Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1954

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 210
NBS PUBLICATIONS

Capacities of Plumbing Stacks in Buildings

A study of the maximum load that can be brought from a horizontal branch

into a stack down which water is being discharged from fixtures on higher

floors. This phase of a projected complete investigation, intended to make

drainage design more economical, is concentrated on the drainage stack and

the building drain. The report describes tests to determine terminal velocities

and terminal lengths in stacks as well as tests on stacks and drains. It analyzes

stack conditions in a multistory building and suggests applications of the

study's results. Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 132, Capacities of Plumbing Stacks

in Buildings, 28 pages. Price: 25 cents.

Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps

An explanation of the extent to which trap-seal losses are influenced by such

considerations as the diameter of the trap and the depth of trap seal, the

diameter and slope of the fixture drain, the type of vent fitting used, and the

rate of discharge of the fixture. The report shows the importance of standardizing fixture traps and the hydraulic characteristics of plumbing fixtures, such

as lavatories, sinks, and trays; and it makes recommendations for use by

code-writing authorities.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 126, Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps,

32 pages. Price: 20 cents.

Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

An account of extensive research and laboratory tests to determine the feasibility of using vented one- and two-story plumbing drainage systems. The

conclusions reached regarding satisfactory operation limits for wet-vented

fixtures are given in a form suitable for inclusion in plumbing codes. The

report describes test procedures and explains results. Diagrams, tables, and

graphs are included showing the trap-seal losses that occur under various

conditions of wet venting and indicating the maximum permissible unvented

lengths of fixture drain.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 119, Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures, 27 pages. Price: 25 cents.

Stack Venting of Plumbing Fixtures

A report describing tests involving use of pipes, traps, connections, and vents

made of transparent plastics which make all flow phenomena visible. Similar

tests were made with regular metal fittings to obtain comparative data and to permit correlation of results. The report discusses and interprets results,

(Continued on page 3 of cover)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1954

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 210

Issued June 2, 1954

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by the various

hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada. The cooperation of these

agencies is greatly appreciated.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers commencing with 1813 refer to projects

which are reported for the first time. All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted

under (f )

.

It is emphasized that the National Bureau of Standards does not have in its files reports

i or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such

information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the

title of the organization reporting the work, ^t is of course understood that any laboratory

submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified

inquirers. A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the International

Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted

in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Prof. J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic

Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary at $6.00 each

(postage included). A bulletin entitled "Directory of Hydromechanics Research Projects in the United States

Related to Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering" is prepared by the Hydrodynamics Committee

of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. Copies may be obtained by addressing

the Secretary of the Society, Captain W. N. Landers, Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York 18, N. Y.

A. V. Astin, Director
Contents

Page

Foreword iii List of contributing laboratories

Project reports

Subject index , l8l

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project. (e) Description.

(b) Project conducted for. (f) Present status

(c) Correspondent. (g) Results.

(d) Nature of project. (h) Publications.

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES v

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF College of Engineering, Fayettville, Ark.

Prof. George Branigan, Dean

BALDWLN-LIMA -HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE

Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia Ij2, Pa. Mr. W. R. MacNamee, Manager, Hydraulic Turbine Department

Mr. C. H. Diehl, Supervisor of Laboratory

| BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

v BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 2 99 Livingston Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. Prof. Chilton A. Wright, Professor of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena I|, Calif.

Dr. Robert T. Knapp, Director

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Prof. F. J. Veihmeyer, Directing Head, Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 7 College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2h, Calif.

Prof. M. R . Huberty, Chairman, Department of Irrigation and Soils

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 9 College of Engineering, Berkeley lj, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 18

Department of Engineering, Los Angeles 2li, Calif.

Prof. L. M. K. Boelter.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN 18 Research Foundation for Cross -Connection Control, Los Angeles 7, Calif.

Dr. Robert E. Vivian, Director

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 19 Department of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Prof. F. T. Mavis, Head

COLORADO A AND M COLLEGE 19 Department of Civil Engineering, Fort Collins, Colo.

Prof. Maurice L. Albertson, Head of Fluid Mechanics Research

COLORADO UNIVERSITY 26 Department of Civil Engineering, Boulder, Colo. Mr. barren Raeder, Head

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 26 Department of Civil Engineering, New York 27, New York

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CONNECTICUT , UNIVERSITY OF 27 Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Box U-37, Storrs, Conn. Prof. Victor Scottron, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
vi List of Contributing Laboratories

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 28 School of Civil Engineering, Ithaca, N. Y.

Dr. N. A. Christensen, Director

Prof. Andre L, Jorissen, Head, Department of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 30

School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, Ga. Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 33 Department of Mathematics, Div. of Applied Science, Cambridge 38, Mass.

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 33

Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho

Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 35 Department of Public Works and Buildings, 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Engineer

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 35 Engineering Subdivision, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Head

Engineering Research Subdivision, Box 117, Peoria, 111. 38 Dr. Max Suter, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 39 Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 21ij Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111.

Prof. F. B. Seely, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF I4O Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Urbana, 111.

Prof. J. J. Doland, Director of Hydraulic Engineering

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH hi

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY OF (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE ii

8

Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, Md.

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE h9

School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer

LEEFSL AND COMPANY, THE JAMES h9

la 26 East Street, Springfield, Ohio

Mr. J. Robert Groff , President and General Manager

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 50

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. Dr. W. j. Eney, Director
List of Contributing Laboratories

vii

jMASSACHUSETT S INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 51

Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

[MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 55 Department of 'Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. C. R. Soderberg, Head

•MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 61

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. F. M. Lewis, Director

! MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF 62

Engineering Research Institute, Amherst, Mass. Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 62

Experimental Naval Tank, 326 West Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. Louis A. Baier, Director

; MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 63 Lake Hydraulics Laboratory, 320 Infest Engineering Building, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. E. F. Brater

i MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory)

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE 63 Engineering and Industrial Research Station, Box 1516, State College, Miss.

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Director

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 6J4 Department of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. Prof. Joe B. Butler, Chairman

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY 6I4 Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Va.

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 66

Department of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y.

Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 6?

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, New York 53> N. Y. Dr. Glen N. Cox, Director

NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 67 North Carolina State College, Dept. of Engineering Research, Raleigh, N. C. Prof. N. W. Connor, Director

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 68

The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111.

Dr. Paul E. Klopsteg, Director of Research

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 69 College of Engineering

Dr. Karl E. Schoenherr, Dean

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 70 Department of Civil Engineering, Corvallis, Ore.

Prof. Leslie A. Clayton, Hydraulics Laboratory
viii List of Contributing Laboratories

PELT ON WATER UHEEL COMPANY, THE

2929-19 Street, San Francisco 10, Calif. Mr. I. M. l\hite, Manager of Engineering

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Development Engineer

PENNSYLVANIA, STATE COLLEGE OF Department of Civil Engineering, State College, Pa. Dr. B. A. Whisler, Head

PENNSYLVANIA, STATE COLLEGE OF Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

Dr. G. G. Quarles, Director

PENNSYLVANIA WATER AND POWER COMPANY

I|05 Fulton National Bank Building, Lancaster, Pa. Dr. S. K. Waldorf, Engineer of Research

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Civil Engineering Mechanics, Lafayette, Ind. Dr. R. B. Wiley, Head

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Mechanical Engineering Department, Troy, N. Y. Prof. Grant K. Palsgrove, Director Russell Sage Laboratory

RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL (see University of Southern California)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

Allenspark, Colo.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Director (winter address* State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa)

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY

Department of Botany, New Brunswick, N. J e Prof. M. F. Buell

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

University of Minnesota, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis II4, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director

SCRIFPS INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

University of California, La Jolla, Calif.

S. MORGAN SMITH COMPANY

Lincoln and Hartley Sts., York, Pennsylvania

Mr. G. Dugan Johnson, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

Mr, Emmert M. Lowry, Jr., Hydraulic Laboratory Engineer

SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS

29 V.fest 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Capt. W. N. Landers, Secretary

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Director, Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Experimental Towing Tank, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Dr. Kenneth S. M. Davidson, Erector

TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)
List of Contributing Laboratories ix

TENNESSEE, UNI 7ERSITY OF 89 Engineering Experiment Station, Knoxville 16, Tenn.

Dr. G. H. Hickox, Assoc. Director

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE 89 Civil Engineering Department, College Station, Texas

Dr. S. R. Wight, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF 90

Department of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

AH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 91

Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. J. E. Christiansen, Dean, School of Engineering and Technology

WASHINGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF 9h Department of Civil Engineering and Division of Industrial Research, Pullman, Wash.

Prof. C. L. Barker, Hydraulic Engineer

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 95 Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5> Wash.

Prof. R. B. Horn, Acting Director

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Government)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 97

Hydraulic and Sanitary Laboratory, Madison 5, Wise.

Prof. Arno T. Lenz

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 99 Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 2, Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE 101

Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Beltsville, Md.

Dr. Robert M. Salter, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

California Forest and Range Experiment Station 106

P. 0. Box' 2li5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

Mr. Stephen N. Wyckoff , Director

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 107

Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station 108

102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Pa. Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director
x List of Contributing Laboratories

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 109

Li23 U. S. Court House, Portland Ore. Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 110 Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Pri ce, Director

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station 112

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. Mr. E. L. Demmon, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

CORPS OF ENGINEERS

Beach Erosion Board 113

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Washington 16, D. 0. Colonel L. H. Hewitt, President

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory 117 628 Pittock Block, Portland, Ore. The District Engineer

Jacksonville District 119

P. 0. Box 1j970

Jacksonville, Florida

The District Engineer

Los Angeles District 120

P. 0. Box 17277 Foy Station

Los Angeles 17, Calif.

The District Engineer

St. Paul District 121 1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House

St. Paul 1, Minnesota

The District Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station 122

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS I36

Hydraulics Branch, Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS I36 National Hydraulic Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C. WEATHER BUREAU I38

Hydrologic Services Division

Washington 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief
List of Contributing Laboratories

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Idashington 2£, D. C. Mr. R. W. Davenport, Acting Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

Branch of Design and Construction Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. Mr. L. N. McClellan, Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN

>]ashington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY

Philadelphia 12, Pennsylvania

The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION Bureau of Ships, T/\jashington 25, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION

Pasadena Annex, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd.,

Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Washington 25, D. C. TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY

HYDRAULIC DATA BRANCH

Knoxville, Term.

Mr. Albert S. Fry, Chief

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulics Laboratory

Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

McGILL UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering, Montreal 2, Que., Canada

Prof. R. E. Jamieson, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanic

MONTREAL, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE

Hydraulics Laboratory, Hj30 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal 18, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head, Department of Hydraulic Engineering

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

Division of Mechanical Engineering, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Canada

Mr. J. H. Parkin, Director
xii List of Contributing Laboratorie

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Applied Science, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Prof. D. S. Ellis, Dean, Faculty of Applied Science

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. E. A. Allcut, Professor of Mechanical Engineering
1

HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, College of Engineering.

(1813) UNDULATORT PROPULSION.

(b) Vibrane Corporation, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, New York.

(c) Prof. J. R. Bissett, Associate Director, Engineering Experiment Station,

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To test at least one propulsive device and one pumping device, to be furnished by

sponsor, to determine the absolute and relative efficiency of each. To design and

develop new models of both propulsive and pumping device of the "Vibrane type", and to test against the inventor's standards and commercial mechanical development work

as may be initially agreed upon.

(g) Project in preliminary stage.

THE BALDWIN-LI MA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, ¥>hk $ 1^5, and l8Hj should be addressed to

Mr. C. H. Diehl, Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory, Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation,

Philadelphia h2, Pa.

(271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) To improve performance of present designs, and to extend the range of application of

this type turbine. Propeller runners of various designs in combination with modified

turbine settings are being methodically tested in the 11 -inch cavitation flume.

Efficiency, output, cavitation, runaway speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic blade

torque are measured.

(g) Results provide data for improvement of existing design and information for designs

which extend the range of application.

(iShh) ADJUSTABLE BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE FOR THE DALLES PROJECT.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon District.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) A completely homologous model was tested to determine its performance over a wide

range of operating conditions. Modifications of the design were made and are being

tested in order to determine possible improvements of design.

(g) Results of the homologous tests indicate that all operating requirements for the

prototype were generously exceeded.

{1$hS) ADJUSTABLE BLADE AXIAL FLOW PUMP FOR SIPHON SETTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Several axial flow adjustable blade pump designs have been tested in several different

designs of inflow and discharge chambers to determine the performance under various

siphon conditions.

(g) Results of the above tests have indicated that this type of installation could be used

advantageously under siphon conditions.
2 Baldwin-Lima -Hamilton Corporation

Polytechnic institute of Brooklyn

California Institute of Technology

(I8H4) PUMP MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A test flume is being installed in the Hydraulic Laboratory to test various types of

pump models through a wide range of conditions of head and discharge, and the

determination of cavitation limitations.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. l£lj6 and l%hl should be addressed to Prof. M. w. Stewart, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 99 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y.

(15146) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FLUID POLARI SCOPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Design and construction of a fluid polariscope, and the qualitative study of various

fluid flow phenomena.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Study of fluid flow by means of fluid polariscope." Bachelor*s Thesis, A. M. James. (Available on loan.)

(1514 7) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 6 -INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Design and construction of a 6 -inch water tunnel to be used for various laboratory

exercises as well as for fluid flow studies.

(f} Completed.

(h) "Design and construction of 6 -inch water tunnel." Bachelor's Thesis, S. Moskowitz.

(Available on loan.)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena h, Calif.

Nos. 6, 805 to Prof. Vito A. Vanoni

Nos. 15, 8OI4, 1815 to Dr. Robert T. Knapp

No. 16 to Mr. John T. McGraw

Nos. 279, 1818 to Dr. A. J. Acosta

Nos. 803, 15^8, 1816, 1817 to Prof. Milton S. Plesset

No. I$h9 to Mr. John H. Carr

No. 1300 to Mr. Joseph Levy

No. 1301 to Mr. J. Pat 0«Neill

(6) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the mechanics of transportation of sediment by flowing fluids including

studies of the suspended load as well as the bed load phases of the problem.

(h) "A summary of sediment transportation mechanics." Proceedings of the Third Midwestern

Conference in Fluid Mechanics, University of Minnesota, 1953.
California Institute of Technology 3

(15) STUDIES OF CAVITATION PHENOMENA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Details of fixed void type cavitation have been studied experimentally in the water

tunnel. Special emphasis has been given to characteristics of the interface, dynamics

of entrainment at downstream end of cavity, and behavior of entrained voids.

(h) "Present status of cavitation research." Robert T. Knapp, presented to the Heat Transfer

and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Los Angeles, July 2, 1953.

(16) HYDRODINAMI C FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Forces on bodies of different shapes and designs are measured in a water tunnel and the

important steady state and damping force coefficients are thus obtained. These data are used to predict full-scale behavior.

[279) FLOW IN ROTATING CHANNELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) Studies on the internal and over-all flow behavior and hydrodynamic performance of cen- trifugal pump impellers, volutes and axial flow pumps.

(h) "Three-dimensional interference effects of a finite number of blades in an axial turbomachine." H. N. Tyson, Jr., C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.1, Nov. 1952.

"An experimental study of axial flow pump cavitation." P. Guinard, T. Fuller, and A. J. Acosta, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-19.3, Aug. 1953.

(803) DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION AND CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical and experimental studies of cavitation

damage.

(h) "Note on the dynamics of small vapor bubbles in liquids." S. A. Zwick, C.I.T. Hydrodynamic

Laboratory Report No. 26-7, (in preparation).

"Observations on cavitation bubble collapse." A. T. Ellis, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 21-12, Dec. 1952.

(80I4) THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID ON THE INCEPTION OF CAVITATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Scope of investigations has been extended to include the dynamic testing of treated

samples under normal flow conditions. To date pressurized samples show significant apparent tensile strengths, but of somewhat lower magnitude than those determined by boiling

point measurements. The results of these experiments, like all others in this particular

research, appear to have inherent wide scatter. Thus, considerable additional work will

be required before generalizations can be made.

(805) DIFFUSION IN TURBULENT FLOW.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Studies were made of the diffusion of tracer droplets in a flow made turbulent by a grid.

A water tunnel with a working section 12 inches by 12 inches has been built for continuing

this work.

(g) Investigations are proceeding in the new low-turbulence water tunnel.
ij California Institute of Technology

(1300) BASIC WATER ENTRY STUDY.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation of the phenomena accompanying the entry into water of solids traveling

at moderate speeds. The initial study covers the formation of the cavity, and the meas- urement of pressure within the cavity formed behind spheres entering the water vertically

(1301) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-BOUNDARY FLOWS.

(b) Office of Naval Research and Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied research.

(e) A free -surface water tunnel is used in experimental and analytical studies of cavity and

jet flows in two and three dimensions and planing surfaces, ventilated underwater sur- faces and ventilated struts. Pressure surveys and measurements of drag, lift, cross

force, and moment coefficients are compared with theory.

(g) Measurements have been made on a variety of bodies having attached open cavities. The

"stagnation cup" has been investigated as a calibrating device for tunnels and towing

facilities. Successful measurements have been made of force and moment coefficients

for a variety of ventilated surfaces.

(h) "Evaluation of the integrals occurring in the cavity theory of Plesset and Shaffer."

Byrne perry, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 21-11, Dec. 1952.

(15148) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating flow.

(h) "On the flow of vapor between liquid surfaces." Warren Mathews, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. 21-13, May, 1953.

(15149) WAVE FORCES AND PRESSURES.

(b) Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The total force and pressure distribution due to water waves reflecting from and breaking

on rigid bulkheads is to be investigated.

(g) Correlation beti^een theory and experiment has been obtained for cases of waves reflected

from plane barriers inclined between the angles of 10° seaward and 30° shoreward from

the vertical.

(h) "Wave forces on plane barriers." California Institute of Technology, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report E-ll.l, Oct. 1953.

(1815) THE CORRELATION OF THE MECHANICS OF CAVITATION WETH THAT OF PHYSICAL DAMAGE.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is on the basis of the present knowledge of the mechanics of the cavitation

process to endeavor to clarify the mechanics of cavitation damage of solid surfaces. Two approaches are being used: (1) Study of damage on standard metal specimens subjected

to cavitation in the water tunnel; (2) study of damage on samples of same material in

the standard magnetostriction equipment.

(f) Auxiliary apparatus nearing completion and preliminary runs in process.

(1816) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of hydrofoils.

(h) "A theory for hydrofoils of finite span." Y. T. Wu, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 26-8, May, 1953.
California Institute of Technology

University of California

5

(1817) SCALE EFFECTS IN CAVITATING FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Studies are being carried out on the effect of model size on incipient cavitation.

(h) "Incipient cavitation scaling experiments for hemispherical and 1.5 -caliber ogive-nosed

bodies. W. Holl and B. R. Parkin, a joint report by the Ordnance Research Laboratory,

Pennsylvania State College and the Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, May 1953.

"Incipient cavitation and boundary layer interaction on a streamlined body." B. R. Parkin and R. W. Kermeen, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-35.2, Dec. 1953.

"Incipient cavitation and wake flow behind sharp-edged disks." R. W. Kermeen and B. R. Parkin, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. E-35.3 (in preparation).

"The mechanism of cavitation inception and the related scale effects problem." R. W. Kermeen, J. T. McGraw and B. R. Parkin, (in press).

(1818) EXPERIMENTAL AXIAL FLOW PUMP RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of incipient cavitation phenomena at rotor blade tips with various tip

clearances, tip vortex and secondary flow phenomena and over-all performance.

(h) "The axial flow pump test facility." T. W. Fuller and A. J. Acosta, C.I.T. Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. E-12.13.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation.

(19) THE EFFECT OF THE DEPTH OF WATER TABLE UPON THE ABILITY OF PLANTS TO EXTRACT WATER.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. Robert M. Hagen, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

d) Field and laboratory investigation; basic and applied research,

(e) Experiments have been performed to determine the upward rise of water in soils in contact with a free water surface. A study was made of the ability of some of the principal

crops grown in the Delta region of California to obtain water supplies from various depths

of water in peat soil.

(g) Information concerning the tolerance of different plants to saturated soil conditions will

be secured.

(20) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SOILS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; applied research.

(e) Plant -soil -water relation studies including loss of water by roots to dry soil, rooting

habits of plants in relation to irrigation practices, methods for determining when irrigation is necessary (rate of plant growth, color of foliage, etc.) and the determination

of water requirements of crops.

(g) The frequency of irrigation and amount of water required for various crops are being

determined, taking into account numerous factors, such as soil structure and root systems

of plants, which have a bearing on the results obtained.

(h) "Know how to water." R. M. Hagen, U. S. Golf Assoc. Jour, and Turf Management 5:26-30,

1953.

"Guides in cotton irrigation." Marvin Hoover and L. J. Booher, Calif. Agr. Exten. Service unnumbered leaflet, Oct. 1952.

"Production and quality of irrigated pasture mixtures as influenced by clipping frequency."

M. L. Peterson and R. M. Hagan, Agron. Jour. b5: 283-287, 1953.

"Soil moisture extraction by irrigated pasture mixtures as influenced by clipping

frequency." R. M. Hagan and M. L. Peterson, Agron. Jour. 1j5 : 288-292, 1953.

295522 O - 54 - 2
University of California

STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. V. H. SC ott, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; operation.

Studies include water distribution and irrigation efficiency in orchards and field

crops, characteristics of nozzle shapes and their effect on distribution patterns, cost analysis of sprinkler irrigation operation, and causes of aluminum pipe corrosion.

Information is being secured which may lead to the design of new jets for more uniform

distribution patterns. Several year»s data will be secured on sprinkler irrigation

efficiency of orchards.

"Pressure control on individual sprinklers." C. N. Johnston, Agric. Engin. 3I4: 332-333,

1953.

"Orchard sprinkler irrigation." A. H. Hendrickson and F. J. Veihmeyer, California Agric.

7:3, 12, 1953.

"Should I use sprinklers for irrigation of vegetable crops." P. A. MLnges and L. J. Booher, California Agr. Exten. Service unnumbered leaflet, Oct. 1952.

STUDY OF THERMODYNAMICS OF SOIL MOISTURE.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. Robert M. Hagan, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

Field and laboratory; basic research.

Studies are being made on soil-moisture energy relations and soil temperature in relation

to irrigation practices. A study of the ability of the aerial part of the plant to

absorb water is being made.

Results indicate the extent of "cold water" damage to rice and possible remedies, and

the influence of irrigation water to temperature on plant growth. The conclusion that

soil additives such as the numerous polyelectrolytes respecting water storage in soils

seems open to question, has not been changed.

"Available moisture capacities of soils as affected by additions of polyelectrolyte soil

conditioners." D. B. peters, R. M. Hagan and G. B. Bodman, Soil Sci. 7§:1|67-1|71, 1953.

HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; applied research.

Studies are being continued on the effect of removing brush from range land by burning

and other methods. Measurements are being made of rainfall, runoff, erosion and soil

moisture on burned and unbumed field plots and small watersheds located throughout

the State on lands with widely different topography, soil, vegetation and rainfall

patterns

.

Studies will be continued pointing to the question of whether the elimination of brush,

which usually is made up of species of plants which have no forage or commercial value,

will save water and what effect their removal will have upon the amount of erosion

which may occur. Results of experiments show that it is possible to clear brush land

by burning resulting in the cleared areas growing up to grass, and that burning land

does not result in the destruction of the roots of plants.

"Use of water by native vegetation versus grasses and forbs on watersheds." F. J. Veihmeyer, Trans. Araer. Geophys. Union 314:201-212, 1953.

MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVEMENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; design.

Studies of farm irrigation systems for the improvement of design and efficiency of

irrigation equipment are being continued. Work on prefabricated asbestos and asphalt

lining in small irrigation farm ditches is continuing. Methods of grading land for

surface irrigation have been studied in detail. Such factors as land clearing, surveying

staking, as well as the various pieces of earth moving equipment have been investigated.
University of California 7

(g) Preliminary reports on various types of prefabricated linings in small irrigation

farm ditches have been prepared and copies circulated to a number of commercial firms

supplying materials for test. Information as to the best methods of grading land for

surface irrigation is available for farmers and engineers and land leveling contractors.

(h) "Farm irrigation structures — pipe turnouts." V. H. Scott and L. J. Booher, Calif.

Agr. Exten. Service unnumbered leaflet, 1953.

"Grading land for surface irrigation." J. C. Marr. (In press.)

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. L. D. Doneen, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Field and laboratory; basic and. applied research.

(e) Studies on the permeability of different soils are being continued. Cultivation in

relation to soil structure and soil compaction is being investigated. Research is

continuing on factors affecting accumulation of salines in soil from irrigation water,

the effect of quality of water on infiltration of water into soils, and treatment of

irrigation waters to increase water penetration into soils.

(g) As a result of studies on the quality of water for irrigation, a new method of calculating salinity of irrigation water has been devised. Analysis of an irrigation water may show a high concentration of salts, but only a small portion of them may be effective in accumulation of soluble salts in the soil. Under the current system of classification, many waters would be condemned for use in irrigation, but when solubility

effects are considered, these waters might be useful.

(h) "Compaction of irrigated soils by tractors." L. D. Doneen and D. W. Henderson, Agric.

Engin. 3i4;9ii-5, 1953.

"Soil conditions affecting infiltration of water and root development of crop plants."

L. D. Doneen and D. W. Henderson, Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech. Proc. pp 21ij-223, 1952.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. J. N. Luthin, Division of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) field and laboratory; basic and applied research.

(e) To improve drainage design through an increased understanding of the physics of the

flow of water through saturated soils and by the development of methods of drainage

investigation and design which will have wide application. Field work is in progress

in several areas of the State. Observation wells have been located in selected sites,

and drainage systems have been designed on individual farms to serve as demonstrations.

(g) Many areas of the State are affected by high water table conditions. In some areas

salt concentration in the soil has resulted from poor drainage. Both the high water

table and accumulated salt have caused a decrease in crop yield. Information concerning water table elevations, soil permeability and effectiveness of existing drains should

alleviate the drainage problems in these areas.

(h) "An electrical resistance network for the solution of drainage problems." J. N. Luthin,

Soil Sci. 75:259-27ii, 1953. "Pressure distribution in layered soils during continuous water flow." P. R. Day and

J. N. Luthin, Soil Sci. Proc. 17:87-91, 1953.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation and Soils.

Inquiries concerning Projects 26, 27, 1058, 1302, 1303, and 1820, should be addressed to Prof. M. R. Huberty, Chairman, Department of Irrigation and Soils, University of

California, Los Angeles 2lj, California.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley County TAater District, Coachella, Calif.;

U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Boulder

City, Nev.; and this laboratory.
8 University of California

(d) Field investigations; applied research, and design.

(e) To develop and improve techniques for observing shallow ground water movement, for

reclamation of saline and alkali soils, and for installation of drainage devices and

systems

.

(g) Techniques developed have been permitting the anticipation of the need for drainage

before soil salinized and crops lost. Progress is being made towards the establishment

of more rational design criteria.

(h) "Anticipating drainage and reclamation needs." A. F. Pillsbury, California (A popular

summary in press.) Preparation of a technical paper on the reclamttion experiments is

being completed.

(2?) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, coordinated with similar work under Dr. F. J. Veihmeyer, Department

of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, California. (Project 23, page 6.)

(d) Field experiments; applied research.

(e) To evaluate effects of watershed burning on runoff and erosion in southern California.

(g) Moderate increases in runoff and erosion indicated following denudation, but apparently

not the result of any change in infiltration capacity of the soil.

(h) Results through 195l-£2 partially summarized by A. F. Pillsbury in a discussion of

"Some effects of fire and ash on the infiltration capacity of soils." R. H. Burgy

and V. H. Scott, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 3h : 293-295 . Apr. 19^3.

(10^8) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) Coordinated laboratory studies with field observations of water transfer in soils.

(d) Continuing laboratory and field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of the soil properties and management practices iitfiich affect the flow of water

into and through soils, the storage of water in soils and evaporation from soil.

(h) "Capillary conductivity values from moisture yield and tension measurements on soil

columns." S. J. Richards and L. V. T*jeeks, Soil Science Soc. Am. Proc. 17:206-209.

(1302) OXNARD PLAIN IRRIGATION AND RECLAMATION INVESTIGATIONS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and design.

(e) Investigations of drainage conditions, drainage mechanics, and irrigation efficiency

with view towards improving reclamation of this rather saline-high water table area.

(g) Survey of present conditions completed.

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION PIPE SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with College of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles 2lj, Calif.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Analyses being made of a model of a semiclosed system. (2) A theory of surge amplification was developed. In a preliminary way, this theory was checked against

model perf ormance by a step-by-step analytical solution of the theory. Later, a mathematical solution was accomplished through two stages of surge amplification by

use of the mechanical differential analyzer, and the results were compared with model

performance. At present, the mechanics of surge initiation is being studied.

(g) Since the last report, principal result has been the essential verification of the

theory through more elaborate model instrumentation, and by utilization of the

differential analyzer.

(h) "Hydraulic characteristics of pipe systems for irrigation enterprises." A. F. Pillsbury and E. H. Taylor, Agric. Engineering, (in press). "Unsteady flow in opentype pipe irrigation systems." E. H. Taylor, A. F. pillsbury, T. °. Ellis, and G. A. Bekey, Proc. A.S.C.E., (in press).
University of California 9

(1820) IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTINGS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field and laboratory experiments; applied research.

(e) A study of the relationship between soil physical properties and plant growth, and to evaluate means of establishing and maintaining soils highly permeable to air and

water.

(g) Experiments to date show that whole mixtures containing Q$% sand withstood heavy

compaction while retaining desirable infiltration rates, peat had the most pronounced

effect on porosity of any of the admixtures. Of some ten wetting agents, none were effective in increasing infiltration rates into soils.

(h) "Infiltration rates." 0. R. Lunt and M. R. Huberty, (in press).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 35, 38, 39, I|0, hi, h3, h6, hi, 280, 282, 529, 810,

811, 813, 1059 to 1062, incl., I3OI4 to 1307, incl., 1550 to 1557, incl., and 1821 to

I83I, incl., should be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Department of Engineering,

University of California, Berkeley h, Calif.

(35) OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Laboratory projects.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the details of oscillatory waves in shallow

water. Experiments are being conducted in a wave channel 60 feet long, 3 feet deep,

and 1 foot wide. Change in wave characteristics will be studied when the waves pass

over various types of bottom discontinuities and through various dampening devices.

(h) "Wave runup on sloping structures." Kenneth N. Grantham, Trans. Amer. Geophysical

Union, Vol. 3h, No. 5, PP 72O-72I4, 1953.

(38) STRUCTURES EXPOSED TO WAVE ACTION.

(b) Laboratory and field research, Signal Oil and Gas Co.

(e) To obtain experimental data for the design of offshore drilling structures. Present work involves measurement of forces exerted on both model and field structural elements

subjected to wave action. Work is also being done on the pressure distribution around

a model cylindrical caisson as a function of wave length depth and angular position.

Data to be compared with theory.

(39) PHASE BEHAVIOR OF T "W0 -PHASE FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research; doctoral and masters theses.

(e) To determine the degree of departure from thermodynamic and phase equilibrium during

flow of a multi -component fluid system through porous media under conditions of gas formation. Fluid saturation, pressure, and temperature distribution determined during

steady flow of the ethane -crystal oil system through a linear column of porous media.

Experimental results to be compared with theoretical behavior based on assuming

instantaneous equilibrium

(f) Suspended.

(g) P-V-T and viscosity data have been determined for the ethane -crystal oil system at 95*F and 105 °F for pressures up to 300 psia. Theoretical calculations for flow

assuming equilibrium completed. Preliminary design of flow apparatus completed.

(I4O) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project. Supported in part by Research Corporation,

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research, design.
University of California

(e) The flow characteristics of a gas -solids mixtures (A^O-, SiCL catalyst and air) are investigated in a 17 ram. I. D. glass conduit for various gas flow and solids flow rates. Pressure drops across test sections are accurately measured for a series of air flow

rates in which the solids to air ratio is varied from zero to 11.0 pounds of solids

per pound of air. The solids are introduced into the flow system through a mixing

nozzle fed by a slide valve controlled weighing tank, and have a size distribution

varying from particles less than 10 microns to particles greater than 220 mLcross. Investigation on the metering of solids-gas mixtures by nozzle and Venturi -tubes has been

carried out and at present studies on heat transfer to flowing gas-solids mixtures are being carried on.

(g) Experimental data has been presented on the metering of gas-solids mixtures. Equipment

for the study of the heat transfer characteristics of flowing mixtures has been set up

and investigations started.

(h) The Venturi as a Meter for Gas-Solids Mixtures." L. Farbar, Transactions ASME, Vol. 75,

No. 5, p. 9k3, July 1953.

(Ill) PRESSURE DROP ACCOMPANYING TIC-PHASE, T*D -COMPONENT FLOW IN PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project supported by Research Corporation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, masters and doctoral theses.

(e) To determine the conditions governing transition under which the gas and/or liquid

phases are flowing in viscous and/or turbulent motion or in slug flow for isothermal

flow in horizontal and vertical pipes. Mixtures of air and various liquids are made to flow through tubes. Pressure drop and fluid distribution with consideration of flow

stability are determined for a range of liquid and gas rates which may be controlled

separately.

(g) Wbrk completed on vertical flow for viscous liquid, turbulent gas flow and slug flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(hi) A PITOT TUBE STANDARD FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Cooperative with Turbine Pump Manufacturers Association.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development.

(e) The project is to design, construct, and calibrate a suitable Pitot tube for use with a standard code (to be developed) for application under a variety of field conditions.

(f ) Temporarily suspended.

(g) Library study and correlation of existing information in progress.

(l|6) THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENT VELOCITY COMPONENTS BY THE METHOD OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

INDUCTION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; faculty research.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(g) Velocity fluctuations are measured by determining the potentials induced in water cutting

transversely across a steady magnetic field. An electrical probe consisting of two closely spaced fine wires is arranged to traverse the pipe cross section in the fluctuating potential gradient. The electrical impulses of the probe are amplified and measured

by means of a thermal rrd lliammeter

.

(Ij7) GRAVITY WAVES AND RELATED PHENOMENON.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) To develop methods of forecasting wind waves and swell, surf conditions and beach changes; measurement of wave characteristics; and make laboratory investigations to provide ex- perimental checks and other information. A wave channel, ripple tank, model basin, and

other facilities are used in the laboratory investigations.
University of California 11

(h) "Wave forces on piles: A diffraction theory." R. C. MacCairry and R. A. Fuchs, IER,

University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-116 -33*4 , Feb. 19 £2. "Theory of surface waves produced by underwater explosions." R. A. Fuchs, IER, University

of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-335, June, 1952.

"Analysis of subsurface pressure records in constant depths and on sloping beaches."

J. R. Morison, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-II6-336, May, 1952.

"Prediction of linear effects from instrument records of wave motion." R. A. Fuchs,

IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-337, June, 1952.

"Sand transport by littoral currents." J. w. Johnson, IER, University of California,

Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-338, June, 1952.

"Telemetering of the Mark IX shore wave recorder output." F. E. Snodgrass, and W. W. Skiff, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-II6-3I1O, Aug. 1952.

"A means for remote control of the telemetering transmitter while it is transmitting."

F. E. Snodgrass and E. W. Skiff, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No.

HE-II6-3I4I, Aug. 1952. "Ocean wave measurements." F. E. Snodgrass, IER, University of Calif., Berkeley, Report

No. HE-ll6-3l|2, Aug. 1952.

"An electronic instrument for statistically analyzing ocean waves." E. W. Lund, IER,

University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-II6-3I43, Sept. 1952.

"The mechanics of deep-water, shallow-water, and breaking waves." J. R. Morison, and

R. C. Crooke, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-H.6-3I4I4 , Oct. 1952.

"The force distribution exerted by surface waves on piles." J. R. Morison, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report HE-116-3145, March, 1953.

"Ripple tank studies of the motion of surface gravity water waves." Osvald Sibul, University of California, IER, Berkeley, Report No. HE-II6-3I46, Oct. 1952.

"Forms of equilibrium of coasts with a littoral drift." Per Bruun, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-ll6-3l»7, Feb. 1953.

"A model study of wave run-up on sloping structures." K. N. Granthem, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE -116 -3148, Feb. 1953.

"Summary of wave data for San Francisco Bay and vicinity." J. W. Johnson, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-ll6-3li9, Feb. 1953.

"List of Reports, 301 to 350 inc." J. W. Johnson, IER, University of California,

Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-350. "Ocean wave record analysis ordinate distribution and wave heights." R. R. Putz, IER,

University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE -116-351, May, 1953.

"The analysis of wave records as random processes." R. R. Putz, IER, University of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-352.

"Guam shore wave recorder installation: II." M. A. Hall and R. L. WLegel, IER, University

of California, Berkeley, Report No. HE-116-351, July, 1953.

(280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project, U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A study to determine the transport characteristics of the wash-load; the suspended -load

theory in accordance with the findings of river measurements, and the effects of heavy

sediment concentration near the bed in the transport characteristics and flows.

(g) The transport rate of wash-load was found to follow the bed-load function if the instantaneous bed composition is known. Only the bed composition as determined from the instantaneous condition of the channel has no lasting significance so far as the wash load

is concerned.

The conventional suspended-load theory was revised by introducing higher derivative terms

of the concentration gradient and the probability distributions of the turbulence characteristics. The improved suspended-load theory appears to yield results comparable to

those given by river measurements.

(h) "Can the rate of wash-load be predicted from the bed-load function?" H. A. Einstein and

Ning Chien, AGTS Trans., Dec. 1953.

"Second approximation to the solution of the suspended -load theory." H. A. Einstein and

Ning Chien, M.R.D. Sediment Series, Missouri River Division, U. S. Corps of Engineers,

Omaha, Nebr. (in press).
12 University of California

(282) EFFECT OF FLOW RATE ON RELATIVE PERMEABILITY TO MULTIPHASE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Sponsored by American Petroleum Institute.

(c) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine whether or not there is a linear relationship between volume flux per

unit area and potential gradient for each fluid phase when two immiscible fluids flow

simultaneously through a porous material. Iso-octane and a brine of water and sodium

iodide are made to flow through porous materials at constant volume rates. Brine

saturation is determined by x-ray absorption, and pressure drops in each phase are measured by means of semi -permeable membranes and electronic gages. Capillary pressure

differences between phases is controlled by means of semi -permeable membranes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results have indicated the possibility of rate sensitivity in the wetting phase satura- tion range exceeding immobile saturation and approximately 1j5 per cent saturation.

(h) Final project report under preparation. Several papers reporting details are proposed

for future publication.

(529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW ON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. c

. (d) Field, laboratory, experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The mechanics of movement of sand in relatively deep water around the end of rocky

promontories off the coast of southern California is being intensely investigated.

The object of this work is to determine the source of sands on the beaches near Santa

Barbara. Previous work had indicated considerable sand moved around various rocky

promontories between Santa Barbara and the mouth of the nearest river, the Santa Inez

River, and the present investigation is designed to show how this sand moves.

(810) VERTICAL SHAFT PUMP SUCTION REQUIREMENTS.

(b) Peerless Pump Division of Food Machinery Corporation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) An experimental investigation of vortex formation and air entrainment in the suction

sumps of typical vertical shaft pump suction sump arrangements. Model and prototype

comparisons to determine the feasibility of model tests. Studies included sump

geometries for minimum submergence with no air entrainment and with negligible

influence on pump performance. Special equipment was installed in the discharge

lines from the pumps in order to measure the quantity of air being pumped in terms of

the quantity of water. Visual observations were made regarding vortex formation and

size under different conditions of geometry and submergence. Pump performance was determined as a function of sump geometry.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Model and prototype submergence and air entrainment results agree qualitatively.

Optimum sump geometry for minimum submergence has been determined for rectangular

plan form, end inflow sumps. Further work to be done to extend the range of investigated conditions.

(h) "Studies of submergence requirements of high specific speed pumps." H. W. Iversen.

Trans. ASME, Vol. 75, No. I4 , pp 635-61|2, May 1953.

(811) STUDY OF DETACHED SHOCK WAVES,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Developments in gas dynamics through the hydraulic analogy." E. V. Laitone,

Riabouchinsky Anniversary Volume, Aerodynamic Institute of Koutchino, France, 19$h

(to be published).

(813) FLUID RESISTANCE IN ACCELERATED MOTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for graduate thesis.

(e) The fluid resistance of bodies subject to accelerated motion is being studied. Data

have been obtained for flat circular disks moving through water with the plane of the

disk perpendicular to the direction of motion. A drag coefficient has been developed

in terms of a correlative modulus that includes the acceleration of the system.

(f) Suspended.
University of California 13

(1059) HEAT TRANSFER AM) PRESSURE DROP IN COOLING T0>ERS.

(b) Araer. Soc. of Heating and Ventilating Engineers; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) To determine the heat transfer from water in contact with air in a mechanical draft,

packed cooling tower as a function of water rate, air rate, water temperature and

packing geometry. To determine the pressure drop as a function of the above-mentioned

variables.

(g) Several results have been obtained and reported.

(1060) MASS TRANSFER TO RISING BUBBLES AND ON BUBBLE PLATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) A study of diffusion to bubbles and mass of bubbles.

(g) Some equipment has been completed; experimental research in progress on the mass transfer to single bubbles and to masses of bubbles on a 13" sieve plate.

(h) "Mass transfer in a rising bubble." G. Humphrey, Master of Science Thesis, June 1953.

(130lj) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNEL BENDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) To describe and predict the cross -distribution of velocities in open channel bends.

(f) Completed.

(g) Values of the radial velocity gradient parameter r/v dv/dr, greater than h have been

measured in a model channel bend. This is shown to require the existence of a bottom

boundary layer associated with the cross components of the helical flow.

(1305) OPEN CHANNEL FLOW OF MER-AIR MIXTURES.

(b) International Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To predict the bulking of water by air in the discharge channels of impulse turbines

under load rejection.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Open channel flow of water-air mixtures." H. A. Einstein and 0. Sibul, The 1953 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, Stanford University Press.

(1306) PARTICLE SEGREGATION IN AN AGGRADING STREAM.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

(d) Experimental.

( f ) Completed

.

(g) It was found that equilibrium equations for sediment transport hold also for aggrading

streams if the bed is defined by the composition of its surface layer. These relationships can be used for the individual grain sizes of mixtures with grains between 1.0

and 0.01 mm diameter over the entire range of sizes.

The bed material segregation was found to have a strong effect on the transport rate

of various sediment sizes, especially on that of the fine particles.

(h) "Tifeter jet pump for sediment circulation." Ning Chien, M.R.D. Sediment Series No. 1,

Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebr., 1952.

"Transport of sediment mixtures with large ranges of grain sizes." H. A. Einstein

and Ning Chien, M.R.D. Sediment Series No. 2 Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebr., 1953.
Hi University of California

(1307) DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS IN TURBULENCE IN LIQUID FLOW.

(1550

(b

(d

(e

(1551

(b

(c

(d

(g

(1552

(b

(d

(e

(g

(1553

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Experimental.

Development of instruments and methods to measure pressure fluctuations in the free stream and at the flow boundaries.

A Rutishauser pressure gage is tested for its applicability to the problem. The

frequency response is measured and calculated for various measuring arrangements.

PRESSURE DROP ACROSS TAYLOR VORTICES.

Laboratory project.

Applied research. Measurements are being made of pressure drop across a one-pair system of Taylor

vortices stabilized between two concentric rotating cylinders under conditions of

super-imposed axial flow. Possible application to oil seal designs for roatating

shafts.

Discontinued.

Results are not yet conclusive. So far no pressure drops have been observed which

are sufficiently large to be of practical significance in bearing design.

STUDY OF VERTICAL GAS -LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES. Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

Collection of data and photographs of gas-liquid flow in glass tubes less than one inch diameter. Analytical work to help explain flow transitions.

Apparatus designed.

EFFECT OF WAVE LENGTH ON PIPE FRICTION IN TRANSITION REGION FOR WAVED GLASS TUBES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Collection of one component pipe friction data on waved glass tubes to study effect

of wavelength and amplitude on transition. Also to show rigid waved wall does not give exceptionally high friction factors.

Early transition shown and correlated; little increase of friction.

HYDROFOIL INVESTIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research for a Ph.D. dissertation.

(e) Hydrofoil theory in its present state does not accurately predict the effects of the

free surface on a hydrofoil. The purpose of this thesis is to explain this discrepancy by exposing a very important physical restriction which has been overlooked

in the mathematical theories of hydrofoils.

(f) Completed.

(g) On the upper surface of a hydrofoil moving with subcritical velocity (U less than gD)

close to a free surface, pressure coefficients, Cp

= P - p/ 1/2 u2, are equal to or less than the submergence number, gH/U2.

A correlation of hydrofoil test data gives some indication that a modified limiting

pressure condition, Cp = A + gH/U^, applies to hydrofoils operating at critical and

supercritical velocities. The parameter A depends on the angle of attack and the

profile shape of the hydrofoil.

(h) "Pressure limitation on the upper surface of a hydrofoil." John Ausman, a dissertation

submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of

Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate Division of the University of

California, Berkeley, California, Aug. 1953.
University of California 15

;i#i4) SEA WATER RESEARCH

.

(b) State of California.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Experimental investigation of three methods of distillation, one of which is that of

solar distillation involving certain hydraulic problems. A second method being investigated is that of high vacuum distillation in which certain flow problems are important.

The solar still consists of five units, each being h

1 wide x £0» long. A unit consists

of a shallow tray in which sea water stands to a depth varying from 1/lj" to 1". The top

is covered with a tent-shaped glass canopy which completely covers the tray. Solar ener- gy coming through the glass heats the water and causes evaporation. Free convection of the water vapor thus formed causes condensation on the inside of the glass canopy. Water condensed is collected in troughs at the bottom of the sloping sides of the glass and

flows by gravity toward one end of the unit. The five units differ from each other in

constructional details and in bottom insulation. Performance of these units depends upon

the circulation of air over the units as well as upon the intensity of solar radiation.

Weather data related to air conditions and movements is being collected and performance

of the units measured continuously.

(g) Preliminary results are contained in progress report dated Sept. 15, 1953. The low Temperature Difference system is described in the article, "Sea water as a source of fresh

water." Everett D. Howe, Jour. Amer. Water Works Assn., Aug. 1952. Progress to date has

been concerned chiefly with the assembly of apparatus which must contain a vacuum of approximately 29" of mercury.

(1555) FORMATION OF A VAPOR PHASE FROM SUPERSATURATED LIQUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; masters thesis.

(e) This is an attempt to see if a distributed gas phase may be evolved from a supersaturated liquid in a sample of porous sandstone by agitation with ultra-sonic irradiation.

Present methods for determining capillary pressure -fluid saturation relations for porous

materials required the introduction of a non-wetting fluid phase across the external surface of the material thus requiring excessively long times to establish each equilibrium

state. The method under study, if proved feasible, would permit the establishment of true equilibrium states very rapidly.

(f) Suspended.

(1556) TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR OF FLUID SATURATION IN POROUS MEDIA DUE TO GRAVITY AND CAPILLARY FORCE FIELDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral thesis.

e) To develop fundamental information which may be used to formulate methods for analyzing

petroleum reservoir behavior under gravity drainage and capillary retention. A theoretical solution has been obtained which predicts the change in liquid saturation as a function of time and space in a linear column of sand. If the solution is verified by ex- periment, it is then proposed to develop the necessary modifications for mere complex

systems

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Darcy's law for flow under gravity and capillary pressure, combined with continuity, re- sulted in complex non-linear equations. A numerical method, employing punched cards, was devised to obtain a solution which described the saturation distribution history for a vertical sand column draining from an initially saturated condition. Reasonably good

agreement between theory and experiment was obtained.

(h) "Gravity drainage of liquid from porous media." H. Rahme, Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Library, 1953.
16 University of California

(1557) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF POROUS MEDIA AS A FUNCTION OF FLUID SATURATION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral thesis.

(e) To obtain experimental confirmation of a theory of heat conduction in porous material

which relates to the structure porosity of the material and the relative amounts of two different fluids contained in the pores. More complete information may show that

parameters determined by heat flow may have possible application to interpretation of

bore-hole measurements and certain other applications. Thermal conductivities to be

correlated with electrical conductivities.

(g) Experimental work in progress.

(1821) TRANSIENT THRUST BEARING LOADS IN VERTICAL SHAFT PUMPS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and developmental.

(e) An investigation to develop a thrust cell and to measure thrust time history of thrust

bearing loading of vertical shaft pomps particularly during starting and stopping.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(g) A thrust cell was developed and thrust time records obtained in a short column laboratory

vertical turbine pump and on a vertical turbine pump in settings of 100 feet, 50 feet

and close coupled. Transient thrust records within an accuracy of 100 pounds were obtained on two two-stage vertical turbine pumps with rated specific speeds of 2700. Present results are limited to the systems investigated. Generalizations are expected

from further investigation.

(h) "Measurements of transient thrust loads in vertical turbine pumps." C. H. Ahrs,

M. E. Thesis, 1953.

(1822) SHIP MOTION IN NON-UNIFORM AND SHORT -CRESTED WAVE SYSTEMS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) To make theoretical studies of ship motion in wave systems and to compare the results

with experimental data.

(h) "A linear theory of ship motion in irregular waves." R. A. Fuchs and R. C. MacCamy,

University of California, IER, Berkeley, Series 61, Issue 2, July, 1953.

"Laboratory studies of the motion of freely floating bodies in non-uniform and uniform

long -crested waves." 0. ^ibul, University of California, IER, Berkeley, Series 61, Issue 1, July, 1953.

"Approximate solution to the problem of a freely floating cylinder in surface waves."

R. C. MacCamy, University of California, IER, Series 6l, Issue 3, Oct. 1953.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army.

(c) Experimental.

(d) To obtain experimental information on the criterion for initial and general movement of

bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype conditions of the relative motion of water

and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate in still water.

(h) "Stability of oscillatory laminar flow along a wall." Huon Li, IER, University of

California, Series 72, Issue No. 1, July, 1953.

"Sand movement mechanics in deep water." Madhav Manohar, IER, University of California,

Series 72, Issue No. 2, Sept. 1953.
University of California 17

;i82l4) BEHAVIOR OF AIR ABOVE MECHANICAL OCEAN WAVE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of velocity distributions in air above a mechanical model of long-and-shortcrested ocean waves as a function of wind velocity, wave height and wavelength. Drag

forces as a function of distance from wave plane to a rigid ceiling determination.

(g) Preliminary model tested - being reinstalled.

(1825) WEND WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the factors of wind velocity, wind duration, water

depth, and bottom roughness as related to wave generation and wind tide produced in

shallow water at limited extent. A glass-wall channel 70 feet long, 15 inches deep,

and 12 inches wide has been constructed for this study.

I (l826) INVESTIGATION OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA BY MEANS OF A HELE-SHAW VISCOUS FLUID MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) A Hele -Shaw apparatus, consisting essentially of an oil flowing through two closelyspaced glass plates, was constructed as a model analogy of flow in porous media. Steady

flow measurements were used to calibrate the model. Unsteady flows, including sudden

releases of oil into and out of the channel and damping of solitary sine waves, were studied by means of motion pictures.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Sudden release flows were found to agree with earlier numerical solutions of unidirectional gas flow in porous media. The damping rate of sine waves was independent of both wave amplitude and period; whereas the damping distance was a function of the

period but not of the amplitude.

(h) "Investigation of unsteady flow in porous media by means of a Hele-Shaw viscous fluid

model." D. K. Todd, Doctoral Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Sept. 1953.

(1827) STUDY OF SHOCK REFLECTION AND CHANNEL BLOCKAGE BY THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY

.

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the behavior of shock reflection, channel blockage and wind-tunnel choking by

the free -surface wave analogy. Cylinders and wedges are towed through still water in

various channel widths.

(1828) BED -LOAD MEASUREMENT IN NATURAL STREAMS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field measurements and laboratory analyses, C. E. Thesis.

(e) Measurement of bed-load transport in Bear River, Utah, and comparison of the results

with bed-load function.

(f) Completed.

(g) The measured sediment transport rates for the grain sizes smaller than 0.2 mm follow

the generalized bed-load function fairly well. For the grain sizes larger than 0.2 mm, the theoretical transport rates are larger than indicated by the measurements.

(h) "Sediment movement in Bear River, Utah." Calvin G. Clyde, C. E. Thesis, 1953.

(1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Collection and correlation of data on several diameters of tubing at inclinations from

horizontal to vertical.

(g) First tube of 1 inch diameter for air-water system being installed.
IS University of California

University of Southern California

{18 30) MEASUREMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF A GAS AND TWO LIQUIDS IN A POROUS MEDIUM BY X-RAY TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of a calibration and measurement method for the distribution of three or

more materials in a laboratory sample of sandstone.

(g) Apparatus tested.

(1831) SALT WATER INTRUSION PROJECT.

(b) California State Water Resources Board.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of basic information on sea water intrusion methods for its control.

(f) Suspended.

(g) To prevent sea water intrusion the fresh water table must be held above sea level and

some seaward leakage of fresh water will take place. Coastal injection wells cannot

prevent intrusion unless they completely make up the local overdraft.

(h) "Basic parameters of salt water intrusion and the hydraulics of injection wells.

Submitted to State Board of Water Resources, Sacramento, California.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering.

(1832) PREDICTION OF MEAN DROP SIZE IN A SPRAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. H. Taylor, Department of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles

2lj, California.

(d) Basic and applied research for Ph.D. thesis by D. B. Harmon.

(f) Completed.

(g) A semi -empirical expression has been developed which fairly well coordinates the data

of several experimenters for the prediction of drop size at high Reynolds numbers. A

single expression has been found which includes the effects of velocity, density of air

and liquid, viscosity, surface tension and nozzle diameter.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

See Scripps Institution of Oceanography, page 8l.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross -Connection Control.

(149 ) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor, Research Foundation for Cross -Connection Control,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7, California.

(d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research.

(f) Laboratory being used intermittently for tests on backflow prevention devices and on

water valves.
Carnegie Institute of Technology

Colorado A and M College

1?

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1558 and I833 to 1835, inclusive, addressed to Prof. F. T. Mavis, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania.

(1558) CONVERGING AND DIVERGING STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's degree.

(e) For converging streams, the depth after the junction is a function of the common depth

before the junction and the ratio of the flows in each branch.

(g) Depths after a junction are smaller than the common depth before the junction; it is

possible for the downstream depth to drop below the critical depth.

(1833) ROUNDED ENTRANCES FOR CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's degree.

(e) Head -discharge curves were obtained for flow from a free surface into a short circular

culvert. Entrances were square and rounded, and the outfall was free.

(f) Completed.

(h) "The effect of rounded entrances on a short circular conduit." Robert Lipp, M. S. Thesis, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1953.

(I83i4) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; J. Ifeldo Smith Fellowship of the American Society of Civil Engineers.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for master's degree.

(e) An investigation to determine the amount of air that can be carried by flowing water. Experiments are conducted with free water jets and with air-water mixtures flowing in

pipes at different slopes.

(1835) MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for undergraduate thesis.

(e) The design of a morning-glory spillway without negative pressures and other undesirable

hydraulic characteristics is being studied.

(g) Pressures are measured on models shaped by conventional design methods. Depths, and

velocities in the nappe are also measured.

COLORADO A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 52 , 8 22 , 823 , 8 2 8, 10 73, 1075, 1313, I3U4 , 1565 to

1568, incl., 1570, and 1836 to I838, inclusive, should be addressed to Prof. Maurice L. Albertson, Department of Civil Engineering, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(52) HYDRAULIC SAND SEPARATOR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain data for design of hydraulic models, and to supply means of separating sand

and gravel where a narrow size range is desired.

(g) An apparatus designed and built classifies sand according to fall velocity by a continuous flotation process. The process is purely dynamic in that sand is introduced

directly into the flow. A check for duplication of results indicates that auplications

within plus or minus one percent are obtained. Construction of a pilot apparatus is

being completed to perform sand separation on a continuous basis of operation. Pre- liminary tests indicate satisfactory results.
20 Colorado A and M College

(53) SAND TRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Parshall, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort

Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop design data for sand traps using vortex tubes, riffles, and deflectors

alone, or in combination, and to perfect the design for sluiceways having a relatively

flat grade which will effectively transport the bed load material from sand traps to a point of disposal. A vortex tube sand trap with outlet in the center of the canal has

been designed and is being tested in the laboratory.

(g) Investigations, laboratory and field, of various designs of sand traps show that the vortex tube operated under favorable conditions has been successful. Field installations

of large riffle -de fleet or, vortex-tube sand traps, have been efficient in removing the

bed load. Based upon previous model studies and field experiences, a riffle -defleetor,

vortex-tube sand trap has been designed for the Kern County Land Company canal carrying

700 cfs. Final designs have been prepared for riffle -deflect or, vortex-tube sand

traps for three canals in Colombia and one in Peru. A vortex-tube sand trap of the new design is being designed for a canal in Colorado.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Bureau of Reclamation, State Engineer of New Mexico, and State Engineer of Wyoming.

(c) Mr. H. j. Stockwell, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depths and water content of snow at high elevations in

Colorado mountain areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal

rivers of the state in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and other

uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is being tested to determine

a factor of soil moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes.

(g) Snow measurement data are correlated with runoff. Once the relationship is established,

the snow measurement data are used to predict the runoff for the coming season.

(h) For 1953 j Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station General Series Papers Nos. 532, 533,

S3h, 536, 537, 538, 5^0, 5U, 5^2, 5!i5, 5h6, 5^7. These are the monthly Snow Survey

reports for the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Platte -Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(287) PERFORMANCE OF WELL SCREENS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Research Service, and various

well screen manufacturers.

(c) Mr. C. H. Rohwer, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) (1) Measurement of loss of head in different types of well screens for discharges

suitable for each screen. (2) Determination of the size of opening in well screens, diameter of screen, thickness of gravel envelope, and size and gradation of sand or gravel for most effective control of flow of sands of different finenesses into the

well with least loss of head. (3) Determination of the size of openings in well

screens and diameter of screen for most efficient operation in natural sands and

gravels of a given classification. An additional study is underway on the loss of

head at interface of gravels of different sizes.

(g) A theoretical analysis based on the momentum, energy and continuity equations has been

developed which checked very closely with tests made on idealized well screens. By

this means a system has been established for determining a single coefficient which

completely describes the hydraulic characteristics of any commercially-manufactured

well screen.

(h) "Hydraulic head loss at interface between porous media of different sizes." Frank

N. Leatherwocd, M. S. Thesis, Colorado A and M College, 1952.
Colorado A and M College 21

:20) THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS

.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Colorado Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. C. H. Rohwer, Agricultural Research Service, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the factors influencing seepage from irrigation channels and to perfect

methods for making pre -investigations of seepage for the purpose of determining the seepage from existing canals, and predicting the seepage from proposed canals. Methods

of measuring seepage will be evaluated to determine the limitations and advantages of

each. The effect of depth to ground water on the seepage rate is also being investigated.

'(h) "Progress report on the study of seepage losses from irrigation channels." A. R. Robinson and Carl Rohwer, April, 1953.

321) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO PUMPING.

; (b) Laboratory project.

J (c) Mr. W. E. Code, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

ji (d) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Measurements to the water table are made semi-annually in about 200 observation wells.

These wells are located in the South Platte and Arkansas Valleys. As a measure of amount of pumping being done, data on electrical energy used for this purpose are also gathered.

(g) There is a loose relationship between water table fluctuation and pox-jer used. The

relationship is masked by river water-supplies in districts under canals.

(h) Reports in Geological Survey %ter Supply Papers.

322) DIFFUSION OF HEAT, VAPOR, AND MOMENTUM.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A controlled study in a wind tunnel of the fundamental principles describing the

process of diffusion of vapor, heat and momentum from various surfaces. Eventually

it is intended to use the fundamental information to aid in determining evaporation

from free surfaces, land areas with various soil and crop covers, and plant surfaces,

and heat and moisture losses from animals.

(g) A report is in preparation describing experimental results of evaporation measurements

from a plane smooth boundary. One result of the data analysis is an apparent elimination of the effects of dry approach lengths upon the evaporation coefficient when the mean velocity in the Reynolds number is replaced by a shear velocity for the downstream

end of the evaporation surface.

I623) SCOUR IN A STILLING BASIN.

(bj Laboratory project,

j' (d) Experimental; for design and master f s thesis.

j (e) A laboratory study of the scour in a stilling basin as the energy in a jet of water

is being dissipated.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Studies have been completed comparing the scour from a solid jet and that from a hollow jet valve. The variables considered were the depth of the pool, the fall

velocity of the erodable material, the size of the jet, and the velocity of the jet.

Results showed that the depth and rate of scour depended upon the depth of water in

the stilling basin and the size of the bed material. As expected, the larger the bed

material, the smaller was the degree of scour. As the depth of the water in the

stilling basin increased, the scour, likewise, increased to a maximum beyond which

scour decreased as the depth increased.

(h) "Scour from jets." Doddiah Doddiah, Maurice L. Albertson, and Robert K. Thomas.

Proceedings, International Assn. for Hydraulic Research, 1?£3.

295522 O - 54 - 3
Colorado A and M College

(828) INFLUENCE OF SHAPE ON THE FALL VELOCITY OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and masters* theses.

(e) A controlled study of the fall velocity of various typical sands and gravels obtained

from stream beds throughout the western United States, from a wind-blown sand dune,

from a rock crusher and from a glacial moraine. Small glass spheres were also used.

The fall velocity was correlated with the shape of the particle and the Reynolds

number of the flow. Special consideration was given to the problem of determining a shape factor of a particle which would be significant, and yet easily determined.

Some of the gravel-sized particles were dropped in mineral oil to obtain data in the

lower range of Reynolds number to compare with the data obtained from the small -sand

sized particles.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A practical shape factor was found to correlate reasonably well considering the

irregular and random shape of the particles involved. The shape factor is c/- y/ab

where a, b, and c respectively are the long intermediate and short perpendicular

axes of the particle.

(h) "Influence of shape on the fall velocity of sedimentary particles." E. F. Schulz,

R. H. "Wilde and M. L. Albertson, Colorado A and M College report No. 53-10, 137 pages

1953.

"Effect of shape on the fall velocity of sand particles." E. F. Schulz, Master»s

Thesis, Colorado A and M College, 1953.

(1073) SEDIMENTATION STUDY USING A TURBULENCE TANK.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Temperature, seepage, and turbulence as factors affecting suspended sediment

concentration." J. R. Barton and M. L. Albertson. Special report for the Bureau

of Reclamation, June 1953.

(1075) HYDRAULICS OF DROP STRUCTURES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design and masters 1 theses.

(e) A series of fundamental experiments to obtain generalized design information for drop structures generally associated with irrigation and drainage canals. In an attempt

to develop systematically a simple and yet economical drop structure, an initial

two-dimensional study is being made in which the erosion is determined immediately

downstream from a drop structure made of a vertical cut-off wall. The variation of scour with time is being measured for various vertical drops, discharges, tailwater

heights, and size ranges of bed material.

(f) Inactive.

(g) The depth of scour was influenced by the depth of water in the pool beneath the

overfall, by the rate of discharge, and by the height of the drop. The rate of

discharge was found to be the predominate factor in determining the resulting scour. The depth of scour continues to increase with a geometric progression of time. A critical depth of tailwater is reached at which either an increase or decrease in

tailwater causes a decrease in scour depth.

(h) "Scour at the base of a free overfall." R. K. Thomas, Master*s Thesis, Colorado

A and M College, 1953.

(1076) INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMICS AND PRACTICABILITY OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION IN COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. E. Code, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.
Colorado A and M College 23

(e) The work is principally that of interviewing users of sprinkler systems with a view

of obtaining their viewpoint on their particular use and data on costs. Many of these users have been interviewed as many as 10 times over a period of 3 or 5 years. Frequently soil auger tests are made to determine penetration. In connection with this

project a four-year comparison has just been completed between sprinkling and furrow

irrigation on an apple orchard.

(f) Completed.

(g) It appears that no further attempt is being made in Colorado to irrigate orchards by

sprinkler. There is a continuing substantial growth for pasture irrigation. Cost of

operation is about the greatest cause for dissatisfaction.

(1313) HYDRAULICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project and Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and design; for masters* and doctors*

theses.

(e) The long range objectives of the project are to determine the hydraulic characteristics

(including the sedimentary aspects) of alluvial channels. Consideration will be given

to steady and unsteady flow, uniform and nonuniform flow, transportation of bed load,

suspended load, bed material load, and wash load. An attempt is being made to correlate the resistance coefficient (for wide alluvial

channels) with the discharge, the slope, the characteristics of the bed material,

and the properties of the fluid using existing data from laboratory channels, natural

rivers, and canals.

A laboratory study for the Corps of Engineers has been initiated in which sedimentladen water will be recirculated in the flume to study the formation of dunes on the

bed and to determine the variation of the sediment transport and the resistance

coefficient with these formations.

(g) Preliminary research has been completed on the development of meanders in alluvial

material. For a single natural bed material and bed condition the discharge, the

slope, and the time were varied. The results which were measured relative to time

were: cross section shape, meander width, meander length, resistance coefficient,

and size and concentration of total sediment load. Library research completed on roughness in alluvial channels — results indicate a correlation between Chezy C, Reynolds number, and relative size of sediment.

(h) "Some aspects of roughness in alluvial channels." Said Malik ALL, Master's Thesis,

98 pp, Aug. 1953.

(13Lli) LAKE HEFNER MODEL STUDY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy, and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) An attempt is being made to reproduce in a model the wind structure above Lake Hefner

and the evaporation of water which took place from the lake as measured during intensive

field investigations.

(g) The model has been constructed and certain phases of the testing have been performed.

The preliminary results indicate that the model -prototype comparisons will yield considerable information which may be used in predicting prototype behavior from the results

of model studies.

(1318) REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR FLOW THROUGH SANDS AND GRAVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Peterson, Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; basic research for masters* and doctors 1 theses.

(e) The characteristics of porosity, particle shapes and size gradation of particles are not specifically considered in the usual equations of flow through porous materials. These

fundamental characteristics are introduced into the equations of flow resulting in a standard Reynolds number.

(f) First phase completed.
Colorado A and M College

(g) Beginning with the Hagen-Poisseuille -equations the more fundamental media characteristics of porosity, particle shape, and characteristic pore length are introduced theoretioally to give y

. {2gp (n3/(n . ^

(h/L)>

where V is the bulk velocity, C

g is a particle shape factor, d is an effective

particle diameter, n is the porosity, h is the piezometric head® L is the

length of flow and f> , g , and /ju are the fluid density, acceleration of gravity

and viscosity respectively. Experimentation verified the theoretical effect of porosity

and showed C^ to vary from 350 for spherical particles to 680 for micaceous river

sands. An effective diameter for graded sands of ^ P/ ^ (P/d) where P is the

percentage between any two sieve sizeb and d is the mean diameter between those

sizes was shown to give correct results.

(h) "Reynolds number for flow through porous media." Fred W. Kiefer. A Master's thesis

available from Colorado A and M College Library.

"Effect of porosity and particle size and shape on hydraulic conductivity of sands and

gravels." Fred W. Kiefer and DeanF. Peterson, Jr. Submitted for publication to Applied Mechanics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers.

(1565) SEDIMENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Cooperative with Armco Drainage and Metal Products, Inc., Middletown, Ohio, with

additional support of Research Corporation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the sediment carrying capacity of 12-inch diameter Helcor, corrugated

and smooth pipe; flowing full. To develop design criterion for sediment carrying

pipelines. Bank run sediments will be used with mean sizes of 0.1 to 0.5 mm.

(1566) DIFFUSION OF GASES INTO AN AIR STREAM HAVING VARIOUS DEGREES OF STABILITY.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, 230 Albany Street, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) By means of a horizontal, heated, metal plate placed in the floor of a wind tunnel,

the effect of various artificially created lapse rates upon mean velocity profiles

and turbulence structures is being investigated. Also the effect of lapse rates upon the diffusion of gases from a point source and a line source will be studied.

In addition, simultaneous measurements of evaporation, boundary shear, and heat

transfer will be conducted for a range of lapse rates.

(1567) BEHAVIOR OF SEAPLANE HULLS.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The behavior of seaplane hulls when towed at different angles to a wave train has never been studied experimentally. As a preliminary investigation, the motion of the

models in an oblique sea will be studied by the use of photography.

(1568) BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN CHANNELS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for J. Waldo Smith Fellowship of the A.S.C.E.

(e) To supply experimental data on the shear distribution along the boundary of open

channels. This information is needed in connection with the new theory conceived by

E. V. Lane on the design of stable alluvial channels. The shear will be measured

instead of calculated from other hydraulic measurements.

(g) The shear measuring device has been constructed and is now being calibrated.

(1569) USE OF COMBINED ELECTRICAL ANALOGY AND MEMBRANE ANALOGY TO INVESTIGATE UNCONFINED FLOW

INTO VELLS.

(f) Completed.

(h) 'Flow into a well by electric and membrane analogy." C. H. Zee, D. F. Peterson, Jr.,

and R. 0. Bock. Mechanics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Oct. 21, 1953.
Colorado A and M College 2£

1570) DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSTANT FORCE BOTTOM FOR SEAPLANE HULLS.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) To develop a shape of seaplane hull which will experience a constant acceleration

upon impact. The procedure used is to determine the empirical corrections necessary

to adapt the theoretically ideal bottom contour to actual conditions. The tests are conducted by dropping vertically the two-dimensional hull contours into water. The

acceleration-time history is measured by photographing the output from an electronic

transducer on an oscilloscope screen. The water surface profile i3 photographed

during impact to measure the "pile -up" of the water.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Development of the optimum bottom contour for seaplane hulls." E. F. Schulz,

Jolorado A and M College report. (Available from Navy Department, Bureau of

Aeronautics.

)

(1836) EFFECT OF CANAL WATER DEPTH AND DEPTH TO WATER TABLE ON SEEPAGE FROM AN

IDEALIZED CANAL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. F. Peterson, Jr., Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) A model study based on the dimensional analysis Q/KB = F(B/y, B/L) where Q is

the seepage loss, K is the permeability, B is the canal breadth, y is the depth

of water in the canal and L is the depth to the water table, is being conducted

using a sand model. The first phase will be the case for a homogeneous medium of

great depth.

(g) Apparatus has been constructed and testing started. Curves showing the functional

relationship have been developed from data taken to date.

(1837) SEDIMENT LININGS FOR CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Civil Engineering Department, Colorado A and M College,

Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop a truly low-cost canal and reservoir lining method — sediment linings.

Briefly, sediment lining is a process involving the use of canal or reservoir water

for the placement of an impervious filler or binder into the pervious or unstable

materials of the canal or reservoir bed.

(h) Monthly progress reports obtainable upon request.

(1838) BEHAVIOR OF MODEL SHIF HULLS IN AN OBLIQUE SEA.

(b) Office of Naval Research and David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Navy

Department.

(c) Dr. M. L. Albert son, Head of Fluid Mechanics Research, Department of Civil Engineering,

Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This investigation will yield information regarding the magnitude of the amplitude

response operators for the motions of heave, pitch and roll of a model when the

model is towed at different angles to the wave front. Other information will be

obtained relative to the problem of generating waves in a relatively wide basin,

the amount of time required for the model to reach stability and the instrumentation

necessary to obtain satisfactory data.

(1839) INVESTIGATION OF REGIME THEORY OF SELF FORMED CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, Corps of Engineers, U. 5. Army, and Bureau of Reclamation.
26 Colorado A and M College

University of Colorado

Columbia University

(c) Dr. M. L. Albertson, Head of Fluid Mechanics Research, Department of Civil Engineering,

Colorado A and M College, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field Investigations; applied research.

(e) The "regime theory" of channel formation has been advanced by Blench and others. The

purpose of this project is to investigate a number of different channels in different

locations in the >fest to determine carefully and accurately the physical measurements

of these channels, their discharge, their bed characteristics, and the nature and

composition of the suspended sediment.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Hydraulics Laboratory Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 1321,1571, and 1572 should be addressed to Prof,

barren DeLapp, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.

(1321) ENERGY LOSSES IN OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d} Experimental; for design and master f s thesis.

(e) flfork previously reported is being continued and extended to include studies of hydraulic jump in transitions.

(1571) FREE OVERFALL STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master *s thesis.

(e) Studies are being made to determine the effects of slope and channel roughness on the water surface profiles in the vicinity of an outfall.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "A study of water surface profiles near a free overfall." Gunjit Singh. Master»s

Thesis, June, 1953.

(1572) HYDRAULIC JUMP AT JUNCTION OF STEEP AND MILD SLOPES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical; for design and master* s thesis.

(e) Design charts have been developed for locating hydraulic jump at junction of 1:3,

Is Jj and 1:6 slopes with horizontal apron.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Design criteria for hydraulic jump at junction of steep and mild slopes." A. A. Aljaberi. Master's Thesis, June, 1953.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 289, 132lj, and I8I4O should be addressed to Mr. Richard Skalak, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia

University, New York 27, N. Y.

(62) HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. J. W. Delleur, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics,

Columbia University, New York 27, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Experimental work is in progress for the study of boundary layer regimen in intake

reaches of open channels.
Columbia University 27 University of Connecticut

Theory and experiments indicate an interaction of the boundary layer growth and

the flow outside the boundary layer in an open channel near critical flow. The

boundary layer develops more slowly than for comparable conditions for a flat plate

in an infinite fluid.

"An analysis of boundary layer growth in open conduits near critical regime." A. E. Craya and J. W. Delleur, Office of Naval Research Report, 1952.

SEPARATION PATTERNS IN THEIR RELATION TO LOCAL FORM RESISTANCES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental.

Experimental work has been completed for the case of abrupt expansion of a pipe

including the effect of a spiral component of velocity artificially introduced just

before the expansion.

Suspended.

HYDRAULICS OF SHORT OUTLETS IN BODIES OF DAMS.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Mr. H. R. Henry, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia

University, New York 27, New York.

Experimental and theoretical.

Investigation of boundary layer development in outlet conduits. Pressure and velocity

distributions are measured along the pipe and entrance section.

LOSSES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL JUNCTIONS.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A study of flow patterns at junctions in rectangular conduits which can be considered

two-dimensional flow with particular attention to the influence of initial velocity

distribution on the characteristics of the side jet.

Suspended.

SURFACE CURVES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW ON A MILD SLOPE. Laboratory project.

Experimental j master* s thesis.

Surface curves of a supercritical flow downstream of a sluice gate in a rectangular

channel set on a mild slope were measured for comparison with surface curves computed

by the usual varied flow methods.

Completed. It was found that to the surface curves, computed by the usual theory using a roughness determined experimentally for uniform flow, were shorter than the experimental

curves. Results computed by considering the boundary layer development gave better

agreement

.

(h) Master's Thesis, G. M. Sicular, 1953.

tJNEVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. l£7lj to 1^77, incl., should be addressed to Professor E. V. Gant, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(1078) HYDROLOGIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.
28 University of Connecticut

Cornell University

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Rain gages are being installed on the I4.5 sq mile watershed of the laboratory and

on additional sites varying in size from Ii to IjOO acres. Runoff weirs have been

completed and installed with recording gages on the latter. Measurements are being

taken.

(1079) STUDY OF WEND EFFECTS ON STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. L. Mirsky, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of wind action and flow on the roofs of various types of buildings and structures is to be conducted in a small wind tunnel.

(1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Involves the hydraulic and structural design of the curb inlet type of catch basin,

with particular reference to the hydraulic efficiency of the grate now used by the

State Highway Department. Half -scale models of highway gratings are under test.

(15714) VARIATION IN AMOUNT OF FROST HEAVE WETH DEPTH CF GROUND WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation is under way on a series of 12 test cells, 6 containing silt and 6 glacial till at depths from 2 1/2 to 6 ft. Observations taken on heave, depthtemperature variation, and water consumed from water table.

(1575) EFFECT OF WASHED CONCRETE SAND IN INCREASING CAPILLARY RISE AND FROST HEAVING

IN ADJACENT SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigations are being made of the effect of washed concrete sand in raising the

ground water table in adjacent silt or glacial till.

(1576) CAPILLARY POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Preliminary studies are under way. (1577) FILTER TESTS OF VARIOUS MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project; State Highway Department.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the stability of filters has begun.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1327, 1328, I8I4I to I8I48, incl., should be addressee to Professor Andre L. Jorissen, Head, Department of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Lincoln Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
Cornell University 29

J27) STUDY OF FLOW-METERING DEVICES FOR LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS.

(b) Builders -Provide nee, Inc., laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop devices for measuring the rate of flow in pipelines, maintaining a constant

coefficient of discharge at low Reynolds numbers.

(g) A new device, known as the Builders S. J. flow tube, has been developed.

(h) "Le debitmetre B.S.J, pour la mesure des debits de fluides aux faibles nombres de Reynolds." A. L. Jorissen, Revue unlverselle des Mines, Liege, Belgium, March, 1953.

"A new flow-measuring device - the cylindrical nozzle with conical diffusor." A. L. Jorissen, J. M. Symons and S. L. Wise, Petroleum Processing, Dec. 1953.

1328) EFFECTS OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF FLOW-METERING DEVICES.

(b) Builders -Provide nee, Inc., laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; master's thesis.

(e) To investigate the relationship between pipe roughness and Venturi tube coefficient.

131(1) STUDY OF VENTURI TUBE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Builders -Provide nee, Inc., laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of effect on Venturi tube coefficient of discharge of such factors as pressure

taps location, downstream throttling, mismatch between inlet pipe and Venturi, etc.

lBh2) ANALYSIS OF VENTURI TUBE COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(d) Analytical.

(e) Analysis of Venturi tube coefficients to obtain data susceptible of being used in

International Standards.

BL8li3) VENTURI TUBE AND NOZZLE CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Builders -Provide nee, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The following have been calibrated: 2 Venturi tubes 2h" x 12", 1 Venturi tube

16" x 9.5", and 1 Venturi nozzle H4" x 10".

(f) Completed.

{lBhh) 2lj " FLOW CO ITT ROLLER TEST.

(b) Builders -Provide nee, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of the behavior of a 2lj" flow controller under relatively high head. Determination of the coefficient of discharge and of the rate of leakage.

(f) Completed.

(181,5) STUDY OF VENTURI TUBES AND REGISTERS.

(b) City of Miami, Miami, Fla.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of a 30" x 18" and a 8" x V Simplex Venturi tube. Determination of

register accuracy.

(f) Completed.
30 Cornell University

Georgia Institute of Technology

(I8I46) TESTS OF FLANGED SILENT CHECK VALVES.

(b) Williams Gauge Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Tests on 2", I4" and 8" check valves in both horizontal and vertical lines.

(f) Completed.

( 18Li7) STUDY OF FLOAT -TYPE, VARIABLE AREA FLOWMETERS.

(b) Fischer and Porter Company, Hatboro, Pa., laboratory project,

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Comprehensive study of flow conditions, meter behavior and accuracy.

(18148) MODEL STUDY OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY ROWING TANK.

(b) Department of Buildings and Grounds, Cornell University,

(d} Experimental.

(e) To conduct model study of flow conditions in new rowing tank being built by Cornell

University in order to obtain smooth flow at desired velocity in useful portion of tank.

(18149) PUMP CAVITATION.

(b) Goulds Pumps, Inc., Seneca Falls, N. Y. , laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engineering, Lincoln Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Determination of required net positive suction head when pumping hot water. Equipment

permits wide variation in water temperature and suction head.

(18^0) A LABORATORY STUDY OF BEACH PROFILES AND BEACH STABILITY.

(b) Part of a project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Prof. Melville S. Priest, School of Civil Engineering, Lincoln Hall, Cornell University,

Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) This study was initiated for the purpose of acquiring some knowledge as to the influence

of sand characteristics, wave characteristics, and initial beach slope upon beach profil

and beach stability. The study was limited to normal wave incidence and initially plane

beach slopes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Objective accomplished, see (e).

(h) A report has been submitted to the director of the project, of which this study was a part. Publication is not contemplated.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 291, 1332, l$Qh and 18^1 to 18£8, incl., should be

addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Techno!; \ °gy> Atlanta, Ga.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Tests on a l:6-scale model of a typical highway embankment section have been completed, i Preliminary tests on a l:12-scale model are underway. Variables include roughness and

shape of crown, slope and height of embankment. Data include discharge calibration,

water-surface profiles, and tailwater levels corresponding to (l) free flow (2) incipier

submergence, (3) lower limit of surface flow, (k) upper limit of plunging flow, and (5)

submerged flow.

(f) Temporarily suspended.
Georgia Institute of Technology 31

(1331) THE DIFFUSION MECHANISM OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles is being studied in a vertical diffusion

chamber. The turbulence within the column is uniform. The turbulence amplitude and

frequence are controlled. The diffusion characteristics of spherical glass beads are being studied in the water-filled column.

(1332) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH OPEN-CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Tests have been conducted on various forms of width-constrictions in level channels of

various cross-sectional shapes. Flows were limited to the tranquil; boundary conditions

considered were governed by highway bridge practice for single -opening waterways. The

investigation was confined to an evaluation of the discharge characteristics of the con- stricted channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory analysis and computation procedure based on experimental coefficients

was achieved.

(h) "Tranquil flow through open-channel constrictions." C. E. Kindsvater and R. W. Carter,

Proceedings-Separate, A.S.C.E. (publication pending)

.

"Computation of peak discharge at contractions." C. E. Kindsvater, R. W. Carter and

H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey Circular 28ij.

(1$%) FLOW OF WATER OVER VEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search, re-analysis, and correlation of published data, and original research.

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge characteristics of practical forms of weirs and

spillways. Initial phase includes the preparation of a bibliography and the collection

of experimental data from all known sources. Objectives include the publication, in

generalized form, of available empirical data and the preparation of a list of research

problems

.

(g) Bibliography includes 230 entries. Collection and analysis of data begun. A problem

suggested by the bibliographic search was the subject of a master^ thesis (Project

1852)

.

(18^1) EFFICIENCY OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE DRAFT TUBES.

(b) S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Transparent plastic models of several different draft-tube designs have been investigated.

Draft-tube performance is evaluated on the basis of hydraulic efficiency. Test variables

include a full range of artificially-produced discharge whirls and a limited variety of boundary modifications for each model.

(1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR PLATE WEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; for master's thesis (James R. Vfells)

.

(e) An investigation of the comprehensive discharge characteristics of the basic, sharpedged, rectangular-notch weir. An attempt to evaluate by empirical means the influence

of geometric variables excluded by restrictions on the standard weir formulas. Tests

conducted in 3-foot wide flume, covering a full range of notch widths, weir heights,

and heads. Investigation limited to free flows of water at normal temperatures.
32 Georgia Institute of Technology

(f) Research for one thesis completed. Additional tests will be made in a wider flume,

(h) Results of initial investigation submitted in Master's Thesis by James R. Wells (19510

•

(18^3) BACKWATER DUE TO WIDTH CONSTRICTIONS IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. 3, Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The increase in depth (backwater) caused by width constrictions in open channels was defined for various channel shapes, degrees of roughness and constriction geometries.

Boundary conditions considered were governed by highway bridge practice for singleopening waterways.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory analysis and computation procedure based on experimental coefficients

was achieved.

(h) Publication pending.

(18#0 INFLUENCE OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS ON ABRUPT ENLARGEMENTS IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental and analytical; for master's thesis ( T. W. Fleetwood, Jr.).

(e) An experimental investigation of the influence of boundary roughness on the total energy

loss due to abrupt width-enlargements in open channels. Various patterns of roughness

distribution (transverse) in level channels of various cross -sectional shapes will be investigated. Tests will be conducted in a 3-foot wide flume. Flow conditions will be

limited to the tranquil range. This is an extension of the work reported as Project 1853

(f) Experimental program to commence in first quarter, 19514. (1855) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN AN OPEN-CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface rfater Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A preliminary objective will be to establish principles of flow division at a multiopening width constriction. A Hi-foot wide by 80-foot long flume will be used in the

experimental investigation. Channel shape, degree and pattern of boundary roughness

and constriction geometries will be varied. Boundary conditions considered will be

governed by highway bridge practice.

(18^6) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULVERTS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Analysis and correlation of published data, plus original research as required.

(e) A study of the discharge characteristics of culverts. The study will be limited to culvert shapes which are common in modern highway practice. Criteria for distinguishing

between full (pressure) flow and sluice (open-channel) flow based on length, roughness,

bed slope and entrance geometry are sought.

(18^7) REGIMES OF FLOW IN AN OPEN CHANNEL WITH A NON -RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) A detailed analysis of the transition from subcritical flow to supercritical flow in

an open channel with a non-rectangular cross section. The channel walls are parallel.

In cross section, the bottom has a uniform slope. Velocity traverses and water

surface elevation determinations are made upstream and downstream from a stationary

finite gravity wave. Experiments have been performed with both the stationary breaking

wave (hydraulic jump) and with the non-breaking wave.

(h) Research for one thesis is complete.
Georgia Institute of Technology

Harvard University

University of Idaho

33

(1858) CLASSIFICATION OF FLO 145 THROUGH HIGHWAY CULVERTS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research for a master's thesis.

(e) The majority of possible flow conditions within a highway culvert were reproduced

within a two-dimensional culvert. The flow profiles were then photographed. The

flow conditions were then classified by position of the control section and each

condition was then analyzed in regard to the limit of occurrence. From this qualitative

study the effects of entrance streamlining; barrel slope, length, and roughness; and

outlet submergence can be visualized.

(h) Research for one thesis completed.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Department of Mathematics.

(1335) MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF WAVES AND SHIP WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Jack Kotik, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Mass.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Two new expressions for ship wave resistance have been derived and their advantages,

from" the point of view of computation, are being investigated. Asymptotic expansions

at low Froude number have been obtained.

(h) "Surface waves of finite energy." J. Kampe de Feriet and J. Kotik, Journal of Rational

Mechanics and Analysis, July, 1953.

"Note on the heat equation." G. Birkhoff and J. Kotik, to appear in the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. %l\l s 1091, and 1859, should be addressed to Prof.

C. C. Warnick, and concerning Projects Nos. i860, 1861, and 1862, to Prof. Victor I. Myers, College of Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(Shi) STUDY OF PRINCIPLES, DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with United States Army Engineers, Weather Bureau,

Forest Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and Agricultural Research Service.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) A series of wind tunnel tests have been made on movement of air around precipitation

gages using sawdust to simulate snow. Qualitative catch studies on a model basis have

also been made to develop proper windshielding for several types of precipitation gages. Prototype gages and shields have been installed at remote mountain locations to check

field performance against the results obtained from wind tunnel tests.

(g) Photographic data and comparative catch data have revealed improved windshield designs

that promise to give improved consistency in the measurement of precipitation in the

form of snow. Tests of models in the wind tunnel have been very helpful in predicting

structural performance of the prototype windshields. Results show definite variation

in catch will result with different orifice diameters.

(h) "Developing and testing of new windshield for precipitation gages." T. B. Kerr,

Idaho Engineer, Vol. 30 No. h, pp 10-11, May, 1953.

"Experiments with windshields for precipitation gages." C. C. Warnick, Reprint No. 2, Engineering Experiment Station, from Trans, of the Amer. Geophys. Union, June, 1953.
3h University of Idaho

(1091) A STUDY OF CANAL LININGS FOR CONTROLLING SEEPAGE LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Field investigation; applied operational research.

(e) A study was made of effectiveness and permanency of canal linings by installing short

sections of lining in operating canals. Information was obtained on permeability of soil, seepage loss before lining, and seepage loss after lining.

(f) Completed.

(g) Three years of field study working with various types of prefabricated linings, concrete block linings, and earth linings gave information on methods of lining, seepage loss

data, and performance of the linings.

(h) "Low-cost canal lining." V. G. King, Idaho Engineer, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp 8-9, Jan. 1953.

"Prefabricated linings rated by seepage tests." C. C. Tifernick and R. J. Abbey, Reprint

No. 1, Engineering Experiment Station, from "Western Construction, April, 1953.

"A study of canal linings for controlling seepage losses." Progress Report No. 3,

Engineering Experiment Station, University of Idaho, I48 pages, May, 1953.

(1859) A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN

CONTROLLING SEEPAGE LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied operational research.

(e) This study is a continuation of Project 1091 in which new exposed membrane linings

are being studied. In addition, a study is being made of the effectiveness of soil

sediments in preventing seepage. A survey is being made of the sediment carried in

certain canals and an attempt made to determine the benefit of this sediment in

preventing seepage loss.

(g) One summer of field testing has been completed, and laboratory analysis of soil and

sediment samples is in progress.

(1860) APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE METHODS OF MEASURING SOIL MOISTURE IN

IDAHO SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project; under investigation in the Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine the accuracy of soil moisture blocks in measuring soil moisture in Idaho's

arid soils. Preliminary work only.

(1861) THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM FLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, being carried on under the Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study is being made in a laboratory flume and in field streams with full-size models

of stage -measuring devices (primarily crest gages) under controlled conditions.

(g) Tests show excessive drawdown in standard crest gages at velocities exceeding 2 or 3 fps. In preliminary tests, one of the new gages shows promise of not having objectionable drawdown.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; being carried on under the Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate statistically the correlation between various watershed characteristics

and annual runoff on gaged watersheds, for application to tingaged areas. "Wbrk is in

progress evaluating watershed characteristics.
Illinois State Waterways Division

Illinois State Water Survey Division

35

JJNOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

^863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Engineer, Division of Waterways, 201 W. Monroe Street,

Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved in

erosion processes along the Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater degree of assurance that the works will serve the intended purposes. The project was initiated in 1950 and is continuing. Lines

of study are as follows: Observation of lake stages, wave height and period, wind

direction and velocity, and barometric pressures at Wilson Avenue Crib and Waukegan

Harbor; shoreline and offshore topography; sampling and analysis of beach and bottom

materials; wave refraction studies; detailed studies of case histories of selected

shore protection and harbor structures; periodic studies of selected recently constructed groin systems; detailed studies of effect of harbor structures upon littoral

drift; measurements of littoral currents, including magnitude and direction; and

determination of areal extent and depth of offshore sources of beach material for

artificial replenishment.

(g) Results are incomplete.

(h) "Interim Report for Erosion Control, Illinois Shore of Lake Michigan". Division of

Waterways, Department of Public Works and Buildings, State of Illinois, 33 pages, 1952.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Champaign.

(551) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, design.

(e) Measurements are being made of watershed rainfall and stream flow, of stage, discharge

over the spillway, and municipal pumpage on five small water supply reservoirs in

Illinois.

(g) Twenty-three years of continuous measurements completed. Annual summaries 19lj6 to 1953 available for limited distribution.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil Conservation Service and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) For design of water supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation have been

made on sixteen lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are being analyzed and complete

surveys of watershed soil type, slopes, land use, and conservation practices are being made.

(g) Results at Lake Decatur, Decatur, 111., showed correlation between rate of sedimentation

and land use on the watershed.

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. lj, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, and 18; sedimentation surveys

of Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake Chautauque, Carbondale Reservoir, Lake Bracken, West Frankfort Reservoir, Lake Calhoun, Lake Springfield, and Lake Carthage, respectively.
36 Illinois State Water Survey Division

(553) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT . (b) Laboratory project , cooperative with Signal Corps, Department of the Army.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State tfeter Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A radar installation is being used to track rain clouds, showing extent, movement, and

intensity of each rain area. Two concentrated recording rain gage networks consisting

of 2U and 50 rain gages each yield rainfall data which are correlated with photographic

records of the radar PPI scopes. Precipitation particle-size data are being collected

in a volume of one-third cubic meter using high-speed photography. These data will be

correlated with radar echo-return. Twenty-one rain gages concentrated with 300 square

feet are collecting data on the variability of precipitation within a very small area.

(g) Results indicate that radar is capable of matching an equivalent rain gage spacing of

at least the gage each 150 square miles.

(h) Reports of Investigation 13 and 19, Illinois State Water Survey.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. ¥. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made of evaporation at three stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients are obtained at F 0ur-MLle Crib in Lake

Michigan and at Urbana. Evaporimeters constructed and installed adjacent to pans for

year-round records.

(h) Report presented at Illinois State Academy of Science Meeting Macomb, 111., May 8, 1953.

(561) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Jack Bruin, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the ground water resources of the American Bottom (E. St. Louis region).

Ground water levels are measured continuously. Pumpage, river stage, and rainfall data

are collected. Chemical quality of ground water is measured. Areas of infiltration are determined, and all data are correlated with consideration of local conditions. Statistical studies have been made of the service lives of municipal wells.

(g) Average daily ground water pumpage in the area is between 100 and 110 million gallons.

Since I9I4I there has been no recession of ground water except in areas of highly concentrated pumpage. The data indicate the water-bearing formations are being recharged by

water from the Mississippi River, local rainfall, and upland drainage.

(h) "Preliminary report on the ground water resources of the American Bottom." Report of investigation No. 17, Illinois State Water Survey, 1952.

(813) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS, STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine ground water resources of the area, water level contours of the sandstone

aquifers, transmissibility and storage coefficients of the aquifers, quantity of water

available were obtained.

(g) Data indicate that piezometric surface conforms generally with topography, with a 500-

foot drop in about 30 miles with no apparent withdrawal. The sandstone aquifers are overlain with 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious limestone.
Illinois State Water Survey Division 37

(8l|li) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN CHAMFAIGN COUNTY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine ground water resources of the county, water level contours of two glacial

aquifers. Pumping tests to determine transmissibility, rates of flow into heavily

pumped areas.

(g) Data show little, if any, communication between two glacial aquifers. Withdrawal in

heavily pumped area exceeds recharge by 30 percent.

(h) "Ground water resources in Champaign County." H. F. Smith, Report of Investigation No.

6, Illinois State Water Survey Division. (Available on request.)

(1092) HYDROLOGIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered under Project 553) together with information

from five stream-gaging stations and five ground water level recorders are being

maintained. Data will be used in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds and effect of runoff on water table. Analysis in progress.

(1336) DESIGN OF A 60-FOOT TILTING FLUME.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. H. Nelson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Design of versatile flume for hydraulic laboratory.

(f) Design and fabrication complete, installation in progress.

(1337) DESIGN OF BUBBLER SYSTEM FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER LEVELS IN WELLS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. H. Nelson, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The bubbler system or purge method of liquid level measurement was applied to measuring

well levels. The theory of operation was advanced and checked by laboratory tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) Laboratory accuracy obtained to 0.020 feet. Field accuracy comparable to float operated

recording devices.

(h) Report prepared for publication.

(1310) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. M. Buswell, Chief, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine if any measurable changes in physical properties occur in fluids during

flow.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report presented to Instrument Society of America, September, 1953.

(I3I4I) CORROSION STUDY,

(b^ Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A basic study of corrosion occurring at the steel electrodes under flow through a twenty foot plastic tower.

295522 0-54-4
33 Illinois State Water Survey Division

(1314 2) STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES WETH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State "Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(e) One -half inch pipes made of different materials are in service. Changes in the flow

due to corrosion and at constant head are being measured.

( I86I4 ) FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

.

(b) Mr. H. E. Hudson, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(dS Basic research.

(e) Study of transition from viscous to turbulent flow in porous media,

(g) Data collection completed. Analysis in progress.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP INLET SPILLWAY STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. H. Nelson, Illinois State Water Survey, B0x 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The project will provide hydraulic criteria for the economic design of these structures.

A field study of structures now in use is included.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION, Peoria.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556 to 560, incl., 8h5, 1335, and 1866, should be

addressed to Dr. Max Suter, Engineering Research Subdivision, Illinois State Water Survey Division, Box 717, Peoria, 111.

(556) PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The permeabilities of known mixtures of graded sand are measured to determine functional

changes.

(g) Sand mixtures containing 60 to 70 percent of fine material in kO to 30 percent of coarser from 2 adjoining sieves of the y/5 series have less permeability than the material of

the fine screen alone.

(557) TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Critical flow is determined to define conditions under which turbulent flow occurs outside of well screens.

(g) In flow through granular media, the Reynolds number cannot be calculated from ordinary

formulas. By assuming a critical Reynolds number as existing at the determined critical

flow conditions, the corresponding pore size can be calculated. This has been done in

preliminary tests, but further work is needed to get a correlation with screen analysis.

(558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Sand boils occurring during floods in levied districts are mapped, classified, and

sampled. Also sampled are river and nearby well waters.

(g) From chemical analyses and temperature measurements it was found that the water flowing

in typical sand boils (those free from pipe connections towards the river) is different

from the river water and similar to well water in neighboring wells. Such sand boils

can be stopped from flowing by damming them up to a level that is below that of the

river stage. They are not caused by leaks through the levee.
Illinois State Water Survey Division

University of Illinois

39

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river intake, control tower with chlorination

and measuring devices, gravel pit with bottom 10 feet below river pool stage, sides

and bottom covered with sand.

(g) Pit now in operation for third winter. In second winter silting reduced inflow to

one-third in seven months. Algea groiirth can give this reduction in four days. Model

shows that doubling the size of the pit gives less than double inflow. This relation

is being studied experimentally and analytically.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA, ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the ground water resources of the district, inventory of wells was made,

including construction and logs of wells. Ground water levels are measured continuously,

pumpage data collected, river stages and rainfall recorded, chemical analyses for changes

in composition of ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and all

data are correlated with consideration of local ground conditions.

(g) So far conservation measures have shown more effect than artificial recharge.

(81j5) EXTENSION OF THEIS» NON-EQUILIBRIUM THEORY FOR VARIABLE FLOW.

(b) Office project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Development of formulas that could be used for conditions of variable flow.

(g) Formulas developed for most important types of variable flow, but the series obtained

have not been calculated for wide ranges.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO AREA.

(b)

(d)

tg)

Laboratory project.

Field study on variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field

with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally heavily pumped. Study of ground water level

recession, interferences, transndssibilities, effect of additional demands.

Results determine recession and give good data for future prediction. Collection of data continued.

(1866) GROUND WATER FORMULAS.

(b) Office project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Compilation of all published groundwater theories and formulas and a comparative

evaluation of their range of usefulness.

(h) Report in preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Theoretical

and Applied Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13^3 and 1589 should be addressed to Prof. ¥. M. Lansford, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2H\ Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(I3ll3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD-PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.
University of Illinoi

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data has been collected on quantities of flow varying from 1.59 c.f .s. to 11. 5 c.f .s. in a flood plain channel, 160+ feet long. The cross-section of the channel consists of a 1 ! x 1* main channel with a sloped flood plain on each side.

(f) Data being analyzed.

(1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Data is being collected on a meter which may be built in a sewer leading from a man hole

after the sewer has been in service. The models tested were constructed of artists clay

in a 6 -inch lucite pipe and in a 6 -inch x 6 -inch lucite open channel.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. $6h 9 1590, and 1591 should be addressed to Prof.

J. J. Doland, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(561; ) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois State Water Survey Division and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) Fourteen recording rain gages, one evaporation station including recording dew-point

device, one radar station, and two recording stream gaging stations are installed for

observation of rainfall and runoff for an area of about eight square miles. Analytical

investigation includes frequency analysis of rainfall intensity, area-depth relationship

for storms, ground-water depletion study, unit hydrograph analysis and consumptive use determination. New type of evaporimeter has been developed and check studies are being

made

.

(1590) FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Illinois Division of Highways and U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Theoretical investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) To develop sound principles and practical procedures for the frequency analysis of

hydrologic data. A comprehensive survey was made of available literature and theories

in the field under investigation. Various existing statistical methods of hydrologic

analysis were reviewed and an investigation on the suitability and deficiencies of data to be used in the analysis were made. The analyses of precipitation data for Chicago,

Illinois, Seattle, "Washington and Los Angeles, California were taken as sample cases.

(f) Completed.

(g) Two new procedures of frequency analysis were developed. Procedures for the preparation

of hydrologic data were recommended.

(h) Thirteen preliminary reports were produced. A final report entitled, "Frequency analysis

of hydrologic data." Ven Te Chow, Technical Bulletin No. Iillj, University of Illinois

Engineering Experiment Station.
University of Illinois

Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

111

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the amount of water which will reach highway openings, such as bridges and

culverts and provide a simple but scientific procedure for use of engineers in establishing the economical and adequate size of opening. Methods of investigation include

a survey of existing structures, library study of literature, analyses of pertinent

climatological and physical factors relating to the hydrologic and hydraulic features

of the problem. The following studies were completed in 1953* (l) Compilation of formulas for waterway area determination, (2) historical review of engineering studies of the subject under consideration, (3) preparation of a bibliography of related literature

that have been studied, (I4) analyses of waterway area problems at Florence and Petersburg,

Illinois, and (5) nation-wide survey of waterway area design practice in state highway

departments.

(h) Two preliminary reports and two field reports were produced.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa. Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa:

Nos. 66, 1593, 1869, 1870 to Prof. J. W. Howe. Nos. 69, 568, 1101, 1107, 1597 to Mr. Emmett M. Laursen.

Nos. 72, 73, 851 to Mr. Philip G. Hubbard.

Nos. 302, 1102, 1867, 1868, I87lj, 1875 to Dr. Hunter Rouse.

Nos. 79, 81, 298, llOlj, I3I1I1, 1595, 1872 to Dr. John S. McNown.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and master's thesis.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge

from a 3-square-mile area measured by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at five

automatic recording stations collected by Soil Conservation Service. Continuous records

since 192k of precipitation, runoff, ground-water levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 192k available in files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

(b) Cooperative with Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic stream-flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa

cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. Geological Survey.

(g) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

(b)

(c)

(d)

Cooperative with Department of Agriculture and Geological Survey.

Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Field investigation; applied research and master's thesis.
ij2 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge

from a 2 £ -square -mile area measured and flood runoff on main sub-basins determined by

U. 3. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four automatic recording stations collected

by U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records since I9I4I of precipitation, runoff, and

ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in "Weather Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.

(69) RELATION OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS TO BED EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; for doctor's thesis.

(e) To evaluate general relations between geometric and kinematic parameters of flow and mean size and grading of bed sediments for an arbitrary condition of scour. Experiments

conducted in glass-walled flume l£ feet long, 3 feet deep, 1-1/2 feet wide with a twodimensional horizontal jet. Selected geometrical proportions kept constant during all

runs, the variables being the rate of flow, the mean diameter and standard deviation of the sediment, and time and depth of scour.

(g) Determination of the transport capacity of the flow as a function of the scour hole size,

the sediment size and the jet velocity permitted the establishment of a relationship

between the extent of scour relative to a limiting extent as a function of a time parameter wt/a divided by a flow parameter V/ • The limiting extent of scour was found to be a function of the flow parameter and the ratio of the jet velocity to the fall

velocity of the sediment V/w. The equipment has been modified for the continuation of

the study to include the effect of the grading of the bed sediments.

(h) "Observations on the nature of scour." E. M. Laursen, Proceedings of the Fifth Hydraulics

Conference, Bulletin 3h, State University of Iowa Studies in Engineering, 19^3.

(72) ELECTRICAL ANALOGY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) During the year, constant -pressure transitions computed with the aid of a free -streamline

theory were tested.

(f) Inactive.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Experimental development

.

(e) To develop practical instruments for the field measurement of turbulence in flowing

water. Instruments under study include a rigidly mounted unit for shallow water over a considerable velocity range, a unit to be suspended on a cable for deep water, and a tape recorder for evaluation of means and root -mean-squares of three velocity components. Measurements utilizing the dissipation of heat by forced convection are under way.

(g) Work will continue on analyzing methods.

(h) Report to Waterways Experimental Station on earlier phase of project has been made, but

no publication to date.

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation for systematically varied boundary conditions. Tests are conducted in two variable -pressure water tunnels and a special cavitation tank.

Studies have been conducted on high-velocity submerged jets, using underwater noise as a criterion, to determine cavitation parameters. Tests have been made to evaluate the

relationship between the cavitation index and temperature, relative velocity, and nozzle

geometry. Determination is being made of the effect of relative spacing upon the pressure

distribution around a grid of equipment cylinders mounted perpendicular to a steady,

uniform, two-dimensional flow. Pressure distributions have been measured in the water

tunnel for two-dimensional flow at Reynolds numbers above the boundary-layer critical.

Previous measurements of the pressure distribution around various rounded, ellipsoidal,

and conical head forms have been extended to various angles of yaw.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(h) "Drag tests on cylinders arranged in a straight grid." Clark Glen DeHaven, M. S. Thesis,

State University of Iowa, June, 1953.

(81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Methods of applying irrotational-flow theory to problems of hydraulic design have been

used to obtain information on specific problems. The pressure distributions around

faired boundary forms were obtained mathematically, assuming that viscous effects are negligible. Both exact and approximate methods were used, and wherever possible the

results have been compared with experimental measurements determined in other studies. An inverse form of the relaxation method has been used for analysis of flows with

curved boundaries. Representative problems in progress or recently completed are flow

over a high weir, transformation of a gravity wave in an open-channel transition, and

efflux from a two-dimensional conduit (see 1593)

.

(h) "Applications of the relaxation technique in fluid mechanics." John S. McNown,

En-Yun Hsu, and Chia-Shun Yih, Proceedings Sep. No. 223, ASCE, July, 1953.

(298) FALL VELOCITY OF SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research and master 1 s theses.

(e) The effect of a cylindrical boundary and the particle shape on the fall velocity of individual particles, and the effects on concentration on the rate of settlement of sediment samples have been investigated. Various reports on these studies have been

prepared.

(f) Inactive.

(302) SEDIMENT SIZE ANALYSIS BY MEANS OF PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS IN STRATIFIED SUSPENSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; doctoral dissertation.

(e) To develop a technique for rapid size -frequency determination by measurement of pressure

differentials during relative motion between sediment and suspending liquid. Sample is

introduced at top of a water-filled tube containing a previous piston which can be

displaced along axis of tube. Piezometers at top of tube and just above piston permit

differential pressure, and hence immersed weight of suspended sediment, to be recorded

during traverse of tube by piston. Instrumentation has been completed.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "An instrument for the rapid size -frequency analysis of sediment samples," D. w. Appel,

Proceedings Fifth Hydraulics Conference, Bulletin 3h, State University of Iowa Studies in

Engineering, 1953.

"An instrument for rapid-size frequency analysis of sediment." David W. Appel, Ph. D. Dissertation, State University of Iowa, August, 1953.

(568) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS.

(b) Cooperative with Iowa State Highway Commission and U. S. Bureau of Public of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the effects of pier and abutment geometry, sediment properties, and

stream-flow characteristics on the rate and pattern of scour, to the end of providing

safe design criteria.
I4I4 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(g) Initial phase, the study of pier and abutment geometry has been inactive for the past

year. The second phase, the study of the effect of stream-flow characteristics, and

the third phase, the study of sediment characteristics, are almost complete. If the

bed-load movement is general and the flow sub-critical, the investigation shows that

neither the velocity of flow nor the sediment size has any appreciable effect on the

equilibrium depth of scour. The depth of flow, however, has an effect on the scour depth at equilibrium. Because of the limited range of the laboratory experiments this

effect cannot be well established. Electrical measuring and recording equipment have now been installed at a chosen bridge site to determine the depth of erosion at a centrally located pier during floods. Results will be correlated with laboratory studies

to provide information relative to the necessary depth of footings for bridge piers.

(h) "Observations on the nature of scour." E. M. Laursen, Proceedings Fifth Hydraulics

Conference, Bulletin 3h 9 State University of Iowa Studies in Engineering, 1953.

"A generalized model study of scour around bridge piers and abutments." E. M. Laursen

and A. Toch, Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, 1953.

(8^1) A CONSTANT -TEMPERATURE HOT -WERE ANEMOMETER FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN AIR.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; instrument design.

(e) The anemometer was designed to measure fundamental properties of turbulence in a lowvelocity air tunnel, with special emphasis on simple operation techniques and high

sensitivity at low frequencies. The aims were accomplished by utilizing carefully

designed electronic control circuits and maintenance of the wire temperature at a constant level, above that of the air stream.

(g) Improvements have been made which led to greater stability and a more nearly Linear

response to the magnitude of the velocity. Complete new design now available. During

the year, a complete two-channel system with linear velocity vs. output -voltage

characteristic was constructed for the David Taylor Model Basin.

(85b) BOUNDARY -LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c5 Dr. Francis Hama, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Following completion of velocity and turbulence measurements on surfaces artificially

roughened by wire screen varying from 1 to 30 mesh, investigation will be extended to surfaces with natural roughness.

(1101) MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) Cooperative with Iowa State Highway Commission and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; for basic research and graduate theses.

(e) A study of the movement of sediment in pipes, including the pattern of sand transport

and the accompanying hydraulic energy losses for quasi -uni form flow in a circular conduit.

Both full-pipe and free -surf ace flows have been studied.

(f ) Complete except for final report.

(g) Relationships adequate for design established for the energy loss, the blockage, and

the limiting condition of residual deposition as a function of the discharge, the

sediment load, the pipe size, and the sediment size. Experiments now include pit-run

sand and slag.

(h) "The transportation of sand in pipes." J. P. Craven, and H. H. Ambrose, Proceedings

Fifth Hydraulics Conference, Bulletin 3h, State University of Iowa Studies in Engineering,

1953.

"Transportation of sand in a pipe." H. R. Vallentine, Master's Thesis, State University

of Iowa, June, 1953.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1102) HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS.

(b) Institute project.

(d) Library research.

(e) To trace the historical development of the important theories of hydraulics, covering

the fundamental ideas of the science, the critical periods of development, and the

contribution of personalities of major importance to this development.

(g) Twelve of projected fifteen chapters completed by Dr. Rouse through facilities of Neyrpic library during 1952-53 Fulbright Scholarship at Grenoble. Publication planned

as bilingual supplement to La Houille Blanche in 195J-J

.

(IIOI4) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research and doctor's thesis.

(e) The force components on an accelerated sphere in a fluid medium have been studied by

experimental means. An investigation is also being made of the acceleration of a sphere falling freely from rest. The project is intended to provide information con- cerning the diffusion characteristics of suspended sediment.

(1107) TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED AND TOTAL LOAD.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the suspended and total load as a function of hydraulic and sediment

parameters. A recirculating flume 3 feet wide, 15 inches deep, 100 feet long, and of variable slope (see Proj . 5&9, 1950) has been in operation for several years. Distribution of sediment, as well as total load, are measured. Effect of sediment transport

on velocity distribution, energy loss, and other hydraulic characteristics will also be

evaluated.

(13hb) CALCULATION OF FREE-STREAMLINE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Office of Naval Research.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Calculations have been made of various two-dimensional flows using the classical

Helmholtz-Kirchhoff method. Manifold flow with free and constricted lateral efflux,

curved inlets and pier profiles, and the deflection and division of jets by sym- metrically and unsymmetrically placed vanes are being computed. The intended applications

are to the design of pipe and lock manifolds, the selection of appropriate profiles for

inlets and the upstream portion of streamlined piers, and the more precise definition

of the behavior of Pelton-wheel buckets.

(f) Essentially completed.

(g) Concordance in bulk characteristics found between results calculated for two-dimensional

flow and those measured indicates the usefulness of the computed results.

(h) "Free -streamline analyses of transition flow and jet deflection." Edited by J. S. McNown and C.-S. Yin, Bulletin 35, State University of Iowa Studies in Engineering, 1953.

(13^5) DESIGN OF HIGHWAY FILLS FOR SAFE OVERTOPPING BY FLOOD WATERS.

(b) Cooperative with Iowa Highway Research Council.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, State University of Iowa, Ioxva City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research pertaining to design.

(e) Full-scale embankments built according to principles developed in model tests are now

being tested.

(g) Flume tests show that fine material can be protected by graded layers of crushed-rock

or gravel meeting requirements of Terzaghi-Vicksburg criteria. By binding the top

layer tightly in wire sausages, it is not necessary to carry the filter up to uneconomical sizes.

(h) "Some basic requirements for protection against erosion." C. J. Posey, Proceedings of Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, 1953.
U6 Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1593) PRESSURE CONDITIONS AT THE OUTLET OF A PIPE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic investigation for master's thesis.

(e) Location of the line of piezometric head just upstream from the outlet of a pipe in

relation to the Froude number.

(g) Head line slopes toward a point in the outlet section which varies in location from

above the top to below the center of the pipe, depending on the Froude number.

Negative pressures exist in the flow several diameters from the outlet.

(15910 UNSTEADY PHENOMENA. IN FLUID FLOW AND IN HEAT TRANSFER.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Chia-Shun Yin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical.

To study certain unsteady phenomena in fluid flow and in heat transfer. Unsteady

boundary conditions and internal heat sources are treated by a technique similar to

the Duharael principle of heat conduction. This technique is applicable to a wide

variety of problems in the field of lubrication.

Results for unsteady fluid flow and heat transfer between concentric cylinders have

been obtained.

(1595) MODEL STUDY FOR STEAM POVfiR PLANT, WELL COUNTY, ILLINOIS.

(b) Public Service Company of Northern Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for investigation of design.

(e) Flow conditions in Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal with diversion for condenser cooling water up to 100 percent of canal flow are being studied in relation to effect on large

traffic. Recirculation of heated water due to gravity-current formation is being

checked. Continued study is in prospect.

(g) Vaned outlet transition reduced velocity of return flow to canal. Investigation

indicated recirculation of heated water will be considerable.

(h) Initial report submitted to sponsor.

(1597) A STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SAND TRAPS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and Iowa State Highway Commission.

(d) Experimental; for master 1 s thesis.

(e) A study of the effects on the efficiency of sand traps of the geometry of the trap and

the ratio of velocity of flow to settling velocity of particles. Various trap proportions, sand sizes, and rates of both sediment and water transport have been varied.

(g) Efficiency of trap shown to be a function of relative trap dimensions and ratio of conduit velocity to fall velocity of sediment. Experiments continuing to check tentative relationships.

(h) "Efficiency of short sand traps." Rasin Z. Etiman, M. S. Thesis, State University of

Iowa, February, 1953.

(1598) A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF LIP ANGLE ON FLOW UNDER A TAINTER GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D . E. Metzler, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) Experimental data was obtained on a model Tainter gate in a horizontal channel. The

results, presented in three dimensionless diagrams, show the discharge coefficient as

a function of the ratios of headwater elevation to gate radius, tailwater elevation to

gate radius, gate opening to gate radius, and trunnion height to gate radius.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

(1867) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE GEODE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Stanley Engineering Company, Muscatine, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for rectification of design.

(e) Chute spillway as constructed included assymetrical inlet weir, transition from

rectangular to trapezoidal section and horizontal curve in alignment.

(f) Complete.

(g) Superelevation of bottom in curve and strategically placed walls corrected flow in

spillway.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(1868) MODEL STUDY OF L.AKE GEODE DAM SPILLWAY

.

(b) Iowa State Conservation Commission.

(d) Experimental, investigation of design.

(e) Design includes assymetrical weir at inlet of chute and horizontal curve in alignment.

(1869) AERATION DEMAND OF A STANDARD SHARP-CRESTED MR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic; master^ thesis.

(e) Air is fed to space under weir nappe in quantity necessary to keep this space at atmospheric pressure. Quantity of air required in relation to several factors is

being investigated.

(1870) EFFECT OF SHAPE OF VERTICAL DRAFT TUBES ON THEIR EFFICIENCY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master^ thesis.

(e) Comparative study of conical, Prasil, Iflhite, and Moody draft-tube efficiency under

identical conditions.

(1871) CAVTTATING FLOW AROUND HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. David W. Appel, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental project.

(e) To provide information on the effect of cavitation on the characteristics of twodimensional hydrofoils at various angles of attack. Hydrofoils of the NACA 66-series

and EPH-series of various thickness and camber are to be tested in a variable -pressure water tunnel having a closed-throat test section 6 by 2I| inches. Model hydrofoils

supported at one end and spanning the width of the water tunnel will be tested to determine the lift, drag, and pitching moment at various angles of attack and with

various degrees of cavitation. The requirements for a water-tunnel balance are being

studied in preparation for design and construction. Tests scheduled to begin during summer of 19^.

(1872) STUDY OF VORTEX RINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Studies have been made of vortex rings formed in air by means of a spring -driven piston

in an open-ended cylinder. A hot-wire anemometer was used in measurements of velocity

distribution and velocity of ring travel. Qualitative observations were also made in

both air and water of two types of vortices, the one moving as a vortex and the other

as a mass of fluid.

(h) "An exploratory study of vortex rings." A. K. Johnston, M. S. Thesis, State University

of Iowa, June, 19!?3.
Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research

The Johns Hopkins University

(1873) STABILITY OF LAMINAR PARALLEL FLOWS WITH A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. C.-S. Yin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and basic.

(e) Series solutions of the Sommerf eld-Orr equation have been obtained. From the boundary

conditions a secular equation in determinant form can be obtained, which yields the

relation between Reynolds member and wave number for neutral stability. The problem

for single -layer flow with a free surface nearly completed.

(I87i4) DIFFUSION OF TURBULENCE ON STEEP SLOPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Extension of Project (1100) to include effects of side walls and piers on the disturbance of the free surface on spillways.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and turbulence will be measured in an air tunnel

throughout the vicinity of separation zones produced by abrupt changes in flow section, to the end of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary

geometry.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Laboratory.

(1876) ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC (FORCE) AMPLIFIER TRANSFER VALVES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic development and research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental project designed to develop a set of linearized differential

equations to describe the operation of the single and double nozzle type, hydraulic

force amplifier, transfer valves.

(g) Comparison of theoretical and experimental data just beginning.

(h) Report on experimental data and preliminary non-linear equations complete - APL/JHU,

TG No. 198.

(1877) ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC SERVO MECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic development and research.

e) Phase (1); static operating characteristics of closed-loop servo mechanisms. Phase (2);

dynamic operating characteristics of closed-loop servo mechanisms, including effects

of complex mechanical loads.

(f) Phase one; nearly complete. Phase two; proceeding.

(g) Phase (1); some specific recommendations have been derived for system and component

design. Phase (2); with the use of analogue computers, the non-linear differential

equations of the servo mechanism have been solved. These equations include effect of

oil compressibility and complex mechanical loads. Excellent agreement has been obtained

between experimental and theoretical results. Analysis is in process to develop a technique to linearize equations and solve for servo transfer characteristics and

stability problems without the aid of analogue computers.

(h) Phase (1); Bumblebee Report No. CM-717 completed.

Phase (2); Report in preparation.
The Johns Hopkins University h9

The James Leffel and Company

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 855, 856, and 1111 should be addressed to Dr. John

C. Geyer, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md.

(855) HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR OF STORM SEWER INLETS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.

(d) Experimental, basic research, and design.

(e) Model tests of curb, gutter, deflector and combination inlets of various designs for

inflow changes with street dimensions of grade, crown and roughness. Attempt has

been made to design a "best" inlet for given street conditions.

(g) Structural tests of a new-type highly efficient cast steel grate with longitudinal

bars only show this grate to have adequate strength. Field calibration tests confirm

previous model tests which show this grate to have 18 to 30 per cent greater capacity

than grates in present use.

(h) 'Flow into Curb-openings with Deflectors." W. H. Li, B. C. Goodell, and J. C. Geyer, to be published in Journal of Sewage and Industrial Iffestes. "Flow into Depressed Combination Inlets." To be published in Journal of Sewage and

Industrial Wastes. "Storm Iffeter Inlets." To be published shortly by Sanitary Engineering Department,

The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission,

(dj Field Investigation, basic research and design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships as affected by types and patterns of ground

present, runoff from 6 urban areas ranging in size from 30 to ijOO acres are gaged by

stage measurement only, pending final field installations of a newly developed flow

meter. Two recording systems which simultaneously record rainfall on and runoff from

H4 inlet areas provide good opportunity for detailed study. About 3 years of rainfall

records now exist for a rain gage network of 10 recording gages covering an area of about 50 square miles,

(g) The most significant results of the analyses made to date are: (1) that the time

between the peak rainfall rate and the peak flow into inlets in the gaged areas averages

about 2 minutes, and in some instances as little as 30 seconds, and (2) that runoff

coefficients, calculated back from the rational method used in the actual design of the

sewer, appear to be considerably higher than had been anticipated. Further analyses

are under way.

(1111) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOW GAGE FOR STORM SEWER DISCHARGES.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and the Maryland State Roads Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The development of gages for measuring both depth and velocity of the debris -laden,

shooting flow commonly found in storm sewers. The search is for a method generally

adaptable to existing storm sewers that does not require extensive alterations of the

sewer channel.

(g) A "Pigmy" type cup (Price) current meter in a special mount to give shielding against

debris has remained in satisfactory operation with a few exceptions throughout one summer thunder storm season. Velocity and depth of flow are recorded alternately on

a single chart.

THE JAMES LEFFEL AND COMPANY.

(1878) TURBINE DEVELOPMENT,

(b) Laboratory project.
50 The James Leffel and Company

Lehigh University

(c) Mr. J. Robert Groff , The James Leffel and Company, lj26 East Street, Springfield, Ohio.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied research, design, operation and development.

(e) Additional design, development and testing of low specific speed Francis range of turbine runners, and model testing of turbines and suitable inlet and discharge approache

for same. Experiments and testing nearly completed and will be continued to completion on thrust

bearings of various kinds for hydraulic turbines.

Testing of Impulse model wheels progressing and will be continued. Further tests will

be made on propeller type turbines including inlet and discharge approaches.

Certain testing is contemplated in connection with model settings for installations

of a commercial nature. Tests duplicating field conditions and determining by prototype

performance the expected results to be obtained in the actual field installation.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 90, 1113, 1602, and 1603, should be addressed to

Prof. M, B. McPherson, Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University,

Bethlehem, Pa.

(90) STUDIES OF PRESSURE VARIATIONS CAUSED BY BOUNDARY MISALIGNMENT IN THEIR RELATION TO

CAVITATION IN HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) A.S.C.E. Subcommittee on Cavitation and the Lehigh Institute of Research.

(d) Experimental; basic research; master f s thesis.

(e) Determination of pressure variation as a function of approach velocity and head, and

magnitude of misalignment. Study of pressure distribution along one surface of both

a rectangular open channel and a closed conduit in which a transverse step of variable

height has been placed, with the object of defining misalignment tolerances for hydraulic structures.

(f) Reactivated in 1953, with the objective of extending the scope of application.

(g) Studies of open and closed conduits to date have yielded distinct relationships between

difference in piezometric head, velocity head and height of misalignment.

(1113) A STUDY OF SHARP-CRESTED CIRCULAR WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; undergraduate thesis.

(e) Study of the effects of variations in head, approach depths and diameter. Weirs are circular in plan, radial in approach.

(f) Experimental work being extended in 195>3-5b.

(h) Report for publication to be prepared.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research, for professional degree thesis, undergraduate and

graduate special problem.

(e) An investigation of minimum pressure has been made for bends of both rectangular and

circular cross-section, with varying degrees of curvature. The flow characteristics

of 90-degree pipe "elbow meters" or "flow bends" have been studied. By locating

piezometer taps at the station of maximum differential more reliable results and independence from the effects of adjacent piping have been obtained. Paper being prepared

for possible publication. The flow characteristics of duct bends of rectangular cross

section are now being investigated using air. Former tests with water were consistent

and conclusive.

(h) "The Calibration and Accuracy of Elbow Meters." Donald C. Taylor, undergraduate special

problem, March, 1953.
Lehigh University

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

51

(1603) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

C.D.C. Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa. Experimental; applied research; master* s thesis.

Fundamental butterfly valve characteristics are being investigated. Details presently

are confidential but results eventually will be submitted for publication.

The first of three phases of investigation was completed in 1953.

SHAWILLE DAM MODEL INVESTIGATION.

Gilbert Associates.

Mr. A. W. Reid, Gilbert Associates, Reading, Pa. Experimental; design.

Two-dimensional study of a proposed condensing-water intake dam with flashboards.

Completed.

Scouring effect with differential flashboard release was major consideration.

"Model tests for Shawville Dam." Report No. H427, A. W. Reid, Jan. 6, 1953.

OPEN CHANNEL OUTLET MANIFOLD.

Gilbert Associates.

Mr. A. W. Reid, Gilbert Associates, Reading, Pa. Experimental; design.

Objective was to check design of a manifold for the end of an eight-foot condensing

water outlet conduit. Efflux velocity of existing outlet had to be reduced.

Completed.

Modification of original design produced a reasonably low, uniformly distributed efflux

velocity.

(h) "Model tests for condensing water outlet structure Report No. 1^29, A. W. Reid, May 8, 1953. Front St. Station. Erie, Penna,

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 307, 577 to 580, incl., 13514, 1355, l608 to 1612,

incl., and l88l, should be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Prof, of Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(307) STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate research.

(e) (1) Theoretical and experimental investigations have been made on steady-state uniform

density current flows including determination of velocity distributions, resistance

laws and interfacial stability. (2) Investigation of the characteristics of stratified

flow through a sluice gate.

(g) Resistance laws for uniform subsurface flows have been obtained. Theoretical velocity

distribution for laminar flow agrees with experimental observations and various criteria

for interfacial mixing have been investigated. Experimental work now in progress on phase 2. Object is to determine conditions under which lighter liquid is drawn through

sluice gate when a two-layer system exists upstream of the gate. Both steady and unsteady state flow conditions are being investigated.

(577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,

(d) Experimental; basic research.
52 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(e) (1) Experimental investigation of solitary wave characteristics in a horizontal channel. Measurements of attenuation for various bottom roughnesses. (2) Investigation of amplitude change, profile deformation and breaking characteristics of the solitary wave

on a sloping beach.

(g) Phase 1 of the program is essentially complete. Wave celerity, shape internal velocities,

and smooth-bottom attenuation have been measured and compared with various analytical results. Measurements of amplitude attenuation for different bottom roughnesses have been

obtained.

In phase 2, the complete history of solitary waves propagating from a region of constant

depth onto a smooth beach of constant slope is being recorded for several slopes.

Breaking data are being compared with available theories.

(h) "The solitary wave —its celerity, profile, internal velocities and amplitude attenuation

in a horizontal smooth channel." J. W. Dailey, and S. C. Stephen, Jr., Coastal Engineering, Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 1952.

(578) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS WITH A PITOT TUBE-PRESSURE CELL COMBINATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; development of instrumentation.

(e) Studies of turbulence characteristics in open channel flow.

(g) A turbulence -measuring instrument consisting of a Pitot tube and an electric capacitance

pressure cell is employed for turbulence investigations in an open channel. Auto- correlation curves from an oscillograph record of the turbulent fluctuations have been

obtained using a mechanical correlator. Analysis showed a very low resonance frequency

to be present in the record. Accordingly, a new gage having a higher frequency response

has been designed and constructed. Preliminary tests indicate a resonance frequency

higher than 250 cps. Turbulence records from this gage are being correlated by means

of a digital computer.

(579) INVESTIGATION OF FLUID FRICTION IN UNSTEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research and development of instrumentation.

(e) Investigation of the influence of unsteady motion on the flow in conduits and past submerged bodies in a specially developed water tunnel.

(g) High frequency response electronic cells were developed for direct measurement of transient pressure differentials. These cells were employed in experiments to determine

loss of head in a one-inch pipe during unsteady flows with accelerations up to I|0 ft/

sec/sec. A servo-mechanism has been developed to regulate the pressures governing the

acceleration rates. The first phase of experimental work in which head losses were measured at various

acceleration rates has been completed. Experiments on the second phase are concerned

with the measurement of losses for unsteady flow through orifices of various orifice-topi pe diameter ratios. Both accelerating and decelerating flows will be used for these

studies.

(h) 'The unsteady flow water tunnel at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology." ASME

Spring Meeting, April, 1953, Paper No. 53-S-31.

"Head loss coefficients for unsteady flow through orifices." W. L. Hankey, Jr., M. S. Thesis, 1953.

"Redesign of a water tunnel pressure-control system." W. H. Seaver, M. S. Thesis, 1953.

"Resistance coefficients for accelerated flow through orifices." J. W. Daily, and W. L. Hankey, Jr., Technical Report No. 10, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Oct. 1953.

(580) FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON METHODS OF AIR DISPERSION IN AERATION PROCESSES.

(b) Federal Security Agency, U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of the mechanics of oxygen absorption by water with the purpose of increasing the

efficiency of aeration processes.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 53

(g) Both air and oxygen are systematically dispersed by means of diffusor nozzles through

water deaerated to low concentrations of oxygen. Bubble size, frequency and concen- tration are varied in a vertical lucite test column of 5-1/2 in. diameter. The rate

of oxygen absorption by the water is recorded continuously by a polarographic instrument,

and values of the absorption coefficients are obtained in relation to the above variables.

Additional tests are to determine mixing coefficients and associated turbulence induced by the bubble motion.

(h) "Continuous measurement of dissolved oxygen with dropping mercury and rotating platinum

electrodes." A. T. Ippen, and C. e. Carver, Jr. Conference on Instrumentation in

"Water, Sewage and Industrial Waste Treatment, Manhattan College, May, 1953*

"Basic factors of oxygen transfer in aeration systems." A. I. Ippen, and C. E. Carver,

Jr., 26th Annual Meeting Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Association,

Miami, Florida, Oct. 1953.

1 13^) THE MOTION OF DISCRETE PARTICLES ALONG THE BED OF A TURBULENT STREAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; graduate research.

(e) To establish a more rational basis for the analysis of some of the complex bed-load

phenomena. By use of discrete particles on beds of varying roughness the variables

entering the experimental analysis are reduced to distinct sediment and stream characteristics for which analytical concepts can be postulated.

(g) An analytical expression for incipient particle motion has been obtained in terms of

the physical characteristics of the sediment, bed and hydrodynamic forces on the

particle. Additional experiments to widen the range of the tests are proposed.

(h) "The motion of discrete particles along the bed of turbulent stream." A. T. Ippen,

and R. P. Verma, Proceedings, Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, Sept. 1953.

1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

I (b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Cavitation inception for steady motion is to be studied for systematic variations in

boundary layer development and in the turbulence level for the zone of minimum pressure.

(g) A closed-jet water tunnel with a rectangular test section has been developed for these

studies. The working section is arranged so that the boundary layer growth is controlled

by a systematic change of its shape. Provision is also made for control of turbulence

level, pressure intensity and air content. A photographic technique for detecting the inception of cavitation and the location of the initial cavities with respect to the boundary is also being developed.

(h) "A water tunnel for the study of Reynolds number effects on cavitation inception."

J. D. Harms, M. S. Thesis, Sept. 1953.

1608) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SWCNG AND BALL CHECK VALVES.

I jfi' (b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of the components of a heat exchange circuit are to be

determined. Components include check valves, transitions, expansion joints and filters.

(g) Test circuit consists of an 8-inch pipe approximately 60 feet long with associated

pressure measuring and flow metering equipment. Comprehensive tests have been completed on the head loss characteristics of various types of check and stop valves.

Special attention is devoted to the behavior of check valves under sudden flow reversal

and also to the stability of check valves under various forward flow conditions.

(h) "Water tests of eight-inch check and stop valves." A. T. Gifford; R. E. Nece; and

R. E. DuBois, Technical Report No. 5, M.I.T., Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Aug. 1953.

295522 0-54-5
£h Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental 5 basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the sorting action and selective transport of beach material

by shallow water waves moving on a granular beach.

(g) Equipment to be used consists of a wave channel together with a piston type wave generating mechanism. The wave generator is controlled by a hydraulic servo mechanism

which permits continuous variation of both wave amplitude and frequency during operate

Beaches consist of graded materials of selected sizes and variable physical properties

The results of the sediment transport and sorting studies are to be related systematically to the various wave characteristics such as shape, celerity, frequency and internal velocities.

(1610) WATER TABLE EXPERIMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF BLAST EFFECT ON STRUCTURES.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(&) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of water table techniques as a means of simulating and providing basic

information for supplementing available shock tu^e and wind tunnel data.

(g) A water table with a total surface area of 50 ft having a glass bottom is used for

these studies. Moving shock waves of variable intensity are created by a surge generator. As the shock impinges on various obstacles, the depth-time relationships

at designated points are obtained by various photographic and electrical methods.

An electronic water-level indicator which operates on a capacitance principle with a single coated probe is used for these studies. The instrument provides a continuous

depth-time relationship on a recording oscillograph.

A method has been proposed for the transfer of water-table data to analogous shock

tube aerodynamic information. Pressure loadings around various obstacles are being

compared with shock tube results.

(h) "Water table experiments on transient shock wave diffraction." Part I. D. R. Harleman, and 0. A. Boedtker, Technical Report No. 12, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Aug. 1953.

(1611) DIRECT DRAG MEASUREMENTS ON BAFFLE PIERS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Investigation of the effect of baffle piers on the stabilization and energy dissipatioi

associated with hydraulic jumps.

(g) Direct measurements of drag exerted on baffle piers by flow is made possible by the use of an isolated plate in the floor of a glass-walled flume. Small displacements

of the plate, to which the piers are attached, are measured by electronic methods and

related to drag force. Major variables are initial Froude number, depth and position

of the jump with respect to the piers.

(h) "The direct measurement of forces on baffle piers in the hydraulic jump." D. T. HLggins, M. S. Thesis, 1953.

"Effect of baffle piers on the hydraulic jump." J. B. Newman, and F. A. LaBoon,

M. S. Thesis, 1953.

(1612) COMPLETE CHARACTERISTICS OF A 10" KAPLAN TURBINE AND A 12" ADJUSTABLE BLADE PR0PELL0R PUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research for master's thesis.

(e) Study of pimp and turbine characteristics for a wide range of operating conditions

including energy dissipation and flow reversal.

(g) The test circuit provided by the S. Morgan Smith Company consists of an adjustable

blade pump, a Kaplan turbine, draft tube pressure tank, Venturi meter, and dynamometers Power is supplied by U0 KW DC motor generator set. Complete characteristic curves for the Kaplan turbine have been obtained for two blade

angles at various gate positions.

(h) "The complete characteristics of a Kaplan turbomachine . " E. N. Rein, M. s . Thesis, 195
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1881) WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Humble Oil and Refining Company.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is the determination, by means of model tests, of the design forces to be

expected on offshore structures subjected to shallow water wave action.

(g) Experimental equipment includes a 100-ft wave tank, an oscillatory wave generator of variable amplitude and frequency and a force balance for measuring dynamic forces caused

by the wave motion. Tests on various sizes of vertical cylinders are being made to determine scale effect. Comparison of model tests with field data is planned.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at Massachusetts

Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Nos. 13^9, 1616, 1885 to 1889, incl to Prof. A. H. Shapiro.

Nos. 1613, 1890 to 1900, incl to Prof. J. L. Shearer.

Nos. 1882, I883 to Prof. W. A. Wilson.

(880) RECOVERY FACTORS AND HEAT -TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR SUPERSONIC FLOW OF AIR IN A TUBE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for M.S. and D.Sc. degrees.

(e) To measure reliable heat-transfer coefficients for supersonic flow of air in a tube.

(g) Publications summarize results obtained to date.

(h) "Measurements of friction coefficients for supersonic flow of air in the entrance region of a tube with and without heat transfer." J. Kaye and T. Y. Toong.

"Measurements of friction coefficients, recovery factors, and heat transfer coefficients

for supersonic flow of air in a pipe." J. Kaye, J. H. Keenan, W. H. McAdams.

"Measurement of recovery factors and friction coefficients for supersonic flow of air

in a tube." J. Kaye, J. H. Keenan, and R. H. Shoulberg. "Measurement of recovery factors and friction coefficients for supersonic flow of air

in a tube." J. Kaye, J. H. Keenan, K. K. Klingensmith, G. M. Ketchum and T. Y. Toong.

(part I), (part II) J. Kaye, T. Y. Toong, and R. H. Shoulberg.

"Survey of friction coefficients, recovery factors, and heat-transfer coefficients for

supersonic flow." J. Kaye.

(1118) RESEARCH ON CASCADES OF AIRFOILS (LOW-SPEED CASCADE, THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW).

(b) General Electric Company and Westinghouse Electric Corp.

(c) Mr. Jan V. Zika, Room 31-267 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Investigation of three-dimensional flow effects on performance of two-dimensional

decelerating cascades; influence of leakage flow at the tips of compressor blades;

effect of relative motion between the wall and the airfoil tips; methods of control of secondary circulation in order to increase loading of compressor blading; determination

of stream lines of turbulent flow through blade passages; and evaluation of losses,

particularly of those due to secondary flow.

(g) Numerical methods for determination of secondary velocities, total losses. Qualitative

results of above topics.
56 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(h) "Design of a cascade test rig." R. S. Sproule, M. S. Thesis, 19i*7. "Characteristics of a compression cascade." T. W. Graff, M. S. Thesis, 1950.

"Some exact solutions of the flow through annular cascade actuator discs." S. L. Bragg

and W. R. Hawthorne, Jour. Aero. Sci., Vol. 17, No. 7, 1950.

"A theory of struts in boundary layers." W. R. Hawthorne, Gas Turbine Laboratory

Memorandum, 1951.

"The flow of air through a cascade." D. C. Prince, Sc. D. Thesis, 1951.

"Secondary circulation in fluid flow." W. R. Hawthorne, Proc. Royal Soc. A., Vol. 206,

1951.

"Three-dimensional flow in a cascade." N. Van Le, Sc. D. Thesis, 1952.

"The effects of a moving wall on secondary flow in a cascade." F. R. ToUne, and R. H. Watson, M. S. Thesis, 1953.

(1359) EFFECT OF HEATING ON THE TRANSITION CF LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS IN WATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research; doctoral thesis.

(e) The theory of the stability of laminar boundary layers indicates that in water the

stability is increased if the wall past which the layer flows is heated. Experiments

are being conducted near a tube entry to test this theory.

(f) Continuing.

(g) With water containing a normal amount of air in solution, no significant effect of heating was observed. The experiments are being continued with deaerated water.

(h) "The effect of heating on boundary layer transition for liquid flow in a tube." R. Siegel, and A. H. Shapiro, Report submitted to ONR under Contract N5-ori-07871, 1953

(also in preparation as ASME paper).

(13714) SHEAR FLOW IN BENDS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Raymond Moore, Room 31-267, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research and development.

(e) To investigate the three-dimensional behavior of a viscous fluid flowing -through a channel which changes the direction of the stream and to use results of this investigation

to explain the various flow patterns observed in turbomacnines. The flow distribution

in a rectangular cross section duct with a 90° bend was determined and a physical understanding of the phenomena at work was gained. A single-stage, axial test compressor has

been built and the flow distribution through the machine will be determined. It is hopec

that a better understanding of flow behavior in a turbo-machine will make possible more accurate design.

(h) "Shear flow in bends." Hans Eichenberger, S. M. Thesis, Jan. 1950.

"Shear flow in bends." Hans Eichenberger, M. E. and Sc. D. Thesis, Jan., 1952.

(1613) DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS CF VALVE-CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC SERVOMOTORS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research.

(e) A servomotor consisting of a valve-controlled ram connected to a mass plus viscous

friction load is analyzed on the basis of its response to small changes of valve position and external load force. The approach is sufficiently general to enable one to

deal effectively with systems in which fluid compressibility is an important factor. At the same time, this approach is helpful in working with simpler systems. A functional

block diagram is employed to delineate symbolically the significance of each system char

acteristic.

(g) Although the performance of a number of systems studied experimentally does depart a little from that predicted by linearized analysis, this departure is due to effects

such as dry friction and additional component lags which were ignored in the linearized

analysis. The linearized analysis has proven to be an excellent design tool.

(h) "Dynamic characteristics of valve -controlled hydraulic servomotors." J. L. Shearer,

Paper No. 53-A-lli7, presented at the Annual Meeting of the A.S.M.E., Nov. 30 - Dec. h,

1953, in New York City. Reprints available from A.S.M.E. Order Dept.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 57

(1616) PERFORMANCE OF DIFFUSERS FOR A STREAM OF AIR CONTAINING ENTRAINED LIQUID DROPLETS,

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research; for master's thesis.

(e) A stream of air containing liquid droplets is decelerated in a diffuser. Theoretically

the momentum of the liquid may be transferred to the air and thereby increase the

pressure rise which would otherwise be attained.

Theoretical work has been done to compute the pressure rise attainable. Experiments

have been carried out to determine the pressure distribution and efficiency as functions

of water-air ratio and inlet Mach Number.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Experimental and theoretical investigation of subsonic air diffusers with entrained

liquid droplets." E. G. Feher, S. M. Thesis, 1953.

(1882) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW OF FLUIDI ZED SOLIDS.

(b) Laboratory project - under Grant-in-Aid from M. W. Kellogg.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) To produce several regimes of fluidized solid flow under controlled conditions and to rationalize the observed behavior.

(g) An apparatus capable of establishing steady state flow in a vertical test section has

been developed. Light, medium and dense phase flows have been observed.

(1883) INVESTIGATION OF "REGENERATIVE TURBINE" PUMPS.

(b) Laboratory project; under Grant-in-Aid from Worthington Corporation.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The rationalization of the performance characteristics of "friction" pumps and the

determination of the relationship between these characteristics and the design

parameters.

(g) A satisfactory theoretical model has been devised and shown to be adequate to account

for the performance of at least one commercial unit.

(h) "Development of an analysis of a regenerative pomp." J. A. Oelrich, M. E . Thesis.

(18810 INVESTIGATION OF CYCLONE DUST SEPARATOR.

(b) Jabez Burns and Sons, Inc., New York, N, Y.

(c) Professor Joseph H. Kennan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research; master's thesis.

(e) Experimental studies have been made of the boundary-layer flow patterns in a cyclone

with a small ratio of inlet area to diameter squared. Measurements of dust separating

efficiency have been made over a range of inlet velocities and with certain variations

in the geometry of the separating chamber. Planning to extend measurements over a range of ratios of inlet area to diameter squared.

(g) Some understanding of boundary-layer flow patterns. Insensitiveness of separating

efficiency to changes in velocity or end geometry under the conditions studied.

(h) "Secondary flow in a cyclone separator." R. A. Shuart and A. B. Magnus, Bachelor's

Thesis, 1952.

"Secondary flow in a cyclone separator." R. A. Shuart, Master's Thesis, 1953.

(1885) FLOW OF AIR CONTAINING SUSPENDED WATER SPRAYS IN PIPES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical; applied research; engineer's thesis.

(e) A number of simple flow examples of air-water mixtures were investigated and results

presented in convenient reference form for engineering use. The problems comprise:

(1) The one -dimensional trajectory of droplets accelerated in a gas stream, (2) The

variation of stream properties during the droplet acceleration, and (3) The variation

of stream properties due to wall friction when water is present in the stream.

(f) Completed.

(g) Graphs, tables, and formulas give results for problems stated above.

(h) "One -dimensional analysis of steady-flow air-water mixtures in pipes." M. Booth,

Thesis for Degree of Naval Engineer, 1953.
58 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(1886) SAMPLING OF WATER CONTENT OF SPRAY-LADEN AIR STREAM.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research; engineer^ thesis.

(e) Object of investigation was to develop a sampling technique for measuring the waterair ratio of a high-speed, spray-laden air stream. Experiments have been conducted

with several probe designs.

(h) "A sampling technique for the measurement of the water-air ratio of a high speed sprayladen air stream." R. E. Kosiba, and F. H. E. Vose, Thesis for degree of Naval Engineer,

1953.

(1887) THE COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF ROUNDED -ENTRANCE FLOWMETERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) The details of the potential and boundary layer flows for a rounded-entrance flowmeter

are worked out in sufficient detail to permit determination of the discharge coefficient.

(f) Completed.

(g) The analytical curve of flow coefficient vs. Reynolds number is in excellent agreement

with the measured curve.

(h) Paper in preparation.

(1888) THEORY OF LAMINAR FLOW IN THE ENTRY OF A PIPE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical; basic research; doctoral thesis.

(e) The development of the boundary layer at the inlet of a pipe in laminar flow has been

studied theoretically, with the object of determining the boundary layer thickness

and the friction coefficient.

(f) Completed.

(g) A complete theory has been worked out. It is in excellent agreement with experiment.

(h) "Friction factor in the inlet length of smooth tubes." A. H. Shapiro, R. Siegel, and

S. J. Kline. Paper in preparation for publication.

(1889) TOTAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN A STREAM CONTAINING ENTRAINED WATER PARTICLES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research; doctoral thesis.

(e) Studies (analytical and experimental) are being made to determine methods of measuring

the total pressure of an air stream containing entrained liquid particles.

(g) Several designs of total pressure probe have been devised and tested, and several

appear to be capable of yielding accurate measurements of total pressure.

(1890) STATIC AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURIZED AIR BEARINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) In order to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of pressurized bearings

having no external flow resistances, basic studies have been made of the flow between

closely spaced flat plates. The results of this basic work are being applied to the

design of a pressurized air bearing which is to be used in an experimental investigation of dynamic characteristics of this type of bearing.

(g) Non-dimensionalized graphs have been obtained showing the pressure distribution for

various flow configurations between parallel and non-parallel flat plates.

(h) S. M. Thesis, S. K. Orinnell, (in preparation).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 59

891) DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURIZED LIQUID BEARINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Analytical and experimental techniques are employed to study the dynamic performance of

pressurized liquid bearings. Electronic analogue studies are planned to augment the

experimental work and provide useful design data for bearings of this kind.

(g) Incomplete.

(h) S. M. Thesis, Max Luming (in preparation).

1.892) STUDY OF FLOW IN A POPPET VALVE.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Basic and applied research.

I (e) A large scale model is to be used to study the characteristics of the flow through a poppet valve. Of particular interest is the change from orifice-type flow to laminar

flow at small valve openings,

(g) Incomplete.

.893) DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research and design.

(e) Analytical and electronic analogue investigation of a typical pressure controlled system.

Experimental study of a specific system.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The results of the analysis show what factors are important in the design of a stable

system of this type and the experimental work done to date agrees reasonably well with

the analytical work.

(h) "On the dynamics of pressure controlled hydraulic systems." Prof. G. Reethof. Paper

submitted for presentation at a meeting of the ASME.

Ld9k) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PROCESSES OF CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CONSTANT VOLUME

CONTAINERS WITH AIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A thorough experimental study was made to determine the average value of the polytropic

coefficient obtained during the charging and discharging of constant volume tanks at various rates and with various initial and final pressures with the tanks standing in

still air.

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that the value of the polytropic coefficient is primarily effected by the

value of a single dimensionless parameter which is basically a measure of the rate of

charge or discharge for a tank having a given surface area.

(h) "A study of the processes of charging and discharging constant volume tanks with air."

F. D. Skinner and C. K. Wagner, S. B. thesis, Mechanical Engineering. M.I.T. Library

will furnish quotation on microfilm or photocopy upon request.

1895) EFFECTS OF FLUID MASS AND COMPRESSIBILITY ON CONTROL VALVE STROKING FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A fundamental investigation has been made into the nature of the dynamic flow forces • encountered in valves when the mass of the fluid in the connecting passages is significant.

(g) A thorough analysis reveals that the mass of the fluid in the passages of a valve -controlled

hydraulic system can have an important influence on the dynamic forces exerted by the fluid

on the moving member of the control valve. Experimental results were inconclusive because

of insufficient instrumentation and the compromising effects of fluid compressibility.

Further work is in progress.
60 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(h) "Stability of flow control valves." George Friedensohn, S. M. Thesis, Mechanical

Engineering, M.I.T. Library will furnish quotation on microfilm or photocopy upon

request.

(1896) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research and design.

(e) A comprehensive design study is being made on a typical valve -controlled-ram-plus -load

system. The approach is made in the most general manner possible so that the results

may be applied to a wide variety of pneumatic systems. Since the characteristics of some of the system components are not or have not been thoroughly known, part of the

effort is being expended on the supervision of bachelors* and masters* theses and

Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory projects aimed at gaining a better understanding

of these components.

(g) Incomplete.

(h) Sc. D. Thesis, J. L. Shearer (in preparation).

(1897) NEW VALVE CONFIGURATIONS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research; design and development.

(e) A new method of construction employing a hole, slot, and plug technique has been used

in the development of high performance control valves for hydraulic and pneumatic

systems. The new construction is considerably simpler and easier to manufacture than

conventional spool -type control valves having the same precision of control.

(f) Completed.

(g) Control valves of this kind have been built and used in a number of successful hydraulic

and pneumatic control systems.

(h) "Contributions to hydraulic control -6, new valve configurations for high-performance

hydraulic and pneumatic systems." Dr. S.-Y. Lee, Paper No. 53-A-139, presented at the

Annual Meeting of the A.S.M.E., Nov. 30-Dec. k, 19$3, in New York City. Reprints

available from A.S.M.E. Order Department.

(1898) A MINIATURE VALVE ACTUATOR - HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS,

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(e) A miniature valve -controlled hydraulic servomotor employing an electro-mechanical

torque motor and mechanical feedback has been developed to stroke precision control

valves with simplicity, reliability and speed of response as major objectives in the

design.

(f) Completed.

(g) A single unit has been operated successfully for a limited period of time. It is

capable of delivering an output motion of .0^0 inch with an available force of 50 lb.

when operating with hydraulic oil supplied at 2000 psi.

(h) Research memorandum prepared by Dr. S.-Y. Lee is to be released by the Dynamic Analysis

and Control Laboratory, M.I.T., 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

Available on request from D.A.C.L., M.I.T.

(1899) STUDY OF PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUT SIGNAL TECHNIQUES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The dynamic performance of pneumatic control systems is being studied by statistical

methods (analytical and experimental) using random input signals as system disturbances

(g) Instrumentation has been developed to monitor system performance and preliminary

electronic analogue studies have been made.

(h) Sc. D. Thesis, T. P. Goodman (in preparation).

Design and development.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 61

1900) PRESSURE-FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF PNEUMATIC VALVES

.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Flow versus pressure curves at various valve openings have been obtained analytically

for various 3-way valve configurations and experimental curves are being obtained for

a number of real valves.

(g) The experimental curves obtained to date agree qualitatively with the analytical ones but it has been found that the effects of external leakage are quite strong in a "closed-center" valve at small openings.

;i901) VANED DIFFUSERS FOR CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS.

(b) General Electric Company, Fitchburg, Mass.

(c) Mr. Charles R. Faulders, Research Assistant, Room 31-268 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research; for doctoral thesis.

(e) To determine nature of flow in conventional type of diffuser; in particular, to locate

the major sources of loss and the way in which these losses are affected by diffuser

geometry, and to consider possible design procedures for designing a diffuser of maximum efficiency when used with standard type of impeller.

(g) Efficiencies, static pressure contour plots and blade pressure and velocity distributions have been obtained. Wall boundary layer flow, and effect thereof on performance,

has been determined. Design methods for improving performance have been developed in

part.

(1902) DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIAL INFLOW EXPANSION TURBINE.

(b) U. S. Air Force.

(c) Mr. George L. Mayne, Bldg. 31-26?, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) The project has to do with the development of a small turbine to be used in the

production of liquid oxygen. The working substance is received at 16 0 psi and 263°

Rankine and is discharged at 20 psi and 163° Rankine. The first portion of the project

was for a master* s degree and is now being completed as a research project.

(f) The project is in the development stage, eliminating all difficulties encountered

through specifications.

(g) The significant results are more in the form of difficulties in obtaining bearings

to function properly at speeds in the order of 100,000 RFM.

(h) "Design and development of a radial inflow expansion turbine." Richard S. Semple, M. S. Thesis, August 1953, Gas Turbine Laboratory.

"Design of radial inflow refrigeration turbine." Bjorn M. Olson, M. S. Thesis, May

195 2, Gas Turbine Laboratory.

(1903) ROTATING STALL IN ANNULAR CASCADES.

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Mr. Jack R.. 'Webb, Room 31-268, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation; basic research.

(e) Investigation of nature of rotating stall in fluid machinery. Study of the interdependence of this stall and blade vibration.

(g) Apparatus in design stage.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering.

(190lj) TEST OF A SERIES OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS,

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.
52 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

University of Massachusetts

University of Michigan

(c) Frof. F. M. Lewis, Director, Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) For design.

(e) It is desired to have available for design purposes the characteristics of a set of

controllable pitch propellers.

(h) Publication on completion.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1905) DETERMINATION OF LIFT COEFFICIENTS OF CYLINDERS PLANING IN TROUGHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dean George A. Marston, Director of Engineering Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

(d) Master's Thesis.

(e) Lift forces on cylinders planing in a trough and on plane water surfaces are being

determined by means of a beam and SR-I4 gage arrangement.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Experimental Naval Tank.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 585, 1127, 1128, 1378, and 1905, should be addressed

to Prof. L. A. Baier, 326 West Engineering Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Mich.

(585) RESISTANCE OF BARGE TOWS,

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To determine resistance of several formations of certain barge types relative to nonrestricted straight channels and to selected channels restricted in width and depth.

Each run will consist of movement of one model formation, at one draft and one depth

of water for a given channel condition through a range of velocities sufficient to define a curve of functions of resistance versus velocity.

(1127) TRANSOM IMMERSION ON HIGH-SPEED M0T0RB0ATS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Research; design.

(e) Tests are being conducted to determine the most efficient transom immersion for various

high speed hull forms.

(1128) COMMERCIAL VESSELS, 150 to 250 FEET IN LENGTH.

(b) Fairbanks, Morse and Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A large family of hull forms is being tested in order to provide design data for the

future design of commercial vessels, 150 to 250 feet in length.

(1378) VIBRATION ELIMINATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Design and testing of fins fitted to both single and multiple screw hulls in way of propeller aperture in order to eliminate f antail vibration.

(h) . Paper - Proceedings, Third Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, University of Minnesota.
University of Michigan

Mississippi State College

63

(1906) FORM DESIGN, GREAT LAKES CARRIERS.

(b) Bradley Transportation Line.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) Design and testing of four types of hull forms suitable for large cargo carriers on the

Great Lakes, including self-propelled tests.

(f) 90% complete.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Lake Hydraulics Laboratory.

(1630) MODEL STUDY OF OFF-SHORE DRILLING PLATFORM.

(b) Bethlehem Steel Co.

(c) Mr. J. E. Steele, Chief of Design, Shipbuilding Division, Bethlehem Steel Co., Beaumont, Texas

.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To study the effect of wave action on a pile -supported structure.

(f) Completed.

(g) The desired design information was obtained.

(h) "Model study of an offshore drilling structure." E. F. Brater and L. C. Maugh, Tech.

Report No. 6, 19^3.

MISSISSIPPI STATE COLLEGE, Engineering and Industrial Research Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. lj, 16 31, and 1907 should be addressed to Dr. Harold

Flinsch, Box l£l6, State College, Miss.

(I4) THE EFFECT OF WEND ON WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project. s

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Measurement of wave characteristics in wind-wave tunnel in laboratory; measurement of

wind and waves in field (Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean); theoretical analysis.

(g) Off-shore wave height measurements in Gulf of Mexico, with recording apparatus.

(h) Report in preparation.

(16 31) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic research.

(e^ Beach material and contour measurements, under natural and laboratory conditions.

(g) A theory of the development of beach contours under wave action has been discovered.

(h) "The effect of waves on a sand beach." International Association for Hydraulic Research,

Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 2, 1953.

"The development of a sand beach by deep-water waves." Fourth Conference on Coastal

Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 30, 1953. Further reports in preparation.

(1907) THE STABILITY OF SHIPS UNDER WAVE ACTION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Wave tank measurements on a variety of ship models, field measurements on available

boats and ships, and theoretical analysis of the results obtained.

(g) Equipment is complete for roll, pitch, and yaw measurements in wave tank.
61i ML s soar! School of Mines and Metallurgy

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1908 and 1909 should be addressed to Prof. E. W. Carlton, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

(1908) HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL DRAINAGE AREAS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Actual and computed runoffs, as well as other hydrological characteristics, were compared for several drainage areas. An attempt was made to correlate actual and

theoretical values.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Study indicated that the hydrological characteristics of small drainage areas can be correlated.

(h) "Hydrology of small drainage areas." J. K. Searcy, Master's Thesis, Missouri School

of Mines and Metallurgy, 1952. (Available on loan)

.

(1909) AFFECT OF SOIL MOSITURE ON RUNOFF,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's thesis.

(e) Using electrical resistance blocks, soil moisture percentages at several points in a small drainage area were obtained. Corresponding runoff was obtained by means of a recording gage.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Study indicated a relationship exists between runoff and a soil moisture index.

(h) "Runoff and soil moisture." J. w. Clark, Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, 1953. (Available on loan)

.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 123, 12I4, 896, 901, 1132, 1133, 113b, H36, and

l63i4, should be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis or propeller type runners, are tested for

power and efficiency at various speeds.

(12b) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of flow.

Meters are tested at various heads and rates of flow by weighing tank method. Time

is recorded electrically by chronograph.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams. The turbine load is applied by an

electrical dynamometer and the gate openings are controlled by a governor. The blades

adjust automatically and the blade moment is measured by a spring dynamometer.
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company 65

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale ship models are towed to determine the effective horsepower, bare hull, required

by the ship. Because of their small size, several models may be towed in a short

period of time thus allowing much preliminary work to be done on the choice of lines.

The final lines are checked by the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate a large

portion of this preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic models was arranged in

which the beam-draft ratio, the displacement -length ratio, and the prismatic coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing of this set of models is continuing and

when completed will provide design data for a standard offset series covering a wide

range.

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant speeds for

head developed, power consumption, and efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by lowering the suction head to a point where

the developed head and efficiency break down.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts.

(11314) CAVITATION TESTS ON MODEL SHIP PROPELLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) A water tunnel with a lj 2-inch test section is under construction. An electric dynamometer has been built to measure the propeller torque and thrust. Propellers up to

8-inch diameter will be tested and a suction head approaching 33 feet will be available.

(1136) WAVE TESTS ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e; Ship models are tested with scaled waves to determine the speed reduction in waves for

the pull required for various still water speeds. Pitching periods and angles are determined from light trace photographs.

(I63I1) RESEARCH AND TEST OF MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGE.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine the principal criteria governing the flow in ship circulating systems and to obtain some design data on the various circulating system components. Model

components are tested separately in a water channel. Dynamic similarity is enhanced by

modeling the boundary layer thickness and shape to scale. Stagnation, secondary flow,

etc. are observed through transparent plastic models.
66 New York University

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 590, 1138, 1635, 1910, and 19 11 should be addressed

to Prof. John Happel, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, Bronx

53, N. Y. (590) PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FLUID FLOW THROUGH ASSEMBLAGES OF SPHERES,

(b) Texas Company, laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; for two doctoral theses.

(e) Rigid assemblages of uniform spheres of various fractional void volumes in cubical

assemblages were constructed, and the effect on pressure drop of passing a viscous

liquid through these assemblages was measured. A theoretical approach to the effect

of fractional void volume on pressure drop by means of the Stokes-Navier equations

and the method of reflections is being derived.

(f) Experimental work completed; theoretical active.

(g) Completed results for viscous flow indicate that assemblage approach velocities calculated from pressure drop data do not approach Stokes Law at a void volume fraction of

100%.

(h) "Fluid flow through assemblages of spheres." John Happel and Norman Epstein, presented

at the 1953 Christmas Symposium of the American Chemical Society, Ann Arbor, Mich.

(1138) EFFECT OF VARIATION OF SOLID TO FLUID DENSITY RATIO ON FLUIDIZATION CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for one doctoral and one master 1 s thesis.

(e) Screened particles of very light solid substances were fluidized in a 2-inch glass

tube and the fluidization characteristics observed. The primary objective will be

the determination of the optimum ratio of solid to gas density for smooth fluidization.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the range of smooth fluidization and slugging zones can be graphically correlated on a single plot.

(1635) A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE PRIME VARIABLES IN A FLUIDIZED BED.

(b) Texas Company, laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for doctoral thesis.

(e) The parabolic flow pattern was converted to a uniform flow pattern by means of a properly constructed bed screen support, and the velocity profile was measured with

a pitot tube. The effect of flow pattern and height of column to diameter ratio on

the variables in a fluidized bed together with the results of Projects (590), (1379)

and (1910) will be used to separate and determine the effect of the various variables

present on fluidization tendencies and pressure drop.

(1910) THE STEADY MOTION OF A SPHERE AND A VISCOUS FLUID IN A CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical for master 1 s thesis.

(e) The Stokes-Navier equations, neglecting initial terms, were solved in order to determine

. the effect of the cylinder wall on the velocity distribution and pressure drop when a fluid with a parabolic velocity distribution moves past a sphere.

(f) Completed.

(g) It has been demonstrated that a sphere falling in a fluid at a given velocity does not experience the same resistance as that caused by fluid moving with the same axial

velocity past a stationary sphere. Also, the pressure drop caused by the presence of a sphere is not simply equivalent to the buoyant force exerted on it. The mathematical

results are in agreement with the experimental results of project No. 590.

(h) "The steady motion of a sphere and a viscous fluid in a circular cylindrical tube."

John Happel and B. J. Byrne, presented at the 1953 Christmas Symposium of the American

Chemical Society, Ann Arbor, Mich.
New York University

University of North Carolina

67

;i911) STEADY STATE VISCOUS FLOW IN A CUBICAL ASSEMBLAGES OF SPHERES.

(b) Texas Company, laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, for doctoral thesis.

(e) With the assumptions of incompressible flow and an infinite cylinder, the StokesNavier equations will be solved using spherical harmonics with cubical boundaries to

give theoretical expressions for a void volume function, velocity distribution and

pressure drop.

1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. H. Griswold, New York University, New York £3, New York.

(d) This is an applied research project in which a theoretical analysis is to be checked

experimentally

.

(e) Because of the wide divergence between the results that can be obtained using generally

accepted equations, a theoretical and experimental study of the discharge characteristics

of a sharp-crested side weir is underway. It is planned to vary the width, length and

height of crest.

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

(593) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY OF SMALL HYDRAULIC MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. W. Long, Department of Engineering Mechanics, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, N. G.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To make a theoretical study of dynamic similarity of small hydraulic models and at large scale ratios.

(h) To be published by the Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State College.

(I636) RAINFALL INTENSITY DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Charles Smallwood, Jr., Civil Engineering Department, North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The collection and analysis of data pertaining to intensity, durability, and frequency

of rainfall in North Carolina.

1 (h) To be published by the Department of Engineering Research, North Carolina State

IW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

College

.
58 Northwestern University

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 90£, 906, and lliil should be addressed to Prof.

D. A. Dahlstrom, Projects Nos. 326 and 1637 to Prof. W. S. Hamilton, and Projects

Nos. 127 and 90h to prof. M. B. Garaet, Northwestern Technological Institute, Evanston,

111.

(127) RELIEF FROM WATER HAMMER BI MECHANICAL-PNEUMATIC SURGE SUPPRESSORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dS Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine extent to which surge pressures in pipe lines may be relieved by a preloaded, gas-filled, compression chamber in which the gas is separated from the

liquid in the pipes by a stainless steel bellows.

(f) Inactive, to be continued.

(g) Work has shown this type of unit to be free from fatigue failure and capable of

protecting pipe systems from severe shock. Field tests are now being conducted.

(326) CAVITATION DAMAGES UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research; for theses and staff papers.

(e) The pressure in a vertical column of liquid is caused to fluctuate by a motor-operated

piston and bellows arrangement, thereby forming and releasing a cavity at the top of

the column. The amount of damage to various materials will be related to size of

cavity and proximity of material to point of cavity collapse.

(g) Pits have been caused in brass, lucite, and mortar. An elastic-tube strain gage has

been constructed for pressure measurements. Tests on mortar samples have begun.

(9OI4) BULK MODULUS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, INCLUDING CRUDE OILS AND GASOLINE

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for design.

(e) Tests have been conducted on three crude oils, one gasoline, and on distilled water at temperatures from 60° F. to 130° F. and at pressures ranging from 0 to l£00 psig.

(f) Inactive; to be continued.

(g) Tests indicate high modulus with low temperatures and rapidly increasing modulus at low

pressures after which leveling off takes place with nearly constant modulus above 1000 p£

(905) THE LIQUID-SOLID CYCLONE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research, for design and

operation.

(e) Application of centrifugal fields as obtained in the liquid-solid cyclone to the rapid

classification, separation, and desliming of coal and minerals.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental and field investigations on theory and operation of the liquid-solid cyclone

have been completed, making it possible to design equipment for any capacity and efficiency desired.

(906) SEPARATION OF FINE-SIZED CLOSE GRAVITY SOLIDS BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCE AS OBTAINED IN

THE LIQUID-SOLID CYCLONE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for design and operation.

(e) Separation of close gravity solids by liquids and the application of centrifugal fields

as obtained in the liquid-solid cyclone is being investigated.

(f) Field studies continuing.

(g) Economical separation and recovery of materials differing by as little as 0.01 in

specific gravity and as small as 100 mesh in size have been obtained. Industrial

installations perform in accordance with laboratory predictions.
Northwestern University

University of Notre Dame

69

(IH4I) HIGH SPEED SEPARATION OF CLOSE SPECIFIC GRAVITY LIQUIDS IN THE CYCLONE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for design and operation.

(e) Rapid separation of close specific gravity liquids by use of centrifugal fields as obtained in the cyclone is being investigated. Test? indicate that recovery of either

liquid phase will be a function of feed and overflow diameters, cyclone included angle,

pressure drop across cyclone, volume split between overflow and underflow, specific

gravity difference between liquid phases, free composition and interfacial tension

between liquids. Liquid-liquid separation work will be especially important for liquidLiquid extraction applications.

(f) Inactive, to be continued.

(g) It has been proven that separation of the two liquid phases can be obtained at a probable cost and simplicity far surpassing that experienced in most liquid-liquid

extraction applications to date. Correlations have been obtained for recovery of the

various liquid phases as a function of volume split, feed composition and pressure

drop across the cyclone.

(1637) SPRAY FORMATION.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for design.

(e) The effects of different variables in causing a jet of water to break up into spray

are being investigated.

(g) The Literature has been reviewed and a preliminary report prepared for the sponsor. Little is known about the effect of initial turbulence in the stream, and this phase

is to be studied experimentally using a jet issuing from a large tank of still water.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, College of Engineering.

(I6I4O) STABILITY OF TOM SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Department of Engineering Mechanics, University of Notre Dame,

Notre Dame, Ind.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Most of all of the hydrodynamic forces and moment experienced by a trailing ship have

been evaluated analytically.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1913) DESIGN OF OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Steponas Kolupaila, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame,

Notre Dame, Ind.

(d) Applied research and design.

(e) A convenient determination of the size of open channels under various conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) A nomogram developed.

(h) Report in preparation.

295522 0-54-6
70 Oregon State College

Pelt on Water Vheel Company

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

(918) RELATION BETWEEN RAINFALL AND RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHED IN ASTERN OREGON.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. C. Westgarth, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Watershed 7.3b sq mi partly wooded, partly farmed; automatic recording rain gages and

flow recording gages on loan from Weather Bureau and U. S. Geological Survey. Planned

as a 10-year project, h years completed.

(1383) MODEL STUDIES OF TAPERED INLETS FOR BOX CULVERTS ON STEEP GRADES.

(b) Cooperative with Oregon State Highway Department and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Scale models of inlets tested with culvert on steep grades to improve discharge

characteristics of box culverts.

(f) Completed.

(g) Simple modification to existing culvert design permits culvert to flow full under low

head.

(h) "Model studies of tapered inlets for box culverts." Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr. and Leslie

A. Clayton, Highway Research Board Research Report No. l£-B.

"Culvert Hydraulics" (check for publication date with HRB)

.

(16514) MODEL INVESTIGATION OF FISH LADDERS IN BOX CULVERTS.

(b) Cooperative with Oregon State Highway Department and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Scale model of box culvert with fish ladder baffles installed to determine discharge

characteristics of culvert for variable baffle height and spacing.

(19 Hi) MODEL STUDIES OF INLET DESIGNS FOR PIPE CULVERTS ON STEEP GRADES.

(b) Cooperative with Oregon State Highway Department.

(c) Mr. Malcolm H. Karr, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Scale models of inlets tested with culvert on steep grades to determine flow and priming

characteristics of pipe culverts.

(g) Simple modification to existing culverts permits culvert to flow full under low head.

PELTON WATER WffiEL COMPANY. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. III46 , 16£6, 1915, and 19 16, should be addressed to

Mr. R. M. Bacchi, Pelton Water Wheel Company, 2929 19th Street, San Francisco 10, Calif.

(IH46) HEAD EFFECT ON IMPULSE TURBINE MODEL TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the Mountain Laboratory Group.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To establish model law for testing impulse turbines under various operating pressures. Tests are being made under heads of 100 to 2000 ft. The effect of housing size and

shape is under study.

(g) Most of the high head testing has been completed.
Pelton Water Wheel Company

Pennsylvania State College

71

(16^6) FOUR NOZZLE VERTICAL SHAFT IMPULSE TURBINE MODEL EFFICIENCY AND HORSEPOWER TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A Hi -7/8 inch P.D. wheel impulse turbine has been built with a vertical shaft, fournozzle arrangement to study the effect of bucket size and shape on this configuration.

(f) Completed.

(1915) BUCKET SHAPE TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A new bucket shape is being tested to determine its characteristics.

(1916) SPHERICAL VALVE TEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A new type spherical valve has been designed, and has been thoroughly tested for its

flow and torque characteristics.

(f) Completed.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects No. 1917 to 1920, incl., should be addressed to Prof.

Sam Shulits, Civil Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania.

(1917) BED LOAD FORMULAS.

(b) Laboratory project, supported by Research Cooperation.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Examination and analytical comparison of existing bed load formulas and their theoretical and experimental bases, to determine whether the formulas can be synthesized into

one or a reduced number.

(1918) DESIGN OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project, supported by Research Cooperation.

'(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Procurement of experimental data for investigation of rational basis of design of stilling

basins, to reduce dependence on model studies. Glass-walled flume, 1 foot wide, 15 to

20 feet long in test section, is being built.

(1919) DOWNSTREAM DISTURBANCE OF ORIFICE METERS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research; master's thesis.

(e) Determination of minimum distance downstream from an orifice meter various disturbances

may be placed without altering meter reliability. A gate valve will be installed at varying distances downstream from orifices of varying diameters in a 2-inch pipe.

(1920) EQUATION OF RIVER-BED PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project, supported by Research Cooperation.

(d) Analytical; basic research.

(e) Quantitative examination to probe whether a rational equation of river-bed profiles

is attainable.
72 Pennsylvania State College

PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE, Ordnance Research Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 328, 605, 1150, 1151, 1152, 1388, and 1389 should

be addressed to Dr. J. M. Robertson; Projects Nos. 920, 921 and I387 to Mr. B. w. McCormick; and Project No. I386 to Mr. J. W. Holl; Ordnance Research Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, State College, Pa.

(328) FLOW PAST SLOTS IN SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies were made on the pressure and flow conditions near slots in surfaces, as affected by relative boundary layer thickness and contour of slot corners.

(f) Inactive.

(g) The boundary layer thickness, slot width in the direction of flow, and rounding of

downstream edge were found to govern the magnitude of the pressure dip following the

slot.

(605) FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE CAVITATION.

(b) Navy Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A laboratory-size eggbeater apparatus is used in which the noise inception point is

correlated with the composition and nature of the liquid and the surface of the

propeller.

(920) ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALOGY FOR PROPELLERS.

(f) Completed and in use as a design tool.

(921) PROPELLERS FOR OPERATION IN SYMMETRIC WAKES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The problem is the design of optimum-efficiency and cavitati on-free propellers for

operation behind bodies of revolution. It is being attacked through consideration of

the physics of propeller action. Design methods resulting from the theory are being

tested by experiment on an 8-inch diameter model torpedo in the lj8-inch Water Tunnel.

(g) Several tests have been made with the first research propellers. Other propellers are being fabricated and designed.

(h) "An observation on the vortex system of dual-rotation propellers." J. J. Eisenhuth

and B. W. McCormick, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 6, June, 1953, P 1*35. (1150) HYDRODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF I48-INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Velocity distributions and pressures are being measured in all portions of the 148-inch Water Tunnel at velocities up to 80 fps.

(g) Approaching completion.

(1151) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF 12-INCH WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958 and NOrd (f) lkh5) , Department of the Navy.

(d) Design.

(e) Tunnel is planned for general supplementary research; interchangeable working sections

have been designed. One circular closed jet 12" diameter, one circular open jet 12"

diameter, one k 1/2 inch x 20 inch rectangular closed; maximum design velocity 70 fps.

(g) Tunnel shell and two working sections erected. Tunnel has been run, but requires some proofing.
Pennsylvania State College 73

(1152) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF Jj8-INCH AIR TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958 and NOrd (f) lljli5), Department of the Navy.

(d) Design.

(e) Closed circuit tunnel planned for supplementary research; working section 148-inch

octagon, 16 feet long; maximum design velocity including honeycomb and screens,

200 fps.

(g) Construction is complete, tunnel has been run but still needs honeycomb and screens.

(1386) CAVITATION STUDIES.

(b) Navy Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. J. W. Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, p. 0. Box 30, State College, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Cavitation inception as noted visually and acoustically on body noses is being correlated

with the size, water velocity and temperature.

(h) "Incipient -cavitation scaling experiments for hemispherical and 1.5-caliber ogive-nosed

bodies." Joint Report with California Institute of Technology Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

by B. R. Parkin and J. W. Holl, ORL External Report, Serial No. NOrd 7958-261j, May 15,

1953. (Available by request via Section Re6a, Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department).

(1387) STUDY OF TIP VORTEX CAVITATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d> Experimental; basic research.

(e) Attempt to predict the minimum pressure in the trailing vortex system behind a wing.

(1388) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Laboratory project supported by Office of Naval Research,

(d) Experimental; basic research,

(f} Major activity suspended.

(g) A new empirical method for calculating two-dimensional, turbulent, boundary-layer flows

in adverse pressure gradients has been developed by correlating existing data for a wide variety of flows. Division of the boundary layer into inner and outer turbulent

regions has made possible an analysis which does not depend upon the assumption of a single parameter family of profiles. Experimental measurements were made in a conical

diffuser with various entrance conditions.

(h) "A new analysis of Nikuradse's experiments on turbulent flow in smooth pipes." Donald

Ross, Proceedings of the Third Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, 1953,

pp 651-667.

"Evaluation of the momentum integral equation for turbulent boundary layers." Donald

Ross, Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 7, July, 1953, P 502.

"A study of incompressible turbulent boundary layers." Donald Ross, Ph.D. Thesis,

Harvard University, June, 1953. (Loan copies available).

"Investigation of the growth of an axi symmetric turbulent boundary layer in an adverse

pressure gradient." Earl M. Uram, M.S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State College, June,

1953. (Loan copies available).

(1389) REDUCTION OF STRUT WAKE.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance (Contract NOrd 7958), Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The model torpedo supporting strut in the ij8-inch ^feter Tunnel exerts an asymmetric

effect on the velocity distribution at the plane of the propeller. A method of filling

in the wake flux deficiency by an external pumping apparatus has been tried to alleviate

this condition.

(f) Inactive but plan to reactivate.

(g) It was found possible to reduce the strut wake by filling; however, this did not eliminate the interference of the strut on the boundary layer of the body.
7, Pennsylvania Water and Power Company

PENNSYLVANIA WATER AND POWER COMPANY. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. ll^ii, 1156, 1157, and 1921 should be addressed to

Dr. S. K. Waldorf, Pennsylvania "Water and Power Company, hOS Fulton Bank Building,

Lancaster, Pa.

(11514) MEASUREMENT OF WATER VELOCITIES WITH ULTRASONICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop an improved method of measuring large quantities of water, particularly the

discharge of large hydroelectric units having short intake conduits with large rectangular cross sections. The development is being made using a turbine intake 25 feet

by 16 feet in cross section. An ultrasonic transducer rod is placed at each of two parallel opposite walls of the rectangular duct in which water velocity is to be

measured. The transducers are displaced from each other along the principal axis of

flow. The phase angle between the transmitted and received ultrasonic signals is a measure of the water velocity.

(g) Water velocities up to ten feet per second have been measured with an error of onehalf percent in the laboratory with a rectangular duct five inches by nine inches.

(1156) AIR BUBBLER SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN OPEN CHANNEL IN SHEET ICE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Three experimental 1000-foot and one 1500-foot lengths of galvanized steel pipe, with

holes at intervals for discharging compressed air, are laid on the reservoir bottom

perpendicular to the dam. The warmer water caused to rise with the bubbles maintains

an open channel in the reservoir sheet ice. The pipes are widely spaced to avoid

interaction and are placed so that open channels will direct the movement of pack

ice over the dam at selected gates. If successful, a system of such pipes extended farth

upstream is expected to reduce the possibility of ice jams.

(g) Results are encouraging, but not conclusive because of recent mild winters. Experiments

with flexible tubing revealed some inherent difficulties with tubing which have not been overcome.

(h) "Experimental use of air bubbler system at safe harbor to maintain open channel in ice cover on pond." P. M. Hess, Minutes of Hydraulic Power Committee, Edison Electric

Institute, pp 70-71a, May 1-2, 1950.

"Air bubbler system maintains open channel in ice sheet." P. M. Hess, Electrical

World, Vol. 139, No. 10, pp 106 and 108, March 9, 1953.

(1157) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIR OF SAFE HARBOR HYDROELECTRIC STATION.

GO

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

VJLth a U. S. D-1j3 sampler, suspended sediment in the Susquehanna River is measured at the head of the Safe Harbor Reservoir. The suspended sediment in the discharge of the

reservoir is measured at the station discharge and dam overflow by special means applicable to turbulent water. The rate of silting in the reservoir is measured

periodically by fathometer soundings.

Suspended sediment has been measured for flows of 14,000 to 1450,000 cfs. Recorded

extremes of flow of the Susquehanna are 2,000 and almost 900,000 cfs.

(1158) FOREWARNING OF FRAZIL ICE FORMATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) By means of a resistance thermometer and strip chart recorder, the temperature of the

Susquehanna River is measured within 0.001* C at Safe Harbor and Holtwood hydroelectric

stations for the prediction of frazil ice formation. The equipment also records river

water temperature at times other than the frazil ice season, but with a less sensitive

instrument range.
Pennsylvania "Water and Power Company 75 Purdue University

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory

(f) Completed.

(g) A cooling rate in excess of 0.01° C per hour to the freezing point of the river water

is followed by the formation of frazil ice rather than sheet ice.

(h) "Combatting frazil ice in hydroelectric stations." K. J. Granbois, American Institute

of Electrical Engineers Transactions, Vol. 72, Part III, pp 111-116, April, 1953.

(1921) VISIBILITY THROUGH SUSQUEHANNA KEVER WLTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Anticipating the use of photography and closed-circuit television for the inspection

of underwater structures at Holtwood, the maximum visibility in the River was determined with a Secchi disc which was 6 inches in diameter and painted white.

(f) Completed.

(g) The visibility was not more than about 2 1/2 feet under the most favorable conditions,

which demonstrated that special optical means would be required at Holtwood for

satisfactory visual underwater examinations.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics.

(1391) INVESTIGATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF SEDIMENTATION IN A TANK.

(b) Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, and National Institutes of Health.

(c) Prof. Don E. Bloodgood, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental; for design and masters* theses.

(e) Observing the sedimentation rate of finely divided solids suspended in water moving

at various velocities. The effect of variation in depth and width and length of

channel eventually will be observed. The sediment used in the first series of tests

was finely ground coal. The sediment currently being investigated for a new series

of tests is a diatomaceous silica.

(f) Active after a one year lapse.

RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Mechanical and Hydraulic Laboratory.

(1660) HIGH SPEED HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS.

(b) Frankford Arsenal, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army.

(c) Assoc. Prof. Frederick J. Bordt, Mechanical Engineering Department, Rensselaer

Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; applied research, development.

(e) Investigation and development of a 214,000 RPM hydraulic torque conversion system

including control to be used for traversing and elevating high speed guns. The system

with a constant speed and power input is to have a variable torque and speed output.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(1922) TESTS OF RIP-RAP PROTECTION FOR DOWNSTREAM SLOPES OF HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS SUBJECT TO OVERFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project,

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Allenspark, Colo., (winter address; Engineering Building, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.)
76 Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory

Rutgers University

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study of permissible head of overflow for various slopes and rip-rap gradings, and for

wire "sausage" construction.

(f) Active during summers.

(g) "Sausage" construction greatly increases erosion resistance.

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, Department of Botany.

(1662) PINE REGION HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECT

.

(b) Cooperative with Groundwater Division of the U. S. Geological Survey, New Jersey

Department of Conservation and Economic Development, and United States Forest Service.

c) Mr. Henry C. Barksdale, U. S. Geological Survey, P. 0. Building, Trenton, New Jersey.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water relations of two watersheds, one of which will be burned according to recently developed silvicultural practices, and the other will be left to natural

forest succession.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, University of Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 10lj, 92ij, 1165, 1397, I663, 1665, 16 68, 1669,

1671, 1672, and 1923 to 1928, incl., should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub,

Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Hennepin Island, Minneapolis llj, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, and 1398, which are conducted in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed to Dr. Robert M. Salter, Chief, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research

Service, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 1914, ljl2, 985, 1206, and 19 77, which are conducted

in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers, should be addressed to the District Engineer, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, St. Paul District, St. Paul,

Minnesota. (These projects are listed on pages 121 and 122.

(100) AIR ENTRAINMENT RESEARCH.

b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research,

(e) Detailed study of the self -aeration of high velocity open-channel flows. Velocity

distributions and air concentration distributions in the flows are being obtained

with specially developed electrical instruments. Control and variation of flows

afforded by laboratory channel built for purpose. Present phase concerns observation

of flows when fully aerated,

(h) "Experimental studies of air entrainment in open channel flow." Lorenz G. Straub and

Owen P. Lamb, proceedings, Minnesota International Hydraulics Convention, Sept. 1953>

pp. 1425-1437.

(IOI4) FLOW DIVERSION RESEARCH.

(b^ Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research and design.

(e) Detailed study of flow processes in bends with main emphasis on guide vane bends.

Two-dimensional and secondary effects are to be separated so that the performance of a given bend geometry can be predicted.

(f) Completed.
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 77

(g) It has been shown that secondary flows have only a small influence upon the twodimensional deflection in a guide vane bend, but increase the two-dimensional loss

many fold. The relation of the secondary flow to the increased loss has been shown

and formulas which check the experimental data reasonably well have been deduced. A result of practical importance is that a guide vane system of minirnam loss can be

obtained using thin plate vanes by selecting a two dimensional cascade of such vanes having a small head-loss coefficient and using vanes of large chord length.

(h) "Secondary flows in guide vane bends with some notes on the primary two-dimensional

flow." Edward Silberman, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 36, Jan. 1953.

"Importance of secondary flow in guide vane bends." Edward Silberman, Proc. of the

Third Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, June, 1953, pp 669-686. (Also available

as St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. H4, Series B, Jan. 1953.)

(92lj) FREE -JET WATER TUNNEL STUDIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental j applied research and design.

(e) The characteristics of the free -jet type of water tunnel, including the effect of the

test stream boundary conditions on steady state cavity phenomena which are modeled

within the stream, are being studied in the new 10-inch free -jet water tunnel.

(h) "Description of a 10-inch free-jet water tunnel." Charles Christopherson, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 35, Jan. 1953.

(1165) RIPPLE FORMATION AND ITS RELATION TO BED-LOAD MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for doctor»s thesis.

(e) A basic research to investigate the phenomenon of ripple formation of an alluvial

stream. Criterion for ripple formation has been established by experiments. Frictional

resistance of an alluvial channel based on analysis has been established by using data

from various sources.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Ripple formation and its relation to bed-load movement." Hsin-Kuan Liu. Doctor's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Jane, 1953.

(I663) MODEL STUDY OF BOX CANYON FOT/ER PROJECT.

(b) Harza Engineering Co., Inc., Chicago, 111.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Model study to examine flow in main channel and appurtenant works for various flow

conditions, study of spillway operation, and spillway calibration.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1665) LOW VELOCITY WLND INSTRUMENTATION,

(b) Army Ordnance Corps and Signal Corps.

(d) Literature search leading to applied design recommendations.

(e) Survey of basic nature and limitations of existing systems adaptable for precision

measurement of low velocity winds.

(f) Survey completed with further development work expected.

(h) "Low-velocity wind instruments." John F. Ripken, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Project Report No. I4O.
76 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(1668) FLUID FLOW IN ROUGH TRIANGULAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) Bulk flow in a small, rough triangular channel is studied to determine the effect of

such factors as roughness characteristics and Reynolds number on the Darcy friction

factor and on Manning , s "n." Strip type roughness elements whose spacing can be varied

are used and the control angle of the channel cross section can be varied.

(f) Completed.

(g) In general, the friction factor is shown to be very similar to that for pipes with

similar type roughness elements over the range of Reynolds numbers investigated (500 to 10,000 using hydraulic radius as length parameter). Manning's "n" proves to be nearly

constant over this range for each type of roughness.

(h) "Fluid flow in rough triangular channels." H. C. Nelson, Master's Thesis, University

of Minnesota, March, 1953.

(1669) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BASIC EQUIPMENT AND METHODS ASSOCIATED

WETH LABORATORY "WAVE STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The investigation of equipment and methods associated with laboratory surface-wave

studies. Three items are proposed for study, namely, absorbers, filters, and generators.

(g) A brief summary of literature and a translation of several foreign papers have been

prepared in the form of project reports. Experimental studies have largely been restricted to absorbers although some data were obtained on filters. Several types of permeable

absorbers have been developed with good absorption characteristics.

(h) Two project reports pertaining to available literature have been prepared but are not available for distribution.

(1671) CAVITATION TESTING IN WATER TUNNELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) An experimental study to determine if there is a measurable pressure at which cavitation

occurs which is a better indication of the cavitation susceptibility. This is the

vapor pressure. The objective is to use this measured pressure rather than the vapor

pressure in defining the cavitation index.

(1672) SLOTTED -WALL TEST SECTION FOR WATER TUNNELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Studies will be made of a new type of test section for a water tunnel intended to

combine the const ant -pressure characteristics of a closed jet with the negligible wall

interference effects obtained in an open-jet test section. This takes the form of an

open-jet with an inner slotted liner wall.

(1923) DRAG OF AN ACCELERATED SPHERE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) Smooth spheres of various materials ranging in diameter from 2 1/2 to 6 inches are dropped through water a distance of 18 feet in one of the laboratory's volumetric

measuring tanks (30 by 70 feet in plan). Accelerations are determined from a positiontime graph recorded on a rotating drum.

(g) Measured apparent drag is being separated into added mass effect and surface drag.
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory 79

;i92l0 FLOW STUDIES IN LARGE TEST CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Objective of the study is to develop uniform flow distribution for both subcritical and

supercritical flow in an existing test channel.

(g) The channel in question is equipped with a tunnel-type entrance in which are located a flow-control baffle and a sluice gate. The function of the flow-control baffle is to

regulate the discharge and produce a uniform velocity distribution. As the head acting

on the baffle is constant, variations in discharge are effected by varying the effective

opening of the baffle. Solidity ratios of 80 to 95% are necessary. As a result of the

high solidity ratio an unstable flow developed. Stability has been achieved by addition

of a special honeycomb immediately downstream of the baffle.

1(1925) EFFECT OF INLET DESIGN ON CULVERT CAPACITY.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads and Minnesota State Highway Department.

" (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests were on a ij-inch diameter culvert 3£ feet long fitted with either a square-edged

or rounded inlet. Head-discharge relationships and behavior curves were measured for

various slopes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experiments showed that in general a considerable head-advantage was gained by using a rounded inlet. Project report being completed.

(h) "Importance of inlet design on culvert capacity." Lorenz G. Straub, Alvin G. Anderson,

and Charles E. Bowers, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Paper No. 13,

Series B, Aug. 19$ 3. (1926) STUDY OF HYDROELECTRIC TURBINE SETTING.

(b) Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Test of hydroelectric turbine model to determine methods or construction for the improvement of flow into the propeller turbines installed in the reconstruction project

at the Lower Dam Hydroelectric Plant at St. Anthony Falls.

(192?) ULTRASONIC AND OTHER VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids, mixtures, and suspensions using

commercial ultrasonic viscosimeter in conjunction with conventional apparatus (rotating,

cylinder, capillary)

.

(1928) DEPRESSED TEMPERATURE SEDIMENT STUDIES.

(b) Missouri River Division, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Basic research; analytical and experimental.

(e) An investigation of the effect of temperature changes on the suspended load of natural

streams. The experimental program includes measuring in a flume the amount and size

distribution of sediment carried in suspension by water whose temperature is held constant at several levels between freezing and well above room temperature.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing full will be determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles.
80 St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

(111) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILL"WAY. (b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with

the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony ^alls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

(&) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Tests have been made on three different sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging

from 2,5% to 30% to verify the similarity relationships. Information on discharges,

pressures, and flow conditions has been obtained. Future studies will be on the

effect of different types of inlets on the flow conditions and hydraulic losses.

(g) Theory has been developed and verified. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting

results have been developed. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes will flow completely

full even though the outlet discharges freely. Entrained air did not invalidate the

Froude model law.

(h) "Hydraulics of closed conduit spillways. Part I, Theory and its application." Fred

W. Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Paper No. 12, Series B, Jan. 1952. Available from the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory at 50^ per copy. "Hydraulic fundamentals of closed conduit spillways." Fred W. Blaisdell. ProceedingsSeparate No. (Publication pending.)

(1168) A STUDY CF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with

the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the

scour hole to be expected under various field conditions.

(f) Suspended.

{1391) PERFORATED PLATE ENTRANCE TO A FLOW-THROUGH SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for master's thesis.

(e) To determine the effect of perforated plate entrances upon sedimentation in a flowthrough type basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) Three entrances, each with a different size perforation, were studied. The number and

pattern of the holes were the same in all three entrances. Sediment retention and

flow-through efficiency were measured for various discharges. The highest sediment

retention occurred when using the plate with the lowest solidity ratio. Using a

. sediment consisting of discrete particles, the retention was higher than that obtained

when entrances of a type normally employed in sedimentation basins were used.

(h) "Study of a perforated-plate type entrance to a flow-through sedimentation basin."

John J. Casey, Master's Thesis, University of Minnesota, Sept. 1953.

(1398) STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with

the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Spillway is used as a grade control structure in ditches and streams. Study will

result in general design rules for the spillway and outlet. Outlet will have floor

blocks and an end sill. Movable sand beds are used to evaluate the outlet performance.

(g) Minimum basin length is equal to distance at which upper nappe strikes basin floor

plus 2.55 times the critical depth of flow. Floor blocks 0.8 d high by O.I4 d wide.

Flaring triangular wingwalls are used. Approach channel design0 affects basin performance. Longer stilling basins are required with high tailwater levels because the

nappe floats.

(h) Report in preparation.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 81

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1930 and 1931 should be addressed to Mr. "Wlllard N. Bascom and Projects Nos. 1932 to 193k, incl., should be addressed to Dr. John D. Isaacs, University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

(1930) BOTTOM CURRENTS AND SAND MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; field investigation.

(e) Project involves the measurement of bottom currents in estuaries and on the inshore ocean bottom and the examination of sand motion caused by these currents.

(g) A better understanding of the complex mechanisms by which sand grains migrate is

slowly developing.

(h) "Characteristics of natural beaches." Proc. lath Conf. on Coastal Engineering,

Chicago, 1953.

"Beach face slope." Trans. Alter. Geophys. Union, Dec. 1951.

(1931) DEEP-SEA INSTRUMENT STATION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A means of easily and cheaply obtaining a fixed point in the deep ocean has been developed.

(g) A fixed recording meter (waves, currents, temperature) can be mounted on this deepsea instrument station.

(1932) HIGH-SPEED, MAXIMUM-DEPTH CABLE DEPRESSORS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study and analysis of hydrodynamic and gravity loads of homogeneous cable depressors

with respect to efficiency and speed of tow. Relation of potential depth-seeking

characteristics with the physical limitations of towing cables and towing cable

instrumentation

.

(1933) OCEAN Sl£LL RESONATING SYSTEM.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A pipe with proper diameter, length, and entrance conditions to resonate to ocean

swell of a specific period with the purpose of lifting a quantity of salt water above mean sea level.

(193ii) FREE-INSTRUMENT DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) General study of free-floating, submersible oceanographic instruments at various depths. One of the design requirements is that the instruments remain at the desired depth a predetermined length of time, another that they contain some means of easy location

after their return to the surface.

(1935) BEACH AND NEARSHORE PROCESSES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Office of Naval Research, and Institute of Marine Resources of

the University of California.

(c) Mr. Douglas L. Inman, University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of the mechanics of sand transport under the influence of waves and currents. The

project includes 1) measurement of orbital velocities associated with waves near shore,

2) studies of the formation of ripples, 3) accurate measurement of cut and fill at selected depths, and 1|) development and improvement of equipment and techniques for

underwater studies.
82 Scripps Institute of Oceanography

S. Morgan Smith Company

(h) "Currents in the surf zone." Douglas L. Inman and William H. Quinn, Coastal Engineeringj

chapter HI, pp 214-36, 1952, SIO Contribution, New Series, No. 560.

"Areal and seasonal variations in beach and nearshore sediments at La Jolla, California. 1 Douglas L. Inman. Beach Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No 39, SIO Contribution, New Series,

No. 638.

(1936) GRAVITY WVVES AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Air Force, and Beach Erosion Board.

(c) Dr. "Walter H. Munk, University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,

La Jolla, Calif.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The probability distribution of slopes has been measured by means of photographs of

suj^s glitter on the water. Results have been interpreted in terms of the behavior of

the wave spectrum at high frequencies. Theoretical studies of wave refraction are being

conducted. Instruments are being developed for measuring waves of periods from two minutes to two hours at various depths up to 500 feet. A shore-based long-period wave recorder is in continuous operation. Waves of periods exceeding ordinary tides are beir^

studied by means of tide records from which the principal tidal constituents have been

removed by a highly selective mathematical "filter." The diffusion of tides into permeable rock has been theoretically investigated.

(h) ""Wave intensity along a refracted ray." W. H. Munk and Robert S. Arthur, National

Bureau of Standards Circular 251, SIO Contribution, New Series, No. 6l8.

"Small tsunami waves reaching California from Japanese earthquake of h March, 1952."

W. H. Munk, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. I4 3 , No. 3, July,

1953, SIO Contribution New Series No. 6I4I. (1937) WEND STRESS ON WATER.

(b) U. ^. Air Force.

(c) Dr. Wm. G. Van Dorn, University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The set-up over a 200-meter model yacht basin was measured to an accuracy of ± 0.1

millimeter. In addition, measurements of bottom stress were conducted by means of a stress disk buried in the sand bottom.

(f) Completed.

(g) The wind stress is proportional to the mean square wind speed. The proportionality

constant varies seemingly abruptly from a lower value at low wind speeds to a higher

value at high wind speeds. The effect of detergent added to the water surface is to annul the additional set-up at high wind speeds. The results are quite similar to those obtained by Keulegan in the experimental closed flume.

S. MORGAN SMITH COMPANY

.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1938 to 19li2, incl., should be addressed to Mr. Emmert M. Lowry, Jr., S. Morgan Smith Company, York, Pa. (1938) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To improve the performance and to extend the ranges of application, homologous models

of Smith-Kaplan, Francis, and Impulse turbines are tested for power and efficiency at various speeds and heads.

(g) Results are being used for prototype designs.
S. Morgan Smith Company

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

83

(1939) CAVITATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Homologous models of Smith-Kaplan and Francis turbines are tested for critical sigma

values.

(g) Results are being used for prototype designs.

(I9I4O) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Homologous models of adjustable -bladed axial and mixed-flow pumps are tested for

efficiency, power and cavitation under various operating conditions,

(g) Results used for prototype designs.

(19U) VALVE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Scale model valves are tested for coefficients of discharge and operating characteristics,

(g) Results are used in prototype designs.

(19142) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To establish coefficients for pitot tubes used in velocity measurements.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results were used to more accurately evaluate and correlate experimental results.

THE SOCIETY OF NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS.

(895) THE COMPILATION OF RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION DATA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Capt. W. N. Landers, Secretary, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,

29 test 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y.

(d) The compilation of ship model resistance data, propeller data and self-propulsion

data presently available at the various model basins and in designing offices, and the

presentation of these data in a readily usable form.

(e) A study and correlation of existing data on the wave-making resistance of ship hull

models which have been tested by the several towing tanks of this country and abroad. An analysis of these data after correlation to determine systematically the influence

of differences of hull form and propeller characteristics on wave -making resistance.

(g) A standard form entitled "Model resistance and expanded resistance data" sheets has

been developed to record model data and test results and for the expansion of the

model test results to ship size. Explanatory notes defining the various dimensions,

ratios and coefficients used on the data sheets have been compiled. An index listing

all models in the compilation has been completed. Model resistance and expanded resistance data sheets covering 150 models have been completed. Propeller data forms

and self-propulsion data forms have been prepared.

(h) "Model resistance and expanded resistance data sheets with explanatory notes." For models l-l^O $10.00 per set of £0 to members. $11.00 per set to non- members

Explanatory notes sent with each order for model sheets.

Single sheets can be ordered at $1.00 per sheet.

Bulletin No. l-llj, Index to model and expanded resistance data sheets, No. 1-150,

$1.00 per copy.
3L Stanford University

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects N0 s. 627, 628, 1171, and 1172 should be addressed to

Prof. John K. Vennard, and Projects Nos. I9I43 to 1916, incl., to Prof. Ray K. Iinsley,

Stanford University, Stanford, California.

STUDY OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; Ph. D. thesis.

Study of the zone of boundary layer transition in smooth pipes of various diameters.

Engineer theses by S. M. Barnes and C. T. Chen completed. Wbrk now continuing under

Karl Brenkert, Jr. as Ph. D. project.

EFFECT OF SHAPE OF PARTICLE ON SETTLING VELOCITY.

Inactive

.

STUDY OF MANIFOLD PORTS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; engineer thesis.

Measurement and interpretation of pressure variation near outlet ports in manifold

pipes and obtaining hydraulic coefficients for various flow geometries.

Experimental work completed; thesis being written.

Discussion of "Mechanics of manifold flow. John S. McNown, A.S.C.E. Proceedings

195>3. Discussion by John K. Vennard and Darrhl I. Dentoni.

PERMEMETER WALL EFFECT.

Inactive.

DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED STREAM FLOW ROUTING ANALOGUE.

U. S. Weather Bureau. Experimental; applied research.

Using a Beckman analog computer equations of the type S = al +b0 = xl 0 are being

tested to determine if they are superior to the ordinary Muskingum type equation.

Special components for introducing the inflow current and for raising the necessary

numbers to powers are being designed.

It appears that a more satisfactory equation can be found if adequate components for

the high speed computation can be derived.

STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR EVAPORATION.

U. S. Weather Bureau. Experimental; applied research.

In an experiment comparable to the Lake Hefner studies, the energy-balance concept, the mass transfer concept, and various types of evaporation pans will be compared with a water budget developed for Felt Lake on the Stanford campus. ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Theoretical; basic research.

An attempt is being made to correlate rainfall intensity at approximately 12£ northern

California stations with topographic parameters. Presently, the study is concentrating

on the one hour, two-year frequency intensity.
Stanford University

Stevens Institute of Technology

85

,'LS) SYNTHESIS OF HIDROGRAPH FOR SMALL AREAS,

(b) Laboratory.

j (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic research, doctoral dissertation,

(e) An attempt is being made to develop practical methods of computing the hydrograph of

runoff from small areas for the design of small drainage structures. Several small

basins on the Stanford campus will be instrumented to provide dafca.

|SVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental Towing Tank.

3CELLANE0US PROJECTS.

The Experimental Toning Tank carries out an extensive research program of a classified

nature for the Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Office of Naval Research, and the Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy. A large number of projects involving

commercial vessels of many different designs for private clients are also undertaken

for the determination of effective horsepower, the resistance, directional stability

of barges, the determination of shaft horsepower for river towboats and comparable

vessels, resistances under sailing conditions of sailing yachts, and the hydrodynamic

characteristics of flying boats and seaplane floats.

OjO) PLANING SURFACES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A continuous, related research study directed towards the investigation of the fundamental factors affecting the hydrodynamic performance of planing surfaces for application

to seaplane and planing type surface craft. Also to investigate the wake shape and

spray formations associated with planing surfaces.

Investigations will extend from elementary planing surfaces of several deadrises, through

surfaces with steps of Vee planf orm; and combinations of forebody with an afterbody

planing in its wake.

(h) Twelve reports on the results of research conducted under the subject contract have

been prepared and published. Four reports are presently in preparation. Two are theoretical, dealing with loads, pressures and wake of planing surfaces; two are ex- perimental and empirical dealing with low speed planing characteristics and two-step

planing of seaplane hulls.

-73) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SHIP MODEL

RESISTANCE IN HEAD SEAS.

(b) Laboratory.

(c) Mr. Randolph Ashton, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and developmental.

(e) Resistance tests in waves of ship models (commercial vessels and fast power boats) so that

models are as free as possible to respond to oncoming waves—in particular, to heave, pitch

and surge fore and aft.

(f) Completed.

(g) A method has been developed, termed the "gravity weight method", with extremely little

friction in the system and no towbar, springs, or dashpot damping. It is currently

being used for obtaining model resistance in head seas.

(h) Note No. 175 describing the method has been given informal distribution and is available

to interested parties.

295522 O - 54 - 7
35 Stevens Institute of Technology

(H4O5) IMPACT LOADS ON THE JR2F-1 FOR BOW LANDING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Wilfred C. Hugli, Jr., Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) A l/16-scale dynamic model of the XJR2F-1 was catapulted at various bow-down attitudes 1 and impact accelerations were recorded.

(f) Completed.

(g) The test results indicated that the K

? factor, employed in the ANC-3 seaplane impact

load specification, did not vary with center of pressure position.

(h) "An experimental investigation of the eccentric impact loads on a free-flight model

of the XJR2F-1 Amphibian during bow landing in smooth water." Samuel Leshnover, ETT Report No. I463, Dec. 19^2.

(U4O6) TURBULENCE STIMULATION OF PLANING SURFACE MODELS.

(b) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

(c) Professor B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Previous experimental and analytical material on the subject is being reviewed. Experiments are being made to test out theories.

(f) Completed.

(H4O7) SEAWORTHINESS OF SHIPS.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Professor B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the vertical forces and pitching moments acting on a restrained ship

model moving against head seas. This project supplements the project on seaworthiness

model tests conducted at David Taylor Model Basin and 2fessachusetts Institute of

Technology.

(g) Preliminary tests of a model in waves of one length and height are completed and the

experimental data are ready for analysis. The remaining tests are to be conducted

after analysis of the preliminary data.

(H4O8) HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF AN AIRSHIP.

b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy.

c) John B. Drisko, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson,

St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experimental determination, utilizing the rotating arm, of the static and hydrodynamic

coefficients of a conventional airship form. Static (straight -line) values have been . determined by wind-tunnel tests, and the principal reason for curvilinear tests is to

determine the rotary (damping) coefficients.

(f) Virtually complete.

(h) Report in preparation.

(Ill 09) BENDING MOMENT OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental method to check calculations.

(e) Stress measurements of jointed model to determine external bending moment underway in

waves, for comparison with calculated bending moment in "stationary" wave.

(f) First phase completed; project continuing.

(g) Preliminary report completed and submitted to the Hull Structure Committee of the spon
Stevens Institute of Technology 8?

(h) Report to be published by sponsor in the near future.

;HilO) SELF -PROPELLED TESTING.

(b) Laboratory.

(c) Mr. E. V. Lewis.

(d) Experimental; developmental research.

(e) To determine if successful self-propelled testing can be conducted using models of

less than 12-foot length and to determine causes of scale effect in propulsion factors.

(g) Open water tests have been completed on three different sized models of a propeller

designed by the Netherlands Model Basin for the Victory type cargo ship. A 9 -foot hull

model of the Victory ship has been tested self-propelled and a 7-1/2 foot model will

be tested shortly. This work is being carried out in cooperation with the Netherlands

Model Basin who are testing models 9 -ft. long and above.

(h) First part dealing with tests on the M.S. SAN FRANCISCO and related studies was published

in the form of a paper "Self -Propulsion Tests with Small Models," by Messrs. Allan B. Murray, B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and Edward V. Lewis, Transactions, Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers, 1951 • (Hill) PROPELLER MEASURING APPARATUS

.

(b) The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Mr. Allan B. Murray, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d} Design and construction.

(e) Apparatus to assist in the carrying out of open water tests of ship propeller models by

providing a means of accurate measurement of the models.

(f) Completed.

(g) Instrument has been giving very satisfactory results in measuring model propellers of

2-1/2 to 5-1/2 inches in diameter. Blade section offsets can be read to 0.001-0.002

inches.

(h) Report published in the October 1953 Bulletin, Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers. (Also available as ETT Note No. 2ii5, Aug. 1953.)

(H|12) DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PROPELLER BOAT.

(b) The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Mr. Allan B. Murray, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d} Design and construction.

(e) Apparatus to enable the carrying out of open-water tests of ship propeller models.

(f) Completed.

(g) Equipment has been used with satisfactory results.

(h) Report published in the October 1953 Bulletin, Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers. (Also available as ETT Technical Memorandum No. 105.)

(H|13) AN INVESTIGATION OF SHIP RESISTANCE USING STATISTICAL METHODS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Milton Morrison, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Forty-two displacement hulls (reduced to a common ijOO foot LBP) have been selected to investigate the effects of shape and hull parameters on resistance. The statistical

techniques will involve the application of regression analysis.

(f) Completed.

(g) A statistical evaluation of the importance of the various hull parameters chosen has

been made.

(h) Report in preparation.
88 Stevens Institute of Technology

(1680) COMPUTATION OF WAVE RESISTANCE OF SHIPS.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Professor B. y. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical j applied research.

(e) To verify the applicability of methods and tables developed by R. Guilloton to the

calculation of wave-making resistance of ships of practical shape. To verify validity

of certain second order corrections.

(g) The preliminary stage of work under SNAME sponsorship has been completed. The work on

ships of a practical form under sponsorship of ONR and DTMB is well advanced. The use of second order corrections was found significant in the case of ships of simple

form, and appears to be necessary for ships of practical form, in some sections of

which the sides at LWL are not vertical but have a large slope. The development of the

method of these corrections is now in progress.

(h) "Preliminary application of Guillotonis method to the calculation of ship wave profile

and wavemaking resistance." B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and Winnifred R. Jacobs, ETT Report No. 1|7§.

"Report on voyage to Europe for the purpose of reviewing the status of the theory of

ship wavemaking." B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, ETT Report No. $0k.

"Discussions with Dr. R. Guilloton in Paris during the period from May 18 to May 26,

1953, including translation of informal notes written by Dr. Guilloton." B. V. KorvinKroukovsky, ETT Note No. 229. (1681

0>(c

(d

(e

(*

(g

(h

(191*7

(19148

TO EVALUATE RESISTANCE AND MOTION IN STILL WATER AND IN WAVES WITH BULB VARIATIONS

FROM 0% TO ABOUT 13% OF THE IMMERSED MIDSHIP AREA.

U. S. Maritime Administration.

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental; model testing.

Resistances of various models being measured in smooth water and in head seas. Bow

accelerations and bow pitching being measured in head seas. Completed.

The effect of bulbous bow size and resistance and motion has been evaluated.

Report has been submitted to the sponsor who contemplates publication in the near future THE DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE AND AMPLITUDES OF PITCH AND HEAVE OF A MERCHANT SHIP MODEL IN WAVES. International Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, Committee on Seakeeping Qualities.

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental; model testing.

Resistance of David Taylor Model Basin Series 60 ship model is being measured in smooth water and in waves of various lengths; amplitudes of pitch and heave are being determined by analysis of moving picture records.

Results to be forwarded to the sponsor for analysis and comparison with results from

other model basins.

Report may be published by sponsor after completion of analysis and comparison.

SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF THE TURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF A SHIP

MODEL FITTED WETH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF APPENDAGES.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental; applied research.

To obtain data on the influence of appendages on the turning characteristics of a surface ship; the appendages under consideration are skegs and bilge keels, with rudders

and propellers of different sizes. Tests have been completed on a number of appendage combinations. Field of usefulness

of free turning and rotating arm tests is being ascertained.

Progress report in preparation; to be submitted to sponsor.
University of Tennessee 89 Texas A and M College

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Engineering Experiment Station.

(9I4IO HYDRAULIC FRICTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Harry H. Ambrose, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A long term investigation to determine the relationship between roughness of pipe surface and frictional resistance in the transition range between smooth and rough turbulent flow. Tests are being made on a four-inch lucite pipe which is roughened by the

insertion of sleeves.

(h) "An investigation of a depre s si on-type roughness." Dr. H. H. Ambrose, presented at American Towing Tank Conference, Boston, May 5, 1953.

(19149) A STUDY OF LAMINAR FLOW PHENOMENA UTILIZING A DOUBLY REFRACTIVE LIQUID.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. F. N. Peebles, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To investigate in detail the methods of preparing and determining the properties of

doubly refractive liquids; to investigate the quantitative interpretation of simple

laminar flow stress patterns. Equipment is being assembled.

(1950) MECHANICS OF GAS BUBBLE MOTION.

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

00

Laboratory project.

Prof. F. N. Peebles, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tennessee.

Experimental; basic research.

Investigation of motion of gas bubbles and bubble streams in liquids with specific

interest in determining the velocity and drag as functions of bubble size and physical

properties of the liquid.

"Studies in the motion of gas bubbles in liquids." F. N. Peebles and H. J. Garber,

Chemical Engineering progress, Vol. Li9, pp 88-97, 1953.

(1951) A STUDY OF SWIRLING FLOW WITHIN SPHERICAL AND CYLINDRICAL VESSELS,

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Division for Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Prof. H. J. Garber, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tennessee. Theoretical and experimental basic research, doctoral thesis.

Analytical investigation of velocity and pressure distribution in swirling flow within

a sphere, and the dissipation of swirling motion in a cylindrical tube. Experimental

verification of results using transparent models.

The velocity and pressure distribution within the central portion of the sphere were found to follow the well-known free vortex theory. Strong secondary motion was found

to exist on the sphere walls. Analytical solutions for the extent of secondary flow

were developed.

"Nature of liquid flow within a spherical container." H. J. Garber and F. N. Peebles,

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, AECU-I82I4, J4 3 pages, 1951.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Civil Engineering Department.

(1952) PIPE CULVERT MODEL TESTS.

(b) Texas Concrete Pipe Manufactures Association, through Texas A and M Research Foundation.
90 Texas A and M College

University of Texas

(c) R. E. Schiller, Jr., Civil Engineering Department, Texas A and M College, College

Station, Texas.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests were run to determine the effect of inlet conditions on flow through 5 inch

diameter circular pipe models operating under free outfall conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) The test results reveal the effect of the following types of inlets on flow through

circular pipes; projecting inlet concrete, flush inlet concrete, beveled inlet concrete,

projecting inlet corrugated metal, flush inlet corrugated metal, beveled inlet corrugatec

metal. Design procedures making use of nomographs have been worked out.

(h) A report submitted to Texas Concrete Pipe Manufactures Association and to the American

Concrete Pipe Association for possible publication in Concrete Pipe News.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9I48, and I683 to 1685, incl., should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas, Austin,

Texas.

(9I48) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED JET.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An experimental study of the effect of the relative distance to a solid boundary on

the diffusion of a two-dimensional submerged jet. The velocity field in a two-dimensional air jet will be measured with a parallel plane boundary at various distances

from the jet axis. A spreading coefficient will be determined as a function of distance

along the axis, and a systematic study made of its variation with the location of the

parallel boundary. A limited investigation is anticipated of the effect of a plane

boundary normal to the jet axis at various relative distances.

(g) Equipment is under construction for the above study. A related investigation was reported in last year»s report. (See National Bureau of Standards Misc. Pub. 208.)

(I683) THE EQUIVALENT PIPE CONCEPT IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL RESISTANCE DIAGRAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) An analytical study to clarify the conditions for the validity of the equivalent pipe

concept and to modify the parameters of the conventional resistance diagram making it

more convenient for problems with branching pipes, pipes in series, and pipe networks.

(g) Some of the previous concepts have been changed and more evaluation of the proposed

method is required.

(I68lj) FLOW PATTERNS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTILATION OF A LARGE AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The flow patterns associated with a conventional plan for the ventilation of a large area will be studied by visual observations in a model of a portion of a large underground garage. Water will be used as the fluid and colored dye to trace the flow

patterns. The effectiveness of alternative flow patterns will be investigated.

(g) The model has been completed and ventilation patterns recorded by photographing the movement of a front of dyed fluid sweeping through the area. Additional observation

and analysis remains to be done.

(1685) THE INFLUENCE OF ENTRANCE CONDITIONS ON THE FLOW IN SPILLWAYS

.

(b)

(d) Texas Board of Water Engineers.

Experimental.
University of Texas Utah State Agricultural College

91

(e) Tests are being made on some typical spillways to investigate the effect of entrance conditions on the flow in the spillway and channel. Examples of good and bad conditions will be reported for the benefit of interested engineers.

(g) Tests on a model with sharply curved entrance channel indicated that flow conditions

were improved by the gradual introduction of a cross slope in the bottom. Although a definite improvement resulted from the introduction of cross slope according to values

determined by a simple approximate calculation, further improvement resulted from

trial adjustments in the model.

!'AH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment Station.

.151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND DITCHES. (Under Project No. 1966.)

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and "Water Conservation Research Branch, page 106.

i359) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

1 (b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. 0. W. Israelsen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Field studies; applied research and masters » theses.

(e) The major purposes are to find low cost, effective methods of drainage of arid-region

waterlogged saline and alkali lands. "Work has been concentrated on five Utah areas and

one area in Canada in need of drainage; (1) the 10,000-acre area in Cache County, (2)

the 1,000-acre area in Salt Lake County, designated respectively the Lewiston and the

Draper areas, (3) the Delta area in Millard County, (h) the Logan-Cache County Airport area overlying an artesian aquifer, and (5) Utah County water-logged lands near Springville and Salem.

(g) Use of piezometers for low cost development of ground water flow patterns has been

helpful in all areas. Pumping from sand formations having permeabilities as low as

3 x 10~5 feet per second shows a measurable influence in lowering the ground water

table. Project to be enlarged with special reference to regional aspects of research.

(h) "Drainage of the Logan-Hyde Park-Benson Area, Utah." Gordon H. Flammer, Thesis, Utah

State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, 1953.

"Drainage of land overlying an artesian aquifer Logan-Cache Airport." John Paul Riley,

Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah, 1953.

"Drainage in the Lewiston Area, Utah." 0. W. Israelsen, Utah Agricultural Experiment

Station Special Report No. 9, Logan, Utah, Nov. 1953.

Report concerning recent experiments and needs for drainage in the Logan-Hyde ParkBenson area will be published early in 1951*. P89) METHODS OF CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER.

I (b) Laboratory project; BPIS and AE, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation, Dept., Box 70, Utah State Agricultural College,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic and applied research.

(e) Not only existing but proposed and new methods are being tested to determine their

feasibility and applicability for the control and distribution of irrigated water.

(h) "Irrigation, fertilization, and soil management of crops in rotation." Sterling A. Taylor, Vaughn E. Hansen, and Jay L. Haddock. Annual Progress Report, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah, 1952.

"Hydraulic tests on barrel valves for use as irrigation outlets to concrete pipe lines."

Journal of Soil and tfeter Conservation, Vol. 8, No. U, July, 1953, p I67-I68.

"Determination of flow from gated pipe." Prepared for Journal, American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, Oct. 1953.
92 Utah State Agricultural College

(1190) DISTRIBUTION OF WkTER FROM PERFORATED PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project; BPIS and AE, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Dept., Box 70, Utah State Agricultural College,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The effect of wind on the distribution pattern from perforated pipe is being studied

to provide design data and to determine the limitations of this type of distribution

for irrigation purposes.

(1191) DETERMINATION OF THE DISCHARGE FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Engineering Experiment Station, page 93.

(1192) FLOW THROUGH FLEXIBLE NON-ELASTIC PIPE.

(b) Cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research

Branch and Irrigation Department of the Utah State Agricultural College.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Dept., Box 70, Utah State Agricultural College,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, master's thesis.

(e) A light-weight, flexible, non-elastic pipe has recently been developed to convey water. As very little is known regarding the hydraulic properties of this material they are being studied.

(f) Inactive.

(HAS) PERMEABILITY AND STABILITY OF SOIL AND SOIL MATERIAL. (Under Project No. 1966.)

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Branch, page 103.

(1686) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Geological

Survey and Utah State Engineer.

(c) Dr. D. K. Fuhriman, Irrigation Dept., Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain basic information regarding consumptive use of water by agricultural crops, pastures, and native vegetation; and to study methods of measurement of consumptive

use of water.

(g) Results being obtained are used currently in administration of the surface and underground waters of Utah.

(h) "Consumptive water use and requirements in the Colorado River Area of Utah." Willis C« Barrett and C. H. Milligan. Special Report No. 8, Utah Agricultural Experiment Statior

1953.

"Consumptive use of water by major farm crops in the Milford District of Utah." Glen

H. Calder, M. S. Thesis, Utah State Agricultural College, 1953.

"Consumptive use of water studies provide basis for division of the waters of the

Colorado River." D. K. Fuhriman and W. D. Criddle. Farm and Home Science 13:86, 195>3- (171S) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS IN THE BONNEVILLE BASIN

OF UTAH. (Under Project No. I966.)

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, page 103.

(1953) SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PATTERNS IN THE ROOT ZONE.

(b) Cooperative with Utah Engineering Experiment Station and the BPIS and AE, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, U1
Utah State Agricultural College >3

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, master's thesis.

(e) To determine soil moisture depletion rates within different portions of root zone during the growing season. To determine the variation in the consumptive use during the growing season of the crop.

(f ) Experimental work completed.

(h) Thesis by Uttamrao A. Patil in process of preparation.

95li) EFFECTIVENESS OF EVAPORATION FROM GROUND AND FOLIAGE IN REDUCING SOIL MOISTURE

DEPLETION.

(b) Cooperative with Utah Engineering Experiment Station and the BPIS and AE, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, master's thesis.

(e) The notion is generally prevalent that evaporation from the ground and foliage is not effective in reducing soil moisture depletion. An average of 0.5 inch is generally

considered lost to plant use by evaporation following a storm or irrigation. Observation indicated that evaporation losses tended to reduce soil moisture depletion.

The experiment was designed to test the effectiveness by applying to a growing crop

each day the estimated consumptive use by use of sprinklers.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(h) Thesis by Val Wyrm in process of preparation.

1955) A STUDY OF FARM IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT AS RELATED TO OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS, COSTS,

UBOR REQUIREMENTS AND TIME STUDIES INVOLVING IRRIGATION SCHEDULES AND SYSTEM CAPACITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Reynolds Metals Company.

(c) Dr. D. K. Fuhriman, Irrigation Dept., Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To evaluate irrigation equipment being used in the field and to develop criteria for

the use of various types of equipment.

IAH STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Engineering Experiment Station.

(359) DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LANDS.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 91.

',(950) AN INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION LOSSES IN ALUMINUM TUBING AND COUPLINGS.

iTl (b) Cooperative with Aluminum Company of America.

(c) Dean J. E. Christiansen, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Agricultural

College, Logan, Utah,

i (d) Experimental; applied research and master's thesis.

(e) To determine friction loss in aluminum tubing and losses at commercial couplings.

Additional studies being made on aluminum irrigation pipe with deflection angles at couplings.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(h) Thesis by Lyman S. >5.11ardson in preparation.

1191) DETERMINATION OF THE DISCHARGE FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

(b) Cooperative with BPIS and AE, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and with the Utah Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan,

Utah.

I (d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research, master's thesis.
9k Utah State Agricultural College

State College of Washington

(e) To determine the coefficient of discharge for the flow from a horizontal pipe as determined by the coordinate method. This coefficient has been assumed to be one, which is definitely not the case in the majority of problems encountered in the field.

The tests were conducted so that the method may be applied with confidence to the measurements of water.

(f) Additional field work completed summer 1953. Additional field work needed before publication of results.

(g) The discharge from a horizontal pipe is measured by the coordinate method. The result

might be in considerable error unless the appropriate discharge coefficient is applied

to the equation. The results of this study can be used with a fair degree of accuracy

in predicting the actual discharge, however, further field studies will be made in orde: to further evaluate the method for field application.

(1687) INFILTRATION IN FURROW IRRIGATION AS EFFECTED BY FURROW SHAPE, SIZE OF STREAM, AND MOISTURE LEVEL IN THE SOIL.

(b) Cooperative with BPIS and AE, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and with the Utah Agricultura

Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Ut | (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) (1) To determine the effect of size of stream, shape of furrow, and moisture level in t soil at the beginning of an irrigation upon the maximum infiltration rate of Greenville

loam soil. (2) To test the following hypothesis; (a) size of stream has no effect o\

the maximum infiltration rate of a V-shaped furrow but the rate increases as the furrow

departs from a V-shape; (b) shape of furrow and width-depth ratio are directly related

to the infiltration rate; (c) the asymtotic rate of infiltration is independent of the

moisture level at a six inch depth below the furrow; (d) the infiltration is reduced as I time of season (days) advances. (3) An attempt will be made to establish the quantitative relationship of the three factors to the asymtotic rate of infiltration.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(h) Thesis by Charles T. Bourns in preparation.

(1953) SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETION PATTERNS IN THE ROOT ZONE.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 92.

(19514) EFFECTIVENESS OF EVAPORATION FROM GROUND AND FOLIAGE IN REDUCING SOIL MOISTURE DEPLETIO

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 93.

(1956) INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION LOSSES IN FITTINGS AND VALVES FOR PORTABLE SPRINKLER

IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT.

(b) Irrigation Equipment Company and Laboratory Project.

(c) Mr. A. Alvin Bishop, Irrigation Department, Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, Uta

(d) Experimental, design research for master's thesis.

(e) To obtain head loss factors for fittings and valves used in portable sprinkler irrigatit

systems and to compare hydraulic performance of valves partially closed with valves ful|"

opened.

I STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering and Division of Industrial Researc

(16 89) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Charles L. Barker, Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.
State College of Washington

University of Washington

95

(d) Experimental.

(e) Using the Mcllroy flow network analyzer the following studies are to be made: (1) Effect

of eliminating small pipes in a distribution system in the Handy Cross analysis, (2)

effect of combining loads in a network, and (3) the effect of pipe roughness on pumping

costs on network flow.

(1690) PLACEMENT OF AIR VENTS IN IRRIGATION PIPELINES.

(b) Concrete Products Association of Washington.

(c) Mr. John A. Roberson, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) The minimum distance that an air vent is to be placed from the inlet of a pipeline

(where air enters the pipeline) is a function of the rise velocity of the air bubbles,

the velocity of water in the pipe, and physical characteristl cs of the structure. An

attempt will be made to determine the rise velocity of bubbles as a function of bubble

size, and Reynolds number.

(1691) PRESSURE RELIEF STRUCTURE

.

(b) Concrete Products Association of Washington.

(c) Mr. John A. Roberson, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for design.

(e) Former research has shown that air releases from small vents in irrigation pipelines may

generate water hammer. An air dome used in conjunction with the small vent pipe will

reduce the magnitude of pressure generation. Design dimensions of the air dome are being

evaluated as a function of vent size, pressure reduction desired, size of main pipe,

length of main pipe.

(1957) DRAIN TILE IN DISPOSAL FIELDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. PaulF. Ruff, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.

(d) Development.

(e) Investigation of drain tile lengths specified in various parts of the U. S. A. (1958) OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. John A. Roberson, Hydraulic Laboratory, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) It is known that frontal type storms produce greater precipitation in the higher elevations than in the lower elevations. This variation is being studied to determine

whether definite percentage relationships exists between stations of different elevations

for all storms of the same type.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects should be addressed to the following, all at the University

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

Nos. Ujl7, 16 9h, 1705 to Prof. H. K. Moritz

Nos. 1692, 1693 to Prof. T. H. Campbell

No. I697 to Lt. Comdr. Henry Morton

Nos. I698, 1700 to Mr. Wra. H. Miller

No. 1703 to Prof. H. H. Chenoweth
96 University of Washington

(U4I7) STATIC HEAD REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A FULL FLOWING CONDUIT

•

(f) Suspended.

(II4I8) PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS FOLLOWNG ABRUPT EXPANSION,

(f) Suspended.

(1692) SHORT RANGE FORECASTS OF SNOW-MELT RUNOFF IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Bonneville Power Administration, cooperative with the Geological Survey, Tacoma, "Hash.

(d) Theoretical; applied research, for doctor 1 s thesis.

(e) To develop a procedure -whereby increased flow from snow melt can be forecast for period

of five to ten days from weather bureau records or from forecasts of weather in the

Columbia River Basin.

(1693) SHORT RANGE FORECASTS OF RUNOFF FROM PRECIPITATION IN COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Bonneville Power Administration, cooperative with the Geological Survey, Tacoma, "Wash.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop a practicable procedure for estimating the flow of streams in the Columbia

River Basin for periods of five to ten days in advance during periods of rainfall.

(I69i4) REDUCTION OF PRESSURE FROM HIGH TO LOW PRESSURE HEADER WITHOUT CAVITATION BY

TANGENTIAL NOZZLES.

(f) Completed.

(1697) A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JETS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE NOZZLES.

(f) Completed.

(g) Master 1 s Thesis.

(1698) INVESTIGATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS PARTLY FULL,

(f) Completed.

(h) Unpublished report in Library of Hydraulics Laboratory.

(1700) A STUDY OF SE^ER OUTFALLS.

(f) Suspended.

(1703) HYDRAULIC FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN OF SALMDNOID REARING PONDS,

(f) Suspended.

(17014 ) FRICTION IN PIPES WITH CONTROLLED ARTIFICIAL ROUGHNESS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Joseph Kent, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle,

teish. (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An experimental investigation of the effect upon the friction factor characteristics of

controlled and varying roughness caused by numerous screws projecting various distances

into the pipe wall.

(1705) A HYDROGRAPHIC SUMMARY OF THE STREAMS IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

(b) State of Washington, Department of Fisheries.

(d) Field investigation, operation.

(e) Comparative hydrographic study of streams in the State on basis of high year, low year,

and mean year.
University of Wisconsin 91

UNIVERSITY OF WESCONSIN, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 956, 957, 958, and 1181 should be addressed to Dr.

J. R. Villemonte, and Projects Nos. 959, 11(20, and 1707 to 1710, incl., to Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(956) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN PIPES UNDER HIGH LINE PRESSURES.

(b) Cooperative with Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wis.

(d) Experimental; for master 1 s and doctoral theses.

(e) A circulating system of 2-inch seamless steel pipe with oil flowing contains a 20-foot

section in which energy losses are measured by latest type strain gages. Line pressures

vary from 100 to 2000 psi and show the effect of high line pressure on the friction

factor for both laminar and turbulent flow.

(g) Tests have been completed on l/Ii, 1/2, 1 and 2 -inch seamless steel tubes over a Reynolds*

number range of 50 to 150,000. The relation between the friction factor f and Reynolds*

number is consistent, provided the temperature and pressure effects on fluid properties

are known.

(h) "Energy loss in liquid flow in straight pipes under high pressure." J. G. Slater, Ph. D. Thesis, August, 1952. (Available on loan.)

"Energy loss in liquid flow in straight pipes under high pressure." H. J. Day, M. S. Thesis, June, 1953. (Available on loan.)

(957) THE THERMODYNAMICS OF LIQUIDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for doctoral, master's and bachelor theses.

(e) The effects of temperature (35-130°F) and pressure (0-2200 psig) on the viscosity of a wide variety of liquids are being observed by use of a new type falling-ball viscosimeter

.

( f) Inactive

.

(g) Tests have been completed on five oils ranging in atmospheric viscosity at 100°F from

O.OOOOI4 to 0.0015 slugs per ft sec. A general correlation equation has been developed.

(h) "The effect of temperature and pressure on the viscosity of petroleum oils." V. N. Gunaji and J. R. Villemonte, Proceedings 3rd Midwest Conference on Fluid Mechanics,

University of Minnesota, 1953, Univ. of "Wis. Engr. Experiment Station Reprint No. 210.

(958) HEAD LOSSES IN FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN "WELDING PIPE FITTINGS AND VALVES.

{b) Cooperative with Ladish Company, Cudahy, WLs.

(a) Experimental; for master 1 s and doctoral theses.

(e) Head loss observations have been completed on a select group of ij-inch welding pipe

fittings and a series of constriction type gate valves. Head loss observations are in

progress on a select group of 2-inch and 1/2-inch pipe fittings, the latter being tested

in both laminar and turbulent flow ranges.

(g) Coefficients K, in equation H = Kv2/2g, are as follows for the fittings and valves

already tested:

one -cut miter bend 1.39

14" two -cut miter bend 0.61

h« 90° Elbow, R/D = 1.0 0.37

V 90° Elbow, R/D - 1.5 0.25

2" Constriction Gate Valve, fully open 1.2

1-1/2" ti » tt n 0.6

1-1/lj" II 11 tt ti 1.5 1" M f! tt n 1.0

3/14

»

n n tt tt 2.1

1/2" n tt 11 it 1.6

3/8" tt ti ti n 1.3

i/V tt tt ti ti o.5
98 University of Wisconsin

(h) "Energy loss in liquid flow in gate valves." W. J. Tudor, M. S. Thesis, June, 1953.

(Available on loan.)

(959) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF LAKE MENDOTA DRAINAGE BASIN.

(b) Part of a larger project entitled "Origin and quantities of algal fertilizers tributary

to Lake Mendota." Cooperative study sponsored by University of Wisconsin.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for M. S. thesis.

(e) Seven stream gaging stations have been installed to measure tributary inflow to Lake

Mendota and lahara River outflow. Precipitation records are being obtained from

fourteen recording rain gages. M. S. thesis by C. L. Yderstad (1953) was concerned

with methods of separation of surface runoff and groundwater flow, channel storage,

unit hydrographs, and infiltration for basins of 7.7, li5 and 82 sq. mi. areas.

(g) Three M. S. and six B. S, theses completed. (Available on loan.)

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE ORIFICES.

(b) Cooperative with Mr. J. C. Stevens, Portland, Ore.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Existing fundamental considerations are being studied and a new practical approach has

been developed. Initial vorticity can be completely controlled, and measurements of

head, discharge, and surface profile can be made. Orifice diameters will vary from 3 to 12 inches.

(g) Tests have been completed on a ij-inch diameter sharp-edged orifice. The functional

relation between head and vorticity and standard orifice discharge coefficient has been

determined experimentally and represented as a three-dimensional plot. Vortex flow with

free radial approach produced standard discharge coefficients for the orifices tested.

Tests on a 6 -inch dia orifice are now in progress.

(Uj20) FORECASTING SNOtMEIT RUNOFF, BIG EAU PLEINE RIVER, WISCONSIN.

(b) Wisconsin Valley Hydrologic Research Project.

(d) Experimental for ph. D. thesis.

(e) Using readily available U. S. Geological Survey and Weather Bureau records a method was developed for forecasting the time distribution of spring runoff volume caused by

snowmelt

(f) Suspended.

(g) A method was developed for determination of melt potential from convection, condensation,

and radiation. From this potential, using a snowmelt unit hydrograph, correlation was obtained with actual runoff corrected for precipitation during the snowmelt period.

(h) "Forecasting the rate of snowmelt runoff." J. Harold Zoller, Ph. D. Thesis, Aug. 1953.

(Available on loan.)

Two Ph. D. theses completed. Papers in preparation.

(1707) PROBLEMS OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE AND CULVERT OPENINGS.

(b) Consolidated «s Civic Foundation, Inc.

(d) Experimental; for M. S. and B. S. theses.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are in progress to determine methods of estimating probable scour pattern for a proposed structure having certain physical site characteristics and conditions of flow. Remedial methods will also be studied so scour at existing structures

will be reduced or eliminated.

(g) Causes of scour at one location have been correlated with topography and water levels.

Safe limits of reservoir drawdown at downstream dam and temporary remedial measures

have been determined. More permanent remedial measures are now being studied.

(h) "Model-prototype correlation for scour at Buckhorn Bridge." W. A. Hunt, M. S. Thesis.

•Model tests of scour at Buckhorn Bridge." G. R. Steiner and J. W. Williams, B. S. Thesis completed. (Available on loan.)
University of Wisconsin

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

99

.708) MODEL STUDIES OF DRAFT TUBES FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES.

(b) Allis Chalmers Mfg. Co.

(d) Experimental; for M. S. thesis.

(e) Elbow and horseshoe type draft tube models of lucite (Ij-inch throat diameter) were tested with inlet velocity vectors controlled by guide vanes set at various angles set from +30 to -30 deg.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Tests showed the draft tube efficiency was materially greater for zero angle of guide vanes than any other angle. Non-uniform flow distribution in the draft tube accounted

for the efficiency loss at large vane angles. The center pier also reduced efficiencies.

(h) "Model tests of turbine draft tubes." J. M. Jordaan, M. S. Thesis completed. (Available on loan.)

1709) CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH VEIRS AT ENDS OF CULVERTS.

(b) Wisconsin Culvert Co.

(d) Experimental; for B. S. thesis.

(e) A 90* V-Notch weir was installed at the end of a 30-inch corrugated steel culvert and

calibrated for flows up to and above the top of the weir plate.

(f) Completed.

(g) Mathematical interpretation of the flows as the summation of V-Notch and rectangular

weir flows was made and coefficients determined to express the total flow as a function

of the head above the bottom of the V-Notch.

(h) "Calibration of V-Notch weirs at ends of culvert pipes." M. W. Busby and L. r. Hafeman,

B. S. Thesis, June, 1953. (Available on loan.)

1710) CALIBRATION OF NEW DESIGN OF HEAD SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Agricultural Research Service.

(d) Experimental; for B. S. thesis.

(e) Hydraulic model studies have been made to determine discharge coefficients for a 6-

inch lucite head flume used for soil erosion control. This flume has sloping sides to

confine the earth fill, but no flaring head walls.

(f) Completed.

(g) Various length, width, and depth ratios were studied for various heads. Head discharge

curves were plotted. After completion of the student thesis project the data was checked by A.R.S. personnel working under the direction of Mr. N. E. Minshall. This

group then determined the effect of location of dyke positions on discharge coefficients

for a conventional type head spillway with right angle head walls.

(h) "Model test of head spillway." R. K. Bastian, E. G. Olson and F. L. Plautz, B. S. thesis, June, 1953. (Available on loan.)

kDRCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory.

J Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 961, 1712, 1713, and 1959 to 1963, incl., should be

addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, "Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester 2, Mass.

I (961) VALVE TESTS.

(b) Chapman Valve Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Head Loss measurements for various discharges are made on a 2I4" disc type check valve.

Closure time and pressure changes are determined photographically for various flows up

to US ofs.

(f) Work in progress.
100 "Worcester Polytechnic Institute

(1712) CROMBY MOVEABLE BED MODEL.

(b) Philadelphia Electric Company.

(d) Experimental 5 for design.

(e) A distorted model (1:1$ vertical scale, l:lj£ horizontal scale) was constructed of a section of the Schuylkill River including provision for heating water pumped through

the condensers. Studies were made of re -circulation of hot water discharged from

condensers.

(1713) LITTLETON HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT

.

(b) Connecticut River Power Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model was constructed of the chute spillway and section of the Connecticut River

to study flow conditions in the chute and in the river adjacent to the chute.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1959) LITTLETON HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Connecticut River Power Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:i|8 model was constructed of one-half of one penstock intake and transition to circular penstock section. A transparent lucite sheet was used at the center line to allow observation of flow throughout length of model. Tests were made to study flow

conditions at various sections of the model.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1960) A. J. WELEY HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT • (b) Ebasco Services Inc.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:5>0 model of the spillway, stilling basin and river bed immediately up and down

stream was constructed in the $ foot wide, glass-sided flume. Preliminary tests were made to permit photographs and some measurements of flow over spillway and through

diversion chutes.

(f) Inactive - work may be continued.

(1961) HOGBACK DAM WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT.

(b) The tyater Bureau, Hartford, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:f>0 model of the dam, spillway diversion tunnel, Mill Brook diversion and adjacent

river topography was constructed to study flow conditions for diversion and flood flows, Water surface profiles in diversion tunnel and spillway channel have been determined.

(1962) TRIFANT PUMP.

(b) Russell A. Trufant.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A turbine type pump was installed in the 8 foot wide flume with a calibrated venturi meter in series. Performance tests were run with various turbine blades.

(f) Completed.

(1963) F0XB0R0 METER.

(b) Foxboro Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) An experimental type of flow meter was tested to determine operating characteristics.

(f) Completed.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 101

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Branch.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 150-153, incl., 386-390, incl., 393-397, incl.,

6^8, 1168, 1189, 1190, U4I5, Iij29-lii37, incl., II4 39 -II4I1 3 , incl., lkk$-U\56 9 incl., and

1715-1723, incl., previously reported by Soil Conservation Service, and Projects Nos. 26,

39ij-397, incl., II9I4 and 17114, previously reported by Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and

Agricultural Engineering, should be addressed to Dr. Robert M. Salter, Chief, Soil and

Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(53) SAND TRAPS AND SLUICEWAYS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 20. (55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST ANALYSIS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 20. (150) HYDR0L0GIC EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service and State Experiment Stations of Ohio, Texas, Nebraska and Michigan.

In addition, measurements of rainfall, runoff rates and amounts, from farm watersheds,

are being made by this branch in cooperation with State Agricultural Experiment Stations

in Illinois, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania,

Iowa, Massachusetts, Vermont, Virginia and Maine.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; for design and general information in planning farms

for soil and water conservation.

(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on watersheds ranging from 1 to 5,000 acres. In addition

to rainfall and runoff measurements, studies are made on small Government-operated areas

of evapo-transpiration, moisture storage, moisture transmission through the soil, hydrologic effect of physiography, tillage, and ground surface conditions, vegetal covers and

soils and geology, and the effect of conservation farming on runoff and erosion, as well

as the characteristics of flood runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(g) Conservation practices have appreciably reduced peak rates of runoff for all storms for

areas as large as 300 acres. Runoff volume is appreciably reduced for some storms. Data

comparing areas larger than 300 acres under conservation with similar untreated areas are not available due to the difficulty of finding comparable treated and untreated areas.

(h) North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, Coshocton, Ohio . "Water use by crops." L. L. Harrold and F. R. Dreibelblis, Soil Science Society of

America, Proceedings 17: 70-7li . 1953.

Central Great Plains Experimental Watersheds, Hastings, Nebraska . "Runoff from conservation and non-conservation watersheds." JoKn A. Allis, Agricultural

Engineering 31:766-768, illus. 1953.

Blacklands Experimental Watershed, Waco, Texas . "Runoff from conservation and non-conservation watersheds." Ralph W. Baird, submitted at Amer. Society of Agricultural Engineering Meeting, Pittsburgh, Penna. June 17, 1953.

In process of publication in ASAE Journal.

Michigan Hydrologic Research Station, East Lansing, Michigan. "Soil temperature comparisons under varying covers." George A, Crabb, Jr. and James L. Smith. Invitational paper presented at the annual meeting of the U. S. Highway Research

Board of the National Research Council in January, 1953.

"Insolation: A primary factor in evaporation from a free-water surface in Michigan.

George A. Crabb, Jr. Quarterly Bulletin of Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station,

Vol. 35, PP 186-192. 1952.

"Comparative analysis of hydrographs from similar storms on a watershed under timbered

and clean-cut conditions." J. L. Smith and George A. Crabb, Jr. Quarterly Bulletin of

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. Vol. 35, PP lj89-502. 1953.

295522 0 - 54 -8
102 Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

(152) (1^3) THE HYDRAULICS AND STABILITY OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative with Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Measured flows up to 15>0 cfs are passed through outdoor test channels of various crosssections up to I4O feet in width with slopes up to 10 percent. Measurements of hydraulic

elements and scour rates are made for flows of different velocities and for various

channel linings. The purpose is to obtain (l) effects of linings, vegetal and nonvegetal, on the water carrying capacity and other hydraulic characteristics of channels

used in soil and water conservation operations; and (2) protective characteristics of

various types of linings, vegetal and non-vegetal.

(287) PERFORMANCE TESTS OF l£LL SCREENS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 20.

(820) THE STUDY OF SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS.

See Colorado A and M College, page 21. (1191) DETERMINATION OF THE DISCHARGE FRDM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY THE COORDINATE METHOD.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Engineering Experiment Station, page 92.

(1192) FLOW THROUGH FLEXIBLE NON-ELASTIC PIPE.

See Utah State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, page 92.

(1722) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN NORTH CENTRAL OKLAHOMA.

(b) Cooperative with Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental j for design.

(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on three watersheds ranging from l£ to 210 acres. The

highway culverts through which the watersheds discharge are used as rate measuring

devices. The purpose is two-fold. First, information is obtained for planning farms

for soil and water conservation and second, the technique of using existing highway

drainage structures for runoff measurement is being developed.

(g) Rating characteristics have been determined for the weir sills installed in the culverts

for measuring low flows. Runoff rates and amounts have been compiled for the period of

the study. Rating characteristics are being determined for culverts subjected to limited tailwater control.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

(b) Cooperative with Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on full size conservation structures built under field conditions at the

Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory. Flows up to 175 cfs are available for the

testing. Experiments have been run on a chute with stilling basin and on a pipe outlet

spillway.

(1961j) DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE OF WATER CONTROL FACILITIES.

(b) Soil and "Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Florida

Agricultural Experiment Station and Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District.

(d) Experimental and field investigations. Applied research for design and development of water control facilities in southern and central Florida.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 103

(e) To determine the most efficient type layout and design of water control installations,

and the maintenance practices required to provide the drainage and irrigation needs of

crops under subtropical conditions. A variety of measures have been employed for the

reclamation of swamp lands in Florida since their development with different degrees

of success. Some involving excessive drainage were actually detrimental to the soils. Past and present studies show that it is essential to construct and maintain water con- trol systems that will conserve water supplies, and to carry the level of the ground

water as high as is safe for crops to reduce burning and subsidence of the organic soils.

Field surveys and experimental station studies are being carried out to determine the most effective and economical measures to employ to provide the necessary agricultural

water requirements.

(g) Long-time subsidence studies have shown that the loss of organic soils in the Everglades

is directly related to the depth of water table and that the life of these soils can be

prolonged by holding higher water tables. The age of the Everglades soil has been determined as £,000 years by the "Carbon Hi" method. Cost efficiency studies have been

made on large drainage district pumping stations adjacent to Lake Okeechobee, as well

as tests on different types of farm size pumps. Values of Kutter's and Manning 1 s »n" have been established on typical ditches and the effect of vegetative growth on raising

the values of "n" determined. Economical herbicidal treatments have been developed

for ditch maintenance.

(h) "Aromatic solvents for the control of the submersed water Naiad, Najas guadelupensis

(Spreng.) Morog., in South Florida. " Charles C. Seale, J. W. Randolph and J. C. Stephens. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal, Series No. 76, "Weeds. Vol.

1, No. b, July, 1952.

"Herbicidal tests for control of Para Grass on ditch banks in the Everglades region of

Florida." William H. Speir and J. C. Stephens. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station

Journal, Series No. 96, Weeds. Vol. II, No. 1, January, 1953.

(1965) SURFACE AND SUB -SURFACE HIDR0L0GIC STUDIES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH FLORIDA.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Florida

Agricultural Experiment Station and Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research to determine water requirements of crops as influenced by the hydrological environment.

(e) To measure, record, and analyze surface and subsurface hydrologic and related phenomena

for establishing criteria to be used in the development and operation of agricultural

water control systems in Central and Southern Florida.

Rainfall and evaporation records are obtained over Central and Southern Florida in

cooperation with other agencies. These records are compiled and analyzed to aid in the

design of drainage and irrigation requirements. Transpiration and water consumption

by plants has been studied at the Everglades Experimental Station during recent years

and a limited amount of data for some specific crops at given water table depths are available. A few runoff records for natural drainage areas in Florida have been made,

and for the past two years detailed hydrologic records of rainfall, evaporation and

runoff have been obtained on the Indian River Farms Drainage District, near Vero Beach,

Florida. Reconnaissance ground water surveys have been made in the Everglades area

and at a few scattered places in the rest of Central and South Florida. A hydrologic

plot was set up at the Everglades Experiment Station in 1951, and at the Plantation

Field Laboratory at Ft. Lauderdale in 1953. These installations include rain gauges for

obtaining rainfall, standard evaporation pans and land tanks for establishing relation

of evaporation from standard pans to evaporation from large land tanks, anemometers for

wind motion, and instruments with shelters for measuring temperatures. Sunken tanks

are installed for a study of the tolerance to flooding, and the normal rate of water use by various crops.

(1966) SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES, INCLUDING DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION. Work on this project conducted in the states as listed. (Project numbers indicated

appeared in Miscellaneous Publication 208, 1953.)

Alabama-17H|, I7I1I4 ; Arizona-658, H429; Arkansas; California-26, 389, 390, 119 lj, Hj1j5-

11451, incl., 1717-1720, incl.j Colorado-53, 55, 287, 820, Uj30, U43I; Florida-395 , 396,

397; Georgia; Idaho-1553, 1^55, Uj56, 1716; Illinois; Indiana-39l4; Iowa; Kansas-li432;
lOh Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

Maine; Maryland; Missouri; Mississippi; Nebraska-lb 33, Hi 3^4 5 Nevada-1^3^; New Jersey;

New York; North Carolina; Ohio; Oregon-387, lb52; Pennsylvania; South Carolina; South

Dakota-lli36, lb37; Texas-386, Ib39-lbb2, incl., 1721; Utah-151, 388, 1189-1192, incl.,

lb 15, 1715, lb5b; Virginia; Washington-393; v&sconsin; Vfroming-lbb3.

(b) In cooperation with State Agricultural Experiment Stations and other agencies throughout

the United States. Hydraulic measurements are necessary for determining the effects of land management practices on runoff, soil moisture and erosion. Research is continually

being carried on to improve these hydraulic measurements, since few data are available on measurement of silt and trash laden flows from small agricultural areas. Since the type of

studies conducted at different locations within the many states are similar except for

variations in soils, climate and cropping, they are being consolidated under a single heading. This research is not considered as hydraulic research, but much of the data secured

will be of interest to those in the field of hydraulics.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied research for design purposes.

(e) To determine the (1) effects of different land use and farming practices upon surface

runoff, soil losses and groundwater supply and movement; (2) soil characteristics that are basically related to soil and moisture conservation principles as a basis for designing

conservation practices; (3) relation of water runoff and soil erosion to the topography

and other physiographic conditions of the drainage area, and to climatological conditions;

(b) design of effective and economical structures and cultural practices for erosion control, water disposal and moisture conservation; (5) requirements for control of surface water and ground water where agricultural production is prevented or limited by excess or deficiency of moisture; (6) practical methods and means of installing and maintaining land

drainage improvements in the East and West; (7) water requirements for irrigation, both in

the Wfest and East; (8) best sources of irrigation water and how it may be most economically

stored and applied to the land; (9) best techniques for measuring and evaluating the infiltration rates and permeability characteristics of soils throughout the United States

and to determine the magnitude of change that may result from changes in management and

varying soil treatments; and (10) principles underlying the flow of water into and through

soils

.

(g) Rainfall, runoff and erosion data from land in different crops and receiving different

cultural and fertilizer treatments in many locations, are being tabulated on standard

forms for early analysis..

(h) "A method for determining the stability of soil structure based upon air and water permeability measurements. " R. C. Reeve. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 17:32b.

1953.

"Equipment for subsampling and packing fragmented soil samples for air and water permeability tests." R. C. Reeve and R. H. Brooks. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings 17: 32lj . 1953.

"A comparison of the effects of exchangeable sodium and potassium upon the physical conditions of soils." R. C. Reeve, C. A. Bower, R. H. Brooks and F . B. Gschwend. Soil

Science Society of America, Proceedings. Submitted for publication Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

Proc., November, 1953.

"Dependability of surface runoff supplies in the ridges and valleys region of Virginia."

M. H. Kirkpatrick, Jr. Soil Conservation Service Tech. Pub. 113. April, 1953.

"Rainfall and runoff characteristics on a small watershed in the southern Piedmont."

J. R. Carreker and A. P. Barnett. Soil Conservation Service Tech. Pub. lllj. August, 1953.

"Evaluation of gully control structures in southeastern Wisconsin. " N. E. Minshall.

September, 1953.

"The silting of Caonillas Reservoir, Puerto Rico." John J. Noll. Soil Conservation

Service Tech. pub. 119. October, 1953.

"Drainage investigation in irrigated areas of Imperial Valley, California, 19bl-5l> a 10 -year summary." W. ¥. Donnan, G. B. Brads haw and H. F. Blaney. Soil Conservation

Service Tech. Pub. 120. September, 1953.

"Changes in drainage properties of a muck soil as a result of drainage practices." H. A. Jongedyk, R. B. Hickok and I. D. Mayer. Scheduled for publication Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

Proc. Vol. 18, No. 1, January, 195b.

"Kudzu in rotation with com and small grain." T. L. Copley and Luke A. Forrest. Department of Agronomy. North Carolina State College Research Report No. 5, Aug. 1953.
Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service 105

pRunoff from permanent pastures in Pennsylvania. " R. R. Robinson and R. B. Alderfer.

Agron. Journal kh:kS9 -I462. September, 1952.

f'Soil fertility levels of grassland in some dairy sections of the Northeast." R. R.

rtobinson, Leo J. Gotnoir, Jr., C. H. Moran, E. R. Purvis, W. A. MLtcheltree, H. G. jUlbritten, Irene H. Stuckey and Milton Solomon. Agron. Journal 1j5:371-376. Aug. 1953.

"Frost penetration into soils as influenced by depth of snow, vegetative cover and air

jbemperatures . " Claude E. Bay, George w. Winnecke and Orville E. Hays. Transactions,

American Geophysical Union. Vol. 33, No. ij, 6 pp, illus. August, 1952.

"Strip cropping reduces soil loss." Orville E. Hays, that's New in Farm Science,

fcart II. 68th Annual Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., Univ. of Wisconsin, 2 pp. July, 1952.

> j "Improving soil structure for erosion control and crop production: The soil additives."

&. W. Pearson and V. C. Jamison. Jour. Soil and Water Conservation 8:130-135. 1953.

"A 20-year appraisal of engineering practices in soil and water conservation." Dwight

p. Smith. Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 53, No. 9, h pp, 8 illus. Sept. 1952.

! "Compaction as a factor in soil conservation." G. R. Free. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

2:165. 1953.

"Water consumption by plants as influenced by soil fertility." R. J. Hanks and C. B. banner. Agron. Journal, Vol. ljlr.98-100. 1952.

"Leaching of potassium as influenced by frequency of application and source of nitrogen."

R. W. Pearson. Agron. Journal I4IJ :305-307. 1952.

"Report of Subcommittee of permeability and infiltration." L. A. Richards. Soil

Science Society of America, Proceedings 16:85-88. 1952.

"Some thermodynamic properties of soil moisture." J. S, Robins. Soil Science 7I1 - No. 2,

127-139. 1952.

"Slope length and conservation in central Texas." R. M. Smith. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Research Report 267. 1953.

"Movement of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus in an alkaline irrigated soil." A. I. Dow,

C. D. Moodie and C. 0. Stanberry. Agron. Journal 1j5: 353-356. 1953.

"Peculiarities of eastern Washington soils and how to handle them." F. 0. viets, Jr. Proceedings 148th Annual Meeting Wash. State Horticultural Association, pp II2-III4. 1952.

"The relationship of moisture and macroporosity to the hardness of Lloyd Clay." Agron.

Journal 3I4. 1952.

"Irrigation practice as it affects fertilizer requirements, quality and yield of sugar beets." D. Boyd Archibald and Jay L. Haddock. Proceedings 7th General Meeting Amer. Society of Sugar Beet Technologists. 1952.

"Unconfined ground water flow to multiple wells." Vaughn E. Hansen. Proc. Separate

No. li|2, Proceedings American Society Civil Engineers, Vol. 78. August, 1952.

"Complicated well problems solved by the membrane analogy." Vaughn E. Hansen. Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 33. December, 1952.

"Hydraulic tests on barrel valves for use as irrigation outlets to concrete pipe lines."

, Vaughn E. Hansen. Journal Soil and "Water Conservation, Vol. 8, No. Ij, pp 167-168.

>! July, 1953.

"Multiple tensiometer for determining the vertical component of the hydraulic gradient

in soil." L. A. Richards. Proceedings Soil Sci. Society of America. 1953.

I "Laboratory evaluation of desert soils for irrigation." V. S. Aronovici. Transactions,

i American Geophysical Union, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp £9 -52, illus. February, 1952.

1 "Consumptive use of water - definitions, methods and research data." Harry F. Blaney.

Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 117, pp 9149-973, illus. 1952.

"Some factors involved in ground water replenishment." E. S. Bliss and C. E. Johnson.

Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 33, No. I4, pp 514 7-558. 1952.

I "Drainage investigation methods for irrigated areas in western United States." w. W.

J Donnan and G. B. Bradshaw. Technical Bulletin No. 1065, pp li5. 1952.

"The effect of surface head on infiltration rates based on the performance of ring

infiltrometers and ponds." Dean C. Muckel. Transactions, American Geophysical Union,

1 Vol. 3I4, No. 2. April, 1953.

"Tentative sprinkler irrigation guide for lower coastal plains of Alabama." July,

I 1953.
106 Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service

Agriculture - Forest Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Reports on Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, and 1398 conducted by the Soil and "Water Conservation

Research Branch at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory are listed under St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 261 and 1186 should be addressed to Mr. Stephen N.

Ityckoff, California Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 2k5 9 Berkeley 1, Calif.

(261) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Purposes are: (l)to study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed conditions, including vegetation, soils, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods of

watershed management, including the treatment of areas denuded by fire, to assure maximum

yield of usable water, and satisfactory regulation of flood runoff and erosion. Major

work center is the San Dimas Experimental Forest in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern

California. Rainfall, runoff, and erosion are measured on two main drainage areas, on ten large and seven small watersheds within these areas, and on twenty-one experimental

plots. Twelve of these plots are equipped to obtain detailed information on the disposition of rainfall from grass, mature brush, and a 26-year-old pine plantation, and 26 large

lysimeters furnish comparisons of the use of water by various species of shrubs, one species of pine, and a bunch grass association. Climatic data are obtained from several

meteorological stations. Studies to improve wild land vegetation for better stability of

mountain soils are in progress in Los Angeles River watershed and at Pasadena in cooperation with the California Institute of Technology. During 1953, five plots were established in Los Angeles River watershed to measure the rate of surface movement of materials

(soil, rock, and organic matter) on slopes varying from 30 to 120 percent representing

typical soil and vegetative conditions. Studies of runoff and erosion as influenced by

fire and the revegetation of large burned areas are in progress elsewhere in California.

(g) Studies to improve the accuracy of rainfall measurement in mountainous country conducted

over a period of years on the San Dimas Experimental Forest, were summarized for publication in a U.S.D.A. Tech. Bulletin entitled "Rainfall Sampling in Rugged Terrain." The

results show that within the area studied, rainfall was sampled more accurately with rain

gages tilted and oriented according to watershed slopes than with gages placed vertically.

The effect of low rainfall during the winter of 1952-53 on streamflow in the San Gabriel

Mountains of southern California is indicated by records from Monroe Canyon. During the

hydrologic year Oct. 1, 1952-Sept. 30, 1953 precipitation totaled 15.88 in. or $k.k% of

the 18 -year mean of 29.22 in. During the same period streamflow amounted to .32 surface

in. or only Q.k% of the 18-year mean of 3.81 surface in. Soil moisture records from

lysimeters and plots on the San Dimas Forest show that California scrub oak uses less water than Coulter pine during the winter season. A study of the influence of forest

floors on water yield from ponderosa pine stands in California showed that floors 3/h in.

deep controlled evaporation (from the floor and the soil) and surface runoff nearly as well as floors of greater depths and much better than floors of lesser depths.

(h) "Shock resistant lucite graduate." E. L. Hamilton, L. F. Reimann, and L. A. Andrews,

California Forest and Range Experiment Station Misc. Paper No. 9.

"A guide to the San Dimas Experiment Forest." J. D. Sinclair and E. L. Hamilton,

California Forest and Range Experiment Station MLsc. Paper No. 11. "Indicators of erosion on watershed land in California." C. H. Gleason, Trans. A.G.U.

3b(3): M9-1426. 1953.

"Control of evaporation from rain gages by oil." E. L. Hamilton and L. A. Andrews. Bull.

Amer. Meteor. Soc. 3^(5): 202-2014. 1953.

"Vegetation and watershed management." E. A. Colman, Ronald Press Co., New York, Nov. 1953.
Agriculture - Forest Service 107

(1186) FLOOD CONTROL SURVEY RESEARCH, CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN OREGON,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, field investigation; statistical studies in applied research.

(e) To furnish a physical base for evaluation of flood control measures as they affect

flood and sediment damages. Emphasis is on the determination of the influence of

"land use" on frequency flood peaks, annual and seasonal yields of water, and sediment

production from whole watersheds.

(g) Average annual suspended sediment discharge from 29 watersheds in western Oregon was related by regression analysis to average watershed values to two streamflow variables,

two topographic variables, two soil variables, four land-^use variables and one channel

bank variable. The results were used (1) to construct a map of the sediment producing

potential of lands in western Oregon under average land use conditions; (2) to estimate

how the actual production of sediment would differ from the potential with deviations

of land use from average; and (3) to distribute present sediment production to the three

major source areas: forest land, agricultural land, and channel banks of the main river.

Double-mass plotting of inflow and sedimentation of Gibraltar Reservoir, Santa Ynez watershed, California, showed that sedimentation and peak inflow increased markedly

following the wildfires of 1932 and 1933, then decreased as the watershed recovered from

the fires. No change in the total annual inflow was detected using the same method.

(h) "Suspended sediment discharge as related to streamflow, topography, soil, and land use."

H. W. Anderson, submitted to Amer. Geophys. Union for publication. August, 1953.

"Detecting hydrologic effects of changes in watershed condition." H. W. Anderson, submitted to Amer. Geophys. Union for publication. September, 1953. "How will you have your water?" H. w. Anderson, Jour. Forestry 50(2) :135, 1952.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, I ntermountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 652 to 655, incl., should be addressed to the Director,

I ntermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(652) SOIL RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION).

(b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

(dj Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tests on plots and small watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous plant cover in natural, depleted, and restored condition on the infiltration, storage, fertility, biology and stability of forest and range land soils; to determine land use practices for stabilizing eroding watershed soils and for maintaining soil stability under

the impact of grazing, logging, and other wild land uses. Studies are under way on

coarse, granitic soils of southwest Idaho; various soils on steep slopes of Wasatch

Mountains in northern Utah; and on heavy limestone soils on the Wasatch Plateau in cen- tral Utah.

(g) Initiated study of effects of methods cutting and logging virgin ponderosa pine in Boise

Basin Experimental Forest near Idaho City, Idaho. Sediment catchment dams and observation plots installed on first of two replicate sets of 9 watersheds.

Second replication of 9 catchment dams to be installed in 195^. Prepared draft of

report on 36 years of runoff and sediment records from two subalpine watersheds at Great

Basin Research Center near Ephraim, Utah and initiated new phase of this long term ex- periment by intensive seeding and contour trenching one of the depleted watersheds.

(h) "Effects of trampling disturbance on watershed condition, runoff, and erosion" by P. E. Packer; Jour. Forestry Vol. 5l(l):28-31, January, 1953.

(653) WATER RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION) . (b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture,

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.
108 Agriculture - Forest Service

(e) Tests on watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous plant cover, and

of mechanical soil stabilization structures, on runoff characteristics of mountain

watersheds; to determine land use treatments required for flood control and for maximum

yields of usable streamflow.

(g) Formally established the Davis County Experimental Watershed (28,000 acres) within the

Wasatch National Forest near Farmington, Utah. Brought up to date the calculation of

daily streamflow records from Hi experimental watersheds, involving from 7 to 15 years

of records per station.

(h) "Guide to Davis County Experimental Watershed." R. B. Marston; MLmeo. Illus. Report,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah, 1953.

(651j) PLANT RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION)

.

(b> Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tests on plots and watersheds of the effects of forest, brush, and herbaceous cover on interception and evapo -transpiration losses; to determine the kind of plant cover re- quired for producing maximum yields of useful runoff from watersheds. Principal effort now limited to study of evapo-transpiration loss from herbaceous cover on Wasatch Mountains, northern Utah.

(g) Initiated plot study of effect of herbaceous plant cover on rainfall interception,

overland flow, soil erosion, evapo-transpiration, and water available for streamflow

and made 15-year inventory of plant cover on two experimental watersheds in cooperation

with the University of Utah at the Davis County Experimental Watershed near Farmington,

Utah.

(h) "Evapo-transpiration and other water losses on some aspen forest sites in Utah in relation to water available for streamflow." A. R. Croft and L. V. Monninger, Amer. Geophys.

Union, Vol. 3ii :563-57lj , 1953.

(655) CLIMATIC RELATIONS (IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION) . (b) Branch of Research, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Measurements and studies of climatic factors including precipitation, temperature,

wind, etc., that have a bearing on the hydrologic behavior of forest and range watershed areas at the Boise Research Center near Idaho City, Idaho; Wasatch Research Center,

Farmington, Utah, and Great Basin Research Center, near Ephraim, Utah.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 656, 966, and 1187, should be addressed to Dr. Ralph

W. Marquis, Director, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors Avenue, Upper

Darby, Pa.

(656) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT).

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Delaware -Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

Pa., to determine the water economy for a watershed covered with scrub oak. Afterwards,

the cover will be converted by planting and fire protection to a commercially valuable

type, and the effect on water relations will be measured. Installations have been

established to evaluate all components of a water balance equation for the watershed.

(g) Rainfall interception, after correction for stemflow, by scrub oak bears a linear re- lation to amount of rain for individual storms. The relation is as follows:

I = 0.01j3P + 0.010 where, I = interception loss corrected for stemflow P = total

rainfall per storm. Rainfall interception by a high forest of mixed hardwoods and conifers with a dense

understory of rhododendron follows the relation: I = O.I38P + 0.019.

Average daily evapo -transpirational water losses appear to be related to the logarithm

of the average daily saturation deficit.
Agriculture - Forest Service 109

(h) "A method for approximating the water content of soils." Nedavia Bethlahmy, Amer. Geophys. Union Trans., 33: 699-706, 1952.

"Estimating summer evapo -transpiration losses in a Pennsylvania scrub oak forest."

Nedavia Bethlahmy, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 17: 295-297, 1953.

"Report No. 2 forest and water research project." Penna. Dept. of Forests and Waters,

1953.

(966) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION ("WATERSHED MANAGEMENT),

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

e) Studies have been started on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to determine effects of forest management practices and logging operations upon the quantity and quality of water yielded by a small watershed. Installations have been established to measure precipitation, streamflow and rainfall interception.

(1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES,

(b} Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of land use and condition upon type and depth of frost formation. Periodic observations of frost type and depth, snow depth, and water content are made upon a large number of plots in New England, New York, and northern Pennsylvania,

selected to sample a variety of land uses and conditions within certain land use classes.

A system of 186 plots were established and observations made thereon during the winters

1950-51 and 1951-52. Data are now being analyzed.

(1188) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION (WATERSHED MANAGEMENT)

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., to determine the effect of different levels of cutting practices and different logging

methods upon water quantity and quality. Five watersheds have been equipped with stream- gaging stations and raingages. No logging will be done on these watersheds during calibration period. Measurements are now being made on areas adjacent to the gaged watersheds to determine erosion rates on logging roads as influenced by length and steepness

of grade and various erosion control measures.

(h) "A method of measuring increase in soil depth and water-storage capacity due to forest

management." George R. Trimble, Jr., Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Paper hi,

1952.

"Forestry (in West Virginia)." Sidney Weitzman, W. Va. Watershed Development Conf. Proc. 1950: 31-37, 1952.

"Soil erosion on logging roads." George R. Trimble, Jr., and Sidney Weitzman, Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 17 (2), 152-I5ij, April, 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING AND OTHER FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Experiment Station project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, h23

U. S. Court House, Portland 5, Ore.

(d^ Field investigation; basic research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (formerly Blue River Experimental Forest), in the

McKenzie River drainage of west central Oregon. Streamflow from three small experimental

watersheds in virgin Douglas-fir has been measured for one year by means of trapezoidal

flume stream gages. Observations are beginning of a pretreatment calibration which will

be carried on for 5 years or more. Planned treatments will test effect of two systems

of timber cutting on water yield and erosion.
110 Agriculture - Forest Service

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE , Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(376) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, MANITOU EXPERIMENTAL FOREST

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. D. Love, Research Center Leader, Front Range Research Center, Room 221 Forestry

Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo.

(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber cutting, and revegetation of depleted

watershed lands upon water supplies, and upon erosion and sedimentation, to solve problems in watershed management for the forest and range covered watershed lands of the

Rocky Mountain Front Range.

(g) The recording of rainfall, runoff, and erosion from plots and watersheds representing

different complexes of soil, vegetation, and treatment has been continued in conformance

with the long-term nature of the study.

(h) "Does research pay?" 1952 Annual Report Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment

Station. March, 1953.

""Watershed management experiments in the Colorado Front Range." L. D. Love, Jour, of

Soil and Water Conservation, 8:213-218, Illus. 1953.

(377) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, FRASER EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. B. C. Goodell, Research Center Leader, Continental Divide Research Center, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine and spruce -fir forests and of the management of

these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water, largely

from stored snow. The purpose is to solve problems in the management of forested

watersheds of the high altitude zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum yields of usable

water.

(g) The correlation between annual precipitation and annual streamflow is apparently improved if the water year is taken as the period between August 1 and July 31 instead of the more commonly taken period starting October 1. This is explained by the effect of late summer rains on the soil moisture present prior to snow melt daring the following spring

Erosion from a 71ij-acre watershed covered with virgin vegetation, mostly pine and spruce

fir forest, but containing 13 miles of logging road produced a sediment deposit of 105

tons in a debris basin.

(h) 1952 Annual Report, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado. March, 1953.

(657) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATIONS AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT, SIERRA ANCHA RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. C. Fletcher, Research Center Leader, Sierra Ancha Research Center, Arizona State

College, Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is: (1) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed

vegetation, and (2) to determine the influence of various types and densities of natural

vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water uses, water losses, and erosion and sediment yields.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in central Arizona rainfall, runoff, and erosion

are measured on three watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation types at high elevation, on

two watersheds in the ponderosa-chaparral type and four watersheds in the grasslandchaparral type at intermediate elevation, and on nine small watersheds in the semidesert

chaparral type at low elevations. Water use by different types of plants in different

soils is studied on 11 large lysimeters.
Agriculture - Forest Service 111

(g) The four Natural Drainage Watersheds on which the effect on water yields of protection

from grazing is being studied are unique in that the gaging stations are tied into bedrock and all subsurface and surface runoff is measured. These watersheds were fenced

and grazing use eliminated in 193i|. In 1939 one watershed was opened to moderate grazing (hO percent utilization of the perennial grass) and one watershed was opened to heavy grazing in 19 1*2 (80 percent utilization). Quadrat and transect measurements on

the four watersheds indicate: (1) the grass density essentially doubled during the pretreatment period and was fairly uniform among the watersheds in 19ij2; (2) grass density

decreased on the heavily grazed watershed compared to the moderately grazed watershed

and the watersheds protected from grazing; and (3) climatic variations caused wide

fluctuations in grass density on all watersheds. Results summarized to date indicate

no significant difference in adjusted mean water yields from watersheds protected from

grazing compared to grazed watersheds.

Preliminary results of a continuing study of the effect of timber stand density on rainfall interception indicate a direct relationship between interception loss and total

basal area (all trees 0.6 inch d.b.h. and over). Net rainfall under timber stands containing 35»Uk, 53.12, and 83.75 square feet basal area per l/l|-acre plot was measured

for 23 storms varying from less than 0.01 inch to 1.626 inches in the summer of 1953.

These measurements show that 11.87 percent of the rainfall was intercepted by the 3%.hh square foot plot, 2I4.96 percent by the 53.12 square foot plot, and 36.51 percent by the

83.75 square foot plot.

(1967) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, UPPER RIO GRANDE RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. J. Dortignac, In Charge, Upper Rio Grande Research Center, University of New

Mexico, T -10, Albuquerque , New Mexi c o

.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The evaluation of reseeded rangelands for infiltration, soil stabilization and soil

productivity in woodland and sagebrush types of North Central New Mexico. Rocky Mountain infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration and erosion rates from reseeded and

adjacent native rangelands under grazing and nonuse. Measurement of selected vegetation

and soil factors included in this study.

(f) Field study completed. Conducted during the summers of 1952 and 1953.

(g) In process of analysis.

(1968) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, UPPER RIO GRANDE RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. J. Dortignac, In Charge, Upper Rio Grande Research Center, University of New

Mexico, T-10, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Applied research.

(e^ Study of range and watershed conditions and trends in North Central New Mexico. Rocky

Mountain infiltrometer is used to measure infiltration and erosion rates from about

50 fenced-in enclosures installed on native rangelands in 1939 and 19^0 and from adjacent

open range. Detailed soil and vegetation measurements are taken at each infiltrometer

plot location. In addition, re -examination and quantitative measurement of vegetation

are taken inside and outside the enclosure for comparison with measured vegetation conditions in 19 39 -b0.

(f) Field study started in 1953.

(g) Work Plan, May, 1953.

(1969) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, UPPER RIO GRANDE RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land Management, U. S. Geological Survey, and Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Mr. E. J. Dortignac, In Charge, Upper Rio Grande Research Center, University of New

Mexico, T-10, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Applied research.
112 Agriculture - Forest Service

(e) Range -watershed evaluation of small San Luis watersheds in Rio Puerco. Three watersheds,

ranging from 370 to 735 acres, are located adjacent to one another about 8 miles north

of San Luis (Dominguez) and west of the Rio Puerco. Waterflow and sediment are measured

by inflow into small reservoirs formed by dams. Precipitation and vegetation measurements are taken currently. After an adequate calibration period, two watersheds will be

treated and the other grazed at the present intensity to serve as a climatic control for

evaluating fluctuations in climate. Tfetershed treatments will be concerned with grazing

control, revegetation, and water retardation measures.

(h) Annual Report of the Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(1970) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, UPPER COLORADO RIVER RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. George T. Turner, Acting Research Center Leader, Upper Colorado River Research Center, Delta, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Object is to determine and classify the field conditions under which control of oak-brush

should or should not be attempted as a means of increasing grazing capacity or improving

watershed conditions.

Study is being conducted in western Colorado where dense stands of oak-brush limit forage

production and present problems in range and watershed management.

Physical and biological factors are being investigated to determine present and potential

site productivity, erosion hazards, and other factors.

(1971) FOREST INFLUENCES RESEARCH, UPPER COLORADO RIVER RESEARCH CENTER.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation,

and Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. George T. Turner, Acting Research Center Leader, Upper Colorado River Research Center, Delta, Colo.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of exclusion of livestock grazing on erosion and runoff from

seirri.de sert lands in western Colorado, eastern Utah, and southern doming.

Study area is located in the Badger Wash drainage 30 miles west of Grand Junction,

Colorado, at an elevation of Ii,500 feet. It is characterized by steep to rolling topog

raphy, a sparse cover of salt-desert shrub vegetation, and soils derived principally fror Maneos shale. Although average annual precipitation is less than 10 inches, cloud-burst storms result in extensive runoff and erosion. Cattle and sheep graze the area during

winter months. Eight experimental watersheds are included in the study, ranging from 20 to 100 acres in size. Four watersheds are being fenced to exclude livestock for a perioc

of 20 years, and four will continue to be grazed. An earth dam at the mouth of each wa- tershed will collect runoff and sediment.

Results of treatment are being evaluated by infiltration-erosion tests and sampling of

ground cover, in addition to measurement of runoff and sediment.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) FOREST INFLUENCES INVESTIGATION - WATER RESEARCH AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. L. Demmon, Director, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station U. 5. Forest Service,

P. 0. Box 2^70, Asheville, N. C.

(d) General and complete investigation of forest influences in southeastern United States. Includes fundamental hydrologic research and applied research in water resource and wa- tershed management.

(e) To determine the effect of vegetation on the phases of the hydrologic cycle. To find ou the effect of land use and land management practices on water yield and water quality.

To develop standards and methods of watershed management so as to derive the greatest

benefit from the land and water resources in the southeastern United States.
Agriculture - Forest Service

Army - Beach Erosion Board

113

Most of the actual research experiments and hydrologic data collection is carried out on

the 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory which is located in the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the Southern Appalachian

Mountains). Within this experimental area are approximately 35 individual watersheds

whose streamflow is being continuously gaged and which are either being treated experimentally or being used as control checks. In addition to the streamflow gaging, there

are 13 recording and 80 non-recording (standard) rain gages, 21 recording and 19 nonrecording ground water wells, 8 recording hygrothermographs, 2 recording anemometers,

and one evaporation pan. Vfeter samples for quality analysis are collected on a weekly

and storm period basis from selected experimental watersheds.

The Calhoun Experimental Forest near Union, South Carolina, has been established and is

doing basic research on how piedmont soils influence water resources and plant growth.

Studies include measurement of infiltration, daily changes in field moisture, and runoff

from several small watersheds.

Research projects include determination of effects of (1) permanent complete removal of

all major vegetation; (2) temporary complete removal of all major vegetation; (3) removal of riparian vegetation; (h) removal of laurel and rhododendron shrub vegetation;

(5) local logging practices; (6) mountain agriculture; (7) woodland grazing; (8) forest

fires on water yield and quality; (9) improved techniques for removing wood products

and retaining high quality water values on mountain watersheds.

(g) Land use studies on woodland grazing and mountain farming have shown changes in soil

due to trampling are reflected in infiltration, permeability total porosity, increases

in storm peaks, surface drainage characteristics, changes in time of watershed concentra- tion during storm periods and stream turbidities.

Data analyzed this year increased our knowledge for controlling water yields. A l|0- acre coppice forest watershed 11 years after clear cutting shows diminishing streamflow

as the trees grow older and as transpiration increases. The laurel and rhododendron

understory on a 70-acre watershed was cut and increases in water yield for the first

2 years after cutting was 3.6 inches. Exploratory studies indicate that the use of

sulphur dioxide gas to defoliate trees during drought periods is a rapid, economical,

and efficient method of increasing water yields.

The average annual percent of precipitation intercepted by Southern Appalachian Forest

canopies varies from 11 to 17 percent. This is the equivalent of 8 to 12 inches of

rainfall annually, depending on the number and type of storm. Piedmont studies are showing how various plant species influence restoration of fertility

and water storage capacities to eroded soils.

(h) "Interception of rainfall in a young loblolly pine plantation." M. D. Hoover, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Paper 21, 13 pp. January, 1953.

"Soil moisture under a young loblolly pine plantation." M. D. Hoover, David F. Olson,

Jr., and Geoffrey E. Greene, Soil Science Proceedings, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp Iij7-l50,

April, 1953.

"Soil temperatures in the South Carolina Piedmont." Geoffrey E. Greene. Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station Paper No. 29, 16 pp, September, 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 181, I8I4, 399, 660, 661, 663, 970, 972, 973, 975,

977, U46O, H46I, I72I4 to 1727, incl., 1972 and 1973, should be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board, 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Washington 16, D. C. (181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES.

(h) Report completed; to be published.

(18b) STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(f) Suspended until completion of Project 399; thereafter further testing scheduled.
lllj Army - Beach Erosion Board

(399) DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SIX-FOOT WAVE TANK.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) To design and construct a wave tank for the study of the effect of waves 6 feet high

and 300 feet long. Various types of wave generating mechanisms, the power required by

the generator to form the waves, and the action of the waves on a beach which is placed

at an angle to the axis of the tank have been studied in a 1:12 scale model. The large

wave tank is completed and is 635 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 20 feet deep. Generation

of the waves is to be accomplished by a pusher-type wave generator.

(f ) Design and specifications for the wave generator are in progress; component parts are being procured. Completion is scheduled for late summer of 195^1

.

(660) OBSERVED VAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; additional research by New York University.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves. A number of

electrical recording wave gages have been installed in coastal waters and these records

are analysed for significant height and period. Additional gages are being installed.

(h) "Description and operating instructions for wave gage T*H-1", Bulletin, Beach Erosion

Board, October, 1952.

(661) REPORTS ON BEACH PROCESSES BASED ON EXISTING MISSION, ANAHEIM, AND SANTA MONICA BAY

FIELD DATA.

(f) Field work completed.

(h) "Accuracy of hydrographic surveying in and near the surf zone." T. Saville, Jr. and J. M. Caldwell, Proc. 3rd Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1953.

"Accuracy of hydrographic surveying in and near the surf zone." T. Saville, Jr. and J. M. Caldwell, Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 32, March, 1953.

"Development and field tests of a sampler for suspended sediment in wave action." G. M. Watts, Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 3I4, March, 1953.

'Field investigation of suspended sediment in the surf zone." G. M. Watts, paper presented at Ijth Conference on Coastal Engineering, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1953.

Further reports in preparation.

(663) SAND MOVEMENT AND WAVE STUDY, LONG BRANCH, NEW JERSEY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine if sand placed in deep water will be moved onto the beach by wave action.

Six hundred thousand cubic yards of sand have been placed in 38 feet of water at Long

Branch, N. J. Movement of sand is being studied by frequent hydrographic surveys. Tflave intensity and direction is being recorded for comparison with any sand movement. An

effort is being made to measure the amount of sand moving along the bottom and the amount thrown into suspension by the waves.

(f) Reactivated to determine disposition of dumped sand after 3 years (October, 19lj9 to

October, 1952)

.

(h) Supplemental report published January, 19514. (970) STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF JETTY CONSTRUCTION AT MISSION BAY, CALIFORNIA, ON THE MOVEMENT

OF LITTORAL DRIFT

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To observe the effects of construction of the two jetties at Mission Bay, California

upon the littoral drift of sand past the inlet with a view of determining the changes in

regime associated with jetty construction. Movement of the beach material is to be

correlated with natural forces.

(f) Field work completed. Analysis of data continuing.
Army - Beach Erosion Board 115

(972) STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To aid in the preparation of a handbook on the design of shore structures. Field and

model tests on the wave pressures caused by breaking waves which act on structures will

be made in order to fill such gaps in our present knowledge of these forces not covered

by other current investigations.

(f) Laboratory pressure measuring tests completed.

(g) Measurements have been made of the shock pressure of breaking waves on a vertical struc- ture (maximum wave height about 7 inches). Wave pressures of more than 18 psi were measured. The high pressures last for a very short time. The time-pressure integral

was also measured, the highest being about 0.02 psi -seconds. Froudian model scale relations indicated that the time-pressure integral should vary with three-halves power

of the scale of the wave.

(h) "Shock pressure of breaking waves", Culberton W. Ross, paper presented at ijth Coastal

Engineering Conference, Chicago, Illinois, October, 1953.

(973) CONSTRUCTION OF COAST MODEL BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study beach problems involving waves, littoral currents and tides. The basin is

300 feet long, 150 feet wide and 3 feet deep.

(g) The basin has been completed ; ten portable wave machines have been constructed and are undergoing acceptance tests; the tide system is under construction.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. A component of this study is the correlation of effectiveness of South Lake Worth Inlet,

Florida, By-Passing Plant with rate of drift reaching plant. Data were collected

(3/6/52 to 6/10/52) which included daily recorded wave heights and periods, daily observed littoral currents, measured volume of material pumped at by-passing plant, and

sand samples.

(g) Preliminary analysis of a portion of the collected data indicates that a relationship

between wave energy and material pumped by the by-passing plant can be developed for

the period that the data were obtained.

(h) "By-passing littoral drift at coastal inlets". R. 0. Eaton and G. M. Watts, paper

presented at ASCE meeting, Miami, Florida, June, 1953.

"A study of sand movement at South Lake Worth Inlet, Florida". G. M. Watts, Beach

Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. b2, Oct. 1953.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.,

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction gages for use in securing accurate records of wave characteristics. Eight wave gages of the step-resistance surface mounted type and

pressure bottom mounted type are now in operation and equipped to operate on a 7-day

unattended basis. Laboratory development of a wave direction gage which utilizes two

wave height gages operating concurrently is continuing. Further laboratory study of a wave direction gage is being made by utilizing a sensitive pressure cell in conjunction

with the Raleigh Disc principle. Additional development of recording parallel wire

resistance and capacitance gages for laboratory use has been made to obtain constant linear calibration characteristics.

(H46O) MEASUREMENT OF DEEP WATER OCEAN WAVES WITH AN AIRBORNE WAVE RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project.
116 Array - Beach Erosion Board

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To assess the reliability of present wave forecasting procedures and formulae for wave transformation in shallow water. In cooperation with the Navy, the Beach Erosion Board

established a shore-based recorder off Martha's Vineyard and fabricated a wave gage for use off the Nantucket Lightship by the Navy Hydrographic Office. Simultaneous records

at these two stations together with those from a Navy plane equipped with an airborne

wave recorder were planned. The Navy failed to assign the plane at the selected time

and only the lightship and shore records were obtained. The data thus obtained are being analyzed.

(f) Completed.

(h) "A comparison of observed and hindcast wave characteristics off the southern coast of

New England". R. F. Dearduff, Beach Erosion Board Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. h, Oct. 1953.

(H46I) LOSS OF mVE ENERGY BY BOTTOM FRICTION AND PERCOLATION IN A PERMEABLE BOTTOM.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Laboratory study of wave energy losses by bottom friction and percolation". R. P. Savage, Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandum No. 31, Feb. 1953.

(l?2ij) STUDY OF THE PARALLEL LINE METHOD FOR DETECTING AND MEASURING OTE TRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) To evaluate the parallel line method for observing and measuring wave trains, and study

possible means of improving the method and extending its application. A large number

of photographs of wave trains are being examined with the parallel line method for

identifying and measuring wave trains for use in water depth determinations. Multiple

wave systems generated in the Coast Model Basin (Project 973) will be utilized to check

the method.

(1725) STUDY OF EFFECT OF TIDAL FLUCTUATIONS ON WE-PRODUCED BEACH PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the effect, on a wave-produced beach profile, of introducing tidal fluctuations during the period the beach is being formed. Tests are being conducted in a concrete wave tank, 88 by H4 by I4 feet. Constant period waves are being generated

against four types of sand beaches and periodic tidal fluctuations introduced into the

system. These results will be compared with the data in Projects 181 and 11j59.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1726) CORRELATION OF WES AND ALONGSHORE CURRENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To establish a correlation between incident wave characteristics and the resulting

littoral currents. Measurements of wave height, period, and angularity of approach

were made at selected beaches coincident with measurements of alongshore current velocities and hydrographic changes.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1727) STATISTICAL WAVE DATA FOR GREAT LAKES, ATLANTIC, AND PACIFIC COASTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research; development.

(e) To compile statistical wave data, by hindcasting from weather maps, into a form suitable

for engineering usage. The present study includes five stations on Lake Michigan, four

on Lake Erie, three on Lake Ontario, four on North Atlantic, four on North Pacific which

data are being obtained and compiled for all stations.

(f) Temporarily suspended on completion of North Atlantic report.

(h) ""Wave and la)ce level statistics for Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario." T. Saville, Jr.,

Beach Erosion Board Technical Memorandums Nos. 36, 37, 38 (respectively), March, 1953.

"Hindcast wave statistics for the Great Lakes." T. Saville, Jr., paper presented at the

lith Conference on Coastal Engineering, Chicago, 111., Oct. 1953.
Army - Beach Erosion Board

Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

117

1972) TSUNAMI STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To study the action of Tsunami waves over shore areas, with particular application to Hilo Harbor, Hawaii.

(g) Significant correlation between wave steepness and run-up has been found.

(h) An interim report completed in Nov. 1953.

1973) EFFECTS OF SOUNDING METHODS ON INDICATED NAVIGATIONAL DEPTHS.

(b) North Atlantic Division of the Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experimental sounding leads of various shapes will be fabricated and tests will be undertaken to compare these leads with sounding leads currently being employed. The laboratory tests will be conducted with an objective of selecting or devising a more suitable size, shape, and weight of sounding lead which would indicate the elevation of

bottom material of minimum consistency which has detrimental effects on navigation.

. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM!, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 119 8, H462, HA, U465, H466, 1728, 1729, 19 7li to

1976, incl., should be addressed to the District Engineer, Portland District, Corps of

Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

1198) MODEL STUDY OF FRICTION LOSSES IN CORRUGATED METAL PIPE. (CW-828).

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted to determine values of Manning^ "n" for corrugated metal pipe

of 3-, 5-, and 7-foot diameters with velocities of 1 to 16 fps. Similar tests are also

being made with the inverts of the 5- and 7-foot pipes paved with asphaltic compound;

the paving covering one-fourch and one-half the circumference of the 5 -foot pipe and

one -fourth the circumference of the 7-foot pipe. Additional data consisting of velocity

distribution at various sections of the pipe and pressure distribution along the corrugations are being obtained.

(g) Results to date indicate that the "n" values vary between? 0.0236, 0.02l£, and O.O23I1 for Reynolds Numbers of 300,000, 900,000, and lj, 000,000, respectively, for the 3-foot

pipe; 0.0238, 0.02143, and 0.02lj0 for Reynolds Numbers of 1,000,000, 2,000,000, and

3,500,000 for the 5 -foot pipe; and 0.0211 and 0.0207 for Reynolds Numbers of 1,500,000,

and lj, 000, 000 for the 5-foot pipe with one-quarter paved invert.

(h) Four preliminary or memorandum reports have been issued on results of tests of 3- and

5 -foot pipes.

Uj62) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l;80-scale undistorted fixed bed model reproduces 2.7 miles of the Columbia River at the dam site. The original layout consisted of a circular arc 30-bay spillway, a 22-

unit powerhouse, an 86- by 675 -foot navigation lock, a rockfill nonoverflow section,

and facilities for passing fish over the dam. Maximum head is 90 feet. Revised layout

has a straight 23-bay spillway. Purposes are to study the structures alignment and flow

conditions affecting navigation, power generation, cofferdam placement, and fish passage.

295522 0-54-9
118 Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

(g) Four major layout plans were tested and the most economical plan that effected satisfactory hydraulic conditions was selected. Tests indicated ability to reduce spillway

from 30 to 23 bays, and reduce forebay excavation by 30 feet. Data relative to watersurface elevations and velocities in the tailrace, powerhouse efficiency as affected by

oblique approach flow, and the effects of excess fill placed in the forebay have been

obtained.

(h) Memorandum reports issued on all tests completed to date. Final report being prepared.

(U46I4) MODEL STUDY OF ROCK FILL, THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A ltbO-scale model of the 600-foot wide by 200-foot high rockfill nonoverflow section

of The Dalles Dam including portions of the river channel upstream and downstream

therefrom is being constructed to provide information relative to rock sizes and place- ment procedure necessary to construct the fill during river discharges up to 300,000 cf£

(f) Model under construction.

(U465) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM SFILLWIY, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three bays of the spillway are reproduced to a scale of 1:36 to study the hydraulic

characteristics of the spillway crest, piers, gates, stilling basin and baffle piers.

(g) The increased crest efficiency indicated by the model, in conjunction with a crest shap«

designed for 7£ percent of maximum head, permitted a reduction in the number of spillway

bays from 30 to 23. The stilling basin was shortened $0 feet to a total length of 170

feet, and one row of baffle piers, of the Bluestone type, was eliminated. The capacity

of the stilling basin would not be materially reduced by erosion of the shelf located

downstream from the basin.

(h) Memorandum reports issued on results of all tests to date. Final report being prepared

(II466) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:25-scale model of the 86- by 6?£-foot lock chamber including its culvert systems an

portions of the upstream and downstream approach channels is reproduced. Maximum lift

is 90 feet. Studies are being made of various types of filling and emptying systems to determine the most advantageous from the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of

turbulence, and economy. The several proposed plans include lateral culverts within th

lock chamber combined with several locations of intake ports, longitudinal culverts, an

outlet works.

(g) Designs of intake works and downstream approach channel have been selected. Latest design of lateral culvert filling system produces maximum hawser forces of 6 tons with

filling time of 13.6 minutes, which can be reduced to 12.3 minutes by opening upstream

lock tainter gate to supplement filling.

(h) Memorandum reports have been issued on results of all tests to date. Final report bein

prepared.

(1728) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM FISHLADDERS, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:8-scale model reproduced a straight portion of a fishladder containing ten stilli

pools. Tests were made to study flow conditions with ladder slopes of 1 on 16 and 1 on 20 and to determine the most efficacious orifice sizes for ladder widths of 2h and 30

feet.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Results indicated insignificant differences in flow conditions between 1 on 16 and 1 on 20 slopes. Orifices 21 by 23 in. and 25 by 26 in. have been selected for the 2I4- and

30-foot ladders, respectively.

(h) Memorandum reports have been issued on results of all tests. Final report being prepar
Army - Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory 119

Army - Jacksonville District

1729) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM POWERHOUSE INTAKE, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:25-scale model contains a test unit consisting of intake and scroll case, two adjacent units with intakes only, and a semi -circular forebay in which flow can be introduced from any desired direction. To determine the effect of the direction of approach

flow on velocity distribution in the intake, discharge distribution through the scroll

case, and head loss.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Results indicate that oblique approach flows, at an angle of 15* from the powerhouse

axis, have little effect on the efficiency of the unit, as indicated by head loss and

flow distribution in the intake and scroll case, when trash racks are installed on the noses of the piers to function as guide vanes.

(h) Memorandum reports have been issued on results of all tests. Final report being prepared.

X97lj) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES POWERHOUSE FISHWAY DIPFUSER, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES,

OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine means of baffling auxilliary flow, in diffusion chambers, to obtain uniform

distribution into the fish collection channel by means of a l;8-scale model of one diffusion chamber and a portion of the collection channel.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Vertical strip baffles placed downstream from the regulating valve produced satisfactory

flow distribution.

Memorandum reports have been issued on results of all tests. Final report being prepared

MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT, COLUMBIA RIVER, THE DALLES, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To design for adequate discharge capacity and to determine pressures and velocities on exposed rock surfaces in eight skeleton powerhouse units that will be used for diversion

during construction of a rock-fill nonoverflow section. A l:25>-scale model reproduces

one skeleton unit.

The required size of the draft tube openings and the areas requiring protection from

high velocities were determined.

Memorandum reports have been issued on completed tests. Final report being prepared.

MODEL STUDY OF BONNEVILLE DAM STILLING BASIN, COLUMBIA RIVER, BONNEVILLE, OREGON.

(b) Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Portland District, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 -scale model reproduces three bays of the spillway and stilling basin for the

purpose of studying the need of maintaining the stilling basin baffle piers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Results indicate that baffle piers are required to prevent erosion of bed material

downstream from the stilling basin.

(h) One memorandum report has been issued.

M. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Jacksonville District.

(1731) WAVES AND WEND TIDES IN INLAND WATERS, LAKE OKEECHOBEE, FLORIDA,

a (b) Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers.
120 Army - Jacksonville District

Army - Los Angeles District

(c) District Engineer, Jacksonville District, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box Ii970,

Jacksonville, Florida. Colonel H. W. Schull, Jr.

(d) Analytical and applied research; for design.

(e) Field gaging and office analysis of data on wind, waves, wind tides, and meteorological

factors involved in relationships for determining levee freeboard and slope protection

for inland waters.

(g) Formulas and analysis procedures have been developed for set-up computations, verifying

wind tides observed in hurricanes and lower wind incidents. Wave-height estimating pro- cedures have been tentatively established for shallow water, high-speed wind conditions,

Water-surface shear stress analyses have been completed for natural conditions of water roughness and high-speed winds, as related to wind-tide action.

(h) Hurricane data, Project Bulletins 2. Aug. 26 -27, 19li9; No. 3, Sept. 21-22, 19lj8; No. M

Sept. 16-18, 19li7; No. 5, Oct. 17-18, 19^0; No. 6, Sept. l£-l6, 19h5 f Aug. 1, 1952.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Los Angeles District.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 98O, 1203, 120lj, and 1732 should be addressed to the

District Engineer, Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 17277, Foy Station, Los Angeles 17, California.

(980) MODEL STUDY OF WOTTIER NARRD*WS FLOOD-CONTROL BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) Earth dam with gated outlets and spillway. Three models are being used: A l:2ti -scale

model of the outlet works for tests on the operation of the four 30 ft. by 19 ft. radia:

sluice gates with maximum head of £0 ft. ; a l:i42-scale model of a half plan of the

spillway for tests on the operation of the nine £0 ft. by 29 ft. tainter gates with

maximum head of 3k ft.; a l:60-scale general model of the flood-control basin for tests on the over-all operation of the project.

(g) In the l»t 2h -scale model, calibration tests were made to determine the discharge characteristics of the radial sluice gates.

(1203) MODEL STUDY OF LOS ANGELES RIVER CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT, RIO HONDO TO PACIFIC OCEAN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) In the reach from Rio Hondo to Spring Street (ljlj,500 ft.) the improvement proposed is a paved trapezoidal channel with 300-ft. base and 1 on 2 l/Ii side slopes. Normal velocit;

would be supercritical (25 ft/sec) but numerous bridges would produce Class "B" flow an< attendant hydraulic jumps upstream of the bridges. From Spring Street to Pacific Ocean

(17,600 ft.) the channel will be trapezoidal with a base width varying between 530 ft. , and It 70 ft., the 1 on 2 side slopes will be paved, the bottom unpaved, and the velocity

subcritical (12 ft/sec). The design discharge is 1140,000 cfs in the first reach and

1146,000 cfs in the second reach. A l:50-scale model will be used to study flow con- ditions at confluences, at bridges, and at the junction of the paved and unpaved channels. The model tests will be accomplished in stages.

(g) Tests were made to determine flow conditions at the Compton Creek confluence for variou:

combinations of discharge.

(12010 AIRFIELD SURFACE DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION

.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1732) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS FOR SAN ANTONIO DAM. Laboratory project.

Experimental for design.
Army - Los Angeles District

Army - St. Paul District

121

(e) Earth dam with maximum height of 16 0 feet and length of 3850 feet. The outlet works

designed for a maximum discharge of 10,000 cf s will be at right abutment and will consist of an intake with 3 gated openings 5 feet 8 inches by 10 feet high converging into

a circular conduit llj.5 feet in diameter and 621 feet long. The spillway designed to pass Sh,000 cfs will be in right abutment and will consist of a concrete ogee 200 feet

long and a concrete side channel and chute 1075 feet long which will terminate in a flip bucket at stream bed. Three models are being used to study various designs: a l:20-scale model of the outlet works made of transparent plastic; a l:36-scale model

of the ogee and side channel of the spillway; and a l:ij8-scale general model of the

spillway.

(f) Tests on 1:36 -scale spillway model are completed.

i (g) In the l:li8-scale model, tests were made to study the operation of the flip bucket at the end of the spillway chute.

IEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS CF ENGINEERS, ST. PAUL DISTRICT

.

In cooperation with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 19lj, Ijl2, 985, 1206, and 1977, should be addressed

to the District Engineer, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1217 U. S. Post Office

and Custom House, St. Paul 1, Minn.

(19 lj) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Sedimentation.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development.

(e) Plans and specifications for point and depth-integrating suspended sediment samplers

and laboratory apparatus have been prepared. Sampler designs include a light -weight

depth sampler (h lb) operated by hand, medium-weight depth sampler (62 lb), point

sampler (100 lb), and heavy point sampler (300 lb) for use in deep, swift streams. Designs for a suspended sediment sample splitter, bottom withdrawal tube, bed material

sampler (100 lb), and visual accumulation tube apparatus for recording the sedimentation

size distribution of sand particles have also been prepared.

(g) Suspended sediment samplers and size analyzers were manufactured in quantities sufficient

to satisfy current requirements of Federal agencies. The supply of equipment for sam- pling and analyzing fluvial sediments, not commercially available to Federal agencies,

is a continuing activity. Field testing of the visual accumulation tube method of determining particle-size gradations of fluvial sediments in the sand size range has been

initiated.

(h) "Accuracy of sediment size analyses made by the bottom withdrawal tube method." Report

No. 10. April, 1953.

(1*12) ST. ANTHONY FALLS LOCKS.

(b) St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The complete hydraulic systems of the upper lock and the lower lock are being studied

in 1:22.14 models. The lower lock is to have a single culvert and chamber laterals,

and the upper lock a culvert in each wall and a system of chamber laterals alternating

from the two culverts. The two locks will have a total lift of 75 feet.

(f) Suspended.

(g) A slow period of opening the culvert valves was used to reduce vortex action at the

intake manifolds of the upper lock. The hydraulic system has sufficient capacity in

lock filling to make a slow valve operation feasible.

(985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT LOCKS.

(b^ Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.
122 Army - St. Paul District

Army - lidaterways Experiment Station

(e) To develop adequate criteria for the design of filling and emptying systems for highlift locks. Tests will be conducted in prototype locks, in model locks for definite

projects, and in a general lock model simulating a maximum lift of 1£0 feet.

(g) The general lock model was used to study a mono-culvert bottom lateral hydraulic system, j The effect of depth of water in the lock on the formation of surge waves was investigate!

for one filling system. Maximum surge waves in the lock were reduced IjO percent by two- ; speed valve opening. Coefficients of contraction and discharge for a Tainter valve and

pressures on the valve and in the culvert were measured.

(1206) CONDUIT GATE STRUCTURES AND TRANSITIONS.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general model study is being made to establish gate operating procedures for multiple i gate conduits and design criteria for conduit transitions downstream from single and

multiple control gates. The model includes a complete outlet conduit with upper pool

reservoir, multiple control gates in conduit intake, and a stilling basin.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Spiral or undulating flow was found to originate at the gate and transition sections.

The degree of disturbance varied with the type of conduit boundary, being most severe with circular conduits. Guide vanes located on the conduit walls downstream from the

intake transition, reduced spiral or turbulent flow resulting from the operation of one gate alone in multiple gate intake structure.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1977) MODEL STUDY FOR GREENUP AND MARKLAND LOCKS , OHIO RIVER.

(b) Huntington and Louisville Districts, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hydraulic systems of the two locks which are of similar design are being tested in a

3 to 100 scale model. The proposed locks will be 110 feet wide and 1,280 feet long with 5; lifts of 32 and 35 feet, respectively. The filling and emptying systems are combined in

two culverts, one in each wall, with lateral culvert diffusers in the lock floor and

flared outlets discharging into the river below the dam.

(g) The transverse hawser pull by a barge tow was reduced 75 percent by placing protruding

port extensions on the lateral culvert diffusers. The longitudinal hawser pull by large

barge tows was reduced considerably by confining the inflow from both culverts to the

middle third of the lock length. Hawser pull of small and large barge tows was in gen- I eral less when the inflow from one wall culvert was introduced in the upper half of the j lock and inflow from the other culvert, in the downstream half of the lock.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Iteterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 211, 218, 226, 230, 236, 257, U9, 1|2£, 673, 67b, 678

682, 683, 986, 987, 989, 992 to 995, incl., 998 to 1002, incl., lOOlj, 1207, 1209 to 1212

incl., Iii67 to 12475, incl., 1735 to I7I4I, incl., and 1978 to 1988, incl., should be addressed to the Director, Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box

63I, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(211) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN, GARRISON DAM, MISSOURI

RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b)

(«

(h)

The District Engineer, Garrison District, Corps of Engineers, Bismarck, N. D. Testing completed.

Final report in preparation.
Army - "Waterways Experiment Station 123

218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS,

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research,

(e) Scale models are being used for a general study of the hydraulic characteristics of entrance curves for (1) rectangular conduits in which the entrance is flared in four

directions, and (2) a gated tunnel having a rectangular entrance with floor at same elevation as approach channel (entrance flared in three directions). Tests involve determination of pressures and discharge coefficients.

(g) Tests to date indicate that, for a gradual reduction in the pressure gradient through the

conduit entrance and a minimum size entrance, the entrance curve should be shaped to the

elliptical curve of X

2/D 2+Y 2/(1/3D) 2«1, where D is the dimension of the conduit in

the direction concerned.

(h) Report of tests with conduit flared in four directions in preparation.

226) PCTAMOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; applied research.

(e) These investigations, to determine the governing principles for the design and over-all

planning of river improvements and bank stabilization, consisted of model studies con- ducted at the Waterways Experiment Station and field studies made at selected sites along

the Mississippi River. The purposes of the model studies were to: (1) provide means of

predicting future channel changes in meandering of the Mississippi River and the need for

bank protection, (2) study revetment stability, (3) study and develop methods of channel

stabilization by means other than the use of revetment, and (h) develop and test plans

for improvement of specific troublesome reaches of the Mississippi River. The field investigations consisted of (1) soil surveys to determine the nature, characteristics, and

physical properties of the banks of the Mississippi River to permit recognition of soil

factors affecting bank stability, (2) hydrographic and hydraulic surveys to provide information in specific revetted reaches of the river to permit recognition of hydraulic

and hydrographic factors affecting revetment stability, and (3) turbulence surveys to determine the magnitude and extent of the forces of turbulence engendered at the boundary

layer of the Mississippi River and the effects of these forces on revetment stability to permit adequate and economical revetment design.

(f ) Model tests and field investigations completed.

(g) A model-operating technique was developed that can be used to forecast with reliable ac- curacy the future courses of regimen changes in any troublesome reach of the Mississippi

River. In addition, a model-operating technique was evolved that permits investigation

of various bank-stabilization features. The primary findings of the soils studies indicate that the massive failures occurring in the banks of the Lower Mississippi River are liquefaction failures. Hydraulic studies indicated that the interstices in the articulated

concrete mat of conventional design permit a flow of sand sufficient to produce extensive

underlying pockets and sinking of the revetment.

(h) Final report on hydrographic and hydraulic field investigations in preparation.

(230) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD CONTROL, CUMBERLAND, MARYLAND.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Plans provide for a model study of the Mississippi River Basin including the Mississippi,

Ohio, Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers, and their principal tributaries. Com- pleted construction consists of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal, Mo., to Tiptonville, Tenn.; the MB.ssouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Arkansas

River from Blackburn Dam Site, Okla., to Pine Bluff, Ark.; the Ohio River from Golconda,

111., to the mouth; and the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam, Tenn., to the mouth.

The topography of the streams and floodplains are reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2000 and vertical scale of 1:100. The model was designed to aid in the development of coordinated basinwide plans for flood control and operation of flood-control structures.
12lj Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(g) Tests of flood-routing methods to aid in perfecting flood predictions and reservoir operation, and tests to check the grades and to determine the effects of project levees to assist in planning flood protection and other levee studies were conducted during the

past year.

(h) "Verification of Van Buren-to-Pine Bluff Reach, Arkansas River and Tributaries, Spring

19ijl and X9li3 Floods." Mississippi Basin Model Report No. llj-2, Nov. 1952. (Available

on loan.

)

(257) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) The Chief, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy, "Washington, D. C. (f) Completed.

(h) "Stability of rubble-mound breakwaters; Hydraulic model investigation." Tdaterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-365, June, 1953. (Available for loan.)

(Iil9) SLIDE GATE TESTS, NORFORK DAM, ARKANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas,

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Results will be published as an appendix to "Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-280, "Slide gate tests, Norfork Dam, North Fork River, Arkansas," dated

June, 19li9.

(Ii25) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation

channel, the entire Delaware River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is reproduced in the model which is of the fixed^bed, silt -injection type, with scale ratios of

1:1000 horizontally, and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by

automatic tide-control machines. Observed prototype salinities are reproduced in the

Delaware Bay portion of the model, and provisions made for the injection of silt, and

for measuring silt deposits.

(f) Active.

(g) Tests to determine effects of tide range, fresh-water discharge, disposal of industrial

and municipal wastes, and other possible contributing factors on salinity concentrations

throughout the Delaware Estuary were in progress.

(673) GENERAL SPILL¥AY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests on a l:li0 model are used to study hydraulic characteristics of the standard spillway shape with heads up to 1-1/3 times the design head of the crest, including the effect

of crest piers and gates, elevation of downstream floor of spillway, and downstream slope

of spillway. Tests are also being made to establish general rules for design of rollertype energy dissipators. The drop from spillway crest to bucket is varied to study the

effect of nappe thickness. Tests to study pressures on a flat apron-type energy dissipator were undertaken.

(g) Tests to obtain discharge and pressure data for various approach elevation conditions

indicated that with height of weir equal to or greater than the head, coefficient and

pressure data were in the same range for the same crest shape. The spillway discharge per net foot of width is not materially affected by the use of crest piers or by variation in

the shape of these piers. Thickening of the spillway nappe permitted established roller

action to continue at lower tailwater depths than noted with the thin spillway jet. Pressures on a flat apron-type energy dissipator approximated the water-surface elevation a- bove the apron.

(h) Advance Report No. 1, General Spillway Investigation, CW 801, "Spillway crest data with

and without piers," dated August, 19lj9.

Advance Report No. 2, General Spillway Investigation, CW 801, "Spillway crest data with

varied depths of approach," dated June, 1950. A consolidated report of the above advance

reports, together with results obtained by varying the spillway slope and exit area elevation below the spillway, is in preparation.
Army - Waterways Experiment Station 125

(67b) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RAM)ALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

Testing completed.

Final report in preparation.

(678 CHARLESTON HARBOR MODEL STUDY.

(b) The District Engineer, Charleston District, Corps of Engineers, Charleston, South

Carolina,

(f) Testing completed,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(682) HYDRAULIC CAPACITY OF MEANDERING- CHANNELS IN STRAIGHT FLOOD"MS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, 'Washington, D. c.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(683) MODEL STUDIES OF FLOW CONDITIONS IN PUMPING PLANT SUMP AND SURGES IN SEVERS.

(b) The District Engineer, Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, Ky.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

' (986) MODEL TESTS OF CHEATHAM DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) The District Engineer, Nashville District, Corps of Engineers, Nashville, Te nn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:12 model of one wicket of the emergency dam for the lock was tested to determine the

relative force required to raise a wicket under various operating conditions and to determine the optimum angle for the face of the wicket, the guard sill, and the strut. A

1:36 model of a portion of spillway crest and bucket was used to determine the most advantageous shape for the submergible tainter gate; the forces acting on the gate; and

flow conditions for various tailwater elevations. In addition, the submergible tainter

gate developed in the 1:36 model was tested in a 1:10 model to determine its operating

characteristics at the larger scale. Tests to determine the location and height of end

sill for use with a partially submergible tainter gate also were conducted.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Uplift forces acting on the upstream emergency dam were eliminated by use of a wicket

gate with a curved upstream face. A design has been developed for the submergible tainter

gate that eliminates the tendency of the gate to oscillate under certain operating con- ditions. Results obtained on the l:10-scale model verified those previously obtained on

the 1:36 -scale model. Optimum stilling basin dimensions were determined for flow over and under a partially submergible tainter gate.

(h) "Upstream emergency dam, Cheatham Lock, Cumberland River, Tennessee; hydraulic model

investigation," T/feterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-358, April, 1953.

(Available for loan.)

Report on model studies of spillway and submergible tainter gate in preparation.

(98?) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS, FARM CREEK, ILLINOIS.

i (b) The District Engineer, Chicago District, Corps of Engineers, Chicago, Illinois,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Channel improvements, Farm Creek, Illinois; hydraulic model investigation." Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-355, Feb. 1953. (Available for loan.)

I (989) MODEL STUDY OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER, VICINITY OF GREENVILLE BRIDGE, GREENVILLE, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) The District Engineer, Vicksburg District, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Plans for improvement of navigation conditions at Greenville Bridge, Mississippi River;

model investigation." "Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-3^6, June,

1953. (Available for loan.)
126 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(992) MODEL STUDIES OF PINE FLAT DAM, KINGS RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California.

(d) Experimental ; for design.

(e) Four models were involved in the study of the Pine Flat spillway: (1) a 1:60 comprehensive model; (2) a ItljO section model of the spillway crest; (3) a I;l8 model of a conduit

outlet portal in the lower tier of conduits; and (ij) a 1:18 model of one of the conduits

in the upper tier. Special attention was given in the tests to the hydraulic characteristics of the crest, flow from the conduits, and to the effectiveness of the flip bucket

in deflecting the water away from the toe of the dam. Pressures on the crest and discharge coefficients were thoroughly investigated because the crest was designed to fit

the lower nappe for a head only 7£ per cent as great as the maximum head expected. A deflector block was used in the downstream end of each conduit in the lower tier to

spread the discharge onto the surface of the tailwater.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Negative pressures on the crest were not excessive for any discharge condition. The

adequacy of the 5 0-foot -radius flip bucket to deflect flow was confirmed. Alterations

to the alignment of the upper tier of sluices and to the outlet portal of the lower

tier of sluices improved flow conditions.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Cavitation characteristics of such elements as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins,

gate slots, and offset joints are being studied on models installed in a vacuum tank and

in a variable pressure water tunnel. Models tested to date have been generally of three

types: (1) offsets away from flow; (2) V-notch construction joints; and (3) gate slots.

Reviews of existing literature also are under way to evaluate the many variables which

affect cavitation results.

(g) Results of tests indicate that the point of incipient cavitation varies with the scale

of the model when cavitation results from vortex or eddy type flow. Mien cavitation

exists at a zone of separation the variation in the point of incipient cavitation as a function of model scale is reduced.

(9910 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study is being made to determine the effects of model distortion on velocity

distribution and other hydraulic conditions. A series of tests has been completed in a triangular flume having an adjustable central angle and adjustable slope. Additional

studies are in planning stage.

(g) The initial results are being analyzed for incorporation in a report.

(995) SIMULATION OF AIR ENTRAPMENT IN MODELS INVOLVING HIGH VELOCITY FLOW.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This investigation comprises a series of studies to determine: (1) the spread of the

boundary layer in accelerating flow; (2) the effect of air entrainment on stilling basin

performance; and (3) the relationship between air demand in a model and prototype sluice.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Results of boundary layer studies conducted at the University of Iowa on a contract basis

permit the prediction of boundary layer development in accelerating flow such as that

encountered in flow over a spillway.

(998) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS

.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.
Army - "Waterways Experiment Station 127

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation of wave phenomena and resulting forces is being conducted in a wave tank to develop formulas, supported by experimental data, from which wave pressures on impervious surfaces, vertical and inclined, can be determined.

(g) Suitable pressure measuring and recording apparatus have been obtained.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE -MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a wave tank to determine size of cap rock and

slope of mound necessary to withstand action of waves and to develop formulas, supported

by experimental data, from which the action of waves on rubble structures can be determined. Test data will be presented in dimensionless form, therefore no model scale, as such, is being utilized.

(g) The Iribarren formula for design of rubble breakwaters is being used as a basis for

correlating the results of these tests. Coefficients (K 1 ) have been determined for use

with Iribarren formula for rubble breakwaters with no overtopping for seaside slopes

from 1 on l-l/b to 1 on h and d/L ratios from 0.10 to 0.^0. It was found that K ! varied

considerably with slope (<*) but very little with the d/L ratio. Average values of K 1 for different slopes are as follows:

Side Slope K» 1 on I-I/I4 0.003

1 on 1-1/2 0.008

1 on 2 0.017

1 on 2-1/2 0.028

1 on 3 O.O36

1 on h 0.033

A few tests have been conducted in which tetrapods were used instead of rubble. Results

of these tests are incomplete, but indicate that tetrapods are considerably more efficient on a volume basis than rubble.

[1000) ROUGHNESS STANDARDS FOR HYDRAULIC MODELS.

b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. d) Experimental; applied research,

(e) A general study is being conducted to evaluate resistance of definite types of roughness

in terms of Manning^ "n" and other parameters, so that much of the trial-and-error process of adjusting the surface roughness of river models can be eliminated. Tests have

been performed in three rectangular flumes and a triangular flume,

(h) "Roughness standards for hydraulic models, Report No. 1: Study of finite boundary roughness in rectangular flumes." Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2- 3&b 9 June, 1953. (Available on loan.)

'(1001) SCALE EFFECTS ON SPILLWAY DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT S

.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Tests were conducted on ogee and sharp-crested weirs to permit comparison of spillway

discharge coefficients obtained from models of different scales. Tests to determine

effect of variation of viscosity from a high of 220 centipoises to about 3 centipoises

also were completed.

(g) Tests to determine effect of surface tension on discharge coefficients of spillways

revealed no appreciable effect in small-scale spillway models. Analysis of viscosity

data has not progressed sufficiently to permit conclusions.

(1002) SCALE EFFECTS IN HARBOR MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.
128 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests will be conducted to determine effects of various model scales and distortion on

wave characteristics in a harbor.

(f) Suspended.

(10010 INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, "Washington, D. c . (d) Experimental; development.

(e) Various types of instruments for use in hydraulic models are being developed to make

such measurements as those of wave heights, dynamic fluid pressures, and gate vibration

and downpull. Development of an improved tidal reproducing apparatus is in progress.

(1207) MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, "Washington, D. c.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study of relative merits of various penstock intake and sluice coaster gate

lip shapes, seals and recesses is being conducted. The investigation includes determination of downpull effects of changes in gate-lip shape, length and shape of seals,

size and shape of the recess in the face of the dam, and need for an air vent in the entrance. The It 20 model of the sluice coaster gate is being tested in combination

with a typical sluice which includes a slide gate, standard entrance curves conforming

to the elliptical equation (x2/D 2

) + (y2/(D/3) 2) s 1, and a removable constriction at downstream end of sluice.

(g) Tests of the sluice coaster gate with various slide gate openings and sluice exit conditions revealed greatest downpull forces at coaster gate openings of 2 to h feet. The

slide gate and air vent were then moved upstream 15 ft and tested to determine the effect, if any, of location on the over-all performance of the coaster gate. Moving the

slide gate 1$ feet closer to the intake was found to have little or no effect on the

over-all performance of the sluice gate.

(1209) MODEL STUDY OF BELTON DAM, LEON RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Fort %>rth District, Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Spillway for Belton Dam, Leon River, Texas; Hydraulic model investigation." Wterways

Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-363, April, 195>3. (Available for loan.)

(1210) MODEL STUDY OF GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

(b) The District Engineer, Seattle District, Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The fixed-bed model, scales 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically, reproduced the

Pacific Ocean area adjacent to the harbor entrance and the tidal portion of the harbor

and Chehalis River. This model was used to develop a comprehensive plan to protect the

existing south jetty from the undermining effects of tidal currents, and to protect

Point Chehalis from erosion by current and wave action. Upon completion of this part

of the investigation a portion of the model was converted to a movable-bed type to determine scour and shoal tendencies of the selected plan. Plans for reduction of shoaling in the 30-foot -deep navigation channel were also studied.

(f) Inactive.

(1211) MODEL STUDIES OF H00SIC RIVER, ADAMS AND NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) The District Engineer, New York District, Corps of Engineers, New York, New York,

(d) Experimental; for design.
Army - "Waterways Experiment Station 129

(e) Two models were used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain sections

of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts, and of

the main channel in Adams, Massachusetts, and to determine whether changes should be

made for safety, increased efficiency, or economy. The flow in the major portion of

these channels will be below critical depth. In Phase 1 of the study a 1:30 model re- produced the lower sections of the North and South Branches and about 1300 feet of the

main stream below the confluence of the North and South Branches. In Phase 2 North

Branch was extended to include the control weir at the upstream limit of the improvement

works for North Adams. A 1:20 model reproduced a section of the main channel beginning

in Adams approximately 8 miles above that reproduced in the 1:30 model. About 1200 feet

of Tophet Brook, which joins the Hoosic River, was also reproduced.

(f) Tests on Phase 1 of the 1:20 model of the main channel in Adams, Massachusetts, and of

Phase 1 on the 1:30 model of the North and South Branches of Hoosic River in North Adams,

Massachusetts, have been completed. Tests on the initial plan of improvement of Phase 2 on the 1:30 model also have been completed. Additional tests are contemplated for phase

2 of the Adams model.

(g) The stilling basin as designed for the North Adams section was found unsatisfactory and

a basin was developed that produced the desired flow conditions. Design of the curves

and superelevation for the bends in phase 2 of the North Adams model were demonstrated

to be satisfactory. The design and location of the stilling basin in the main channel

at Adams were verified. Flow conditions at the junction of Tophet Brook and the culvert

flume feeding into the brook were greatly improved and the turbulence existing in the

Hoosic River below the mouth of Tophet Brook was eliminated.

|(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, 0AHE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two models are being used for complete investigation of the outlet works proposed for

Oahe Dam. A 1:60 model, reproducing the" downstream portion of six l8.£ -foot-diameter

outlet tunnels, the stilling basin, and 2300 feet of the discharge and pilot channels,

is being used to investigate the performance of the outlet works and to effect revisions

demonstrated to be desirable. A 1:25 model of the upstream portion of one of the tunnels,

the control structure located in the center of the embankment, and a short length of the

tunnel downstream is being used to: (l) check piezometric pressures at various points in

the intake structure and transition, particularly pressure variations in the bulkhead

slot area; (2) determine the effect of curvature on flow conditions in the upstream tunnel and critical areas downstream therefrom; (3) check piezometric pressures at various

points in the gate chamber of the control shaft and the upstream and downstream transitions, with particular attention to pressures near the gate slots; study the forces

acting on the service gate and effects of such forces on gate operation; and (5) measure

air demand characteristics.

(g) A single stage stilling basin was developed on the 1:60 model which performed satisfactorily. However, foundation problems encountered in the field made it desirable to consider use of a double stage stilling basin located at a higher elevation. The model

tests indicated the length of the primary basin and the secondary basin could be reduced

from the lengths proposed. The height and length of the dividing piers separating each

conduit also could be reduced.

(II467) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA (MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments

design criteria for hydraulic structures to insure adequate hydraulic capacity, economy

of construction and safe and satisfactory operation. Criteria are developed from model

tests and prototype observations relating to the design of spillways, outlet works and

gates and valves. Program also includes hydraulic design criteria for navigation struc- tures, flood-control channels and natural waterways.

(g) Hydraulic design charts relating to air demand in outlet works, spillways, and gates and

valves have been completed.
130 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(llj68) VALDIVIA RIVER MODEL STUDY, CORRAL BAY, CHILE.

(b) Government of Chile, South America.

(d) Experimental ; for design.

(e) Model study is to determine whether training works or other remedial measures will make

possible the maintenance of a channel at least 6 meters deep over the entrance bar from

the Port of Corral to the Valdivia River mouth, and to determine the effect such struc- tures might have on present depths and widths of Corral Harbor. The movable -bed model,

with scale ratios of IjIiOO horizontally and 1:80 vertically, reproduces Corral Bay upstream from Point San Carlos and the lower 3 miles of both the Valdivia and Tornagalenes

Rivers.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) A plan consisting of a 7, 900-foot -long training dike, beginning at Mancua Island and

extending toward deep water in Corral Bay, would provide a navigation channel of at least 21-foot depth across the outer bar. The training wall should be accompanied by

a dike 1000 feet long at Point Niebla to prevent shoaling of the entrance channel by

the littoral transport of sand in Corral Bay.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(U469) MODEL STUDY OF FLOOD -CONTROL PROJECT, ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Philadelphia District, Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The proposed local improvement plan at Allentown was studied to discover and correct any undesirable features of the plan. The fixed-bed model, scales of 1:1^0 horizontally and

1:50 vertically, reproduces 3 miles of Lehigh River and 1 mile each of Little Lehigh Cre and Jordan Creek.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Modifications in alignment and location of the closure and training dikes, and in the

amount and location of dredging as outlined in the original proposed improvement plan

were developed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(11470) NIAGARA RIVER AND FALLS MODEL STUDY.

(b) The District Engineer, Buffalo District, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Use of the Niagara River for power development and other purposes is controlled by

treaty between the United States and Canada which includes a specific allotment of the waters for preservation of the scenic beauty of the Falls. Proposed redevelopment of the Niagara River for power includes large increases in diversion and redistribution

of flow in the cascades to preserve the beauty of the Falls. A fixed-bed model was used to determine the effects of the proposed redevelopment and remedial works required

for efficient power diversion and maintenance of adequate river flows. All features

of Niagara River from Lake Erie to below the Falls were reproduced to scales of 1:360

horizontally and 1:60 vertically.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) The location and length of control structure at the head of the cascades necessary to control natural elevations in Grass Island pool were determined. The design of remedial

works near the crest of the Horsehoe Falls, with a view toward obtaining the desired

distribution of flow under flow conditions provided by recent treaty, has been accompli shed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(Iij71) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SAVAGE RIVER DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) The District Engineer, Washington District, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests of the side-channel spillway were conducted on a 1:36 model to determine

the discharge rating curve and other hydraulic characteristics of the spillway at heads

greater than that for which the spillway was originally designed because the spillway

design flood for this dam has been increased.

(f) Testing completed.
Army - "Waterways Experiment Station 131

(g) The increase in head on the spillway did not result in dangerous pressure conditions.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(Iij72) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, INDIANA HARBOR, INDIANA.

(b) Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and Inland Steel Company, Indiana Harbor Works, East

Chicago, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model of Indiana Harbor and sufficient area of Lake Michigan to permit

reproduction of waves from north -northwest to southeast is being used. Effects of proposed harbor structures on wave action conditions in the entrance channel and in the

harbor are being studied.

(12j73) MODEL STUDIES OF F0LS0M DAM, AMERICAN RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento, California.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Spillway for Folsom Dam, American River, California; Hydraulic model investigation."

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-3c9, August, 1953. (Available on loan.)

(XJU7h) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates and

to determine the effect of various elements upon these forces is being conducted in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 ft wide is reproduced with provisions for varying the

length up to 600 ft on each side of the gate. Forces required for operation of miter

gates will be measured for variations of the following elements? gate leaves, speeds

and accelerations of operation, submerged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances,

chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation of gate leaves. Variations in the type

linkage driving the gate also will be investigated.

(g) Tests indicate that with the Ohio River type linkage the peak torque occurs as the gates enter or leave the mitered position. Nonsynchronous operation of the gates resulted in

a slight decrease in torque on the leading leaf and a lesser effect on the lagging leaf,

as compared with synchronous operation. An increase in the speed of operation or depth

of submergence increases the peak torque. Bottom clearances had little effect on torque

values. With the modified Ohio River type linkage the peak torque occurs near the mitered position as was noted with the standard Ohio River linkage. The peak torque of the

modified type linkage is somewhat less than that of the Ohio type linkage but the average torque is higher and better distributed. Addition of skin plates on the downstream

face of the lock gates with the modified type linkage resulted in a slight decrease in

torque. Tests with the Panama type linkage indicated that the high initial torque at the recess position was greatly reduced and distributed more evenly throughout the operating cycle.

(h) Advance Report No. 1, "Operating forces on miter-type lock gates" CW 300, June, 1950.

Advance Report No. 2, "Operating forces on miter-type lock gates" CW 300, June, 1951.

(U475) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. c.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study is being made of the operating characteristics of siphons operated in

connection with pumping plants. The test apparatus consists of 6 -inch -diameter plastic

tubing with a lift of 30 feet. The effect of various head-tailwater relationships on priming characteristics, the air demand required to break the si phonic action, and the

effect of constriction or reduction in area of the discharge leg of the siphon are to be

determined. Investigations also will concern: (1) effect of deflector blocks in the crown of the siphon; (2) effect of vents in the riverward leg to decrease the time of

priming; (3) effect of length and slope of riverward leg; and (I4) effect of tailwater

elevation,

(g) Comparison of results of tests with data procured from field observations on other size

siphons indicates that data from the 6 -inch tubing can be extrapolated to other sizes

with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
132 Army - Waterways Experiment Station

(1735) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) The Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted in a wave flume, using a scale of 1:17, to investigate the

relationship between water level, wave height, wave period and beach slope and wave run-up on selected types of shore structures used to prevent erosion caused by wave action.

(g) Tests have shown that the volume of overtopping water and height of wave run-up vary

with both wave height and length. The variation is discontinuous. The volume of

overtopping water and height of wave run-up vary in cycles from minimum to maximum and

increase as wave height and wave length increase.

(1736) MODEL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF INLETS ON ADJACENT BEACHES.

(b) The Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of natural or artificial inlets on adjacent beaches for various

conditions of waves, tides, rate of littoral drift, and other factors, tests are being

made in a basin simulating an ocean and a lagoon separated by a barrier beach of sand

that can be breached to reproduce the desired inlet.

(1737) MODEL STUDY OF CHAIN OF ROCKS PROJECT, MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, St. Louis District, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Chain of Rocks reach, a 7-mile-long series of rock ledges, is the principal cause

of navigational difficulties in the 15 miles between the mouth of the Missouri River

and the city of St. Louis. An improvement plan, involving a long canal from the vicinity

of the mouth of the Missouri with a navigation lock at is downstream end, was studied

in a combination movable -bed fixed-bed type model with scales of IrijOO horizontally and

1:100 vertically. Means were investigated of reducing the silting in the lower approach

channel to the canal and of removing and preventing the rebuilding of a bar across the

downstream canal entrance.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Water-surface profiles for bankfull flow and for the crest of the 19ii7 flood were satisfactorily reproduced in the model, and the qualitative reproduction of silting that

occurred in the lower approach channel of the canal during and after the 19^7 flood

was accomplished. Fixed-bed tests indicated that silting in the downstream entrance

to the canal would obtain with each of three proposed alignments of spoil area on Cabaret Island. Efforts to flush out this deposited material by operation of the ver- tical-lift lock gates at stages of 20 feet and lower on the St. Louis gage were not successful. Flood heights, using the 191*7 crest, were not raised appreciably with any

of the spoil-area alignments. The design of remedial works to materially decrease

shoaling at the lower entrance to the Chain of Rocks canal was accomplished in movable

bed tests.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1738) MODEL STUDY OF GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, Huntington District, Corps of Engineers, Huntington, Infest Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model of the nonnavi gable -type dam and twin parallel locks was used to determine

the best arrangements of locks and appurtenant walls, to study approach conditions under

various flows and methods of operation of control gates, and to demonstrate to navigation

interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Results indicate that approach conditions would be better with the main lock on the

river side, with modifications in the dimensions of the lock walls, and with ports in

the upper guard wall.

(h) Final report in preparation.
Army - T*jaterways Experiment Station 133

(1739) MODEL STUDIES OF MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) The District Engineer, Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, Louisville, Kentucky.

(cQ Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive 1:120 model of the nonnavi gable -type dam and twin parallel locks, and

a 1;2§ section model of the spillway and stilling basin constructed to: (1) determine

the best arrangements of locks and appurtenant walls; (2) study approach conditions

under various flows and methods of operation of control gates; (3) demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint;

(h) investigate the design of the spillway and stilling basin structures.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Satisfactory arrangement of lock walls, method of operation of lock gates, location for

Stevens Creek diversion channel outlet, and design of spillway and stilling basin were developed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(17140) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET STILLING BASIN, TUTTLE CREEK DAM, BIG BLUE RIVER, KANSAS

.

(b) The District Engineer, Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:2> model was used to check the adequacy of design and effect improvements in flow

in the outlet stilling basin with both partial and full operation of the two gate -con- trolled conduits. Special attention was given to: (1) vibration tendencies of the ver- tical slide gates used to control flow at the upstream end of the conduits, and (2)

necessity for outlet transitions at the junction of the conduit and stilling basin.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) The model tests indicated the possibility of shortening by $0 feet the dividing wall

between the twin stilling basins, and raising the elevation of the stilling basins

5 feet. Use of outlet transitions at the ends of the conduits did not appear to improve flow conditions in the stilling basins and were considered unnecessary.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(17141) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, GAVINS POINT DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) The District Engineer, Omaha District, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska,

(d} Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 model was used to investigate the hydraulic performance of the spillway; to ver- ify elevation and length of stilling basin required for the proper formation of the

hydraulic jump; to determine the adequacy of the wall heights for the chute and stilling

basin; and to observe the over-all hydraulic performance of the structure.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Flow conditions in the spillway approach area and discharge characteristics were improved by placing an embankment in the area upstream of the left abutment. Stillingbasin tests indicated that satisfactory energy dissipation was obtained in the stilling

basin as originally designed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1978) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, NEW CUMBERLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Pittsburgh District, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

c) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:36 section model is being used to study the hydraulic characteristics of the spillway stilling basin as designed, and to determine what changes are desirable particularly

with respect to the elevation of the stilling basin and the type and spacing of baffle

piers and end sill.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) An adequate basin was developed and considerable saving in construction cost effected

by reducing the basin length l£ feet and rearranging the location of the baffle piers.

(h) Final report in preparation.

295522 O - 54-10
12k Army - "Waterways Experiment Station

(1979) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, BULL SHOALS DAM, IaHITE RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway was constructed with a stepped-type stilling basin designed to spread the

jets issuing from the conduits. After a period of operation the steps were damaged by

cavitation. A 1:12 model is being used to develop a satisfactory method of repairing

the basin for conduit discharges; a lj£0 model is to be used to check the performance

of the modified design basin with spillway discharges.

(f) Active.

(g) Negative pressures and resulting cavitation tendencies in the stilling basin have been

eliminated by filling in the steps of the original basin to form a long sloping floor. Tests have demonstrated that spreading of the conduit jets can be accomplished by increasing the end sill height from h feet to 10 feet and installing a single row of 8-

foot-high baffle blocks about 5>0 feet upstream from the end sill.

(1980) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, TABLE ROCK DAM, WUTE RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) The District Engineer, Little Rock District, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 section model of the stilling basin will be used to determine the adequacy of the

basin for spillway flow, and a 1:12 model of the stilling basin will be used for tests

of the basin under conduit flow.

(f) Tests temporarily suspended while test facilities are being used for study of Bull Shoals

Dam stilling basin.

(1981) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY FLIP BUCKET AND CONDUIT OUTLET PORTAL, HART liELL DAM,

SAVANNAH RIVER, GEORGIA.

(b) The District Engineer, Savannah District, Corps of Engineers, Savannah, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:!j5>-section model is being used to develop a feasible and economical design for the

spillway flip bucket and the training wall between the flip bucket and powerhouse. A

1:20 model of the conduit outlet portal is being investigated to assure satisfactory

spreading of the jet, pressures, and discharge.

(g) A spillway flip bucket of 30-foot radius and 30-degree lip discharge angle was developed

as the most economical design consistent with satisfactory performance. A ^-degree

deflector wall was placed between the powerhouse and the dam in order to divert the

spillway jet from the powerhouse and tailrace. A design has been developed for the

sluice outlet portal which uses a reverse slope in the floor and flared side walls to accomplish spreading of the jet.

(1982) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURE AT MOUTH OF OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Old River control structure will control flow into Old River, which links the

Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, so that Mississippi River flows will be divided

between the lower reaches of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Tests are being made on

a 1:36 model to investigate the over-all performance of the proposed structure with

special attention to discharge coefficients, flow conditions at the abutments, and the

effectiveness of the stilling basin.

(g) Tests to date indicate that improved flow conditions can be obtained by realignment of

the upstream and downstream training walls. Also it was demonstrated that the horizontal

stilling basin could be raised from elevation -12.0 msl to elevation -5.0 msl.

(1983) MODEL STUDY OF SEDIMENT DIVERSION AT THE MOUTH OF OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) The President, Mississippi River Commission, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.
Army - 'Waterways Experiment Station 135

(e) A 10-mile reach of the Mississippi River upstream of the mouth of Old River is reproduced in a fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:Ij00 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tests are being made to determine a suitable location for a control structure that will

permit the same percentage of sediment to enter the Atchaf alaya River as now enters

that stream through Old River, should Old River be closed with a lock and dam.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests indicated that the proposed location for the control structure would be satisfactory insofar as sediment diversion is concerned and that the relative positions of the

low-sill and high-sill sections of the structure should be reversed to improve flow

conditions during higher stages. Satisfactory modifications in the alignment and dimensions of the approach channel were developed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(I98I4) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL GATE FOR TUNNEL NO. I4, FORT PECK DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA.

(b) The District Engineer, Fort Peck District, Fort Peck, Montana, and the District Engineer, Garrison District, Corps of Engineers, Bismarck, South Dakota.

(c) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests to study methods of eliminating cavitation on the port liner and vibration of the

cylinder gate in the main control shaft of tunnel No. I4 will be conducted on a 1:25-

model. Discharge capacities, pressures, air demand, and gate vibration will be determined for the existing cylinder gate installation, a vertical lift gate installation,

and a tainter gate installation.

(g) In construction phase.

(1985) DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE METER.

b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; development.

(e) The investigation is being conducted to develop instruments that will: (a) indicate the

speed and direction of fluid currents at great depths and moderate velocities; (b) indicate the speed and direction of currents at shallow depths and high velocities; (c) receive signals from (a) or (b) and separate them into (1) instantaneous velocity and

direction; (2) mean velocity and direction, and (3) the root -mean-square deviations

from the mean.

(f) Suspended pending a review of the status of the developmental work on each phase.

(1986) MODEL STUDY OF SALINITY PHENOMENA UNDER INFLUENCE OF TIDES.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers (Correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. C. F. "Wicker, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Philadelphia District,

Corps of Engineers, Philadelphia, Pa.).

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of salinity and related phenomena on the vertical distribution

of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite

flume 32? feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal basin in which any desired tide may be produced and in

which the salinity may be controlled. The opposite end is connected to a fresh-water

source

.

(1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION BELOW STILLING BASINS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, "Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Initially, the investigation will be conducted on a model of a selected dam with provisions for studying sands of different sizes in the channel below the stilling basin.

Later, models with two or more different linear scales will be constructed to verify

findings using various suitable bed materials.

(g) Preliminary design and layout in preparation.
136 Army - "Waterways Expei*iment Station

Commerce - Bureau of Public Roads

Commerce - National Bureau of Standards

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Existing laboratory flumes, in -which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally experienced summer and winter temperatures, will be used for investigating the

effects of water temperature on bed forms and bed roughness of various types of bed

materials.

(g) Preliminary design and layout in preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(568) SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS

.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page Ij3. (1101) MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page Ijlj. (1383) MODEL STUDIES OF TAPERED INLETS FOR BOX CULVERTS ON STEEP GRADES. Cooperative with Oregon State College. See page 70. (1590) FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA. Cooperative with University of Illinois. See page IjO. (1597) A STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SAND TRAPS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page lj6. (I6£2j) MODEL INVESTIGATION OFFISH LADDERS IN BOX CULVERTS.

Cooperative with Oregon State College. See page 70. (1925) EFFECT OF INLET DESIGN ON CULVERT CAPACITY.

Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 79.

(I9I4?) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 8I4

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1^9, 160, 1217, lli77 to lij80, incl., li|82, 17i|2,

1989 and 1990, should be addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section, National

Bureau of Standards, Washington 2£ , D. C. (159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.
Commerce - National Bureau of Standards 137

(e) To determine model laws for models involving the motion of stratified liquids. The two

major problems are (1) the motion of a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock" when

released into a long channel containing a stationary lighter liquid, and (2) the motion

of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or flowing lighter

liquid.

(160) EFFECT OF STORM WENDS ON LAKE LEVELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine frictional forces of wind on lake surfaces and the resulting set-up.

(68^) ORIFICE METERS.

(b) Cooperative with American Gas Association, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

and Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Howard Bean, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 2£, D. c. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain information on installation requirements of orifices, flow nozzles, and venturi

tubes with special reference to (1) using shorter meter runs than now recommended; (2)

the effects of globe and plug valves preceding an orifice, and (3) possible development

of a field method of evaluating pipe roughness.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report in press. (Available American Gas Association, I4OO Lexington Avenue, New

York 18, N. Y.)

(1217) OPEN CHANNELS WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine surface curves, velocity distribution, and friction laws for channels in

which the inflow is uniformly distributed along the length of the channel.

(U477) TURBULENT EXPANSION OF JETS IN WATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine experimentally the nature of turbulent expansion of jets in water with

relation to Reynolds number, using jets of hot water, salt water, etc.

(Hi 78) WEND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental studies of (1) wind tides (set-up), (2) growth

of wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

(h) Paper in preparation.

(Ill 79) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STANDING WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine significance of viscous boundary layer effects in wave phenomena.

(II48O) POSITIVE WAVES IN DRY CHANNELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine mathematically velocity and form of waves taking friction into account. To analyze the tip of the wave mathematically, and to determine form of wave experimentally as function of time and roughness.
138 Commerce - National Bureau of Standards

Commerce - Weather Bureau

(llj82) INITIAL VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN SALT WTER WEDGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine velocities and particle trajectories daring initial motion when a gate sep- arating two bodies of liquids of different densities is suddenly opened.

(17i|2) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE.

(b) Office of Scientific Research, Air Research and Development Board.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine whether reproducible fundamental flow pattern occurring at initiation of

turbulence can be demonstrated.

(1989) STABILITY OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL STREAMS OF IMMISCIBLE FLUID OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) To determine the stability criterion of the free laminar boundary layer between two parallel streams of different densities.

(1990) INTERNAL PROGRESSIVE WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) To determine laws of propagation and dissipation of internal progressive waves,

(h) "Characteristics of internal solitary waves." G. H. Keulegan, National Bureau of

Standards Journal of Research, RP2ljij2, Sept. 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1010 to 1015, incl., 17ij3 to 1753 incl., and 1991 to

199li, incl., should be addressed to Mr. WLlHam E. Hiatt, Hydrologic Services Division,

U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, c. (1010) ELECTRONIC FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A basic circuit for an electronic analogue computer to solve flood wave problems has

been developed and its application to the solution of local streamflow problems is being

studied at the following River Forecast Centers: Cincinnati, Ohio; Knoxville, Term.;

St. Louis, Mo.; Kansas City, Mo.; Tulsa, Okla.; Portland, Oregon; Harrisburg, and

Pittsburgh, Pa.

(h) "Electronic streamflow routing, Upper Mississippi River," Phillip Light. Presented at American Geophysical Union Meeting, Minneapolis, Aug. 1953.

(1011) SHORT RANGE SNOW-MELT FORECASTING,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop relations between streamflow resulting from melting snow and appropriate

meteorological parameters using a statistical approach.

(g) A reasonably adequate procedure has been established and is being refined and tested.

(1012) AUTOMATIC RADIO REPORTING RAIN GAGE,

(b) Laboratory project.
Commerce - "Weather Bureau 139

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A simple telemetering device has been constructed for use with a standard recording

rain gage. limited field tests indicate satisfactory performance. Other telemetering

units are also being tested.

. (1013) PRESSURE -ACTUATED RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; development.

(e) To develop a more economical remote, recording gage.

(g) Satisfactorily tested for accuracy in laboratory. Experiments continuing on telemetering

system for remoting.

(lOlij) UTILIZATION OF SOIL MOISTURE DATA IN FORECASTING STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Standard electrical resistance soil moisture and temperature equipment has been installed

in selected areas. After sufficient data has been obtained, statistical tests will be

made to determine whether such data can be used to improve forecasts of runoff from

rainfall.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivations of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing readily

available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.

(g) Test of methods and techniques at Lake Hefner, Okla., completed; and similar project

being conducted at Lake Mead. Both are cooperative projects involving Bureau of Reclamation, Navy, Geological Survey as well as Weather Bureau. Another such study is being

started at Felt Lake, on contract with Stanford University. Evaporation pan comparative

studies also being made at Silver Hill, Maryland.

(h) "Water-loss investigations: Vol. 1 - Lake Hefner studies technical report," Geological

Survey Circ. 229, 19^2.

(17143) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) The Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigate various methods of modifying the Electronic Streamflow Routing Analogue for

use in river basins where the Muskingum Storage Equation does not give satisfactory

results. Also, investigate relationship between observed soil moisture data and selected

meteorological observations.

(g) A theoretical analogue circuit for the more complex routings has been developed; also

a tentative relationship between antecedent precipitation and soil moisture in the upper

20 cms. {Hhh) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for Ohio River Basin, Cincinnati; Susquehanna and Delaware River

Basins, Harrisburg, pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Tennessee River

Basin, Knoxville, Tenn.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Ore.; Middle and Upper Miss.

River Basin, St. Louis, Mo.; and Arkansas River Basin, Tulsa, Okla.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop modern river forecast procedures for all ranges of flow for various streams

of each basin. Procedures include (a) rainfall-runoff relations involving consideration

of the physics of soil moisture, vegetative reception, transpiration, evaporation and

geological features of the basins; (b) snow melt forecasting relation involving consideration of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (c) unit hydrographs; (d) streamflow rout- ing procedures; based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles.
3_[jO Commerce - leather Bureau

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed for key points* refinement of these procedures and development for other basins are underway.

(h) "The celerity of very large flood waves in the Arkansas Basin." Charles D. Hopkins,

Jr., Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 3I4, No. I4 , pp 5914-596, Aug. 1953.

"Flood forecasting on the Ohio River directly from rainfall." Roy E. Lundquist and

Robert L. Fulk, to be published in Bull. Amer. Met. Soc.

"U. S. father Bureau snow cover observation program." Keith Butson, presented at Western Snow Conference, Boise, April, 1953.

(17145) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in field offices for River Forecast Center, Portland, Oreg.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt Lake City, Utah; and River Forecast Center, Kansas City, Mo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting utilizing sta- tistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during the

melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for over 300 points in the Western United States. These forecasts of water year flow are released in Monthly Water Supply Forecast Bulletins January through May. This research program is of a continuing nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service.

(h) "The use of precipitation and snow survey data in water supply forecasting." Anthony

J. Polos, presented at Western Snow Conference, Boise, April, 1953.

(17146) FLOOD REPORT - MISSOURI AND UPPER MISS. RIVER BASINS - APRIL, 1952.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Compilation and publication of hydrologic data.

(e) It is proposed to present in a special report all hydrologic and meteorological data

associated with the occurrence of this disaster.

(h) 'Floods of April, 1952 - Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Red River of the North." Weather

Bureau Tech. Paper No. 23, to be published early 195b

.

(17147) PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD-PRODUCING CONDITIONS FOR THE SNAKE RIVER ABOVE HELLS CANYON DAM SITE.

(b) Conducted for Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Involves investigations of the optimum conditions for the probable maximum flood for

the Snake River Basin above Hells Canyon Dam Site and four sub-basins, the Big Lost,

Bruneau, Payette, and Powder river basins. These investigations include determination

of the probable maximum rainstorm and its seasonal variation, the maximum amount of water stored in the basin in the form of snow, and the maximum amounts of heat available

during the spring and early summer for melting the snow.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Critical meteorological conditions for design floods in the Snake River Basin." Cooperative Studies Report No. 11, Coop. Studies Section, Hydrologic Services Div., U. S. Weather Bureau, Feb. 1953.

(17148) CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT.

(b) Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Involves the development of a generalized procedure for quickly estimating the probable

maximum precipitation over areas from 10 to 1,000 sq. mi. on the west slopes of the

Sierra Nevada from the Feather River Basin to the San Joaquin.

(g) Relation established for Western Sierra slopes above 1,000-ft. elevation; work continuing on relation for valley floor.

(17b9) aEST COAST RAINFALL INTENSITY-FREQUENCY PROJECT.

(b) Corps of Engineers.
Commerce - 'Weather Bureau

(d) Applied research.

(e) Involves determination of 1-hour rainfall amounts expected to be equalled or exceeded

once in 2, 5, and 10 years. Also includes derivation of relationships between the 1-

hour intensities and those for 5, 10, 15, 30, 120, and 2lj0 minutes.

(g) Project now extended eastward to 105th meridian.

(h) "Rainfall intensities for local drainage design in the United States for durations of

5 to 2li0 minutes and 2, 5, and 10-year return periods - Part I: West of the 115th meridian." "Weather Bureau Tech. Paper No. 23, August, 1953.

;i7.b0) CRITICAL METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR STORMS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Detailed hour-by-hour analysis of all meteorological data available during major rainstorms.

(f) Continuing.

(h) "An extraordinary rainfall centered at Hallett, Oklahoma." George A. Lott, Monthly

Weather Review, Vol. 8l, No. 1, January, 1953.

J "The unparalleled thrall, Texas rainstorm." George A. Lott, Monthly Weather Review,

Vol. 81, No. 7, July, 1953.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION

.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, and Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 2i4-hour precipitation, for automatic

recording rain gage stations, by states.

(g) Project continuing for additional states.

(h) Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 15, Part IV: Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia,

Part V: New Jersey, Part VI: New England and Part VUj South Carolina, all in process

of publication.

(1752) SEASONAL VARIATION OF STANDARD PROJECT STORM.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Applied research for design purposes.

(e) An attempt to present a seasonal variation of storm rainfall amounts over areas of 200

and 1,000 square miles which will give approximately uniform degree of design safety

for all areas east of the 105th meridian.

(f) Completed.

(h) Hydrometeorological Report No. 29. Hydrometeorological Section, Hydrologic Services

Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, March, 1953.

(1753) SURVEY OF HURRICANES.

j (b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

(d) Applied research.

1 (e) Climatological analysis of 50 years of hurricanes affecting United States to establish

frequencies of winds and pressures required as engineering design data,

(h) "Fifty Years of Hurricanes." Vance A. Myers and Lillian K. Rubin, W&atherwise, Vol. 6, No. b, August, 1953.

j (1991) TOPOGRAPHIC ADJUSTMENT OF MEAN PRECIPITATION, M0G0LL0N RIM AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) To develop relations between topographic parameters and seasonal precipitation in this area for refinement and extension of seasonal and annual isohyetal pattern.

(f) Completed.

(g) Maps of average Oct-Apr., May-Sept., and annual precipitation developed for Arizona and

New Mexico north of the Gila River.
Commerce - leather Bureau

Interior - Geological Survey

(h) "The analysis of precipitation data," William E. Hiatt, The Physical and Economic Foundation of Natural Resources, Vol. IV: Subsurface facilities of "Water Management and

Patterns of Supply - Type Area Studies, Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, House

of Representatives, U. S. Congress, 1953.

(1992) CONTINUOUS RAIN GAGE CHART.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) To substitute recording chart between rollers instead of on drum to avoid superposition

of traces.

(1993) PRESSURE JUMP LINES.

(b) Laboratory project supported in part by U. S. A. F. Geophysical Research Directorate.

(c) Dr. Morris Tepper, Scientific Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. (d)' Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Investigate the properties of and the mechanisms producing pressure jump lines in the

atmosphere. These lines, identified by means of discontinuities in mi c robarograms, have been found to be correlated very strongly with severe local storms. The study is

based on (1) observational data collected from a special field program and (2) theoretical models in which the pressure jump line is interpreted as a gravity wave propagating on an inversion surface between stratified atmospheric layers.

(h) Basic theory in "Application of the Hydraulic Analogy to Certain Atmospheric Flow Problems." M. Tepper, USWB Research Paper No. 35 , October, 1952. Report covering analysis

of field network data 2ot 1951 will be published early in 1951]. (199b) SHORT PERIOD FLUCTUATIONS IN GREAT LAKE ¥ATER LEVELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services Division, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation: basic and applied research.

(e) The continuous records of lake level gages belonging to the U. S. Lake Survey and sev- eral other organizations for the year 1950 and a few other periods have been examined

to learn the properties of the seiche-like phenomena observed on the Great Lakes. A theoretical model which appears to explain the observations has been derived. This

work was undertaken to investigate the possibility of forecasting the floods which are

due to the oscillations of the lakes.

(g) It appears that the east-west oscillation of Lake Erie may be f orecastable . It does

not appear that useful forecasts can be prepared for the other lakes at this time.

However, the analysis of the problem may be of some value in harbor engineering.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(19ij) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative. See Project 19h 9 page 121.

(h39) EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Cooperative with state of New York.

(c) Mr. A. >j. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Albany, N. Y.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To study effect on stream flow of growing trees on abandoned farm land. Observations

of stream flow, precipitation, ground-water levels, and evaporation at three small re- forested drainage basins and adjacent controls were begun in 1935.
Interior - Geological Survey

SMALL RESERVOIRS IN ARID REGIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. V. Peterson, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine runoff, evaporation, seepage, and sedimentation in arid regions. Readings

are being obtained on staff gages installed on a number of representative stock-watering

reservoirs in western states.

(h) Progress reports on file.

(690) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Crest -stage gages are installed on upstream and downstream sides of all openings of selected bridge and valley crossings > so that study can be made of the drop through

each opening and of the transverse water-surface profiles. Current-meter measurements

* made during the floods will be used to study relationships of discharge through each

opening to the total discharge, the drop, and the conveyance.

(691) COMPUTING PEAK DISCHARGES BY INDIRECT METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Establishment of maximum stage gages on slope-reaches or suitable contracted openings,

computing flood discharges and comparing with measured discharge; to test slope -area method of computing flood discharge and to verify roughness coefficients.

(1219) ELECTRICAL LOGGING INSTRUMENTS FOR GROUND-WATER WELLS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, Md.

(d) Development.

(e) Development of geophysical unit for obtaining resistivity curves of electrical log,

fluid velocity, conductivity, caliper, and temperature for deep well surveying - all

combined in a single unit and mounted in station wagons.

(1220) RELATION OF GROUND WATER TO STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. L. Schoff, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation.

(e) Network of 23 observation wells in basin of Pond Creek, Okla., begun in March, I9I48. Vjater level data are to be correlated with low-water stream flow.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Experimental.

(e) Preparation of electrical flow net models using coloidal carbon. Boundary conditions

simulate those commonly found in nature. Object is to catalogue various types of nets for future reference.

(1222) INFILTRATION AND EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION STUDY.

(b) Cooperative with State of Maryland.

(c) Mr. W. C. Rasmussen, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation.

(e) Irtjeekly measurement of wells, rain gages, soil moisture, runoff and pond storage in two drainage basins near Salisbury, Md., to measure all factors in hydrologic cycle to determine infiltration, evapo-transpiration and specific yield.
Interior - Geological Survey

(f) Field work completed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(1223) EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE.

(b) Cooperative with State of Virginia.

(c) Mr. D. S. 'Wallace, U. S. Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Va.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Establishment of gaging station and network of observation wells on headwaters of Hudson

Creek, Louisa Co., Va., for correlation of water levels and stream flow.

(1225) STORM WATER INFILTRATION IN GROUND-WATER RECHARGE BASINS.

(b) Cooperative with Nassau County, N. Y.

(c) Mr. A. W. Harrington, U. S. Geological Survey, Mineola, L. I. (d) Field investigation.

(e) Observations are made of precipitation, evaporation, ground-water levels and storm water inflow into artificial recharge basins, to determine rate of infiltration and amount of storm water available for ground-water recharge when collected in recharge basins, and

to evaluate effectiveness of these basins.

(1227) STOCK-WATER RESERVOIR STUDIES.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. R. C. Culler, U. S. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Development of techniques for determination of effects of stock-water reservoirs on water supply. Detailed surveys made of number, capacity and performance of reservoirs

in the Cheyenne River Basin in Wyoming, will be analyzed to determine evaporation,

transpiration, and seepage losses and their effect on flow of Cheyenne River.

(1229) GLACIER RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. S. Heidel, U. S. Geological Survey, Helena, Mont.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study of recession and accretion of Grinnel Glacier, Mont. Glacier mapped annually for

some years, storage rain gage and stream gaging station installed in 19li9. (h) Annual reports of surveys available.

(1230) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Cities of Tacoma and Seattle.

(c) Mr. F. M. Veatch, U. S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Wash.

(d) Field investigation,

(e) Operation of seven gaging stations on small streams in areas where logging operations

are scheduled in several years. There are control basins where no timber will be cut. (1231) CATHODIC PROTECTION OF BURIED PIPE AGAINST CORROSION.

(b) Cooperative with State of Pennsylvania and State of Louisiana.

(c) Mr. Max Noecker, U. S. Geological Survey, Pittsburgh, Pa., and Mr. R. P. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, Jonesboro, La.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Magnesium anodes are to be installed at several gaging stations where corrosion of pipe

wells or intake pipes has required frequent replacement. Anodes and pipes are to be

inspected annually to determine rate of loss of magnesium and to observe extent of corrosion.

(1233) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS.

(b) Cooperative with several state agencies.
Interior - Geological Survey

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Applied research.

(e) Analyses of flood records to determine magnitude and frequency of flood discharge at gaging stations, and at supplementary network of crest-stage gages on small streams, to determine techniques for establishing flood discharges on ungaged streams.

(h) Reports published for Georgia, Iowa, Minnesota, Western Washington, Ohio, Western

Pennsylvania, Alabama, Louisiana, and Illinois.

(123b) SEDIMENT CARRIED AS BED LOAD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field investigations ; theoretical studies.

(e) Determination of the amount of sediment moving as bed load at three stations, evaluation

of the several bed-load formulas, and basic studies of bed-load movement.

(Hi 85) EROSION AND DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. P. C. Benedict, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field surveys; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effects of climate, soil types, geology, topography, and land use in

rates of erosion.

(li|87) FLOW THROUGH CONTRACTED OPENINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, U. S. Geological Survey, Atlanta, Ga.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To obtain data on model and prototype on flow through contracted openings,

(h) Results published as Geological Survey Circular 281j. (U488) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF SAND BED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. E. Ellsworth, U. S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas, and Mr. D. D. Lewis, U. S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Neb.

(d) Field survey; applied research.

(e) To determine channel coefficients for use in computing peak discharges by indirect

methods in sand bed streams, extent of scour and fill.

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Tate Dalrymple, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The research is conducted at a 1,900 foot reach. The following factors are being investigated: variation of value of "n n with stage; accuracy and reliability of highwater marks recovered after a rise; accuracy of slope of water surface determined by

present procedures; extent of scour and fill; reliability with which scoured depths can

be determined by subsequent prodding; definition of the pattern of scour and fill during

floods; shapes of vertical velocity curves; and quantity of suspended sediment in transport.

(1756) WATER LOSS FROM LAKE MEAD.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Evaporation from Lake Mead is being determined using mass -transfer and energy budget

techniques. The Cummings radiation integrator is being used to determine the areal

variability in solar and atmospheric radiation.

(f) Field work completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.
Xjj6 Interior - Geological Survey

(1757) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION INVESTIGATION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation, Division of Hydrology.

(c) Mr. G« E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation at site near Bruning, Nebr.

(e) Tests are to be made by mass-transfer and energy budget techniques of evapotranspiration

from grass land, with comparison with water-budget control.

(1758) RELATION OF GROUND WHTER TO STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of hydrologic cycle in small drainage basins, in Massachusetts, Virginia, New

Jersey, Connecticut, North Carolina, Louisiana, Oklahoma, New York and Tennessee to determine the relationships between ground-water levels, runoff, evapotranspiration,

and the geology.

(1759) INFILTRATION STUDIES

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, Seabrook, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the movement of percolating waters between the land surface and the water

table, and water-budget studies in connection with the waste disposal project at Seabrook Farms.

(f ) In progress.

(h) Provisional reports on file.

(1761) DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF GROUND -WATER RECHARGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Wallace de Laguna, Brookhaven National Laboratory, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; field research.

(e) To observe the annual cycle of recharge to the water table and to measure the amount of

recharge. A new type of lysimeter has been developed, to maintain ground water in

lysimeter at same level as that in surrounding aquifer.

(1763) THE RIVER CHANNEL; BRANDYWENE CREEK, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. G. "Wblman, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The applicability of previously described principles of hydraulic geometry to a small

stream. Intensive study of some hydraulic and geologic variables on a watershed of 312 square miles. Includes measurements of water surface slope and computations of Manning 1 "n". Attempt to relate roughness to coarse bed material.

(h) Report in preparation.

( 17624 ) COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Field and office research.

(e) Longitudinal profiles of natural channels, relation to bed material, geologic history,

and hydraulic characteristics. Problems in meanders and flood plain construction.

(1765) SONAR INVESTIGATIONS (EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT).

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. N. Sayre, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. c.

(d) Development; theoretical laboratory.

(e) To adopt the sonar principle of the fathometer as method of delineating under-water sed: ments of moderate thickness (several hundred feet) and depth to underlying bedrock. De- velopment work is presently in progress to modify and simplify the procedures of interpretation and use of the sonar technique for geophysical investigations on land.
Interior - Geological Survey lhl

(1995) COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIFMENT

.

(b) Laboratory project.

I (c) Mr. Irwin Rerason, U. s. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

I (e) A comparative study of all commercially available instruments for measuring soil moisture

possible design of new instruments.

! (g) Laboratory and field calibrations in progress.

1(1996) INFILTRATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine interrelation of the various factors involved in the hydrologic cycle with

special emphasis on the magnitude of evapotranspiration.

(g) Observation networks established, periodic measurements begun.

\ (1997) EFFECT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON WATER YIELD.

(b) Cooperative with State of New Jersey.

(c) Mr. H. C. Barksdale, U. S. Geological Survey, Trenton, N. j.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study of effects caused by forest management practices on interception, infiltration

capacity, evapotranspiration, and yield of water-bearing sands in New Jersey Pine Barrens

area.

(g) Instrumentation in process of installation.

(1998) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Cooperative with State of Arizona.

(c) Mr. H. e. SkLbitzke, U. s. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Applied research.

(e) To adapt instruments and techniques for solving problems of the occurrence of water in

alluvial fill; including electrical resistivity methods, electric logging and deep well current meters.

(1999) PERFORMANCE OF RECHARGE POND.

b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Mr. H» A « Waite, U. 3. Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Studies of factors controlling rates of infiltration in an abandoned gravel pit used as a recharge pond.

(2000) GHYBEN -HERZBERG LENS,

(b} Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Dan A. Davis, U. s. Geological Survey, Honolulu, T. H.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Study of ground-water body in marine islands, to determine the relationship of fresh

water storage to the geology of the island, rainfall, head, tidal fluctuations, leakage,

and draft.

(2001) HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATION, LITTLE MIAMI RIVER.

(b) Cooperative with State of Ohio.

(c) Mr. William C. Walton, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) Detailed studies of ground-water levels in various types of glacial deposits to determine

effects on ground -water storage of various land use and stream improvement practices.

(g) Instruments and observation wells installed.
1^8 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. I463, 70£, 1022, 1236, 12lj0, I2I4I, 12lj3 to 12li6, incl.

12^2, 125ii, 1255, 1261, 1262, 126b, 1266, lM9k to H496, incl., 11,98, lb99, 1$QL, 1*02,

1766 to 1769, incl., 1771 to 1777, incl., and 2002 to 2017, incl., should be addressed

to the Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo.

(I463) DAVIS DAM SPILLWAY. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. A 1:72 model was used in the investigation of roller buckets, sloping aprons, and stilling basins to determine the most effective and economical design of the spillway, the

possible retrogression of streambed in the future being taken into consideration. The

model was used to test diversion scheme for construction purposes. An air model was use

to test bellmouth shapes for low-level outlets.

Completed.

Type and proportions of spillway stilling device were determined; rectangular-type still; ing basin proved most feasible for the receding tail water which could be expected.

Report preparation suspended.

HUNGRY HORSE DAM SPILLWAY.

Completed.

"Hydraulic model studies of Hungry Horse Dam Spillway." G. L. Beichley, Report No. Hyd.-355. (Available on loan.)

KEYHOLE DAM OUTLET WORKS

.

Completed.

"Hydraulic model studies of the outlet works, Keyhole Dam—Belle Fourche Unit, "WyomingMissouri River Basin Project." ¥. E. "Wagner, Report No. Hyd.-338. (Available on loan.)

WILLOW CREEK DAM EMERGENCY SPILLWAY.

Completed

.

Report in preparation.

SOLDIER CANYON OUTLET WORKS. Completed.

"Hydraulic model studies of the Soldier Canyon Dam outlet works—Colorado-Big Thompson

Project." T. J. Rhone, Report No. Hyd.-33lj. WELLT ON-MOHAWK CANAL STRUCTURES.

Completed.

"Hydraulic model studies of outlet control structure, culvert under dike and wash overchute at station 938+00—Wellton-Mohawk Division, Gila Project, Arizona." W. E. Wagner,

Report No. Hyd.-359.

RECTANGULAR SEMIBELLMOUTH ENTRANCE STUDIES.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

WILLOW CREEK DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS. Completed.

Report in preparation.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

a\6) DISCHARGE MEASURING SYSTEM FOR ALVA B. ADAMS TUNNEL,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d^ Experimental; for operation and field tests on completed structure.

(e) A 1:10 scale hydraulic model of the tunnel near the entrance portal was built for the

purpose of developing a satisfactory discharge measuring system.

(f) Field test will continue. Model studies completed.

(g) A curved weir was developed and calibrated. It provided an accurate means of measuring

the discharge and had a low energy loss at the maximum discharge. Flow conditions

immediately downstream of the gates were greatly improved. Field tests showed measuring

device to be accurate and satisfactory.

J (h) "Model studies for the development of a discharge measuring system at the west portal of Alva B. Adams Tunnel—Colorado-Big Thompson project, Colo." E. J. Rusho, Report No.

Hyd.-36ij.

2ij6) CACHUMA DAM SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic laboratory studies of Cachuma Dam Spillway." W. E. ifegner, Report No. Hyd.-380.

252) CAVTTATION-F REE OPERATION OF REGULATING GATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design,

i (e) A general study to (1) develop design criteria for cavit ation-free operation of regulating gates in closed conduit irrigation distribution systems, and (2) to determine the

number of pipe diameters of rubber-lined steel pipe required to protect a concrete pipe

irrigation line from cavitation pitting from a partially opened leaf -type valve.

(g) A method of computing the required back pressure to prevent cavitation was obtained by use

of parameters which were affected by a flow pattern change due to cavitation and which

indicated system efficiency.

(h) "Determination of the operational characteristics of valves for use in water distribution

systems requiring pressures up to 12£ feet of water Contra Costa Distribution System

Central Valley Project, Calif." J. C. Schuster, Report No. Hyd.-337. (Abstract available on loan.)

2510 VIBRATION—KEECHELUS DAM OUTLET W)RKS T0T*ER.

! (f ) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic model studies of Keechelus Dam outlet works —Yakima Project Washington."

J. C. Schuster, Report No. Hyd.-3l|2.

£5) PALISADES DAM RECTANGULAR REGULATING GATES.

1 (b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental; for design.

' (e) A 1:19 model was used to develop a rectangular, downstream seal, regulating slide gate

suitable for use at heads up to 2i|0 feet and capable of discharging a smooth, even

stream into closed or open conduit or on a spillway. Particular attention was directed

to the gate slots using a 1:2 scale sectional model. The tests were extended to study

the effect of an emergency gate of identical design placed immediately upstream from the

regulating gate. Other tests will be made to determine the operating characteristics of

the gate when discharging under water,

(g) A practical gate was developed which discharged the desired smooth stream at a discharge

coefficient of 0.95 when full open. A slot design was obtained which, when the gate discharges into the atmosphere at a 2lj0 head, produces pressures no lower than minus 1 foot

of water. The emergency gate operated satisfactorily when used for the control except

at gate settings of 97 to 100 percent open where air must be admitted to relieve low

pressures.

; (h) Report in preparation.

295522 O - 54 - 11
l£o Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(1261) REPUBLIC DIVERSION DAM, HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic model studies of Republic Diversion Dam—headworks and sluiceway structures

0. S. Hanson and E. J. Carlson, Report No. Hyd.-3l6.

(1262) SHEEP CREEK DIVERSION SEDIMENTATION BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests on a 1:9 model of a sedimentation basin are being conducted to determine the mod fications required to improve the efficiency of the basin. Tests will also be made or prototype structure to determine additional data on model-prototype relationships for

movable bed models.

(f) Suspended.

(I26I4) VORTEX TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A program of general testing is being made to obtain additional information for desigi

criteria for a vortex tube de sanding apparatus. A horizontal vane with a gradually e: panding cross section is used to increase the velocity over the vortex tube in order 1 obtain better action in canals having low water velocities.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Effectiveness of vortex tube was increased.

(h) Work accomplished on this project reported in "Hydraulic model studies of Republic

Diversion Dam, headworks and sluiceway structures." 0. S. Hanson and E. J. Carlson,

Report No. Hyd.-3l6.

(Ih9h) GLEN ANNE SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic model studies of Glen Anne Dam Spillway and Stilling Basin—Cachuma projec

California." p. F. Enger, Report N0 . Hyd.-360.

(Hi9$) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l*.$h scale model of all discharge facilities and surrounding area was used to deter

mine feasibility of entire lay-out, develop a low-cost tunnel spillway and energydissipating device, check the proposed powerhouse outlet works lay-out, and determine

inter-related discharge effects in river. A 1:28 scale model of the outlet works was used to develop a low-cost efficient stilling basin.

(1) Completed.

(g) Feasibility has been determined. Tunnel size was reduced, combination stilling basin

and ski -jump bucket was developed, approach to spillway improved, outlet works and pc house lay-out improved, and an economical but efficient stilling basin developed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(11496) HYDRAULIC LABORATORY PROCEDURES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Record of experience; applied research.

(e) A manual for instruction purposes in theory and procedure for Hydraulic Laboratory

personnel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Bureau monograph has been published.

(h) "Hydraulic laboratory practice." Engineering Monograph No. 18, U. S. Dept. of the

Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 151

lii98) WEIR STANDS—IRRIGATION TATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(f) Completed.

J (h) Report in preparation.

'Ili99) CANAL TURNOUT -METER LOCATION.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

1501) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES —SCOUR ON CURVES.

:c (b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A program of general testing is being made to obtain information which will correlate

extent of scour with degree of curvature in canals.

(f) Suspended.

1502) STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES—TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A program of general testing is being made to determine critical tractive forces required

to move given sizes of materials when they are found in normal mixtures. These tests

are to be performed in conjunction with tests to determine extent of scour on curves in

canals

.

1766) HYDRAULIC AND SOIL TESTS ON PROPOSED CANAL LINING MATERIAL FOR MADERA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A model study of the action of a proposed earth lining material, under the action of flowing water, was made. Various velocities were used in the testing program. To study the

possibilities of creating a more stable channel, several types of sand-gravel blankets

were tested.

(g) The material was found suitable for canal embankment but unsuitable for canal lining.

The use of a sand-gravel blanket over the soil increased the stability of the section.

(h) Report in preparation.

1767) MILBTJRN DIVERSION DAM, HEADOTKS AND SLUICET« STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project,

j (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests on a 1:16 scale model of the headworks and spillway structures are to be made to determine and improve the sediment -excluding characteristics of the structure.

,1768) BARTLEY DIVERSION DAM, HEADWDRKS AND SLUICE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests on a 1:7 scale model of the headwork and sluiceway structures were made to improve

the sediment -excluding characteristics of the sluiceway.

(g) Guided flow immediately upstream from the headworks and sluiceway obtained by installing

curved parallel guide walls proved most effective for reducing bed-load sediment passing

the headworks.

(h) Report in preparation.

1769) "WEIR TURNOUT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.
152 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(e) To develop a weir turnout, with emphasis on minimum structure dimensions, that will gi

a smooth head-on-weir water surface when the turnout is discharging (l) 5 cfs at 6-fooi

head and (2) 2 cfs at 1-foot head.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1771) TURNOUT AND METERING STRUCTURE—SAN DIEGO AQUEDUCT

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Studies were made of the flow distribution, the operating characteristics, and the

losses incurred in the proposed turnout and metering structure to be added to the aque duct when the second barrel is added.

(g) The flow distribution and operating characteristics were satisfactory. Jfrnor changes

were required to reduce the head losses to the required low values.

(h) "Hydraulic model studies of the San Jacinto-San Vincente turnout and metering structur

San Diego Aqueduct Project, California." W. P. Simmons, Jr., Report No. Hyd.-365.

(1772) FLOAT -OPERATED REGULATING VALVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being made to determine the operating characteristics at relatively high hea

of several standard commercial valve designs.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report classified as Administrative Confidential for use within the Bureau of Reclama

tion for information of its design and construction staff only.

(1773) WEBSTER DAM SPILLWAY.

(b} Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A \*$h model will be used to investigate the hydraulic performance of the spillway str ture including: checking the entrance flow conditions; calibrating the free crest and

crest with partial gate openings; checking the spreading characteristics of flows thro

the long chute; checking the stilling basin for elevation, length, etc.; and checking

water surface profiles along training walls.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(177ll) KIRWCN DAM SPILLM AND STILLING BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:lj8 model used to test the approach conditions, coefficient of discharge, flow distribution on concrete apron and the efficiency of the stilling basin.

(g) Approach conditions improved. Training walls realigned to secure better flow distribu

tion in the stilling basin. Spur-type wing walls were added below the stilling basin

prevent erosion.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1775) HIGH-HEAD TURNOUT WITH REGULATING VALVE AND IMPELLER-TYPE FLOWMETER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop an energy dissipator downstream from the regulating valve that will create

a uniform flow distribution at the outlet of a vertical pipe with a propeller-type flo

meter.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 1^3

..776) ADAKENABY TUNNEL JUNCTION SHAFT AND CYLINDER GATE.

tl (b) Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric Authority, Australia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are being made of an 18-foot -diameter vertical shaft approximately

300 feet deep which supplies excess water from a river to a lii mile long, 21-foot diameter tunnel connecting a storage and power reservoir. Water from the river flowing through

the vertical shaft is controlled by a proposed 21-foot -diameter cylinder gate at the junction of the shaft and tunnel. Two models are used (1) a 1:21.6 model of the inlet and a section of the vertical shaft and (2) a 1:18 model of the cylinder gate.

(g) Controlling the shaft pressure with the cylinder gate will prevent air entrainment.

.777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

1 (d) Experimental j for design.

, (e) A program of model-prototype testing of siphon spillways is being made to evaluate various entrance and exit conditions, effectiveness of regulating air supply on priming, the

influence of crest radii on priming qualities, adjustable crests, pressure and velocity

distributions, and the failure of some prototype installations to operate in the manner

for which they were designed.

;>002) INVESTIGATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL STILLING WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Unwatering certain structures which contain water under high pressure and supplying irrigation water from high pressure conduits to earth ditches present problems of energy

dissipation. Investigations of several particular structures and operation of a completed

field structure have established the feasibility of the stilling -we11. Area, depth, and

shape of well for various discharges and entrance velocities will be obtained in a generalized form.

I (g) Data now available have been analyzed, indicating that design criteria can be established

for the circular well.

2003) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC JUMP AND BUCKET ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Many stilling devices are used in dams and irrigation works. Four general types are considered in this program (1) stilling basins with horizontal floors (with or without baffle

piers and sills), (2) basins with sloping floors (no baffle piers), (3) short stilling

basins for canal chutes, drops, river crossings, and wasteways, and (I4) bucket dissipators.

- (g) Data available indicates that extensive generalization for design application may be possible.

p;i!00i|) STANDARDIZATION OF DESIGN OF SMALL CANAL STRUCTURES

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Canal systems contain numerous and many kinds of small structures such as drops, turnouts,

overchutes, wasteways, culverts, and bifurcation works. Many of these incorporate dissipating devices which are quite different from the conventional types. The velocity of flow is low compared to larger structures. This research will standardize designs to a large extent.

:00£) CAVITATION EROSION OF ROUGHENED SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.
1p14 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

(e) Irregularities in surface of concrete water passages can be a source of cavitation.

The purpose of this project is to explore into a method of determining the cavitation

potential of various types and degrees of roughened surfaces,

(g) A successful test apparatus has been designed and built, and an interpretation method

evolved, from which any specific surface can be evaluated.

(2006) CAKTNO CONDUIT TURNOUT AND METERING STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:k scale model was used to determine the head loss through the proposed turnout

structures for Stations 10£+85 and 263+50, and to develop suitable baffles and basins

to handle and measure the flow which may be diverted through a gate or over an elevatec

skimming weir.

(g) The losses through the structures were low enough to permit passage of the desired floi with the heads available. Economical baffles and basins were developed which produced

relatively tranquil flow at the measuring weirs.

(h) Report being prepared.

(200?) SLY PARK DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:6.75 scale model was used to study the bifurcation of the outlet conduit, the two regulating slide gates, the flow distributor and energy dissipator, and the inlet of |] CamLno Conduit which carries the water to ios destination.

(g) The outlet works adequately handles the required flows, and the initially proposed dis

tributor baffles can be omitted from the stracture.

(h) Report being prepared.

(2008) SLY PARK DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model was used to study the flow conditions in and the capacity of a doub

side channel spillway and the direction of flow in the approach channel.

(f ) Model studies completed and report issued.

(g) A material reduction in excavation of the preliminary approach channel was possible an some improvement of flow conditions in the channel was realized. The capacity of the crest was adequate for handling the design floods.

(h) "Sly Park Dam Spillway hydraulic model studies —Sly Park Unit —American River Division

Central Valley Project, California." L. V. WLlson, Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. Hyd.-370.

(2009) NIMBUS DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 sectional model of a concrete diversion dam which will operate submerged at the higher flows; the primary purpose of the study was to determine a satisfactory stillir

basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) An unusually short basin, utilizing chute blocks, baffle piers, and a dentated sill

proved effective for all flow conditions. Data on submerged flow coefficient were alt obtained.

(h) Report being prepared.

(2010) BOULDER SUPPLY CANAL.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental; for design.
Interior - Bureau of Reclamation 155

(e) A 1:10 model of a section of canal in which the main flow of the canal is supplemented

by inflow from storm drainage. Skimming weirs downstream from the inlets discharge the

excess flow o~er the opposite side of the canal.

(f) Completed.

(g) The scheme was found to be a feasible method for transporting storm water across a canal.

(h) Report being prepared.

12011) PILOT FISH SCREEN STRUCTURE —DELTA-MEND0TA CANAL,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for alterations to structure in field.

(e) As the flow was increased to practically twice that for which the structure was designed,

it was necessary to make certain changes in the fish screen structure and widen the canal.

A 1:15 scale model served to determine the most economical canal section and a 1:10 sec- tional model is being utilized to determine changes at the screen structure.

(f) Testing in progress.

: (g) It was found that several inexpensive revisions to the existing structure and canal will

enable the capacity to be doubled.

2012) PARSHALL FLUME SETTING—DRY CREEK TURNOUT, MADERA CANAL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:10 scale model to determine the adequacy of a proposal to add a water-measuring device to an existing irrigation turnout.

i; (f) Completed.

(g) Two proposed designs were tested and both provided excellent flow conditions in the

measuring device.

(h) "Hydraulic model studies on the proposed water-measuring device at Dry Creek Turnout,

lateral 2li.2 —Madera Canal, Central Valley Project, California." T. J. Rhone, Report

No. Hyd.-378.

2013) MAIN UNLINED CANAL, KENNEWECK DIVISION, YAKIMA PROJECT—PROTECTIVE COVER MATERIAL.

(b) Laboratory project.

a (d) Experimental; for design.

| (e) Full scale tests on a section of canal bank on 2:1 slope were conducted in a 2-foot flume

in which waves were created of various heights and frequencies. Tests were conducted on talus and gravel materials to determine the most adequate protective blanket against wave action and leaching of silt base material through the protective blanket,

(g) Placing protective cover material in two layers screened on one screen gives much better

protection than one single graded layer. Material that did not satisfy filter criteria

gave good protection against leaching from wave action when placed in two layers.

20Uj) CODING DEVICE FOR RADIO -REPORTING RAIN GAGE.

(b) Region 2, Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California.

(d) Field investigation; development.

(e) A consistently accurate, dependable, low power DC coding device for radio telemetering

from remote rain gage stations was needed for control of releases from Shasta Reservoir.

A coding system which transmits intelligence by patterned pulse signals from a photoelectric cell to the screen of a cathode-ray tube has been developed. Measurement is

read directly from the cathode -ray screen.

(f) Completed. Possible future refinements.

(g) Six installations have been made. Final results will be analyzed after the 1953-5b

season.

j (h) Report in preparation.

2015) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW VELOCITY CURRENT Mci'ER.

(b) Laboratory project; field performance tests,

(d) Experimental; for development and field studies.
156 Interior - Bureau of Reclamation

Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(e) To develop a recording current meter capable of operating unattended for periods up to

H4 days; to operate under tidal influence and the attendant reversing direction of flow , without physical rotation of the meter; to develop electronic circuits capable of con- verting impulses received from the meter to a direct recording of velocity versus time;

to evaluate various bearings in attempts to measure velocities down to 0.1 foot per

second or lower, and up to 5.0 feet per second.

(g) Two meters have been built and given field tests. Several bearing designs and materials

have been used. Investigations are continuing in an effort to improve wearing qualitie:

Calibration tests show the latest meter will operate satisfactorily from 0.12 foot per

second to over 5 feet per second.

(2016) STUDIES OF AIR DEMAND OF GATES AND VALVES IN CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This project is being made to determine the size of air vents to prevent adverse effect; of vibration and cavitation erosion from "in line" gates and valves. Small amount of

model testing is contemplated to provide data for comparison with results of field test; (2017) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR MEASURING DISCHARGE IN LARGE CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This series of studies includes the investigation of application of the salt velocity,

chemical dilution, and pressure variation methods, as well as other methods of measurement of discharge in large conduits. The studies are directed toward the determination

of the accuracy of various methods to permit selection of the proper method for given

requirements. The investigations include laboratory tests, analytical studies, and

library research.

(g) The laboratory studies have been confined to the salt velocity method so far. Development of salt injection equipment has been completed and electrode studies are now in

progress

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN.

Inquiries concerning Projects N0 s. Ij67, 1j70, 709 to 711, incl., 1268, l£03, 1^05 to

1507, incl., 1510 to 1512, incl., l£Ui, l£l6, 1517, 1521, 1522, 1778 to 17§6, incl.,

1788 to 1791, incl., and 2018 to 2020, incl., should be addressed to The Commanding

Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D. C.

(J467) DEVELOPMENT OF A HOT -WERE INSTRUMENT FOR TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b^ Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Flow instrumentation.

(e) Development of the hot-wire technique for measuring turbulent velocity components in 1 water.

(g) Dynamic calibration techniques and the use of coated wires are being investigated.

(h) "Progress report on research in frictional resistance." TMB Report 726, Sept. 1950

which includes:

"Recent progress in hot-wire measurements of turbulence." M. s. Macovsky and W. l. Stracke

.

"Model basin turbulence." M. S. Macovsky and J. P. Breslin.

i (14 70) ELECTROLYTIC TANK STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Potential flow research.

(e) Investigations using the method of electrical analogy to obtain pressure measurements c and about various bodies in a fluid.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 157

(g) An electrolytic tank has been developed for obtaining the pressure distribution about

cylindrical bodies. A single probe method is used to obtain potential differences on

the body and a double probe method is used for obtaining the potential differences in

the surrounding field.

Refinement of instrumentation and techniques has made possible the determination of

pressure coefficients at a body surface with an accuracy of better than O.h percent of

the stagnation pressure.

Plans are underway for adapting the present tank to other problems in potential flow.

(h) "An electrolytic tank developed for obtaining velocity and pressure distributions about

hydrodynamic forms." A. Borden, G. L. Shelton Jr., and W. E. Ball, Jr., TMB Report 82ij,

April 1953.

"Wall corrections for two and three dimensional bodies in a rectangular electrolytic

tank." A. Borden, TMB Report 86I4, (in preparation).

709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the analysis of ship resistance. Studies will include

the general theory of waves in liquids and will encompass a review of existing theory and

comparisons with existing experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of theory to the calculations of wave resistance. Calculations were made to obtain general information about wave resistance

of submerged bodies of revolution. The forms considered are ellipsoids, RankLne ovoids,

and a simple family of streamlined bodies. A report of this work is to be published.

(h) "Investigation of wave effects produced by a thin body - TMB model I4I25. " G. P. Weinblum, J. J. Kendrick and M. A. Todd, TMB Report 8l|0, Nov. 1952.

"The forces and moments on a body moving in an arbitrary potential stream." W. E. Cummins, TMB Report 78O, June 1953.

"A systematic evaluation of Michell's integral." G. P. Weiriblum, TMB Report 886, (in

preparation)

.

710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Applied research; for design.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of a broad series of injection scoops and discharges to provide design data for use in design of future high-speed ships.

(g) An analysis has been made to determine the important parameters and develop a means of

mathematically describing the geometry of several series of injection scoops. A contract has been awarded to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for the conduct of an extensive experimental study to determine the effect of changes in scoop geometry on

efficiency. Three different families of scoop shapes are to be tested.

711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Research on the mechanism and effects of cavitation phenomena including the physics and

analytical description of steady-state cavities in real and ideal fluids and investigations of the inception of cavitation, the growth and collapse processes of transient

cavities, and the effects of cavitation on the forces on underwater bodies.

I (g) A linearized theory has been developed for steady, two-dimensional cavity flows about

slender bodies. The theory is being applied to the case of lifting surfaces.

(h) "Steady, two-dimensional cavity flows about slender bodies." M. P. Tulin, TMB Report

83b, May 1953.

"A brief survey of progress on the mechanics of cavitation." P. Eisenberg, TMB Report

8i|2, June 1953.

"Discussions and author 1 s closure for a brief survey of progress on the mechanics of

cavitation." P. Eisenberg, TMB Report 8I42A, June 1953.
1*8 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(1268) STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION OF APPENDAGES AND BODIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Hydrodynamics of submerged bodies.

(ej An investigation of potential flow and boundary layer phenomena associated with appendage-body combinations in order to determine the nature of interference effects. The

generation of lift and moments by fins in non-uniform flows is being studied. A theoretical and experimental investigation is being made in order to determine the mutual

interference effects of appendages and bodies. In addition an experimental investigation is being carried out in order to determine the effects of non-uniform flows on the

lift and moments of a low aspect ratio fin.

(g) A theoretical investigation is being made.

(1503) BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION STUDY.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Basic research.

(e) A study of methods for stimulating predictable turbulent boundary layers to improve the

reliability of model tests for resistance prediction. Tests are to be made with flat

plates, ship models and bodies of revolution and will include investigations of the

effects of size arrangement of stimulators and the effect of pressure gradient.

(g) Theoretical studies have directed attention toward internal roughness stimulators. Design criteria are being developed by means of qualitative boundary layer measurements

on flat plates using pin type stimulators.

(1505) EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE CURVATURE ON FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Studies to determine the effect of transverse curvature on the frictional resistance to motion of a body through a liquid. Shear stress measurements and velocity profiles wil

be obtained at 10-foot intervals along a l^O-foot length of towed cylinder. Results wi

be extended to determine flat plate resistance without surface and edge effects normal!

pre sent

.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the laminar flow case for slender cylinders has been made to determine significant parameters and the expected magnitude of the curvature effect.

Equipment for the experimental phase has been designed and is under construction.

(h) "Progress report on research in frictional resistance." TMB Report 726, Sept. 19*0,

which includes

"Effect of transverse curvature on frictional resistance." fan. M. Ellsworth.

"The laminar flow about very slender cylinders in axial motion, including the effect of pressure gradients and unsteady motions." R. D. Cooper and M. p. Tulin, TMB Report 838

April 1953.

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

Basic research.

Development of a suitable technique for stimulating a turbulent boundary layer over the

entire length of any ship model. Empirical studies will be conducted to evaluate the

relative effectiveness of turbulence rods, trip wires, sand roughness and isolated stud; Their relative effectiveness will be judged by studying the model resistance curve and ; the character of the boundary layer flow as determined by dye-method, chemicals, and ho ! wire survey of the model wetted surface.

The work of the previous year was devoted to the study of the stimulating effect of

studs. The evaluation of studs is still continuing. A report is under preparation

which covers turbulence stimulation tests on BSRA Model and an evaluation of the effec-i

tiveness of the various stimulators.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 159

1507) SERIES 57 - RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS HULL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission, David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of resistance upon the coefficients of hull form for a practical range

of single-screw ship forms is to be determined.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) A method of generating a systematic series of forms has been accomplished. Further research into the basic parent form was instituted in order to obtain near optimum parents.

As a result the contours for Series 60 were developed.

H510) GENERAL SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) ^udies to provide information leading to the design of more seakindly ships to meet operational requirements in rough seas. This includes tests to determine optimum shape

of hull and erections for maximum speed in a seaway, the applicability of model sea- worthiness tests to the prediction of full-scale performance, and the wave damping of

basic ship forms. Theoretical studies will include a determination of the effect of

pitch and heave on ahead motion, the interference effects between ocean waves and the

ships own wave train, and other influences which tend to reduce ship speed.

(g) A program of tests in regular waves of two different size models of the same ship has

been completed. The analysis of the data is expected to indicate the reliability of

extrapolating model results on ship motions to full scale.

1511) SERIES SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Office of Naval Research; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Investigations to determine the effect of various hull form parameters on reduction of

speed, ship motions, and dryness of decks for ships operating in waves. A standard series 60 model with block coefficient 0.60 is to be the parent model for the

series of hull forms. Studies will include the effect of: (l) bow sections, - U, V, and

bulb; (2) bow flare; (3) free board; plumb stern; (5) raked stern; and (6) stern

sections, - U, V, raised counter. Tests will be made in the li^O-foot model basin using

5-foot models at several speed and wave conditions.

(g) Basic model has been built and tests were started January 195h.

-512) EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of the amplitudes of roll versus rolling moment and frequency at or near resonance for a ship model with and without bilge keels; the increase in resistance of a model due to rolling and roll-induced yawing; and the lift, drag, and torque developed

by fins. Data will be used in arriving at criteria for the design of fin stabilizers.

(g) Roll tests have been made in the basin on a ship model with and without bilge keels.

Also, wind tunnel measurements have been made to determine the effect of variation in

fin stabilizers on lift, drag, and torque characteristics.

(h) "Model tests of the effect of sweep hydrofoils on ships bilge keels." C. G. Moody,

Report 888, (in press).

i-SUj) MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-SCREW VESSELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of side forces on propeller, rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship model

during successive phases of starting, stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f ) Inactive

.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A side-force dynamometer has been designed and con- struction nearly completed.
l5o Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(l5l5) STUDIES OF RESISTANCE PREDICTION METHODS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) The theoretical possibility of separating the viscous and wave drag for surface flows

by means of wake surveys, has been demonstrated. Experiments are to be performed on

ship models to verify the practical possibility of using this method to improve resistance predictions.

(g) Instrumentation for the wake survey, including pitot rakes and traversing mechanisms

with associate manometric system, is under construction.

(1517) MINIATURE MODEL BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Facility developiTEnt

.

(e) In order to obtain data on the drag, side force, and vortex configurations of vibrating

cylinders a special model basin facility was required. This facility consists of a miniature model basin with small towing carriage whereby cylinders may be towed over a range of speeds while oscillating with controllable amplitude and frequency. Measurements of the attendent forces are made by means of strain gage apparatus and vortex

configurations may be studied by means of special photographic techniques.

(g) The miniature model basin and associate equipment have been constructed and preliminary

tests have been made on a 1 and 2-inch diameter circular cylinder.

(1521) 36 -INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water-tunnel for investigation

of propulsion, cavitation, and noise characteristics of propellers as well as tests on

sub-surface bodies. Interchangeable test sections of open and closed jet type will be

provided. The maximum design speed is 85 fps.

(g) Architectural and engineering work has been completed. Construction is expected to

start this year.

(1^22) WAVEMAKER STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research and facility development.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of surface wave generators to develop criteria foi the design and construction of a large-scale wavemaker installation. A program of research on wave absorbers is also underway. Prerequisite to this latter investigation d the development of practical means for evaluating the effectiveness of a given absorbei

(g) A small pilot model of a pneumatic wavemaker has been developed and successfully operal

Improvement has been made in the means of controlling amplitude and frequency of gener- ated waves. A much larger pneumatic wavemaker has been installed in the l[|0-foot mode" basin, and has been in regular operation generating waves for ship model tests. A 51-

foot wide pneumatic wavemaker for the deep water basin is now in the final stages of design. A method of making measurements and determining wave absorption characteristic

therefrom has been developed analytically. The accuracy with which wave height can be

determined has been improved by the development of an electronic wave-height recorder

which operates on a change of capacitance principle.

(1773) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various hydn

dynamic phenomena such as cavitation, bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing,

(g) Measurements of the noise radiated by a turbulent jet have been made and compared to existing theory. Studies have been made of noise produced by cavitation, splashing, a

oscillating air bubbles.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 161

(h) "Free field measurements of sound radiated by sub-sonic air jets." R. Lee, TMB 868, Dec. 19^3

.

1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental investigation of the velocity profiles and surface shearing stresses in turbulent boundary layers. An analysis of boundary layers on bodies of

revolution has been made. Experiments on a body of revolution and on two-dimensional

flows in a low turbulence wind tunnel are to be made.

(h) "The calculation of the viscous drag of bodies of revolution." P. S. Granville, TMB Report Bh9, July, 1953.

;i780) BUBBLE FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Studies of bubble drag and virtual mass, and the kinematic behavior of bubbles as a function of size, pressure gradient, density, viscosity and surface tension of the media.

(g) Experiments were made to determine the shape and drag of individual air bubbles rising

freely in various liquids. Theoretical analyses are being made to determine the effect

of varying pressure gradients on the motion of bubbles in a fluid.

(h) "An experimental investigation of the drag and shape of air bubbles rising in various

liquids." W. L. Haberman and Rose K. Morton, TMB Report 802, Sept. 1953.

"An experimental study of bubbles moving in liquids." w. L. Haberman and Rose K. Morton, A.S.C.E. Proc. Separate 387, Jan. 1951w

[1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

: (b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design and construction of a circular basin of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm

whose radius can be varied from 18 to 120 feet. To be used for towing tests of surface

and sub-surface models. Also, design and construction of a maneuvering basin 350 feet

long and 230 feet wide, equipped with traveling bridge and towing carriages, and wave- makers for the purpose of making maneuvering tests on ship models.

(g) Functional specifications for the facility have been prepared.

;i782) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Basic research.

I (e) Determination of ship motions in a regular seaway when coupling exists between heave

and pitch. The work is to be based on the linear theory and is a continuation of work

on uncoupled motion. It is intended to extend the applicability of the linear theory

to a larger number of vessels of various type.

' 1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

I* ' . r (b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modern design.

(g) A preliminary study has been made which indicates that a solution should be sought through

mathematical fairing by waterlines (Benson) instead of by sections (Taylor).

r l7%) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS - UNSTEADY EFFECTS ON STABILITY DERIVATIVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Theoretical and experimental.
162 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

(e) Studies of the effect of oscillation frequency and amplitude, speed of advance and geom- etry on the stability derivatives of an oscillating body in a fluid.

(g) The effect of the various parameters has been studied with a spheroid of 7 to 1 fineness

ratio. It was shown that unsteady effects may be of importance especially when combinec

with non-linearity.

(h) "Unsteady and amplitude effects on the moment derivatives of a prolate spheroid." V. G. Szebehely and 0. C. Niederer, TMB Report 828, Dec. 1953.

"Oscillatary motion of a spheroid." V. G. Szebehely. To be presented at the Second

U. S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics.

(1785) RESEARCH ON UNSTEADY FLOW PROBLEMS - GENERAL THEORY.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A generalized theoretical study of the field of time -dependent hydrodynamic phenomena.

(g) Flows with d'Alembert type unsteadiness, unsteady jet problems, decay of vorticity,

d' Alembert flows, Gerstner's waves, potential waves, have been studied. It was shown

that the dimensionless parameter which describes the unsteadiness of general fluid

motion reduces to the conventional Strouhal number (or dimensionless frequency ratio)

for oscillatory flows under certain conditions.

(h) "A measure of unsteadiness of time dependent flows." V. G. Szebehely. Third Midwester

Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Proceedings, Page 221-231, 1953.

(1786) SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Computations and measurements of the maximum pressure and impact forces on the bottoms

of slamming ships for the purpose of developing design criteria to effect their reduction.

(g) Studies with ship models were made to determine hydrodynamic impact forces on ships.

Regular and confused seas were studied to determine conditions favorable for slamming.

(h) "Slamming due to pure pitchings motion." M. A. Todd, TMB Report 883, to be published.

(1788) WAX TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Development of a wax composition and manufacturing techniques for the manufacture of

ship models up to 30 feet on waterline length.

(g) Numerous blends of natural and synthetic waxes have been investigated. Of the blends

tested a successful compound has been developed for the manufacture of 20-foot models.

Work is underway to develop a wax blend which will permit the construction of 30-foot

models. A satisfactory manufacturing technique has been developed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1789) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Measurements of pressure distribution and resistance with photographs of wave profiles

and flow lines for a series of ship models. Data are to be used for the design of

turbulent boundary layer stimulators and the improvement of resistance prediction

technique

.

(g) Piezometer orifices have been installed over the surface of a wax model of a merchant

ship. A special multiple -tube, circular manometer has been designed and built for use in obtaining a large number of simultaneous pressure measurements. Preliminary ex- periments have been conducted on the above wax model. Consistent data were obtained

for the piezometers mounted in the side of the model, but the lack of consistency for

those on the bottom indicate the need for improving the measuring technique.
Navy - David Taylor Model Basin 163

[1790) PROPELLER THEORY, ARBITRARY DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of moderately loaded propellers with a finite number of blades and an arbitrary

distribution of circulation. The theory is based on the velocity potential of helical

vortices with numerical representation of the velocity field by means of "induction

factors." Application of basic theory to contra-rotating propellers.

(g) Problems have been solved both for a free-running and for a wake-adapted propeller.

(h) "Moderately loaded propellers with a finite number of blades and an arbitrary distribution of circulation." H. W. Lerbs, Soc. of Nav. Architects and Marine Engineers, 60,

73 to 123, 1952.

(1791) PROPELLER THEORY, OPTIMUM DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Study to determine the optimum distribution of circulation for a moderately loaded propeller which operates in a radially varying wake. Studies have been carried out to determine whether or not the assumption of an axi- symmetrical inflow is sufficiently

realistic.

(g) The loss of energy which arises from a peripheral non-uniformity of the inflow is small

and may be neglected.

(h) "The loss of energy of a propeller in a locally varying wake field." H. W. Lerbs, TMB report 862.

(2018) SERIES 60-RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of resistance upon the coefficients of hull form for a practical range

of single-screw ship forms is to be determined. The history of the project, the scope of the proposed series is given in (h) for Series 57. The resistance results of the

original Series 57 models were somewhat disappointing and therefore careful thought was given to the problem of improving the original parents. As a result, new parent forms

have been drawn out, together with necessary contours and models run for resistance.

The new family was designated number Series 60.

(g) It is believed that the new Series 60 contours now are such as to justify their use as a starting point for future research in a number of fields. Suggestions as to such

systematic research were made in the earlier paper, and include the evaluation of the

effect of LCB position, L/B and B/H ratios etc.

(h) "Some further experiments on single-screw merchant ship forms-series 60." F. H. Todd,

Nov. 1953. Paper presented to Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(2019) PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

! (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation, measurement and prediction of propeller excited vibratory forces on

ship models.

(g) Development of the instrumentation and testing technique for single screw vessels has

been completed. An investigation of the principal main hull, propeller and rudder

parameters is being conducted in order to determine the effect of such parameters on the

vibratory force.

(h) Report is in preparation.

p020) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Determination of ship motions in a confused seaway. The work is based on the linear

theory and assumes motions to be uncoupled. The seaway and the resulting motions are described statistically.
1614 Navy - David Taylor Model Basin

Navy - Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory

Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station

(f) Completed.

(g) The motions are described in terms of an energy spectrum from which certain predictions

of motions can be made.

(h) "On the motions of ships in confused seas." M. St. Denis and W. Pierson, Transactions

by S.N.A.M.E. 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1523 and l52li should be addressed to Mr. James W. Murdock, Instrument Division, U. ^. Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Philadelphia

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa.

(1523) HIGH PRECISION POVER INSTRUMENTS (1-11)

.

(b) Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) For improvement of fluid flow measurement. (1) Tests underway to determine influence

of approach conditions on orifice meters. Various fittings placed 6 to 60 pipe diameters before orifices. (2) Determination of expansion effects of steam, particularly

in low superheat regions; involves introduction of low superheat steam through proper

approaches to orifices having beta ratios of 0.30 to O.87.

(g) Results indicate that (1) length of straight pipe required before orifice meter is

reducible to less than $0% of that presently stipulated without appreciably affecting

accuracy of measurement; (2) expansion factors for steam are in general agreement with

those now specified except at low superheats where empirical equations must be modified

(h) "Progress on globe valve series." Test 1-11 Interim Report No. k, 26 Nov. 1951

.

"Experimental evaluation of expansion factors for steam." J. W. Murdock and C. J. Folt: Trans. ASME Vol. 75, No. 5, PP 953 to 959, July, 1953.

(1521]) DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHIP PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS (1-25).

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Study of design arrangement for accurate prediction of pressures in copper-nickel pipinj

systems. (1) Runs conducted to determine friction factors of 2-1/2", ij", 6" IPS CuNi

tubing. (2) K factors for 125 Psi Navy and commercial valves, tees, and ells.

(g) (1) Friction factors agree with ASME (Moody»s factors). (2) K values with special Navy

fittings are lower than with standard equipment.

(h) "Pressure drop determination of component parts of piping systems - 2-1/2", V, and 6"

IPS." Test 1-25 Interim Report No. 35. (Summary Interim Reports I to 3h 9 inclusive).

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy. July 13, 1953.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. hi 2, 1525 and 1528, should be addressed to Commandinj

Officer and Director, Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Bureau of Ships, Department

of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C.

(Ii72) SEA WATER CORROSION AND EROSION STUDIES CONDENSER TUBES, PIPING AND VALVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships.

(d) Experimental; applied research.
Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station 165

(e) During the past year tests have been continued on a series of condenser tube alloys.

Some 30 condenser tube alloys have been or are currently under test in natural sea water

at a velocity of 10 ft/sec. The materials have included copper-nickel alloys of the 70-

30 and 90-10 types with various iron contents, aluminum alloy, aluminum brass, regular

and modified aluminum bronzes, Admiralty metal, modified "G" bronze, Hastelloy "C",

titanium, and various stainless steels. New condensers containing tubes of nickel and

nickel-base alloys are available for test. Arrangements have been made to construct two other condensers for test at 20 ft/sec. The tubing will be copper-nickel and duplexed

tubes lined with titanium and Hastelloy "C". Report 2)966814^ of 31 July, 1951 was

the last progress report relating to this subject.

Piping systems consisting of pipes up to 3" IPS of three modifications of 70-30 coppernickel alloy were put under test in sea water at 15 ft/sec. in I?lj8. At present, only

representative sections of these systems continue under test. These sections are to be

operated for sufficient time to afford life comparison of the alloys. Previous work

had shown that corrosion-erosion attack was dependent on the materials of construction

and the degree of water turbulence as influenced by design. The most severe corrosion

damage occurred immediately downstream of valves, fittings and branch connections. Tests of 90-10 copper-nickel alloy piping, with various iron contents, have been under

test since March, 1950. The 90-10 alloy has performed very satisfactorily, and the alloy

has been included in tubing Specification MIL-T-l61]20A (Ships) Amendment -1 of 15 July,

1952.

Piping made of two aluminum bronze alloys and one aluminum brass alloy have been under

test at 15 ft/sec. since December, 1952. Materials are currently being obtained to install an all-titanium piping system, including titanium valves and fittings. This sys- tem is to be tested in sea water at 20 ft/sec. A three-year comparison test of black and galvanized wrought iron and black steel pipe

in sea water has been completed. A report is in process of being printed. A number of alloys, considered less strategic than monel metal, are being tested for

application in stems of salt water valves. Corrosion data were obtained for laboratory

specimens and on actual valves tested to obtain comparative performance of stem, seat and disc materials. Stem thread wear in steam and salt water was also included. The

work is continuing at present.

Experiments have been completed on the sea water corrosion-erosion characteristics of

one design of jacket water cooler. The following points were evaluated* cooler material,

head design as related to tube impingement, tube bundle design as related to crevices,

effect of tinning the tubes, effect of cathodic protection with magnesium and various

grades of zinc, means to measure anode efficiency, and the effects of inadequate screening

of debris. Another design of cooler is now under test. The various pumps used to supply sea water to the above tests are being observed to determine weaknesses in design and materials. Seal rings have given the most trouble to date, and titanium rings are being evaluated in an effort to improve this situation,

(h) "Progress report on experimental 90-10 copper-nickel alloy salt water piping system."

EES Report Ol|0037-Bli (in press).

"Investigation of trim materials for bronze globe valves." EES Report Oij0037-B2 of 18

June, 1953.

(1525) NOISE ATTENUATION TESTS OF FLEXIBLE PIPE COUPLINGS.

(b) Bureau of Ships.

( d) Inve sti gative

.

(e) Investigation of the noise propagation, resistance to vibration, and burst strength

characteristics of flexible pipe couplings suitable for isolating naval machinery, particularly submarine auxiliary machinery, is continuing. All sizes of various types of

flexible pipe couplings have been investigated up to 5" maximum pipe size. Various con- figurations of pipe couplings have been investigated under static and flow conditions at pressures up to 600 psi.

Modifications to make our apparatus suitable for 1000 psi static conditions have been

completed. New apparatus suitable for making flow tests at pressures up to 3000 psi are now underway.

(g) From the investigation, a commercially available rubber hose has been found to provide the

greatest noise isolation, both with commercially available fittings and fittings developed as a result of the investigation. Significant flow characteristics of various types

of valves have been determined. Even at low pressures and comparatively low velocities,

there are significant differences in turbulent noises caused by various valve constructions

and restricted valve openings.

295522 0 - 54 - 12
166 Navy - Naval Engineering Experiment Station

Navy - Naval Ordnance Test Station

(h) "Preliminary measurements of sound and vibration-reducing characteristics of five flexLbl

pipe couplings." EES Report C-3590-1, 21 April, 1950.

"Noise -reduction characteristics of flexible pipe couplings in piping systems." EES Reports C-3590-2, 5(10 066735 and 050071;. (1528) HYDRAULIC POMPS AND P0l£R TRANSMISSION.

(b) Bureau of Ships.

(d) Investigative.

(e) All pumps that are commercially available that would be suitable for hydraulic submarine

power transmission have been investigated, and it has been determined that the quietest

unit standardized measurement systems for evaluating pumps have been developed and is a pump of the screw type. A method has been developed that would be suitable for manufacturers and shipyards in making structureborne noise investigations of all types of hydraulic pumps. The apparatus is now being modified to cover capacities from 6 to 50

gallons per minute and speed ranges between U50 and 3,600 rpm. Maximum pressures at which the pumps will be investigated will be 3000 psi.

(g) All commercially available pumps suitable for the service have been investigated. New de signs made by DeLaval and Waterbury Tool Co. that resulted from the investigation are nov being noise tested on existing apparatus, toen these tests are completed, the apparatus

will be modified and the pumps will be re-evaluated at higher speed and discharge pressui

(h) Various letter reports have been submitted to the Bureau of Ships (Code 522) covering all the pumps tested.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1531, 2021 and 2022, should be addressed to the

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Pasadena Annex, 3202 East Foothill Blvd.,

Pasadena 8, Calif., Attn: Code P807.

(1531) MECHANISM OF CAVITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Theoretical calculations on the effective nucleus size for bubble growth are being considered. The rates of growth of vapor bubbles in various superheated liquids are being

obtained in order to have a more detailed check on the theoretical calculations of Plesse and Zwick on growth rates.

(g) The rates of growth of vapor bubbles in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, methyl alcohol,

and ethyl alcohol have been obtained and show good agreement with the theoretical calculations of Plesset and Zwick. A report will be prepared describing this work.

(h) "The rate of growth of vapor bubbles in superheated water." Paul Dergarabedian, Journal

of Applied Mechanics, 1953 (paper No. 53-SA-10).

(2021) EXPLORATORY, ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF ROTATIONAL, N0NVISC0US FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The differences arising in the hydrodynamic characteristics of bodies when situated in

rotational (but nonviscous), rather than in irrotational flow fields are being investigated.

(gJ Project is getting underway.

(2022) BOUNDARY LAYER STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytic study of the turbulent boundary layer problem,

(g) Project is getting underway.
Navy - Office of Naval Research 167

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(15) Studies of cavitation phenomena 3

( 279) Flow in rotating channels 3 (803) Dynamics of cavitation bubbles 3

(80J4) The effect of physical characteristics of liquid on the inception of cavitation 3 (1300) Basic water entry' study h (1301) Hydrodynamics of free -boundary flows I4 (I5h8) Special problems in hydrodynamics Ii (1817) Scale effects in cavitating flow 5

(1j7) Gravity waves and related phenomenon 10

(822) Diffusion of heat, vapor, and momentum 21 (I838) Behavior of model ship hulls in an oblique sea 25 (62) Hydraulic structures 26 (290) Hydraulics of short outlets in bodies of dams 27

(I32I4) Losses in two-dimensional junctions. 27 (1850) A laboratory study of beach profiles and beach stability 30

(1335) Mathematical theory of waves 33

(69) Relation of sediment characteristics to bed erosion Ii2 (72) Electrical analogy of three-dimensional flow h2

(79) Cavitation h2

(8l) Mathematical analysis of pressure distribution Ii3 (851) A const ant -temperature hot-wire anemometer for the measurement of hh turbulence in air

(85i4) Boundary-layer development on smooth and rough surfaces l\h (1107) Transportation of sediment as suspended and total load hS

(I3I1I4) Calculation of free -streamline flows hS

(577) Characteristics of solitary waves 51

(578) Turbulence measurements with a pitot tube-pressure cell combination 52

(579) Investigation of fluid friction in unsteady motion 52

(1355) Cavitation inception for steady motion 53

(880) Recovery factors and heat-transfer coefficients for air flowing at 55 supersonic velocities in a tube

(1359) Effect of heating on transition of water boundary layers 5^ (137b) Shear flow in bends 56 (1616) Efficiency of diffusion of droplet laden air stream 57

(1885) Flow of air containing suspended water sprays in pipes 57

(1886) Sampling of water content of spray-laden air stream 58

(1888) Theory of laminar flow in the entry of a pipe

(1889) Total pressure measurements in a stream containing entrained water particles

I (I6I4O) Stability of towed ships 69

(1387) Study of tip vortex cavitation 73 (1388) Turbulent boundary layers 73

' (100) Air entrainment research 76

' (10b) Flow diversion research 76

(92ij) Free-jet water tunnel studies

(1930) Bottom currents and sand motion 81

(1931) Deep-sea instrument station 81

(1932) High-speed, maximum-depth cable depressors 81 (1933) Ocean swell resonating system 81 (193b) Free -instrument design 81

(1935) Beach and nearshore processes 8l

(1936) Gravity waves and related phenomena 82

(895) The compilation of resistance and propulsion data 83

( 3I4O) Planing surfaces

(lljl3) An investigation of ship resistance using statistical methods

(1680) Computation of wave resistance of ships
168 Navy - Office of Naval Research

Tennessee Valley Authority

(19lj9) A study of laminar flow phenomena utilizing a doubly refractive liquid 89

(lli77) Turbulent expansion of jets in water 137

(U478) tend waves 137

(3J479) Energy dissipation in standing waves 137

(U48O) Positive waves in dry channels 137

(1511) Series seaworthiness 1^9

(1523) High precision power instruments (1-11) l6lj

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA Projects should be addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee,

Unless otherwise noted, work is being done for Tennessee Valley Authority, Hydraulic

Laboratory Section.

(728) SOUTH HOLSTON AND WATAUGA DAMS, SPILLW MODEL STUDIES.

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(730

(d

(e

(h

(731

Experimental; for design. Tests on 1:100 and l;£l models were made to develop a morning-glory spillway to handle

flood overflows.

Model studies completed.

Proper location of piers on crest were determined, and a deflector in the vertical shaft to deflect flow to outside of bend at bottom was developed.

Report in preparation.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SPILLWAY OUTLET MODEL STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Tests on a 1:5>1 model were made to develop an outlet structure to dissipate the energy

from the morning-glory spillway and the Howell-Bunger valve sluiceway without damage to the tunnel or outlet structures. Model studies completed.

Report in preparation.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design

(e) A 1:5>0 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (1) the orifice size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface elevation change

for the best governor operation; (2) the maximum and minimum water surface elevations to be expected in the surge chamber; and (3) the operational characteristics or the selectee

design.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser and the surge chamber as satisfactory results

can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

(h) Report in preparation.

(732) WATAUGA DAM, BED LOAD STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed 1:70 model of the river near the powerhouse was tested to determine whether

bed load moved by the spillway discharge would be deposited in the powerhouse tailrace,

and, if so, how it could be prevented.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) A small wall located along the upstream edge of the tailrace channel was found sufficienl to keep the bed load from depositing in the draft tubes and the tailrace.

(h) Report in preparation.
Tennessee Valley Authority 169

APALACHIA DAM, SPILLWAY RATING. Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

CHEROKEE DAM, SPILLWAY RATING. Experimental ; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

Field investigation; operation. Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented by model

test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the eight sluices. Tables

of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating range

are to be prepared.

DOUGLAS DAM, SPILLWAY RATING. Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

DOUGLAS DAM, SLUICE RATING. Field investigation; operating. Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluices, supplemented by model

test data, will be used to establish the discharge ratings for the eight sluices. Tables

of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating range

are to be prepared.

FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING. Field investigation; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

FORT LOUDOUN DAM, SPILLWAY RATING. Experimental and field investigation; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes

will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to determine the operating characteristics of the structures and the effect of operation on

the structures.
170 Tennessee Valley Authority

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in

19^3 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past 11 years.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Periodic checks and observations will be made on the various hydraulic appurtenances to determine the operating characteristics of the structures and the effect of operation on

the structures. Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected in

1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past 10 years.

FONTANA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Plaster surface impressions of carefully located sections are taken after each extended

period of tunnel operation to obtain evidence of damage. Entire tunnel is examined for

erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.

Inspections made in Sept. 19^6, Oct. 19li9 , and May, 1950.

KENTUCKY DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

Measurements are made of lateral pressures on the face of the spillway piers and on the

submerged baffle piers on the spillway apron to be compared with the results of the

model tests. Field measurements of crest and baffle block pressures were made in I9I46 and 1950.

SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research.

The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established the design. A check on the model accuracy can thus be obtained.

Initial tests made in Feb. 1950.

HIWASSEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; applied research. Measurements of pressure in sluices are being obtained for comparison with pressures

measured in model tests. Field measurements of sluice pressures were made in 19ij3.

HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine effect of the remains of cofferdam structures upstream of the spillway on the spillway discharge and to determine amount of the obstructions which should be removed.

Model tests completed.

Report in preparation.

HALES BAR DAM, MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES STUDIES.

Experimental; for design. Tests were made on a 1:65 model to determine location of trash boom and head-water gage intake for a new powerhouse.

(h) Report in preparation.
Tennessee Valley Authority 171

; 12710 BOONE DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on a 1:50 model to determine proper dimensions for bucket-type spillway

and associated training walls.

(g) The tests proved that for certain anticipated operating conditions for the bucket-type

spillway can be advantageously used.

(h) Report in preparation.

[1277) WATAUGA DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Outlet tunnel surfaces are inspected after completion and after extended periods of operation to determine erosion, cavitation damage, or structural failure.

(g) Initial inspection in Dec. 19^9.

(1283) STEAM PLANT AIR POLLUTION STUDIES.

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

(e) To obtain information for use in studies of air pollution and its control. Measurements

of air temperatures, wind velocities and directions, and atmospheric sulphur dioxide are being obtained at Johnsonville, Shawnee, and Widows Creek Steam Plant areas. Air temperature, wind velocities, and wind directions are being measured at Colbert, Kingston,

Gallatin and John Sevier Steam Plant areas.

(153*0 FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being conducted on a 1:50 scale and a 1:112.5 scale model to determine the

apron design, training w£ll dimensions, and other related data.

(g) An apron using a single row of rectangular baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50 scale

model. This apron was then used in the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary appurte- nant structures developed. Of main interest in the developed design was the lack of

training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the island areas below the spillway showed which areas must be kept free of growth and which may be allowed to grow up.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1535) DEVELOPMENT OF ERODIBLE BED MATERIAL FOR USE IN MODEL TESTING.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) An erodible material that will start to move at model velocities comparable to the

anticipated velocity at which the prototype material will erode is needed when erosion tests are to be made for areas in which steep banks or cliffs exist. Experiments are under way to develop such a material.

(g) Limited success has been achieved. Experiments are continuing.

!<1536) VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND RIVER STAGES.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Standard Fm tone modulated 169 - 172 Mc. radio equipment has been modified to transmit

pulsed signals produced in a specially designed electro-mechanical converter unit (keyer).

This keyer can be directly operated for river stage measurement by the conventional float

system. By use of an electrical servo system, rainfall caught in a standard weighing

"type gage can be transmitted to the keyer unit. Standard VHF radio station transmitterreceiver units have been modified for use as automatic repeater units. A printing type

recorder operated by a standard VHF, FM receiver suitably modified, records and prints

all transmitted signals on a 5 inch tape. All transmitting units are supplied with at least 3 days emergency power in case of AC power failure. Suitable signals indicate

when any gage is on emergency power.

(g) Four receiving systems which include 7 stream gages, 2 rainfall gages, 5 repeater stations,

and h receivers have been installed and operated up to one year very satisfactorily. Installation is continuing.
172 Tennessee Valley Authority

{179k) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped with piezometers to allow checking of culvert

and port pressures and discharges. The culverts and ports were designed from model

studies. Thus, measurement on the prototype would provide model-prototype verification

data.

(f) Complete field tests were conducted in May, 1952.

(h) Reduction of data is being completed.

(1795) HALES BAR DAM, PROPOSED LOCK LOCATION STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the most expeditious location for the proposed 110 by 600 foot lock, tests

are being made on a 1:65 scale model. Effect of changes is determined by measurement

of bow and stern forces on model tows and by measurement of wave heights in the navigation channel.

(f) Tests on downstream conditions are completed with tests yet to be made on upstream conditions.

(g) The study showed that any of the proposed locations were satisfactory and that only the

minimum length of lower guide wall was required.

(h) Report in preparation.

(1796) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER INTAKE TEMPERATURE STUDIES.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets draw water from and discharge into "Watts Bar

Reservoir (Tennessee River). During the warmer portions of the year this reservoir

becomes stratified and the inflowing waters pass through the reservoir as density currents. By means of theoretical considerations and field observations, the proper location and shapes for the intakes and outlets are to be determined and the probable

intake temperature calculated.

(g) Six-point recording temperature gages were installed on the Tennessee, Clinch, and Emory

Rivers and data obtained during the period of stratification in 1953. Velocity and

temperature profile measurements were made at eight sections in the Clinch and Emory

Rivers for periods of steady flow to define thermal density underflow.

(h) "Significant effects of density currents in TVA»s integrated reservoir and river systems,

Albert S. Fry, Milo A. Churchill, and Rex A. Elder, Proceedings, Minn. International

Hydraulic Convention, 1953.

(1797) GALLATIN STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER INTAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets are to draw water from and discharge into the

proposed Old Hickory Reservoir (Cumberland River). The entire setup is to be analyzed

to determine the type of flow conditions to be expected in the reservoir; the temperatures to be expected at the inlets; and the best design for the inlets and outlet structures.

(g) Single-point temperature recorders were installed at six stations which can be used in

connection with turbine intake temperature recorders to determine temperature increases

between points on the Cumberland River for various conditions. Data are being collected

and evaluated. A 1:60 model of the intake is being planned to provide data for design

of the intake channel to provide minimum disturbance of flow.

(1800) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT - DIRECTIONAL DUST COLLECTORS.

(d) Field investigation; design and operation.

(e) To obtain information on the sources of dust in the steam plant area, three direction

dust collectors were designed and installed. The collected material is analyzed for

amount of catch and mineral constituents.

(f) Suspended. Replaced by non-directional collectors.
Tennessee Valley Authority 173

PERSIMON CREEK DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

U. S. Forest Service.

Experimental; operation. Tests on a 1:30 model of an arched dam to determine free discharge spillway rating.

Completed and rating curves issued.

BOONE DAM, SLUICE RATING.

Field investigation; operation. Measurement of discharges and differential pressures in the sluice will be used to es- tablish the discharge rating.

Field tests have been made and tables of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating range have been issued.

DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR SPILLWAYS OF TVA DAMS.

Experimental; applied research.

Model tests for spillway crest shapes used by TVA are correlated and compared for gates

and free, discharge for submerged and unsubmerged flow.

Discharge coefficients for standard crest and certain irregular crest shapes can be predicted from the dimensionaless plots.

"Coefficients for spillways at TVA Dams" presented by Kenneth Tf. Kirkpatrick at ASCE

Annual Meeting, New York, Oct. 1953 to be published as an ASCE Proceedings Separate. WHEELER DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental; operation. A l:3lj.35> model of 6 spillway bays was used to determine free discharge and gated discharge rating curves for all anticipated operating conditions.

Discharge tables issued.

NOTTELY AND CHATUGE DAMS, HOWELL-BUNGER VALVE MODEL STUDY. Experimental; design.

The 78-inch Howell-Bunger valve is to be used as a bypass valve discharging from the

turbine scroll case into the tailrace channel. A l:2l| scale model was used to study

the jet distribution and the structures necessary to protect the tailrace channel.

The discharge jet was heavier on one side due to spiral flow in the scroll case. Only

minor changes were required to the draft tube roof to prevent erosion of the tailrace

channel. The tailwater effectively contained the jet within bank limits. Memorandum

reports have been prepared.

Discussion of "Characteristics of fixed dispersion cone valves." Rex A. Elder and Gale

B. Dougherty, page 9^3, Trans. ASCE, Vol. 118, 1953. JOHN SEVIER STEAM PLANT, INTAKE DAM. Experimental; design. A 1:50 scale model was used to study the energy dissipating characteristics and the

erosion tendencies of the cascade-type water diversion dam.

The model studies showed that an end sill I4 feet high, instead of 2 feet, provided ex- cellent operation. These studies also showed that this simple apron was effective in

front of the gates, which eliminated a more elaborate and expensive apron. A memorandum report was prepared.

APALACHIA POWER TUNNEL, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

Field investigation; operation.

Periodic inspections of the power tunnel will be made to determine change in subsurface

roughness. Field test measurements will be made to determine the change in friction and

roughness coefficients.

(g) The tunnel was inspected in 1953 after 10 years of continuous operation. Field pressure measurements are to be made to determine the change in friction coefficients as compared

to those obtained as reported in project 757 in Hydraulic Research in the United States,

Vol. U4, May, 1950.
lib Tennessee Valley Authority

(2030) BOONE DAM, SPILLWAY RATING.

Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY RATING. Experimental; operation.

Model tests, checked by field measurements, are to be used in determining the spillway

discharge ratings for all anticipated operating conditions. Discharge tables for operating purposes will be prepared.

Model studies completed.

Hydraulic Investigations Section . DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUSPENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.

Field investigation; basic research.

To provide data for estimating effective life of storage reservoirs, and loss of soil

from the land. Samples of water were collected periodically at stream gaging stations

in the watershed, analyzed to determine the sediment content, and correlated with river

discharge to determine the suspended sediment load at each station.

Report in preparation.

EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

Field investigation; applied research.

To provide data for estimating reservoir losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in Basin to- gether with standard meteorological readings. No serious leakage conditions have been found.

Preliminary report prepared for internal use. RESERVOIR RIM INVESTIGATIONS.

Field investigation; basic research.

To determine the leakage, through rims of new reservoirs, and to check conditions for

other reservoirs. Ground-water levels are observed and post-impoundage levels compared

with pre-impoundage records; stream flow from rim areas is measured to determine whether

any increase has occurred after creation of a reservoir.

Preliminary report prepared for internal use. No serious leakage conditions have been

found

.

PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

Field investigation; basic research. A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum preci

itation, rainfall-runoff, spillway design and operation, etc. Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin." Also annual summary. RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research.

Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs throug

out the year are determined by soundings, and by continuous recording gages in natural

streams.
Tennessee Valley Authority 175

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) 'Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

(h) Reports prepared annually for internal use.

(778) EFFECT OF ALTITUDE UPON RAINFALL

(f) Completed.

(h) "Some precipitation—altitude studies of the Tennessee Valley Authority." James Smallshaw, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Aug. 1953.

(783) WHITE AND RICHLAND CREEKS—DETERMINATION OF ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Determinations being made in several river reaches of known discharge to extend knowledge

of relation between roughness coefficient and physical characteristics of rivers.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded, volumetric samples are collected

and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine deposition

by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of downstream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water during passage downstream are determined. A

given mass of water is identified by electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but remains

as a density current as a result of the difference in temperature between the inflowing

water and that in the reservoir. During certain seasons of the year, in Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along the bottom of

the Emory River arm of the former reservoir.

(12814) RESERVOIR SEDIMENT DENSITY SAMPLER.

(b) Cooperative with Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Sedimentation.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design, operation, development.

(e) Laboratory testing of the device for making in-place density measurements of deposited

reservoir sediment was continued. Tests showed that strontium 90 was not a suitable

source. Thallium 20I4 appeared to have possibilities and further experimentation is

planned.

Hydrology Section.

(777) RUNOFF-EROSION INVESTIGATIONS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) To evaluate hydrologically existing or changed land-use practices or management. Data

are obtained on rainfall, runoff, and soil loss, and in some instances include groundwater levels and soil moisture.
176

(779)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(780)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(1801)

(g)

00

(2032)

(d)

(•)

Tennessee Valley Authority

MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE VALLEY.

Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Theoretical; applied research.

Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

Results to be published as one of current series of hydrometeorological reports by the

U. S. Weather Bureau and cooperating agencies.

MONTHLY EVALUATION OF GROUND -WATER STORAGE.

Theoretical; operation.

By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in groundwater and channel storage are determined for use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs.

Results reported monthly within the organization.

Procedures Development Section. RAIN GAGE LOCATION STUDIES—SOUTH CHICKAMAUGA CREEK WATERSHED.

Field investigation; applied research.

A study to learn the most applicable location and necessary density of rain gages to obtain an accurate record, particularly for river forecasting purposes, in a basin having

numerous parallel ridges, and to compare several methods of computing average rainfall

and of estimating runoff. Three recording and 11 nonrecording rain gages, in addition

to k existing nonrecording gages, were established in the South Chickamauga Creek watershed, which has a drainage area of It 28 square miles.

Daily observations began December 1, 195>2. Two recording and 8 nonrecording gages are being discontinued December 1, 19^3.

Results reported monthly within the organization.

DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

Experimental; applied research.

Studies to develop improvements to river forecast procedures with particular application

to streams and local inflows into reservoirs operated by the TVA. Procedures include

(1) rainfall-runoff relations involving the effect of soil moisture, evapo-transpiration

and interception losses, geological features of the watersheds, and seasons; (2) unit

surface-water and ground-water hydrographs; (3) streamflow routing procedures; (h) co- ordinated studies with an established unit of the U. S. Weather Bureau for determination

of natural flows at pertinent river points.
University of British Columbi 177

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. IOI4I4, 2033 to 2038 incl., should be addressed to

Prof. Edward S. Pretious, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(IOJ4I4) FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Cooperative with the Department of Public "Works of Canada.

(d) Experimental 5 to assist in problems of river regulation and control.

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model to study methods for improving and maintaining

the navigable channels of the lower Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale It 600, ver- tical scale 1:70. The model represents the tide water area of the lower Fraser River

from the Strait of Georgia to Sumas, and includes Pitt River and Pitt Lake. Natural

tides and river discharges can be simulated in the model. Sand injection, automatically

controlled is a function of river discharge. Instantaneous water surface slopes can be

obtained by automatic electrically recording point gauges. Progress and technical reports submitted periodically.

VANCOUVER HARBOUR MODEL.

Cooperative with the National Research Council of Canada.

Experimental; to determine the hydraulic effects of dredging the First Narrows in Burrard

Inlet.

An outdoor fixed-bed model to investigate the effect on tides and current patterns in

Vancouver Harbour and current velocities in Second Narrows due to dredging the First

Narrows. Pilot model of First Narrows being constructed initially, with horizontal

scale lsljOO, vertical scale 1:100, to determine required roughness for this distortion.

Progress and technical reports submitted periodically.

0KANAGAN FLOOD CONTROL DROP STRUCTURES.

Cooperative with the Dominion Department of Fisheries.

Laboratory experimental project to determine designs suitable for salmon migration.

Wboden models built and tested in steel and glass flume. Scale 1:25 using one half of

the structure which is symmetrical about the center line, and scale 1:10 of a central

portion of structure. Tests conducted to find the best method of control with provision

for fishway structures. Modifications in bucket design as an alternative to fishway

structures. Completed.

Report in preparation by sponsor. 0KANAGAN FLOOD CONTROL DROP STRUCTURES.

Cooperative with the Department of Public Works, Province of British Columbia.

Laboratory experimental project to investigate the hydraulics of bucket designs, using

multiple notches and single converging openings as alternative methods of control.

Wooden l:20-scale model built and tested in steel and glass flume. Large scale made

possible by testing one half of structure which is symmetrical about center line.

Completed. PUMP TESTS.

Cooperative with the Bingham Pump Company Ltd.

Laboratory tests to determine operating characteristics of industrial pumps. Acceptance tests made on two types of oil refinery pumps using the laboratory D. C. Cradled Dynamometer and weighing tanks.

Completed.

FISHWAY FOR SET0N CREEK DAM (B. C. ELECTRIC CO. LTD.).

Cooperative with the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission.
178 University of British Columbia

McGill University

Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal

(d) Laboratory experimental project to determine best design of fishway to function with adjacent sluiceway in dam. Modifications in the design of the tail-bay necessary for

suitable approach conditions.

(e) Wboden 1:10 scale-model built and tested in large concrete flume. Fishway, adjacent

sluiceway, one siphon spillway and portion of tail-bay used in tests.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation by sponsor.

(2038) SETON CREEK DAM AND APPURTENANCES (B. C. ELECTRIC CO. LTD.).

(b) Cooperative with the British Columbia International Engineering Company Ltd.

(d) Laboratory experimental project to test proposed design and hydraulics of tail-bay.

(e) tooden l:2lj -scale -model built and tested in large concrete flume. Model will include

fishway, sluiceway, tainter gate, 5 siphon spillways. Since the main purpose of the

model is to check the design of the tail-bay, only the outlet legs of the siphons will

be simulated. The siphons will then be operated to pass the required discharge.

McGILL UNIVERSITY.

(2039) LOSSES AT BENDS IN STEEL PIPING CARRYING WATER-BORNE SUSPENSION OF HOOD -PULP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. W. G. WLlson, Dept. of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal 2, Canada.

(d) Experimental.

(f) Completed for I(-inch diameter pipe,

(h) Report in preparation.

(20li0) SUPER-CRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project j for graduate thesis.

(c) Prof. C. Craig, Dept. of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal 2, Canada.

(d) Experimental,

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 266 , 268, and I8O3 should be addressed to Prof.

Raymond Boucher, Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal 18, Canada.

(266) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILLWAY PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To establish a comparison between the discharge capacities of different spillway designs.

Studies are made on concrete models of existing and recommended spillway profiles. Pressure distribution on spillway faces and coefficients of discharge are determined for

various heads up to the designed head. The effect of gate piers of various design is

also investigated. Eight different profiles have been studied, including two modifications of the Creager profile upstream of crest line.

(f) Suspended.

(268) CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED PARABOLIC VEER.

(b) Laboratory project.
Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal

National Research Council

179

(d) Experimental 5 applied research.

(e) To obtain the head-discharge curves and head-discharge coefficient curves for a sharpcrested parabolic weir (21-inch maximum width by 18-inch maximum height) having a ca- pacity of 3 cfs # The influence of viscosity is also being investigated. This weir is

to be used in a flume for model testing and open channel studies.

(f) Nearly completed.

(791) NEW METHOD OF UTILIZING THE WATER HAMMER FOR THE DETECTION OF LEAKS IN PIPES.

(f) Discontinued.

(1803) MODEL STUDY OF LAC BETSY LOGWAY.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1806, and 20l|l to 201j3, incl., should be addressed

to the Director, Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, Montreal

Road, Ottawa, Canada.

(1806) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - PRESCOTT -CARDINAL REACH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:500 by 1:50 scale model of the St. Lawrence River between the towns of Prescott

and Cardinal has been constructed to study the effect of engineering works to be made

in connection with the proposed seaway. The first phase of the project has been completed.

(g) The gauge relationship was successfully verified with the prototype by adding roughness

in the form of screens made from expanded metal. Because it is desired to investigate

problems for which the model was not designed, a new model of reduced distortion is

required. A design having scales of 1:250 by 1:50 is being studied.

(20i|l) ST. LAWRENCE MODEL - CORNWALL REACH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:500 by 1:100 scale model of five miles of the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall is

being designed in order to study the design of engineering works for the proposed seaway. Preliminary designs being made and construction methods being studied.

(2012) LOCK MODEL.

(b) Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 scale model, now under construction, of an 800-foot navigation lock will be used

to study lock filling systems and procedures.

(2014 3) FILLING PORTS FOR LOCK.

(b) Department of Transport.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model of three lock filling ports and a section of the supply conduit have

been constructed to obtain design data. The filling ports, which are also used for

emptying the lock, will be tested with the flow in both directions. The models and

measuring equipment are being arranged for testing.
180 Queen's University

University of Toronto

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1807 and 20hk, should be addressed to Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Queen* s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,

(1807) STUDY OF CUBE -TIPPED PTTOT TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To develop methods of measuring flow in pipes by means of a cube-tipped pitot tube.

(20hk) ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPWOOD HOLDING GROUNDS.

(b) Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada Ltd., 3I4 20 University Street, Montreal,

Quebec, Canada.

(d) Applied research; experimental field and laboratory investigation.

(e) Field and laboratory model investigation of forces acting on various types of pulpwood

holding grounds is in progress.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos, 129$, 20l£ and 20lj8, incl., should be addressed to

Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(1295) THE DESIGN OF EXPANDERS FOR PIPE EXITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and masters thesis.

(e) This is a resumption of earlier work with the purpose of developing efficient expansion

devices to be placed at the end of pipes discharging into tanks or experimental channels

(20l£) MODEL STUDY OF BEARSPAW SPILLWAY.

(b) Montreal Engineering Company Limited.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were conducted on a 1:80 scale model for the purpose of designing a stilling basin

below the spillway.

(f) Completed.

(h) Reported to sponsor.

(20146) MODEL STUDY OF ICE PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH A SMALL DAM.

(b) Ontario Department of Planning and Development.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The study is for the purpose of ascertaining the best method of holding ice above the

dam and discharging it in quantities which will not cause jams downstream.

(20li7) THE INFLUENCE OF SCALE ON THE DETERMINATION OF SPILLWAY DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS

FROM MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research and masters thesis.

(20b 8) SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SPILLWAY MODEL RESULTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto ?, Canada.

(d) An analytical study.

(e) The results of a number of years of research on model spillways is being studied with a view to systematizing discharge characteristics for spillways having various pier spacin

and proportions.
SUBJECT INDEX 181

Accelerated motion

disks (813) 12

spheres (IIQI4) hS

« (1923) 78

\xr entrainment

flumes (100) 79 models (995) 126

pipes (1303) 8 turbines (1305) 13

weirs (1869) hi

LLr pollution (1283) 171

Airfield drainage

runoff (120li) 120

iirfoils, cascades (1118) 55

airship, hydrodynamic coefficient (H4O8) . . 86

kr-water flow (l83lj) 19 ilr-water mixtures

measurement of pressure in (1889) 58 sampling techniques (1886) 58 Apparatus

channels, rotating (279) 3 coast model basin (973) 115

cyclone, liquid-liquid (IU4I) 69

« « -solid (905) (906) 68 flood forecasting (1010) 138

permeameter, wall effect (1172) 78 photo-electric, sediment (1331) 31

polariscope, design (15I46) 2 precipitation gage (Shi) 33

» " , radio (1012) 138

pressure recorder (791) • 179

propeller measuring (lijll) (lhl2) 87 rotating arm (1781) 161

sand separator (52) 19 sediment sampler (19h) 121

ship models (1788) 162

sonar (1765) l^ 6 stream gage (1013) 139

tank, electrolytic (ii70) 156

tilting design (1336) 37

water tunnel (79) h2

» « (92I4) 77

« « (H50)(ii5i) 72

» » (1521) 160

(I#i7) 2 wave (1669) 78 wave gages (977) 115

wave generator (973) 115

« " (1522) 160

wave recorder, airborne (U46O) 115

wave tank (399)

wind tunnel (1152) 73 3ackwater

constricted channels (1332) 31

(1853).. 32

(H487) Hj5

Baffle piers

cavitation (993) 126

drag (1611) Sh 3arges

resistance (585) 62

Beaches

by-passing sand, inlets (975) 115

effect, inlets (1736) 132

n y jetties (970) lllj equilibrium profile (181) 113

model laws (I8I4) 113

structures, design (972) 115

tidal effects (1725) 116

wave action (hi) 10

" " (529) 12

« « (181) 13

" " (660) (661) llh

(1609) 5i4 (1631) 63

" » (1726) 116

" " (1850) 30

(1935) 81

Bends (see Pipes, bends)

open channel (I3OJ4 ) 13

Bibli ographi e s ships (895) 83 Boundary flow (1301) h Boundary layer

conduits (290) 27 laminar (1359) 56

(1503) 158

(1888) 58 open channels (62) 26 slots (328) 72 surfaces (85I4) hh turbulent (627) 8I4 (1388) 73 (1503) 158

(1779) 161

" (2022) 166

Breakwaters

pervious and impervious (998) 126

rubble-mound (257)... 12lj

" (999) 127

wave diffraction (hi) 10

Bridge piers

backwater (1332) 31 scour (568) h3

» (1707) 98

theory (13hh) hS

Bubbles

diffusion (1060) 13

drag (1950) 89 drag and shape (1780) 161

ice sheets (1156) 7h oxygen transfer (580) 52 resorotion (803) 3 vapor (151^8) h velocity (1950) 89 Bulk modulus, oils (90[|) 68

Cable depressors (1932) , 81 Canals

density currents (IJ482) 138

irrigation

linings (1766) 151

(1966) 103

295522 O - 54 - 13
182 Subject Index

Canals

irrigation

linings (1966) 151

seepage (820) 21

" (1091) 3l4 (1859) 3l4 model study (1595) 1j6

» » (2010) 155

navigation, silting (1737) 132 scour on curves (1501) lf>l structures ( 200i4 ) 153

Capillary potential (1576) 28 Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 126 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) 3

" it II 11 (15Ij8) h David Taylor Model Basin ( 711) 157

Iowa State University (79) U2

n " .1 (81) Li3 Mass. Inst, of Tech. (579) 52

Northwestern Univ. (326) 68 Penna. State College (1386) 73

"Waterways Experiment Station (993)* ••• 126

boundary misalignment (90)... 50

bubbles

air nuclei ( QOh ) 3 cavity flow (1301) k conduit contractions (72) i|2

damage from (1815) h dynamics of (803) 3 gates (2016) 156

gate slots (993) 126

inception (1355) 53

incipient (1817) $

intake (67I4) 125

noise (1778) 160

offset joints (993) 126

pipe bends (993) 126

propellers (605) 72

( 11310 65

(1531) 166

pumps (l8l8) • 5

(I8I49) 30

rotating channels (279) 3 rough surfaces (2005) 1^3

scale effects (1817) 5 sluice gates (79) h2

stilling basin steps (993) 126

tip vortex (1387) 73 turbines

models (1133) 65

propeller (271) 1

unsteady motion (579) 52

valves (2016) 156 water tunnel (79) h2

» " (1671) 78 Cavities

shape (I386) 73 Channel improvement

flood control

Allentown, Pa. (H469) 130

Cumberland, Md. (230)

Farm Creek, 111. (987)

Hoosic River, Mass. (1211)....

Los Angeles River (1203)

Middle Miss. River (236)

navigation

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678)

Delaware River, Pa. (Ij25)...

Fraser River (lOljLi) Miss. River, N. J. (989)....

Valdivia River, Chile (II468)

power development (lli70)

Channels (see Open channels)

alluvial (1313)

backwater (1853)

boundary roughness (I85I4)

conservation linings (152) (153)

constricted flow (1855)

converging, diverging (1558)...

hydraulic j^P (I2I4I)

" (1857)

meanders (226)

(682)

(1313)

overfall (1571)

regime theory of (I839)

rotating flow (279)

super-critical flow (20ii0).....

transition (1321)

trapezoidal (682)

(1568)

trinagular (1668)..

uniform flow ( 19 2ii ) . . . , velocity distribution (I30li)...

(13143)...

" " (1666)...

unsteady flow (1565)

Circulation, condenser water Schuylkill River (1712)

Cofferdams

Dalles Dam, Ore. (II462)

Conduit s boundary layer (290)

discharge measurements (2017). entrance s ( 1833 ) . inlets (72)

" (218)

(H4l7)

separation at expansions (289)

varied flow (I698)

Constant volume tanks-air (I89I1) Corrosion

basic research (I3I4I)

condenser tubes (1j72)

pipes (I472)

» 0-31*2)

plumbing (h9)

Culverts

discharge characteristics (1856)

(1858)

drop inlet (111)
Subject Index 183

ilverts entrance losses (I383) 70 inlet conditions (1952) 89

11 designs (I9H4) 70 (1925) 79 blinders

ylift coefficients (1905) . 62

vibrations (1517) 160

I gallery drainage (771) 175

ice holding (20I46) 180

niep-sea instrument station (1931) 81

;nsity currents

canals (H482) 138

i model laws (159) 136

reservoir

cold water (1796)(1797) 172

sedimentation (307) 51

suspended sediment (805) 3 salt water intrusion

Delaware River (525) 12li stability of interface (I989) » 138

I tidal estuaries (I986) 135

if fusers

: varied (1901) 61

'.ffusion

I gases (1566) 2h

[ » (1616) 57

/heat (822) 21 "particles in fluid (1331) 31

psks

. accelerated motion (813) 12

.stillation, sea water (155M 15

inversion channels, model studies (1976)... 119

Taft tubes

efficiency (1708) 99 (1851) 31 (1870) hi

|

ag

, accelerated spheres (1923) 78 rainage

:; Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 7

i Florida (1966) 103

''galleries, dams (771) 175

'irrigated lands (1302) 8

» (1819) 7

» » (1961j) 102

» « (1966) , 103

IJrain tile, disposal fields (1957) 95

If" " , junction losses (1929) 79

(Vop structures (1075) 22

LfLst collectors (1800) , 172

[list separators, cyclone (I88I4) 57

lildies, effect of boundary geometry (1875). b8

.ectric analogy

r three-dimensional (72) h2

dwells (1569) 2h

! ibankments (291) 30

design (I3l£) \&

1 protection of (1922) 78

ltry, water

! airplanes (Hj05) 86

Erosion research

canal, ditch linings (I966) 103

» » " (2013) 155

conservation farming (150) 101

effect sediment characteristics (69) Lj

2

effect vegetation (261) 102

» " (376) 110

embankments (1922) 78 forest influences (38O).. 112

» " (657) no

general (llj85) Iii5 Lake Michigan (1863) 35 mountain watersheds (26l) 102

» " (376) 110 range management (27) 8 semi-desert vegetation (657) 110

stream-bed (69) I4 2 Evaporati on arid regions (Ijli5) Ik

3

effect of reforestation ( JU 39 ) U2

evapo-transpiration (1222) II43

» » (1996) Ikl

grassland (1757) H46 heat diffusion (822) 21 Illinois (555) 36 lake models (131i|) 23 lakes (1756) Hi5

» (I9I4I4) 8I4 measurement (1015) 139

reservoirs (765) 17li urban areas (56ij) hO

watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) Hh

Expansions (II4I8) 9^ Filters (1577) 28 Fish

ponds (1703) 96 Fish ladders

culverts (I65I1) 70 dams

Dalles Dam, Ore. (Uj62) 117

» » » (1728) 118

Fish screen, Delta-Mendota Canal (2011).... 155

Fishways model study (197^) 119

» « » (2037) 177

Flood control

basin, Vhittier Narrows (98O) 120

crop rotation (1966) 10

3

crop structures (203I4) (2035) 177

Hogback Dam (1961) 100

rivers

Cumberland, Md. (230) 123

Farm Creek, 111. (987) 125

Mississippi Basin (236) 123

Flood discharge

frequency-magnitude (1233) Ujii measurement (691) Hi 3 Miss, and Mo. Rivers, 1952 (I7I46) IhO

probable maximum (17ij7) HjO

Flow controller

coefficient of discharge (I8I4I4) 29 Flow between flat plates (1890) 58 Flow routing (19li3) 8I4
Subject Index

Flow, rotational nonviscous (2021) 166

Flow, supercritical (I8I4O) 27

» , surface curves (l8b0) 27 Fluidization (II38) 66

Fluidized solids, flow of (1882) 57

Fluids, physical properties (I3I1O) 37 Flumes

air entrainment (100) 76 tilting design (1336) 37 Frost in ground (II87) 109 Gas -liquid

distribution, porous media (I83O) 18 Gas-liquid, flow (1829) 17

Gates

cavitation (993) 126 (198M 135

lock (lb 7b) 131

operation (1206) 122 (1252) lb 9 slide (ljl9) 12i|

" (1255) Iii9 sluice (1207) 123

tainter (98O) 120

(1598) U6 wicket (986) 125 Ground water artificial recharge (559) 39

» » (1966) 103

Carroll County, 111. (8b 3) 36 Champaign County, 111. (8bb) 37 Chicago area (1335) 39 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 7 compilation of theories, formulas (1866) 39 East St. Louis area (56l) 36 effect forests (656) 108

(1997) lb 7 electric flow net (1221) lb

3

fluctuations (821) 1? fresh water storage ( 2000) lb 7 frost (15 7b) 28

" (1575) 28 hydrologic cycle (1092) 37

hydrologic investigation (2001) 153

instruments, adaptation (1998) lb

7

irrigation (I966) 103

Jo Daviess County, 111. (8b3) 36 Peoria area, 111. (560) 39 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) bl

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) bl

reforestation (b39) lb

2

reservoirs ( 767) 17b

Stephanson County, 111. (8b3) 36 stream flow (1220) lb

3

» (1223) lbb

" (1753) lb

6

Tennessee Valley (777) 175

» « (780) 176 variable flow (8b5) 39 Guide vanes (10b) 76 Harbor improvement

Charleston, S. C. (678) 125

Harbor improvement

Grays Harbor, Wash. (1210)

Indiana Harbor, Ind. (lb 72)

Harbor models

scale effects (1002)

Vancouver ( 2033) Heat transfer

cooling towers (1059)

general research (822)

supersonic flow (880)

unsteady phenomena (159b)

Highway drainage

culverts (111)

(1591)

embankments ( 291)

flow gage, sewers (1111)

sediment in sewers (1101)

Hydraulic control system

valves (1897)(1898)

Hydraulic history (1102)

jumps (1572)

" "

( 2003)

Hydrofoil (1553)

Hydrofoils, cavitating flow (I87I)

« , study of (1816)

Hydrologic studies, Florida (1965)

Hydrology

frequency studies (1590)

Ice, frazil (1158) Ice sheets, fracture (1156)

Infiltrati on effect vegetation (376)

" " (1966)

farms (1759)

recharge (1761)

" basins (1225)

" pond (1999)

soil (25)

" (1053)

" (1222)

" (1996)

Inlets

conduits (72)

culverts (111)

dams (2028)

gutters (855)

» (1080)

theory (13bb) Instruments anemometer (1665)

flow gage, storm sewers (1111)

hot-wire , anemometer ( 851) ....

" " , meter (b67)

power ( 1523)

precipitation gage (5b7)

pressure cells (100b)

pressure fluctuation (1307)

radio rain gape (1012)

" (1536)

rain gage, continuous (1992)...

rain gage, coding device (201b)
Subject Index 185

astruments river gage (1013) 139

» " (1536) 171

river, stage -measuring (185.1) 3I4 soil moisture (1995) lb 7 submersible, oceanographic (193b ) 81 turbulence meter (1985) 135 velocity meter (100b) 128

wave gage (660) lllj

" (977) 115

« » (100b) 128

" " (1936) 82 well testing (1219) Hi

3

(1337) 37 takes

condenser water (1796) (1797) 172 conduit, design (218) 123

,dams (67b) 125

« (1729) 119

" (1879) 51

!:gage (1273) 170

^pressures (12b 3) lb

8

Tigation

canals

linings (1966) 103

(1766) 151

seepage (820) 21

" (1966) 103 concrete pipe ( 2b ) 6 control of water (II89) 91

" " » (1966} 103

"drainage studies (1302) 8

» » (1819) 7

» (196b) 102

: » » (1966) 103

.equipment (1955) 93

farm structures (2b) 6 "infiltration (I687) 9b

" ( I96 6 ' 103

jmeters (lb99) 151

-percolation (1966) 10

3

pipe, air vents (l690)(l691) 95 pipe friction (2b) 6 Rockdale soils (1766) 151

'snow surveys (55) 20 (1966) 103

'Boil moisture (20) 5

'» (22) 6 (26) 7

1 soil permeability (1966) 103

; sprinkler, perforated pipe (1190) 92

sprinkling systems ( 21) 6

[ " " (1966) 103

.structures (2b) . 6 water application (i960) 103

; water measurement (2b) 6 water supoly (23) 6

(27) 8

" " (55) 20

I » " (1686) 92

:

- " » (1966) 103

Irrigati on weir stands (lb98) l£l

well drilling (2b) 6 Jetsboundary effects (1301) b fire nozzles (1697)...., 96 free, water tunnel (92b) 77 pressure distribution (72) h2 spray formation (1637).... 69

submerged diffusion (9b8) 90

turbulent expansion (lb 77) 137

Jetties

design, location (38) 9 effect littoral drift (970) lib

effect wave action (520) 12 Laboratory procedure (lb96) 150

Lake levels, Great Lakes (199b) lb

2

Lake levels, storm winds (I60) 137

Laminar flow (19b9) 89 Laminar flow, stability of (1873) b8

Leakage

pil*s (791) 179

reservoirs (769) 17b Liquids, thermodynamics (957) 97

Locks

aporoaches (1738) 132

(1739) 13b filling, emptying systems

Dalles Dam, Ore. (Ib66) 118

Greenup, Ohio River (1977) 122

Hales Bar (1795) 172

Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (985) 121

" , St. Anthony Falls (985)... 121

model (20b2)(20b3) 179

New Cumberland, Ohio River (985) 121

St. Anthony Falls, Minn. (bl2) 121 Watts Bar (179b) 172

high-lift (985) 121

miter gates (lb 7b) 131

Log flume (I803) 179

Lubrication, pressurized air

bearings (I890) 5S

pressurized liquid bearings (189I) 59 Manifolds (1171) 8i, 0-3bb) b5

" (1977) 122

" (20b2) 179

" , open channel (1880) 51

theory (13bb) -

r Meanders (226) 123

(682) 125 (1313 23 (176b) Ib6

Meteorology, pressure jump lines (1993).... Ib2 Meters (see Nozzles, Orifice meters, Venturis)

calibration (12b). 62j current, low velocity (2015) 155

elbow (1602) 50

float-type (l8b7) 30

flow (1963) 100

hot-wire ( I467) 156
186 Subject Index

Meters (see Nozzles, Orifice meters, Venturis)

hot-wire (851) hh irrigation ( 2li) 6 open channel (1589) hO

precipitation gages (5b 7) 33 turbulence (578) 52

velocity, electro -magnetic (ij6) 10

Model distortion (99li) 126

Model laws

air entrainment (995) 126

beaches (l8ij) 113

density currents (159) 136

scale effects

harbors (1002) 127

spillways (1001) 12?

small models (593) 67

streams, meandering (226) 123 waves (I81i) 113

Model roughness standards (1000) 127

Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Hoiston Dam (762).... 170

sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 169

» , Douglas Dam (759) 170

» , Hiwassee Dam (763) 170

rowing tank (X8J48) 30 spillway piers and baffles

Kentucky Dam ( 761) 170

prototype confirmation (II467) 129

Models, bed material (1535) 171

Noise (1778) 160

Nozzles

calibration (I8I43) 29 fire (1697) 96 installation effects (685) 137

low Reynolds number (1327) 29 mixing (I4O) 9 pressure distribution (72) i|2

roughness (1328) 29 Open channels (see Channels)

air entrainment (100) 76 backwater (1332) 31

(1853) 32 boundary layer (62) 26

boundary roughness (I85I4) 32 constricted flow (1855) 32 converging, diverging (1558) 19 design (1913) 69

flow past slots (328) 72 hydraulic jump (1857) 32 meanders (1313) 23 overfall (1571) 26 steep slope (100) 76 supercritical flow

air entrainment (100) 76 transitions (1321) 26 trapezoidal (1568) 2h triangular (1668) 78 uniform inflow (1217) 137

(192b) 79 unsteady flow (1565) 2I4

Open channels ("see Channels)

velocity distribution (I3OL1 ) 1

(131*3) 3S width enlargements (185b) 32 Orifice meters installation effects (685) 131

" " 0-919) 73 rounded entrances (1887) 5£ Orifices

vortex flow (1181) 9^ Outlets

pipe, cantilevered (1168) 8C short, in dams (290) 2 Outlet works

dams

Garrison, N. D. (211) 12' Keechelus (125b) UjS

Keyhole (1022) m

Oahe, S. D. (1212) 13c Rio Hondo, Calif. (98O) 12(: San Antonio (1732) 12C-! Sly Park (2007) 15l! Soldier Canyon (12L|0) Ujfc South Hoist on (730) 16

VfiLllow Creek ( 1236 ) ( 12^ ) W

Yellowtail (lli95) 15(

spillway tunnels

South Holston Dam (730) 161 vibration (125b) lb< Penstocks

flow studies (1959) 10( South Holston Dam ( 762) 17c Percolation studies

San Joaquin Valley, Calif. (I966) 10; Pipe fittings

bends (10b) |

bends, elbows (1602) |(

»

, separation (289) 2

» , shear flow (137b) 9

cavitation (993) 12 guide vanes (10b) 7^ head loss (1956) 9l salt water (b72) 161 ships (15 2lj) 161 tees (I32I4) 2' welded (958) 9' Pipes

artificial roughness (170b) 9f cavitation (993) 12t corrosion (1231) lbl

(JU72) 161

(131*2) 31 discharge measurement (1191) 9', entrance sections (290) 2'

" (627) 81 (1888) 5 expansions, outlets (1295) 18G flexible (1192) 9^ flow of mixtures

liquid-gas (1551) H

(1885) 5'
Subje

:?ipes

flow of mixtures

liquid-solid (2039) 178

solid-gas (JjO) 9 two-phase, two-component (111) 10

friction

aluminum (950) 93

concrete (2I4) 6 corrugated (1198) 117

high pressure (956) 97

roughness (9hh) 89 salt water (li72) l6ij heat transfer (zjO) 9

» (880) 55 leakage (791) 179

. losses at bends (2039) 178

t manifold ports (1171) 8ij

, networks (16 83) 90

(1689) 9h

: noise (1525) 165

. perforated (1190) 92

pressure at outlet (1593) I46

I ships (I52lj) 16b

6 surge suppressors (127) 68

II surges (1303) 8 turbulence (J467) I6I4 velocity fluctuations (I46) 10

S waved walls (1552) H4

iPitot tubes

calibration (19lj2) 83

I development (I) 3) 10

» (1807) 180

Plates, rough (85I4) hh •Plumbing

backflow prevention (b 9) 18

corrosion (l\9) 18

I cross-connections (b9) 18

t fixtures (I49) 18

^Pneumatic control systems

S design (1896) 60

performance (1899) 60

S valves (1897)(1898) 60

Pneumatic valves

I characteristics of (1900) 61

Porous media, flow

\ basic research (1555) (1556) (1557) 16

J fluidized, systems (1635) 66

P multi -phase (282) 12

i sand (1318) 23

! spheres (590)..... 66

turbulence (557) 38

(18614) 38

r; two-phase media (39) 9

I " » " (1555) 15

-Porous media, unsteady flow (1826) 17

^Pressure control systems (1893) 59

'(Pressure distribution (I69I4) 96

I basic research (79)

(81) h3

I by electric analogy (72) h2

\ " » " (1470) 156

Index 187

Pressure distribution

entrances (12I43) H48

slots (328) 72 submerged bodies (16) 3 C579) 52 Pressure measurement

electric analogy (72) 1)2 (1*70) 156

instruments (1307) llj ship models (I789) 162

sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 169

Douglas Dam (759) 170

Hiwassee Dam (763) 170

wave action (38) 9 Pressure reducing header (I69I4) 96 Propellers

cavitation (1531) 166

controllable pitch (I9OI4) 6l

electro-magnetic analogy (920) 72 measuring apparatus (lljll) 87 symmetric wakes (921) 72 theory (1790) (1791) 16

3

undulatory (I813) 1 Prototype check tests penstocks (762) 170

sluices (758) 169

" (759) 170

spillways ( 761) 170

tunnels ( 76O) 170

" (1277) 171

" (2029) 173

Pulpwood holding grounds ( 2 0I4 lj ) 180

Pumping plant, sewers (683), 125

Pumps

cavitation (181j9) 30 power transmission (1528) 166

regenerative turbines (I883) 57 research (151»8) I (1818) 5 suction, air (810) 12 tests (1132) 65

" (15W) 1

" (1612) 51

» (1813) l

»' (181I4) 2

" (19I4O) 83

" (2036) 77 thrust bearing loading (1821) 16 turbine type (1962) 100

Rainfall

altitude effect (778) 175

» " (1958) 95 gages (5I47) 33

" (1801) 176 hydrologic cycle (1092) 37 intensity (19^5) 8Jj maximum (779) 176

(17ii8)(17ii9) H4O

(1750)(1751)(1752)(1753) H4I

radar research (553) 36
188 Subject Index

Rainfall

rainfall-runoff (68) kl

(£61j) h0

(768) 17h

(777) 175

•» '< (8£6) h9

» «' (918) 70

» *' (1078) 27 records (I636) 67

research, Southern California ( 26l) 106 Tennessee River Basin ( 768) I7I4

» » » (778) 175

» (779) 176

topography effect (1991)

Range management practices (27) 8 Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 17k

"

, aird regions (kk5) Ill

3

leakage (767) 17lj linings (1837) 25 sedimentation (307) 51

(12810 175

seepage (kk$) Hi 3 silting

arid regions (UU5) Ill

3

Illinois (552) 35 Safe Harbor (1157) 7k stock water (1227) V II4I4 temperature gaging ( 769) 17lj Tennessee River ( 76ii) , 17b

" (785) 175 Texas (I966) 103

water supply, Illinois (551) 35 water travel (787) 175

Resonating system, ocean swell (1933) 81 Revetments

stream control meandering ( 226) 123

River control structures Old River, La. (1982)(1983) 13k

Rockfill

model tests (II46I4) 118

Roughness

artificial

open channels (185b) 32 standards, models (1000) 127

surfaces, drag (851j) kk effect of water temperature (1985) 136

Runoff

arid regions (lili5) Iii3 denudation effects (23) 6

» (27) 8 effect of forest (376)(377) 110

» (656) 108

effect of soil moisture (1909) 6I4 forecasting

rainfall (1693) 96 snow surveys (11*20) 98 snow melt (1692) 96 soil moisture (101I|) 139

glaciers (1229) M

hydrologic cycle (1092) 37

Runoff

rainfall-runoff (5610 m

(777) 175

(856) ij

(918) 70 (959) 98 (1078) 27 (1693) 96 (1722) 102

(17140 139

(17*45) H4O

small areas (I9I46) 85 small watersheds (1908) m

urban areas (5610 jjj

" (856) )49 watersheds

Illinois (551) 35 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 103

Ohio and Great Plains (1966) 103

Pennsylvania (656) 108

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) I4I Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) I4I Tennessee River Valley (777) 175

(780) 176

Utah (1862) 3ij " (1966) 103

Salt water intrusion

control of (I83I) 18

Delaware River (1|25) 12I4 Florida (1966) 103

irrigated lands (1302) 8 Sand boils (558) 38 Sand classification methods (52) 19 Sand mixtures, permeability (556) 38 Sand transport

influence of waves and currents (1935).. 8l

Sand traps, design (53) 20

'< , efficiency (1597) J

Scour

bridge piers (568) iJ

" (1707) 98 canal, curves (1501) 151

culverts (1707) 98 dams

Ft. Randall, S. d. (67k) 125

stilling basins (823) 21 Seaplane hulls (15 67) 2lj " (15 70) 25 Seaway, St. Lawrence ( l806)( 20ljl) 179

Sediment

analysis methods (302) I43 bed erosion (69) Ijl converging, diverging streams (1558).... 19 exclusion (1261) (12610 150

reservoir sampler (12810 I7I Sediment transportation

beaches (529) 12 bed load (1107) ij

" " (1306) 13

" " (1313) 23

" " (135b) 53
Subje<

Sediment transportation

bed load (1917) 71 Bear River (1828) 17

Delaware River (1|25) 12lj Niobrara River (1235) Ikh wave action, effect (1823) 16

j critical tractive force (1502) 151

density currents (307) 51

\ forces on particles (280) 11 measurement (19lj) 121

[ reservoirs (1966) 103

; ripple formation (1165) 77 suspended load (1107) 1j5 " » (1313) 23 density currents (805) 3 internal mechanics (6) 2 measurement (I9I4) 121

» (I966) 103

'« (661) III4 temperature changes (1928) . . 79 Tennessee River (76I4) I7I4 Texas streams (1966) 103

Wautauga Dam (732) 168

Sedimentati on

1 arid regions (kh5) Xli

3

I basins (1262) 150

(1397) 80

8 bed load, estuaries (1930) 8l

I general research (1073).... 22

I reservoirs (552) 35 (785) 175

(1157) lb

!c

l rivers (1920) 71

: tank (1391) 75 Seepage

>, canals (820) 21

" (1091) 3l» (1836) 25 (1859) 3ii » (1966) 103

!

:

, reservoirs (ij[|5) Uj3

soil sediments (1859) 3h Separators

liquid-liquid cyclone (llljl) 69

» solid » (905) (906) 68

Servomechanisms, closed-loop (1877) I4

8

Servomotors (1613) 56 "Settling, fall velocity

iJ effect boundaries (298) Li3

« shape (298) Ii3

» (628) 8I4 » » (828) 22

« suspensions (1073) 22 Sewage

I activated sludge process (580) 52

pumping plant (683) 125

(Sewers

j outfalls (1700) 96 surges (683) 125

pips

appendage -body interaction (1268) 158

Index 189

Ships

bending moment (llj09) 86

bilge, keels (1512) 159

commercial, design (1128) 62

injection scoops (710) 157

»' » (I63I4) 65

lines (1783) 161

maneuvering (l%±h) 159

models, turbulence stimulation (1506)... 158

motion (1782) l6l

» (1822) 16

» (I838) 25

»' (2020) I63

motor-boats, transom immersion (1127)... 62 planing surfaces (3I4O) 85 pressure distribution (I789) 162

propellers

cavitation (II3I4) 65 electro-magnetic analogy (920). 0 72 symmetric wakes (921) 72 re si stance compilation data (895) 83

" (H4I3) 87 frictional (1505) 158

hull forms (1507) 159

» » (1906) 63

" » (2018) I63 measurement (1516) 160

(191*7) 88 models (901) 65

prediction (1516) 16

0

theory (709) 157

wave making (I680)(l68l) 88 seaworthiness (II4O7) 86 (1510) ( 1511). 159

self-propeller models (IblO) (H4II) 87

» » » (1906) 63

slamming (1786) 162

stability (1907) 63

turning characteristics (I9I48) 88 vibration (1378) 62

(2019) 163

Shore protection, structures (38) 9

» » » (529) 12

" « » (972) 115

Silting

reservoirs

arid regions (bhS) Hj3

Illinois (552) 35 Lake Mead (hhS) Uj3 Tennessee Valley (785) 175

small watersheds ( 777) 175

streams, Texas (I966) 103

Siphons

irrigation (2li) 6 pumping plants (llj75) 131

Slots (328) 72 Sluice gates

cavitation (79) b

2

Sluiceways

dams
190 Subject Index

Sluiceways

dams

discharge ratings Boone (202b) 173

Cherokee Dam (739) 169

Douglas Dam (7b 2) 169

Fontana Dam (7b5) 169

pressure measurement

Cherokee Dam (758) 169

Douglas Dam ( 759) 170

Hiwassee Dam (763) 170

Republican (1261) 150

sand, design (53) 20

sediment excluding (1767)(1768) 151

Snow, forecast, melting (1011) 138

" •« » (H4 20) 98

Snow surveys

Colorado (55) 20 runoff forecasting (55) 20

» (111 20) 98

» » (1966) 103

Soil moisture

depletion, evaporation losses (195b).... 93

depletion rates (1953) 92

effect denudation (23) 6 effect on runoff (1909) 6I4

»' timber cutting (377) 110

forecasting stream flow (IOII4) 139

forest influences (38O) 112

» » (657) 110 measurement ( 20) 5 (22) 6

" (261) 107

(i860) 3I4 movement ( 20) 5 (1058) 8 permeability (1820) 9

" (1966) 103

relation to plants (19) £ semi-desert vegetation (657) 110

small watersheds (777) 175

Southern California (261) 107

thermodynamics (22) 6 Soil permeability (1966) 103

Specific gravity, oils (9 Oh) 68

Sphere, accelerated motion (110b) b5

Spillways

aeration, Pine Flat, Calif. (992) 126

basic research (158b) 31 check tests (76I) 170

comparison, profiles (266) 178

dams

Bearspaw ( 20^5) 180

Belton, Texas (1209) 128 Boone (127b) 171 Box Canyon (16 63) 77 Cachuma (I2J46) II49 Chickamauga (709) 157

Dalles, Ore. (Ib65) 118

Davis ([463) Ilj8

Folsom Dam, Calif. (Ib73) 131

Spillways

dams

Fort Patrick Henry (15 3b) 171

Ft. Randall, S. D. (67b) 125

Garrison Dam (211) 122

Gavins Point, S. D. (17bl) 133

Glenn Anne (lb9b) 150

Hales Bar (IO38) 170

Hartwell, Ga. (1981) 13b

Hungry Horse (705) Ib8

Kentucky (761) 170

Kerwin (177b) 152

Keyhole (1022) Ib8

Lake Geode (1867)(1868) b7

Littleton (1713) 100

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 133

Nimbus (2009) 15b

Persimmon Creek (2023) 173

Pine Flat, Calif. (992) 126 Rio Hondo, Calif. (98O) 120

San Antonio (1732) 120

Savage River, Md. (lb 71) 130

Sly Park (2008) l$b

South Holston (728)(730) 168

Watauga (728) (732) 168

Willow Creek (1236)(12bb) Ib9

Yellowtail (lli95) 150

design (673) 12b (1835) 19 discharge characteristics (20b8) 180

discharge ratings, dams

Apalachia (736) 16

9

Boone (2030) 17b

Cherokee (738) 16

9

Douglas (7bl) 16

9

Ft. Loudoun (7b6) 169

Fort Patrick Henry (2031) 17b Tennessee Valley Authority (2025) 173

Wheeler (2026) 173

drop, design (1398) 80

» (1865) 38 effect tailrace (732) 168

» tailwater (62) 26 entrance conditions (1685) , 90

flow measurements (i960) 100

flume (1710) 99 morning-glory dams

Hungry Horse (705) Ib8

South Holston (728) 168

Watauga (728) 168

profiles (266) 178

roller-type .bucket ( 673) 12b

scale effects (1001) 127

" » (20b 7) 180

siphon (1777) 153

Whittier Narrows (98O) 120

Spray, drop size (1832) 18 Spray, from jets (1637) 69

Sprinkling systems

irrigation (1076) 22 jets, distribution (21) 6
Subject Index 191

Stability

towed ships (16JjO) 69 wave tests (II36) 65

" (1173) 85

" (1907) 63

Stall, rotating (1903) 6l

Stilling basins

dams

Bonneville (1976) 119

Bull Shoals, Ark. (1979) I3I1 Chickamauga (709) 157

Davis (Ij63) H48

Folsom Dam, Calif. (Hj73) 131

Ft. Randall, S. D. (67k) 125

Garrison, N. D. (211) 122

Gavins Point, S. D. (17l|l) 133

Hungry Horse (705) XI48 Kerwin (177lj) 152

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 133

New Cumberland, Ohio River (1978) 133

Nimbus (2009) 151) South Holston (730) 168

Table Rock, Mo. (1980) 13ij Tuttle Creek, Kansas (I7I4O) 133

Webster (1773) 152

design (1918) 71

" (2003) 153

erosion below (1987) 135 scour (823) 21 Stilling wells

hydraulic characteristics (2002) 153

Streamflow forecasts (17li3) (17^ ) 139

(17ii5)(17ij7) II4O

" (2032) 176

Colorado (55) 20 snow surveys (55) 20

" " (1966) 103

Stream gaging

bridges (69O) 1^3

gage (1013) 139

radio gages (1536) 171 Tennessee Valley (769) I7I4 Streams discharge (1705) 96 effect logging (969) 109

" » (1230) Ihk erosion control (226) 123

11 research (69) [|2

forest effects (I439) XJj2

meandering (226) 123

peak discharge (691) Ili3 roughness coefficient (783) 175

" " (ii|88) 11^5 sand channel (1755) 11j5

stage -discharge Iowa (67) 1)1 Texas (I966) 103 water quality (786) 175

Strut wake (1389) 73 Structure s canal ( 2OOI4 ) 153

Structures

conservation (1723) 102

metering (2006) 15I4 wave forces on (1881), 55 Submerged bodies

pressure distribution

basic research (16) 3 (579) 52 electric analogy (72) I4 2 theoretical analyses (8l) I43 underwater, inspection of (1921) 75 Surges

pipes (1303) 8 sewers (683) 125

Surge tanks

mechanical -pneumatic (127) 68

South Holston Dam (731) 16

8

" " " (1951) 170

Swirling flow (1951) 89 Tailraces

Seton Creek Dam (2038) 178

Autauga Dam (732) 16

8

Tidal flow

channels

bottom currents (1930) 81

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (678) 125

Delaware River, Pa. (1|25) I2jj Torque, converter (1660) 75 Towing tank research

David Taylor Model Basin 156

Michigan University 62 Newport News S. and D. D. Co 6i|

Northwestern University 68

Society of Naval Architects 83 Stevens Institute of Technology 85 Transitions

tunnels (1206) 122 Tunnels

check tests (76O) 170

" (1277) 171

» » (2029) 173

dams

Fontana (760) 170

measuring system (121j5) 11)9 vertical shaft (1776) 153

Turbines

buckets (1915) 71 cavitation (1133) 65 (1939) 83 design (1902) 61

discharge channels (1305) 13 impulse

efficiency (1656) 71 head effects, tests (111)6) 70 model tests (123) 5L

« »' (1878) 50

» " (1926) 79

» » (1938) 82 performance (123) 6I4 » (1938) 32
192 Subject Index

Turbines

propeller

cavitation ( 271) 1 performance (271) 1 (l$kk) 1 (1612) 5k vane moments (896) 6I4 Turbulence

boundary layers (627) 8J4 granular media (557) 38 measurement

apparatus ( 73 ) k 2 (578) 52 (1307) Hi

electro -magnetic (I46) 10

hot-wire, air (811) 12

» « , water ( I4 67) 156

techniques (578) 52

mechanism (17l|2) I38

pipes (627) 8I4 » (9I1I4) 89 basic research (ij6) 10

» » (I467) 156

steep slopes (I87I1) I18 stimulation (U4O6) 86 (l506) 166

theory (I3W1) k5

Turnouts (1769) 151

(1771)(1775) 152

» (2005) l$k

» (2012) 155

Unsteady flow (1781)) 161

" (1785) (1786) 162

Valves

butterfly (1603) 51

(1608) 53

check ( I8I16 ) 30

coefficients of discharge (l9l|l) 83 dynamic flow forces on ^1895) 59

head loss, check (961) 99 Howell-Bunger (2027) 173

operating characteristics (19kl) 83 poppet (1892).... 59 regulating (1772 J 152

spherical (1916) 71 transfer (I876) L18 Velocity distribution

air, over ocean waves (I82I4) 17

Velocity measurement electro-magnetic (I46) 10

(73) k2

" (I467) 156

hot-wire (73) Li

2

" » (167) 156

ultrasonics (1151) 7k Ventilation ( 16 81j) 90

Venturi

calibration (I81j2)(l81j3)(l8l45) 29 characteristics (l8Iil) 29 installation effectc (685) 137

Vortices, Taylor (1550) Ik

Viscosity

measurement (1927) 79 oils (90k) 68

oils, water (957) 97 Viscous flow

past spheres (1910) 66

through assemblages of spheres (1911)... 67

Vortex rings (1872) k7

Vortex tubes, design (I26I4) 150

Water channel rotating (279) 3 Water, consumptive use (1966) 103 Water control facilities, design ( I96I4 ) . . . 102 Water entry (1300) k

» " , airplanes (II4O5) 86 Water hammer

pipes (791) 179 surge suppressors (127) 68 Water measurement

irrigation (23)(2ij) 6 (26) 7 stream flow (67) Ill Watershed management

Colorado (1970) (1971) 112

Continental Divide (377) 110

New Mexico (1967)(1968)(1969) Ill

Pennsylvania (656) 108

Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 110

Sierra Ancha, Ariz. (657) 110

Southeastern United States (38O) 112

Southern California (261) 105 Utah, (652)(653) 107

(6510(655) 108

» (1971) 112

Wayne County, Pa. (966) 109

Wyoming (1971) 112

Watershed studies

Blacklands, Texas (150) 101

effects logging (969) 109

forest influences (3 76) (3 77) 110

» " (38O) 112

(656) 108

(657) 110

» » (966) 109

(1188) 109

frost studies (II87) 109

hydrologic cycle (17^8) ( 1763) ( I76I4) Hi

6

Illinois (551X552) 35 Lafayette, Ind. (I966) 103

management (261) 106

North Appalachian (150) 101

Ohio and Great Plains (l£0) 101

Pine Region, N. J. (1662) 76 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) hi

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) Ijl Tennessee River Valley (768) 17k

(777) 175

» •» » (78O) 176

Utah (1966) 103 Water tunnel

cavitation (16 71) 78
Subje

T*Jater tunael

design

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (15) (16) 3 closed jet (1672) 78 Penn. State College (1151) 72 free jet (92I4) 77 vaned turns (10ii) 76 Water utilization (769) X7lj Tthve action

beaches (I4 7) 10

(529) 12

(181) 113

(660)(661)(663) XII4 (970) ill, (973) 115

(1609) #4

(16 31) 63

(18^0) 30

breakwaters

pervious, impervious (998) 126 rubble -mound (257) 12h

" " (999) 127

harbors

Indiana Harbor, Ind. (Ili72) 131

bulkheads (1^9) li lakes (1731) 119

shore protection, tank (399) Ill

" " , works (38) 9

, » (529) 12 spillways (67lj) 125 structures (972) IK

(16 30) 63

Waves generation (1825) 17

gravity (1936) 82 internal progressive (1990) 138 measurement (I72I4) 116

data for coasts (1727) 116

ripples, sediment (1165) 77 run-up (1735) 132

shallow water (1825) 17 shock (1610)

" (1827) 17

theory (1335) 33 Tsunami (1972) 117

wind generated (1825) 17

V&ves, surface

characteristics, observed (660) Ill, contours ( 3I4O) 85 diffraction (kl) 10

Index 193

hfeives, surface

energy losses (11,61) 116

(111 79) 137

positive, dry channels (II18O) 137

gages (977) 115

" (1936) 82 general research (hi) 10

generation (Ij) 63

(35) 9 (Hi 78) 137

" , forecasting (1,7) 10 measurement (IL16O) 115

model laws (I8I4) 113

oscillatory (35) 9

" , theory (1,7) 10

resistance (709).., 157

shallow water ( 35 ) 9 shock (811) 12 solitary (159) 136

(577) 51 wind-gene rated (I|) 63

V7ave tank, design (399) Ill, Wells

electric analogy (1569) 2h Weirs

aeration demand (I869) ^7

basic research (1581|) 31 rectangular (18£2) 31 sharp-crested

circular (1113) £0

parabolic (268) 178

side (1912) 67

V-notch (1709) 99 Wells

drilling (2h) 6 testing instruments (1337) 37 (1219) Ib3

Wfell screens design (287) 20 turbulence ( 557) 38 I&nd

building forms (1079) 28 design (1152) 73 lake levels (160) 137

set-up (1937) o 82 velocity (1665) 77

T/&nd tides

lakes (1731) 119

" (1937) 82 research (ll»78) 137

•U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

:

1954



(Continued from page 2 of cover)

answering a number of questions regarding the adequacy of stack venting of

plumbing fixtures for one- and two-story dwellings. Diagrams, tables, and

graphs showing the various components of a stack-vented system and provide

pressure and trap-seal data.

Order NBS Building Materials and Structures Report 118, Stack Venting of Plumbing

Fixtures, 21 pages. Price: 25 cents.

Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, and 1953. Project reports cover work done at 66 private or State laboratories in the United States, 34

Federal laboratories, and five Canadian laboratories. These publications

outline individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field. Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190

pages. Price: $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200

pages. Price: $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953, 215 pages. Price: $1.25.

Correcting for Density and Viscosity of Incompressible Fluids in

Float-Type Flowmeters

Information on the theory of the flow of incompressible fluids through float- type flowmeters developed by the methods of dimensional analysis and experimental verification of the relations thus derived. Procedures are described

whereby, after calibration of a metering tube with a few fluids of known physical

properties, accurate corrections may be calculated for any fluid whose properties

lie within the range embraced by the calibration fluids. Order NBS Research Paper 2247, Correcting for Density and Viscosity of Incompressible

Fluids in Float-Type Flowmeters, 12 pages. Price: 10 cents.

Hydrodynamic Effects of Gales on Lake Erie

The coefficients of wind stress and sea roughness are derived from research of

water levels and wind intensities relating to gales passing over Lake Erie

during the past 50 years. Both of these coefficients are found to decrease

with increasing wind velocities. A theoretical determination of the wind tides

is made and agrees well with the observations.

Order NBS Research Paper 2396, Hydrodynamic Effects of Gales on Lake Erie, 11 pages.

Price 15 cents.

Order all publications from the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government

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