A11107

^lllilillii

E10737

DATE DUE

APR 1 6 1975

APR 1 7 1375

30 501 JOSTENS 1

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • W. Averell Harriman, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • E. U. Condon, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS

and STRUCTURES

SUPPLEMENT NO. 2 TO REPORT BMS17

Sound Insulation

of

Wall and Floor Constructions

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 15, 1947

This supplement reports the results of sound-transmission measurements made on a number of additional types of construction since the issuance of the original report in March

1939, and- the first Supplement issued December 20, 1940

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON • 1947

; FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. 3. GO\'ERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

WASHINGTON 25, D. C. • PRICE lO CENTS
National Bureau of Standards

JUL 2 1951
Building Materials and Structures Report BMS17

Supplement Number 2

by ALBERT LONDON >

KEY TO PANEL NUMBERS

The results of sound-transmission tests on panels having numbers less than 200 have previously appeared in BMS17 and the first Supplement thereto.

Page numbers referred to in this report are those of B1VES17.

With the appearance of this Supplement a new system of classifying soundtransmission panels has been inaugurated. Each panel is assigned to one of

the following classes:

Classification of sound-transmission structures

WALLS

Glass 2

Panel Nos. 201 to 299. Wood and steel studs: Steel studs. Wood studs. ,

Class 3: Panel Nos. 301 to 399.

Brick, tile, and masonry:

Brick. Cinder block. Clay tile. Glass brick. Gypsum tile.

Class 4: Panel Nos. 401 to 499.

Clips and special nails.

Class 5: Panel Nos. 501 to 599. Solid plaster: Solid plaster with studs. Studless plaster partitions.

Class 6: Panel Nos. 601 to 699. Miscellaneous walls: Doors.

Single laj'ers of material. Thermax.

FLOORS

Class 7: Panel Nos. 701 to 799. Wood and steel joists: Steel joists. Wood joists.

Class 8: Panel Nos. 801 to 899. Masonry floors: Concrete slab. Concrete and tile combination.

Flat arch concrete.

Class 9: Panel Nos. 901 to 999. Miscellaneous floors: Prefabricated sheet steel floor.

In order to avoid confusion, the panel numbers that have appeared in

pubHcations prior to this report, i. e., those less than No. 200, havejnot been

changed.

[1]
Panel 201.

2- by 4-in. wood studs, 16 in. o. c; wood lath, Yi-in. gypsum-plaster facings (cf panel 163, page IS, BMS17). Panel 202.

2- by 4-in. wood studs, 16-in. o. c; Yi-in. gypsum plaster on %-in. gypsum lath (cf panel 148, page 14, BMS17), Panel 203.

Similar to panel 202, except Yi-in. VermicuUte plaster faces on gypsum lath. The Vermiculite plaster mix

consisted of Sj'z ft.^ of Vermiculite aggregate to 100 lb. of gypsum. Panel 204.

Similar to panel 20S, except Ys-in. Vermiculite plaster faces on Ys-in. perforated gypsum lath. Panel 205.

2- by 4-in. wood studs, 16 in. o. c; ^-m. gypsum plaster facings on Yi-in. fiberboard lath (cf panel 123, vaoe 12, BMS 17). Panel 206.

2- by 4-in. wood studs, 16-in. o. c; fiberboard facings, joints at stud (cf panel 120, page 12, BMS17). Panel 207.

Similar to panel 206, except fiberboard facings.

Panel 208.

1 Ys-in. wallboard nailed on one side only of a lYs-in. stud. Wallboard consisted of a J^-in. cane-fiber center and Ys-in. cement-asbestos sheet facing on both sides of the fiber sheet. Panel 209.

Similar to 208, except lYs-in. wallboard facings on both sides of lYs-in. studs located 40 in. o. c. Panel 210.

Yi-in. fiberboard facings, on 2- by 2-in. wood studs, 16 in. o. c.

PAN E L 213

Panel 211.

Yi-in. plywood facings glued to 1- by 3-in. studs. Panel 212.—Same as 211 with Y2-in. plaster board nailed to both plywood faces. Panel 213 —Same as panel 205, except an auxiliary wall consisting of an additional thickness of plaster on fiberboard lath was added to one side only. It was attached to original construction by means of 2 by 2's fastened to top and bottom vlate unthm a 4-in airspace. ' Panel 214.

1- by S-in. staggered studs, Yi-in. plywood glued to both sides. Panel 215.—Same as 214 with Yi-in. plasterboard nailed to the existing plywood faces.

[2]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

Panel No.

128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096

Average,

128 to 4,096

Weight,

lb/ft 2

WOOD STUDS

201 35. 3 31. 6 24. 1 36. 7 34. 4 31. 7 37. 4 45. 3 61. 0 37. 5 17. 1 202 33. 4 23. 9 24. 5 30. 2 28. 3 37. 7 35. 5 41. 7 58. 8 34. 9 15. 0 203 27. 2 23. 5 20. 0 31. 0 26. 9 35. 6 35. 9 38. 1 54. 7 32. 6 9. 6 204 31. 3 24. 9 21. 8 34. 2 30. 7 37. 9 37. 8 45. 9 65. 5 36. 7 12. 9 205 28. 3 27. 3 30. 9 37. 8 40. 7 44. 4 46. 3 46. 7 65. 6 40. 9 12. 6 206 15. 9 19. 0 21. 9 32. 4 28. 1 33. 3 37. 9 49. 7 51. 8 32. 2 3. 8 207 20. 7 17. 8 21. 4 26. 6 30. 7 32. 1 37. 6 49. 3 52. 7 32. 1 4. 3

208 20. 9 23. 3 24. 3 28. 4 28. 4 27. 5 23. 1 40. 5 38. 3 28. 3 209 28. 7 32. 5 30. 7 35. 3 37. 5 42. 2 41. 5 49. 9 59. 6 39. 8 8. 3 210 14. 5 10. 9 16. 8 27. 7 26. 7 36. 1 36. 7 47. 1 50. 8 29. 7

211 15. 5 16. 3 17. 7 19. 7 25. 9 26. 9 28. 5 36. 9 33. 1 24. 5 2. 5 212 26. 5 33. 5 33. 0 40. 5 38. 9 44. 1 46. 2 50. 3 50. 5 40. 4 6. 6 213 41. 2 45. 6 44. 4 48. 6 50. 2 51. 4 52. 1 5.5. 8 72. 1 51. 3 18. 2

214 14. 4 16. 6 19. 6 23. 1 28. 2 29. 9 32. 9 39. 6 30. 2 26. 1 2. 6 215 39. 7 37. 1 39. 0 45. 2 47. 7 49. 6 50. 9 53. 8 54. 8 46. 4 7. 0

[3]
PANEL 2 I 8

m

PANEL 217

Panel 216.Two sets of 2- by 2-in. studs, 2 sheets gypsum hoard inserted in 1-in. space "between studs, }i-in. plywood

face glued to studs on each outer side, total panel thickness in. Panel 217.

Two sets of 2- by 2-in. studs, }i-in. plywood sheet inserted in %-in. space between studs, ji-in. plywood faces,

slightly compressed paper-backed mineral wool inserted in both airspaces, total panel thickness 4% in. Panel 218.—Two sets of 2- by 2-in. studs, Yi-in. gypsum board nailed to inside face of each stud, leaving 1-in. airspace between gypsum boards, Yi-in. plywood faces glued to outer face of stud.

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1

PANEL 219 / PANEL 22 0

Panel 219.

Two sets of 2- by 2-in. studs, Yi-in. fiberboard stood loose in 2-in. airspace between studs, jiberboard faces;

total panel thickness 7 in. Panel 220.

Similar to 219, with Yi-in. fiberboard faces replaced by Yi-in. fiberboard and }i-in. gypsum plaster for facings;

total panel thickness 8 in.

Panel 221.—Double steel partition similar to panel 160A, page 16, BMS17; each section of the panel consisted of Yi-in. channels, 12 in. o. c, to which was attached expanded-metal lath and a Yi-in. heat-insulating plaster face, both sections rested on a lYi-in. cork base, the distance from face to face being 5 in.

PANELS 222, 223

Panel 222.—Two special metal nailing studs back to back; held in position by a top and bottom plate; 1 in., 6 Ib/ft^ density

fiber-glass board and a paper backed metal lath attached to stud by means of a special nail; Yi-in. qypsum-plaster facings Pi.NEL 22Z.—Same as 222, but density of fiber-glass board was 4Y2 Ib/ftK

[4]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures—Continued

Panel No.

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096

Average,

128 to 4,096

WOOD STUDS—Continued

17. 9

20. 3

27. 0

27. 9

42. 4

25. 3

30. 9

24. 0

28. 8

47. 5

28. 6

30. 8

28. 6

28. 2

47. 5

30. 6

34. 6

33. 2

39. 4

50. 8

32. 3

36. 7

37. 4

40. 3

49. 3

37. 3

40. 7

41. 9

42. 9

51. 4

41. 5

•41. 1

45. 9

48. 3

55. 0

49. 3

48. 7

55. 2

61. 6

53. 5

51. 3

49. 9

54. 9

67. 5

73. 1

34. 9

37. 1

38. 7

42. 8

52. 3

STEEL STUDS

221 31. 5 36. 7 42. 7 48. 1 45. 3 49. 8 51. 1 47. 3 61. 5 46. 0

222 44. 4 47. 3 50. 5 52. 8 52. 8 57. 6 58. 4 57. 5 68. 3 54. 4

223 41. 4 47. 3 47. 3 53. 1 51. 7 54. 7 55. 3 55. 0 67. 0 52. 5

[5]
Panel 301.

S-in. gypsum tile laid in portland cement; y«-in. Sprayo-Flake on one side; Y^-in. gypsum plaster on top of Sprayo-Flake and on other side. Panel 302.

Same as SOI, except core consisted of 3-in. clay tile. Panel 303.

Hollow clay-tile panel constructed of 4- by 12- hy 12-in. hollow clay tile with 1-in. shells similar to panels I4I and 142, page 18, BMS17, except for %,-in. Vermiculite plaster facings. The Vermiculite plaster mix consisted of Syi ft^ of aggregate to 100 lb of gypsum.

PANEL 40 5 PANEL 40 6 PANEL 40 7

Panel 401.Head of nail imbedded in felt and covered with sheet iron; Y^-in. felt pad betioeen stud and gypsum lath. Panel 402.

Nail similar to 4OI; no felt pad between stud and perforated gypsum lath. Panel 403.

Nail head consisting of a ring of steel rod integral with nail itself; similar to 405 below without cardboard. Panel 404.

Same as 403, except solid gypsum lath was used. Panel 405.

Nail head consisting of a ring of steel rod integral with nail itself, corrugated cardboard and expanded-metallath .strip applied to head of nail; gypsum board held snugly against stud. Panel 406.

Ordinary nail with head encased in metal-lath square; metal strap girdling the metal-lath square; gypsum lath snug against studs. Panel 407.

Ordinary nail with head encased in corrugated cardboard and metal-lath square encompassing the cardboard

but not touching nail; gypsum lath snug against studs.

PANEL 40 a PANEL4I0 PAWELS 411^412

Panel 408.Ordinary nail with head encased in corrugated cardboard, metal strap girdling the cardboard square, but not in

contact with nail; gypsum lath loose against studs, approximately %2-in. play.

Panel 40Q.

Nail similar to 4-01, gypsum lath snug against studs. Panel 410.

Ordinary nail with head encased in thin cardboard, metal-lath square over cardboard, which was highly compressed.

Panel 411.

-Nail similar to 4IO, but head of nail was encased in felt and then covered by a metal-lath square; lath snug against

studs. Panel 412.

Same nail as 4II; %-in. felt pad between stud and gypsum lath.

[6]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures—Coutiiiued

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

Panel No.

Average,

128 to 4,090 128 192 250 384 512 708 1,024 2,048 4,096 Weight,

lb/ft 2

TILE AND MASONRY

301 39. 8 34. 7 32. 1 36. 0 34. 3 40. 5 44. 3 51. 8 64. 0 41. 9 27. 5

302 37. 9 34. 5 28. 6 35. 2 34. 1 37. 8 43. 9 56. 8 62. 9 41. 3 29. 6 303 28. 8 34. 3 37. 8 35. 0 35. 8 35. 5 39. 0 47. 5 50. 9 38. 3 25. 2

SPECIAL NAILS

2- by 4-in. wood studs, 16-in. o. c, plaster facings of Vi-in. gypsum plaster on Ji-in. gypsum lath; lath held by special nails with resilient heads, nails driven into the joints between lath.

401 19. 3 30. 4 34. 0

8

38. 2 39. 3 44. 3 46. 4 51. 8 63. 4 40. 8 13. 6 402 28. 6 36. 3 33. 37. 5 40. 5 43. 1 45. 6 49. 6 66. 0 42. 3 15. 8 403 23. 0 29. 3 30. 3 36. 5 38. 7 39. 0 41. 2 47. 7 62. 2 38. 7 15. 9 404 22. 6 24. 7 33. 1 35. 6 36. 7 43. 3 43. 2 43. 9 62. 3 38. 4 14. 5 405 27. 3 26. 5 34. 0 38. 2 39. 0 42. 3 42. 6 43. 9 61. 1 39. 4 15. 2

406 31. 0 30. 7 31. 3 36. 1 38. 9 42. 6 45. 0 47.-

61. 5 40. 5 14. 8

407 28. 6 32. 8 31. 8 36. 2 39. 5 45. 5 45. 2 49. 6 62. 9 41. 3 14. 4

408 33. 9 31. 1 32. 1 38. 9 39. 6 45. 3 45. 1 50. 8 63. 5 42. 3 14; 8

409 30. 8 33. 3 34. 7 35. 8 38. 9 44. 1 46. 8 50. 1 63. 9 42. 0 15. 2 410 30. 9 31. 5 33. 2 40. 6 41. 7 46. 8 48. 0 48. 3 65. 1 42. 9 13. 6 411 31. 6 33. 4 31. 0 36. 6 41. 0 46. 6 48. 1 50. 2 65. 9 42. 7 14. 3

412 36. 1 37. 7 36. 9 42. 2 45. 1 51. 0 52. 6 54. 5 67. 7 47. 1 14. 0

738708—47 2 [7]
0 h

1/

7

rCJl

PANEL 413

Panel 413.Cli-p, as indicated in sketch.

PANEL 414

Panel 414.Same clip as 413, except a resilient member vms introduced in the clip. Panel 415.

Clip similar to 413.

PANEL 416 PANEL 417

Panel 416.

Clip attached to stud by means of large headed nail, v;hich kept plasterboard about % in. from stud; same clip used

for vertical joints of plasterboard.

Panel 417.Stud clip, as indicated; clip of 416 used for vertical joints.

I

PANEL 418

Panel 418.-Clip, as indicated in sketch. Panel 419.

Clip, as indicated in sketch.

PANEL 419

[3]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures—Continiiod

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

Panel No.

128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096

Average,

128 to ! 4,096 !

Weight,

lb/ft ^

RESILIENT CLIPS '

2- by 4-ln. wood studs, 16 in. o. c, plaster facings of H-in. gypsum plaster on Ji-in. gypsum lath, lath held by resilient spring clips of various designs.

413 — 25. 7 31. 5 37. 2 40. 6 42. 1 45. 7 46. 7 44. 3 62. 1 41. 8 12. 4

414 39. 3 4L 2 39. 7 45. 8 42. 9 44. 9 46. 3 48. 0 63. 3 45. 7 14. 1 415 28. 6 33. 3 34. 6 37. 1 40. 1 45. 2 45. 4 50. 5 66. 6 42. 4 13. 9

416 37. 0 38. 2 39. 0 39. 9 41. 5 44. 7 44. 7 49. 4 66. 2 44. 5 14. 9

417-_ --. 28. 9 37. 6 37. 6 42. 0 40. 0 46. 6 44. 3 48. 9 66. 5 43. 6 15. 5

418 41. 3 44. 0 41. 9 44. 2 44. 9 48. 2 48. 0 48. 7 62. 2 47. 0 14. 3 419 37. 1 33. 0 36. 8 43. 8 44. 2 48. 2 47. 9 51. 9 62. 8 45. 1 15. 1

1 See also panels 222 and 223 under steel studs, aivl [lauels W7. ,'08, and .i09 under studless plaster.

[9]
Panel 501, Panel 502.

Panel 503.2-in. solid plaster with expanded-metal-lath core.

PANEL 505

Panel 504.

2-in. solid plaster with %,-in. gypsum-lath core. Panel 505.

2-in. partition, 2 sheets of gypsum lath spaced Yt-in. apart with felt spacers, joints between lath covered with metal lath to prevent mortar from bonding two sides together, Yt-in. plaster faces. Panel 506.

2)i-in. solid plaster partition with %-in. gypsum-lath core.

Panel 507.

Yi-in. and Ya-in. plasterboards, held together at vertical joints partially by clip of panel 416, and by clip of sketch, with Yi-in. airspace between plasterboards due to thickness of the clips; Ys-in. plaster facings applied to each plasterboard,

total panel thickness in. ANEL 508.

Similar to 507, except clip of panel 416 was used exclusively; two sheets of Y-in. plasterboard; plaster faces of

Yi in. and ^Yie in.; total panel thickness in.

[10]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures—Continued

Panel No.

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

128 Average,192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096 128 to 4,096

SOLID PLASTER

2-in. solid plaster partition, one course metal lath, 5^-in. channel studs.

501 36. 1 34. 3 33. 3 32. 7 30. 5 29. 2 27. 5 37. 5 47. 9 34. 3 8. 8

502 40. 5 36. 5 23. 2 31. 7 35. 5 33. 1 36. 3 46. 7 53. 7 37. 5 18. 1

STUDLESS PLASTER

503 36. 6 36. 2 29. 0 33. 4 36. 1 32. 0 37. 9 47. 7 55. 2 38. 2 18. 4

504 37. 8 35 8 27. 3 31. 5 35. 0 31. 9 35 7 46 5 53 9 37. 3 16. 8 505 34 6 35. 0 29. 2 30. 5 33. 4 39. 5 38! 3 43. 3 57. 0 37. 9 15. 8

506 38. 4 32. 3 3L 8 32. 4 34. 9 35. 7 38. 7 48. 7 54. 9 38. 6 19. 7

507 31. 4 31. 5 32. 2 36. 5 38. 1 40. 9 40. 2 49. 7 61. 5 40. 2 12. 9

508 34. 1 34. 9 34. 6 38. 0 39. 8 43. 9 40. 3 49. 6 60. 5 41. 7 13. 6

11
PANEL 509

A - PLASTER

B - PLASTER BOARD

C - FIBER BOAR D

Panel 509.yi-in. fiberboard held between Yt-in. plasterboard on one side and Yi-in. -plasterboard on the other by means of

clip; Yi-in. airspace between fiberboard and plasterboards; Y^-in. plaster facings on plasterboards; total panel thickness g%-in.

PANEL 601

Panel 601.

O.S4--in. fiberboard facings, Jie-in. fiberboard located midway between the two faces, 4-in. wide and ys-in.-thick fiberboard strips spaced in a staggered arrangement {21 in. o. c.) between middle fiberboard and outer faces; entire unit glued together, total panel thickness 1% in.

7/ / /J UJ ////////////

(

PANEL 701 PANEL 702

Panel 701.

2- by 8-in. joists; Yi-in. fiberboard lath and Yi-in. gypsum-plaster ceiling; 1-in. pine subfiooring, and l-in. pine

finish fiooring.

Panel 702.—Same joists and ceiling as 701; 1-in. pine subfioor; Y-in. fiberboard, 1- by S-in. sleepers, and 1-in. pine finish

floor.

in / / / nn 1 / /// n n / / / n / / // n n i u// / i / / / / / n / / n / n / / / h

^:;'::in.l..l.M.i..A.i^

i

1

PANEL 703 / PANEL 704

Panel 703.—(Same as 701, except a second Yi-in. fiberboard and Yi-in. plaster ceiling was added to the existinglceiling of 701 by means of 1- by S-in. furring strips. Panel 704.

Same joists and fioor as 701, except ceiling consisted of Yi-in. fiberboard, 1- by S-in. furring strips, Y-in. fiber- board lath, and Yi-in. plaster face.

[12]
Table 1.

Sound-transmission loss—wall structures—Continued

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second^

Panel No.

Average,

128 to 4,096 128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096 Weight,

lb/ft 2

STUDLESS PLASTER—Continued

509 35. 5 41. 0 41. 3 43. 7 47. 2 49. 3 48. 4 52. 9 62. 5 46. 9 15. 9

WALLBOARD PARTITION

601 21. 1 24. 1 21. 8 21. 9 25. 2 31. 4 35. 4 43. 2 47. 3 30. 2 3. 8

Table 2.—Sound-transmission loss—floor structures

Panel No.

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

Weight,

Ib/ft2 128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096

Average, 128 to 4,096

Tapping

loss (decibels)

WOOD JOIST

701 23. 4 28. 3 33. 7 44. 2 46. 7 51. 6 54. 7 54. 0 69. 0 45. 1 10. 8 14. 3

702 30. 2 30. 2 36. 9 46. 7 49. 7 52. 4 56. 8 65. 3 79. 1 49. 7 12. 1 16. 2

703 31. 3 27. 8 32. 4 43. 3 44. 8 48. 6 47. 5 54. 3 79. 0 45. 4 9. 8 19. 0

704 23. 7 32. 5 37. 5 42. 8 49. 1 50. 5 55. 8 58. 2 76. 6 47. 4 14. 2 15. 9
ujnL urn

PANEL 70 5

Panel 705.

2- by 8-in. joists, 16-in. o. c, 1-in. pine subfloor, 1-in. -pine finish floor; 1 ceiling consisting of Yz-in. plaster on

Yi-in. fiberboard lath next to joists; an additional plaster and fiberboard lath ceiling on 2- by 2-in. joists was suspended

by screw^eyesnnd wire loops S6-in. o. c, 4 in. below upper ceiling, 5- by 5- by 2-in. fiberboard-block pads at fastenings.

//////'/////////////

J/// ////////// //////////////////

T -T'T—i-T—1—I—I—i—I—1—1—!—1 -[ 'r-T'7 1" i

1 i

i

1 J

1

PANEL 70 6

Panel 706.

2- by 8-in. floor joists, 2- by 4-in. ceiling joists, 2 by 8's spaced 4 in. o. c. from 2 by 4's; Vi-in. plaster on %-in.

fiberboard lath ceiling; 1-in. pine subfloor, Yz-in. fiberboard, 1- by 3-in. sleepers, 1-in. pine finish floor.

A III Ti 1 r I I 1 1 1

1

PANEL 707 PANEL 708

Panel 707.

2- by 8-in. wood joists, Yi-in. fiberboard ceiling, 1-in. pine rough flooring and 1-in. pine finish flooring. Panel^708.-—Same as 707, except ceiling; Yz-in. flberboard lath, Y2-in. plaster, and Yi-in fiberboard face.

[ 14]
Table 2.—Sound-transmission loss—Jloor struclures—Continued

Panel No.

Transmission loss (decibels) at frequencies (cycles per second)

Aver- Tap128 192 256 384 512 768 1,024 2,048 4,096

age, 128 to

ping

loss (decibels) 4,096

WOOD JOIST—Continued

705 46. 1 44. 5 50. 5 53. 2 54. 9 56. 6 56. 4 63. 1 74. 6 55. 5 25. 7 20. 3

706 48. 1 49. 8 49. 1 50. 7 50. 5 52. 3 53. 6 57. 9 74. 6 54. 1 24. 6 16. 7

707 21. 8 27. 9 31. 2 38. 1 39. 7 41. 1 43. 6 54. 9 62. 4 40. 1 6. 1 9. 6 708 30. 9 23. 4 30. 3 40. 0 40. 3 44. 0 47. 1 56. 2 67. 9 42. 2 10. 8 15. 8 o

[15]


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