## Importation of Apples ( **Malus pumila )**  **from China into the**  **C ontinental United States** 

**A Qualitative, Pathway**

**- Initiated Pest Risk Assessment** 

**February 3, 2014**

**Version 1** 

**Agency Contact:**
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 i 

### Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commerciall y produced fruit of apples, Malus pumila (Rosaceae), for consumption from China into the continental United States. Based on the market access request from China, there are no processes or conditions to consider during this pest risk assessment. General processes may

include hand

-picking of apples from the trees, culling, and refrigeration during storage and transport.
Based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information from the government of China, we developed a list of all potential pests with actionable re gulatory status for the continental United States that are known to occur in China and that are known to be associated with the commodity plant species anywhere in the world. From this list, we identified and further anal yz ed 2 6 organisms that have a reaso nable likelihood of being associated with the commodity

following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing.
Of the pests selected for further anal ys is, we determined that the following are not candidates for risk management, bec ause there is no endangered area within the continental United States, they did not meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction, or they received a Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction (i.e., entry plus establishment) into the endangered area via the import pathway :

**Pest Reason the pest is**  **not a candidate for risk management**  Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction Ceroplastes japonicus Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction Gymnosporangium yamadae Does not meet unacceptable Consequences of Introduction threshold Pempelia heringii Does not meet unacceptable Consequences of Introduction threshold Pseudococcus cryp tus Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction

We determined that the following pests are candidates for risk management, because they **met the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction** 
, and they received

an o verall **likelihood of introduction** risk rating **above** Negligible:

**Pest type Taxonomy**  **Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction**  **overall rating** Arthropod Acari: Tenuipalpidae Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini & Fanzago) Medium

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Rhynchites auratus (Scopoli) Medium Rhynchites bacchus (L.) Medium Rhynchites giganteus Krynicky Medium Rhynchites heros Roelofs MediumPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 ii **Pest type Taxonomy**  **Scientific name Likelihood of Introduction**  **overall rating** Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) High Lepidoptera: Carposinidae Carposina sasakii Matsumura Medium Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) High Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) Medium

Euzophera bigella (Zeller) Medium Euzophera pyriella Yang Medium Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) Medium

Archips micaceana (Walker) Medium Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Thunberg) Medium

Cydia funebrana (Treitschke) Medium Grapholita inopinata Heinrich Medium Spilonota albicana (Motschulsky) Medium

Spilonota prognathana Snellen Medium Ulodemis trigrapha Meyrick Medium Fungi Ascomycetes: Helotiales Monilia polystroma van Leeuwen High

Monilinia fructigena Honey High
Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 iii 

### Table of Contents

**Executive Summary**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ .......................**  **i**
**1. Introduction**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............................**  **1** 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Initiating event

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 1 1.3. Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity

.................... 1 1.4. Description of the pathway

................................ ................................ ................................ ... 2 **2. Pest List and Pest Categorization**

**................................ ................................**  **............................ 3**  2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

................................ ................................ 3 2.2. Pest list

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 12 2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list

................................ ................................ ........... 121 2.4. Pests selected for further anal ys is

................................ ................................ .................... 122 **3. Assessing Pest Risk Potential**

**................................ ................................**  **............................... 123**  3.1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 123 3.2. Assessment results

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 124 **4. Summary and Conclusions of Risk Assessment**

**................................ ................................**  **. 202**  **5. Acknowledgements**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ...............**  **204**
**6. Literature Cited**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ....................**  **204 7. Appendix A. Pests with non** 

**- actionable regulatory status** 

**................................ ................**  **264**Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 1 

### 1. Introduction

**1.1. Background**
This document was prepared b y the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is L aboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), to evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commerciall y produced fresh fruit of apples ( Malus pumila Mill.) for consumption from China into the continental United States

. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on “Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms” (IPPC, 2011). The use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the “Glossary of Phy tosanitary Terms” (IPPC, 2012).
Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.
This is a qualitative risk assessment. We express the risk based on qualitative ratings for the likelihood and consequences of pest introduction via the imported apples from China . The details of the methodology

and rating criteria are found in the Guidelines for Plant Pes t Risk Assessment of Imported Fruit and Vegetable Commodities, Version 6.0 (PPQ, 2012).
The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken in Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not covered in this risk ass essment. Risk management will be specified in a separate document.

**1.2. Initiating event**
The importation of fruits and vegetables for consumption into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.56 (7 CFR § 319.56) (2012). Currently , under this regulation, the entry of apples from China into the continental United States is not authorized. This assessment was prepared in response to a request China to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry ( 1998 ).

**1.3 . Determination of the necessity of a weed risk assessment for the commodity** 
In some cases, the imported commodity may have the potential of becoming invasive in the PRA area. The likelihood that this may happen is evaluated in a weed risk assessment, conducted separately from the commodity

risk assessment.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 2 Weed risk assessments do not need to be conducted for plant species that are widel y established (native or naturalized) or cultivated in the PRA area, for commodities that are already enterable into the PRA area from other countries, or when the plant part cannot easily propagate on its own or be propagated. We determined that a weed risk assessment is not needed for apples because apples are widel y established (Kartesz, 2012 ) and widely cultivated in the United States (USApple, 2011).

**1.4. Description of the pathway**

The IPPC (2011) defines a pathway as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.” In the context of commodity pest risk assessments, the pathway is the commodity to be imported
, together with all the processes the commodity undergoes that may

have an impact on pest risk. In this risk assessment, the specific pathway of concern is the importation of fresh fruit of apples ( Malus pumila Mill.) [= Malus communis
, M. domestica
, Pyrus malus ] for consumption from China into the continental United States ; the movement of this commodity provides a potential pathway for the introduction and/or spread of plant pests.
The following description of this pathway focuses on the conditions that may affect plant pest risk, including morphological and phys iological characteristics of the commodity, as well as processes the commodity will undergo from production in China through importation and distribution in the continental United States . These c onditions provided the basis for creating the pest list and assessing the likelihood of introduction of the pests selected for further anal ys is; therefore, all components of the pathway , as they are described below, should be considered mandatory

condition s for importation of the commodity

. 1.4.1. Description of the commodity Apple is considered the most important deciduous fruit crop in China, and production has significantl y increased in recent ye ars (Meador et al., 2012; Papademetriou and Herath, 1999). Apples are grown throughout temperate regions of the world (Duke, 1983). Grown on trees up to 15 m in height, fruit is usually harvested b y hand (Duke, 1983).
1.4.2. Production and harvest procedures in the exporting area P roduction and harvesting proce dures in China have not been specified

.
1.4.3. Post

- harvest procedures in the exporting area P ost

- harvest procedures in China have not been specified and will not be considered in this risk assessment. Li and Li (2008) conducted a case study regarding pos t

- harvest storage of apples in China. It is noted that generall y, apples produced in China undergo the following post

- harvest procedure: pre

- cooling and pre

- storage, chemical treatment, culling and classification, washing and waxing, and wrapping (Li and Li, 2008).
1.4.4. Shipping and storage conditions S hipping and storage conditions have not been specified

. While it is not clear whether or not universal cold storage is used for apples exported from China (Gao, 2008), apples are generall y stored and transported in refrigerated conditions for preservation (Matzinger and Tong, 2008 ).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 3 1.4.5. Summary

of the pathway The figure below summarizes the pathway of concern: the importation of fresh fruit of apples ( Malus pumila Mill.) [= Malus communis
, M. domestica
, Pyrus malus ] for consumption from China into the continental United States

.



### 2. Pest List and Pest **Categorization**

In this section, we identify the plant pests with actionable regulatory status for the continental United States that could potentially become established in the continental United States as a result of the importation of apples from China , and we determine which of these pests meet the criteria for further analysis. Pests are considered to be of regulatory significance if they

are actionable at U.S. ports

- of

- entry . Actionable pests include quarantine pests, pests considered for or under of

ficial control, and pests that require evaluation for regulatory action.

**2.1. Pests considered but not included on the pest list**
2.1.1. Pests with weak evidence for association with the commodity or for presence in the export

area Aculops xiningensis Kuang (Acari: Eriophyidae): This species was c ollected on apple as a "vagrant" (Kuang, 2000), thus exhibiting no clear association with the plant.

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae): This species is primarily a pest of cucurbits (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). White and Elson

- Harris (1992) also list apple ( Malus domestica ) as a host for B. cucurbitae , but clarify that “the...non

- cucurbit host records require confirmation.” No additional information or literature indicating that M. pumila may be a natural or experimental host for B. cucurbitae could be found, and it is not included on the pest list.
Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae): This species is apparently restricted mainl y to hosts in Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae (Liquido et al., 1994). Apple probably represents an aberrant host association (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992) and it is not included on the pest list

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 4 Calepitrimerus neimongolensis Kuang & Geng (Acari: Eriophyi dae): This species is described as a "vagrant " pest of apple in China by Hong and Zhang (1996). No other information regarding apples as hosts for this species could be found.
Coniothecium chomatosporum Gorda: Its pathogenicity is being reevaluated (PestID, 2013). Repeated searches of literature have found no evidence of pathogenicity in field or lab reports.
Coniothyrium tirolense Bubák: Although it is listed by Farr and Rossman (2013), there is n o evidence that C. tirolense is an actual pathogen. There of no records or laboratory experiments which demonstrate that it is a pathogen of apples.
Diaporthe pomigena (Schw.) Miura: Although it is listed by Farr and Rossman (2013), there is no evidence that D. pomigena is an actual pathogen. There are no records or laboratory experiments which demonstrate that it is a pathogen of apples.

Dissoconium mali Sun et al., Dissoconium multiseptatae Sun & Zhang, Wa llemia longxianensis Sun & Zhang, Wallemia qiangyangesis Sun & Zhang, Zygoph iala cylindrica Sun et al., Zygophiala liquanensis Sun & Zhang, Zygophiala taiyuensis
, Zygophiala qianensis Sun & Ma: These fungi are not analyzed since they do not physiologicall y affect the fruit (Gleason et al., 2011).
Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranyc hidae): Bolland et al. (1998) lists Malus domestica as a host plant for this species, with no indication of a reference for this association. Some additional sources also anecdotall y refer to apple as a host for E. orientalis (e.g., Childer s, n.d.; Walter, 2006). A thorough search of reputable sources, including the National Agricultural Library , Google Scholar, and PestID interception records did not reveal any indication of a natural association with apples. This species is a well

- known, f requently researched known pest of citrus. Given the vast amount of literature available on this species, primary records of detections on Malus should be available. We consider the listing of apples as a natural host for E. orientalis to be dubious and it is not included on the pest list.
Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): No available information besides AQIS (1998) suggests that this species feeds on apple. Hosts are primarily legumes (Fabaceae), par

ticularly Glycine max (Robinson et al., 2001; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Hua, 2005).
Longidorus pisi Edward, Misra & Singh ( Longidoridae) : This species is reported in China (Guo et al., 2011) and on apple from an unreferenced book about nematodes in So uth Africa (Kley nhans et al., 1996); however
, no other information is available indicating that L. pisi is a pest on apple and it was therefore not included on the pest list.
Macrophoma kawatsukai : M acrophoma kawatsukai has been described as the primary a gent of ring

- rot of apple. However, the weight of the literature describes Botrytosphaeria berengeiana as the causal agent of ring

- rot of apple ( Kexiang et al. 2002). Based upon the lack of evidence that M. kawatsukai is not associated with any disease, it was not analyzed.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 5 Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): High (2008) l isted this species as a member of the “ apple orchard pest community

. ” Hosts are predominantl y s pecies of Poaceae (CABI, 2007). There is no indication that Malus may serve as a host for this species

. Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae): This species is primarily a seed

feeder and most likely

restricted to hosts in Malvales, occasionall y feeding on fruit of Rosaceae and other families, probably as a source of water (Sweet, 2000 ) . Apple is not considered to be a true host.
Pestalotiopsis malicola (Hori) Sun & Ge : Repeated searches have found no evidence that there is a disease associated with P. malicola in apple
, and there is evidence of it being a saprophyt e (Bi et al., 2011). This suggests that the original identification is an association rather than etiology

. Phytophth ora boehmeriae Sawada: The only reference for apple being a host is in Farr and Rossman (2013) based on a citation in a global reference text. There are no other references to this Phytop hthora infecting apples in the literature
, which suggests the original citation may be a misidentification.
2.1.2. Organisms with non

- actionable regulatory status We found evidence of the organisms listed in Appendix A being associated with apples and being present in China ; however, because these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the continental United States , we did not include them in Ta ble 2 of this risk assessment.
2.1.3. Organisms identified only to the genus level In commodity

import risk assessments, the taxonomic unit for pests selected for evaluation beyond the pest categorization stage is usuall y the species (IPPC, 2011), as assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Therefore, generally , we do not assess risk for organisms identified only to the genus level, in particular if the genus in question is reported in the import area. Often there are many s pecies within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the import area and, consequentl y, whether it has actionable regulatory

status for the import area. On the other hand, if the genus in question is absent from the import area, any unidentified organisms in the genus can have actionable status; however, be cause such an organism has not been full y identified, we cannot properly anal yz e its likelihood and consequences of introduction.
In light of these issues, we usually do not include organisms identified only to the genus level in the main pest list. Inst ead, we address them separately in this sub

- section. The information here can be used b y risk managers to determine if measures beyond those intended to mitigate full y identified pests are warranted. Often, however, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allows effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely

identified organisms that inhabit the same niche.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 6 **Table 1.** Organisms identified to the genus level that are reported on Malus pumila in China and that have actionable or undetermined regulatory status. **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

**ARTHROPODS Acari:**  **Tetranychidae** Bryobia sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Inflorescence, leaf, stem (Jeppson et al., 1975; Hill, 1987) No

Eotetranychus sp

. Chai et al., 1990 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Fruit, leaf (Jeppson et al., 1975) Yes

Tetranychus sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Leaf (Jeppson et al., 1975) No

**Coleoptera: Cerambycidae** Chlorophorus sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

**Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae** Crioceris sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Leaf ( Hill, 1983, 1987 ) No

Cryptocephalus sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Quinn, 2011) U Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (e.g., Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993) No

1 A= Actionable, U=Undetermined. If the genus does not occur in the United States , the organism has actionable status. If the genus occurs in the United States , the organism has undetermined regulatory status, because we cannot know if the unidentified species is one that occurs in the United States

. 2 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant spe cies under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted. 3 “Yes” indicates the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the harvested plant part(s).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 7 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

Doryida sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (e.g., Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993) No

Lilioceris sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (e.g., Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Oomorphoides sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (e.g., Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Pachybrachis (= Pachybrachys ) sp. CASI, 1994 Yes (Barney and Hall, 2009) U Leaf ( LeSage, 1985 ) No

Paropsides sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf (e.g., P. soriculata ; Yan, 1994) No

**Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Adesmus sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Stem (e.g., A. lorgmeien ; Bondar, 1938) No

Calomycterus sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Culik and Weaver, 1994) U Leaf (e.g., C. setarius ; Hartzell, 1953) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 8 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

Coenorrhynus sp

. (Rhynchites sp.) CASI, 1994 Yes (Arnett et al., 2002 ) U Fruit, inflorescence, leaf, stem (Bous, 1959; Lazarevic, 1963; Szalay

Marzsó , 1963) Yes Probably a variant spelling of Coenorrhinus
, species of which occur in China (Hua, 2002) and are known to attack apple (e.g., C. aequatus L.; Lazarevic, 1963)

. Involvulus sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Arnett et al., 2002 ) U Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Hu a , 2000; Zhang et al., 2003) Yes

Phyllobius sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Arnett et al., 2002 ) U Leaf (Hill, 1983, 1987) No

Xylinophorus sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf, stem (e.g., X. mongolicus ; CGRIS, 2002a) No

**Cole o**  **ptera: Scarabaeidae** Epicometis sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Inflorescence (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Nair, 1975) No

Melolontha sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Fruit, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but are considered to be unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Rhizotrogus sp

. (= Amphimallon sp.) CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2013) U Leaf (Hill, 1983; Gantner and Kot, 2003) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 9 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

Trichius sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Melsheim er et al., 1853) U Inflorescence (Dubois, 1918; Molodtsov, 1995; Martin and Pedersen, 2002) No

**Diptera: Tephritidae** Bactrocera sp

. PestID, 2012 Yes (CABI, 2012) U Fruit (PestID, 2012) Yes

**Hemiptera: Cicadellidae** Petalocephala sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf, stem (e.g., P. nigrilinea; Chatterjee, 1934) No

Tettigoniella sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Van Duzee, 1917) U Leaf (e.g., T.

ferruginea ; Hill, 1983) No

**Hemiptera: Cicadidae** Meimuna sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Root, stem (Plant parts typically attacked by species of Cicadidae .) (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No

**Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae** Dictyophara sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Song and Liang, 2008) U Leaf, stem (Hill, 1983, Lessio and Alma, 2008) No

**Hemiptera: Membracidae** Leptobelus sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Stem (Stegmann and Linsenmair, 2002) No

Machaerotypus sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Stem ( e.g., other Membracidae; Stegmann and Linsenmair, 2002 ) No

Pantaleon sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Stem (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 10 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

**Heteroptera: Miridae**  Eosthenarus (= Sejanus ) sp. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf ( Miridae: Myers et al., 2013 ) No

**Heteroptera: Tingidae** Stephanitis sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Van Duzee, 1917) U Leaf (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Hill, 1983) No

**Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae** Priophorus sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Markin and Nagata, 1995) U Leaf (e.g., P. acericaulis
, P. tener ; Britton, 1912 ; Valentine, 1970) No

**Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Evippe sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Busck, 1903) U Leaf (Bullock and Kretschmer, 1982 ; van Klinken et al., 2003) No

**Lep i**  **doptera: Geometridae** Apocheima sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf (e.g., A. pilosaria
, A. cinerarius ; Bergelson and Lawton, 1988, Hu et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae** Malacosoma sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (CABI, 2013) U Leaf (Furniss and Carolin, 1977) No

**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Earias sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Plusiodonta sp

. CASI, 1994 Yes (Zaspel and Branham, 2008) U Leaf (e.g., P. coelonota ; Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Tortricidae** Homona sp

. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 11 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

**Phasmatodea: Pachymorphidae** Macellina (= Macella ) sp. CASI, 1994 No A Leaf (Feeding site typical of Phasmatodea ) (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005) No

**FUNGI** Alternaria sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) Tang and Chen,

1997 Yes (Farr

and Rossman, 2012) U Fruit (Tang and Chen, 1997) Yes

Cladosporium sp. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerella

- les) PestID, 2012 Yes (Farr and Rossman, 2012) U Fruit (PestID, 2012) Yes

Cytospora sp. (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) Farr et al., 2006 Yes (Jacobi, 2009) U Leaf, stem (Horst, 2001) No

Fusarium sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) Farr et al., 2006;

Liu et al., 1995 Yes (Farr

and Rossman, 2012) U Fruit ( Farr and Rossman, 2012) Yes

Oidium sp. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Farr et al., 2006 Yes (CABI, 2013) U Leaf, stem (Horst, 2001) No

Passalora sp. (Ascomycetes: Capnodiales) DAFF, 2009 Yes (CABI, 2013) U Fruit , l eaf (CABI, 2013) Yes

Peltaster sp. (Ascomycetes) DAFF, 2009 Yes (Venkatas ubbaiah et al., 1 995) U Fruit (Venkatasubbaia h et al., 1 995) Yes

Pseudocerco

spora sp. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerella les) DAFF, 2009 Yes (Farr and Rossman, 2012) U Fruit (Farr and Rossman, 2012) Yes

Stomiopeltis spp. (Ascomycetes) DAFF, 2009 Yes (Arias et al., 2010) U Fruit (Arias et al., 2010 ) YesPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 12 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence on apples in China**  **Genus**

**present in United**  **States? Regulatory** 

**status 1**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 2**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 3**  **Remarks**

Trichothecium sp. (Ascomycetes) Tang and Chen,

1997 Yes (Farr

and Rossman, 2012) U Fruit (Farr and Rossman, 2012) Yes

**2.2. Pest list**
In Table 2, we list the actionable pests associated with apples that occur in China . The list comprises those actionable pests that occur in China on any host and are reported to be associated with apples whether in China or elsewhere in the world. For each pest, we indicate 1) the part of the imported plant species with which the pest i s generally associated, and 2) whether the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associated, in viable form, with the commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided b y the government of China

. Pests in shaded rows are pests identified for further evaluation, as we consider them reasonably likel y t o be associated with the harvested commodity ; we summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 3 ).

**Table 2** . Actionable pests reported on Malus pu mila (in any country) and present in China (on any host)

. **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**ARTHROPODS Acari: Tenuipalpidae**  Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini & Fanzago) CASI, 1994;

Hatzinikolis and Emmanouel, 1987 CASI, 1994;

E lmosa, 1971; Zahar et al., 1974 Fruit, leaf, stem

(Zahar et al., 1974) Yes Eggs may be laid in crevices of apple fruit (Zahar et al., 1974). Present in Oregon (Bajwa et al., 2001)

. Cenopalpus ruber (Wainstein) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Rahmani et al., 2008) No

4 The plant part(s) listed are those for the plant species under analysis. If the information is extrapolated, such as from plant part association on other plant species, this is noted.
5 “Yes” indicates simply that the pest has a reasonable likelihood of being associate d with the harvested commodity ; the level of pest prevalence on the harvested commodity (low, medium, or high) is qualitatively assessed in Risk Element A1 as part of the likelihood of introduction assessment (section 3).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 13 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Tenuipalpus taonicus Ma & Yuan Ma and Yuan,

1980 Ma and Yuan,

1980 Fruit and leaf may

be typical feeding sites of species of Tenuipalpus (Jeppson et al., 1975; Hill, 1983)

. No See additional discussion in section 2.3

.

**Acari: Tetranychidae** Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) (= Tetranychus viennensis Zacher) Bolland et al.,

1998; CASI, 1994; High, 2008 Bolland et al.,

1998; CASI, 1994; High, 2008 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Bryobia graminum (Schrank) Bolland et al.,

1998 Bolland et al.,

1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Leaf (Jeppson et al.,

1975) No

Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) Bolland et al.,

1998 Bolland et al.,

1998 Feeds on leaves of

mango and loquat (Jeppson et al., 1975)

. No Present in Hawaii (Bolland et al., 1998)

. Tetranychus
truncatus Ehara CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit , leaf (Lee and Lee, 1997) No See additional discussion in section 2.3. **Coleoptera: Buprestidae** Agrilus auriventris Saunders CASI, 1994; Hill,

1983 CASI, 1994 Agrilus spp. pupate in stems of host plants and feed on foliage (Hill, 1983)

. No

Agrilus mali Matsumura High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Agrilus spp. pupate

in stems of host plants and feed on foliage (Hill, 1983)

. No

Chrysobothris affinis (F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Chrysobothris larvae tunnel stems and adults feed on leaves of host plants (Hill, 1987)

. No

Chrysobothris succedanea Saunders CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Chrysobothris larvae tunnel stems and adults feed on leaves of host plants (Hill, 1987)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 14 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ovalisia bellula (Lewis) (= Poecilonota bellula Lewis) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Species of

Poecilonota typically attack stems (Baker, 1972)

. No

Scintillatrix (= Lampra , Lamprodila ) limbata (Gebler) CASI, 1994;

High, 2008; Hua, 2002 CASI, 1994; High,

2008 Leaf (High, 2008) No

**Coleoptera: Cerambycidae** Aeolesthes holosericea (F.) Hua, 2002 Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Nair, 1975 Stem (Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983; Nair, 1975) No

Aeolesthes sarta (Solsky) Hua, 2002 CABI, 2012 Stem (CABI, 2012) No

Allotraeus rubriventris Gressitt CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Anoplophora chinensis (Forster) CABI, 2012 CABI, 2012 Leaf, root, stem (CABI, 2012) No

Anoplophora davidis (Fairmaire) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Anoplophora typically attack stems (Lingafelter and Hoebeke, 2002)

. No

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) CABI, 2012;

Hua, 2002 CABI, 2012; Hua,

2002 Stem (CABI, 2012) No Restricted distribution and under eradication in the United States ( 7 CFR 301.44, 2013 )

. Anoplophora macularia (Thomson) (= A. malasiaca [Thomson]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Chang, 1975) No

Anoplophora nobilis (Ganglbauer) CABI, 2012;

Shang et al., 2000 Shang et al., 2000 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 15 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Apriona germarii (Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Aromia bungii (Faldermann) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Asias halodendri (Pallas) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Bacchisa atritarsis (Pic) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Bacchisa dioica (Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Bacchisa fortunei (Thomson) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Bacchisa guerryi (Pic) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Bandar pascoei (Lansberge) (= Macrotoma fisheri Waterhouse) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Batocera davidis Deyrolle Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 16 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Batocera rubus (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (CABI, 2012) No

Batocera rufomaculata (De Geer) CABI, 2012; Hill,

1983 Hill, 1983 Root, stem (CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983) No

Cataphrodisium rubripenne (Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Ceresium sinicum White Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Kojima, 1931) No

Chelidonium quadricolle Bates Hua, 2002 AQIS, 1998 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Chlorophorus annularis (F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Chlorophorus diadema (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 AQIS, 1998 Stem of various host plants (Shen and Li, 1983)

. No

Chlorophorus motschulskyi (Ganglbauer) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Chlorophorus separatus Gressitt CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Chlorophorus varius (Müller) Hua, 2002 Avidov and Harpaz, 1969 Stem (Avidov and

Harpaz, 1969) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 17 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Dorysthenes huegelii Redtenbacher Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Dorysthenes hydropictus (Pascoe) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Lamiomimus gottschei Kolbe Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Linda atricornis Pic Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Linda femorata (Chevrolat) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Linda fraterna (Chevrolat) Hua, 2002 High, 2008; Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (High,

2008) No

Linda gracilicornis Pic Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Linda nigroscutata (Fairmaire) (= Miocris nigroscutatus Fairmaire) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Nair, 1975) No

Mantitheus pekinensis Fairmaire Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 18 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Massicus raddei (Blessig) (= Mallambyx raddei Blessig) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Species of

Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Megopis sinica (White) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Bores into the wood of host plants (Kojima, 1931)

. No

Menesia sulphurata (Gebler) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Mesosa japonica Bates Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Mesosa myops (Dalman) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Mesosa stictica Blanchard CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Monochamus alternatus Hope Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Hill, 1983) No

Monochamus guerryi Pic Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Hill, 1983) No

Nadezhdiella aurea Gressitt CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Neocerambyx mandarinus Gressitt Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 19 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Nupserha marginella (Bates) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Oberea formosana Pic Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Oberea typically attack stems (Hill, 1983)

. No

Oberea japonica (Thunberg) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Oberea typically attack stems (Hill, 1983)

. No

Oberea nigriventris Bates Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Oberea typically attack stems (Hill, 1983)

. No

Parechthistatus chinensis Breuning Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Phymatodes hauseri (Pic) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Plagionotus christophi ( Kraatz) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Prionus insularis Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Kojima, 1929) No

Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem (Watari et al., 2002) No

Pseudanaesthetis langana Pic Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Pterolophia annulata (Chevrolat) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem (Dubey et al., 1976) No

Pterolophia zonata (Bates) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Tanaka, 1930) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 20 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Purpuricenus lituratus Ganglbauer (= P. petasifer Fairmaire) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Species of

Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Trichoferus campestris (Faldermann) (= Hesperophanes campestris Faldermann) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Krivosheina

and Tokgaev, 1985) No

Turanium johannis Baeckmann Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Turanium scabrum (Kraatz) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cerambycidae typically attack stems (Gressitt, 1951). No

Xylotrechus chinensis (Chevrolat) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Xylotrechus typically attack stems (Baker, 1972; Hill, 1983)

. No

**Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae** Agelastica coerulea (Baly) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Park et al., 2004) No

Anadimonia potanini Ogloblin Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Atrachya (= Luperodes ) menetriesi (Faldermann) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kanno, 1996) No

Aulacophora indica (Gmelin) (= A. femoralis [Motschulsky]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Abe and

Matsuda, 2005) No

Aulacophora lewisi Baly Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Abe and Matsuda, 2005) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 21 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Basilepta fulvipes (Motschulsky) (= Nodostoma fulvipes Motschulsky) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Yuasa, 1934) No

Basiprionota bisignata (Boheman) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Cassida nucula Spaeth CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Cassida typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1987)

. No

Chlamisus velutinomaculat

us Gressitt Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Cleoporus variabilis (Baly) (= Paria variabilis Baly) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Yuasa, 1934) No

Cleorina aeneomicans (Baly) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Clytrasoma palliatum (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Colasposoma dauricum Mannerheim CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 22 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Cryptocephalus approximatus Baly CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Cryptocephalus fortunatus Baly Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Cryptocephalus sexpunctatus (L.) (= C. 6

- punctatus [L.]) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Dactylispa angulosa (Solsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Dactylispa typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1983)

. No

Dactylispa chatutanga Maulik Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Dactylispa typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1983)

. No

Dactylispa excisa (Kraatz) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Dactylispa typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1983)

. No

Dactylispa subquadrata (Baly) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kamata, 2002) No

Doryidomorpha nigripennis Laboissiere CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Fleutiauxia armata (Baly) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 23 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Lochmaea capreae (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Geiser and Herr, 1996) No

Luperus cavicollis Chen CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Lypesthes ater (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Lypesthes basalis Chen Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Malaxioides grandicornis Fairmaire CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Meristata spilota Hope (= Merista trifasciata Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

Meristoides oberthuri (Jacoby) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Metriona thais (Boheman) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Yuasa, 1931) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 24 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Mimastra cyanura (Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002; Nair, 1975 Fruit (Nair, 1975);

species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No Adults, which are moderately large (HNNW, 2006) insects,

may damage fruits (Nair, 1975), but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Mimastra grahami Gressitt & Kimoto Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Mimastra limbata Baly Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Neocrepidodera (= Asiorestia ) obscuritarsis (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Nonarthra postfasciata (Fairmaire) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Chrysomelidae typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993)

. No

Oides decempunctata (Billberg) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Phyllobrotica
ornata Baly CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Phyllobrotica typically feed on leaves and roots (Farrell and Mitter, 1990)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 25 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Plagiodera cupreata Chen Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Plagiodera typically feed on leaves (Baker, 1972; Hill, 1983)

. No

Platycorynus plebejus (Weise) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Platycorynus typically feed on leaves (Mondal et al., 2004)

. No

Pyrrhalta semifulva (Jacoby) (= Tricholochmaea semifulva Jacoby) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Pyrrhalta typically feed on leaves (Mattson et al., 1994)

. No

Smaragdina semiaurantiaca (Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Nakamura et al., 2003) No

Taiwania discalis (Gressitt) (= Cassida discalis Gressitt) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cassida typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1987)

. No

Taiwania (= Cassida ) versicolor (Boheman) CASI, 1994;

Chûjô and Kimoto, 1961 CASI, 1994;

Chûjô and Kimoto, 1961 Leaf (Kawabe,

2006a) No

**Coleoptera: Coccinellidae** Henosepilachna vigintioctomacul

- ata (Motschulsky) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hoshikawa, 1983) No

**Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Aclees cribratus Gyllenhal Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Nair, 1975) No

Anthonomus pomorum (L.) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007; Lind et al., 2003 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Lind et al., 2003) No Adults feed occasionally on young fruit (Lind et al., 2003), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 26 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Blosyrus herthus (Herbst) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Blosyrus typically attack leaves (Hill, 1983; Mâyné, 1914; Mâyné, 1917; Nair, 1975)

. No

Bothynoderes punctiventris Germar CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1983) No

Byctiscus betulae (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Byctiscus coelulans Voss Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Byctiscus typically feed on leaves (Daanje, 1975; Kono, 1929)

. No

Byctiscus congener (Jekel) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kono, 1929) No

Byctiscus omissus Voss Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Byctiscus typically feed on leaves (Daanje, 1975; Kono, 1929)

. No

Byctiscus princeps Solasky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Byctiscus typically attack leaves ( D aanje, 1975; Kono, 1929)

. No

Byctiscus rugosus (Gebler) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Byctiscus typically feed on leaves (Daanje, 1975; Kono, 1929)

. No

Byctiscus venustus (Pascoe) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kono, 1929) No

Calomycterus obconicus Chao CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Calomycterus typically feed on leaves (Hartzell, 1953)

. No

Chlorophanus grandis Roelofs Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chlorophanus typically feed on leaves (Maisner, 1969)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 27 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Chlorophanus lineolus Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Chlorophanus typically feed on leaves (Maisner, 1969)

. No

Cyllorhynchites auricapillus (Voss) (= Rhynchites auricapillus Voss) Hua, 2002;

Legalov, 2007 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Legalov, 2007) of host plants

. No

Enaptorrhinus sinensis Waterhouse Han, 2002; Hua,

2002 Hua, 2002 Generally described as forest pests, and are therefore most likely to affect stem (Han, 2002). No

Episomus kwanhsiensis Heller Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, root (Zhou, 1988) No

Ergania doriae Faust Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf, stem, and seed reported to be fed upon by species of Curculionin ae, the subfamily to which species of Ergania belong (Anderson, 2002)

. No See additional discussion in section 2.3.

Hyperstylus pallipes Roelofs (= Myllocerus pallipes [Roelofs]) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Myllocerus typically feed on leaves and roots (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987)

. No

Hypomeces squamosus (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987) No

Leptomias acutus Aslam Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Leptomias reported to feed on leaves (Karpova, 1945)

. No

Leptomias longicollis Chao Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Lu, 2005) No

Leptomias longisetosus Chao Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Leptomias reported to feed on leaves (Karpova, 1945)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 28 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Lixus obliquivittis Voss Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Lixus reported to feed on leaves and stems (Hill, 1987)

. No

Paracentrocorynus nigricollis (Roelofs) Hua, 2002 AQIS, 1998; GESRI, 2002; Hua, 2002 Leaf (AQIS, 1998) No

Paracycnotrache

lus longiceps (Motschulsky) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (NIAST, 2005) No

Paratrachelopho

rus longicornis (Roelofs) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kawabe, 2006d) No

Peribleptus foveatus (Voss) (= P. forcatus Voss) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, leaf, seed, and stem reported to be fed upon by species of Molytinae, the subfamily to which species of Peribleptus belong (Anderson, 2002)

. No See additional discussion in section 2.3.

Phyllobius longicornis Roelofs Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Phyllobius pruni Matsumura Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Phytoscaphus gossypii Chao CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (CGRIS, 2002b) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 29 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Piazomias validus Motschulsky Hua, 2002 ; Lou

and Li, 1990 Hua, 2002 Fruit (You, 2004) No You (2004) indicate s only adults affect the fruit, and are highly unlikely to be associated with harvested fruit. We found

n o additional information that this pest may normally be associated with apple fruit
, so we concluded that it is unlikely to be a significant apple pest

. Platymycteropsis ignarus Faust Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Platymycteropsis reported to feed on leaves (CFN, 2006)

. No

Rhamphus pulicarius (Herbst) (= R. pullus Hustache) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Morimoto, 1984) No

Rhynchites auratus (Scopoli) Alonso

-Zarazaga,

2011; CASI, 1994; Hukui and Yixiang, 1999 C ASI, 1994;

Khairushev, 1970 Fruit (Khairushev,

1970) Yes

Rhynchites bacchus (L.) Alonso

-Zarazaga,

2011; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2002 de Stefani, 1918;

Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Lazarevic, 1957) Yes

Rhynchites giganteus Krynicky Alonso

-Zarazaga,

2011; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit (Schreiner, 1914) of pears Yes

Rhynchites heros Roelofs (= R. foveipennis Fairmaire
, R. koreanus ( coreanus ) Kono ) CASI, 1994;

Hanson, 1963; High, 2008; Hua, 2002 ; Lu and Liu, 2002 Anonymous,

1958; CASI, 1994; Clausen, 1931; High, 2008; Hua, 2002 Fruit (Katsumata,

1934; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; Muramatsu, 1925; Tseng and Ho, 1937) Yes

Scepticus insularis (Roelofs) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kaneno, 1927) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 30 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Scepticus tigrinus (Roelofs) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Katsumata, 1936) No

Scythropus yasumatsui Kono & Morimoto Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Li and Zhang, 1985) No

Stelorrhynoides freyi (Zumpt) (= Stelorrhinus chinensis Zumpt) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaves are typically fed upon by species of Cyphicerini, the tribe to which S. feyi belongs (Anderson, 2002)

. No

Sympiezomias lewisi (Roelofs) Hua, 2002; Hung,

1966; Shi, 2005 Hua, 2002 Fruit, leaf, stem (Hung, 1966; Shi, 2005) No Adults may feed on young fruit (Hung, 1966; Shi, 2005), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Sympiezomias velatus (Chevrolat) CASI, 1994; Guo

et al., 1998; High, 2008 CASI, 1994; Hi gh,

2008 Leaf, root, stem

(Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996) No

Tanymecus circumdatus (Wiedemann) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

Tanymecus urbanus Gyllenhal CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Tanymecus typically feed on leaves (Nair, 1975; Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987)

. No

Xylinophorus mongolicus (Faust) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (CGRIS, 2002d) No

**Coleoptera: Elateridae** Agriotes subvittatus Motschulsky (= A. fuscicollis Miwa) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Root (Kuwayama,

1937) No

Lacon binodulus Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Lacon typically feed on roots (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987)

. NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 31 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Melanotus caudex Lewis CASI, 1994;

Uchida and Ogaki, 1967 CASI, 1994 Species of Melanotus reported to feed on inflorescence and roots (Hill, 1983)

. No

Melanotus legatus Candèze Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Melanotus reported to feed on inflorescence and roots (Hill, 1983)

. No

Pleonomus canaliculatus (Faldermann) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Root (High, 2008) No

**Coleoptera: Lucanidae** Lucanus furcifer Arrow Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Lucanus typically feed on stems (Baker, 1972)

. No

Lucanus maculifemoratus Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (NIAST, 2006b) No

Prosopocoilus (= Psalidoremus ) inclinatus (Motschulsky) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Kawabe,

2006f) No

**Coleoptera: Meloidae** Mylabris calida (Pallas) (= Meloe calida Pallas) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Mylabris typically feed on inflorescence and leaves (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987)

. No

Mylabris cichorii (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Mylabris typically feed on inflorescence and leaves (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987)

. No

**Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae** Adoretus puberulus Motschulsky DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Leaf (DAFF, 2009) No

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister CASI, 1994;

Gordon, 1988 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Gordon, 1988) No Present in HI (Nishida, 2002). Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1983) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 32 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Anomala albopilosa (Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hiramatsu et al., 2001) No

Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kuoh and Chang, 1959) No

Anomala cuprea Hope CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Katsumata, 1929) No

Anomala daimiana Harold Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at h arvest. Anomala ebenina Fairmaire CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala exoleta Faldermann CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala geniculata (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 33 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Anomala heydeni Frivaldszky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala idiocnema Burmeister (= A. sulcipennis Faldermann) CASI, 1994;

High, 2008; Hua, 2002 CASI, 1994; High,

2008; Hua, 2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Anomala mongolica Faldermann Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala octiescostata Burmeister Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala rufithorax Ohaus CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala rufiventris Redtenbacher Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Nair, 1975) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 34 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Anomala rufocuprea Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kuwana and Tanaka, 1927) No

Anomala sauteri Ohaus CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala sieversi Heyden High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Anomala sinica Arrow Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Anomala variivestis Arrow Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

Apogonia cupreoviridis Kolbe Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (NIAST, 2006a) No

Apogonia pilifera Moser Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Apogonia typically feed on leaves (Hill, 1983)

. No

Brahmina faldermanni Kraatz High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Brahmina intermedia (Mannerheim) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Brahmina typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apple (Hill, 1983). No Adults may damage developing apple fruit (Hill, 1983), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 35 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Callistethus plagicollis Fairmaire (= Anomala plagiicollis Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Anomala typically feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves of apples (Hill, 1983; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Catharsius molossus (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002; Nair, 1975 Fruit (Nair, 1975) No Although adults

may damage apple fruit (Nair, 1975), these beetles are considered primarily coprophagous (Holloway et al., 1992). They are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Cetonia auratus (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence (Hill, 1987) No

Cetonia magnifica Ballion Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence (Luo et al., 1998) No

Cetonia roelofsi Harold Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence (Kawabe, 2006b) No

Cyriopertha
arcuata (Gebler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002) No Feeding sites typical of species of Rutelinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Ectinohoplia rufipes (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Engel’hardt, 1927) No

Glycyphana fulvistemma Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence (Engel’hardt, 1927) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 36 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Heptophylla picea Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Nishigaki, 1988) No

Hilyotrogus longiclavis Bates Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Hilyotrogus typically attack leaves (Chowdhuri and Verma, 1979). No

Hilyotrogus unguicularis Fairmaire Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Hilyotrogus typically attack leaves (Chowdhuri and Verma, 1979). No

Holotrichia aequabilis Bates Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia cochinchina (Nonfried) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia convexopyga Moser High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Holotrichia diomphalia (Bates) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Engel’hardt, 1927) No

Holotrichia kiotoensis Brenske Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 37 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Holotrichia kunmina Chang Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia lata Brenske Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia maxima Chang Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia oblita (Faldermann) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Holotrichia parallela (Motschulsky) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Holotrichia pilipyga Chang Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia sauteri Moser Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence, leaf (Huang and Lin, 1987) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 38 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Holotrichia scrobiculata Brenske Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia titanis (Reitter) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Holotrichia trichophora (Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Holotrichia reported to attack fruit and leaves of apple (Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Hoplosternus incanus Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (CAS, 2006) No

Hoplosternus japonicus Harold Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf. Feeding sites typical of species of Melolonthinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 39 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Hoplosternus nepalensis (Hope) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf. Feeding sites typical of species of Melolonthinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Maladera japonica (Motschulsky) (= Aserica japonica Motschulsky) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Tamura, 1939) No

Maladera orientalis (Motschulsky) (= Serica orientalis Motschulsky, S. salebrosa Brenske) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Fruit, leaf, root (Hill,

1987; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Maladera ovatula (Fairmaire) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Maladera verticalis (Fairmaire) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Melolontha furcicauda Ancey Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit (Nair, 1975) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Melolontha hippocastani F. Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 40 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Melolontha japonica Burmeister Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Melolontha melolontha (L.) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf, root (CABI, 2007) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Metabolus flavescens Brenske High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Metabolus tumidifrons Fairmaire (= M. impressifrons Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Shang, 1981) No

Mimela holosericea (F.) (= Rhombonyx holosericea F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Zhao et al., 1992) No

Mimela ohausi Arrow Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Mimela reported to attack inflorescence, leaves, and roots (Hill, 1987; Nair, 1975). No

Mimela passerini Hope CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

Mimela pasva L. High, 2008 H igh, 2008 Leaf (High, 2008) No Probably a misspelling of Mimela parva
, which occurs in China (Hua, 2002)

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 41 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Mimela pekinensis (Heyden) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Mimela reported to attack inflorescence, leaves, and roots (Hill, 1987; Nair, 1975). No

Mimela specularis Ohaus Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Mimela reported to attack inflorescence, leaves, and roots (Hill, 1987; Nair, 1975). No

Mimela splendens (Gyllenhal) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Kawabe, 2006c) No

Mimela testaceipes Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Foruno and Uenaka, 1976) No

Mimela testaceoviridis Blanchard High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Oxycetonia bealiae (Gory & Percheron) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Inflorescence (High,

2008) No

Oxycetonia (= Gametis ) jucunda (Faldermann) DAFF, 2009;

Hua, 2002 DAFF, 2009; Hua,

2002; Li et al., 2005 Inflorescence, leaf

(DAFF, 2009) No

Phyllopertha diversa Waterhouse High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (High, 2008) No Adults may feed on developing fruit (High, 2008), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Phyllopertha horticola (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 42 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Phyllopertha pubicollis Waterhouse Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002) No Feeding sites typical of species of Rutelinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Poecilophilides rusticola (Burmeister) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Fruit, inflorescence

(High, 2008) No Adults are reported to feed on ripe apple fruit (High, 2008), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Polyphylla alba Pallas Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Polyphylla reported to attack leaves (e.g., P. fullo ; Hill, 1987). No

Polyphylla laticollis Lewis Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Li, 1984b) No

Popillia cyanea Hope Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence (Nair, 1975) No

Popillia flavosellata Fairmaire (= P. atrocoerulea Bates) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Inflorescence, leaf

(CGRIS, 2002c) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 43 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Popillia japonica Newman Hill, 1987 Hill, 1987 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Pest is under official control in the United States (7 CFR 301.48). Adults, moderately large beetles (8.5

- 15.9 mm; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993),

may feed on the surface of ripe fruit (Hill, 1987; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Popillia mutans Newman CASI, 1994; Sun

et al., 2006 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Lee et al., 2002) No

Popillia quadriguttata (F.) DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (DAFF, 2009) No Adults may feed superficially on apple fruit (DAFF, 2009), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Potosia (= Protaetia )
aerata (Erichson) CASI, 1994;

High, 2008 CASI, 1994; High,

2008 Fruit, inflorescence

(High, 2008; Hill, 1987). No Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Potosia (= Liocola
, Netocia , Protaetia ) brevitarsis (Lewis) (= Cetonia brevitarsis Lewis) DAFF, 2009;

High, 2008; Hua, 2002 DAFF, 2009;

High, 2008; Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence

(High, 2008; Hong and Liu, 2004) No Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 44 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Potosia famelica (Janson) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence. Fruit is typically attacked by species of Cetoniinae (Hill, 1987), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Potosia marginicollis (Ballion) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit (Plotnikov, 1914) No Adults may feed on fruits damaged by other pests (Plotnikov, 1914), but are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit of marketable quality. Potosia speculifera Swartz Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence. Fruit is typically attacked by species of Cetoniinae (Hill, 1987), the subfamily to which the species belongs. No Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Proagopertha lucidula (Faldermann) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence, leaf (Lee et al., 1973) No

Proagopertha pubicollis Waterhouse CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002) No Feeding sites typical of Rutelinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Protaetia orientalis (Gory & Percheron) High, 2008; Hua,

2002 High, 2008; Hua,

2002 Inflorescence (High,

2008) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 45 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Rhomborrhina fulvopilosa (Moser) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit is typically attacked by species of Cetoniinae (Hill, 1987), the subfamily to which the species belongs. No Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Rhomborrhina opalina (Hope) (= Torynorrhina opalina Hope) Hua, 2002 Hua, 200 2; Akademia_Rolnic za, 2003 Fruit (Nair, 1975) No Pest feeds externally on fruit (Nair, 1975), but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and post

harvest processing. Rhomborrhina unicolor Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem ( Kawabe, 2006g) No Adults are reported to feed on sap (Kawabe, 2006g)

. Sericania fuscolineata Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002) No Feeding sites typical of species of Melolonthinae (Hill, 1987; Ratcliffe et al., 2002), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Adults may feed externally on developing fruit (Hil l, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit. Trematodes tenebrioides (Pallas) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Xue et al., 1981) No

Trigonophorus nepalensis Hope Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence (Hooker, 1854) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 46 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Trigonophorus saundersi Westwood Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence (Hill, 1987) No Plant parts typically attacked by species of Cetoniinae (Hill, 1987), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Trigonophorus xizangensis Zhang & Ma Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, inflorescence (Hill, 1987) No Plant parts typically attacked by species of Cetoniinae (Hill, 1987), the subfamily to which the species belongs. Adults may feed on soft, over

-ripe fruit (Hill, 1987), but are highly unlikely to be present on fruit of marketable quality. Xylotrupes gideon (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, leaf, stem (Joshi and Mitra, 1983; Nair, 1975; Wongdao and Black, 1987) No Adults are large beetles (length: 42

- 79 mm; Bedford, 1974), and are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and post

-harvest processing.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 47 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Cryphalus malus Niijima Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Cryphalus typically attack stems ( Baker, 1972). No

Euwallacea aquilus (Blandford) (= Xyleborus aquilus Blandford) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Xyleborus typically attack stems (Hill, 1987). No

Hylastes ater (Paykull) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 All species of Hylastes breed in the phloem of stumps and roots of host plants (Anderson, 2002). No

Scolytoplatypus mikado (Blandford) Hua, 2002 AQIS, 1998; Hua, 2002 Stem (AQIS, 1998;

Kinuura and Hijii, 1991) No

Scolytoplatypus raja Blandford Hua, 2002 Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Hua, 2002 Stem (Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983; Nair, 1975) No

Scolytus aratus Blandford Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (KISTI, 2006) No

Scolytus japonicus Chapuis Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Lindemann, 1978) No

Trypodendron signatum (F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Gaubicher et al., 2003; Osumi and Mizuno, 1992) No

Xyleborus adumbratus Blandford Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Xyleborus typically attack stems (Hill, 1987). No

Xylosandrus semiopacus (Eichhoff) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Braza, 1995) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 48 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae** Cerogria popularis Borchmann Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Inflorescence, leaf (Nair, 1975; Aalbu et al., 2002) No Plant parts reported to be attacked by species of Cerogria and other Lagriinae (Nair, 1975; Aalbu et al., 2002). Although there is a report of Cerogria nepalensis damaging apple fruit (Nair, 1975), injury probably is superficial, as Lagriinae typically are found externally on host plants (Aalbu et al., 2002). There is no available evidence to suggest C. popularis is associated with fruit. Gonocephalum recticolle Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Species of Gonocephalum typically attack stems (Hill, 1983)

. No

Gonocephalum reticulatum Motschulsky (= G. mongolicum Reitter) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Species of

Gonocephalum typically attack stems (Hill, 1983)

. No

Opatrum subaratum Faldermann Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Guangdong_Provin ce, 2006) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 49 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Diptera: Tephritidae** Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) CASI, 1994; Ye

and Liu, 2005 Ye and Liu, 2005 Fruit (Ye and Liu, 2005) Yes Present in Hawaii.

Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit (Drew and Hancock, 1994) No See additional discussion in section 2.3. Bactrocera pedestris (Bezzi) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit (Drew and Hancock, 1994) No See additional discussion in section 2.3. **Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae** Acanthosoma denticaudum Jakovlev Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit reported as feeding site for species of Acanthosoma (Soerum, 1977). No At a length of 14

- 18 mm (Kawabe, 2009a), this externally feeding insect is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and post

harvest processing. Sastragala scutellata (Scott) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit (Kudo, 2001) No Adults are moderately large (12

- 14 mm in length; Kawabe, 2009h), externally feeding insects (Kudo, 2001), and are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest and post

-harvest processing.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 50 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Heteroptera: Alydidae** Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, stem (Choi et al., 2000; Panizzi et al., 2000b) No Species of Riptortus reportedly are not usually transported with plants or plant products (CABI, 2007); R iptortus clavatus , a moderately large, externally feeding insect (adult length: 14

- 17 mm ; CABI, 2007), is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Riptortus pedestris (F.) DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit, leaf (DAFF, 2009) No Although adults and nymphs of R. pedestris may suck sap from apple fruit (DAFF, 2009), individuals are active insects (Tabuchi et al., 2007), and highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. **Heteroptera: Berytidae** Gampsocoris pulchellus (Dallas) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf, stem (Yang, 1982) No

Yemma signatus (Hsiao) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf, stem (Yang, 1982) No

**Heteroptera: Coreidae** Anoplocnemis phasiana (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1987) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 51 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Cletus punctiger (Dallas) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Uncertain. Fruit, seed ( Ding et al., 2004; Numata, 2004 ) of various host plants No Pest is largely restricted to hosts within Poaceae (grasses) (Miller, 1931; Ito, 1989), although it is recorded on Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, and Cyperaceae (Mitchell, 2000). Apple appears to be an incidental host. Cletus trigonus (Thunberg) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 CASI, 1994 Uncertain. Leaf, seed ( Mitchell, 2000 ) of various host plants No Pest appears to be restricted largely to herbaceous hosts (Mitchell, 2000), particularly Oryza sativa (rice) (e.g., Ferreira et al., 2001). Apple appears to be an incidental host. Homoeocerus unipunctatus (Thunberg) AQIS, 1998;

Hua, 200 0 AQIS, 1998; Hua,

200 0 Leaf (AQIS, 1998;

Gifu_University, 2006) No

**Heteroptera: Cydnidae** Geotomus pygmaeus (Dallas) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Root ( Hua, 2000; Nishida, 2002) No Present in HI (Nishida, 2002)

**Heteroptera: Largidae** Physopelta cincticollis Stål Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Inflorescence (Kawabe, 2006e) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 52 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Heteroptera: Lygaeidae** Geocoris proteus Distant CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Species of Geocoris are reported to feed on fruit, inflorescence, leaf, stem, and seed of various host plants (Crocker and Whitcomb, 1980; Sweet, 2000). No Geocoris proteus is primarily a predator (e.g., Saito et al., 2005), and is highly unlikely to be assoc iated commonly with apple fruit. Nysius plebejus Distant CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Sweet, 2000) No

**Heteroptera: Miridae** Adelphocoris fasciaticollis Reuter CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence (Wu et al., 2002) No

Helopeltis antonii Signoret Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, leaf (Nair, 1975). No Developing fruit

may be attacked (Hill, 1983, 1987). Pest is highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest. Lygus (= Orthops ) kalmi (L.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 Species of Lygus

reported to feed on fruit, inflorescence, and leaves (Hill, 1987). No Whereas developing apple fruit may be attacked by species of Lygus (Hill, 1987), these insects are highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest. Lygus pratensis (L.) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1987). No D eveloping apple fruit may be attacked by species of Lygus (Hill, 1987), these insects are highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 53 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Heteroptera: Pentatomidae** Aelia acuminata (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Seed (Kiseleva, 1940) No Species appears to be restricted to

non

-rosaceous hosts (Rider, 2009). Host association may be inaccurate. Aenaria lewisi (Scott) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Aoki, 2006) No

Cahara jugatoria (Lethierry) (= Dalpada jugatoria Lethierry, D. taugiana Ghauri) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Species of Dalpada reportedly attack fruit (Beccari and Fenili, 1960). No Pest is a moderately large insect (length: 13

- 15 mm) that lives externally on trees (Ghauri, 1978). It is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Carpocoris pudicus (Poda) (= C. purpureipennis De Geer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Seed (Anwar Cheema et al., 1973) No Species appears to be restricted to

non

-rosaceous hosts (Rider, 2009). Host association may be inaccurate. Dalpada smaragdina (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Uncertain No Species appears to be restricted hosts in Moraceae (Rider, 2009). Host association

may be inaccurate. Additionally, pest is an active external feeder (Borror et al.
, 1989 ) that would not remain with fruit through harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 54 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Dolycoris baccarum (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Soerum, 1977; Zacher, 1922) No Pest is an external feeder (Panizzi et al., 2000a) that is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Dolycoris indicus Stål Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf (Kumar and Ahmad, 2003) No

Erthesina fullo (Thunberg) High, 2008; Hua,

200 0 Hameed, 1978;

High, 2008; Hua, 200 0 Fruit, stem (High,

2008) No Pest is a large insect (adult length: 20

- 25 mm; Memon, 2002) that may feed on developing fruit (Song and Wang, 1993; High, 2008). It is highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest or to remain with fruit through harvest. Eurydema gebleri Kolenati CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (CGRIS, 2002a) No

Eusthenes cupreus (Westwood) (= Tessaratoma cupreus Westwood) CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf, stem reported to be attacked by species of Tessaratoma (Nair, 1975; Nguyen, 1935; CABI, 2007). No Pest is an external feeder (Chen and Gu, 2000), and is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Eysarcoris (= Stollia ) ventralis (Westwood) CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 Stem (CABI, 2007;

Imura, 2003) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 55 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Glaucias subpunctatus (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit (Suzuki, 2005) No Species is a moderately large (adult length: 14

- 17 mm; Kawabe, 2009c), externally

feeding insect, and is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Halyomorpha picus (F.) High, 2008 High, 2008 Fruit, leaf (High, 2008) No Adults may attack young, developing fruit (Yu et al., 2002), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Homalogonia obtusa (Walker) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, leaf (Funayama, 2002) No Species is an active, moderately large (adult length: 12

- 14 mm; Kawabe, 2009d), externally feeding insect, and is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Hoplistodera fergussoni Distant CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaves, roots, and stems are sites typically frequented by phytophagous Pentatomidae (Miller, 1971). No

Laprius varicornis (Dallas) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaves, roots, and stems are sites typically frequented by phytophagous Pentatomidae (Miller, 1971). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 56 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Lelia decempunctata (Motschulsky) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2006a) No

Menida formosa (Westwood) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaves, roots, and stems are sites typically frequented by phytophagous Pentatomidae (Miller, 1971). No

Menida violacea Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2006b) No

Nezara antennata Scott CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Li et al., 2001) No Adults may feed on young, developing fruit (Li et al., 2001), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Palomena angulosa Motschulsky CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Panizzi et al., 2000a) No Pest is a moderately large (length: 12

- 16 mm; Doosan_Corpora tion, 2009g), externally feeding insect (Panizzi et al., 2000a) that is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Pentatoma japonica (Distant) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Stem (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2006c) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 57 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Pentatoma rufipes (L.) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, leaf, stem (Schuhmacher, 1918) No Pest is an external feeder (Schuhmacher, 1918) that is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Pentatoma semiannulata (Motschulsky) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf, stem (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2006d) No

Plautia stali Scott Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit (Panizzi et al., 2000a) No Present in Hawaii (Nishida, 2002). Pest is a moderately large (length: 11 mm; Kawabe, 2009g), externally feeding insect that is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Rhaphigaster brevispina Horvath (= R. nebulosa [Poda]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 CASI, 1994; Hua,

200 0 Fruit (Viggiani and

Mazzone, 1976) No Pest is an external feeder (Baugnée, 2003), and is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Rhynchocoris humeralis (Thunberg) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit (Hill, 1983) No Pest is a large (length: 20

- 23 mm; Hill, 1983), externally feeding insect that is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 58 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Rhynchocoris nigridens Stål Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit feeding site typical of species of Rhynchocoris (Hill, 1983). No Species of Rhynchocoris are external feeders (Hill, 1983), and highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Rubiconia intermedia (Wolff) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaves, roots, and stems are sites typically frequented by phytophagous Pentatomidae (Miller, 1971). No

Stenozygum speciosum (Dallas) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit and leaf reported to be attacked by species of Stenozygum (Froggatt, 1919; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969). No As are all other species of Pentatominae (McPherson and McPherson, 2000), this pest is an external feeder, and is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Tessaratoma quadrata Distant Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit (Nair, 1975) No Pest may attack young, developing fruit (Baidu, 2006), but is highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest. Urochela luteovaria Distant Hanson, 1963;

Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf, stem (Hanson, 1963; Tseng and Ho, 1937) No Feeding causes premature fruit drop (Tseng and Ho, 1937). Pest is highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 59 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Heteroptera: Rhopalidae** Rhopalus maculatus (Fieber) (= Aeschynteles maculatus Fieber) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Seed ( Schaefer and Kotulski, 2000 ) No Species is a common pest of rice (Sweet, 2000 ; Ferreira et al., 2001) and other grains and vegetables (Rizvi and Ahmad, 2004). There is no evidence available to suggest that it

may occur on apple. **Heteroptera: Scutelleridae** Eurygaster integriceps Puton CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Javahery et al., 2000) No

**Heteroptera: Tingidae** Leptoypha capitata (Jakovlev) Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaves reported to be attacked by species of Leptoypha (Neal and Schaefer, 2000). No

Stephanitis ambigua Horvath Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf (Clausen, 1931) No

Stephanitis nashi Esaki & Takeya Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf (Drake and Hsiung, 1936) No

**Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) CABI/EPPO,

1997 c DAFF, 2009 Leaf (CABI/EPPO, 1997 c ) No Present in Hawaii (CABI/EPPO, 1997 c )

. **Hemiptera: Aphididae** Aphidounguis mali Takahashi Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Root (Blackman and

Eastop, 1994) No

Aphidounguis pomiradicola Zhang et al. Zhang et al.,

1999 Zhang et al., 1999 Root (Zhang et al., 1999) No

Dysaphis anthrisci Börner Hua, 200 0 Hua, 200 0 Leaf (Blackman and Eastop, 1994) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 60 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Dysaphis devecta (Walker) Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Leaf (Blackman and

Eastop, 1994) No

Longistigma xizangensis Zhang Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem
, feeding site typical of species of Longistigma (Blackman and Eastop, 2000). No

Nippolachnus pyri Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Blackman and Eastop, 1994) No

Ovatus malisuctus (Matsumura) (= Myzus malisuctus Matsumura) CASI, 1994;

High, 2008; Hua, 2002 CASI, 1994; High,

2008; Hua, 2002 Leaf (Takeda, 1980) No

Phorodon (= Paraphorodon
, Diphorodon ) canabis Passerini CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Blackman and

Eastop, 1994) No

Prociphilus kuwanai Monzen (= P. crataegicola Shinji) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Blackman and

Eastop, 1994) No

Prociphilus oriens Mordvilko Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Blackman and

Eastop, 1994 Leaf (Blackman and

Eastop, 1994) No

Pyrolachnus pyri (Buckton) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Blackman and Eastop, 1994) No

Siciunguis decima Zhang et al. Zhang et al.,

1999 Zhang et al., 1999 Stem (Zhang et al., 1999) No

Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (= T. citricidus Kirkaldy) Hua, 2002 Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1981; Hua, 2002 Stem (Ghosh and

Raychaudhuri, 1981) No Present in Florida and Hawaii.

Toxoptera odinae (van der Goot) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Blackman and Eastop, 1994) No

Tuberocephalus momonis (Matsumura) (= Myzus momonis Matsumura) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Blackman and Eastop, 1994) No

**Hemiptera: Cercopidae** Aphrophora bifasciata (L.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Boheman, 18 49 ) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 61 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Aphrophora flavomaculata Matsumura Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (NILGS, 2009a) No

Aphrophora intermedia Uhler (= Obiphora intermedia [Uhler]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf, stem (NIFTS,

2009f) No

Aphrophora (= Petaphora ) maritima Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (NILGS, 2009a) No

Aphrophora obliqua Uhler (= Trigophora obliqua Matsumura) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem feeding site typical of species of Aphrophora (Ball, 1901). No

Eoscarta assimilis Uhler) (= Eoscartopsis assimilis Matsumura, Paracercopis assimilis Kwon & Lee) Hua, 2002 AQIS, 1998; Hua, 2002 Stem (AQIS, 1998) No

**Hemiptera: Cerococcidae** Asterococcus muratae (Kuwana) (= Cerococcus
muratae Kuwana) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (USDA, 2007a) No Feeding site typical of species of Cerococcidae (USDA, 2007a).

**Hemiptera: Cicadellidae**  Alebra pallida Dworakowska Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Ostapenko, 2008) No

Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) (= Empoasca biguttula [Shiraki]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Schreiner,

2000) No

Aphrodes bifasciata (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf
, feeding site typical of species of Aphrodes (Hill, 1987). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 62 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Arboridia (= Erythroneura ) apicalis (Nawa) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Miyazaki,

1991) No

Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli) (= Empoasca decedens Paoli) Cai et al., 2001 Nestel and Klein, 1995 Leaf (Nestel and

Klein, 1995) No

Bothrogonia ferruginea (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Bothrogonia sinica Yang & Li Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (typical of species of Bothrogonia ) (Hill, 1983) No

Cicadella (= Tettigella
, Tettigoniella ) viridis (L.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002; Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Van

Frankenhuyzen, 1968) No

Cicadula ferruginea (F.) (= Cicadella ferruginea China) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (typical of

Cicadellidae ) (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca butleri Edwards Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca flavescens (F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1983) No

Empoasca soosi Dworakowska Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (typical of species of Empoasca ) (Hill, 1987) No

Empoasca vitis (Göthe) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Decante and van Helden, 2006) No

Erythroneura sudra (Distant) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Lin, 1979) No

Eutettix apricus Melichar Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Lin et al., 2007) No

Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler) Sun et al., 1988 Sun et al., 1988 Leaf, stem (Kusunoki et al., 2002) No

Iassus rubiginosus Kuoh Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (typical of species of Iassus ) (Gotsmy and Schopf, 1992) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 63 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ishidaella albomarginata (Signoret) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (typical of Cicadellidae ) (Hill, 1987) No

Ledra auditura Walker Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008f) No

Ledra bilobata Schumacher Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (typical of Cicadellidae ) (e.g., Hill, 1987) No

Naratettix zonatus (Matsumura) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Anonymous, 2009b) No

Neotituria kongosana (Matsumura) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (typical of Cicadellidae ) (Hill, 1987) No

Penthimia melanocephala Motschulsky Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (typical of Penthimia ) (Schabel, 2006) No

Penthimia nitida Lethierry Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Tayutivutikul and Kusigemati, 1992) No

Populicerus populi (L.) (= Idiocerus populi L.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf, stem (Régnier,

1921) No

Zyginella mali (Yang) (= Pyramidotettix mali Yang) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (Li, 1988) No

Zyginella minuta (Yang) (= Pyramidotettix minuta Yang) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf (typical of

species of Zyginella ) (Li, 1988) No

**Hemiptera: Cicadidae** Cryptotympana
atrata (F.) (= C. dubia Haupt, C. pustulata F.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (She et al.,

2005) No

Cryptotympana mandarina Distant Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem reported to be attacked by species of Cryptotympana (Moriyama and Numata, 2006). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 64 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata (Motschulsky) (= G. colorata Stål) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Fruit, stem (Aizu et al., 1984; Yago, 1937) No Adults, which are large insects (32

- 35 mm; Hirai, 2004),

may feed externally on fruit (Aizu et al., 1984), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Meimuna opalifera (Walker) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Root, stem typically attacked by species of Cicadidae (Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005). No

Oncotympana maculaticollis (Motschulsky) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Kawabe, 2009f) No

Platypleura hilpa Walker Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem
, feeding site typical of species of Platypleura (Hayashi, 1974). No

Platypleura kaempferi (F.) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Uematsu and Onogi, 1980) No

**Hemiptera: Cixiidae** Andes (= Brixia )
marmoratus (Uhler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Leaf, stem (Tanaka,

2004) No

Andes melanobasis Ishihara CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem typical feeding site s of species of Andes (Tanaka, 2004). No

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Acanthopulvinaria orientalis (Nasonov) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Root (Ben

- Dov et al., 2006) No

Ceroplastes
centroroseus Chen CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf
, typical feeding site of species of Ceroplastes (Hill, 1987). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 65 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ceroplastes japonicus Green (= Paracerostegia japonica Tang) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Hua, 2002 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Hua, 2002; Konstantinova and Gura, 1986 Fruit, l eaf, stem

( Konstantinova and Gura, 1986; Miyanoshita and Kawai, 1992) Yes

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Leaf (Waite, 2002) No

Coccus discrepans (Green) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, root, stem (Pantoja and Peña, 2007) No

Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius Zhang et al.,

2001 Zhao, 2002 Stem (Zhao, 2002) No

Didesmococcus unifasciatus (Archangelskaya ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Stem (Fowjhan and

Kozar, 1994) No

Eulecanium alnicola Chen CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem
, feeding sites typical of species of Eulecanium (Hill, 1987). No Given as E. alconi Chen in CASI (1994).

Eulecanium rugulosum (Archangelskaya ) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Yanık and Yücel, 2001) No

Metaceronema japonica (Maskell) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (Joshi and Rai, 1987) No

Parthenolecanium glandi (Kuwana) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Stem (Pfeiffer,

1997) No

Rhodococcus sariuoni Borchsenius Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (CNAK, 2009) No

Rhodococcus turanicus (Archangelskaya ) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem
, feeding sites reported for species of Rhodococcus (CNAK, 2009). No

Saissetia citricola (Kuwana) (= Takahashia citricola Kuwana) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2002 Stem (Umeya and

Okada, 2003) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 66 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Takahashia japonica (Cockerell) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (NAAS, 2009) No

**Hemiptera: Dictyopharidae** Dictyophara nakanonis Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009e) No

Dictyophara patruelis (Stål) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Dictyophara (Hill, 1983, Lessio and Alma, 2008). No

Dictyophara sinica Walker Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Dictyophara (Hill, 1983 ; Lessio and Alma, 2008). No

**Hemiptera: Eriococcidae** Eriococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Stem (NIAST, 2001) No

Eriococcus tokaedae Kuwana Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Kuwana, 1932) No

**Hemiptera: Flatidae** Geisha distinctissima (Walker) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Salurnis marginella (Guerin

Meneville) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem (Baidu, 2009) No

**Hemiptera: Fulgoridae** Lycorma delicatula (White) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Ding et al., 2006) No

**Hemiptera: Issidae** Gergithus variabilis (Butler) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (Takashi, 2009) No

Sivaloka damnosus Chou & Lu Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Yan et al., 2005) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 67 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae** Cresococcus candidus Wang CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem typical feeding site of species of Lecanodiaspididae (USDA, 2007b). No

**Hemiptera: Margarodidae** Drosicha contrahens Walker Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Stem (Chu, 1934) No

Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006 Stem (Xu et al.,

1999) No

Drosicha maskelli (Cockerell) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Drosicha (Hill, 1987). No

Icerya aegyptiaca Douglas CABI, 2007 C ABI, 2007 Leaf, stem (Hill, 1983) No

**Hemiptera: Membracidae** Leptobelus gazella (Fairmaire) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem typical feeding site of species of Leptobelus (Stegmann and Linsenmair, 2002). No

Machaerotypus mali Chou & Yuan Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem typical feeding site of species of Machaerotypus (Tsukiji, 2009c). No

Maurya rotundidenticula Yuan Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem: Site of injury caused by Membracidae attacking apple (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993). No

Pantaleon dorsalis (Matsumura) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem: Site of injury caused by Membracidae attacking apple (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 68 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Tsunozemia mojiensis (Matsumura) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem: Site of injury caused by Membracidae attacking apple (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993). No

**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Coccura (= Rosanococcus ) suwakoensis (Kuwana & Toyoda) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Ben

- Dov et al., 2006) No

Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Cockerell, 1896) No

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (= P. citriculus Green) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf, inflorescence, stem (Ben

- Dov, 2013) Yes

Spilococcus (= Atrococcus ) pacificus (Borchsenius) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem No

**Hemiptera: Psyllidae** Anomoneura mori Schwarz Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Kuwayama, 1971) No

Cacopsylla mali (Schmidberger) (= Psylla mali Schmidberger) Li, 1992 Li, 1992; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993 Inflorescence (Hill,

1983) No

Cacopsylla malicola Li Li, 1992 Li, 1992 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Psyllidae (Hill, 1983). No

Cacopsylla pyri (L.) CABI, 2012 Breniaux, 2001 Leaf, stem (CABI, 2012) No

Cacopsylla pyrisuga (Förster) (= Psylla pyrisuga Förster) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (CABI, 2012) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 69 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang & Li) (= Psylla chinensis Yang & Li) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Yang et al., 2004) No

**Hemiptera: Ricaniidae** Euricania ocellus (Walker) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Stem (Anonymous, 2008a) No

Ricania japonica Melichar Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf (Dzhashi et al., 1982) No

Ricania simulans (Walker) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Ricania (Hill, 1983). No

Ricania speculum (Walker) Hua, 2002 Hua, 2002 Leaf, stem (Hill, 1983) No

**Hymenoptera: Argidae** Arge mali (Takahashi) (= Hylotoma mali Takahashi) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Anonymous, 1919) No

**Hymenoptera: Cephidae** Janus piri Okamoto & Muramatsu Hua, 2006 Hua, 2006 Stem (NIAST, 2008) No

**Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae** Hoplocampa pyricola Rohwer DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit, inflorescence (DAFF, 2009) No Larvae may bore into young, developing fruit, causing premature fruit drop (Harukawa, 1924). The pest is highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 70 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Hymenoptera: Vespidae** Polistes olivaceus (De Geer) High, 2008 High, 2008 ? No Present in Hawaii . As they tend to be large, active, flight

capable insects (Spradbery, 1973), vespid adults are highly unlikely to follow the import pathway on apple fruit imported from China. Vespa mandarina Smith High, 2008 High, 2008 Fruit (High, 2008) No Adults may feed superficially on apple fruit (High, 2008), but, as large, active, flight

- capable insects (Spradbery, 1973), vespids

are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. **Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae** Reticulitermes speratus (Kolbe) (= Leucotermes speratus Kolbe) Hua, 2006 Hua, 2006 Root, stem (Nemoto et al., 1998; Tokuda et al., 2005) No

**Isoptera: Termitidae** Odontotermes formosanus (Shiraki) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Root (Doan, 1971) No

**Lepidoptera: Arctiidae**  Aloa lactinea (Cramer) (= Amsacta lactinea Cramer) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Wen et al.,

1991) No

Alphaea phasma (Leech) CASI, 1994 C ASI, 1994 Leaf (Zhongshan_City, 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 71 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Amata fortunei (Orza) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008d) No

Asura strigipennis (Herrich

Schäffer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Asura (Tanaka, 1929 ; Gowda et al., 1974). No

Creatonotus transiens (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Zhang et al., 2008a) No

Cyana (= Chionaema ) phaedra (Leech) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Cyana (Kumar and Ahmad, 2001). No

Eilema (= Lithosia ) quadra (L.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Buckler, 1874) No

Lemyra imparilis (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009c) No

Lemyra inferens (Butler) (= Spilarctia infernalis [Butler], Spilosoma inferens Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Pan et al.,

2007) No

Spilarctia seriatopunctata (Motschulsky) (= Spilosoma seriatopunctata Motsh.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Kawabe,

2009i) No

Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sengalevich, 1960) No

Spilosoma niveus (Menetries) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Spilosoma (Singh and Srivastava, 2004; Yokoyama and Kurosawa, 1933). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 72 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae** Argyresthia assimilis Moriuti Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence feeding sites reported for species of Argyresthia (Hill, 1987 ; Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993). No See additional discussion in section 2.3.

**Lepidoptera: Carposinidae** Carposina sasakii Matsumura (= C. niponensis Walsingham, C. persicana Sasaki) CABI, 1990;

CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005 Ishiguri and

Toyoshima, 2006 Fruit (Ishiguri and

Toyoshima, 2006; Narita and Takahashi, 1985) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Cossidae** Catopta mongolicus Erschoff Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Root typical feeding site of species of Catopta (Mazzei et al., 2009). No

Cossus cossus L. CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Stem (Lind et al., 2003) No

Cossus jezoensis (Matsumura) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Yoshimoto and Nishida, 2007) No

Cossus mongolicus Erschoff Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Fan et al., 1986) No

Holcocerus arenicolus (Staudinger) Hu et al., 1987 CABI, 2007 Root (CABI, 2007) No

Holcocerus insularis Staudinger Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Bedding, [s.d.]) No

Holcocerus vicarius (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Root, stem typically attacked by species of Holcocerus (Luo et al., 2007; Zong et al., 2006)

. No

Xyleutes persona (Le Guillou) (= Zeuzera leuconota Walker) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Stem typically

attacked by species of Xyleutes (Hill, 1983). No

Zeuzera coffeae Nietner CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Stem (CABI, 2007) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 73 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Zeuzera multistrigata (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Kumar and Singh, 1994) No

**Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Dichomeris ustalella (F.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (FES, 2009b) No

Evippe syrictis (Meyrick) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Gelechia rhombella (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (FES, 2009d) No

Odites ricinella Stainton Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zeller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Arahou et al., 1991) No

Recurvaria syrictis Meyrick Cao and Guo,

1987 Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Cao and Guo, 1987) No

Scythropiodes (= Odites
, Psecadia ) issikii (Takahashi) Hua, 2005; Park

and Wu, 1997 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008a) No

Scythropiodes (= Odites ) leucostola (Meyrick) CASI, 1994; Park

and Wu, 1997 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Kawabe, 2009e) No

Scythropiodes (= Odites ) malivora (Meyrick) Hua, 2005; Park

and Wu, 1997 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Kondo and Miyahara, 1931) No Apparently misnamed O. malivorella Meyrick (Hua, 2005). Telphusa chloroderces Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf No

**Lepidoptera: Geometridae** Abraxas grossulariata (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Robinson et al., 2001 Leaf (Carter, 1984) No

Alsophila tenuis (Butler) (= A. punctigera Prout) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Sawamoto, 1938 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Alsophila (Hill, 1987). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 74 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Amraica (= Buzura ) superans (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Scoble, 1999 Leaf

(Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009b) No

Apocheima cinerarius (Ershov) Zhang, 1994 Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Hu et al., 2001) No

Apocheima (= Zamacra )
excavata (Dyar) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Scoble, 1999) No

Apocheima sinuosaria (Leech) (= Phigalia sinuosaria Leech) Zhang, 1994 Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Chang and Lin, 1939) No

Ascotis (= Boarmia ) selenaria (Denis & Schiffermüller) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Biston marginata Shiraki Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sonan, 1931) No

Biston robustum Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Yamamoto et al., 2000) No Given as Biston robustus Butler by Hua (2005). Biston (= Buzura ) thibetaria (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Biston (Ahmed et al., 1981; Hill, 1983). No

Boarmia consonaria (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Boarmia (Dieter

Steigra, 1978; Lobinger, 2007). No

Chihuo sunzao Yang Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 75 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Chihuo zao Yang Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Colotois pennaria (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Glavendekić and Mihajlović, 2006) No

Culpinia diffusa (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Cystidia couaggaria (Guenée) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008i) No

Cystidia stratonice (Stoll) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Piao et al., 2003) No

Ectropis excellens (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008g) No

Ectropis obliqua (Prout) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Liu et al., 1982) No

Ennomos autumnaria (Werneburg) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Gantner, 2003) No

Epirrita autumnata (Borkhausen) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Jepsen et al., 2008; Savela, 2009) No

Erannis defoliaria (Clerck) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hill, 1983; Savela, 2009) No

Erannis dira Butler CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Erannis (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Erannis golda Djakonov Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009a) No

Eupithecia insigniata (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Fitter and Peat, 1994) No

Hypomecis (= Serraca ) punctinalis (Scopoli) (= Boarmia consortaria F.) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Kulfan et al.,

2006) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 76 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Hypomecis (= Boarmia ) roboraria (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Kulfan et al.,

2006; Savela, 2009) No

Inurois fletcheri Inoue Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009i) No

Inurois tenuis Butler (= Ahisopteryx membranaria Christoph) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Scoble, 1999; Tsukiji, 2008e) No

Jodis lactearia (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Fitter and Peat, 1994; Savela, 2009) No

Larerannis filipjevi Weherli CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Larerannis (Tsukiji, 2008c). No

Lobophora halterata (Hufnagel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Fitter and Peat, 1994) No

Lycia hirtaria (Clerck) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Fedoryak, 1983; Savela, 2009) No

Maxates illiturata (Walker) (= Hemithea sasakii Matsumura, Thalassodes coelataria Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Thalassodes (Varadarasan, 1986; Leksawasdi et al., 2003). No

Napocheima robiniae Chu CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Zhu, 2007) No

Nychiodes obscuraria (Villers) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf, stem (Avidov and Harpaz, 1969) No

Odezia atrata (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence (Fitter and Peat, 1994) No

Operophtera fagata (Scharfenberg) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Inflorescence, leaf

(Carter, 1984) No

Operophtera relegata Prout Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009d) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 77 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ophthalmitis (= Ophthalmodes ) irrorataria (Bremer & Grey) (= Boarmia irrorataria Bremer & Grey) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009b;

Scoble, 1999) No

Parapercnia (= Percnia ) giraffata (Guenée) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1987; Scoble, 1999) No

Phthonandria atrilineata (Butler) (= Menophra atrilineata [Butler], Hemerophila atrilineata Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Chu, 1933; Scoble, 1999) No

Phthonosema (= Biston ) tendinosaria (Bremer) (= Amphidasys tendinosaria Bremer) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Scoble, 1999) No

Pylargosceles steganioides (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008b; Scoble, 1999) No

Sarcinodes carnearia Guenée Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Scardamia aurantiacaria Bremer Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Scopula nigropunctata (Hufnagel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 78 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Scopula subpunctaria (Herrich

Schäffer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hausmann, 2004) No

Selenia tetralunaria (Hufnagel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Savela, 2009) No

Sucra jujuba Chu CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Lu, 1988) No

Triphosa dubitata (L.) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Gassmann et

al., 2008) No

Wi lemania nitobei (Nitobe) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Yala pyricola Chu Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Geometridae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Zethenia albonotaria Bremer Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

**Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae** Caloptilia theivora (Walsingham) (= Gracillaria theivora Walsingham) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Caloptilia zachrysa Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Phyllonorycter malivorella Matsumura (= Lithocolletis malivorella Matsumura) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Anonymous,

1919) No

Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura) (= Lithocolletis ringoniella Matsumura) Zhang, 1994 Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Sun et al., 2000) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 79 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Spulerina
astaurota (Meyrick) (= Acrocercops astaurota Meyrick) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf, stem

(Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Hepialidae** Endoclita

excrescens (Butler) (= Phassus

excrescens Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Stem (Utsumi and

Ohgushi, 2008) No

Phassus xizangensis Chu & Wang Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem injury caused by species of Phassus (Zhao et al., 1988; Lin et al., 1995). No

**Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae** Bhima idiota Graeser Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (EPPO, 2005) No

Cosmotriche albomaculata Bremer Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Matsumura, 1932) No

Cyclophragma (= Dendrolimus
, Kunugia ) undans (Walker) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Seliškar, 2002;

Shibata et al., 2001) No

Epicnaptera ilicifolia L. CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Nishiguchi, 1958) No

Gastropacha populifolia (Esper) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Gastropacha (Masarrat et al., 2006). No

Gastropacha quercifolia (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984) No

Gastropacha tremulifolia Hübner CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Gastropacha (Masarrat et al., 2006). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 80 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Malacosoma dentata Mell Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Malacosoma (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Malacosoma neustria (L.) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Odonestis laeta Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Lasiocampidae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Odonestis pruni (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (DMNC, 2009) No

Paralebeda plagifera (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Anonymous, 1935) No

Philudoria albomaculata Bremer CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Isagi et al., 1997) No

Phyllodesma tremulifolium (Hübner) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Lasiocampidae (Furniss and Carolin, 1977). No

Poecilocampa populi (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984; Savela, 2009) No

Suana divisa (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (CAF, 2006) No

Trabala vishnou Lefebvre Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001, 2009) No

**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae** Belippa horrida Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Belippa (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Cheromettia apicata (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Iragoides fasciata (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Iragoides (Zhang et al., 1981). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 81 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Iragoides thaumasta Hering Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Microleon longipalpis Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009g) No

Miresa flavidorsalis Staudinger Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Miresa (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Miresa inornata Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Miresa (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Narosa corusca Wileman Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Narosa edoensis Kawada CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Kawada and Shibamichi, 1930) No

Narosa nigrisigna (Wileman) DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Leaf (DAFF, 2009) No

Narosoideus flavidorsalis (Staudinger) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009e) No

Narosoideus fuscicostalis (Frixsen) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Narosoideus (NIFTS, 2009e). No

Narosoideus vulpinus (Wileman) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Narosoideus (NIFTS, 2009e). No

Parasa consocia (Walker) (= Latoia consocia Walker) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Wang et al.,

2008) No

Parasa hilarata (Staudinger) (= Latoia hilarata Staudinger) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Parasa (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Parasa lepida (Cramer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hill, 1983) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 82 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Parasa ostia (Swinhoe) (= Latoia ostia Swinhoe) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Liu, 1984) No

Parasa pastoralis (Butler) (= Latoia pastoralis Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Ahmed and

Badrul Alam, 2006) No

Parasa pseudorepanda (Hering) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Parasa (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Parasa sinica (Moore) (= Latoia sinica Moore) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Anonymous,

1919) No

Phlossa (= Iragoides ) conjuncta (Walker) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Phrixolepia sericea Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Yukawa, 1983) No

Setora postornata (Hampson) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Baidu, 2009) No

Thosea baibarana Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Thosea (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Thosea sinensis (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae** Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 83 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Celastrina (= Cyaniris ) argiolus (L.) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Fruit, inflorescence

(Corver, 2005; Hukkinen, 1926; Volkov, 1989) No Given as Celastrina argiola (L.) by Hua (2005). Larvae may feed superficially on developing fruit (e.g., Hukkinen, 1926; Corver, 2005), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Favonius yuasai Shirozu Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Anonymous, 2004) No

Fixsenia herzi (Fixsen) (= Thecla herzi Fixsen) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (EPPO, 2005) No

Neozephyrus taxila (Bremer) (= Thecla taxila Bremer) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf

(Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009f; Howarth, 1957) No

Rapala arata (Bremer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf (NIFTS, 2009h) No Larvae may feed superficially on developing fruit (NIFTS, 2009h), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Rapala (= Bidaspa ) nissa (Kollar) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Fruit (Singh and

Bhardwaj, 1983) No Larvae may feed superficially on developing fruit (Singh and Bhardwaj, 1983), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 84 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Satyrium grandis (Felder & Felder) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf typical feeding sites of species of Satyrium (Opler et al., 2009). No Given as Satyrium grande (Felder and Felder) by Hua (2005). Satyrium (= Strymonidia ) percomis (Leech) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf typical feeding sites of species of Satyrium (Opler et al., 2009). No

Satyrium v

- album (Oberthür) ( Thecla v

- album Oberthür) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf typical feeding sites of species of Satyrium (Opler et al., 2009). No

Satyrium (= Strymonidia ) w

album (Knoch) (= Thecla w

album Knoch) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Inflorescence, leaf

(Ellis and Wainwright, [s.d.]; UNEP

-WCMC, 2005) No

**Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae** Arctornis alba (Bremer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Arctornis (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Arctornis l

- nigrum (Müller) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Arctornis xanthocampa Dyar Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Arctornis (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Arna (= Euproctis ) bipunctapex (Hampson) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001; Savela, 2009) No

Calliteara grotei (Moore) (= Dasychira grotei Moore) Wu and Huang,

1986 Robinson et al.,

2001 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Calliteara horsfieldii (Saunders) (= Dasychira horsfieldii Saunders) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007; Gupta et al., 1989 Leaf (CABI, 2007) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 85 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Calliteara pseudabietis Butler (= Dasychira pseudabietis [Butler]) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008h) No

Calliteara (= Dasychira
, Orgyia ) pudibunda (L.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Vappula,

1959) No

Cifuna eurydice (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009d) No

Cifuna jankowskii (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Cifuna (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Cifuna locuples Walker CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Dasychira complicata Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Dasychira (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Dasychira fascellina (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Dasychira (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Dasychira mendosa (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Nair, 1975; Sasidharan et al., 1995) No

Euproctis atereta Collenette (= Porthesia
atereta [Collenette]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Heppner and Inoue, 1992 Inflorescence, leaf,

stem typical feeding sites of species of Euproctis (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Euproctis bimaculata Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Euproctis (= Arctornis ) chrysorrhoea (L.) Hua, 2005 CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005 Leaf (CABI, 2012) No Limited distribution in the northeastern United States (CABI, 2012)

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 86 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Euproctis flava (Bremer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Euproctis flavinata (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Euproctis (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Euproctis flavotriangulata Gaede CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Euproctis (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Euproctis fraterna (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Thakur et al., 1974 Leaf (Thakur et al.,

1974), fruit (Pruthi and Batra, 1960) No Primarily a leaf

feeder (Venkatesha et al., 1992). May feed on young, green fruit (Pruthi and Batra, 1960), but is highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest time. Euproctis karghalica Moore Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (EPPO, 2002) No

Euproctis kurosawai (Inoue) (= Porthesia kurosawai Inoue) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Heppner and Inoue, 1992) No

Euproctis piperita Oberthür Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (EPPO, 2005) No

Euproctis (= Porthesia ) scintillans (Walker) (= Somena scintillans Walker) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Nair, 1975;

Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 87 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Euproctis (= Porthesia ) similis (Fuessly) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009 Leaf (CAB, 1978) No

Euproctis subflava Bremer Hua, 2005 Ahn et al., 1989; Hua, 2005 Leaf (Ahn et al.,

1989) No

Euproctis xanthocamp a (Dyar) (= Porthesia xanthocampa Dyar) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Heppner and

Inoue, 1992) No

Leucoma (= Stilpnotia ) candida (Staudinger) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sirota et al., 1976) No

Lymantria bantaizana Matsumura Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Gotoh et al., 2004) No

Lymantria concolor Walker Hua, 2005; Pogue

and Schaefer, 2007; Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Bhardwaj,

1987) No

Lymantria dispar L. CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (CABI, 2007; High, 2008) No Under official control in the US (7 CFR 301.45)

. Larvae may graze superficially on fruit (High, 2008), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Lymantria marginata Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Lymantria mathura Moore Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Lymantria monacha (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (König, 1921) No

Orgyia ericae Germar CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Pupavkina, 1985) No

Orgyia gonostigma (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sevryukova, 1979) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 88 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Orgyia postica (Walker) Hua, 2005;

Zhang, 1994 Hua, 2005; Zhang,

1994 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Orgyia recens (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Orgyia thyellina Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sato, 1977) No

**Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae**  Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) (= L. scitella Zeller) CABI, 2012;

Hua, 2005; van Driel and van Nieukerken, 1985) CABI, 2012; Holb

et al., 2001; Hua, 2005; Mey, 1988 Leaf, branch, fruit

(Mey, 1988) Yes Three millimeter pest may be hidden within the calyx of the fruit during pupation (CABI, 2012; Maciesiak, 1999)

. Lyonetia clerkella (L.) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007; Carter, 1984) No

**Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Acronicta (= Hyboma ) adaucta (Warren) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Acronicta (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Acronicta alni (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009; Savela, 2009) No

Acronicta hercules (Felder & Rogenhofer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Acronicta (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Acronicta intermedia Warren (= A. incretata Hampson, Triaena intermedia [Warren]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Ahn et al.,

1989) No

Acronicta leucocuspis (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Acronicta (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Acronicta major (Bremer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Acronicta psi (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 89 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Acronicta (= Viminia ) rumicis (L.) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Acronicta strigosa (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Cao and Wang, 1986) No

Acronicta tridens (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Actinotia intermediata (Bremer) (= Delta intermedia Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Inflorescence, leaf

typical feeding sites of species of Actinotia (Tillyard, 1927). No

Agrotis segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller) CABI, 2012;

Hua, 2005 CABI, 2012; Hua,

2005 Leaf, root, stem

(Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2012) No

Agrotis tokionis Butler CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, root (Choi et al., 2000) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Choi et al., 2000). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Amphipyra erebina Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009a) No

Amphipyra monolitha Guenée Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Amphipyra pyramidea (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 90 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Anomis fulvida (Guenée) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf , stem (Robinson et al., 2001) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Choi et al., 2000). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Anomis mesogona (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No See Remarks for Anomis fulvida

. Artena (= Lagoptera , Thyas ) dotata (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Zhang, 1994 L eaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Autographa gamma (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hirata, 1967) No

Brevipecten consanguis Leech CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocalinae, the subfamily to which the species belongs (Wagner, 2005). No

Calyptra gruesa (Draudt) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 91 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Calyptra (= Oraesia ) lata (Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005; Zhang, 1994 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Calyptra minuticornis (Guenée) (= Calpe minuticornis Guenée) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 L eaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Calyptra thalictri (Borkhausen) (= Calpe capucina Esper, Calyptra capucina Esper) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005; Zhang, 1994 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005; Zhang, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Lee et al.,

1970 ; Robinson et al., 2001 ) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Lee et al., 1970). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Catocala a bamita Bremer & Grey (= Mormonia abamita [Bremer & Grey]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). No

Catocala agitatrix Graeser Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). No

Catocala columbina Leech (= Ephesia columbina [Leech]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 92 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Catocala dissimilis Bremer (= Ephesia dissimilis [Bremer]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Catocala dula Bremer (= Mormonia dula [Bremer]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Catocala electa (Vieweg) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). No

Catocala (= Ephesia ) fulminea (Scopoli) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Catocala nivea Butler (= Ephesia nivea [Butler]) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). No

Catocala patala Feldrer & Rogenhofer Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Catocala remissa Staudinger CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Catocala (Baker, 1972). No

Chrysorithrum
amata (Bremer & Grey) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Zhang, 1994 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Clavipalpula aurariae (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Colocasia coryli (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 93 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Conistra grisescens Draudt Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Conistra vaccinii (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (FES, 2009a) No

Cosmia exigua (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Cosmia (= Calymnia ) pyralina (Denis & Schiffermüller) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Cosmia trapezina (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Langenscheidt, 1967 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Cucullia asteris (Denis & Schiffermüller) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Dysgonia arctotaenia (Guenée) (= Parallelia arctotaenia Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 L eaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Dysgonia arcuata (Moore) (= D. curvata [Leech], Parallelia
curvata [Leech]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Holloway and Miller, 2003 L eaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Dysgonia maturata (Walker) (= Parallelia
maturata Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit (Yoon and Lee,

1974) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Yoon and Lee, 1974). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Dysgonia stuposa (F.) (= Parallelia stuposa Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Dysgonia (Robinson et al., 2009). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 94 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ercheia umbrosa Butler Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit (Tsukiji, 2009b) No Only the adult of species of Ercheia attacks fruit (e.g., Box, 1941; Susainathan, 1924). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) (= Ophideres fullo nica [L.]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Eudocima salaminia (Cramer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No See Remarks for Eudocima fullonia

. Eudocima (= Adris ) tyrannus (Guenée) High, 2008; Hua,

2005 High, 2008; Hua,

2005 Fruit, leaf (Zhang,

1994) No See Remarks for Eudocima fullonia

. Eupsilia transversa (Hufnagel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Eutelia geyeri (Felder & Rogenhofer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Euxoa clerica Butler High, 2008; Hua,

2005 High, 2008; Hua,

2005 Leaf (High, 2008) No

Gabala argentata Butler CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Kawabe, 2009b) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 95 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Helicoverpa (= Heliothis ) armigera (Hübner) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005; Li et al., 1998 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Barnes, 1978) No Larvae may feed on developing fruit (Barnes, 1978), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Heliothis viriplaca (Hufnagel) (= H. dipsacea [L.]) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Inflorescence (FES,

2009e) No

Hypena similalis Leech (= Rhynchina similalis [Leech]) CASI, 1994;

Leech, 1900 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Hypena (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Hypocala subsatura Guenee CASI, 1994;

High, 2008 ; Hua, 2005 CASI, 1994; High,

2008 ; Hua, 2005 Fruit (High, 2008) No See additional discussion in section 2.3. Hypopyra (= Enmonodia ) vespertilio (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Hypopyra (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Ischyja manlia (Cramer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 L eaf, stem (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Lacanobia oleracea (L.) (= Diataraxia oleracea (L.), Mamestra oleracea L.) Hua, 2005 Carter, 1984; Devetak et al., 2010 Fruit, l eaf ( Carter,

1984; Devetak et al., 2010) , inflorescence, stem (Carter, 1984) No Larvae may feed externally on fruit (Carter, 1984), but are not expected to remain with fruit through harvest. Lacanobia (= Ceramica ) pisi (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Lacanobia suasa (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Lacanobia thalassina (Hufnagel) (= Polia thalassina Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Sipura, 2000) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 96 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Lithophane socia (Hufnagel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Pigott, 1991) No

Mamestra brassicae (L.) CABI, 2007;

Hua, 2005 Castellari, 1970 Fruit, leaf ( Carter, 1984; Castellari, 1970) No Larvae may feed on developing fruit (Castellari, 1970), but are not expected to be associated with mature fruit at harvest. Melanchra persicariae (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984) No

Mimerastria mandschuriana (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Baidu, 2009) No

Mocis ancilla (Warren) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Mocis (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Mocis annetta (Butler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2008j) No

Mocis undata (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 L eaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Naenia contaminata (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Naenia (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Nolathripa (= Lamprothripa ) lactaria (Graeser) (= Nola lactaria Graeser) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf reported as feeding site for species of Nola on Malus sp. (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Ophiusa (= Anua )
coronata (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Zhang, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Robinson

et al., 2001) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 97 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Ophiusa (= Anua ) tirhaca (Cramer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Zhang, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Robinson

et al., 2001 ; Zhang, 1994 ) No See Remarks for Ophiusa
coronata Oraesia emarginata (F.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No See Remarks for Ophiusa
coronata Oraesia excavata (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No See Remarks for Ophiusa
coronata Orthosia (= Monima ) carnipennis (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Orthosia cruda (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (CABI, 2007; Robinson et al., 2009) No

Orthosia ella (Butler) Hanski, 2002 AQIS, 1998 Leaf (NIFTS, 2009j) No

Orthosia gothica (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009; Zhang, 1994) No

Orthosia gracilis (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009; Zhang, 1994) No

Orthosia (= Monima ) incerta (Hufnagel) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit, leaf (Carter,

1984) No Larvae may attack developing fruit (Carter, 1984), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Orthosia limbata (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Orthosia munda (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Orthosia odiosa (Butler) BRIC, 2013 AQIS, 1998 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Pangrapta obscurata (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009h) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 98 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Sarcopolia illoba (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Serrodes campana Guenée CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 L eaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Simplicia niphona (Butler) (= Nodaria niphona Warren) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Sinna extrema (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Jiang et al., 2000) No

Spirama helicina (Hübner) (= Speiredonia japponica Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf reported as

feeding site for species of Spirama (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Spirama retorta (Clerck) (= Speiredonia
retorta Hampson) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit (Kim and Lee,

1986) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Yoon and Lee, 1974). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Spodoptera (= Prodenia ) litura (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Thakur et al., 1974 Leaf (Thakur et al.,

1974) No

Sypnoides picta (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Sypnoides simplex (Leech) (= Sypna simplex Leech) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Sypnoides (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Telorta divergens (Butler) (= Mesogona divergens Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Inflorescence

(Umeya and Okada, 2003) No

Telorta edentata (Leech) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 99 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Thyas juno (Dalman) (= Dermaleipa juno Hampson, Lagoptera juno Chen) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit (Zhang, 1994) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Zhang, 1994). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Tiracola plagiata (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Trachea atriplicis (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf (Robinson et al., 2009 ; Lee et al., 1970 ) No Only the adult attacks fruit (Lee et al., 1970). These large, active moths feed at night (Jeppson, 1989), and are highly unlikely to be associated with fruit at harvest. Trachea auriplena (Walker) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Trachea (McCabe, 2003). No Species does not occur in the Far East (Kononenko, 1998). The record in CASI (1994) apparently is

erroneous. Xylena exsoleta (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Carter, 1984) No

Xylena formosa (Butler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Xylena fumosa (Butler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Xylena vetusta (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Kansanen and

Venetvaara, 1991) No

**Lepidoptera: Notodontidae** Cerura menciana Moore CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Chen et al., 1990) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 100 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Cerura vinula (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Clostera anastomosis (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Kang, 1970) No

Neopheosia fasciata (Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2009) No

Paranerice hoenei Kiriakoff Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Baidu, 2009 ) No

Phalera bucephala (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf (Hill, 1987) No Larvae may feed on the surface of developing fruit (Hill, 1987), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Phalera flavescens (Bremer & Grey) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Ptilodon capucina (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Stauropus fagi (L.) (= S. persimilis Butler) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Savela, 2009) No

Wi lemanus bidentatus (Wileman) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Baidu, 2009 ) No

**Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae** Depressaria isshikii Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Depressaria (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Stathmopoda auriferella (Walker) (= S. theoris Meyrick) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence (Park et al., 1994; Taher Sayed, 1946) No Larvae apparently feed superficially on the surface of fruits (Anonymous, 2008b), and are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 101 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

**Lepidoptera: Papilionidae** Iphiclides podalirius (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

**Lepidoptera: Pieridae** Aporia crataegi (L.) Jiang, 2001 Jiang, 2001; Savkovskii, 1975 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Jiang, 2001; Savkovskii, 1975) No Significant damage may be observed on fruit (Jiang, 2001). Larvae may feed externally on fruit, but are sensitive to disturbance (CABI, 2013) and therefore are highly unlikely to remain with the host plant after harvest

. **Lepidoptera: Psychidae** Acanthoecia (= Kotochalia ) larminati (Heylaerts) (= Chalia larminati Heylaerts) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf, stem (Chien, 1959; Pitkin and Jenkins, 2009) No

Acanthopsyche bipars Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Acanthopsyche (= Eurukuttarus ) nigriplaga (Wileman) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hori, 1927) No

Acanthopsyche subteralbata Hampson Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Amatissa snelleni Heylaerts Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Amatissa (Das, 1956). No

Canephora asiatica (Staudinger) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Yang et al., 2008) No

Canephora unicolor Hübner CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 102 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Chalioides kondonis Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Dappula tertia (Templeton) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Eumeta minuscula (Butler) (= Clania minuscula Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Eumeta (= Clania
, Cryptothelea ) variegata (Snellen) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Robinson et

al., 2001) No

Mahasena hakingi Moore Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Mahasena (Robinson et al., 2001). No Probably a misspelling of M. hockingi (Hampson, 1892). Mahasena nitobei Matsumura CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Mahasena (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Mahasena yuna Chao Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Mahasena (Robinson et al., 2001). No

Plateumeta aurea Butler CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, leaf, stem typical feeding sites of species of Psychidae (Anonymous, 2007). No Larvae may feed externally on developing fruit (Anonymous, 2007), but are highly unlikely to be associated with mature fruit at harvest. **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae** Acrobasis (= Eurodope, Nephopteryx) pyrivorella (Matsumura) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Uncertain (CABI,

2013; Shutova, 1977) No See additional discussion in section 2.3.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 103 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Acrobasis tokiella (Ragonot) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Anonymous, 200 9 ) No

Calguia defiguralis Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Uncertain. Fruit of various hosts (CABI, 2013) No See additional discussion in section 2.3. Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Millière) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Carter, 1984;

Zhang, 1994 Fruit, leaf, stem

(Carter, 1984) Yes

Eurhodope hollandella (Ragonot) (= Etiella hollandella Ragonot) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf typical feeding sites of species of Eurhodope (Plaksina and Prokof’ev, 1976). No See additional discussion in section 2.3.

Euzophera batangensis Caradja Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Euzophera bigella (Zeller) Hua, 2005 Davatchi and Esmaili, 1970 Fruit (Davatchi and

Esmaili, 1970) Yes

Euzophera pinguis (Haworth) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Zhang, 1994) No

Euzophera pyriella Yang Song et al., 1994 ;

Sun and Wang, 2010 Song et al., 1994 Fruit, stem (Song et al., 1994) Yes

Haritalodes (= Sylepta ) derogata (F.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Heterocrasa expansalis Warren Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf feeding site reported for species of Heterocrasa (Yunus and Ho, 1980). No

Hypsopygia regina (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Hypsopygia (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Loxostege sticticalis L. (= Margaritia sticticalis [L.]) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (CABI, 2007) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 104 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Maruca vitrata (F.) (= M. testulalis [Geyer]) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Uncertain. Recorded on all plant parts of other hosts (CABI, 2013)

. No See additional discussion in section 2.3.

Pempelia heringii (Ragonot) (= Nephopteryx rubrizonella Ragonot) Arakawa, 1927;

Hua, 2005 Arakawa, 1927;

Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf (Arakawa,

1927) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Saturniidae** Actias artemis (Bremer & Gory) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Actias dubernardi (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Actias (Robinson et al., 2009). No

Actias selene (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hill, 1983) No

Antheraea pernyi Guérin

Méneville Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Antheraea yamamai Guérin

Méneville CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007; Sahara et al., 2001) No

Attacus atlas (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Caligula boisduvali Erscherich (= C. jonasii Staudinger) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Caligula japonica (Moore) (= Dictyoploca japonica Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) No

Caligula (= Dictyoploca ) simla Westwood Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 105 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Cricula trifenestrata Helfer (= C. andrei Jordan) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Holloway, 1998; Robinson et al., 2009) No

Eriogyna pyretorum (Westwood) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Zhang et al., 2008b) No

Neoris haraldi Schawerda Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Anonymous, 200 9 ) No

Solus drepanoides (Moore) (= Cricula drepanoides Moore) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Cricula (Robinson et al., 2009). No

**Lepidoptera: Sesiidae** Paranthrene regalis (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Zhou et al., 1999) No

Synanthedon (= Conopia ) hector (Butler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Stem (Matsumoto et al., 2007) No

Synanthedon unocingulata Bartel (= S. haitangwora Yang) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Robinson et al., 2001; Zhu, 1980) No

**Lepidoptera: Sphingidae** Ampelophaga rubiginosa Bremer & Grey Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Pittaway and Kitching, 2009a) No

Langia zenzeroides Moore Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

Marumba gaschkewitschii (Bremer & Grey) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (KFS, 2004) No

Marumba jankowskii (Oberthür) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Genka, 2009b) No

Rhyncholaba (= Pergesa ) acteus (Cramer) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Leong and D’Rozario, 2009) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 106 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Smerinthus planus Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Smerinthus (Murata, 1927). No

Sphinx ligustri L. Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Pittaway and Kitching, 2009b) No

Theretra latreillii (Macleay) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Hawkeswood, 1993) No

**Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae** Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufnagel) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Habrosyne (USDI, 2006). No

Thyatira batis (L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Fitter and Peat, 1994) No

**Lepidoptera: Tortricidae** Acleris comariana (Lienig & Zeller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf (Anonymous, 1973) No

Acleris cristana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae occasionally may feed superficially on fruit (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Acleris extensana (Walker) (= Peronea agrioma Meyrick) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Nair, 1975 Leaf typical feeding

site of species of Acleris (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004). No

Acleris fimbriana (Thunberg & Becklin) (= A. crocopepla [Meyrick]) Hua, 2005;

Hwang, 1974 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hwang, 1974; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 107 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Adoxophyes cyrtosema Meyrick CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Liu, 1958) No Larvae may feed on developing fruit, causing premature fruit drop (Liu, 1958), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Adoxophyes orana (Fischer von Röslerstamm) Byun et al., 2003;

Ding et al., 2003; Whittle, 1985 Byun et al., 2003;

Chapman, 1973; Whittle, 1985 Fruit (Chapman,

1973), inflorescence, leaf (Hill, 1983) Yes

Adoxophyes privatana (Walker) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae may feed on developing fruit, causing premature fruit drop (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Ancylis selenana (Guenée) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Archips asiaticus Walsingham (= Cacoecia asiatica [Walsingham], Tortrix asiatica Walsingham) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005; Hwang, 1974 Hua, 2005;

Hwang, 1974 Fruit (Byun et al.,

2003), leaf (Hwang, 1974) No Like other leafrollers in apple (Brunner, 1993), larvae

may damage fruit by binding leaves to it or feeding externally. Highly unlikely to be present on harvested fruit. Archips betulana (Hübner) (= A. decretana [Treitschke]) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Georgiev and Velcheva, 1999) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 108 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Archips breviplicanus (Walsingham) Hua, 2005 Chapman, 1973; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 Fruit (Chapman,

1973), inflorescence, leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae occasionally may feed superficially on young fruit (Chapman, 1973; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Archips crataegana (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Archips ingentana (Christoph) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Syachina and Dubatolov, 2009) No

Archips micaceana (Walker) Hua, 2005; Zhou

and Deng, 2006 Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983; Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983) Yes

Archips nigricaudana (Walsingham) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (NIFTS, 2008) No

Archips oporana (L.) (= Archippus oporanus [L.], Cacoecia oporana [L.]) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Anonymous, 2009a; CABI, 2007; Hill, 1983; Sylvén, 1958) No Larvae may feed superficially on developing fruit (Dicker, 1962), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Archips philippa (Meyrick) (= A. subsidiaria [Meyrick]) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf (Parry and Pawar, 1988) No Larvae feed superficially on fruit (Parry and Pawar, 1988), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Archips subrufana (Snellen) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Choi et al., 2004) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 109 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Archips termias (Meyrick) (= A. pomivora (Meyrick), Cacoecia sarcostega Meyrick) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Bhagat et al., 1994; Nair, 1975) No Larvae may feed on damaged fruitlets (Bhagat et al., 1994), but

are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Archips xylosteana (L.) (= Cacoecia xylosteana (L.)) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Chapman, 1973;

Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Byun et al., 2003; Chapman, 1973; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae feed on young, developing fruit (Byun et al., 2003), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Thunberg) (= A. pulchellana (Haworth)) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Alford, 2007; Hua,

2005; Velcheva, 20 09 Fruit, leaf,

infloresc ence (Alford, 2007; Gambaro, 1962) Yes

Choristoneura adumbratanus (Walsingham) (= Hoshinoa adumbratana (Walsingham)) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman

and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Choristoneura diversana (Hübner) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984) No

Choristoneura lafauryana (Ragonot) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae may graze superficially on fruit (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 110 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Choristoneura longicellanus (Walsingham) (= Hoshinoa longicellanus [Walsingham]) High, 2008; Hua,

2005 High, 2008; Hua,

2005 Fruit, leaf (High,

2008) No Larvae may graze superficially on fruit (High, 2008), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Choristoneura luticostana (Christoph) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Leaf (Kuznetsov,

1989) No

Clepsis imitator (Walsingham) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Clepsis (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004). No

Clepsis mellissa (Meyrick) Hua, 2005; Wang

et al., 2003 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Clepsis (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004). No

Clepsis pallidana (F.) (= C. strigana [Hübner]) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Yasuda, 1972) No

Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubleday) (= C. cinereipalpana Razowski) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Cydia funebrana (Treitschke) (= Grapholita funebrana (Treitschke), Laspeyresia funebrana Tr.) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005; Liu et al., 2010 Olszak and

Pluciennik, 2001 Fruit (Olszak and

Pluciennik, 2001) YesPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 111 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Eudemis porphyrana (Hübner) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (FES, 2009c) No Larvae may feed in young fruit (FES, 2009c), but are highly unlikely to be present in mature fruit at harvest. Grapholita inopinata Heinrich (= Cydia inopinata Heinrich) CASI, 1994;

Chang et al., 1964 CASI, 1994;

Chapman, 1973; Gibanov and Sanin, 1971; Lopatina, 1978 Fruit, seed

(Chapman, 1973, Lopatina, 1978) Ye s

Gypsonoma minutana (Hübner) CABI, 2007;

Hua, 2005 CABI, 2007; Hua,

2005 Leaf (Meijerman

and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Hedya auricristana (Walsingham) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Tsukiji, 2009a) No

Hedya ignara Falkovitsh Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Kuznetsov, 1989) No

Homona coffearia (Nietner) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Homona magnanima (Diakonoff) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Leaf (CABI, 2007; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Homonopsis foederatana (Kennel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Murakami and Nakano, 2002) No

Homonopsis illotana (Kennel) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Kuznetsov, 1989) No

Pandemis cerasana (Hübner) (= P. ribeana [Hübner]) Hua, 2005 ; Tiso

et al., 1992 Hua, 2005 ; Tiso et

al., 1992 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 ; Tiso et al., 1992 ) No Larvae may feed on young, developing fruit (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004), but are highly unlikely to be present on mature fruit at harvest. Pandemis chlorograpta Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Pandemis (Robinson et al., 2001). NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 112 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Pandemis chondrillana (Herrich

Schäffer) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No See Remarks for Pandemis

cerasana

.

Pandemis cinnamomeana (Treitschke) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman

and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Pandemis corylana (F.) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Pandemis dumetana (Treitschke) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf

(Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Byun et al., 2003;

Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 Byun et al., 2003;

Chapman, 1973; Lind et al., 2003 Fruit, leaf, stem

(Chapman, 1973; Lind et al., 2003) No Larvae may graze superficially on fruit (Lind et al., 2003), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Pseudosciaphila branderiana (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Fitter and Peat, 1994) No

Ptycholoma (= Archips ) imitator (Walsingham) (= Cacoecia imitator Walsingham) Byun et al., 2003;

CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005 Leaf

(Doosan_Corporatio n, 2009c; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Ptycholoma lecheana (L.) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Rhopobota ustomaculana (Curtis) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Sugiura et al., 2006) No

Sparganothis pilleriana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf, stem (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Spatalistis christophana (Walsingham) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Genka, 2009a) No

Spilonota albicana (Motschulsky) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2005 Fruit (Hua and

Wang, 2006) YesPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 113 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Spilonota lechriaspis Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Spilonota prognathana Snellen Hua, 2005;

Kondo and Miyahara, 1930 Chapman, 1973;

Hua, 2005 Fruit (Chapman,

1973; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930) Yes

Statherotis threnodes (Meyrick) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No Probably a synonym of Arcesis threnodes (Meyrick). Statherotis threnodes apparently is not a valid species (Brown, 2005). Syndemis musculana (Hübner) Byun et al., 2003;

Hua, 2005 Byun et al., 2003;

Chapman, 1973; Hua, 2005 Fruit, leaf

(Chapman, 1973; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No Larvae may feed superficially on young fruit, (Chapman, 1973), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Tortrix sinapina (Butler) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) No

Ulodemis trigrapha Meyrick Hua, 2005; Liu

and Bai, 1982 Fletcher, 1920;

Robinson et al., 2001 Fruit (Fletcher,

1920) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae** Acria ceramitis Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Athrypsiastis salva Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf, stem feeding locations for species of Athrypsiastis (Borror et al., 1989). No

Linoclostis gonatias Meyrick Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Stem (Sonan, 1939) No

**Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae** Swammerdamia pyrella (de Villers) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Carter, 1984) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 114 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Yponomeuta evonymellus (L.) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Hill, 1987) No

Yponomeuta polystictus (Butler) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Anonymous, 2009c) No

**Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae** Agalope hyalina Kollar Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983; Hua, 2005 Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983; Hua, 2005 Inflorescence, leaf,

stem (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983) No

Elcysma westwoodii (Vollenhoven) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Inflorescence, leaf (Nakai and Takeda, 1995) No

Illiberis nigra (Leech) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Kim et al., 2004) No

Illiberis pruni Dyar Hanson, 1963;

High, 2008; Hua, 2005 High, 2008; Hua,

2005 Fruit, leaf (High,

2008) No Larvae may graze superficially on fruit (High, 2008), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Illiberis sinensis Walker Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (EPPO, 2005) No

Procris pruni (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005 Hua, 2005 Leaf (Apostolov, 1961) No

Soritia pulchella (Kollar) (= S. leptalina Kollar) Hua, 2005 Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Leaf (Nair, 1975) No

**Orthoptera: Acrididae** Angaracris barabensis (Pallas) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Chen and Kang, 2000) No

Atractomorpha lata (Motschulsky) (= Acrida lata Wu) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 Leaf (Yanagida et

al., 1996) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 115 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Atractomorpha sinensis (Bolivar) (= A. ambigua Bolivar) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 Leaf, stem (Martin

Kessing and Mau, 1992) No Present in Hawaii (Nishida, 2002)

.

Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Chorthippus (e.g., Bernays and Chapman, 1970). No

Locusta migratoria (L.) (= L. danica L.) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (CABI, 2007) No

Oxya japonica (Thunberg) (= O. velox [F.]) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Aziz and Aziz, 1985) No Present in Hawaii (Nishida, 2002)

. Oxya shanghaiensis Willemse Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf typical feeding site of species of Oxya (e.g., Adria et al., 1990; Hill, 1983). No

Parapleurus alliaceus (Germar) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Pfisterer et al., 2003) No

Patanga japonica (Bolivar) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Fruit, leaf (Zhai, 1985) No Species is reported to feed superficially on fruit, but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest (DAFF, 2009). **Orthoptera: Gryllidae** Calyptotrypus hibinonis (Matsumura) Hanson, 1963;

Hua, 2000 Hanson, 1963;

Hua, 2000 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf, stem (Hanson, 1963) No Pest may feed superficially on fruit (Hanson, 1963; Tseng and Ho, 1937), but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Gryllus chinensis (Weber) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf, stem (McPartland, 1996) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 116 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit (DAFF, 2009) No Species is reported to feed superficially on fruit, but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest (DAFF, 2009). Oecanthus longicauda Matsumura Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Fruit, leaf, stem typically attacked by species of Oecanthus (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993). No Adults may eat holes in ripe fruit (Metcalf and Metcalf, 1993), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. Teleogryllus mitratus (Burmeister) D AFF, 2009;

Hua, 2000 DAFF, 2009; Hua,

2000 Fruit, leaf, stem

(DAFF, 2009) No Species is reported to feed superficially on fruit, but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest (DAFF, 2009). Teleogryllus
testaceus (Walker) (= Gryllus testaceus Walker) CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 CASI, 1994; Hua,

2000 Root, stem (Calora

and Ferino, 1964) No

**Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae** Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Chao, 1975) No Present in Hawaii (CABI, 2007)

. Gryllotalpa unispina Saussure CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Chao, 1975) No

**Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae** Conocephalus gladiatus (Redtenbacher) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf, stem (NILGS, 2009b) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 117 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Deracantha onos (Pallas) DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit (DAFF, 2009) No Species is reported to feed superficially on fruit, but is highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest (DAFF, 2009). Gampsocleis buergeri (De Haan) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Leaf (Tayutivutikul and Kusigemati, 1992) No

Gampsocleis ussuriensis Adelung DAFF, 2009 DAFF, 2009 Fruit (DAFF, 2009) No See Remarks for Deracantha

onos

. Holochlora japonica Brunner von Wattenwyl Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Kim, 2000a) No Present in Hawaii (Nishida, 2002)

.

Holochlora nawae Matsumura & Shiraki Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Fruit, inflorescence, leaf (CAAS, 2009) No Species of Tettigoniidae

may feed externally on fruit (e.g., Wason, 1946), but are highly unlikely to remain with fruit through harvest. **Phasmatodea: Bacteriidae** Phraortes illepidus (Brunner von Wattenwyl) (= Staelonchodes illepidus Brunner von Wattenwyl) Hua, 2000 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Kim, 2000b) No Species of Staelonchodes have been placed in the genus Lonchodes (Brock, 2000), which is a synonym of Phraortes (e.g., Hua, 2000). **Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae** Haplothrips chinensis Priesner Hua, 2000;

Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Hua, 2000 Inflorescence (Wang, 1997) No

**Thysanoptera: Thripidae**Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 118 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Parabaliothrips grandiceps Priesner Hua, 2000;

Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Hua, 2000 Leaf (Gillespie et al., 2002) No

Thrips flavidulus (Bagnall) Hua, 2000;

Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Hua, 2000 Inflorescence (Zhao et al., 2002) No

Thrips flavus Schrank Hua, 2000;

Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Hua, 2000 Inflorescence (Hill, 1983) No

**FUNGI AND CHROMISTANS**  Ascochyta piricola Sacc. (Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ) Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Farr and Rossman,

2012 Leaf (Kuz'michevl et

al. , 2001) No

Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex Yamada (Urediniomy

cetes: Uredinales) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994; Jones, 2000 Fruit , leaf, stem

(EPPO, 2003) Yes Isolated reports place the fungus in Pennsylvania and Deleware (Yun et al.
, 2009) butwe found no further detections

. Fruit is an unlikely

conveyance and is only

referenced once (EPPO, 2003). Japanese (the source of the most literature) and Chinese literature did not describe infected fruit. Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka (Ustilaginomyce tes) Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Farr and Rossman,

2012; Lutz et al., 2004 Roots (Farr and

Rossman, 2012) No

Leptosphaeria mandshurica Miura (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 Leaf (CASI, 1994) NoPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 119 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Monilia polystroma van Leeuwen (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) Farr and

Rossman, 2012; Petróczy and Palkovics, 2009; Zhu and Guo, 2010 Farr and Rossman,

2012; Petróczy and Palkovics, 2009 Fruit, leaf , stem (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Petróczy and Palkovics, 2009) Yes

Monilinia fructigena Honey (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) (= Stromatinia fructigena [Schröt.] Boud; anamorph: Sclerotinia fructigena [Pers.] Schröt.) Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Duke, 1983; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 Fruit (Farr and

Rossman, 2012), inflorescence, stem (Duke, 1983) Yes

Monilinia mali (Takahashi) Whetzel (= Sclerotinia mali Takahashi) (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Fruit, inflorescence,

leaf, stem (CASI, 1994; Willetts and Harada, 1984). No Does not infect mature fruit (Holb, 2008). Infected fruit drop at the small fruit, immature stage (Holb, 2008). Mycosphaerella pomacearum (Cord.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellal es) CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 CASI, 1994; Farr

and Rossman, 2012 Leaf (CASI, 1994) No

Ochropsora ariae (Fuckel) Ramsb. (Urediniomycetes, Uredinales) Farr and

Rossman, 2013 Farr and Rossman,

2013 Leaf ( Farr and

Rossman, 2013) No

Paraconiothyrium variabile Riccioni, Damm, Verkley & Crous (Dothideomycet es, Pleosporales) Gao et al., 2011 Gao et al., 2011 Trunk (Gao et al., 2011) No Wood rotting fungus (Gao et al, 2011); no evidence of pathogenicity.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 120 **Pest name Evidence of** 

**presence in China**  **Evidence for host**

**association Plant part(s)** 

**association 4**  **On**

**harvested plant**  **part(s)? 5**  **Remarks**

Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thüm.) Steyaert (= Pestalotia disseminata Thüm. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales)) Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Farr and Rossman,

2012 Leaf (Farr and

Rossman, 2013) No

Phomopsis truncicola Miura (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Farr and Rossman,

2012; Won et al., 1972 Stem (Won et al.,

1972) No

Valsa mali Miyabe & Yamada (= Cytospora mali Grove) (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) CABI, 2012; Fu

et al., 2003 ; Wang et al., 2011 Fu et al., 2003 ;

Wang et al., 2011 Twig infection

(Wang et al

. , 2011) No

**NEMATODES** Aphelenchoides limberi Steiner (Aphelenchoidid ae) Li, 1984a Li, 1984a Leaf typically infested by species of Aphelenchoides (Nickle and Hooper, 1991). No

Helicotylenchus agricola Elmiligy (Hoplolaimidae) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Root (CASI, 1994) No

Helicotylenchus borinquensis Román (Hoplolaimidae) CASI, 1994 CASI, 1994 Root (CASI, 1994) No

Meloidogyne mali It oh et al. (Meloidogynidae ) Zhang and Xu,

1994 Jones and

Aldwinckle, 1990 Root (Jones and

Aldwinckle, 1990) No

Pratylenchus loosi Loof (Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2007 CABI, 2007 Root (CABI, 2007) No

**VIRUS/VIROID** Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid CABI, 2012 Serio et al., 2002 Plant (Serio et al., 2002) Yes (Serio

et al., 2002)Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 121 **2.3. Notes on pests identified in the pest list**

Acrobasis (= Eurhodope
, Nephopteryx) pyrivorella (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Available information on this species indicates that it is a pest restricted to cultivated and ornamental pear varieties (Shutova, 1977), and is not known to affect any other host species (CABI, 2013; Shutova, 1977). This pest is listed by CASI (1994) and Hua (2005) as occurring on Malus pumila in China; however, outside of the mention of the pest on apple on these pest lists, there is no indication that A. pyrivorella has ever infested or affected Malus species, even as a widespread pest throughout Asia (CABI, 2013).
Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) : Due to many misidentifications of Bactrocera species in southern Asia, the full host and distribution for B. occipitalis is not known (Drew and Hanco ck, 1994). Mango and guava are the only plants that have been confirmed as natural hosts (Drew and Hancock, 1994). A thorough literature search did not reveal any additional sources that may indicate a reliable identification of B. occipitalis on apple, and the CASI(1994) record is considered dubious.
Bactrocera pedestris (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) : Id entification of Bactrocera species is difficult, and there are many known instances of misidentifications in southern Asia (Drew and Hancock, 1994). Drew and Hancock (1994) were unable to confirm what species of plant serve as hosts for B. pedestris , and the species is onl y known to occur in the Philippines. A thorough literature search did not reveal any additional sources that may indicate a reliable identification of B. pedestris on apple or in China, and the CASI(1994) record is considered dubious.
Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) ( Lepidoptera: Py ralidae): Occasional records list apple in association with C. punctiferalis with no original sources indicated (CABI, 2013; CASI , 1994; Robinson et al. , 2001); however, there is no evidence that this association occurs naturally

. Kadoi and Kaneda (1990) performed laboratory research and found that the moth was unable to complete development with apples. Conogethes punctiferalis is a significant pest on other hosts, and extensive research has been published regarding the host range and impacts. A thorough search of reputable sources, including the National Agricultural Library , Goo gle Scholar, and PestID interception records did not reveal any indication of a natural association with apples. We consider the listing of apples as a natural host for C. punctiferalis to be dubious.
Hypocala subsatura Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): High (2008) describes damage of apple fruit to include boring b y larvae of H. subsatura . Most of the available information indicates that H. subsatura is a pest of leaves of persimmon (e.g., Hallman and Knight, 1993), with very little indication of this sp ecies occurring on apple fruit. Sources of primary literature records do not reflect a natural association with apple fruit. Various online sources also indicate that records of H. subsatura on Malus species in pest lists (e.g., CASI , 1994; Hua, 2005) may be due to recordings of adult feeding, or of misidentification with other Hypocala species (e.g., Holloway
, 1983). It does not appear that apple is a host for H. subsatura that can sustain development of larvae to maturity

. Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Py ralidae): CASI (1994) indicates pest status on apple and presence in China. There is no other indication in the literature or interception recordsPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 122 that O. furnacalis may

affect apple, either incidentally or as a pest . Therefore
, this pest was not anal yz ed further.
Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranyc hidae): CASI (1994) lists this species as a pest of apple in China. There is no other indication that this well researched species may infest apple trees. A thorough search of reputable sources, including the National Agricultural Library
, Google Scholar, and PestID interception records did not reveal any indication of a natural association with apples. Moreover, Tetranyc hus mites are pests of leaves (CABI, 2013). Lee and Lee (19 97) consider an anecdotal possibility , stating that “even though these mite species do not occur in apple orchards...the importers suspect these non

- feeders of apple to attach on apple fruits accidentally

and hibernate in the concave on fruits.” The authors do not give a reference for this information. An additional search of interception records gives no indication that Tetranychus species may be associated with commerciall y produced and shipped apple fruits, and it is considered not likely to be associated with apples.
There is very

little biological information available for many of the species listed on the pest list in Table 2 . For many, associated plant parts must be assumed b y examining the biological characteristics of other species within the genus, subfamily , or family . Finding that a similar species may

be found affecting fruit, with no additional information available, is insufficient to conclude that the species of concern may also regularly

be associated with the fruit, and therefore likely to f ollow the pathway

. Therefore, the following arthropods will not be anal yz ed at this time: Argyresthia assimilis (L epidoptera: Agry resthiidae), Ergania doriae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Eurhodope hollandella (Lepidoptera: Py ralidae), Peribleptus foveatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Tenuipalpus taonicus (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). Additional changes and further review may be required as biological information becomes available.

**2.4. Pests selected for further analysis**

We identified 2 6 pests for further anal ys is (Table 3). All of these organisms are actionable pests for the continental United States and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with the commodity

plant part(s) at the time of harvest and remaining with the commodi ty, in viable form, throughout the harvesting process.

**Table 3.** Pests selected for further anal ys is. **Pest type Taxonomy**  **Scientific name Arthropod**  Acari: Tenuipalpidae Cenopalpus pulcher

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Rhynchites auratus Rhynchites bacchus Rhynchites heros Rhynchites giganteus Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera dorsalis Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes japonicus Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Pseudococcus cryptus Lepidoptera: Carposinidae Carposina sasakii Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliellaPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 123 **Pest type Taxonomy**  **Scientific name**

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Cryptoblabes gnidiella Euzophera bigella Euzophera pyriella Pempelia heringii Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana Archips micaceana Argyrotaenia ljungiana Cydia funebrana Grapholita inopinata Spilonota albicana Spilonota prognathana Ulodemis trigrapha **Fungi** Gymnosporangium yamadae Monilia polystroma Monilinia fructigena **Viroid** Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid



### 3. Assessing Pest Risk **Potential**

**3.1. Introduction**
For each pest selected for further anal ys is, we estimate its overall pest risk potential. Risk is described b y the likelihood of an adverse event, the magnitude of the consequences, and uncertainty. In this risk assessment, we first determine for each pest if there is an endangered area within the import area. The endangered area is defined as the portion of the import area where ecological factors favor the establishment of the pest and where the presence of the pest will result in economically important losses. Once an endangered area has been determined, the overall risk of each pest is then determined b y two separate components: 1) the likelihood of its introduction into the endangered area on the imported commodity (i.e., the likelihood of an adverse event), and 2) the consequences of its introduction (i.e., the magnitude of the consequences). In general, we assess both of these components for each pest. However, if we determine that the risk of either of these components is negligible, it is not necessary to assess the other, as the overall pest risk potential would be negligible regardless of the result of the second component. In other words, if we determine that the introduction of a pest is unlikely to have unacceptable consequences, we do not assess its likelihood of being introduced. Likewise, if we determine there is negligible likelihood of a pest being introduced, we do not assess its consequences of introduction.
The likelihood and consequences of introduction are assessed using different approaches.
For the consequences of introduction, we determine if the pest meets the threshold (Yes/No) of likely causing unacceptable consequences of introduction. This determination is based on estimating the potential consequences of introduction in terms of physical losses (rather thanPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 124 monetary losses). The threshold is based on a proportion of damage rather than an absolute value or amount. Pests that are like ly to impact at least 10 percent of the production of one or more hosts are deemed “threshold pests.”
For likelihood of introduction, which is based on the likelihoods of entry and establishment, we qualitatively

assess risk using the ratings Negligible, L ow, Medium, and High. The risk factors comprising the model for likelihood of introduction are interdependent and, therefore, the model is multiplicative rather than additive. Thus, if any one risk factor is rated as Negligible, then the overall likelihood will be Negligible. For the overall likelihood of introduction risk rating, we define the different categories as follows: High: Pest introduction is highl y likely to occur. Medium: Pest introduction is possible, but for that to happen, the exact combination of required events needs to occur. Low: Pest introduction is unlikely to occur because one or more of the required events are unlikel y to happen, or the full combination of required events is unlikely to align properl y in time and space. Negligible: Pest introduction is highly unlikel y to occur given the exact combination of events required for successful introduction.

**3.2. Assessment results**

3.2. 1

. Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introducti on to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Adoxophyes orana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Adoxophyes** 

**orana** Climatic suitability Based on the current distribution of A. orana in Europe and Asia (CABI, 2013) , establishment may occur in Plant Hardiness Zo nes 4 through 9 (Magarey

et al., 2008). Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Adoxophyes orana is a broadly pol yphagous pest, known particularl y to feed on fruit trees throughout the world. Hosts in the continental United States may

include alder, birch, Humulus spp., hazel, persimmon, currant, peanut, so ybean, mulberry, lilac, loquat, apple, Prunus spp., pear, rose, Rubus spp., citrus, poplar, willow, and camellia (NRCS, 2012; Robinson et al. , 2001). Economically important hosts at riska Some of the eco nomically important host plants in the region estimated for potential establishment include apple, Prunus species, pear, and

rose (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Adoxophyes orana is considered one of the most signific ant pests in UK apple orchards (Cuthbertson and Murchie, 2005).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 125 **Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area of the continental United States includes regions within Plant Hardiness Zones 4 through 9.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Adoxophyes orana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Low C Evidence indicates that this organism has a low association with fruit. Eggs are generally

laid on leaves, but may

be present on fruit (Hill, 1983) . Larvae may feed externally on fruit skin (Hill, 1983) but are not expected to be associated with harvested fruit

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low MU No information was provided regarding post

- harvest procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4). Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Low MU No information was provided regarding transport and storage procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4). Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Adoxophyes orana is a broadly poly phagous pest, known particularl y to feed on fruit trees throughout the world (Robinson et al. , 2001). Suitable hosts are widel y and regularl y distributed through out the endangered area and the pest is capable of dispersing on its own. However, Hill (1983) states that eggs may be present on fruit skin and are the most likely

life stage to be imported with apples from China

. In order for establishment to occur, these eggs mustPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 126 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  successfull y develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk E lement B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered

area (PERAL , 2008)

. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs (Hill, 1983) . In order for establishment to occur, these eggs must successfully hatch into larvae, feed and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty picall y exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in onl y a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further mo re, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated by false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity pres ent. L andolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order fo r introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 200 6). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually

mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity to eachPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 127 other) is comp arativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Adoxophyes orana**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes C Adoxophyes orana is considered to be a pest of potential economic and environmental importance to the United States (CAPS, 2013). Recent studies in the Czech Republic have found increasingl y damaging populations predicted to have been imported in fruit for consumption and that are resistant to current leaf roller control efforts (Kocourek and Stara, 2005). Additional control efforts beyond what is currently

in place may be necessary

in the United States, should this pest be imported in apples. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Adoxophyes orana is an important pest whose recent spread and impact into apples orchards in new regions of Europe has been documented (Kocourek and Stara, 2005). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 128 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  the PRA area?

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2.2 Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid We determined that the establishment of Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid in the continental United States is negligible because it is only transmissible by

grafting . We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating**  **and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) N/A N/A

Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry N/A N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Negligible C Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid is viroid which is only

transmissible by grafting ( Serio et al., 2002 ). Fruit cannot be grafted. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 129 3.2. 3

. Archips micaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Archips micaceana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable imp acts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Archips**  **micaceana** Climatic suitability The current tropical distribution of Archips micaceana in Asia (e.g., Hill,

1983; Zhou and Deng, 2006) indicates that establishment may occur in Plant Hardiness Zones 9+ (Magarey et al., 2008)

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts include apple ( Malus ), so ybeans ( Glycine), Citrus spp., Annona squamosa , Mangifera indica
, Morus spp., and Hibiscus esculentus (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993). These hosts may

be found throughout P lant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11 (NRCS, 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Apples, citrus, and so ybeans are some of the economically important crops in the United States (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Archips micaceana is a serious pest of apples in India (Bhardwaj and

Bhardwaj, 1983) and is considered a major arthropod pest of soy beans and other crops in southeast Asia (Waterhouse, 1993).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area includes apples, so ybeans, citrus, and other crops in

P lant H ardiness Z ones 9+ within the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Archips micaceana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of**  **apples from China Risk Element**  **Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Archips micaceana has been described as the most abundant apple tortricid in India (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983). Larvae infest fruits in late summer, scraping skin and boring into the caly x end of the fruit (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983) . No standard industry field practices beyond minimal handling during harvest are known (see thePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 130 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of A. micaceana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4) . Those larvae that have bored into the fruit near the cal yx (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983) are espec ially likel y to escape detection. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may

reduce the prevalence of A. micaceana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely

to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Mediu

m MC Archips micaceana is a poly phagous pest (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993) for which it is estimated that suitable hosts are widel y available throughout the endangered

area. In order for establishment to occur, larvae must come out of the fruit, successfull y develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of the required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered

area (PERAL , 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Mediu

m N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Mediu

m N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 131 Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be larvae that had bored into the fruit near the cal yx (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983)

. In order for establishment to occur, these larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty pically exhibit intra

specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually

onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and fem ale adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two

- leaf rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for femal e pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf

- rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will hav e a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Archips micaceana**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as**  **necessary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MC As with other poly phagous species of Archips , prevalence and damage levels may be the same in both managed and

un

- managed orchards (Cuthbertson and Murchie, 2005). Yield losses due to defoliation from A. micaceana in groundnut range from 5

- 34 percent , though chemical controls may be effective (Sottikul, 1989). Archips micaceana may

present a larger risk inPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 132 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as**  **necessary)** organic agriculture, as chemicals appear to be the most effective mitigating factor against leaf rollers (CABI, 2013). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Archips micaceana is a poly phagous species able to infest a wide range of cultivated and wild hosts (Bhardwaj and Bhardwaj, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993) . Even if control measures are used in agriculture, A. micaceana may continue to spread through wild hosts, potentially

infesting fields of organic production. Itis capable of natural dispersal through flight. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 4

. Argyrotaenia ljungiana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Argyrotaenia ljungiana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 133 **Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Argyrotaenia**  **ljungiana** Climatic suitability Argyrotaenia ljungiana has been reported throughout most of the

Palearctic, including Mongolia and China, with the exception of Japan ( Ioriatti et al., 2012 ; Razowski, 2002 ) . This corresponds to Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 10 ( Magarey et al., 2008 )

. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Argyrotaenia ljungiana is poly phagous, with larvae feeding on Myrica gale
, Calluna
, Erica , Vaccinium , Betula
, Malus
, Prunus , Abies
, Picea , and Larix (Razowski, 2002), and occasionall y causing damage on Vitis spp. (Ioriatti et al., 2012). All of these species are present in the area of potential establishment of the pest in the United States (NRCS, 2012). Economically imp ortant hosts at riska Many of the host genera of A. ljungiana contain important economic fresh fruit hosts, including apples, stone fruit, grapes, and blueberries (CABI, 2013) . Injury

to tree species may

be insignificant, because the pest only damages a small number of leaves (Ioriatti et al., 2012). Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Significant damage noted in cultivated apple and grape fruit as well as

wild trees, shrubs, and herbace ous plants due to larval feeding (Alford, 2007).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area include s stone fruit, grapes, and blueberries in Plant

Hardiness Zones 6

- 10.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Argyrotaenia ljungiana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Medium MC Apple fruit is not the preferred feeding site for this pest. Argyrotaenia ljungiana generally feeds on leaves, but occasionall y feeds on and bores into fruit (Alford, 2007; Gambaro, 1962). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low MU Damage to apple fruit due to larval feeding is obvious , and large areas of fruit skin and pulp may

be consumed (Alford, 2007). Due to the significant damage, infested fruit is highl y likely to be culled. Thus, we decreased the rating from the previous risk element (A1) b y one level from Medium to Low. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and Low MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may

reduce thePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 134 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  storage conditions of the consignment prevalence of A. ljungiana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium M C Because the pest is poly phagous (Razowski, 2002) , cultivated and wild hosts are anticipated to be widel y available
, and the pest is capable of dispersing on its own. However, internally feeding larvae are the most likely life stage to be associated with the apples (Alford, 2007; Gambaro, 1962)

. In order for establishment to occur, larvae must come out of the fruit, successf ull y develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of the required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population occurs within the region endangered b y A. ljungiana (PERAL
, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be internally feeding larvae (Alford, 2007; Gambaro, 1962)

. In order for establishment to occur, larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests typically exhibit intra

- specific competition forPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 135 food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; So lomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneousl y introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding systems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity

to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Argyrotaenia ljungiana**  **into th e**  **continental United States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area No MU The introduction of the pest would likely not result in significant increases in costs of production beyond normal annual fluctuations. Similar species of poly phagous moths occurring in fruit orchards sporadically

infest grapevines. The most imp ortant one in Europe is A. ljungiana , and A. velutinana in the United States (Roehrich and Boller, 1991). Fruit producers already use integrated pest management programs against leaf rollers (Bentley , 2009) and would probably experience no additional problems because of the presence of another pol yphagous leaf roller

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 136 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Risk Element C2: Spread potential N/A N/A

Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes C Argyrotaenia ljungiana feeds on apples and grapes (Zhang, 1994), both of which are exported b y the United States (GTI, 2012). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes MC Argyrotaenia ljungiana is a pest of concern regulated b y Canada (CFIA, 2013; PExD, 2013), an important export destination for U

. S

. crops. Additional phy

tosanitary measures may be required by

Canada should A. ljungiana become established in the United States. Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 5

. Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be High

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Bactrocera dorsalis in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United Stat es endangered by**  **Bactrocera dorsalis**  Climatic suitability Except for adventive populations in Guam and Hawaii, B. dorsalis is

restricted to subtropical and tropical Asia (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992). We estimate that this species could establish in the c ontinental United States in areas corresponding to Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 137 Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Due to taxonomic confusion regarding species within Bactrocera , the

host list for B. dorsalis remains incomplete, though the species is clearl y poly phagous (CABI, 2013). Some known host plants that occur in zones 9

- 11 include apple (

M. pumila ), peach (

Prunus persica ), and pear ( Pyrus communis ) (CABI, 2013). Economically important hosts at riska Many of the host plants impacted by B. dorsalis are considered economicall y important in the continental United States including p ear, apple, orange, grape, capsicum, peach, plum, and watermelon ( CABI, 2013; Ye and Liu, 2005; Ye, 2001). Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Bactrocera dorsalis is a major pest worldwide, causing significant losses

to economicall y important fruit crops (Atwal, 1976).

**Defined Endangered Area**  Within the continental United States, the area endangered for B. dorsalis

includes apple, peach
, and pear crops in Z ones 9

- 11.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Bactrocera dorsalis**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apple from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as ne**  **cessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Bactrocera dorsalis is an important pest in apple orchards in China (Ye and Liu, 2005). No standard industry field practices beyond minimal handling during harvest are known (see the description of the pathway

in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High C Bactrocera dorsalis lay their eggs beneath the skin of fruit, and larvae feed on the pulp (White and Elson

Harris, 1992). Internal feeders are highl y unlikely to be mitigated b y any processing measures, so we did not change the previous rating. Risk Element A3: Likelihood

o f surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MC No information on transport and storage conditions was provided, and it is not likely

that the internal fruit flies would be affected (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4 ) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikelyPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 138 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as ne**  **cessary)** to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area High MC The wide host range of B. dorsalis (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992; CABI 2013) , in addition to the ability of these pests to fly

long distances in search of host material ( Christenson and Foote, 1960)
, indicates that these pests would have a high likelihood of finding suitable host material in the endangered area. Even if the pest is introduced during winter months in Zones 9

- 11, temperatures would permit development and survival (Christenson and Foote, 1960) and it is likely that at least some host material would be available. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population is within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment High N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment High N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Bactrocera dorsalis**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as**  **necessary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes C Bactrocera dorsalis can cause extensive damage to over 150 kinds of fruits and vegetables (Weems et al., 2012). It can damage up to 100 percent of unprotected fruit (CABI, 2012).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 139 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as**  **necessary)** Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes C Bactrocera dorsalis can move up to 11 kilometers (Froerer et al., 2010) and can quickl y spread in areas where it is accidentally

introduced without natural enemies (Vargas et al., 2007). The species has been shown to invade new areas of China (Ye and Liu, 2005; Ye, 2001). It is activel y expanding its range throughout the world (Clarke et al., 2005). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 6

. Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Carposina sasakii in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Carposina**  **sasakii** Climatic suitability The distribution of C. sasakii is restricted to northeast Asia, including

northeastern China, Korea and Japan (CABI, 2013; Funayama 2012; KimPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 140 et al., 2000). A comparison of global plant hardiness zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicates that potential establishment in the continental United States would be limited to P lant H ardiness Z ones 3

- 7. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Hosts include a pple, Prunus spp. (apricot, plum, peach), jujube (Zizyphus jujuba ), and pear (

Pyrus sorotina ) (Kim et al., 2000; L ei et al., 2012) Economically important hosts at riska Economically important hosts at risk include apple, pear, and Prunus species (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Economically significant damage has been noted on apple, pear, and jujube in China (L ei et al., 2012).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The area of the continental United States endangered b y C. sasakii lies

within P lant H ardiness Z ones 3

- 7.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Carposina sasakii**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High C Carposina sasakii is an important pest of apples in China. Eggs are laid near the cal yx , and larvae bore into the fruit (Kim et al., 2000). There are no known standard indu stry practices that may mitigate the presence of this internal pest on harvested fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No information was provided that may indicate any

mitigating factors during post

- harvest processing of apples from China (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No information was provided that may indicate any

mitigating factors during transport and storage of apples from China (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . In addition, larvaePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 141 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  have been shown to survive long periods in stored fruits (CABI, 2013). Ty pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely

to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Fruit of Rosaceous host plants is required for development of C. sasakii (CABI, 2013) . In the endangered area of the United S tates, fruit is not expected to be available ye ar

- round. In addition, larvae would have to emerge from fruit, find suitable pupation sites, and then find suitable hosts and mates for a population to develop. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. p opulation lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs near the cal yx , or internal larvae (Kim et al., 2000) . In order for establishment to occur, these eggs must successfull y hatch into larvae, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty pically exhibit intra

specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and falsePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 142 codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; So lomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually

onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Carposina sasakii**  **into the con tinental**  **United States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes C Chemical insecticides are effective at mitigating impact in apple fruit; however, damage incurred in orchards without insecticide usage has been documented at 26.3

- 62.5 percent (Kim et al., 2000). Costs of insecticide applications exceeded 50 percent of the total pest control costs for apple growers (Kawashima, 2008). While the “ economic status ” of C. sasakii in orchards is considered comparable to that of Cydia pomonella (present in the United States ) (Kim et al., 2000), increased damage may

be observed in non

commercial hosts, and additional control efforts may

be required in organic orchards.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 143 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Risk Element C2: Spread potential No MC C arposina sasakii is found only in northeast Asia, and is noted to not spread easily

to non

- native areas and

countries, in part due to strict quarantine regulations (CABI, 2013). While local flight may

occur, long

distance aerial dispersal has not been observed (CABI, 2013). Despite the abundance of research regarding this significant pest, there is no information regarding spread outside of its native range in northeast Asia. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes C C arposina sasakii feeds on apples, pears, and Prunus species, all of which are exported by

the United States (GTI, 2013). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes C Trading partners where C. sasakii is not known to occur consider this to be a quarantine pest, and currentl y require additional phy

tosanitary measures on host plants. C arposina sasakii is considered a harmful organism by

many countries in Europe as well as North America and South America (EPPO, 2012; PExD, 2013). Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 144 3.2. 7

. Cenopalpus pulcher (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Cenopalpus pulcher in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Cenopalpus**  **pulcher** Climatic suitability Cenopalpus pulcher is known to be established in Oregon and throughout

Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa (Bajwa et al., 2001). Comparisons with the USDA plant hardiness zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicate that establishment in the c ontinental United States may occur in P lant H ardiness Z ones 6

- 9. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts include apple, pear, prune, walnut trees
, and quince

(Jeppson et al., 2001). Economically important hosts at riska Potential host plants that are considered economically important in the

continental United States include apple, pear, and Prunus spp. (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska The pest potential on economically important hosts is considered minimal for C. pulcher . Generally described as an occasional pest of neglected orchards (e.g., Jeppson et al., 1975), this also appears to be the case in Oregon (Bajwa et al., 2001 ; Bajwa and Kogan, 2001). **Defined Endangered Area**  Cenopalpus pulcher may be able to establish on host plants within USDA

P lant H ardiness Z ones 6

- 9.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Cenopalpus pulcher**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Medium C Cenopalpus pulcher is generall y found associated with the leaves and stems of host plants, but eggs may be laid in crevices of apple fruit (Zahar et al., 1974). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Medium U No information was provided regarding post

- harvest procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 145 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Medium U No information was provided regarding transport and storage procedures that may

reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical refrigerated shipping conditions (DAFF, 2009 ) for apples are not likel y t o affect the pest population (Jeppson et al., 1975). Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC The pest has a limited ability to disperse naturally

. Cenopalpus pulcher is generally

sedentary (Jeppson et al., 1975), but has been shown to be capable of some movement within and between host plants and orchards (Bajwa et al., 2001). Only

eggs are expect ed to be associated with apple fruit (Zahar et al., 1974), requiring additional conditions to be met for development to successfully occur. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 146 **Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Cenopalpus pulcher**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area No MC Control measures in apple and pear orchards in the United States mitigate the presence of this species (Bajwa and Kogan, 2001). Spider mites are regularly controlled for in the United States (Cranshaw and Sclar, 2006), and these control measures are also

e ffective against C. pulcher (Bajwa and Kogan, 2001). Either chemical or biological control methods have shown to be effective against this species (Yanar and Ecevit, 2008). Risk Element C2: Spread potential N/A N/A

Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes C Cenopalpus pulcher feeds on apple and pear , which are exported by the United States (GTI, 2012). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes MC Cenopalpus pulcher is listed as a harmful organism and is regulated by Australia, Japan, Korea, Nauru, and New Zealand (PExD, 2013). Apples are exported from the United States to Japan and New Zealand (GTI, 2013). Pears are exported to Korea and New Zealand (GTI, 2013). Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 147 3.2.8. Ceroplastes japonicus (Hemiptera: Coccidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be negligible in the continental United States. We present the results of this assessment in a table below. Because of the results, we did not assess the consequences of introduction.

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Ceroplastes japonicus**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from Chin**  **a Risk Element**  **Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Ceroplastes japonicus is a significant pest of apples, and may

be found feeding on apple fruit (Konstantinova, 1976; Konstantinova and Gura, 1986). No standard industry

field practices are described that would reduce the presence of this pest in the fie ld

. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High U No information was provided regarding post

- harvest procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High U No information was provided regarding transport and storage procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Negligibl

e MC Fruit is highl y likel y to be consumed or safel y discarded, so scales will probably only rarely be in proximity

to hosts. Young instar scales that are affixed to fruit are highl y unlikely to depart, and, even if they

did, are very susceptible to environmental conditions (CABI, 2012). Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Negligibl

e N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 148 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligibl

e N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 9

. Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Lepidoptera: P yr alidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium . We present the results of this assessment in the table below

.
We determined that the establishment of Cryptoblabes gnidiella in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental**  **United States endangered by**  **Cryptoblabes gnidiella**  Climatic suitability Cryptoblabes gnidiella does best in warm climates and cannot survive

winters in cooler temperate areas (CABI, 2013). Cryptoblabes gnidiella is found in Europe (Austria, Cy prus, France, Greece, Italy , Malta, Portugal, and Spain), Asia (India, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Thailand, and Turkey), Africa (Egypt, Liberia, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and South Africa), the Caribbean (Bermuda), Nor th America (Hawaii), South America (Argentina, Uruguay), and Oceania (New Zealand) (CABI, 2013). We estimated the potential distribution of C. gnidiella using the degree

- day

model reported by

Ringenberg et al. (2005). We simulated the degree

- day

model usin g the North Carolina State University APHI S Plant Pest Forecast System (NAPPFAST) (2007) predictive modeling s ys tem. We considered areas where C. gnidiella could complete five generations as conducive for permanent establishment (Yehuda et al., 1991). The results indicated that C. gnidiella could establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 11. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Cryptoblabes gnidiella is poly phagous and attacks multiple plant species in the following plant families: Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae , Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Punicaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, and Vitaceae (CABI, 2013). Economically important hosts at riska Examples of economically important hosts C. gnidiella attacks include

Citrus
, Gossypium (cotton), Persea americana (avocado), Phaseolus (beans), Zea mays (corn), and Vitis (grape) (CABI, 2013). Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska In citrus
, it is an internal feeder that punctures fruit and causes premature

ripening, blotches, and early fruit drop (Silva and Mexia, 1999; PestID, 2012; CABI, 2013; Moore, 2003). This ty pe of damage can cause substantial losses to citrus crops (Moore, 2003; Silva and Mexia, 1999). In grapes, C. gnidiella feeds on grape clusters
, caus ing them to wilt andPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 149 consequently fall (Bisotto

- de

- Oliveira et al. , 2007; Ringenberg et al., 2005 ). On fruit close to harvest, feeding causes the disruption of the berries, resulting in leakage of juice
, which reduces the quality of wines or depreciates the fruits (Ringenberg et al., 2005 ). In addition, feeding increases the incidence of fungal and bacteria diseases that cause fruit rot (Bisotto

- de

- Oliveira et al., 2007; Ringenberg et al., 2005 ). **Defined Endangered Area**  The area endangered b y C. gnidiella comprises Plant Hardiness Zones 6

-

11, as this area is both climatically suitable and the economically important hosts mentioned above.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 ).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Cryptoblabes gnidiella**  **into the endangered area via the importation of**  **apples from**  **China Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Low MU Apple is only occasionally mentioned as a host for C. gnidiella (Carter, 1984; Zhang, 1994) , a well

- known pest in many other crops. It is estimated that C. gnidiella rarel y occurs on commerciall y produced apple Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low U No information was provided regarding post

- harvest procedures that may reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Low U No information was provided regarding transport and storage procedures that may

reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical refrigerated shipping conditions for apples are not likely to affect the pest population (Jeppson et al., 1975). Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the Medium MC As mentioned above, C. gnidiella has a wide host range, and those hosts are widel y and regularlyPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 150 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)** endangered area distributed throughout the entire endangered area ( CABI, 2013; Kartesz, 2013)

. The most likely life stages to be imported are eggs or internally feeding larvae (Carter, 1984). In order for establishment to
occur, the pest must successfully develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs or internally feeding larvae (Carter, 1 984) . In order for establishment to occur, eggs must successfull y hatch into larvae, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their egg s. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty pically exhibit intra

specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually

onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for femalePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 151 pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Cryptoblabes gnidiella**  **into the**  **continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessa ry)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MU Cryptoblabes gnidiella is a secondary pest of citrus and may

cause 5

- 7 percent reductions in yi eld and up to 50 percent in fruit damage (Moore, 2003; Silva and Mexia, 1999). In Is rael, C. gnidiella is a major pest of grapevines (Harari et al., 2007), but its

co

- occurrence with other important pests means that determining the amount of yield loss attributed to it is difficult. In pomegranate in Turkey C. gnidiella has been reported to cause between 6.4 and 41.2 percent fruit damage (Ozturk and Ulusoy , 2011b). Several countries actively control C

. gnidiella populations [ e.g. , Turkey (Ozturk and Ulusoy , 2011a) and Israel (Harari et al., 2007) ] . Control programs currentl y in place for other Lepidoptera pest are unlikely to be sufficient for managing this pest. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU Cryptoblabes gnidiella adults can naturally disperse by

fl yi ng (Ozturk and Ulusoy , 2011a; CABI, 2 013 ). Recent population expansions in Africa have been documented (Moore, 2003)

. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to ca use unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 152 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessa ry)**  **Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptabl e consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 10

. Cydia funebrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Cydia funebrana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Cydia**  **funebrana** Climatic suitability Cydia funebrana is distributed throughout most of Europe and northern

Asia (CABI, 2013; Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991). A comparison with US DA plant hardiness zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Plant H ardiness Z ones 3

- 8 (Magarey et al., 2008). Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Cydia funebrana is a poly phagous pest that fe eds on apple, apricot, sweet and sour cherry , plum, and Prunus spinosa (CABI, 2012 ; Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991 ). Economically important hosts at riska Prunus species and apples are the economicall y i mportant hosts at risk

and are found in the endangered area (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Cydia funebrana is regarded as the greatest economic threat to fruit

production (plums) in central Europe (Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 153 **Defined Endangered Area**  Prunus spp. and apples in Z ones 3

- 8 comprise the endangered area for

Cydia funebrana

. a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Cydia funebrana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Cydia funebrana is a significant pest in apple orchards, feeding within fruit ( Olszak and Pluciennik, 2001; Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991). Processing is expected to be minimal and is unlikely to affect survival. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of C. funebrana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of C. funebrana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlike ly to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Because the pest is poly phagous (CABI, 2012; Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991), hosts are widel y and regularly

distributed throughout the endangered area
, and the pest is capable of dispersing on its own. However, the most likely

life stage to be imported would be larvae feeding internally on fruit ( Olszak and Pluciennik, 2001; Van der GeestPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 154 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  and Evenhuis, 1991). In order for establishment to occur, these larvae must emerge, develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likeliho od of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population is within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be larvae feeding internally on fruit ( Olszak and Pluciennik, 2001; Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991)

. Inorder for establishment to occur, larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty picall y exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This me ans that usually

onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a l ower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge fromPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 155 a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of**  **Cydia funebrana into the continental**  **United States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Im** **pacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes C Cydia funebrana directly affects the fruit and can cause significant damage to plums and other stone fruit (Van der Geest and Evenhuis, 1991). Earl y season fruit infestation tends to result in fruit drop, but the second generation can be highl y injurious to fruit production, with damage to the later ripening varieties reaching 43

- 52 percent (CABI, 2011). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Cydia funebrana appears to have recentl y spread from Europe to Asia (CABI, 2012). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 156 3.2. 1 1

. Euzophera bigella (Lepidoptera: Py ralidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Euzophera bigella in the continental United States is likely to cause unacc eptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Euzophera**  **bigella** Climatic suitability Based on the distribution of E. bigella throughout Europe and Central Asia (Davatchi and Esmaili
, 1970; Gerasimov, 1930; Simoglou et al., 2012), it is estimated that E. bigella may be able to establish within USDA P lant H ardiness Z ones 6

- 8 in the continental United States. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Host plants of E. bigella that may be present within this region include apple, pear, peach, apricot, quince, grape, walnut
, and pomegranate (NRCS, 2012; Simoglou et al., 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Apples and pears are the most economically significant potential host plant within this region (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Euzophera bigella is considered a significant pest of apples (Davatchi and Esmaili
, 1970). Pest management techniques are especiall y important within olive, walnut, and pear (Simoglou et al., 2012). **Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area includes potential host plants within Plant Hardiness Zones 6

- 8.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Euzophera bigella**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Euzophera bigella generally bores into fruit already infested by other pests, but may

also be found infesting sound fruit (Pruthi, 1938). No information was provided indicating any additional field practices that may

mitigate the presence of fruit

-boring Lepidoptera in the apple orchards. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No information was provided regarding post

- harvest procedures that may reduce pest prevalence onPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 157 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No information was provided regarding transport and storage procedures that may

reduce pest prevalence on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect pest populations. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC As a poly phagous pest, potential host plants may

be found throughout the region suitable for establishment (NRCS, 2012; Simoglou et al., 2012)

. In order for a population to develop, larvae must leave the fruit, find suitable pupation sites, hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional expl anation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be internally feeding larvae (Pruthi, 1938) . In order for establishment to occur, these larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 158 Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests typically exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a sin gle larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, i t is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneousl y introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). S olitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding systems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity

to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Euzophera bigella**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MC The recent high

- level damage noted in olive production regions in Greece (Simo g lou et al., 2012) indicate s that this new pest may

not be controlled by measures already in place when invading a new region. New control measures were required (Simo g lou et al., 2012), indicating a significant yield loss. Costs of production would likely increase if new measures to control the pest had to be applied in the field. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC This pest has recently spread into new regions of Greece and has been causing significant impacts in Greece (Simo g lou et al., 2012). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 159 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  unacceptable direct impacts **Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 12

. Euzophera pyriella (Lepidoptera: P yr alidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Pears are app arently the primary

host for this species.

We determined that the establishment of E. pyriella in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Euzophera**  **pyriella** Climatic suitability Very little English literature is available regarding the distribution of E. pyriella in the world. Based on presence in China (Sun and Wang
, 2010) , it may

be conservatively

estimated that establishment may occur throughout P lant H ardiness Z ones 5

- 10 (Magarey et al., 2008). Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential host plants include apples ( Song et al., 1994), pears (Hou et al., 2011)
, and sweet almond ( Prunus dulcis ) (Mei et al., 2010). Economically important hosts at riska Pears are the primary economically

important host at risk ( CABI, 2013; Hou et al., 2011)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Euzophera pyriella is a significant pest of pears in China, capable of causing the death of the tree (Hou et al., 2011).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The area endangered b y E. pyriella includes regions where pears may be found in P lant H ardiness Z ones 5

- 10.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 160 **Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Euzophera pyriella**  **into the endangered area via the**  **importation of apples from China Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Low U Pears are the preferred host plant, though there have been occasional reports of infestations in apple (Song et al., 1994). Based on available information, apples are not regularl y impacted by E. pyriella in China (Houlin, 2009). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of E. pyriella on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)
, so we did not change the previous rating. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Low MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of E. pyriella on the fruit (see the description of the pathway

in s ection 1.4)

. Ty pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikel y to affect the pest population, so we did not change the previous rating. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Low MC The most likely life stage predicted to be associated with apple fruit are internally feeding larvae (Song et al., 1994). The restricted host range (Hou et al., 2011; Mei et al., 2010; Song et al., 1994 ) of this pest further reduces the likelihood of coming into contact with host material. In order for this pest to establish, larvae must emerge, develop, and find suitable mates. We rated this risk element Low due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met forPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 161 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  dev elopment. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population is within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008).

. Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs. In order for establishment to occur, these eggs must successfully hatch into larvae, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit boring pests ty

pically exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in onl y a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually only a single larva may

be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as s een with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2 006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually

mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity to each other) is co mparativel y lower. We lowered the risk rating for this pest from Medium to Low due to the lack of available hosts.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 162 **Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Euzophera pyriella**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MU This pest can kill host plants and is difficult to control (Hou et al., 2011)

. While specific data are not available, additional control measures have been required in China in recent ye ars in order to mitigate damage (Sun and Wang, 2010). With moderate uncertainty due to lack of data, we estimate that it is likely

that potential damage in the endangered area would be significant and that commonly used control measures may

not be effective

. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU Euzophera pyriella has been spreading within the Xingjiang province and causing additional damage to fruit tree host plants in China in recent years (Sun and Wang, 2010)

. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 163 3.2. 13

. Grapholita inopinata (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be High

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of G. inopinata in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Grapholita**  **inopinata** Climatic suitability The geographic distribution of G. inopinata , extends through several temperature regimes: Russian Federation (Eastern Siberia, Russian Far East), China (Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) (CABI, 2007). Most of these regions are contiguous and repres ent P lant H ardiness Z ones 3

- 7, but G. inopinata is also present in the Guangdong region of China, representing Z ones 9

- 11. Consequently , we estimate it could survive throughout the United States. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area The host range of G. inopinata is restricted to Rosaceae (e.g., species of Malus
, Pyrus , and Cydonia oblonga ) (CABI, 2007), for which species are available throughout the continental United States (Kartesz, 2013). Economically important hosts at riska Economically important hosts at risk include apple and pear (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Grapholita inopinata is an important pest on both wild and cultivated apples (Lopatina, 1978). Impacts to host plants due to infestations by G. inopinata are significant enough to warrant chemical treatments (e.g., Chang et al
., 1964). **Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area includes species of Malus and Pyrus throughout the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Grapholita inopinata**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Apples are a preferred host and larvae tunnel into the fruit to feed and develop (CABI, 2013; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; Lopatina, 1978). There is no evidence that mitigating measures are taken in the field. Risk Element A2: Likelihood High MU No processing procedures havePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 164 **Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment been indicated that may mitigate the presence of G. inopinata on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4) . Those larvae that have bored into the fruit (CABI, 2013; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; Lopatina, 1978) are especiall y likel y to escape detection. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of G. inopinata on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Grapholita inopinata is a significant pest on both wild and cultivated Malus species (Lopatina, 1978). Various Malus species are considered to be native and not rare throughout the continental United States (Kartesz, 2013), and no alternate hosts are required for development. Suitable host material (apple fruits) is available for at least part of the ye ar within the endangered area. In order for establishment to occur, larvae must come out of the fruit, successfully develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of the required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within thePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 165 **Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)** 

area endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be internally feeding larvae (CABI, 2013; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; Lopatina, 1978) . In order for establishment to occur, these larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests ty picall y exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 199 1; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for L epidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually

onl y a single larva may

be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae o f different stages of maturity present. Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 166 **Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Grapholita inopinata**  **into the contin ental**  **United States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MC Prior to the development of appropriate control measures, G. inopinata was found to reduce apple yi eld b y 78 percent (Lopatina, 1978). In more recent ye ars, infestation rates of G. inopinata in China apple production have increased, despite current control efforts (Liu et al., 2010). For this reason, it is expected that additional control measures would also be required in the United States

. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Grapholita inopinata may move with infested fruits. It has not been detected on other continents; however, it is also noted that trade from currently infested areas is minimal (CABI, 2013). Given the ability

of this moth to develop within the fruit, we estimate that it is pos sible for spread to occur with fruit from China to the United States

. Additionally , the moth is capable of natural dispersal through flight (CABI, 2013). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in Yes N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 167 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  the PRA area?

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 14

. Gymnosporangium yamadae (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction from apple fruit to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Gymnosporangium yamadae is a rust fungus that cannot reproduce without the presence of both apple ( Malus sp.) and Chinese j uniper ( Juniperus chinensis ) (EPPO, 2003). J uniperus chinensis is not native to the United States
, although it is available as a landscape ornamental.

**Determination of the portion of the United States endangered by Gymnosporangium**  **yamadae** Climatic suitability Gymnosporangium yamadae occurs in China (Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
, and the Republic of Korea (EPPO, 2003). Based on that information, we estimate that this fungus could establish in areas of the United States corresponding to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9, and possibly Z ones 4 and 10 (Magarey et al., 2008; PERAL , 2008). Pot ential hosts at risk in PRA area Gymnosporangium yamadae primaril y infects Malus spp. (apple) and Chinese j uniper (

Juniperus chinensis) . These hosts are widel y distributed throughout USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 in the continental United States (Kartesz, 2012; NASS, 2007 ; NRCS, 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Apples are economically important fruit crops (NASS, 2007 ).
Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Gymnosporangium yama dae primaril y infects leaves and stem tissue (EPPO, 2003). Fruit infection s are rare and described only once in the literature (EPPO, 2003). No descriptions of fruit infection were found in Japanese or Chinese literature. **Defined Endangered Area**  The area endangered b y G. yamadae includes areas in the United States within USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 where apples are grown.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (enviro nmental) plants (IPPC, 2011)

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 168 **Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Gymnosporangium yamadae**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apple from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) N/A N/A

Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/A

Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry N/A N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Negligible MC Gymnosporangium yamadae is a heterecious leaf and stem rust pathogen that requires both apple and a j uniper host (

Juniperus chinensis ) to complete its life cycle (EPPO, 2003). Establishment would require the fruit for consumption to be discarded in a location with both hosts near each other. Fruit infection by G. yamadae is considered rare (EPPO, 2003)
, and reproductive structures emerging from fruit is therefore highly unlikely . The likelihood of the fungus coming into contact with hosts is considered N egligible. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment N/A N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 169 3.2. 15

. Leucoptera malifoliella (L epidoptera: Lyonetiidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of L. malifoliella in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Leucoptera**  **malifoliella** Climatic suitability Present throughout Europe, the temperate zones of Eurasia, and central

Asia (Baufeld and Freier, 1991; CABI, 2013), L. malifoliella occurs in countries corresponding to P lant H ardiness Z ones 5

- 9 (Magarey et al., 2008). Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area L eucoptera malifoliella primarily feeds on the leaves of plants in the Rosaceae famil y, with hosts in multiple Rosaceae genera reported ( Malus
, Prunus , Pyrus , Cydonia
, Crataegus
, Chaenomeles , and Sorbus ). Additional host families include Betulaceae (Betula spp.) and Anacardiaceae (

Pistacia vera ) (CABI, 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Pyrus , Malus , and Prunus species are economically important hosts at risk that are present in Z ones 5

- 9 (CABI, 2013 ; NASS, 2007; NRCS, 2012)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska L eucoptera malifoliella damages host plants through the leaf

- mining activity of the larvae (Alford, 2007). Heavy infestations cause leaf damage and defoliation, which result in fruit production loss and decreased fruit quality

for the current year, and in decreased fruit bud set and differentiation for the following ye ar (Baufeld and Freier, 1991). **Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area for L

. malifoliella consists of Pyrus , Malus , and

Prunus species in Z ones 5

- 9.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Leucoptera malifoliella**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apple from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Medium C Apple fruit is not a preferred feeding site for the pest. Leucoptera malifoliella larvae feed

on leaves, but some pupae may hide within the cal yxof apple fruit ( CABI, 2013; Maciesiak, 1999). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest Medium C Small pupae ( 2

- 3 mm long) hidden within the caly

x (Alford, 2007;Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 170 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)** processing before shipment CABI, 2013) are unlikel y to be affected b y post

- harvest processing (see the description of the pathway in section 1.4) , so we did not change the previous rating. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Medium C Transportation and storage conditions of the apples are unlikely to affect mortality

of L. malifoliella , as live pupae have been found on other commodities (CABI, 2013; PestID, 2012). Ty pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikel y to affect the pest population (see the description of the pathway

in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area High M C The most likely life stage to be associated with fruit of apples would be small (3 mm) pupae that may have hidden within the cal yx of the fruit (Alford, 2007; CABI, 2013; Maciesiak, 1999)

. Environmental requirements for the completion of the life cycle for L. malifoliella , including eclosion and mating, are less restrictive than those for other Lepidoptera anal yz ed in this document. Upon eclosion, L. malifoliella would more easil y be able to disperse through flight in search of suitable hosts and mates ( CABI, 2013 ). Because the pest is poly

phagous ( CABI, 2012) , s uitable hosts are estimated to be widel y and regularl y distributed in the endangered area

. Adults are capable of self

- dispersal through flight (CAB I, 2013). Risk Element B2: Likelihood High C More than 25 percent of the U.S.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 171 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)** of arriving in the endangered

area population is within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment High N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment High N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Leucoptera malifoliella**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MC Leucoptera malifoliella is considered one of the most significant pests of apple in East Sarajevo (Tesanovic, 2011). High populations of L. malifoliella , thought to be the result of misuse of insecticides, or insecticide use for other insects, cause significant loss in apple, pear, or quince orchards (CABI, 2013). Infestations of L. malifoliella are more significant in organic orchards, requiring additional control measures (Holb et al., 2001). While control options for leafminers are frequentl y used in the United States (Weirs and Ophardt, 1980), timing of applications is important and effective control therefore may

be difficult if control regimes already i n place are not in sy nc

. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MC Leucoptera malifoliella has been shown to spread and increase in population size elsewhere in its distribution (Kovalenkov et al., 2008; Maciesiak, 1999). Płóciennik et al. (2011) found L. malifoliella to be spreading into new provinces inPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 172 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Poland. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes MC The United States ships large volumes of apples to Canada and Taiwan (FAS, 2012). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes MC Canada, Japan, Uruguay
, Chile, Korea
, Ecuador
, and Taiwan list L. malifoliella as a harmful organism (PExD, 2012) . Canada currentl y regulates the apples from China for the presence of L. malifoliella (CFIA, 2013). Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 16

. Monilia polystroma (Ascomyc etes: Helotiales) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be High . We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Monilia polystroma in the United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Monilia polystroma may

not cause any

unacceptable direct economic impacts in the United States because this species is not as economicall y damaging as M onilinia fructicola , which is already widely distributed throughout the United States (By rde and Willetts, 1977; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990), and M. polystroma can be controlled by the same fungicides that are already used to control apple and pear scab (Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). However, M. polystroma is regulated b y Canada (CFIA, 201 3 ), so U.S. exports could be subjected to additional phy tosanitary regulations if M. polystroma were to become established in the United States.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Monilia**  **polystroma** Climatic suitability Monilia polystroma occurs in Serbia, Hungary, Switzerland, Japan
, andPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 173 several provinces/regions in China (Farr and Rossman, 2013). Based on that information, we estimate that this fungus could establish in areas of the United States corresponding to USDA Plant Hardiness Zon es 5

- 9, and possibly

Z ones 4 and 10 (Magarey et al., 2008; PERAL , 2008). Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Monilia polystroma primarily infects Prunus spp. (stone fruit), Malus spp. (apple), and Pyrus spp. (pear), but it is also associated with Cydonia oblonga (quince) (Farr and Rossman, 2013). These hosts are widely distributed throughout USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 in the continental United States (Kartesz, 2012; NASS, 2007 ; NRCS, 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Apples, pears, stone fruit, grapes, quince, and filberts are economically

important fruit crops (NASS, 2007 ).

Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Monilia polystroma causes rotting of mature fruit, wilting
, and collapse

of floral parts (Hu et al

. , 2011; Zhu et al

. , 2011).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The area endangered b y M. polystroma includes areas in the United

States within USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 where apples, pears, stone fruit, and quince are grown.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Monilia polystroma**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Monilia polystroma is a known pathogen of apples and it can rot fruit when present (Petrócz y and Palkovics
, 2009 ). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Medium MC M onilia polystroma infection of fruit is apparent to the naked eye (Petróczy and Palkovics , 2009 )
, so infected fruit should be culled. However , it is possible that developing infections could escape detection. The timing of this window is uncertain
, but it is likely that onl y a fraction of the harvested commodity

that could be infested would escape detection

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the Medium MC Although specific conditions were not stated by China (see section 1.4 of this document), a

pples are usually stored inPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 174 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  consignment cold storage facilities under controlled temperature (usuall y 0

- 1 ° C) and high relative humidity ( DAFF, 2009 ). M onilia polystroma is likely similar to M oni linia fruticola and able to produce spores and grow, albeit very slowly , at 0°C (By rde and Willetts, 1977). Because M. polystroma can survive these conditions but only grow at a reduced rate, we left the previous risk rating unchanged. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area High C The spores of Monilia species primarily move to new areas via wind and air currents, and wounds are not required for penetration into host tissue (By rde and Willetts, 1977). The primary hosts for this fungus [ apples, stone fruits, and pears (Farr and Rossman, 2013) ] are grown throughout the endangered area (NASS, 2007 ), so we rated this risk element High. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered

area (PERAL , 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment High N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment High N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Monilia polystroma**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as nece**  **ssary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage No MU Monilia polystroma is closely relatedPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 175 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as nece**  **ssary)** potential in the endangered

area to two other widespread brown rot fungi, M onilinia fructicola and M

. laxa (Petróczy

and Palkovics, 2009). The only differences are molecular or in culture and it is not distinguishable from other brown rot fungi in the field (Petróczy and Palkovics, 2009). M onilin ia fructicola is already widel y distributed and managed throughout the United States (By

rde and Willetts, 1977; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Ritchie, 2000). Pome and stone fruit growers in the United States employ chemical and/or cultural control practices against a variety of foliar and fruit pathogens that would likely provide prevention/control of M onilia polystroma (Petróczy

and Palkovics, 2009). Due to the control measures already in place, M. polystroma is unlikely to increase damage more the 10 percent of current levels and does not warrant a yes. However, M. polys troma is poorly

studied so there is M edium uncertainty

to this rating. Risk Element C2: Spread potential N/A N/A

Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes MC Twenty percent of exported U.S. apples and 34 percent of exported U.S. peaches go to Canada (FAS, 2012), where M. polystroma does not occur (CABI, 2013 ). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes C Canada requires apples from China, Japan, and Korea and stone fruits from Spain to be free of M. polystroma as a condition of entry (CFIA, 201 3 ), so apples and stone fruit exported from the United StatesPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 176 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as nece**  **ssary)** to Canada would likely

also be

subject to similar phy

tosanitary requirements if M. polystroma was established in the United States. Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 1 7

. Monilinia fructigena (Ascomyc etes: Helotiales) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be High . We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Monilinia fructigena is a known pathogen of apple ( Malus sp.) and has been observed causing economically significant damage in China (Zhu et al

. , 2011).

We determined that the establishment of Monilinia fructigena in the United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Monilinia fructigena may not cause any unacceptable direct economic imp acts in the United States because this species is not as economicall y damaging as M. fructicola , which is already widely distributed throughout the United States (By rde and Willetts, 1977; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990), and M. fructigena can be controlled by the same fungicides that are already used to control apple and pear scab (Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). However, M. fructigena is regulated b y Canada (CFIA, 201 3 ), so U.S. exports could be subjected to additional phy tosanitary regulations if M. fructigena were to become established in the United States.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Monilinia**  **fructigena** Climatic suitability Monilinia fructigena occurs in Europe, Egy pt, Morocco, parts of the Middle East, Russia, Taiwan, Korea, and several provinces/regions in China (Guangxi, Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang) (CAB I, 2013; Farr and Rossman, 2012). A minor outbreak of M. fructigena in Maryland was eradicated (Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Reports of this fungus from South America are likely misidentifications (CABI, 2013). Based on that information, we estimate that this fungus could establish in areas of the United States corresponding to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9, and possibly Z ones 4 and 10 (Magarey et al., 2008; PERAL , 2008). Potential hosts at Monilinia fructigena primarily infects Prunus spp. (stone fruit), MalusPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 177 risk in PRA Area spp. (apple), and Pyrus spp. (pear), but it is also associated with Cydonia

oblonga (quince), Vitis vinifera (grape), Cotoneaster sp., and Corylus avellana (common filbert) (Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). These hosts are widely distributed throughout USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 in the continental United States (Kartesz, 2012; NASS, 2007 ; NRCS, 2012). Economically important hosts at riska Apples, pears, stone fruit, grapes, quince, and filberts are economically

important fruit crops (NASS, 2011).
Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Monilinia fructigena causes rotting of mature fruit, wilting and collapse

of floral parts, and cankers on shoots and branches (By rde and Willetts, 197 7; CABI, 2013; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990)

.
**Defined Endangered Area**  The area endangered b y M. fructigena includes areas in the United States

within USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 5

- 9 where apples, pears, stone fruit, grapes, quince, and filberts are grown.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Monilinia fructigena**  **into the endangered area via the**  **im portation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Monilinia fructigena is a known brown rot fungus of apple fruit and can cause economicall y measurable damage in infected orchards ( Zhu et al

. , 2011 ). Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Medium M C Monilinia fructigena causes a circular brown rot of fruit that gradually extends outwards (By

rde and Willetts, 1977). Eventuall y, the entire fruit surface can become covered with conidial tufts and fungal mycelium, and the fruit becomes shriveled and “mummified” (By

rde and Wi lletts, 1977). Thus, late stage infections are highl y likely to be observed (CABI, 2013) and removed during general culling . Latent infections may not be detected, but based on this evidence, we decreased the previous rating b y one level. Risk Element A3: Likelihood Medium M C Although specific conditions were notPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 178 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment stated by China (see section 1.4 of this document), apples are usually stored in cold storage facilities under controlled temperature (usuall y 0

- 1 ° C) and high relative humidity condition (Biosecurity

Australia, 2010). Monilinia fructigena is able to produce spores and grow, albeit very slowly , at 0°C (By rde and Willetts, 1977). Because M. fructigena can survive these conditi ons but only grow at a reduced rate, we left the previous risk rating unchanged. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Medium N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area High C The spores of Monilinia species primarily move to new areas via wind and air currents, and wounds are not required for penetration into host tissue (By rde and Willetts, 1977). The primary hosts for this fungus (apples, stone fruits, and pears (Farr and Rossman, 2013) ) are grown throughout the endangered area (NASS, 2011), so we rated this risk element High. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered

area (PERAL , 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment High N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment High N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=UncertainPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 179 **Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Monilinia fructigena**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as ne**  **cessary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area No MC Monilinia fructigena is closely related to two other widespread brown rot fungi, M. fructicola and M. laxa ( Chalkley , 2013)

. Monilinia fructigena is not considered as economically damaging as M. fructicola that is already widely distributed and managed throughout the United States (By rde and Willetts, 1977; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Ritchie, 2000). Losses from M. fructigena rarel y warrant specifi c control measures ( Chalkley , 2013 ). Pome and stone fruit growers in the United States employ chemical and/or cultural control practices against a variety of foliar and fruit pathogens (including the closely related M. fructicola ) that would likely provide prevention/control of M. fructigena ( Chalkley , 2013 ; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Pre

- harvest losses from M. fructigena are difficult to estimate, as infected fruit are usuall y predisposed from bird and insect damage (van Leeuwen et al. , 2000) and would l ikely

be culled. In managed systems, yield loss is ty

pically below 10 percent (van Leeuwen et al. , 2000). There is a risk of resistance to commonly

used fungicides for the prevention of brown rot fungi (Miessner and Stammler, 2010; Ogawa et al., 1995; Chalkley , 2013 ) ; we therefore increase our uncertainty about the damage potential. Risk Element C2: Spread potential N/A N/A

Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 180 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as ne**  **cessary) Trade Impacts**  Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk Yes MC Twenty percent of exported U.S. apples and 34 percent of exported U.S. peaches go to Canada (FAS, 2012), where M. fructigena does not occur (CABI, 2013; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Canada lists M. fructigena as a harmful organism (APHIS, 2012). Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements Yes C Canada requires apples from China, Japan, and Korea and stone fruits from Spain to be free of M. fructigena as a condition of entry

(CFIA, 201 3 ), so apples and stone fruit exported from the United States to Canada would likely also be subject to similar phy tosanitary requirements if M. fructigena was established in the United States. Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts Yes N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 18

. Pempelia heringii (Lepidoptera: P yr alidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below. Records of this species affecting apple are from the earl y 1900s; it is unclear why P. heringii is not recorded with apple in more recent history

.
We determined that the establishment of Pempelia heringii in the continental United States is unlikely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Pempelia**  **heringii** Climatic suitability Records of P. heringii in China and Japan (Arakawa, 1927; Howard,

1897; Kruilova and Mevzos, 1930) indicate that this species may survive within USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 3

- 8. Potential hosts at Hosts of P. heringii include apple (Arakawa, 1927), pear (Howard,Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 181 risk in PRA Area 1897), and Chinese hawthorn ( Crataegus pinnatifida ) (Sun et al., 1992).

Malus and Pyrus species are present throughout the continental United States (Kartesz, 2013). Chinese hawthorn is generally grown as an ornamental within USDA P lant H ardiness Z ones 5

- 8 (Dave’s Garden, 2013). Economically important hosts at riska Apples, pears, and Chinese hawthorn are economically important plants

in the continental United States (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska While P. heringii has been documented boring into pear and apple fruit

in the earl y 1900s (e.g., Arakawa, 1927; Howard, 1897), there are no recent records, for unknown reasons. Pest potential on pears and apples is likely to be low (medium uncertainty). However, it is listed as an important pest in Chinese hawthorn (Sun et al., 1992). **Defined Endangered Area**  Based on records presented b y Kartesz (2013), C. pinnatifida is not a

plant present in the environment in the continental United States. Records indicate that it may

be purchased for ornamental use (Dave’s Garden, 2013), and it is most likely available in gardens and yards. The endangered area therefore includes sporadic Chinese hawthorn plants and potentially

apples and pears within P lant H ardiness Z ones 5

- 8.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Pempelia heringii**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other**  **notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Low U After spinning the fruit stalks together with stems, larvae bore into and pupate within the fruit (Arakawa, 1927). This habit significantl y increases the probability

of infested fruits being noted prior to harvest in the field. In addition, most records of this species associated with apples are 100 ye ars old; for unknown reasons, it appears that P. heringii is no longer a significant pest in apple orchards. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of P. heringii on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood Low MU No transport or storage conditions havePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 182 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other**  **notes as necessary)** of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment been provided that may reduce the prevalence of P. heringii on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4) . Ty pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikel y to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MU The full host range for this species is not clear. Apples and pears ( Arakawa, 1927; Howard, 1897) are widely distributed throughout the endangered area, and Chinese hawthorn is additionally distributed gardens and yards (Dave’s Garden, 2013). Larvae that may have bored into apple fruit must move off the fr uit, find suitable locations for pupation and development, and find mates for populations to develop. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Uncertainty for this risk rating is fairly high due to the unclear host status. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered

area (PERAL , 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be internally feeding larvae (Arakawa, 1927) . In order for establishment to occur, larvae must feed and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling andPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 183 fruit

-boring pests ty

pically exhibit intra

- specific competition for food re sources, resulting in onl y a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually only a single larva may

be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. L andolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple male s and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually

mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Pempelia heringii**  **into the continental United**  **States (i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area No MC 100 years ago, 30

- 50 percent yi eld loss in pears was recorded (Howard, 1897). More recent research is not available, suggesting that the pest importance of P. heringii has decreased, likely due to the use of modern control measures. While P. heringii is listed as an “important” pest of Chinese hawthorn (Sun et al., 1992), this plant appears to be primaril y ornamental in the United States. It is likely

that normally

used control measures in yards and gardens would be effective against any damage inflic ted by

this species. Risk Element C2: Spread potential N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 184 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts No N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk No MC It does not appear that the United States produces significant amounts of Chinese hawthorn for export. Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts No N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? No N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 19

. Pseudococcus cryptus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Negligible. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Pseudococcus cryptus**  **into the endangered area via the importation of**  **appl es**  **from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) N/A N/A We analyzed the likelihood of establishment first. See below.

Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest pro cessing before shipment N/A N/A

Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 185 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)** Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry N/A N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Negligible MC See explanation below.

Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area N/A N/A

Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Negligible N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establi shment Negligible N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

**Life stage biology** . Female meal ybugs typically go through four life stages after the egg stage and some species, such as Dysmicoccus brevipes , bear live young (Ito, 1938). The first two ny mphal instars have large legs compared to adults, and are quite active. The third instar ny mph has shortened legs and resembles the adult. Grasswitz and James (2008) studied movement of Pseudococcus maritimus ny mphs and found little tendency for them to move away

from the point where they

were released. The farthest movement was 90 cm, but most distances were considerabl y shorter. Furthermore, no evidence indicated that meal ybug movement was influenced b y any cues other than surface features of the host (e.g., light or gravity). Cid et al. (2010) found that Planococcus citri ny mphs hatched in bark crevices in the woody part of grapevines and rarel y made it up into the green parts of the vine unless populations were very large. Ny mphs stopped moving upward when they encountered places in the bark to feed, and did not appear to move between plants by contact between green organs. In a study with three species of Rastrococcus mealy bugs, R. mangiferae
, R. iceryoides , and R. invadens , no active migration of the Rastrococcus spp. between trees, tree to soil or tree to debris occurred (Narasimham and Chacko, 1991). The crawlers (first and second instar nymphs) are also very sensitive to desiccation (Browning, 1959). Furness (1976) also hy pothesized that low humidity was responsible for the high mortality seen in dispersing first instar ny mphs of Pseud

ococcus longispinus . Browning (1959) also found high mortality in first and second instar ny mphs in low humidity

. The adult female emerges from the third instar nymph. They are wingless and cannot disperse b y flying. Females are often large and distorted from the eggs or nymphs which they carry in their abdomens, although those of most species retain their legs and can move to some extent. Males, by contrast, develop wings and flight capabilities as adults (McKenzie, 1967).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 186 **Other dispersal mechanisms** . Given their limited ability to disperse b y walking, meal ybugs may have some mechanism for longer range dispersal, and evidence indicates that wind may

carry nymphs away

from hosts. First and second instar ny mphs of Pseudococcus longispinus were blown from pe ar trees onto sticky traps on warm, windy

days (Barrass et al., 1994). Vitullo (2009) found the density

of females on a plant influenced the number of nymphs caught. Also, dispersal b y wind depends to a large extent on being exposed to wind well off the ground, in the branches of the host plant (Barrass et al., 1994; Grasswitz and James, 2008). Crawlers on imported infested fruit are highl y unlikel y to be in such conditions (see below), reducing the potential for effective aerial dispersal.
Dispersal b y wind is dependent on prevailing wind direction; ny mphs have no control over where they

are blown. This dispersal strategy relies on a very

high number of ny

mphs, so that a few will arrive serendipitously on a suitable new host. Commercial fruit arriving in the United States is highly

unlikel y t o carry

high populations of pregnant females. Crawlers would be unlikely to survive shipment, especiall y in chilled, low humidity conditions. Some people dispose of inedible fruit in outdoor compost bins, but since only a small number of fruit are likely to be infested, only very

rarel y would infested fruit be composted. For these reasons, mealy bugs arriving on commercial fruit for consumption have a negligible likelihood of dispersing to hosts.

3.2. 20

. Rhynchites species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Based on similarities among the biology , host range, and impacts of the Rhynchites species designated likely

to follow the pathway

in Table 2, we have combined the analyses here. This anal ys is includes the following spec ies: R. auratus , R. bacchus
, R. giganteus , and R. heros . Any discrepancies in the ratings determined from the literature are stated within the tables below.

We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Rhynchites species in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Rhynchites**  **species** Climatic suitability Determination of climatic suitability was conducted through a comparison of USDA Plant Hardiness Zones (Magarey et al., 2008) with the worldwide distribution of the Rhynchites species of concern. Specific plant hardiness zones in which it is estimated that the species may establish are as follows: R. auratus : 3

- 11, based on distribution in Europe and Asia (Alford, 2007; Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ; Hukui and Yixiang, 1999) R. bacchus : 5

- 11, based on distribution throughout much of Europe, Asia, and Russia (Legalov, 2007) R. giganteus : 6

- 11, based on distribution in Europe and Asia (Alonso

-Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 187 Zarazaga, 2011; Mazur, 2002) R. heros : 5

- 10, based on distribution in China, Korea, and Japan ( Hanson, 1963; Lu and Liu, 2002; Muramatsu, 1925) Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Rhynchites species are important pests of plants within Rosaceae. Specific

hosts for the species of concern that are known to occur within the respective plant hardiness zones listed above are as follows: R. auratus : Apples (Khairushev, 1970), species of Prunus (cherry , apricot, plum), and walnut (Alford, 2007). R. bacchus : Species of Malus
, Pyrus , Prunus , and Crataegus (Alford, 2007; Legalov, 2007). R. giganteus : pears (Zvierezomb

- Zubovsky, 1918) R. heros : Pears (Hanson, 1963), apples (Clausen, 1931), peach, plum, loquat (Katsumata, 1934) Economically important hosts at riska Many Rhynchites species are considered to be important poly phagous pests on Rosaceous host plants (Mazur, 2002). Apples are considered economicall y important in the United States, and are hosts for each of these species. Specific hosts that also may be considered economi call y important in the continental United States include: R. auratus : cherry , plum, apricot, walnut (Alford, 2007; Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ) R. bacchus : apricot, cherry , plum (Alford, 2007; Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ) R. giganteus : pears (Zvierezomb

- Zubovsky, 191 8) R. heros : pears, peaches (Hanson, 1963; Katsumata, 1934) Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Significant losses that have been documented in various Rosaceous hosts for

the Rhynchites species of concern include: R. auratus : signific ant losses in cherry ( Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ) R. bacchus : significant losses in apricot ( Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ) R. giganteus : significant damage in pears (Zvierezomb

- Zubovsky, 1918) R. heros : Considered a major pest of apples (Clausen, 1931) and serious dam age has also been noted on pear (Katsumata, 1934) **Defined Endangered**  **Area** Rosaceous host plants are available throughout the continental United States.

The endangered area for each of the Rhynchites species of concern includes various Rosaceous hosts within the following plant hardiness zones in the continental United States: R. auratus : 3

- 11 R. bacchus : 5

- 11 R. giganteus : 6

- 11 R. heros : 5

- 10

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” im portant hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 188 **Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Rhynchites**  **species into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating U**  **ncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) Medium MU Eggs or internall y feeding larvae may be found associated with apple fruit (Alford, 2007). Following oviposition within host fruit, Rhynchites species are known to full y or partially cut the stem of the fruit so that it drops to the ground (e.g., Alford, 2 007; de Stefani, 1918; Katsumata, 1934; Muramatsu, 1925). However, it should be noted that fruit may

not be successfully severed and may

remain on the tree until harvest. We therefore rated this risk element Medium. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment Low MU Damage to fruit due to infestation by Rhynchites species is obvious (e.g., Alford, 2007; Gonget, 2003; Katsumata, 1934; Muramatsu, 1925) and such fruit are very likely to be culled during even minimal post

harvest processing. Therefore we reduced the rating from A1 by one level. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment Low MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of Rhynchites spp

. on the fruit (see Section 1.4 Description of pathway) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry Low N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Hosts are available over a wide area as commerciall y produced commodities and in a wider area for wild hosts (e.g., Alford, 2007; Hanson, 1963; Khairushev, 1970; Legalov, 2007; Zvierezomb

- Zubovsky, 1918)

. The most likely

life stages to be associatedPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 189 **Risk Element Risk**  **Rating U**  **ncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  with apples from China are eggs or larvae inside the fruit (Alford, 2007). In order for establi shment to occur, the Rhyn chites species must successfull y develop, move from the fruit to soil suitable for pupation and near a host plant, and then emerge and find a suitable mate (Alford, 2007; Hanson, 1963; Katsumata, 1934; Muramatsu, 1925). Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25% of the population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Rhynchites**  **species into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA**  **area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes C Damage in apples associated with infestations of R. auratus may reach 60% (Khairushev, 1970). R. auratus and R. bacchus are economically important pests in Turkey. Yield losses of 10

- 85% in cherry

and up to 90% of apricot due to infestations by R. auratus and R. bacchus , respectivel y, have been noted ( Ozbek and Hayat, 1996 ). R. giganteus and R. heros have both caused significant damage in pears (Hanson, 1963; Zvierezomb

Zubovsky, 1918). Management of Rhynchites species can be very difficult and time

- consuming, and isPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 190 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  likely to increase costs of production. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes C Rhynchites species can fly or move with infested fruit and are distributed through much of Europe and Asia (e.g., Alford, 2007; Hanson, 1963). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 21

. Spilonota albicana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Spilonota albicana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Spilonota**  **albicana** Climatic suitability Based on the current distribution of S. albicana in Korea, Japan,

Northeast China and Russia (Ovs yannikova and Grichanov, 2013; Tikhonov, 1962), it is estimated that establishment may occur within plant hardiness zones 3

- 7. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area A poly phagous pest, primary

host plants for S. albicana include Crataegus sp. (Liu and Liu, 1994), apples, peaches, cherries ( Hua and Wang, 2006 ).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 191 Economically important hosts at riska Apples, peaches, and cherries are considered to be economicall y

important hosts in the continental United States, and are available throughout the region estimated to be climatically suitable for S. albicana (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska Spilonota albicana is a significant pest, requiring the use of cultural and

chemical control measures to reduce impacts on host plants (Ovsyannikova and Grichanov, 2013).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area includes apples, cherries, and peaches throughout

plant hardiness zones 3

- 7 in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Spilonota albicana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanatio n of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MC Eggs are laid within the fruit, and larvae burrow into fruits to feed (Hua and Wang, 2006 ; Tikhonov, 1962). No standard industry field practices beyond minimal handling during harvest are known and internally feeding larvae may

go undetected. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of S. albicana on the fruit (see Section 1.4 Description of pathway)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of S. albicana on the fruit (see Section 1.4 Description of pathway) . Given the ability

for this species to overwinter in northeast Asia, ty pical shipping conditions for

a pples seem unlikel y to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 192 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanatio n of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Establishment**  Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium MC Spilonota albicana may affect a wide range of Rosaceous and forest host plants ( Ovsyannikova and Grichanov, 2013). It is estimated that these potential host plants would be widel y available throughout the endangered area (Kartesz, 2013). However, larvae

and eggs present in or on the fruit are the most likel y life stages to be shipped. The pest must move off the fruit, find suitable locations for pupation and development, and find mates for populations to develop. We rated this risk element Medium due to th e likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25% of the population lives within the endangered area (PERAL , 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area: The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs or internally feeding larvae (Hua and Wang, 2006; Tikhonov, 1962) . In order f or establishment to occur, these eggs must successfull y hatch into larvae, feed and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopt eran leaf rolling and fruit boring pests ty picall y exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth and false c odling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more it is not unusual for L epidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually

onl y a single larva may

be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiplePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 193 larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present . Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

– that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously

emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Spilonota albicana**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MU The introduction of S. albicana may result in increases in costs of production. Apple, peach, and pear producers in the United States must already employ

control measures for the similar species S. ocellana (CABI, 2013). However, in more recent ye ars in China, yield losses in untreated orchards have risen significantly due to expanded use of hawthorn near orchards (Hua and Wang, 2006). Yield losses in untreated apple orchards near hawthorn plantings may

reach 50 percent (Hua and Wang, 2006). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU As a Tortri cid moth, S. albicana has a natural dispersal potential through flight. Spilonota albicana is a poly phagous species able to infest a wide range of Rosaceous and forest host plants ( Ovsyannikova and Grichanov, 2013).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 194 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 22

. Spilonota prognathana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae ) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Spilonota prognathana in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States**  **endangered by Spilonota**  **prognathana** Climatic suitability Spilonota prognathana is present in northeastern Asia, Japan (Chapman,

1973) , and Guangdong (Kwangtong), China (Kondo and Miyahara, 1930)

. A comparison with the USDA Plant Hardiness Zones (Magarey et al., 2008) indicates that establishment in the continental United States may occur in Z ones 7

- 10. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Potential hosts for S. prognathana include apple, cherry
, peach, pear

(Kondo and Mi yahara, 1930), and hawthorn ( Crataegus ) (S yt enko, 1960). Economically important hosts at ri ska Apple, peach, and pear are economically important host plants that are present within P lant H ardiness Z ones 7

- 10 (CABI, 2013)

. Pest potential on Important damage in apples may be caused by

internal feeding of S.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 195 economicall y important hosts at riska prognathana (Chapman, 1973); up to 85 percent crop loss in apples has

been documented (Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; Sy tenko, 1960).

**Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area encompasses apples, peaches, and pears within

P lant H ardiness Z ones 7

- 10.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants ( IPPC, 2011 )

.

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Spilonota prognathana**  **into the endangered area via the importation of**  **apples from**  **China Risk Element**  **Risk Rating Uncertainty**  **Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Likelihood of Entry**  Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Eggs are laid within the fruit, and larvae burrow into fruits to feed (Chapman, 1973; Kondo and Miyahara 1930). No standard industry field practices beyond minimal handling during harvest are known and internall y feeding larvae may

go undetected. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High U No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of S. prognathana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High U No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of S. prognathana on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4)

. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area Medium M C Known hosts include apple, cherry
, peach, pear, hawthorn, and wild apples (Kondo and Mi yahara, 1930; Sy tenko, 1960 )

. T hese hosts are widel y distributed throughout the endangered areas, and the pest is capable of self

- dispersal

. However, the most likely life stage to be associated with apples arePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 196 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)** eggs or internall y feeding larvae (Chapman, 1973; Kondo and Miyahara 1930). In order for establishment to occur, these eggs and larvae must successfully develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development. See below for additional explanation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be eggs or internally feeding larvae (Chapman, 1973; Kondo and Miyahara 1930) . In order for establishment to occur, these eggs must successfully hatch into larvae, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

boring pests typicall y exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in onl y a single larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 19 98; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually only a single larva may

be present if fr

uit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991 ), with larvae of different stages of maturity present. L andolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneously introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the same time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such asPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 197 Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding s ys tems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pe sts (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually

mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Spilonota prognathana**  **in to**  **the continental United States**  **(i.e., the PRA area) Criteria**  **Meets criteria?**  **(Y/N) Uncertainty** 

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary) Direct Impacts**  Risk Element C1: Damage p otential in the endangered

area Yes MU Spilonota albicana and S. prognathana have similar Asian distributions and host ranges (e.g., CASI , 1994; Hua, 2000; Hua, 2005). Based on this, and the recent significant yield losses observed in China due to S. albicana in untreated orchards near hawthorn plantings, it is assumed that S. prognathana populations may react in similar ways
, especiall y in new areas. Up to 85 percent crop loss in apples has been documented (Kondo and Miyahara, 1930; S yt enko, 1960). Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes U As a Tortrocid moth, S. prognathana has a natural dispersal potential through flight. S. prognathana is a pest in cultivated apple, cherry , peach, and pear (Kondo and Mi yahara, 1930). Very little is known regarding potential wild hosts. Records from 1930 and 19 73 indicate that S. prognathana has caused damage in northeastern Asia, Japan, and Guangdong (Kwangtong), China (Chapman
, 1973; Kondo and Miyahara, 1930). However, given that we found no indication of presence outside of this region or of damage in morePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 198 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and**  **other notes as necessary)**
recent ye ars, we rated the uncertainty H igh. Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to ca use unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/A

**Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptabl e consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

3.2. 23

. Ulodemis trigrapha (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) We determined the overall likelihood of introduction to be Medium

. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

We determined that the establishment of Ulodemis trigrapha in the continental United States is likely to cause unacceptable impacts. We present the results of this assessment in the table below.

**Determination of the portion of the continental United States endangered by Ulodemis**  **trigrapha** Climatic suitability Present in southern China (Liu and Bai, 1982), Vietnam, Bhutan, and India (Razowski, 2009), U. trigrapha may be able to establish in P lant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11 in the continental United States. Potential hosts at risk in PRA Area Host plants include Came llia
, C. sinensis
, Cinnamomum
, C. camphora
, Citrus
, Colquhounia
, Lantana camara , Linum , Malus
, M. pumila
, M. sylvestris
, Nephelium
, Pyrus , Rosa , Schima , and Viburnum , (Nair, 1975; Robinson et al., 2001) and can be found throughout P lant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11. Economically important hosts at riska Among others, apple and citrus are both economically important hosts in the continental United States (CABI, 2013)

.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 199 Pest potential on economicall y important hosts at riska The pest status of U. trigrapha appears to be significant as it is described as a problem pest in Citrus production in India (Singh and Srivastava, 2006). There is some uncertainty regarding this conclusion, as no additional information could be found. It is assumed that specific control measures are necessary to prevent a reduction in yield. **Defined Endangered Area**  The endangered area includes apple and citrus plants within P lant H ardiness Z ones 9

- 11 in the continental United States.

a As defined by ISPM No. 11, supplement 2, “economically” important hosts refers to both commercial and non

market (environmental) plants (IPPC, 2011).

**Assessment of the likelihood of introduction of Ulodemis trigrapha**  **into the endangered area via the importation of apples from China**  **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Likelihood of Entry** Risk Element A1: Pest prevalence on the harvested commodity

(= the baseline rating for entry) High MU Very little specific information is available regarding the biology of U. trigrapha . Fletcher (1920) noted that larvae bore into apples and feed on the fruit. The current pest status of this species in China is unknown. No standard industry field practices beyond minimal handling during harvest are known. Risk Element A2: Likelihood of surviving post

- harvest processing before shipment High MU No processing procedures have been indicated that may

mitigate the presence of U. trigrapha on the fruit. Those larvae that have bored into the fruit near the caly x (Fletcher, 1920) are especially likely to escape detection. Risk Element A3: Likelihood of surviving transport and storage conditions of the consignment High MU No transport or storage conditions have been provided that may reduce the prevalence of U. trigrapha on the fruit (see the description of the pathway in

s ection 1.4) . Ty

pical shipping conditions for apples seem unlikely to affect the pest population. Risk Element A: Overall risk rating for likelihood of entry High N/A

**Likelihood of Establishment** Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with Medium M C As a known pest of cultivated

c itrus and apple, suitable hosts arePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 200 **Risk Element Risk Rating**  **Uncertainty Rating**  **a Justification for rating and** 

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  host material in the endangered area widely available throughout the endangered area (Nair, 1975; Robinson et al. , 2001) . Given the wide host range (Robinson et al,
, 2001), additional hosts are likely available in the environment. In order for establishment to occur, larvae must come out of the fruit, successfull y develop, find hosts, and mate. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of the required conditions being met for development. See below for additional expl anation. Risk Element B2: Likelihood of arriving in the endangered

area High C More than 25 percent of the U.S. population lives within the endangered area (PERAL, 2008). Risk Element B: Combined likelihood of establishment Medium N/A

**Overall Likelihood of Introduction** Combined likelihoods of entry and establishment Medium N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain

Risk Element B1: Likelihood of coming into contact with host material in the endangered area The most likely

life stage that may

be imported with apples from China would be internally feeding larvae (Fletcher, 1920) . In order for establishment to occur, these larvae must emerge, feed
, and mature through pupation and eclosion to adulthood. Both males and females must emerge and mate, then mated females must find hosts on which to oviposit their eggs. Lepidopteran leaf

- rolling and fruit

-boring pests typically exhibit intra

- specific competition for food resources, resulting in only a s ingle larva occurring per fruit when infestations occur. Similar species such as codling moth, light

-brown apple moth
, and false codling moth exhibit this behavior (Vail et al.
, 1993; Bedford et al.
, 1998; Solomon
, 1991; Whiting et al.
, 1997); further more, it is not unusual for Lepidopteran larvae to exhibit cannibalism such as that demonstrated b y false codling moth (Bedford et al., 1998). This means that usually onl y a single larva may be present if fruit is infested (rather than multiple larvae as seen with fruit flies in the family Tephritidae). In addition, pest populations in the field may show variation in developmental times and overlapping generations (Wearing et al.
, 2001; Knight and Croft, 1991), with larvae of different stages of maturity present . Landolt et al. (1984) noted that pest establishment is dependent on a “mated pair” being simultaneousl y introduced

–that is
, a male and female adult must emerge from a consignment in close proximity to each other, at the samePest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 201 time, and mate in order for introduction to occur. However, the results of courtship behavior studies in two leaf

- rolling tortricids found that it is necessary for female pheromone permeated airflow to be present in order for males to initiate mating sequences (Curkovic et al., 2006). Solitary pests, such as Lepidopteran leaf rollers, that require sexual reproduction that makes use of complex mate finding systems will have a lower likelihood of introduction compared to gregarious pests (where multiple males and females may emerge from a single fruit at the same time and be able to mate ) (Vail et al.
, 1993; Yamamura and Katsumata, 1999). This is because the likelihood of a mated pair (sexually mature males and a females simultaneously emerging in close proximity

to each other) is comparativel y lower. We rated this risk element Medium due to the likelihood of these required conditions being met for development.

**Assessment of the consequences of introduction of Ulodemis trigrapha**  **into the continental United States (i.e., the PRA area)**  **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Direct Impacts** Risk Element C1: Damage potential in the endangered

area Yes MU Considered a major pest in c itrus production in northeast India (Singh and Srivastava, 2006), it is expected that additional control measures may be required should U. trigrapha become established in the United States. Risk Element C2: Spread potential Yes MU U lodemis trigrapha is a poly phagous species able to infest a wide range of cultivated and wild hosts (Nair, 1975; Robinson et al. , 2001)

. Like other tortricid moths, U. trigrapha is capable of spread through flight in search of suitable host plants (Borror et al.
, 1989). Risk Element C: Pest introduction is likely

to cause unacceptable direct impacts Yes N/A

**Trade Impacts** Risk Element D1: Export markets at risk N/A N/A

Risk Element D2: Likelihood of trading partners imposing additional phy

tosanitary requirements N/A N/A

Risk Element D: Pest is likely to cause significant trade impacts N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 202 **Criteria Meets**  **criteria? (Y/N)**  **Uncertainty**

**Rating a**  **Justification for rating and**

**explanation of uncertainty (and other notes as necessary)**  **Conclusion** Is the pest likely

to cause unacceptable consequences in the PRA area? Yes N/A

a C=Certain, MC=Moderately Certain, MU=Moderately Uncertain, U=Uncertain



### 4. Summary **and Conclusions of Risk Assessment**

Of the organisms associated with apples worldwide and reported in China , we identified 2 6 organisms that are actionable pests for the continental United States and have a reasonable likelihood of being associated with th e commodity following harvesting from the field and prior to any post

- harvest processing. We further evaluated these organisms for their likelihood of introduction (i.e., entry

plus establishment) and their potential consequences of introduction. Pests that meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction and receive an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negligible are candidates for risk management. The results of this risk assessment represent a baseline estim ate of the risks associated with the import commodity pathway as described in section 1.4.
Of the pests selected for further anal ys is, we determined that those identified in Table 4 are not candidates for risk management, either because no portion of the continental United States is likely to be endangered by

the pest, they

do not meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction, and/or because they received a Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of introduction into the endangered area via the import pathway . We summarize the results for each pest below (Table 4)

. All the other pests selected for further anal ys is are candidates for risk management, because they meet the threshold to likely cause unacceptable consequences of introduction, and they received an overall likelihood of introduction risk rating above Negli gible. We summarize the results for each pest below (Table 5).
Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed in this document.

**T able 4.**  Summary

for pests selected for further evaluation and determined not to be candidates for risk management . **Pest Reason the pest is**  **not a candidate for risk** 

**management Uncertainty statement**  **(optional) a**  Apple dimple fruit apscaviroid Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of

introduction Ceroplastes japonicus Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of

introductionPest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 203 **Pest Reason the pest is**  **not a candidate for risk** 

**management Uncertainty statement**  **(optional) a**  Gymnosporangium yamadae Does not meet unacceptable Consequences of

Introduction threshold Pempelia heringii Does not meet unacceptable Consequences of

Introduction threshold Pseudococcus cryptus Negligible overall risk rating for likelihood of

introduction

aThe uncertainty statement, if included, identifies the most important source(s) of uncertainty.

**Table 5**

. Summary

for pests selected for further evaluation and determined to be candidates for risk management. All of these pests meet the threshold for unacceptable consequences of introduction. **Pest Likelihood of Introduction**  **overall rating Uncertainty statement**  **(optional) a** 

Adoxophyes orana Medium Archips micaceana Medium Argyrotaenia ljungiana Medium Bactrocera dorsalis High Carposina sasakii Medium Cenopalpus pulcher Medium Cryptoblabes gnidiella Medium Cydia funebrana Medium Euzophera bigella Medium Euzophera pyriella Medium Grapholita inopinata Medium Leucoptera malifoliella High Possible hidden presence of the pest within the caly

x during pupation. Monilia polystroma High Monilinia fructigena High Rhynchites auratus Medium Rhynchites bacchus Medium Rhynchites giganteus Medium Rhynchites heros Medium Spilonota albicana Medium Spilonota prognathana Medium Ulodemis trigrapha Medium

aThe uncertainty statement, if included, identifies the most important source(s) of uncertainty.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 204 

### 5. Ack**nowledgements**

Original pest list (2010) created b y Tom Cullineya

**Authors** Cy nthia Landrya John Rogers a

**Reviewers** Tom Culliney a Heather Hartzog a

a Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Analysis Laboratory , USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ



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- 29.Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 264 

### 7. Appendi**x A. Pests with non** 

**- actionable regulatory status** 

We found some evidence of the below listed organisms being associated with apples and bein g present in China ; however, because these organisms have non

- actionable regulatory status for the continental United States, we did not list them in Table 2 of this risk assessment.
Below we list these organisms along with the references supporting their potential association with apples, their potential presence in China , their presence in the continental United States (if applicable), and their regulatory status for the continental United States. For organisms not present in the continental United States, we also provide justification for their non

- actionable status.

**Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  **Acari: Acaridae** Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) CABI, 2012; Chmielewski, 1998 **Acari: Eriophyidae** Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) CABI, 2012; Easterbrook, 1996; Hong and Zhang, 1996 Phytoptus pyri Pagenstecher (= Eriophyes pyri [Pagenstecher]) Hill, 1983; Hong and Zhang, 1996; Jeppson et al., 1975 **Acari: Tarsonemidae** Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks CABI, 2012; Iacob, 1978 Tarsonemus confusus Ewing Delfinado, 1976; Hao et al.
, 2007 Tarsonemus nidicolus Delfinado Delfinado, 1976; Lin and Zhang, 1999 **Acari: Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus obovatus Donnadieu CABI, 2012; Jeppson et al., 1975 **Acari: Tetranychidae**  Bryobia praetiosa Koch Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) CABI, 2012; Jeppson et al., 1975 Eotetranychus carpini (Oudemans) Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Eotetranychus pruni (Oudemans) Bolland et al., 1998; Chen and Luo, 1998 Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Eotetranychus smithi Pritchard & Baker Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Eotetranychus uncatus Garman Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Oligonychus yothersi (McGregor) Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Panonychus citri McGregor CABI, 2012 Panonychus ulmi (Koch) Bolland et al., 1998; Hill, 1983 Petrobia harti (Ewing) Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Petrobia latens (Müller) CABI, 2012 Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) CABI, 2012 Tetranychus desertorum Banks Aguiar

- Menezes et al., 2002; Bolland et al., 1998 Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2012 Tetranychus ludeni Zacher Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975 Tetranychus neocaledonicus André Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 265 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolskii) Bolland et al., 1998; Jeppson et al., 1975
Tetranychus urticae Koch CABI, 2012 **Coleoptera: Anthribidae** Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) Gorham, 1987; Hua, 2002 **Coleoptera: Bostrichidae** Heterobostrychus hamatipennis Lesne Choo et al., 1983; Fassotte, 2005; Hua, 2002; Peck and Thomas, 1998

. Note: Action required to PR, VI , HI (PestID, 2012) **Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs (= Callirhopalus bifasciatus [Roelofs]) Hua, 2002; Maier, 1983; O’Brien and Wibmer, 1982; Shiraki, 1952 Sitophilus oryzae (L .) Anderson, 2002; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Hua, 2002 Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky CABI, 2012; Reis

- Filho et al., 1989 **Coleoptera: Nitidulidae** Carpophilus (= Cardiophilus ) dimidiatus (F.) Arnett, 2000; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Hua, 2002 Carpophilus hemipterus (L .) Arnett, 2000; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Hua, 2002 Carpophilus humeralis (F.) CABI, 2012 Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson Arbogast and Throne, 1997; Bartelt et al., 1994; CABI, 2012; Ciampolini and Maiulini, 1991; Gaven, 1964; Hua, 2002; Nadel and Peña, 1994; Williams et al., 1995 Haptoncus luteolus (Erichson) CABI, 2012; Li, 1981; Simmons and Nelson, 1975 **Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae** Maladera castanea (Arrow) (= Autoserica castanea Arrow) Baker, 1972; CABI, 2012; Hua, 2002; Shiraki, 1952 Serica similis Lewis Hallock, 1929; Hill, 1987; Hua, 2002 **Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Scolytus mali (Bechstein) Baker, 1972; CASI , 1994 Scolytus rugulosus (Müller) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1987; Hua, 2002 Xyleborinus (= Xyleborus ) saxeseni (Ratzeburg) Cognato, 2008; Hel y et al., 1982; Hua, 2002; Nishida, 2002 Xyleborus (= Apate ) dispar (F.) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2002 Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) CABI, 2012; Oliver and Mannion, 2001; Weber and McPherson, 1983 **Dermaptera: Forficulidae** Forficula auricularia L. CABI, 2012; Hill, 1987; Hua, 2002 **Diptera: Anthomyiidae**  Delia (= Hylemya ) platura (Meigen) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994 **Diptera: Drosophilidae**Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 266 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant CABI, 2012; Hardy, 1965 Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) CASI , 1994; Kanzawa, 1939; Nishida, 2002; Norton, 2009 **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae**  Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2012; Hua, 2002 Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2002; Shiraki, 1952 **Hemiptera: Aphididae** Aphis craccivora Koch CABI, 2012; Düzgünes and Toros, 1978 Aphis fabae Scopoli Blackman and Eastop, 1994; CABI, 2012 Aphis gossypii Glover CABI, 2012 Aphis pomi DeGeer CABI, 2012 Aphis spiraecola Patch (= A. citricola van der Goot) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994
Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) CABI, 2012; Ghosh and Raychaudhuri, 1981; Hua, 2000 Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (= D. mali [Ferrari]) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983; Hua, 2000
Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983; Nair, 1975 Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffro y) CABI, 2012; Wang et al., 2001 Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) CABI, 2012; Düzgünes and Toros, 1978; Hill, 1987 Macrosiphum rosae (L.) Blackman and Eastop, 1994; Hua, 2000; Jaśkiewicz, 2006; Jensen et al., 1999 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) CABI, 2012 Ovatus crataegarius (Walker) Blackman and Eastop, 1994; Hua, 2000; Jensen et al., 1999 Phorodon humuli (Schrank) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000; Jensen et al., 1999 Rhopalosiphum padi (L .) CABI, 2012; Knight, 1994 Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994 Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) Blackman and Eastop, 1994; CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000 **Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae** Russellaspis (= Asterodiaspis
, Asterolecanium ) pustulans (Cockerell) Cen, 1986; Dean and Schuster, 1970; Hamon, 1977; Konstantinova, 1976; Nishida, 2002 **Hemiptera: Cercopidae** Philaenus spumarius (L .) CABI, 2012; Jenser and Hegab, 1979 **Hemiptera: Cicadellidae** Edwardsiana (= Typhlocyba ) rosae (L.) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1987; Hua, 2000 Empoasca fabae (Harris) (= E

. mali LeBaron) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2000

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Ceroplastes ceriferus (F.) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994 Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 267 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Coccus hesperidum (L.) CABI, 2012; Davoodi et al., 2004; Hua, 2000 Coccus viridis (Green) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000 Eulecanium cerasorum (Cockerell) (= Lecanium cerasorum Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Kosztarab, 1997

Eulecanium excrescens (Ferris) (= Lecanium excrescens Ferris) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Ferris, 1920; Hua, 2000

Eulecanium kunoense (Kuwana) (= Lecanium kunoensis Kuwana) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; High, 2008; Hua, 2000; Pfeiffer, 1997 Eulecanium tiliae (L.) (= E

. coryli L. ) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000; Nair, 1975 Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) AQI S, 1998; Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Salama and Saleh, 1971 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Kosztarab, 1997; Pfeiffer, 1997 Parthenolecanium corni (Bouché) (= P. orientalis Borchsenius) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994

Parthenolecanium persicae (F.) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hill, 1987 Pulvinaria psidii (= Chloropulvinaria psidii Borchsenius) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Kosztarab, 1997 Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Bo yer de Fonscolombe) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Pfeiffer, 1997

**Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Andaspis hawaiiensis (Maskell) AQI S, 1998; Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000 Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2000 Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000 Aonidiella taxus Leonardi Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Shiraki, 1952 Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (= A. hederae Vallot) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Konstantinova, 1976 Chrysomphalus aonidum (L .) CABI, 2012 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012 Diaspidiotus (= Quadraspidiotus ) ostreaeformis (Curtis) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hill, 1983; Hua, 2000; McLaren, 1989 Diaspidiotus (= Quadraspidiotus ) perniciosus (Comstock) (= Comstockaspis perniciosa MacGillivray) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983; Hua, 2000

Diaspidiotus (= Quadraspidiotus ) slavonicus (Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (= Aspidiotus cydoniae Comstock) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012; Nair, 1975
Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000 Howardia biclavis (Comstock) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006 Lepidosaphes (= Mytilaspis ) conchiformis (Gmelin) (= L. conchiformioides Borchsenius) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CASI , 1994; Hua, 2000; Kawaguchi, 1935Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 268 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Lepidosaphes coreana (Borchsenius) (= Paralepidosaphes coreana Borchsenius) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000

Lepidosaphes (= Cornuaspis ) cupressi Borchsenius Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Xu et al., 1995; Yukinari, 1989 Lepidosaphes kuwacola Kuwana (= L.

ume Kuwana) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; High, 2008

Lepidosaphes pistaciae Archangelskaya Watson, 2005 Lepidosaphes tubulorum Ferris Anony mous, 2009; Hua, 2000; Shiraki, 1952 Lepidosaphes ulmi (L .) CABI, 2012 Lepidosaphes ussuriensis (Borchsenius) (= Paralepidosaphes ussuriensis Borchsenius) Anony mous, 2009; Hua, 2000; Konstantinova, 1976
Lopholeucaspis (= Leucaspis ) japonica (Cockerell) CABI/EPPO, 1997b; CASI , 1994; Kukhtina, 1970
Parlatoreopsis (= Paralepidosaphes ) chinensis (Marlatt) Ben

- Dov et al ., 2006; Hua, 2000
Parlatoreopsis pyri (Marlatt) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CASI , 1994 Parlatoria cinerea Doane & Hadden Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Rose, 1990 Parlatoria desolator McKenzie Ben

- Dov et al., 2006 Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) CABI, 2012 Parlatoria pergandii Comstock CABI, 2012 Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Kosztarab, 1996 Parlatoria theae Cockerell Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Watson, 2005 Parlatoria yanyuanensis Tang Ben

- Dov et al., 2006 Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CASI , 1994; Watson, 2005 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Shiraki, 1952; Watson, 2005 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983
Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Davidson and Miller, 1990; Kozár, 1990 **Hemiptera: Margarodidae** Icerya purchasi Maskell Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Hill, 1983; Hua, 20 00 **Hemiptera: Membracidae** Ceresa alta Walker (= C. bubalus [F.]) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994 **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Dysmicoccus (= Pseudococcus ) brevipes (Cockerell) CABI, 2012; Lu and Lai, 1999

Dysmicoccus wistariae (Green) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Lattin, 1998 Ferrisia (= Ferrisiana ) virgata (Cockerell) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 269 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) CABI, 2012; PPQ interception Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret) (= P. prunicola Borchsenius) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CASI
, 1994

Planococcus citri (Risso) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012 Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (= P. gahani Green) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Charles, 1993; Viggiani and Battaglia, 1983 Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) CABI, 2012 Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2012

Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CASI , 1994 Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Ben

- Dov et al., 2006 **Heteroptera: Miridae** Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) Henry and Wheeler, 1998; Hua, 2000; Wheeler, 2001 Campylomma verbasci (Meyer

- Dür) CABI, 2012; Wheeler, 2000, 2001 Lygocoris (= Lygus ) lucorum (Meyer

Dür) CASI , 1994; Henry and Wheeler, 1998; Hua, 2000; Liu et al., 2004 Lygocoris pabulinus (L .) Hill, 1987; Hua, 20 00; Wheeler, 2000, 2001 **Heteroptera: Pentatomidae** Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (= H. mista [Uhler]) CABI, 2012; Hamilton and Shearer, 2003; Hoebeke and Carter, 2003; Hua, 2000 Nezara viridula (L .) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1987; Hua, 2000 **Heteroptera: Plataspidae** Megacopta cribraria (F.) (= Coptosoma cribraria F.) CASI , 1994; Hua, 2000; Thippeswamy and Rajagopal, 2005 **Heteroptera: Rhopalidae** Liorhyssus hyalinus (F.) Henry , 1998; Hua, 2000; Schaefer and Kotulski, 2000 **Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae** Caliroa cerasi L. CABI, 2012 **Lepidoptera: Arctiidae** Arctia caja (L.) Drees and Schwitulla, 1957; Ferguson et al., 1999; Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009 Hyphantria cunea (Drury) CABI, 2012 Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L .) Hua, 2005; Opler et al., 2009; Sannino et al., 1988; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae** Argyresthia andereggiella Duponchel Beutenmüller, 1890; Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Argyresthia conjugella Zeller Carter, 1984; Hua, 2005; Klots, 1932; Zhang, 1994 **Lepidoptera: Choreutidae** Choreutis (= Anthophila
, Eutromula ) pariana (Clerck) Heppner, 1978; Hua, 2005; Lawson et al., 1994; Yin et al., 1987Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 270 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  **Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae** Coleophora malivorella Riley CASI , 1994; Lugger, 1899; Opler et al., 2009; Slingerland and Crosb y, 1914 Coleophora nigric ella Stephens Hill, 1987; Hua, 2005 **Lepidoptera: Cossidae** Zeuzera pyrina (L.) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005 **Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Anarsia lineatella Zeller CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005; Robinson et al., 2001 **Lepidoptera: Geometridae** Biston betularia (L .) Carter, 1984; Hua, 2005; Savela, 2009; Zhang, 1994 Chloroclystis rectangulata (L .) Carter, 1984; Ferguson and Mello, 1996; Hua, 2005 Ectropis crepuscularia (Denis & Schiffermüller) (= Boarmia crepuscularia Hübner) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Furniss and Caro lin, 1977; Shepherd, 1994

Hemithea aestivaria (Hübner) Hua, 2005; LaGasa et al., 2000; Opler et al., 2009; Zhang, 1994 Operophtera brumata (L.) CABI, 2012; Carter, 1984; Hua, 2005 **Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae** Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens) CABI, 2012; DAFF, 2009 **Lepidoptera: Limacodidae** Cnidocampa flavescens (Walker) (= Monema flavescens Walker) AQI S, 1998; Collins, 1933; Hua, 2005; Schmutzenhofer et al., 1996 **Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae** Leucoma (= Stilpnotia ) salicis (L .) CASI , 1994; Jakubowska et al., 2005; Zhang, 1994 Orgyia antiqua (L .) CABI, 2012 **Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae** Lyonetia prunifoliella (Hübner) (= L. ringoniella Matsumura) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005; Kuroko, 1964 **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) CABI, 2012; Lee et al., 1970 Amyna octo (Guenée) (= Ilattia octo Warren) CASI , 1994; Hua, 2005; Robinson et al., 2009
Anaplectoides prasina (Denis & Schiffermüller) Hua, 2005; Lafontaine, 1998; Robinson et al., 2009; Savela, 2009 Anomis commoda (Butler) Aoki, 2009; AQI S, 1998; Hua, 2005; Opler et al., 2009 Anomis flava (F.) CASI , 1994; Opler et al., 2009; Robinson et al., 2001 Balsa malana (Fitch) Comstock and Comstock, 1897; Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Feltia subgothica Haworth Britton, 19 27; Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 271 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Graphiphora (= Rhyacia ) augur (F.) Hua, 2005; Lafontaine, 1998; Lucke et al., 1981; Napiórkowska, 1991; Zhang, 1994 Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005; Robinson et al., 2001 Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth) CABI, 2012; Tremblay , 1969 Ochropleura (= Actebia ) fennica (Tauscher) Hua, 2005; Shepherd, 1994; Zhang, 1994

Peridroma saucia (Hübner) CABI, 2012 Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) AQI S, 1998; Hua, 2005; Robinson et al., 2009 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005 Xestia c

- nigrum (L.) CABI, 2012 **Lepidoptera: Pyralidae** Cadra cautella (Walker) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005; Zhang, 1994 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005 **Lepidoptera: Tortricidae** Acleris variegana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Carter, 1984; Hua, 2005; Mattson et al., 1994
Archips fuscocupreana (Walsingham) Brown, 2005; Hua, 2005; Maier, 2003 Archips rosana (L .) Brown, 2005; By un et al., 2003; CABI, 2012; Hodges et al., 1983 Cydia (= Laspeyresia ) pomonella (L. ) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994 Grapholita (= Cydia ) molesta (Busck) CABI, 2012; Hua, 2005 Grapholita (= Enarmonia ) prunivora (Walsh) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005
Hedya ochroleucana (Frölich) (= H. consanguinana [Walsingham]) Brown, 2005; Hua, 2005; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Zhang, 1994 Notocelia rosaecolana (Doubleday) AQI S, 1998; Hua, 2005; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 Rhopobota naevana (Hübner) (= R. unipunctana [Haworth]) Brown, 2005; Hua, 2005; McDonough et al., 1987; Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2005

**Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae** Yponomeuta malinellus Zeller CABI, 2012; Fadamiro, 2003; Hua, 2005 Yponomeuta (= Hyponomeuta ) padellus (L .) (= Y. padella [L .]) CABI, 2012; High, 2008; Hua, 2005; Munster

Swendsen, 1982; Unruh et al., 2003 **Orthoptera: Gryllidae** Acheta domesticus (L.) (= Gryllus domesticus L.) Bolduirev, 1946; CASI, 1994; Hua, 2000; Triplehorn and Johnson, 2005 **Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Caliothrips (= Hercothrips ) fasciatus (Pergande) CASI , 1994; Hoddle et al., 2006; Hua, 2000; Mirab

-balou et al., 2011; Nishida, 2002 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) CABI, 2012; Liu et al., 2005 ; Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1987; Wang, 2000Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 272 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) CABI, 2012; Hill, 1983; Mirab

-balou et al., 2011; Srivastava and Bhullar, 1980 Thrips palmi Karny Mirab

-balou et al., 2011; Walker, 1992a, 1992b Thrips simplex (Morison) CABI, 2012; Jacobs, 1995 ; Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 Thrips tabaci Lindeman CABI, 2012; Cockfield et al., 2007; Gurney , 1915; Hua, 2000 ; Mirab

-balou et al., 2011 **VIROIDS** Apple scar skin apscaviroid (Pospiviroidae) Hadidi et al., 1991; Han et al., 2003; Jones, 2000

Peach latent mosaic pelamoviroid (Avsunviroidae) CABI, 2012; El

- Dougdoug, 1998

**VIRUSES** Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (Betaflexiviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012

Apple mosaic ilarvirus (Bromoviridae) CABI, 2012 Apple russet ring Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Wang et al., 1997; Wood, 2001 Apple stem grooving capillovirus (Betaflexiviridae) CABI, 2012
Apple stem pitting foveavirus (Betaflexiviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012
Cherry rasp leaf cheravirus (Secoviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012 Flat limb CASI , 1994; Kristensen, 1956 Apple green crinkle disease CASI , 1994; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (Bromoviridae) CABI, 2012

M osaic tobamovirus (Virgaviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012; L emoine and Morand, 1993 Tobacco necrosis necrovirus (Tombusviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012
Tobacco ringspot nepovirus (Comoviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012; Lana et al., 1983

Tomato ringspot nepovirus (Comoviridae) Brunt et al., 1996; CABI, 2012

**BACTERIA** Acetobacter pasteurianus (Hansen) Beijerinck (Clostridiales) Bradbury , 1986; Ma and Gu, 2000

Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland (Sphingobacteriales) Davidson, 2003; Hou et al., 2004; Rajkowski and Baldwin, 2003 Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn (Sphingobacteriales) Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2012; Peng et al., 2002Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 273 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Burkholderia cepacia (ex Burkholder) Yabuuchi et al. (= Pseudomonas cepacia [ex Burkholder] Palleroni & Holmes) (Pseudomonadales) Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2012; Zhao and Guo , 2004

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey

et al. (= Pectobacterium
carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones) Hauben et al.) (Enterobacteriales) CABI, 2012; Hikichi et al., 1989

Gluconobacter oxydans (Henneberg) De Le y (Rhodospirillales) Battey and Schaffner, 2001; Bradbury , 1986; Xu et al., 2004 Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck) Gavini et al. (= Erwinia herbicola [Löhnis] Dye) (Enterobacteriales) Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2012; Xie, 2001

Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp (Pseudomonadales) CABI, 2012; Sun et al., 1993
Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) Migula (Pseudomonadales) CABI, 2012
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall (= Pseudomonas syringae van Hall) (Pseudomonadales) CABI, 2012

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al. (= Bacterium tumefaciens Smith & Townsend, Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Smith & Townsend] Conn) (Rhizobiales) Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2012; Yu, 1940

Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al.) Young et al. (= Agrobacterium rhizogenes [Riker et al.] Conn) (Rhizobiales) Bradbury , 1986; CABI, 2012

**PHYTOPLASMA** Aster yellows phytoplasma group Bertaccini et al., 1998; CABI, 2012 **FUNGI AND OOMYCETES** Abortiporus biennis (Bull.:Fr.) Singer (= Daedalea biennis [Bull.] Fr., Heteroporus biennis [Bull.:Fr.] L ázaro Ibiza, Polyporus biennis [Bull.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Aithaloderma citri (Briosi & Pass.) Woron. Farr and Rossman, 2013

Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler (= A. tenuis Nees) (Ascomyc etes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983

Alternaria mali Roberts (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 274 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Alternaria mali Roberts (severe strain) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CASI , 1994; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

A lternaria nelumbii Enlows & Rand (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Alternaria pomicola Horne (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Alternaria tenuissima (Nees & T. Nees : Fr.) Wiltshire (Ascomyc etes: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Horst, 2001

Antrodia serialis (Fr.:Fr.) Donk (= Trametes serialis [Fr.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Aplosporella (= Haplosporella ) ailanthi Ellis & Everh. (Ascomyc etes) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008
Aplosporella (= Haplosporella ) mali (Westend.) Petr. & S yd. (= Sphaeropsis mali [Westend.] Sacc.) (Ascomycetes) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Aplosporella (= Haplosporella ) malorum Sacc. (Ascomycetes) CASI , 1994; House, 1917; Kirk, 2008; Shandilya, 1974 Aposphaeria fuscomaculans Sacc. (= Plenodomus fuscomaculans [Sacc.] Coons) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kumm. (= Armillariella mellea [Vahl:Fr.] Karst.) (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Armillaria solidipes Peck (= Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Proffer et al., 1987

Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel (= Armillariella tabescens [Scop.] Singer, Clitocybe tabescens [Scop.] Bres.) (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) CABI, 2012; Chang et al., 1983; Duke, 1983

Ascochyta mali Ellis & Everh. (Ascomycet es) Ellis and Everhart, 1900; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Van Hook, 1916 Aspergillus alutaceus Berk. & M.A. Curtis (= A. ochraceus G. Wilh. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) AQI S, 1998; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Aspergillus awamori Nakazawa (= A. luchuensis Inui) (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CABI, 2012; Cao et al., 1986; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Aspergillus flavus Link : Fr. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CABI, 2012; Jiang et al., 2002Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 275 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Aspergillus foetidus (Nakazawa) Thom & Raper (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003
Aspergillus glaucus Link:Fr. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) AQI S, 1998; Dzhafarov, 2002; Far r and Rossman, 2012 Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003
Aspergillus tamarii Kita (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) AQI S, 1998; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Aspergillus terreus Thom (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Onions, 1966 Aspergillus ustus (Bainier) Thom & Church (Ascomyc etes: Eurotiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Aspergillus versicolor (Vuill.) Tiraboschi (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 201 2; Zhao et al., 1995 Asteromella mali (

Briard) Boerema (= Phyllosticta mali Briard) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kimbr. (= Corticium rolfsii Curzi, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) CABI, 2012; Corazza et al., 1999; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Horst, 2001; Song and Huang, 2001 Bionectria ochroleuca (Schwein.) Schroers & Samuels (= Nectria ochroleuca [Schwein.] Berk.; anamorph: Gliocladium roseum Bainier) (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Biscogniauxia marginata (Fr.) Pouzar (= Nummularia discreta [Schwein.] Tul. & Tul.) (Ascomycet es : Xylariales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.:Fr.) Karst. (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Boeremia exigua var. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp, Gruyt er & Verkley (= Ascochyta pyrina Peglion, Phoma exigua Desmaz.) (Ascomycetes) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Watson, 1971Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 276 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & de Not. (= Botryosphaeria berengeriana de Notaris f.sp. piricola [Nose] Koganezawa & Sakuma, Guignardia pyricola [Nose] Yamam., Physalospora pyricola Nose) (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) CABI/EPPO, 1997a; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Gao et al., 2006; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Slippers et al., 2004; Slippers et al., 2007; Zhao, 1998

Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoem. (= Diplodia griffoni Sacc. & Trav., Physalospora obtusa [Schwein.] Cooke, P. malorum Peck, P

. cydoniae Arnaud; anamorph: Sphaeropsis malorum Peck.) (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Kirk, 2008

Botryosphaeria parva Pennycook & Samuels (anamorph: Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L . Phillips **)** (Ascomycet es, Dothideales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. & Duggar (= B. berengeriana de Notaris, Dothiorella ribis [Fuckel] Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008; Wellman, 1977

Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & Curtis) Arx (= Diplodia natalensis Pole

- Evans, Physalospora rhodina Cooke) (Anamorph: Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.) (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) CASI , 1994; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker (= Physalospora mutila Stevens; anamorph: Diplodia mutila [Fr.:Fr.] Mont.) (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) Duke, 1983; F arr and Rossman, 2012

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (anamorph: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Butlerelfia eustacei Weresub & Illman (= Corticium centrifugum [Lév.] Bres.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and

Aldwinckle, 1990
Calonectria kyotensis Terash. (anamorph: Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg.) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Candida kefyr (Beij.) Uden & Buckley (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomycetales) Hospenthal et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2004Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 277 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Candida krusei (Castell.) Berkhout (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomycetales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wang et al., 2004
Candida magnoliae (Lodder & Kreger) Mey . & Yarrow (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomyc etales) Lane et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2004

Candida tropicalis (Castell.) Berkhout (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomycetales) Hospenthal et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2004

Ceratocystis adiposa (Butler) Moreau (= Endocon idiophora adiposa [Butler] Davidson) (Ascomyc etes: Microascales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau (Ascomycet es: Microascales) CABI, 2012; Sumbali and Badyal, 1990

Cerrena unicolor (Bull.:Fr.) Murrill (= Daedalea unicolor [Bull.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Chalastospora gossypii (J acz.) U. Braun & Crous (= Alternaria malorum (Ruehle) Braun et al., Cladosporium malorum Ruehle) (Ascomycetes: Pleospo rales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Gorini and Mori, 1976

Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar (= Stereum purpureum Pers.:Fr.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977

Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) De Vries (Ascomyc etes: Mycosphaerellales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz. (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Cochliobolus cynodontis Nelson (= Bipolaris cynodontis [Marignoni] Shoemaker) (Ascomyc etes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Liu and Pu, 2004

Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Dre chsler) Drechsler (anamorph: Helminthosporium maydis Nisik. & Miyake) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis (anamorph: Curvularia lunata [Wakker] Boedjin) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Sh ahi et al., 2003Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 278 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kurib.) Drechsler ex Dastur (anamorph: Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Subram. & Jain = Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Coleophoma empetri (Rostr.) Petr. (= Sporonema oxycocci Shear) (Ascomycet es) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds ex Simmonds (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) CABI, 2012

Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove (Ascomycet es: Phyllachorales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & W.D. Moore (= C. capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby

(Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) CABI, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Coniophora puteana (Schumach.:Fr.) Karst. (= C. cerebella [Pers.] Pers.) (Basidiomycet es: Boletales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Zhou et al., 1991
Coniothyrium olivaceum Bonord. (= Microsphaeropsis olivacea [Bonord.] Höhn.) (Ascomyc etes: Pleosporales) Farr and Ross man, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Coniothyrium tirolense Bubák (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Cordana musae (Zimm.) Höhnel (Ascomycet es) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Miller, 1998 Coriolopsis gallica (Bull.:Fr.) Ryvarden (= Trametes gallic a Fr., T. hispida Bagl.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr (Ascomycet es: Diaporthales) CABI, 2012
Cylindrocarpon didymum (Harting) Wollenw. (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; Dugan and Grove, 1994; Farr and

Rossman, 2012 Dacryopinax spathularia (Schwein.:Fr.) Martin (= Guepinia spathularia [Schwein.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycetes: Dacrymyc etales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton:Fr.) S chröt. (= Daedalea confragosa [Bolton:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 279 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Diaporthe perniciosa Marchal & Marchal (= D. eres Nitschke) (anamorph: Phomopsis mali Roberts) (Ascomycet es: Diaporthales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Diplocarpon mali Harada & Sawamura (anamorphs: Marssonina coronaria [Ell. & Davis] Davis, M. mali [Henn.] Ito) (Ascomyc etes: Helotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Kirk, 2008; Xie and L eng, 1990

Diplocarpon mespili (Sorauer) Sutton (= Fabraea maculata Atk.; anamorphs: Entomosporium mespili [DC.] Sacc., E. maculatum Lév.) (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977

Discohainesia oenotherae (Cooke & Ellis) Nannf. (= Pezizella oenotherae [Cooke & Ellis] Sacc.; synanamorph: Hainesia lythri [Desm.] Höhn.) (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Sun et al., 1999

Discosia artocreas (Tode:Fr.) Fr. (Ascomycet es) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Disc osia maculicola Gerard (Ascomycet es) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Dothiorella gregaria Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) Abu

- Goukh and Labavitch, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Endomycopsis mali (Lewis) Dekker (= Endomyces mali Lewis) (Saccharomycet es: Saccharomycetales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Epicoccum nigrum Link (Ascomycet es) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Erysiphe heraclei DC. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds. (= Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008;

Verma, 1991

Eutypa lata var. lata (Pers. : Fr.) Tul. & Tul. (= E. lata (Pers. : Fr.) Tul. & Tul.) (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Eutypella stellulata (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Flammulina velutipes (Curtis:Fr.) Singer (= Collybia velutipes [Curtis:Fr.] Kumm.) (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Fomes fomentarius (L.:Fr.) Kickx (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 280 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.:Fr.) Karst. (= Fomes pinicola [Sw.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly

porales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherbakov (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Hu et al., 1996

Fusarium camptoceras Wollenw. & Reinking (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Fusarium culmorum (Sm.) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. (= F. scirpi Lambotte & Fautrey) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Fusarium oxy

sporum Schltdl.:Fr. (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen (= F. vasinfectum Atk.) (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Olszak,

1994 Fusicladium carpophilum (Thüm.) Oudem. (= Cladosporium carpophilum Thüm.) (Ascomyc etes: Pleosporales) AQI S, 1998; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. (= Fomes applanatus [Pers.] Gill.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis : Fr.) P. Karst. (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2013; CABI, 2012

Gibberella acuminata Wollenw. (anamorph: Fusarium acuminatum Ell. & Kellerman) (Ascomyc etes: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Sumbali and Badya l, 1990; Zhao, 2001

Gibberella avenacea Cook (anamorph: Fusarium avenaceum [Fr.] Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) C ABI, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc. (anamorph: Fusarium lateritium Nees) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; L angrell,

2002
Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Ito (anamorph: Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon) (Ascomyc etes: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wu et al.,

2003

Gibberella tricincta El

- Gholl et al. (anamorph: Fusarium tricinctum [Corda] Sacc.) (Ascomyc etes: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; Dullahide et al., 1994; El Gholl et al., 1978; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Ren et al., 2003Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 281 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Globisporangium debaryanum (R. Hesse) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Globisporangium intermedium (de Bary) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium intermedium de Bary

(Oomycetes: Py thiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Shivas, 1989; Waterhouse and Waterstan, 1964

Globisporangium irregulare (Buisman) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium irregulare Buisman (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Globisporangium mamillatum (Meurs) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium mamillatum Meurs (Oomycetes: Py thiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Jiang et al., 1990

Globisporangium paroecandrum (Drechsler) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Globisporangium spinosum (Sawada) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium spinosum Sawada (Oomycetes: Py thiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Shivas, 1989

Globisporangium splendens (Hans Braun) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium splendens Braun (Oomycetes: Py thiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Shivas, 1989

Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium ultimum Trow (Oomyc etes: Py thiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Horst, 2001

Gloeodes pomigena (Schwein.) Colby (= Phyllachora pomigena [Schwein.) Sacc.) (Ascomycet es) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk (= Gloeosporium fructigenum Berk., G. rufomaculans [Berk.] Thüm.) (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Penz.] Penz. & Sacc.) (Ascomycetes) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008; Shahi et al., 2003

Glomerella tucumanensis (Speg.) Arx & Müll. (anamorph: Colletotrichum falcatum Went) (Ascomycetes) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 282 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta (= Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. (Ascomycet es: Erysiphales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wu and Guo, 1987
Grovesinia pyramidalis Cline et al. (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones, 2000; Lei et al., 2000 Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz (= Greeneria uvicola [Berk. & Curtis] Punith. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008; Sutton and Gibson, 1977

Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (Wulfen) DC. (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977

Gymnosporangium confusum Plowr. (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Gymnosporangium cornutum Arthur ex Kern (= G. aurantiacum sensu auct., G. juniperinum [L .] Fr.) (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter (= G. fuscum Hedw.) (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Gymnosporangium tremelloides Hartig (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman (anamorph: Fusarium solani [Martius] Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Hypocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Hendersonia piricola Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 Genus is non

- actionable at U.S. ports of entry (PestID, 2012). Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. (= Fomes annosus [Fr.:Fr.] Cooke) (Basidiomycet es: Russulales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Houjia yanglingensis Sun & Crous (Ascomycet es: Capnodiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Yang et al., 2010
Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quél. (= Nematoloma sublateritium [Fr.] Karst.) (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Hypoxylon serpens (Pers.) Kickx (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Hypsizygus ulmarius [Bull.:Fr.] Redhead (= Pleurotus ulmarius [Bull.:Fr.] Kumm.) (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 283 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado (= Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels, Nectria radicicola Gerlach & Nilsson) (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon destructans [Zinssmeister] Scholten) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Bai et al., 1999; CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman,

2012

Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) Karst. (= Xanthochrous hispidus [Bull.] Pat., Polyporus hispidus [Bull.:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Hy

menochaetales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Irpex lacteus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. (= I. tulipiferae [Schwein.] Schwein.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Lecanidion atratum (Hedw.) Rabenh. (= Patellaria atrata [Hedw.] Fr.) (Ascomycet es: Patellariales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Lenzites betulina (L .:Fr.) Fr. (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Lepteutypa cupressi (Nattrass, Booth & Sutton) Swart (= Monochaetia mali [Ellis & Everh.] Sacc., M. unicornis [Cooke & Ellis] Sacc.) (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Leucostoma persoonii Höhn (= Valsa leucostoma [Pers.] Fr.) (anamorph: Cytospora leucostoma Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Diaporthales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (= M. phas eoli [Maubl.] Ashby) (Ascomyc etes) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Microdochium dimerum (Penz.) Arx (= Fusarium dimerum Penz.) (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Microsphaeropsis fuckelii (Sacc.) Boerema (= Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc., Leptosphaeria coniothyrium [Fuckel] Sacc.) (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Monilinia fructicola (Winter) Honey (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 284 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Monilin ia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhland) Honey (= Monilia cinerea Bonord., Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhland) (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983

Mucor mucedo Mich. ex Saint

- Amans (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Mucor piriformis Fischer (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Qiao and Zong, 2003 Mucor racemosus Fresen. (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Mycosphaerella pomi (Pass.) Lindau (= Sphaerella pomi Pass.) (anamorph: Cylindrosporium pomi Brooks) (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CABI, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Wellman, 1977; Xu et al., 2000

Mycosphaerella pyri (Auersw.) Boerema (= M. sentina [Fr.:Fr.] Schröt.) (anamorphs : Septoria pyricola [Desm.] Desm., S. pyri Castagne) (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Mycosphaerella tulasnei (Jancz.) Lindau (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. (= Creonectria purpurea [L .] Seaver) (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Jones and Aldwinckle,

1990
Nematospora coryli Peglion (Ascomycet es) CABI, 2012; Ershad and Barkhordary , 1974
Neofabraea malicorticis Jackson (= Pezicula malicorticis (Jackson) Nannf.) (anamorph: Cryptosporiopsis curvispora (Peck) Gremmen.) (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Neofusicoccum vi tifusiforme (Van Niekerk & Crous) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L . Phillips (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) Kong et al., 2010; Cloete et al., 2011; Urbez

Torres et al., 2011

Neonectria coccinea (Pers.:Fr.) Rossman & Samuels (= Nectria coccinea [Pers.:Fr.] Fr.) (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Neonectria ditissima Tul. & Tul. (= Nectria galligena Bres., Cylindrosporium mali) (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon mali [Allesch.] Wollenw.) (Ascomycetes: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; D AFF, 2009; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Horst, 2001; Kirk, 2008Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 285 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Nigrospora oryzae (Berk. & Broome) Petch (Ascomyc etes: Trichosphaeriales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones, 2000

Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason (Ascomycet es: Trichosphaeriales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Ovatisporangium vexans (de Bary) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish. (= Pythium

vexans de Bary

(Oomyc etes: Py

thiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Penicillium aurantiogriseum Dierckx (= P. cyclopium , Westling, P. solitum Westling) (Ascomyc etes: Eurotiales) Amiri and Bompeix, 2005; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008
Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Chen et al., 1991; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Penicillium chrysogenum Th om (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Amiri and Bompeix, 2005; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Penicillium crustosum Thom (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Penicillium digitatum (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CABI, 2 012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Penicillium diversum Raper & Fennell (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Genus is nonactionable at U.S. ports of entry (PestID, 2012). Penicillium expansum Li nk (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Penicillium funiculosum Thom (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling (= P. frequentans Westling) (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Penicillium implicatum Biourge (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Penicillium islandicum Sopp (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Penicillium italicum Wehmer (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003
Penicillium puberulum Bainier (= P.

commune Thom) (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990
Penicillium spinulosum Thom (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Penicillium sp. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) Liu et al., 1995; PestID, 2012 Penicillium variabile Sopp (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 286 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Penicillium viridicatum Westling (Ascomycet es: Eurotiales) Bi and Zhang, 1993; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Pestalotia hartigii Tubeuf (Ascomyc etes: Xylariales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Pestalotiopsis breviseta (Sacc.) Steyaert (= Pestalotia breviseta Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pestalotiopsis versicolor (Speg.) Steyaert (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) Basak, 1992; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Majumdar and Pathak, 1997; Soni et al., 1991 Peyronellaea glomerata (Corda) Goid. ex Togliani (= Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Qiao and Zong, 2002

Peyronellaea pomorum (Thüm.) Aveskamp, Gruyt er & Verkley ( = Phoma pomorum var. pomorum Thüm., P. pomorum Thüm., Coniothyrium pyrinum [Sacc.] Sheld., Phyllosticta pyrina [= pirina ] Sacc., P. prunicola Sacc., P. persicae Sacc.) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CASI , 1994; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Kirk, 2008; Wellman, 1977

Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quél. (Basidiomycet es: Hy

menochaetales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire (= Fomes pomaceus [Pers.] Llo yd) (Basidiomycet es: Hy

menochaetales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phlyctema vagabunda Desm. (Anamorph: Pezicula alba Guthrie, Gloeosporium album Osterwalder, Trichoseptoria fructigena Maubl.) (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Kirk, 2008

Pholiota adiposa (Fr.:Fr.) Kumm. (= P. aurivella [Batsch] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pholiota squarrosa (Fr.:Fr.) Kumm. (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phoma enteroleuca var. enteroleuca Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phoma h erbarum var. herbarum Westend

. (=

P. herbarum Westend., Pyrenochaeta mali Sm.) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 287 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Phoma macrostoma var. macrostoma Mont. (= P. pomi Pass., Phyllosticta mali Prill. & Delacr.) (Asco mycetes: Pleosporales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977

Phomopsis fukushii Tanaka & Endo. (Sordariomycete: Diaorthales: PestID, 2013
Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.:Fr.) Lév. (= P. suffulta [Rebent.] Sacc., P. guttata f.sp. alni Hammarlund) (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008; Wu and Guo, 1987

Phyllactinia mali (Duby) Braun (= P. pyri [Castagne] Homma) (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Heluta and Minter, 1998; Liu and Gao, 1997

Phyllosticta arbutifolia Ellis & Martin (= P. solitaria Ellis & Everh.) (Ascomycet es: Dothideales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert (= Phymatotrichum omnivorum Duggar) (Basidiomycetes) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröter (Oomyc etes: Pythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora cambivora (Petri) Buisman (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora capsici Leonian (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora cinnamomi var. cinnamomi Rands (= P. cinnamomi Rands) (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Phytophthora citricola Sawada (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leonian (Oomyc etes: Py

thiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora cryptogea Pethy br. & Laff. (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990 Phytophthora insolita Ann & Ko (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Ho et al., 2002
Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler (Oomycetes: P ythiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (= P. parasitica Dastur) (Oomycetes: Py thiales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 288 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Phytophthora palmivora var. palmivora (Butler) Butler (=

P. palmivora (Butler) Butler) (Oomycet es: Py

thiales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curtis) Ellis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Malavolta et al., 1980
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Pleospora mali Hesler (anamorph: Hendersonia mali Thüm.) (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.:Fr.) Lév. (= P. oxyacanthae [DC.] de Bary) (A scomycet es: Erysiphales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell. & Ev.) Salmon (anamorph: Oidium farinosum Cooke) (Ascomyc etes: Erysiphales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wu and Guo, 1987
Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr. : Fr.) de Bary (= Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.: Fr.) Lév. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Polyporus badius (Pers.) Schwein. (= P. picipes Fr.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pseudocercospora mali (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton (= Cercospora mali Ellis & Everh., C. minima Tracy

& Earle) (Ascomycet es: Mycosphaerellales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977

Puccinia heterospora Berk. & Curtis (Urediniomycet es: Uredinales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Punctu laria strigosozonata (Schwein.) Talbot (= Phlebia strigosozonata [Schwein.] Lloyd) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shivas, 1989

Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.:Fr.) Karst. (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012
Pyricularia higginsii Luttr. (= Dactylaria higginsii (Luttr.) Ellis, Daldinia concentrica [Bolton:Fr.] Ces. & De Not.) (Ascomyc etes) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Pythium acanthicum Drechsler (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Spencer, 20 05
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 289 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Yu et al., 1999
Pythium oligandrum Drechsler (Oomycetes: P ythiales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wellman, 1977
Rhytidhysteron rufulum (Spreng.:Fr.) Speg. (= Tryblidiella rufula [Spreng.:Fr.] Sacc.) (Ascomycetes: Patellariales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Rhizopus arrhizus Fisch. (Zygomyc etes: Mucorales) Bagwan, 2003; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Lind (= R. nigricans Ehrenb.) (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Shahi et al., 2003

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. (anamorph: Dematophora necatrix Hartig) (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983

Sarocladium strictum (W. Gams) Summerb. (=

Acremonium strictum Gams, Cephalosporium acremonium auct. non Corda) (Ascomycetes) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Semenov, 1976; Wu et al., 2003

Schizophyllum commune Fr.:Fr. (Basidiomycet es: Agaricales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Schizothyrium pomi (Mont.) Arx (= Leptothyrium pomi Selby, Zygophiala jamaicensis Mason) (Ascomycetes: Microthy riales) CABI, 2012; CASI, 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Sc leroramularia henaniensis Sun, Li & Crous (Dothideomycetes) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Li et al., 2011

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Ascomycet es: Helotiales) CABI, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990
Septobasidium bogoriense Pat. (Urediniomycet es: Septobasidiales) AQI S, 1998; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Genus is non

- actionable at U.S. ports of entry (PestID, 2012) Septobasidium pedicellatum (Schwein.) Pat. (Urediniomycetes: Septobasidiales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Sac cardo, 1895; Zhang et al., 1996
Septobasidium tanakae (Miyabe) Boedijn & Steinm. (Urediniomyc etes: Septobasidiales) AQI S, 1998; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Saccardo, 1925 Genus is non

- actionable at U.S. ports of entry (PestID, 2012) Sphaceloma pyrinum (Pegli on) Jenk. (Ascomycet es: My

riangiales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 290 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Sporocadus lichenicola Corda (= Seimatosporium lichenicola (Corda) Shoemaker & Müll., Coryneum foliicola Fuckel) (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) CASI , 1994; Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990

Stagonospora prominula (Berk. & Curtis) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CASI , 1994; Farlow and Sey mour, 1888; Farr and Rossman, 2012 Stereum hirsutum (Willd.:Fr.) Gray (= S. complicatum [Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Russulales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (anamorphs: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, R. aderholdii Kolosch) (Basidiomycet es: Ceratobasidiales) CABI, 2012; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Thyrostroma carpophilum (Lév.) B. Sutton (= Stigmina carpophila (L év.) Ellis, Clasterosporium carpophilum [Lév.] Aderh.) (Ascomyc etes: Dothideales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Trametes trogii Berk. (= T. gallica var. trogii [Berk.] Sacc.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008

Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen:Fr.) Quél. (= Coriolus hirsutus [Wulfen:Fr.] Quél.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Trametes ochracea (Pers.) Gilb. & Ry varden (= Coriolus zonatus [Nees] Quél.) (Basidiomycetes: Poly porales) Chi, 2002; F arr and Rossman, 2012; Helton et al.,

1988; Kirk, 2008

Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilát (= Coriolus versicolor [L .] Quél., Polyporus versicolor [L .:Fr.] Fr.) (Basidiomycet es: Poly

porales) CASI , 1994; Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle,

1990 Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr. (Ascomycet es: Hy

pocreales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Trichothecium roseum (Pers.:Fr.) Link (= Cephalothecium roseum Corda) (Ascomycet es) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Truncatella angustata (Pers.) Hughes (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Hu et al., 1996

Truncatella laurocerasi (Westend.) Steyaert (= Pestalotia laurocerasi Westend, P. truncata var

. rubi Karst.) (Ascomycet es: Xylariales) Farr and Rossman, 2012 ; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 291 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Valsa ambiens subsp . ambiens (Pers. : Fr. ) Fr. (= V. ambiens (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. (anamorphs: Cytospora leucosperma [Pers.:Fr.] Fr., C. ambiens Sacc., C. carphosperma Fr.) (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) Farr and Rossman, 2012

Valsa ceratosperma (Tode:Fr.) Maire (= V. americana Berk. & Curtis) (Ascomycet es: Diaporthales) Duke, 1983; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Wang et al., 1998

Valsa malicola Urban (Ascomycetes: Diaporthales) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Hayova and Minter, 1998 Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter (anamorphs: Fusicladium dendriticum [Wallr.] Fuckel, F. pomi [Fr.] Lind

, Spilocaea pomi Fr.) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012; Kirk, 2008; Wellman, 1977

Venturia pyrina Aderhold (Ascomycet es: Pleosporales) (anamorph: Fusicladium pyrorum [Lib.] Fuckel) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Ascomycet es: Hy pocreales) CABI, 2012; Farr and Rossman, 2012

Wallemia sebi (Fr.) Arx (Basidiomycetes: Wallemiales) DAFF, 2009; Farr and Rossman, 2012
Zygophiala cryptogama Batzer & Crous (Ascomycet es: Capnodiales) Farr and Rossman, 2009; Li et al., 2010
Zygophiala jamaicensis Mason (Ascomycet es: Capnodiales) Farr and Rossman, 2009

**ALGA** Cephaleuros virescens Künze (Trentepohliales: Trentepohliaceae) Farr and Rossman, 2012; Gong et al., 2001; Wellman, 1977 **NEMATODES** Aphelenchoides cibolensis Riffle (Aphelenchoididae) Lan, 1993; Riffle, 1972
Aphelenchoides parietinus (Bastian) Steiner (Aphelenchoididae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993
Aphelenchus avenae Bastian (Aphelenchidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993

Criconemoides mutabilis Eroshenko (Criconematidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993
Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filip'ev (Anguinidae) CABI, 2012; Ferris, 2012 Actionable on propagative materials (PestID, 2013).Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 292 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Filenchus thornei (Andrássy) Andráss y (= Tylenchus [

Aglenchus ] thornei Andráss y, T. angusticephalus Thorne & Malek, Aglenchus th ornei Andráss y) (Tylenchidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993; UNL , 2009

Helicotylenchus anhelicus Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007
Helicotylenchus californicus Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007

Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry (Hoplolaimidae) Handoo, 2007; Yin, 1994
Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2012
Helicotylenchus erythrinae (Zimmermann) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007

Helicotylenchus exallus Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CASI , 19 94; Handoo, 2007
Helicotylenchus leiocephalus Sher (Hoplolaimidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993
Helicotylenchus lobus Sher (Hoplolaimidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007
Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) CABI, 2012; Handoo, 2007

Helicotylenchus rotundicauda Sher (Hoplolaimidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993
Lelenchus leptosoma (de Man) Andrássy (Tylenchidae) Handoo, 2007; Lan, 1993
Longidorus macromucronatus Siddiqi (Longidoridae) Duke, 1983; Norton et al., 1982; Wang et al., 1996
Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CABI, 2012; Park et al., 1999
Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Meloidogy

nidae) CABI, 2012; Sethi et al., 1988

Mesocriconema curvatum (Raski) Loof & DeGrisse (= Criconemella
curvata (Raski) Luc & Raski (Criconematidae) Chen and Fong, 1996; Handoo, 2007; Maqbool, 1982

Paraphelenchus myceliophthorus Goodey (Paraphelenchidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi (Trichodoridae) CABI, 2012; Handoo, 2007

Paratrichodorus porosus (Allen) Siddiqi (Trichodoridae) CABI, 2012Pest Risk Assessment for A pples from China

Ver. 1 February 3, 2014 293 **Organism Evidence and/or other notes**  Paratylenchus dianthus Jenkins & Taylor (Tylenchulidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007
Paratylenchus projectus Jenkins (Tylenchulidae) Handoo, 2007; Zhang et al., 2002
Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipj ev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Yin, 1991
Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Steckhoven (Pratylenchidae) Beaumont, 1975; CABI, 2012

Pratylenchus convallariae Seinhorst (Pratylenchidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo et al., 2001
Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2012

Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man) Filipjev (Pratylenchidae) Duke, 1983; Esnard and Zuckerman, 1998; Liu

and Zhang, 1999 Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner (Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2012; Handoo, 2007
Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen (Pratylenchidae) CABI, 2012; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990
Pseudhalenchus anchilisposomus Tarjan (Tylenchidae) CASI , 1994; Handoo, 2007
Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden (Dolichodoridae) CABI, 2012; Handoo, 2007
Xiphinema americanum Cobb (Xiphinematidae) CABI, 2012