 0.5 percent.
182 University of British Columbie

McGill University

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. lOljlj and 2033, should be addressed to Prof. Edward S. Pretious, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,

Canada.

(lOljli) FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Cooperative with the Department of Public Works of Canada.

(d; Experimental; to assist in problems of river regulation and control.

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal rivver model to study methods for improving and maintaining

the navigable channels of the lower Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale 1:600, vertical

scale 1:70. The model occupies approximately k acres and represents the tide water area

of the lower Fraser River from the Strait of Georgia to Sumas, and includes Pitt River

and Pitt Lake. Natural tides and river discharges can be simulated in the model. Sand

injection is automatically controlled and is a function of river discharge. Instantaneous water surface slopes can be obtained by automatic electrically recording point gauges.

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted periodically.

(2033) VANCOUVER HARBOUR MODEL.

(b) Cooperative with the National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Experimental; to determine the hydraulic effects of dredging the First Narrows in Burrard

Inlet.

(e) An outdoor fixed-bed model to investigate the effect on tides and current patterns in

Vancouver Harbour and current velocities in Second Narrows due to dredging the First

Narrows. Pilot model of First Narrows being constructed initially, with horizontal scale

1:I|00, vertical scale 1:100, to determine required roughness for this distortion.

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted periodically.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(2039) LOSSES IN BENDS IN STEEL PIPING CARRYING W^TER-BORNE SUSPENSION OF WOOD-PULP.

Laboratory project.

Prof. V.W.G. Wilson, Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal 2,

P.Q. Canada.

Experimental. Measurements made of head losses in mitre bends, long radius and standard bends in h inch

pipe line carrying wood pulp suspensions of 2 to 2.55 percent.

Completed.

Paper delivered at Annual Meeting of Technical Section of Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Montreal, Jan. 195b.

SUPERCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

Laboratory project, for master's thesis.

Prof. Carleton Craig, Department of Civil Engineering, Mcgill University, Montreal 2,

P.Q. Canada.

Experimental.

Experiments done on model of curved steep rectangular^channel with six different sill

arrangements and with three different flow rates.

Completed.

Thesis published, McGill University, May 1951j.
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal 183

National Research Council

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE EE MONTREAL, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 266, 268 and 1803, should be addressed to Prof.

Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal 18, Canada.

(266) HYDRAULIC MOEEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILLWAY PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental) applied research.

(e) To establish a comparison between the discharge capacities of different spillway designs.

Studies are made on concrete models of existing and recommended spillway profiles. Pressure distribution on spillway faces and coefficients of discharge are determined for

various heads up to the designed head. The effect of gate piers of various design is

also investigated. Eight different profiles have been studied, including two modifications

of the Creager profile upstream of crest line.

(268) CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED PARABOLIC WEIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain the head-discharge curves and head-discharge coefficient curves for a sharpcrested parabolic weir (21-inch maximum width by 18-inch maximum height) having a capacity

of 3 cfs. The influence of viscosity is also being investigated. This weir is to be

used in a flume for model testing and open channel studies.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(1803) MODEL STUDY OF LAC BETSY LOGWAY.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. I8O6, 20ljl to 201(3, incl., 22^0 and 22^1, should be

addressed to Mr. J. H. Parkin, Director, Division of Mechanical Engineering, National

Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(1806) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - PRESCOTT-CARDINAL REACH.

(b) Department of Transtprt.

(d) Experimental; for design and development.

(e) A I:21j0 x 1:1)8 scale model of the St. Lawrence River between the towns of Prescott and

Cardinal is being constructed to study the effect of engineering works on the water level

relationships throughout the reach. The model is being made of 2 foot x h foot concrete

blocks which are cast from patterns made by projecting directly from the contour map of

the area. This procedure enables the model to be built by mass production methods and

provides for modifications to any area. Note: This model covers the same area as the

model reported previously under No. 1806, but is being made to approximately twice the

horizontal scale.

(20ljl) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - CORNWALL ISLAND REACH.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A l:lj80 x 1:§6 scale model of about five miles of the St. Lawrence River in the vicinity

of Cornwall has been constructed to study the design of proposed engineering works in

connection with the seaway. The model has been constructed of 2-foot square concrete blocks cast from patterns made by projecting directly from contour maps of the area.
l81j National Research Council

The model has been verified with respect to gauge heights vs. discharge relationship

and current distribution and the first of several modifications is ready for testing,

(g) Verification was successfully achieved with added roughness in the form of 1/2 inch x

18 gauge aluminum strips cemented to the bed of the channels. The strips are entirely

submerged and do not affect surface currents.

(20ij2) LOCK MODEL.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/30 scale model of an 800 foot by 80 foot navigation lock, having a lift of IjO feet,

has been constructed to study the design of side port filling systems upon filling time

and turbulence in the lock chamber.

(g) The tests on the arrangement of the filling ports and supply conduits have been completed

and tests are in progress on the design of the conduit discharge ports so that there will

be a minimum of disturbance in the lower pool as the lock is emptied. Consideration is

being given to rebuilding the model to represent a flight lock.

(201j3) FILLING PORTS FOR LOCK.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/15 scale model of a section of supply culvert including three filling ports and a section of the canal lock were constructed to determine the coefficient of discharge of

the ports and pressure distributions for various heads over a range of velocities in the

supply conduit. A limited number of tests were made with reverse flow to represent the

emptying condition.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(2250) LOCK CULVERT JUNCTION.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(e) A 1/30 scale model of a lock supply culvert was constructed consisting of two parallel

conduits connected by a short tube. Object was to design tube such that flow in one conduit was divided equally to each half of other conduit. Combining flow from second

culvert to first one was also studied. A range of discharges was studied for which flow

division, secondary flow and pressure distribution were measured.

(g) Several practical designs have been evolved.

(h) Report in preparation.

(22^1) SPILLWAY MODEL.

(b) Shawinigan Engineering Company Limited, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/61j scale model of a proposed spillway was tested to determine the pressure at the

sill, discharge coefficient and scouring action below the apron.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests made with the apron at the same height as the end of the spillway showed that

scouring of the river bed occurred a considerable distance downstream. With the apron lowered 18 feet scouring was excessive and was reduced to acceptable proportions by a protecting wall 13 feet high at the end of the apron.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.
Queen's University

University of Toronto

185

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1807 and 201^ should be addressed to Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

(180 7) STUDY OF CUBE -TIPPED PITOT TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental} basic research.

(e) To develop methods of measuring flow in pipes by means of a cube-tipped pitot tube.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(20ljlj) ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPWOOD HOLDING GROUNDS.

(b) Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada Limited, 3ij20 University St., Montreal,

Quebec, Canada.

(d) Applied research; experimental field and laboratory investigation.

(e) Field and laboratory model investigation of forces acting on various types of pulpwood

holding grounds

.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(2252) HYDRAULIC FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS OF VARIABLE SLOPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's thesis.

(e) An experimental investigation making use of a tilting flume now in process of design.

(2253) A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE STANDARD STEP METHOD FOR COMPUTING BACKWATER CURVES IN OPEN

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Computational research for master's thesis.

(e) This research is for the purpose of investigating the various procedures used in the

standard step method of backwater computation with a view to selection of the best

procedure.

(225b) MODEL STUDY OF MOIRA RIVER DAM.

(b) Moira River Conservation Authority.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A scale model of a proposed dam to prevent flooding in a city due largely to ice flows.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.
186 SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

spheres (1923) 80

Air entrainment

flumes (100) 78 pipes (1303) 9 weirs (1869) 1)5 Air pollution (1283) 175

Airfoils, cascades (1118) 55 Air-water flow (I83I1) 17

Air-water mixtures

closed channels (211j8) 82 Apparatus

channels, rotating (279) 3 coast model basin (973) Ill) flood forecasting (1010) II42 photo-electric, sediment (1331) 29 polariscope, design (151)6) 1

precipitation gage (51)7) 31

" » (2080) 33

" » , radio (1012) Ilj2

rotating arm (1781) 16

sand separator (52) 18

sediment sampler (19 h) 122

ship models (1788) 168

sonar (1765) Ill9 stream gage (IOI3) Ilj2

tank, electrolytic (1)70) 163

tilting design (1336) 35 water tunnel (79) 1(2

11 » (921)) 78 (1150)(1151) 7k

» » (1521) 166

» (151)7) 2 wave (I669) 79 wave gages (977) 115 wave generator (973) Ill)

» " (1522) 166

wave tank (399) 113

wind tunnel (1152) 75 Backwater

constricted channels (11)87) 11)8 Baffle piers

cavitation (993) 128

Barges

resistance (585) 66

Beaches

by-passing sand, inlets (975) 115

effect, inlets (1736) 13lj

equilibrium profile (181) 113

model laws (l81j) 113

structures, design (972) llh

tidal effects (1725) 115

wave action (Ij7) 10

(529) 11

» " (181) 113

" » (660) 113

» » (661) ill,

" » (1169) 115

'.' 1 (1609) 53

(16 31) 97

Beach fills (2195) 117

Bends (see Pipes, bends)

Bibliographies ships (8$»5) 83 Boundary flow (1301) lj Boundary layer

body of revolution (2228) 161

conduits (290) 26 diffuser, pipe entrance (2123) ••• 6l|

laminar (1503) l6lj open channels (62) 25 pipe entrance (2122) 61j slots (328) 73 surfaces (8514) 1)3 turbulent (627) 8L1

'• (1388) 75 (1503) 161)

» (1779) 167

Breakwaters

pervious and impervious (998) 129

rubble-mound (999) 129 wave diffraction (1j7) 10

Bridge piers scour (568) ii2 " (1097) 39

» (1707) 95 Bubbles

air nuclei 3 diffusion (1060) 12

drag and shape (I78O) 167

ice sheets (1156) 76 oxygen transfer (580).. 52

resorption (803) 3 vapor (151)8) 1) Bulk modulus, oils (90li) 71 Canal drop, Wyoming canal (707) 151

Canals

density currents (11)82) 11)1 irrigation

linings (1766) 152

» (1966) 99 seepage (820) 19

» (2213) 157

(1859) 32 linings (I837) 23

'< , lower-cost (2211j) 157

model study (2010) 155

» » (2212) 157

navigation, silting (1737) 135

scour on curves (1501) 152

structures (200lj) 151) Cascades, flow through (2082) 33

Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 128

basic research (993) 128

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) 2

» » » " (151)8).. 1) David Taylor Model Basin ( 711) I61j Iowa State University (79).... 1)2 » » (81) 1)2 Mas3. Inst, of Tech. (579) 51
Subject Index 187

Cavitation

Northwestern Univ . (326) 71 Penna. State College (1386) 75 Waterways Experiment Station (993).... 128

boundary misalignment (90) 1j9 bubbles

air nuclei ( QOh) 3 cavity flow (1301) li conduit contractions (72). Ij2 damage from (1815) 5 dynamics of (803) 3 gates (2016) 155

gate slots (993) 128

inception (1355) 52

incipient (l8l7) 5 intake (67I1) 127

noise (1778) I67

offset joints (993).. 128

pipe bends (993) 128

propellers (605) Ih (1531) 161

pumps (l82j9) 28 rotating channels (279) 3 rough surfaces (2005).. 151

scale effects (1817) 5 sluice gates (79) L|2

stilling basin steps (993) 128

tip vortex (I387) 75 turbines

models (1133) 68

propeller (271) 1 unsteady motion (579) 51

valves (2016) 156

water tunnel (79) Ij2

" » (1671) 80 Cavities

shape (1386) 75 Channel improvement

flood control

Allentown, Pa. (U169) 132

Cumberland, Md. (230) 125

Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 131

Los Angeles River (1203) 121

Middle Miss. River (236) 125

navigation

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678) 127

Delaware River, Pa. (Ij25) 126 Fraser River (lOljlj) 182

Valdivia River, Chile (IJ468) 132

power development (lli70) 133

Channels (see open channels)

alluvial (1313) 21 boundary roughness (l£>5h) 30 conservative linings (1723) 101

constricted flow (1855) 30

converging, diverging (1558) 17

hydraulic jump (1857) 30 meanders (226) 125

« (682) 127

(1313) 21

regime theory of (I839) 23 rotating flow (279) 3 side flow (2073) 26 super -critical flow (20lj0) 182

transition (1321) 25

trapezoidal (682) 127

" (1568) 22 velocity distribution (13lj3) 38

unsteady flow (1565) 22 Circulation, condenser water

Schuylkill River (1712) 96

Cofferdams

Dalles Dam, Ore. (Ilj62) 11

8

Compressible fluids (2110) 60

Conduits

boundary layer (290) 26

condenser cooling water loss (22ljl) I78

discharge measurements (2017) • 156

inlets (72) Ij2 " (218) 12h

Corrosion

basic research (13ll) 35

pipes (131)2) 35 plumbing (1j9) 16

Culverts

discharge characteristics (1856) 30 drop inlet (111) 78 Cylinders

lift coefficients (1905) 63

vibrations (1517) 166

Damsgallery drainage (771) 179

ice holding (2251i) 185

Density currents

canals (ll|82) lljl

model laws (159) lljO

reservoir

cold water (1796) 176

" (1797) 177

sedimentation (307) 5l

suspended sediment (805) 3 salt water intrusion

Delaware River (Ij25) 126

stability of interface (1989) llil tidal estuaries (1986) 138

Diffusers

vaned (1901) 58

survey of literature (2079) 31

Diffusion

gases (1566) 22 heat (822) 20 particles in fluid (1331) 29 Distillation, sea water (155b) 13

Diversion channels, model studies (1975)... 120

Draft tubes

efficiency (1851) 29

» (1870) \6

(201,9) 1

" (2078) 31

Drag, accelerated spheres (1923) 80
188 Subject Index

Drain, storm, head loss (213M 67

Drain interceptor (206 7) 2li Drainage

Central Valley, Calif. (2183) 10lj

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26)... 8 Florida (1966) 99

galleries, dams (771) 179

irrigated lands (359) 91

" « (1302) 9

» » (1819) 7

» » (1723) 101

» « (1966) 99 Payette Valley, Idaho (2182) 101) surface, subsurface (2126)..... 65

Upper Colorado River Basin (2l8Ij) 105

Drain tile, junction losses (1929) 81 Drains, durability (2127) 65

" , stability (2127) 65 Dust separators, cyclone (1881))... 56

Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875) 1)6 Electric analogy

three-dimensional (72) 1)2 Embankments (291) 29 design (13l)5) hh Erosion research

canal, ditch linings (1966) 99

'» " » (2013) 155

conservation farming (150) 100

" " (2187) ..108

effect sediment characteristics (69).... Ijl effect vegetation (26l) 105

» » (376) 109

forest influences (380) 112

" » (657) 110

general (11)85) Ilj8

Lake Michigan (I863) ; 37

mountain watersheds (26l). 105

« " (376) 109

range management C^7) 8 semi-desert vegetation (657). 110

stream-bed (69) 1)1 Evaporation

arid regions (1)1)5) • Ilj6

effect of reforestation (1)39) 11)6 evapo-transpiration (1222) 11)7

" » (1996) 150

» » (2188) 112

grassland (1757) Ilj9

heat diffusion (822) 20 Illinois (555) 3k

lake models (1311)) 21 lakes (1756) 11)9 » C19Mj) Bi, measurement (1015) Iij2

» (2179) 103

reservoirs (765) 179

» (2180) IOI4 urban, areas (561j) 38

watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 179

Filters (1577) 27 Fisheries engineering research (2197) 121

Fish ladders

dams

Dalles Dam, Ore. (11)62) 118

« " » (1728) 118

surges (2196) 120

Fish screen, Delta-Mendota Canal (2011).... 155

Fishway model study (197lj) 120

» " » (2086) 1)0 Flood control

basin, Whittier Narrows (98O) 121

crop rotation (1966) 99 Hogback Dam (1961) 96

levee design (2206) 11)6 Moira River Dam (225lj) 185

policy (2097) hi

rivers

Anacostia, Md. (2200) I38

Cumberland, Md. (230) 125

Mississippi Basin (236) 126

Flood discharge

frequency-magnitude (1233) 11)8 measurement (691) Ilj6

Flow controller

coefficient of discharge (2076) 28 Flow between flat plates (1890) 56

Flow regulator, three-way (2160) 90

Flow routing (19l)3) 8I4 Flow, rotational nonviscous (2021) 161

Flow, steady viscous

effect cylindrical boundary (2135) 70 Flow, stratified, stability of (2092) Ii7 " , transitional phenomenon (2111)) 61

" , three-dimensional, compressors (2101)) 59

Fluidization (II38) 69

Fluidized solids, flow of (1882) 55

Flumes

air entrainment (100) 78 standing waves (2139) 73 tilting design (1336) 35 Frost in ground (1187) 108

Gas -liquid

distribution, porous media (I83O) 15

flow (1829) 15

Gates cavitation (993) < 128

(1981j) 137

lock (11)71)) 133

operation (1206) 123

slide (1)19) 126

» (1255) 151

sluice (1207) 130

tainter (98O) 121

'< (159 8) 1)5 wicket (986) 127

Ground water

artesian aquifer (212lj) 61j artificial recharge (559) 36

" « (1966) 99

Carroll County, 111. (81)3) 3l) Central Valley, Calif. (2183) 101) Chicago area (1335) 37
Subject Index 189

Ground water

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 8 compilation of theories, formulas (1866) 37

East St. Louis area ($61) 3to effect forests (656) 108

« " (1997) 150

electric flow net (1221) II46 fluctuations (821) 20 fresh water storage (2000) 150

frost (l57to) 27

" (1575) 27

hydrologic cycle (1092) 35 hydrologic investigation (2001) 150

instruments, adaptation (1998) 150

irrigation (1966) 99 jo Daviess County, HI. (8to3) 3lj Peoria area, HI. (560) 37

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) ljl Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) ill reforestation (1*30) Ilj6 root zone (2172) 100

Stephenson County, 111. (8ii3) 3I1 stream flow (1223) 11j7

(1758) 1U9

» (2063) 16 Tennessee Valley (777)(780) 180

variable flow (8to5) 36 Gutters, side flow (2073) 26 Harbor improvement

Charleston, S. C. (678) 127

Grays Harbor, Wash. (1210) 130

Indiana Harbor, Ind. (11j72) 133

Harbor models

Black River (2130) 65

scale effects (1002) 130

Vancouver (2033) 182 Heat transfer

cooling pond (2210) 150

cooling towers (1059) 12

general research (822) 20

supersonic flow (880) 51 unsteady phenomena (159 to) to to Highway drainage

culverts (111) 78 (1591) 39 desilting structures (2089) too embankments (291) 29 flow gage, sewers (1111) to9 gutters (1096) 39 sediment in sewers (1101) to3 subway grating design (2087) too Hydraulic control system

valves (2105) 59

Hydraulic history (1102) toto " jump (2161) 91

» » (2003) I5to

" » (2161) 91

Hydraulic laboratory design (209to) to7 Hydrofoil systems, motion, stability (2156) 88

Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (1871) to5 hydrodynamic forces (2138) 72 model tests (2119) 63

shock wave formation (2061) 16

study of (1618) 5

» » (211jl|) 81

» " (2157) 89 Hydrologic studies, Florida (150) 100

" " , Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 91

Hydrodynamic forces (20£3) 6

" " , missiles (205to) 6 Ice sheets, fracture (1156) 76 Infiltration

effect vegetation (376) 109

11 » (1966) 99

farms (1759) Ito9 recharge

basins (1225) Ito7 ponds (1999) 150

soil (25) 7

» (1058) 9

" (1222) 11j7

» (I996) 150

Inlets

conduits (72) to2 culverts (111) 78 gutters (855) to8 (1080) 26

" (1095) 39

" (2085) too hydraulic characteristics (208Ij) • 39 storm water, design (21to9) 83 theory (2088) I4O Instruments

anemometer (1665) 79 drop-size measuring probe (2110) 60

flow gage, storm sewers (1111).. to9 high velocity gas (2113) 61

hot-wire, anemometer (851) to3 " " , meter (I167) I63

photometric drop-size (2110) 60

power (1523) 160

precipitation gage (5to7) 31

" « (2080) 33 pressure cells (lOOlj) 130

pressure fluctuation (1307) 12

radio rain gage (1012) Ito2

" " " (15 36) 176

rain gage, continuous (1992) Itoto " « , coding device (201ij) 155

river gage (1013) ll|2

" " (1536) 176

river, stage -measuring (1861) 32 soil moisture (1995) Ito9 temperature measuring probe (2116) 62

turbulence meter (1985) 138

velocity meter (100to) 130
190 Subject Index

Instruments wave gage (660) 113

" " (977) 115

« (lOOlj) 130

well testing (1219) Ilj6

n

" (1337) 35

Intakes

condenser water (1796) (1797) 176

conduit, design (2l8) 12lj

dams (671) 127

» (1729) 119

» (2028) 177

gage (1273) 175

pressures (12li3) 151

Irrigation

canals

design study (2069) 2li linings (1966) 99

" (1766) 152

seepage (820) 19

« (1966) 99 concrete pipe (2ij) 7 control of water (1966) 99 drainage studies (1302) 9

» » (1819) 7

» >• (1723) 101

" » (1966) 99

equipment (1955) 92

» , design (2186) 105

farm structures (2lj) 7

" » (2065) 2h infiltration (I966) 99 meters (1Ij99) 152

percolation (1966) 99 pipe, air vents (1690)(1691) 93

pipe friction (2l|) 7 Rockdale soils (I766) 152

snow surveys (55) 18

» » (1966) 99

» » (2l61j) 92

soil moisture (26) 8

» (2l6Jj) 92

soil permeability (1966) 99 sprinkling systems (21) 6

" (1966) 99

" " (2081) 33

» " (2185) 105 structures (21j) 7 temperature control (2128) 65 water application (1966) 99 water measurement ( 2 lj ) 7 water supply (23) 7

" " (27) 8 (55) 18

» (1686) 92

» " (1966) 99 weir stands (llj98) 152

well drilling (2lj) 7 Jetsboundary effects (1301) h free, water tunnel (92[|) 78

Jetshigh speed (216 7) 9h

pressure distribution (72) Ij2 spray formation (1637) 71 submerged diffusion (9lj8) 90

turbulent expansion (1Ij77) lijO

Jetties

design, location (38) 9 effect littoral drift (2190) 117

effect wave action (529) 11

Laboratory equipment, design (2100) 50

Lake levels, Great Lakes (199lt) Ib5

» " , Lake Erie (2201) 139

Lake Levels, storm winds (160) lijO

Laminar flow, stability of (1873) Ij6 Laminar flow tube entry friction (2108).... 59

" " » » (2109).... 60

Lift, measurement (2052) 6 Locks

approaches (1738) 135

" (1739) 135

culvert junction (2250) l8Ij

filling, emptying systems

Dalles Dam, Ore. (Ilj66) 119

Greenup, Ohio River (1977) 123

Hales Bar (1795) 176

Markland, Ohio River (1977) 123

Miss. River Keokuk, Iowa (196) 123

model (201)2) (201j3) l8Ij St. Lawrence Seaway (2198) 12lj Watts Bar (179lj) 176

high-lift (985) 123

miter gates (lli7lj) 133

Log flume (1803) 183

Lubrication, pressurized air

bearings (1890) 56

pressurized liquid bearings (1891) 57

Manifolds (1171) 81j " (1977) 123

» (20lj2) l8i|

Meanders (226) 125

» (682) 127

" (1313) 21 (17610 11j9 Meteorology, pressure jump lines (1993)«^«. Hh

Meters (see Nozzles, Orifice meters, Venturis)

calibration (12lj) 68 current, low velocity (2015) 156

elbow (1602) k9 float-type (I8ij7) 28 flow, inferential (20?Ij) 28 hot-wire (lj67) 163

hot-wire (851) h3 irrigation (21)) 7 open channel (1589).. 38 precipitation gages (5b7) 31

turbulence (578) 51

velocity, electro-magnetic (ij6) 10

Model distortion (99k) 128

Model laws

beaches (I8I4) 113
Subject Index 191

Model laws

density currents (159) , II4O scale effects

harbors (1002) 130

spillways (1001) 129

small models ($93) 70 streams, meandering (226) 125 waves (l81j).... 113

Model roughness standards (1000) 129

Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762).... 17li sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) I7I1

» , Douglas Dam (759) 17ii

" , Hiwassee Dam (763) 175

rowing tank (I8I48) 28 smoke stacks (2169) 97

spillway piers and baffles

Kentucky Dam ( 76l) Hh

prototype confirmation (II167) 131

Wesley Seale Dam (2095) hi

Models, bed material (1535) 176

Noise (1778) 167

Nozzles

calibration (181)3) 27 mixing (IjO) 10 pressure distribution (72) Ij2 Open channels (see Channels)

air entrainment (100) 78 backwater curves (2253) 185

boundary layer (62) 25 boundary roughness (1851)) 30 constricted flow (1855) 30

" " (2066) 21) converging, diverging (1558) 17

flow past slots (328) 73 friction losses (211)0) 77 hydraulic jump (1857) 30 meanders (1313) 21 orifice flow control (2129) 65

roughness (2070) 25 steep slope (100 ) 78 supercritical flow

air entrainment (100) 78 transitions (1321) 25 trapezoidal (1568) 22

" (2198) 122

unsteady flow (1565) 22 variable slope (2252) 185

velocity distribution (13li3) 38

" " (2083) 38 width enlargements (1851)) 30 Orifice meters installation effects (1919) 73 rounded entrances (1887) 56 Orifices

coefficient study (2133) 67 vortex flow (1181) 95

Outlets

model study, Crawford Station (2090).... Ij6 Pipe, cantilevered (1168) 79 short, in dams (290) 26

Outlet works

damsAdaminaby (2227) 160

Friant (2221) 159

Garrison, N. D. (211) I2I4 gorge high (2215) 157

Oahe, S. D. (1212) 131

San Antonia (1732) 122

Sly Park (2007) 155

South Holston (730) 172

Willow Creek (1236)(12l|lj) 151

Yellowtail (11)95) 151

model studies

Sherburne Lakes (222lj) 159

Lovewell (2223) 159

spillway tunnels

South Holston Dam (730) 172

stilling basins

hydraulic characteristics (2201)) 139

Penstocks

South Holston Dam (762) I7I4 Percolation studies, California ("2181) 101) Pipe fittings

bends, elbows (1602) 1)9 cavitation (993) 128

head loss (1956) 93 ships (1521)) 161

tees (132li) 26 welded (958) 95 Pipes

cavitation (993) 128

corrosion (1231) 11)7 (I3I42) 35 effect air pocket (2121) 61) entrance sections (290) 26

" (627) 81) flow of mixtures

liquid-gas (1551) 12

liquid-solid (2039) 182

solid-gas (1)0) 10

two-phase, two-component (Ijl) 10

flow patterns (2099) 50

friction

concrete (2lj) 7

" (2222) 159

corrugated (1198) 118

high pressure (956) 95 roughness (9ljlj) 89 heat transfer (IjO) 10

n « (880) 51) leakage (2170) 97

losses at bends (2039) 182

manifold ports (1171) 81)

>' " (2150) 85 networks (I683) 90 (1689) 93 pressure at outlet (1593) 1)1) ships (I52lj) 161

surge suppressors (1?7) 71 surges (1303) 9 turbulence (1)67) 163

» (2077) 30
192 Subject Index

Pipes

velocity fluctuations (Ij6) 10

waved walls (1552) 12

Pitot tubes

development (1807) 185

Plates, rough (85b) 1j3 Plumbing

backflow prevention (h9) 16

corrosion (h9) • 16

cross-connections (1j9) 16

fixtures (1)9) 16

Pneumatic control systems

design (I896) 57

Pneumatic valves

characteristics of (1900) 58

porous media, flow

basic research (1557) 13

fluidized, systems (1635) 69

sand (1318) 21 spheres (590) 69

turbulence (557) 36 (186M 35 porous media, unsteady flow (1826) llj Pressure distribution

basic research (79) •••• 1|2 " « (81) Jj2 by electric analogy (72) Ij2 " « " (1470) 163

entrances (121(3) l5l

C2H5) 61

slots (328) 73 submerged bodies (16) 2

» (579) 51 Pressure drop (2136) 70 Pressure measurement

electric analogy (72) 1)2 " » (1j70) I63

instruments (1307) 12

ship models (1789) 168

sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 17b

Douglas Dam (759) 171

Hiwassee Dam ( 763) 175 wave action (38) 9 Propellers

action forces (2118) 63 cavitation (1531) 161

controllable pitch (190lj) 62

symmetric wakes (921) 7lj theory (1790) (1791) 169

theory, lifting (2237) 171

thrust deduction (2153) 87

wake fraction (2153) 87

Prototype check tests Ocoee 3 (221)3) 178

penstocks (762) 171) sluices (758) 17lj

(759) 171) spillways (761) 17k

tunnels (760) 17lj

" (1277) 175

" (2029) 177

Pulpwood holding grounds (2OI1I4) 185

Pumping plant, sewers (683) 127

Pumps

cavitation (181j9) 28 centrifugal (2051) 5 regenerative turbines (I883) 55

research (I51j8) b tests (1132) 68

'» (1811)) 1

turbine model tests (2050) 1

turbulence (2057) 15

Rainfall

altitude effect (778) 180

frequency (2102) $b

gages (51)7) 31

« (1801) 180

(22lj8) 181

" (221j9) 181

hydro-logic cycle (1092) 35 intensity (19 1)5) 82j » (2209) 11)5 maximum (779) 180

(171j8)(171j9) 11j3

(175o)(1751)(1753) lto

>' (2207) 11)5 radar research (553) 3b

rainfall-runoff (68) 1)1 (561)) 38

" " (768) 179

" « (777) 180

« « (856) 18

« » (1078) 26

» » (2162) 91

records (I636) 70 research, Southern California (26l) 105 Tennessee River Basin (768) 179

» 11 « (778) 180

« 11 " (779) 180

Range-management practices (27) 8 Reclamation, waste lands

Louisiana (2098) 50

Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 3.79

« (2180) 10ij

» , arid regions (1j1j5) H6

linings (1837) 23 sedimentation (307) 5l

" (1281j) 180

(2175) 101

seepage (1j1j5) 1^6

silting

arid regions (1)1)5) lip

Illinois (552) 33 Safe Harbor (1157) 77 stock water (1227) Uj7

temperature gaging (769) 179

Tennessee River (76I1) 179

»' " (785) 178

Texas (1966) 99 water supply, Illinois (551) 33 water travel (787) 180

Revetments, stream control meandering (226) 125
Subject Index 193

River control structures Old River, La. (1982) (I983) 137

Rockfill

model tests (ll|6ij) 118

Rotary air motor (2106) 59 Roughness

artificial

open channels (I85I4) 30

standards, models (1000) 129

surfaces, drag (85ij) h3 effect of water temperature (1985) I38

Runoff

arid regions (1j1j5) II46 denudation effects (23) 7

» " (27) 8 effect of forest (377) 110

" » « (376) 109

» » <• (656) 108

forecasting

rainfall (I693) 9b snow melt (1692) 9b

soil moisture (lOllj) 11|2

glaciers (1229) 11j7

hydrologic cycle (1092) 35 rainfall-runoff (561j) 38

" " (777) 180

" " (856) ij8 " » (959) 95

" " (1078) 26

» " (1693) 9b

" " (1723) 101

(171j1j)(171j5) 11j3

» « (2162) 91

" » (2165) 93 small areas (19l)6) 81) soil moisture (lOlij) Iij2

urban areas (561j) 38

" " (856) ij8 watersheds

Illinois (551) 33 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 99 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 1Q0

Pennsylvania (656) 108

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) Ijl Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) Ijl Tennessee River Valley ( 777) ( 780) .... 180

Idaho (1862) 32 Salt water intrusion

control of (I83I) 15

Delaware River (1)25) 126

Florida, (1966) 99 irrigated lands (1302) 9 Sand boils (558) 36 Sand classification methods (52) 18

Sand mixtures, permeability (556). 36

" » » (211j5) 82 Sand transport

influence of waves and currents (2191). 117

Sand traps, design (53) 18

» » , efficiency (1597) h6 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062^ 16

Scour bridge piers (568) 1)2 " " (1707) 95 canal, curves (1501) 152

culverts (1707) 95 damsFt. Randall, S. D. (67ij) 127

Seaplane hulls (1567) 22

11 » (1570) 22 Seaway, St. Lawrence (l806)(20l|l) I83

Sediment

analysis methods (21[|7) 82 bed erosion (69) 1)1 bed load (1235) Ilj8

bed load motion (2059) 15

converging, diverging streams (1558).... 17

reservoir sampler (128ij) 180

suspended

ultrasonic radiation measurement (2l!|2) 8l

Sediment transportation

beaches (529) 11

bed load (1107) ijlj " " (1313) 21

«' » (1917) 73 Delaware River (1)25) 126

Niobrara River (1235) II48 wave action, effect (1823) Ill critical tractive force (1502) 152

density currents (307) 5l

forces on particles (280) 11 measurement (l9li) 122

•» (2125) 61) reservoirs (1966) 99 suspended load (1107) bb

« " (1313) 21 density currents (805) 3 internal mechanics (6) 2 Sediment transportation

suspended load measurement (19li) 122

" (1966) 99

" (661) lllj temperature changes (1928).., 80 Tennessee River ( %b) 179

Wautauga Dam ( 732) 173

Sedimentation

arid regions (1j1j5) • 11j6 basins (1262) 151

reservoirs (552) 33

(785) 178

(1157) 77

« (2175) 101

rivers (1920) 73

» (2175) 101

Seepage

canals (820) 19

(1836) 23 (1859) 32

» (1966) 99 reservoirs (bbS) Ilj6

soil sediments (1859) 32
Subject Index

Servomechanism, closed-loop (1877) Ij8 Settling, fall velocity

effect shape (828) 20 Sewage

activated sludge process (580) 52

pumping plant (683) 127

Sewers surges (683) 127

Ships

appendage -body interaction (1268) l6lj

bending moment (IJ4O9) 86 bilge, keels (1512) 165

commercial, design (1128).. 66

design (2120) 63

forces (2091) 1)6 » (2229) 170

injection scoops (710) l6Ij

» » (I63I1) 69

lines (1783) 167

maneuvering (l5lli) 165

models, turbulence stimulation (l£06).. 165

models

towing test maneuvering basin (I78I). I67

motion (1782) 167

» (1822) 11) " (I838) 23

» (2020) 170

» (2091) 1)6 « (2151)) (2155) 88 motor-boats, transom immersion (1127).. 66 performance (2171) 98

planing surfaces (3I1O) 85

» " (2152) 87

pressure distribution (1789) 168

" " (2232) 170

propellers

oscillating pressures (2236) 171

symmetric wakes (921) 7I1 propulsive characteristics (2239) 172

resistance

compilation data (895) 83 frictional (1505) l61j

» (2231) 170

hull forms (1?06) 66

» »' (2018) 169

» » (2238) 171 measurement (I5l6) 166

" (191)7) 87

models (901) 68

prediction (I5l6) 166

theory (709) I63

wave making (I680)(l68l) 86 seaworthiness (ll)07) 85

" (1511) 165

» (2230) 170

(2235) 171

" (22lj0) 172

self-propelled models (11)10) 86

» 11 » (1906) 66 skeg design (2132) 67

slamming (1786) 168

Ships

turning characteristics (191)8) 87 velocity distribution (2232) 170

vibration (1378) 66

» (2019) I69

wake formation (223li) 171

Shore processes (2192) 117

Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 117

structures (38) 9 (529) 11

" (972) lllj

Silting

reservoirs

arid regions (1)1)5) ll)6 Illinois (552) 33

Lake Mead (M5) 11)6 Tennessee Valley (785) 178

Texas (2178) 103

small watersheds (777) 180

streams, Texas (2178) 103

Siphons

irrigation (2lj) 7 pumping plants (11)75) 133

Slots (328) 73 Sluice gates (221)7) 178

cavitation (79) 1)2 Sluiceways

dams

discharge ratings

Cherokee Dam (739) 173

Douglas Dam ( 712) 173 Fontana Dam ( 7l)5) 17li pressure measurement

Cherokee Dam (758) 171) Douglas Dam (759) 171) Hiwassee Dam (763) 175

sand, design (53) 18

sediment excluding (1767) 152

» « (1768) 153

Snow, forecast, melting (1011) ll|2

Snow surveys Colorado (55) 18

runoff forecasting (55) • 18

» » (1966) 99

« (2l61j) 92

Soil moisture

effect denudation (23) 7

" timber cutting (377) 110

evaporation (2173) 100

forecasting stream flow (lOllj) 11)2 forest influences (38O) 112

» « (657) HO

» (2188) 112 measurement (261) 105

» (1860) 32

» (2161)) 92 movement (1058) 9 (2055) 8

" (2173) 100

permeability (1191)) 100
Subject Index 195

Soil moisture

semi-desert vegetation (657) 110

small watersheds (777) 180

Southern California (261) 105

Soil permeability (119Jj) 100

Sounding leads (1973)... 116

Specific gravity, oils (90lj) 71 Spillways

aeration, Pine Flat, Calif. ("992) 128

basic research 0-581) 29 checks tests (761) 171

comparison, profiles (266) 183

dams

ilamogordo (2225) 159

Boone (1271)) 175

Cleveland (2211) 156

Chickamauga (709) I63

Dalles, Ore. (Ilj65) 119

Douglas (711) 173

Fort Patrick Henry (l53li) 175

Ft. Randall, S. D. C6 7li) 127

Garrison Dam (211) I2I4 Gavins Point, S. D. (1711) 135

Hales Bar (IO38) 175

Hartwell, Ga. (1981) 136

Hogback (2168) 97

Keokuk C2093) 1|7

Kentucky (76I) 171) Kerwin (177lj) 153

Littleton (1713) 96

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 135

MenomonLe (21l|6) 82 Nimbus (2009) 155

Noxon Rapids (2166) 9k Peters (2151) 85 Pine Flat, Calif. (992) 128

Ross (2216) 157

San Antonio (1732) 122

Savage River, Md. (Ilj71) 133

South Holston (728) (730) 172

Watauga (728) 172

(732) 173

Willow Creek (1236) (12ljlj) 151

lellowtail (11)95) 151

design (673) 126

(538) 19

(1835) 17

discharge capacity (2215) 157

discharge coefficients (2159) 90

" « (22lj6) 178

» " (2251) I82j

discharge ratings, dams

Apalachia (736) 173

Boone (2030) 177

Cherokee (738) 173

Douglas (7ljl) 173

Ft. Loudoun (7l)6) 171) Fort Patrick Henry (2031) 177

Peligre, Haiti (2101) 5li drop, design (1398) 79

" (1865) 36

Spillways

effect tailrace (732) 173

o tailwater (62) 25 entrance conditions (1685) 91

morning-glory dams

South Holston (728) 172

Wautauga (728) 172

profiles (266) 183

roller-type bucket (673) 126

scale effects (1001) 129

siphon (1777) 151) Whittier Narrows (980) 121

Spray, droplet formation (2137) 72 Spray, from jets (I637)... 71 Sprinkling systems

irrigation (1076) 20

« (2185) 105

jets, distribution (21) 6

Stability

model studies (5) 97 ware tests (1136) 68 Stall, rotating (1903) 58

Stilling basins

dams

Bonneville (1976) 120

Bull Shoals, Ark. (1979) 136

Chickamauga (709) 163

Ft. Randall, S. D. (67I1) 127

Garrison, N. D. (211) 12lj Gavins Point, S. D. (171)1) 135

Kerwin (1771)) 153

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 135 New Cumberland, Ohio River (1978) 136

Nimbus (2009) 155

Peligre, Haiti (2101) 51) South Holston (730) 172

Table Rock, Mo. (I98O) 136

Tuttle Creek, Kansas (17l|0) 135

Webster (1773) 153

Wyoming Canal (707) 151

design (IO7I4) 20 (1918) 73

" (2003) 151)

» (2071) 25 energy dissipation (2103) 51) erosion below (I987) 138

hydraulic characteristics (220I4) 139

Stilling wells

hydraulic characteristics (2002) 151)

» » (220lj) 139

Streamflow forecasts (171)1)) (17l)5) 11)3

" " (2032)(22lj8) 181

Colorado (55) 18

s alinity me asurements (2060) 16 snow surveys (55) 18

" » (1966) 99

Stream gaging

bridges (690) Ilj6 gage (1013) 11)2 radio gages (1536) 176 Tennessee Valley (769) 179
196 Subject Index

Streams channel form (2068) 2h discharge (161)2) 72 (170$) 91) discharge values (2208) 11)5 effect logging (969) 108

« » (1230) 117

erosion control (226) 125

'* research (69) I4I flood peaks (2072) 25 forest effects (1)39) Ilj6

meandering (226) 125

peak discharge (691) II16 roughness coefficient (783) 178

« " (11)88) 11)8 sand channel (1755) Ilj8 st age-discharge

Iowa (67) I4I water quality (786) 178

Strut wake (I389) 76

» (223b) 171

Structures

canal (200lj) 151|

conservation (1723) 101

« (2191)) 117

metering (2006) 155 wave forces on (1881) 53

Submerged bodies

pressure distribution

basic research (16) 2

" " ($79) 51

electric analogy (72) 1)2 theoretical analyses (81) 1)2 Surges

pipes (1303) 9 sewers (683) 127

Surge tanks

mechanical-pneumatic (127) 71 South Holston Dam (731) 172

« » » (762) 17l4 Tailraces

Norris Dam (221)2) 178

South Holston Dam (221)5) 178

Wautauga Dam (732) 173

Tidal flow

channels

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (687) 127

Delaware River, Pa. (1)25) 126

Torque, converter (1660) 77

Towing tank research

David Taylor Model Basin I63

Michigan University 66

Newport News S. and D. D. Co 67

Society of Naval Architects 83 Stevens Institute of Technology 85 Transitions

tunnels (1206) 123

Tubes, flow

expansion coefficients (2075) 28 Tunnels

check tests (76O) 171)

Tunnels

check tests (1277) 175

" " (2029) 177

damsFont ana (760) 17lj

vertical shaft (1776) 153

Turbines

buckets (1915) 72 cavitation (1133) 68

impulse

head effects, tests (111)6) 72 model tests (123) 67

» » (1926) 80

performance (123) 67

" (2117) 62

propeller

cavitation (271) 1

performance (271)., 1

vane moments (896) 68

Turbulence

boundary layers (627) 81) " " (2233) 171

characteristics (2058) 15

granular media (557) 36 measurement

apparatus (73) 1)2 (578) 51

« (1307) 12

electro-magnetic (1)6) 10

hot-wire, water (lj67) 163

techniques (578) 51

mechanism (17li2) 11)1 pipes (627) 81) (91)1)) 89 basic research (1)6). 10

" »' (1)67) 163

steep slopes (I87I4) » . . . . 1)6 stimulation (l506) 165

wakes (2233) 171

Turnouts (1769) 1$3

" (1775) 153

" (2006) 155

Unsteady flow (1781)) 16

(1785) (1786) 168

Valves

butterfly (1603) 50

» (1608) 52

check (181)6) 28

control, jet pipe (2107) 59

dynamic flow forces on (1895) $7

head loss, check (96l) 96 hollow-jet (2226) 159

transfer (1876) 1)8 Velocity distribution

air, over ocean waves (l82li) ll) Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (1)6) 10

» n (73) 1|2 » " (1)67) 163

hot-wire (73) h2

» « (1)67) 163
Subject Index 197

Velocity measurement

ultrasonics (1151,) 76 Ventilation (1681,) 91

Venturi

calibration (181,3) 27

characteristics (181,1).... 27

Virtual mass (2061,) 17

» " (2158) 89 Viscosity

measurement (1927) 80

oils (901,) 71 Viscous flow

through assemblages of spheres (1911) ... 69 Water channel rotating (279) 3 Water, consumptive use (1966) 99 irrigated crops (2177) 103

San Francisco Bay Area (2179) 103

Santa Margarita River Basin (2176) 102

Water control facilities, design (1723)... 101 Water entry (1300) 1, Water hammer

surge suppressors (127).... 71 Water measurement irrigation (23) (21,) 7 (26) 8 stream flow (67) 1,1 Water resources, Southwestern Utah (2163) . 92

Watershed management

Arizona (657) 110

Colorado (1971) Ill

Continental Divide (377) 110

New Mexico (1967)(1968) 110

» (1969) Ill

Pennsylvania (656) 108

Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 109

Southeastern United States (38O) 112

Southern California (26l) 105

Utah (652) 106

» (653) (651,) 107

» (655) 108

» (1971) Ill

Wayne County, Pa. (966) 108

Wyoming (1971) Ill

Watershed studies

Blacklands, Texas (150) 100

Colorado (1970)(1971) Ill

effects logging (969) 108

forest influences (376) 109

" » (377) 110

" " (380) 112

» » (656) 108

" » (657) 110

«• » (966) 108

« » (1188) 108

frost studies (II87) 108

hydrologic cycle (1758) (1761,) 11,9

» » (2162) 91

Illinois (551) (552) 33 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 99

management ( 261) 105

North Appalachian (150) 100

Watershed studies

Ohio and Great Plains (150) 100

Pine Region, N. J. (1662) 77 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 1|1

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 1,1 Tennessee River Valley (768) 179

" « » (777) (780) 180

Waynesville (221,1,) 178

Water tunnel

cavitation (1671) 80 design

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) (16) 2 closed jet (1672) 80 Penn. State University (1151) 71, free jet (921,) 78 Water utilization (769) 179 Wave action

barges, anchored and towed (2131) 66

beaches (1,7) 10

(529) 11

" (181) 113

» (660) 113

» (661) (663) Ill, (973) llli (1609) 53

(1631) 97

breakwaters

harbors

Indiana Harbor, Ind. (11,72) 133

T aconite Harbor (211,1) 8l

" » (2202) 139

pervious, impervious (998) 129

rubble -mound (999) 129

bulkheads (151,9) h shore protection, tank (399) 113

» » , works (38) 9

, » (529) 11

spillways (67!,) 127 structures (972) Ill, Waves

forces, immersed objects (2205) lltf- generation (1825) Ill internal progressive (1990) lljl measurement

data for coasts (1727) 115

reforming of (2189) 116

run-up (1735) 13li

" (2203) 139

shallow water (1825) llj shock (1610) 53

« (1827) 15

theory (1335) 31

tsunami (1972) 116

wind generated (1825) ll. Waves, surface

absorption (211,3) 81 characteristics, observed (660) 113 contours (31,0) 85 diffraction (1,7) 10

energy losses (11,79) 11,1 gages (977) 115
198 Subject Index

Waves, surface

general research (1)7) 10

generation (I)) 97

" (35) 9

(111 78) 110-

» , forecasting (1)7) 10

model laws (181|) 113

oscillatory (3$) 9

«

, theory (1)7) 10

positive, dry channels (II48O) II4I resistance (709) 163

shallow water (35). • 9 solitary (159) lljO

(577) 51

wind-gener ated ( lj ) 97 Wave tank, design (399) 113

Weirs

aeration demand (1869) 1)5 basic research (l581i) .-, 29 rectangular (1852) . ... 29

Weirs

sharp-crested

circular (1113) 1)9 parabolic (268) 183

side (1912 ) 70 V-notch (1709) 96 Wells

casing perforations (20^5) 8 drilling (21)) 7 testing instruments (1337) 35

« " (1219) 11)6 Well screens design (287) 18

turbulence (557) 36 Wind

building forms (1079) 26 design, tunnel (1152) 75 lake levels (160) lljO

velocity (1665) 79 Wind tides, research (11)78) 11)1

4
(Continued from page 2 of cover)

answering a number of questions regarding the adequacy of stack venting of

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Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, and 1954. Project re- ports cover work done at 66 private or State laboratories in the United States,

34 Federal laboratories, and 5 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

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NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

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NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price: $1.25.

Correcting for Density and Viscosity of Incompressible Fluids in

Float-Type Flowmeters

Information on the theory of the flow of incompressible fluids through float- type flowmeters developed by the methods of dimensional analysis and experimental verification of the relations thus derived. Procedures are described

whereby, after calibration of a metering tube with a few fluids of known physical

properties, accurate corrections may be calculated for any fluid whose properties

lie within the range embraced by the calibration fluids.

Order NBS Research Paper 2247, Correcting for Density and Viscosity of Incompressible

Fluids in Float-Type Flowmeters, 12 pages. Price: 10 cents.

Hydrodynamic Effects of Gales on Lake Erie

The coefficients of wind stress and sea roughness are derived from research of

water levels and wind intensities relating to gales passing over Lake Erie

during the past 50 years. Both of these coefficients are found to decrease

with increasing wind velocities. A theoretical determination of the wind tides

is made and agrees well with the observations.

Order NBS Research Paper 2396, Hydrodynamic Effects of Gales on Lake Erie, 11 pages.

Price: 15 cents.

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Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
PERIODICALS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Published monthly)

The National Bureau of Standards is engaged in fundamental and applied research in physics, chemistry,

mathematics, and engineering. Projects are conducted in fifteen fields: electricity and electronics, optics

and metrology, heat and power, atomic and radiation physics, chemistry, mechanics, organic and fibrous

materials, metallurgy, mineral products, building technology, applied mathematics, data processing

systems, cryogenic engineering, radio propagation, and radio standards. The Bureau has custody of the

national standards of measurement and conducts research leading to the improvement of scientific and

engineering standards and of techniques and methods of measurement. Testing methods and instruments are developed; physical constants and properties of materials are determined; and technical

processes are investigated.

Journal of Research

The Journal presents research papers by authorities in the specialized fields of physics, mathematics,

chemistry, and engineering. Complete details of the work are presented, including laboratory data,

experimental procedures, and theoretical and mathematical analyses. Annual subscription: domestic,

$4.00; foreign, $5.25.

Technical News Bulletin

Summaries of current research at the National Bureau of Standards are published each month in the

Technical News Bulletin. The articles are brief, with emphasis on the results of research, chosen on

the basis of their scientific or technologic importance. Lists of all Bureau publications during the

preceding month are given, including Research Papers, Handbooks, Applied Mathematics Series, Building Materials and Structures Reports, Miscellaneous Publications, and Circulars. Each issue contains

12 or more two-column pages; illustrated. Annual subscription: domestic, $1.00; foreign, $1.35.

Basic Radio Propagation Predictions

The Predictions provide the information necessary for calculating the best frequencies for communication between any two points in the world at any time during the given month. The data are important

to all users of long-range radio communications and navigation, including broadcasting, airline, steamship, and wireless services, as well as to investigators of radio propagation and ionosphere. Each issue,

covering a period of one month, is released three months in advance and contains 16 large pages, including pertinent charts, drawings, and tables. Annual subscription: domestic, $1.00; foreign, $1.25.

CATALOG OF NBS PUBLICATIONS

National Bureau of Standards Circular 460 and its Supplement list all Bureau publications from 1901

through June 1952, including Applied Mathematics Series, Building Materials and Structures Reports,

Circulars, Handbooks, Research Papers, and Miscellaneous Publications. Brief abstracts for the publications issued after January 1, 1942, are also included.

National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, 375 pages, $1.25. Supplement to Circular 460, 223 pages,

75 cents. (A free mimeographed list of publications issued since June 1952 is available on request to the National Bureau of Standards.)

Order all publications from the Superintendent of Documents

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.