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Modeling Protocol for

Washington, Oregon, and Idaho:

Protocol for the Application of the CALPUFF Modeling System Pursuant 

to the Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Regulation

1. Introduction and Protocol Objective 

1.1. Background

Under the Regional Haze Regulations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued 

the final Guidelines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations (July 6, 

2005) (BART Guideline). According to the Regional Haze Rule, States are required to use these 

guidelines for establishing BART emission limitations for fossil fuel fired power plants having a 

capacity in excess of 750 megawatts. The use of these guidelines is optional for states 

establishing BART emission limitations for other BART-eligible sources. However, according 

to EPA, the BART Guideline was designed to help states and others do the following: (1) 

identify those sources that must comply with the BART requirement, and (2) determine the level 

of control technology that represents BART for each source.

This modeling protocol is a cooperative effort among Idaho Department of Environmental 

Quality (IDEQ), Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ), and Washington 

Department of Ecology (WDOE) to develop an analysis that will be applied consistently to 

Idaho, Washington, and Oregon BART-eligible sources. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, and U.S. EPA Region 10 were consulted during the 

development of this protocol (EPA 2006a, b, c). This protocol adopts the BART Guideline and 

addresses both the BART exemption modeling as well as the BART determination modeling. 

The three agencies are also collaborating on the development of a consistent three-year 

meteorological data set. Collaboration on the protocol and meteorological data set helps ensure 

modeling consistency and the sharing of resources and workload.

1.2. Objectives

The protocol describes the modeling methodology that will be used for the following purposes:

 BART Exemption modeling – Evaluating whether a BART-eligible source is exempt 

from BART controls because it is not reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to 

impairment of visibility in Class I areas

 BART Determination modeling – Quantifying the visibility improvements of BART 

control options

The objectives of this protocol are to provide the following:

 A streamlined and consistent approach in determining which BART-eligible sources are 

subject to BART
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 A clearly delineated modeling methodology

 A common CALMET/CALPUFF/POSTUTIL/CALPOST modeling configuration

2. Modeling Approach

2.1. Bart-Eligible Source List

BART-eligible source refers to the entire facility that has BART-eligible emission units.

Oregon, Washington, and Idaho are in the process of finalizing lists of BART-eligible sources. 

Table 1 presents the BART-eligible lists, as of July 21, 2006. Sources may be added/removed as 

additional information is reviewed.

Table 1. BART-eligible sources.

Washington Oregon Idaho

Intalco Aluminum Amalgamated Sugar Amalgamated Sugar – Nampa

Conoco-Phillips PGE Boardman Amalgamated Sugar – Paul

Centralia Powerplant (TransAlta) Boise Cascade Amalgamated Sugar – Twin Falls

Longview Fibre Fort James J.R. Simplot Don Siding Plant

Weyerhaeuser – Longview Pope & Talbot Potlatch Pulp and Paper

BP Cherry Point Weyerhaeuser Monsanto

Tesoro NW PGE Beaver NuWest (Agrium)

Lafarge Georgia Pacific

Georgia Pacific (Fort James) Camas Smurfit

Port Townsend Paper

Simpson Tacoma Kraft

Shell (Puget Sound Refining Co)

Graymont Western

Alcoa-Wenatchee

Columbia 

2.2. Class I Areas

The mandatory Class I federal areas in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as neighboring 

states that could be impacted by BART-eligible sources, are presented in Appendix A. Figure A1 graphically presents the BART-eligible source locations with respect to the Class I areas.

All federally mandatory Class I areas within 300 kilometers (km) of a BART-eligible source will 

be included in the BART exemption modeling analysis. Section 6.1(c) of the Guideline on Air 

Quality Models states, “It was concluded from these case studies that the CALPUFF dispersion 

model had performed in a reasonable manner, and had no apparent bias toward over or under 

prediction, so long as the transport distance was limited to less than 300km” (40 CFR 51, 

Appendix W). If the 300km extends into a neighboring state, visibility impairment shall also be 
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quantified at those Class I areas. Furthermore, if it lies within the 300km radius, visibility 

impairment at the Columbia River Gorge Scenic Area will also be quantified for information 

purposes only. 

2.3. Pollutants to Consider

The BART Guideline specifies that sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and direct 

particulate matter (PM) emissions, including both PM10 and PM2.5 should be included for both 

the BART exemption and BART determination modeling analyses. 

The BART Guideline also discusses the inclusion of volatile organic compound (VOC), 

ammonia and ammonia compounds as visibility impairing pollutants. These pollutants will be 

included in the BART analysis if it is determined that they are reasonably anticipated to cause or 

contribute to visibility impairment. For sources that are selected to evaluate VOC emissions, the 

first criterion is the emission level. The VOC emissions will be included in the BART 

exemption analysis if the greater-than-six-carbon VOC gases exceed 250 tons-per-year. If 

speciation is not known, it will be conservatively assumed that 50% of the gas species within the 

total VOC emissions from a facility have greater than six carbon atoms. Idaho and Oregon have 

determined that there are no significant sources of VOC, ammonia, or ammonia compounds

which require a full BART exemption analysis.

2.4 Emissions and Stack Data

The BART Guideline states, “the emission estimates used in the models are intended to reflect 

steady-state operating conditions during periods of high capacity utilization.” These emissions 

should not generally include start-up, shutdown, or malfunction emissions. The BART 

Guideline recommends that states use the 24-hour average actual emission rate from the highest 

emitting day of the meteorological period modeled. The meteorological period is 2003 – 2005.

Depending on the availability of emissions data, the following emissions information (listed in 

order of priority) should be used with CALPUFF for BART exemption modeling:

 24-hour average actual emission rate from the highest emitting day within the modeling 

period (2003 – 2005) (preferred). Actual emissions may be calculated using emission 

factors specified in Title V permits or representative stack test; or

 Allowable emissions (maximum 24-hour allowable).

States will work with the BART-eligible sources to develop an appropriate emission inventory.

If plant-wide emissions for a SO2, NOx, and PM10 are less than the significant emission rate 

(SER) used for Prevention of Significant Deterioration, emissions of that pollutant will not be 

included in the BART exemption modeling. However, if plant-wide emissions exceed the SERs 

for these pollutants, then all emissions of that pollutant from individual emission units will be 

evaluated even if emissions are below the SER for an individual emission unit. 
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The states have the option of determining how to include small emission units in the BART 

exemption analysis. Fugitive dust sources at a distance greater than 10km from any Class I area 

are exempt from the analysis. Emission units with emissions less than the SER will be 

quantified, if possible, and added to the stack emissions from an emission unit that is already 

being evaluated. Thus, the emissions will be included in the total from the plant, but will not 

have to be modeled separately.

2.5. Natural Background

The natural visibility background is defined as the 20% best days. This definition of natural 

background is consistent with the intent of the BART Guideline (Federal Register Vol. 70, No. 

128, pf 39125). The natural background values used in this protocol are based on EPA’s 

“Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze Rule” (EPA 

2003). Class I specific backgrounds are presented in Appendix B. The option presented in EPA’s 

guidance for refining the default visibility background is not be used in this protocol.

2.6. Visibility Calculation

The CALPUFF modeling techniques presented in this protocol will provide ground level 

concentrations of visibility impairing pollutants. The concentration estimates from CALPUFF 

are used with the current FLAG equation to calculate the extinction coefficient, as shown below. 

bext = 3 f(RH) [(NH4)2SO4] + 3 f(RH) [NH4NO3] + 4[OC] + 1[Soil] + 0.6[Coarse Mass] + 10[EC] + bRay

As described in the IWAQM Phase 2 Report, the change in visibility for the BART exemption 

analysis is compared against background conditions. The delta-deciview, dv, value is 

calculated from the source’s contribution to extinction, bext (source), and background extinction, 

bext(bkg), as follows:

dv = 10 ln (bext(bkg)+bext (source)) / bext(bkg) )

2.7. Model Execution

2.7.1. BART Exemption Analysis

The BART exemption modeling determines which BART-eligible sources are reasonably 

anticipated to cause or contribute to visibility impairment at any Class I area. This protocol 

adopts Option 1 in Section III of the BART Guideline. This option is the Individual Source 

Attribution Approach. With this approach, each BART-eligible source is modeled separately and 

the impact on visibility impairment in any Class I area is determined. However, this protocol 

also allows the state or other authority to include all BART-eligible sources in a single analysis 

and determine whether or not all sources together are exempt from BART if the total impact on 

visibility impairment at any Class I area is below the “contribute” threshold.
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Sources, or in some cases groups of sources, that exceed the threshold will be considered subject 

to BART. Sources or groups of sources with modeled impairment below the threshold will be 

exempt and excused from further analyses. 

For determining the visibility threshold, the recommendations in the BART Guideline are 

followed to assess whether a BART-eligible source is reasonably anticipated to cause or 

contribute to any visibility impairment in a Class I area. According to the BART Guideline:

“A single source that is responsible for a 1.0 deciview change or more should be considered to 

“cause” visibility impairment; a source that causes less than a 1.0 deciview change may still 

contribute to visibility impairment and thus be subject to BART... As a general matter, any 

threshold that you used for determining whether a source “contributes” to visibility impairment 

should not be higher than 0.5 deciviews.

In setting a threshold for “contribution,” you should consider the number of emissions sources 

affecting the Class I areas at issue and the magnitude of the individual sources’ impacts. In 

general, a larger number of sources causing impacts in a Class I area may warrant a lower 

contribution threshold. States remain free to use a threshold lower than 0.5 deciviews if they 

conclude that the location of a large number of BART-eligible sources within the State and in 

proximity to a Class I area justify this approach.”

As recommended in the BART Guideline, if a single source causes a 0.5 deciview or greater 

change from natural background, then that source is determined to be reasonably anticipated to 

contribute to any visibility impairment in a Class I area and will be subject to BART. For this 

single source analysis, the BART exemption modeling will not consider the frequency, 

magnitude, and duration of impairment. 

In addition, as recommended by the BART Guideline, if multiple BART-eligible sources impact 

a given Class I area on the same day, then a lower, individual, contribution threshold may be 

considered. For BART-eligible sources in Oregon and Washington, the following steps will be

used to address this condition: 1) after all BART-eligible sources have completed their individual 

BART exemption modeling, the modeled visibility impairment from all sources will be 

aggregated for each Class I area receptor for each day; 2) if the total for any receptor exceeds 0.5 

deciview, all sources responsible for visibility impairment at that receptor for that day will be 

considered for further evaluation. This evaluation will include an assessment of the magnitude, 

frequency, duration of impairment, and other factors that affect visibility for each of the sources 

in the multi-source group. The inclusion of these qualifying factors in the multi-source analysis 

follows the direction given in the BART Guideline for interpreting the refined modeling results 

in the determination phase of the BART process and recommendations for sources subject to 

PSD analyses given in the FLAG Phase I Final Report (FLAG 2000). There is no set individual 

source visibility threshold for these multi-source assessments. After the multi-source evaluation, 

a determination will be made as to which sources, if any, from a multi-source group will be 

considered to have contributed to visibility impairment and be subject to BART.
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2.7.2. BART Determination Analysis

The BART Determination analysis determines the degree of visibility improvement for each 

control option. The BART Guideline states:

“Assess the visibility improvement based on the modeled change in visibility impacts for the precontrol and post-control emission scenarios. You have the flexibility to assess visibility 

improvement due to BART controls by one or more methods. You may consider the frequency, 

magnitude, and duration components of impairment.”

In order to quantify the degree of visibility improvement due to BART controls, the modeling 

system is executed in a similar manner as for the BART exemption analysis. Model execution 

and results are needed for both pre-BART control and post-BART control scenarios to allow for 

comparison of CALPOST delta-deciview predictions for both scenarios. The only difference 

between the modeling runs will be modifications to the CALPUFF inputs associated with control 

devices (emissions, stack parameters). In contrast to the BART exemption analysis that predicts 

pre-control impacts from all BART-eligible units at a source together, BART determination 

analyses evaluates each emission unit independently of each other after control options are in 

place. As recommended in the BART Guideline, the states may consider the frequency, 

magnitude, and duration of impairment for the determination analysis.

2.7.3. Implementing BART Modeling Analysis

Each state will implement the BART analysis separately, as follows:

 Idaho – DEQ will perform both the BART exemption and BART determination 

modeling, working closely with the facilities and providing the facilities with the 

modeling analysis if they too want to perform the analysis.

 Oregon – DEQ will perform the BART exemption analysis and the individual BARTsubject facilities will perform the BART determination analysis. Oregon DEQ will 

perform any cumulative analysis required.

 Washington – The Washington BART-eligible sources will conduct the BART 

exemption modeling and the BART determination analysis. Ecology and EPA will

conduct any cumulative analysis required.

3. Visibility Modeling System

In general, the BART exemption modeling using the CALPUFF suite of programs will follow the 

procedures and recommendations outlined in two documents: the IWAQM (Interagency 

Workgroup on Air Quality Models) and the FLAG (Federal Land Managers Air Quality Related 

Values Workgroup) reports (EPA 1998, FLAG 2000). Exceptions to these procedures are 

explicitly described in the appropriate sections below. Tables listing the modeling parameters for 
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each CALPUFF module are located in the Appendices.

The specific CALPUFF programs and their version numbers that will be used in both the 

exemption modeling and determination modeling (control evaluation) are presented in Table 2.

The CALMET meteorological domain, as described below, covers the full three-state area. The 

computational domains, which will be unique for each source or group of sources undergoing 

modeling, will be a subset of the meteorological domain. As a result, a consistent meteorological 

data set will be used in all analyses, but the computational domains will be tailored to suit the 

modeling requirements for each individual source and the Class I areas within a radius of 300km.

Table 2. CALPUFF Modeling System

Program Version Level

CALMET 6.211 060414

CALPUFF 6.112 060412

CALPOST 6.131 060410

POSTUTIL 1.52 060412

3.5. CALMET

The dispersion modeling will use CALMET windfields for the three-year period 2003-2005. 

These windfields will cover the three-state area of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and also 

extend into adjacent states sufficiently to encompass all Class I areas within 300km of any 

BART-eligible facility included in this analysis (Figure 1). As part of the three-state 

collaboration on a BART protocol, it was decided to support the development of a consistent 

meteorological data set for use in both the BART exemption and determination analyses. 

Therefore, the states contracted with a consulting firm Geomatrix to provide this set of 

meteorological data for use in CALPUFF for determining whether a BART-eligible source is 

reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to haze in a Federal Class I area. 

One of the deliverables of that contract is a final CALMET modeling protocol that provides 

details on the methodology used to develop the data sets. Therefore, this BART modeling 

protocol only summarizes the development of the CALMET data set. For additional detail, the 

reader is referred to the “Modeling Protocol for BART CALMET Datasets” in Attachment 1.
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Figure 1. CALMET Meteorological Domain.

3.5.1. Meteorological Data

3.5.1.1. Mesoscale Model Data

It was the judgment of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and EPA Region 10 that the use of three 

years of MM5 data developed by Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) would not 

adequately capture the meteorology in the Pacific Northwest. WRAP had run MM5 using 36-km 

and 12-km grids. The states and EPA Region 10 preferred a 4-km grid as it would more 

adequately capture the meteorology and the influences of complex terrain that characterizes the 

Region 10 area. Furthermore, WRAP had selected some physics options that are more 

appropriate for the dry southwest and not the wet northwest.

As a result, the three states contracted a consulting firm (Geomatrix) to process calendar year 

2003 to 2005 forecast 12-km MM5 output files archived at the University of Washington (UW). 

The 12-km MM5 domain includes all of Idaho, Oregon and Washington. Portions of Montana, 

Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and California are also included in the domain so that BART-eligible 

sources near these state borders that could impact Class I areas outside of Region 10 are 

considered in the analysis. 
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The MM5 data will be evaluated for model performance using the statistical evaluation tool 

METSTAT. CALMET Version 6.211, including a new over-water algorithm, will be used to 

interpolate the 12-km data down to 4-km for the entire domain. Similar to the MM5 data, the 

CALMET outputs will also be evaluated to determine the model performance of the CALMET 

wind fields. At this time, METSTAT is unable to evaluate CALMET files. The statistical 

benchmarks listed in the WRAP Draft Final Report Annual 2002 MM5 Meteorological Modeling 

to Support Regional Haze Modeling of the Western United States ( ENVIRON and UCR, 2005) 

will serve as guide for the acceptability of the MM5 data and CALMET output. 

CALMET allows the user to adjust the MM5 wind fields in varying degree by the introduction of 

observational data, including surface, over-water, and upper air data (using the so-called NOOBS 

parameter). Idaho, Oregon, and Washington have determined that the observed cloud cover 

should be used, but that observed surface and upper air winds should not be included in 

CALMET as they locally distort the MM5 wind fields and have no significant effect on long 

range transport. As a result, the three states have judged that the MM5 simulations more than 

adequately characterize the regional wind patterns. It should also be noted that CALMET will 

use the finer scale land use and digital elevation model (DEM) data to interpolate the MM5 

winds down to 4km, which should improve the wind flow patterns in complex terrain within the 

modeling domain. 

3.5.2. CALMET Control File Settings

These CALMET wind fields will be used by all BART-eligible sources within the three states for 

both BART exemption and BART determination modeling. The wind fields will be provided by 

Geomatrix using CALMET Version 6.211. Details of the parameter settings in CALMET are 

provided in Appendix C; however, the major assumptions are summarized below. 

1) The initial-guess fields will use the 12-km MM5 outputs, forecast hours 13 – 24 from 

every 00Z and 12Z initialization, taken from UW archives, for the three years, January 

2003 – December, 2005.

2) Both the BART exemption and determination modeling will utilize the wind fields at 

4km resolution.

3) The meteorological data will be evaluated in two stages using the extensive database of 

surface observations maintained by UW. First, the MM5 12-km data will be evaluated 

prior to running CALMM5 using the METSTAT software program and secondly, the 

wind fields generated by CALMET will be evaluated using standard statistical evaluation 

techniques. 

4) There will be 10 vertical layers with face heights of 0, 20, 40, 65, 120, 200, 400, 700, 

1200, 2200, and 4000 meters.
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5) CALMET will be run using NOOBS = 1. Upper air, precipitation, and relative humidity 

data will be taken from MM5.

6) The surface wind observations will be ignored by setting the relative weight of surface 

winds (R1 = 1.0E-06) to essentially zero. The only surface observation data that will be 

effectively used in CALMET is cloud cover. This is essentially a no-observation 

approach. This method is specified in this protocol because previous modeling in the 

Pacific Northwest shows that the radius of influence of a typical surface wind observation 

must be set at a small number because of the presence of local topographic features. As a 

result, the adjustment to or distortion of wind fields by surface observations is extremely 

localized, on the order of 10-15km, and has no effect on long range transport to Class I 

areas.

7) Precipitation data from MM5, so MM5NPSTA = -1

8) No weighting of surface and upper air observations, and BIAS = 0, and ICALM = 0

9) The terrain scale factor TERRAD = 12

10) MM5 over-water land use scheme will be used and the CALMET over-water land use 

disabled by setting JWAT1 and 2 =100

11) Land use and terrain data will be developed using the North American 30-arc-second 

data

3.6. CALPUFF

The CALPUFF modeling will use Version 6.112. This protocol generally follows the 

recommendation of the IWAQM and FLAG guidance documents. Details of the parameter 

settings in CALPUFF are provided in Appendix D; however, the major features are summarized 

below:

1) The three-year CALMET input files will be developed by Geomatrix and be provided as 

input-ready to CALPUFF.

2) The BART exemption modeling will examine the visibility impairment on Class I areas 

within 300km of each single source. Where BART-eligible sources are grouped or where 

their emissions could collectively impair visibility in a Class I area, the exemption 

modeling will also group these sources in order to examine their cumulative impact. The 

computational modeling domain will be sufficient to include all Class I areas within a 

300km radius of a source or sources.

3) Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion coefficients will be used.

4) MESOPUFF-II chemistry algorithm will be used.
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5) Building downwash will be ignored for cases with source-to-receptor distances greater 

than 50km, as recommended by the Federal Land Managers (FLMs) (US Fish and 

Wildlife, National Park Service, and U.S. Forest Service) who were consulted for this 

protocol.

6) Puff splitting will not be used, following the recommendations of the FLMs.

7) Source elevations will be based on the same terrain files as the receptor elevations.

3.6.1. Emissions 

Section 2.4 above presents the emissions and stack data that is required from the facilities. This 

section only discusses the emissions estimates needed in CALPUFF. 

Primary emission, species will include the input species PM, SO2, SO4, and NOx; and the 

additional modeled species HNO3 and NO3. Emissions of H2SO4 will be included, if known, and 

used for estimation of SO4 emissions. SO2 emissions will be reviewed to ensure “doublecounting” is avoided.

The primary PM species will be treated as follows:

 BART-eligible sources are required to include both filterable and condensible 

fractions of PM.

Filterable:

 Elemental Carbon (EC) (<2.5 μm)

 PM Fine (PMF) (<2.5 μm)

 PM Coarse (PMC) (2.5 – 10 μm)

Condensible:

Organic Carbon (SOA)

Inorganic Aerosol (SO4)

Non-SO4 inorganic aerosol

 The condensible fraction will be treated as primary emissions in the CALPUFF input 

file and assumed to be 100% in the PM2.5 fraction (see NPS Web site listed below).

The states will work with the individual BART-eligible sources to develop appropriate PM 

speciation and size fractions. The following information sources may be used in the 

development of the speciation and fractions:

 U.S. National Park Service (NPS) – the NPS has developed both PM speciation and 

size fractions for several source categories. The information is located at

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Permits/ect/index.cfm
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 U.S. EPA – the EPA has developed generic PM speciation for all source categories

located at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/speciation/. 

 If size fraction is not know, the following default values, based on information in the 

CALPUFF User’s Guide, CALPUFF GUI, and AP-42 will be used:

Pollutant Mean diameter Standard deviation

SO4, NO3, PMF, SOA, EC 0.48 2

PMC 2.5 5

3.6.2. Ozone Background

Due to the number of BART-eligible sources and Class I areas being analyzed, a single value of 

60ppb (parts per billion) is used for all months and all three states. This value was determined 

based on a review of available ozone data for Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

3.6.3. Ammonia Background

As with the ozone background, a single value of 17ppb is used for the ammonia background. 

This value is supported by measurements made in 1996 – 1997 at Abbotsford in the Frazier River 

Valley of British Columbia. This value has also been commonly used as background for 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration modeling in the Pacific Northwest and will ensure that 

for BART exemption modeling, conditions are not ammonia limited. It is recognized that 

ammonia values may be lower in Class I areas; however, the BART analysis must account for 

transport through ammonia-rich areas.

3.6.4. Receptor Locations

Predicted visibility impacts will be computed at two sets of receptors; a set of receptor locations 

for the Class I Areas within the domain which are available for download from the National Park 

Service Web site http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Maps/Receptors/index.cfm, and on a 12-km 

mesh over the entire modeling domain to aid in model evaluation. Source and receptor 

elevations will be based on actual elevations. The elevations for the grid points should be taken 

from the CALMET modeling. Receptor points for the Columbia River Gorge Scenic Area will be 

provided by Oregon and Washington. 

3.7. CALPOST and VISIBILITY POST-PROCESSING

The following assumptions will be used in CALPOST and POSTUTIL to calculate the visibility 

impairment:
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1) For the visibility calculation, Method 6 will be employed. This method uses monthly 

average relative humidity and f(RH) values for each Class I area as provided in Appendix 

B, which are based on the EPA Guidance for Regional Haze analysis (EPA 2003).

2) Particulate species for the visibility analysis will include SO4, NO3, EC, OC, PMF, and 

PMC, as reported in the CALPOST output files.

3) POSTUTIL will not be used to speciate modeled PM10 concentrations, as PM10 will be 

speciated into its components (PMF, PMC, SOA, EC, SO4) and entered as primary 

emissions in CALPUFF. In addition, HNO3/NO3 partition option in POSTUTIL will not 

be used for ammonia limiting. 

4) Natural background extinction calculations will use the 20% best days for each Class I 

area in the three-state region. The natural background for the 20% best days has been

refined from that which is in “Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions 

Under the Regional Haze Rule” (EPA 2003). The extinction coefficients for the 20% 

best days have been calculated following the approach taken in the Draft Montana BART 

modeling protocol. This procedure uses the haze index (HI) in deciviews at the 10th 

percentile (median of the 20% best days) and an activity factor that is calculated for each 

Class I area. Tables providing the monthly f(RH) and 20% best days coefficients are 

provided in Appendix B, and are based on data from EPA (2003). For the exemption 

modeling, the Rayleigh scattering value will be 10 Mm-1 for all Class I areas.

 The 98th percentile value will be calculated for all BART-eligible sources at each 

mandatory Class I area. 

5) DELVIS.DAT output files will be used to determine the 98th percentile of visibility 

impairment for each receptor in CLASS I areas. 

6) The contribution threshold has the implied level of precision equal to the level of 

precision reported by CALPOST. Therefore, the 98th percentile value will be reported to 

three decimal places.

4. Interpretation of Results

The change in visibility impairment for the BART exemption modeling is based on the increase 

in HI from a BART-eligible source or sources relative to natural background, defined as the 20% 

best visibility days for each Class I area. This definition of natural background is consistent with 

the intent of the BART guideline (Federal Register Vol. 70, No. 128, pf 39125).

The U.S. EPA recommends using the 98th percentile value from the distribution of values 

containing the highest modeled delta-deciview (dv) value for each day of the simulation from 

all modeled receptors at a given Class I area. The 98th percentile dv value will be determined in 

the following ways:
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 The 8

th highest value for each year modeled

 The 22nd highest value for the 3-year modeling period

Both methods will be used and the highest value of the two will be compared to the contribution 

threshold (dv≥0.5 dv). If there are more than 7 days with values greater than the contribution 

threshold in any single meteorological year for any Class I area, or more than 22 days in three 

years, then the source is considered Subject-to-BART.

5. References

40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W. Guidelines on Air Quality Models

ENVIRON and UCR 2005. Draft Final Report Annual 2002 MM5 Meteorological Modeling to 

Support Regional Haze Modeling of the Western United States. Available at 

http://pah.cert.ucr.edu/aqm/308/reports/mm5/DrftFnl_2002MM5_FinalWRAP_Eval.pdf. 

ENVIRON International Corporation and University of California Riverside). March, 

2005.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 1998. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality 

Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long 

Range Transport Impacts, EPA-454/R-98-019, December 1998.

EPA 2003. Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions under the Regional Haze 

Rule, EPA-454/B-03-005, September, 2003.

EPA 2006a. Conference call with Fish and Wildlife and U.S. EPA Region 10, and the states of 

ID, OR and WA. January 17, 2006.

EPA 2006b. Conference call with the Fish and Wildlife and U.S. EPA Region 10, National Park 

Service, and the states of ID, OR and WA. January 18, 2006.

EPA 2006c. Conference call with the Fish and Wildlife and U.S. EPA Region 10, and the states 

of ID, OR and WA. January 20, 2006.

Federal Land Managers’ Air Quality Related Values Workgroup (FLAG) 2000. Phase I Report. 

December 2000.

Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 128. Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best 

Available Retrofit Technology (BART) Determinations. pp. 39104 – 30172, July 6, 2005.
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Appendix A

Mandatory Class I Federal Areas 

and

Columbia River Gorge Scenic Area

Figure A-1

Map of BART-Eligible Sources and Class I Areas

Posted on Idaho DEQ’s Regional Haze BART Website

http://www.deq.idaho.gov/air/prog_issues/pollutants/haze_bart.cfm.
FINAL 7/21/06

16

Table 1. Federal Mandatory Class I Areas.

Class I Area Federal Land Manager

Idaho

Craters of the Moon National Monument Park Service

Hells Canyon Wilderness Forest Service

Sawtooth Wilderness Forest Service

Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Forest Service

Yellowstone National Park Park Service

Oregon

Crater Lake National Park Park Service

Diamond Peak Wilderness Forest Service

Eagle Cap Wilderness Forest Service

Gearhart Mountain Wilderness Forest Service

Hells Canyon Wilderness Forest Service

Kalmiopsis Wilderness Forest Service

Three Sisters Wilderness Forest Service

Mount Hood Wilderness Forest Service

Mount Jefferson Wilderness Forest Service

Mount Washington Wilderness Forest Service

Mountain Lakes Wilderness Forest Service

Strawberry Mountain Wilderness Forest Service

Washington

Alpine Lakes Wilderness Forest Service

Goat Rocks Wilderness Forest Service

Glacier Peak Wilderness Forest Service

Mount Adams Wilderness Forest Service

Mount Ranier National Park Park Service

North Cascades National Park Park Service

Olympic National Park Park Service

Pasayten Wilderness Forest Service

Neighboring States

Anaconda-Pintler Wilderness (MT) Forest Service

Cabinet Mountains Wilderness (MT) Forest Service

Missions Mountain Wilderness (MT) Forest Service

Red Rock Lakes Refuge (MT) Fish & Wildlife Service

Bridger Wilderness (WY) Forest Service

Glacier National Park (WY) Park Service

Grand Teton National Park (WY) Park Service

Lassen Volcanic National Park (CA) Park Service

Lava Beds National Monument (CA) Park Service

Marble Mountain Wilderness (CA) Forest Service

Redwood National Park (CA) Park Service

South Warner Wilderness (CA) Forest Service

Jarbridge Wilderness (NV) Forest Service
FINAL 7/21/06

17

Appendix B

Natural Visibility Background

and

Monthly Relative Humidity f(RH)
FINAL 7/21/06

18

Adjustment to speciated particulate (Western States) to reflect Annual Avg and 20% Best Visibility Days conditions

 Monthly f(RH) are from Appendix A of Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Under the RHR (Sept. 2003).

 Background extinction coefficients (20% Best Days) have been calculated using Annual Avg bext, Best 20% bext, and activity factors.

Class I Area State

CALPOST Input Group 2 CALPOST Input Group 2

Monthly extinction coefficients for hygroscopic species (RHFAC) Background extinction coefficients (20% Best Days)

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. BKSO4 BKNO3 BKPMC BKOC SOIL BKEC

f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) f(RH) ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3

CaribouWilderness CA 3.69 3.13 2.83 2.45 2.37 2.17 2.07 2.13 2.20 2.38 3.01 3.41 0.048 0.040 1.20 0.188 0.200 0.008

LassenVolcanic CA 3.81 3.19 2.91 2.53 2.42 2.19 2.09 2.14 2.23 2.43 3.13 3.53 0.048 0.040 1.21 0.189 0.201 0.008

Lava Beds NP CA 3.98 3.36 3.07 2.70 2.62 2.43 2.31 2.34 2.42 2.72 3.52 3.81 0.050 0.042 1.26 0.197 0.210 0.008

MarbleMountain CA 4.44 3.79 3.74 3.33 3.37 3.24 3.18 3.19 3.24 3.37 4.12 4.15 0.052 0.043 1.30 0.204 0.217 0.009

RedwoodNP CA 4.42 3.91 4.56 3.91 4.50 4.70 4.86 4.72 4.31 3.66 3.81 3.40 0.054 0.045 1.34 0.210 0.224 0.009

SouthWarner CA 3.62 3.08 2.72 2.35 2.29 2.12 1.90 1.92 1.97 2.30 3.05 3.44 0.048 0.040 1.21 0.190 0.202 0.008

ThousandLakes CA 3.81 3.19 2.91 2.53 2.42 2.19 2.09 2.14 2.23 2.43 3.13 3.53 0.048 0.040 1.21 0.190 0.202 0.008

Yolla Bolly Middle Eel Wilderness CA 3.95 3.35 3.14 2.76 2.68 2.47 2.44 2.50 2.56 2.70 3.31 3.62 0.049 0.041 1.24 0.194 0.206 0.008

Craters of the Moon ID 3.13 2.74 2.28 2.02 2.01 1.81 1.43 1.42 1.57 1.97 2.77 3.04 0.046 0.038 1.15 0.180 0.192 0.008

HellsCanyon ID 3.70 3.12 2.51 2.17 2.12 2.00 1.63 1.58 1.79 2.41 3.45 3.87 0.048 0.040 1.21 0.190 0.202 0.008

SawtoothWilderness ID 3.34 2.87 2.32 2.01 2.00 1.84 1.43 1.40 1.50 1.96 2.94 3.31 0.046 0.039 1.16 0.182 0.193 0.008

Selway-BitterrootWilderness ID 3.50 3.02 2.59 2.34 2.36 2.31 1.93 1.86 2.09 2.55 3.30 3.50 0.048 0.040 1.21 0.190 0.202 0.008

Anaconda-PintlerWilderness MT 3.32 2.88 2.54 2.35 2.36 2.31 1.96 1.88 2.10 2.52 3.15 3.29 0.048 0.040 1.20 0.188 0.200 0.008

BobMarshall MT 3.57 3.10 2.77 2.59 2.66 2.70 2.34 2.23 2.58 2.92 3.47 3.54 0.049 0.041 1.22 0.191 0.203 0.008

CabinetMountains MT 3.81 3.27 2.85 2.61 2.66 2.68 2.30 2.18 2.56 2.98 3.70 3.86 0.050 0.041 1.24 0.195 0.207 0.008

Gates of the Mountain MT 2.89 2.57 2.42 2.30 2.30 2.27 2.03 1.94 2.12 2.41 2.75 2.81 0.047 0.039 1.18 0.185 0.197 0.008

GlacierNP MT 4.01 3.47 3.18 3.06 3.24 3.39 2.76 2.60 3.19 3.45 3.82 3.89 0.051 0.043 1.28 0.200 0.213 0.009

MissionMountain MT 3.60 3.13 2.73 2.52 2.60 2.62 2.27 2.19 2.50 2.87 3.51 3.59 0.049 0.041 1.23 0.193 0.205 0.008

RedRock Lakes MT 2.73 2.46 2.28 2.12 2.10 1.91 1.67 1.58 1.77 2.07 2.56 2.68 0.046 0.039 1.16 0.181 0.193 0.008

ScapegoatWilderness MT 3.19 2.81 2.57 2.43 2.45 2.44 2.14 2.04 2.28 2.61 3.08 3.14 0.048 0.040 1.20 0.188 0.200 0.008

Crater Lake NP OR 4.57 3.92 3.68 3.36 3.22 2.99 2.84 2.87 3.05 3.59 4.57 4.56 0.053 0.044 1.32 0.206 0.219 0.009

DiamondPeak OR 4.52 3.96 3.64 3.66 3.16 3.12 2.90 2.93 3.05 3.67 4.55 4.57 0.053 0.044 1.33 0.208 0.222 0.009

Eagle Cap OR 3.77 3.16 2.47 2.10 2.04 1.87 1.61 1.56 1.61 2.25 3.44 3.97 0.049 0.041 1.22 0.191 0.203 0.008

Gearhart Mountain OR 3.96 3.38 3.06 2.75 2.65 2.48 2.28 2.30 2.38 2.84 3.65 3.84 0.050 0.042 1.25 0.196 0.208 0.008

Kalmiopsis Wilderness OR 4.54 3.90 3.83 3.45 3.46 3.32 3.20 3.20 3.29 3.56 4.39 4.32 0.053 0.044 1.32 0.206 0.219 0.009

Mount Hood OR 4.29 3.81 3.46 3.87 2.95 3.15 2.85 3.00 3.10 3.86 4.53 4.55 0.053 0.044 1.33 0.209 0.222 0.009

Mount Jefferson OR 4.41 3.90 3.56 3.74 3.07 3.11 2.89 2.91 3.03 3.78 4.55 4.54 0.054 0.045 1.34 0.210 0.223 0.009

Mountain Lakes OR 4.29 3.62 3.32 2.98 2.86 2.64 2.49 2.50 2.64 3.10 4.12 4.26 0.051 0.043 1.28 0.201 0.214 0.009

MountWashington OR 4.44 3.93 3.58 3.73 3.09 3.11 2.98 2.91 3.02 3.76 4.56 4.56 0.054 0.045 1.36 0.213 0.227 0.009

StrawberryMountain OR 3.89 3.33 2.75 2.93 2.27 2.39 1.98 1.97 1.87 2.63 3.69 4.07 0.050 0.042 1.26 0.197 0.210 0.008

ThreeSisters OR 4.47 3.95 3.61 3.72 3.11 3.11 3.00 2.91 3.03 3.79 4.60 4.57 0.054 0.045 1.35 0.212 0.226 0.009

AlpineLakes WA 4.25 3.79 3.47 3.90 2.93 3.22 2.92 3.12 3.25 3.91 4.47 4.51 0.054 0.045 1.35 0.212 0.225 0.009

GlacierPeak WA 4.16 3.72 3.42 3.75 2.91 3.16 2.88 3.14 3.33 3.90 4.42 4.43 0.054 0.045 1.34 0.210 0.223 0.009

GoatRocks WA 4.25 3.75 3.36 4.24 2.83 3.38 3.03 3.19 3.07 3.77 4.42 4.55 0.054 0.045 1.34 0.210 0.224 0.009

Mount Adams WA 4.29 3.80 3.44 4.40 2.92 3.49 3.12 3.27 3.13 3.86 4.49 4.56 0.053 0.044 1.33 0.209 0.222 0.009

MountRainier WA 4.42 3.96 3.64 4.65 3.06 3.69 3.30 3.50 3.40 4.11 4.66 4.66 0.055 0.045 1.36 0.214 0.227 0.009

NorthCascades NP WA 4.10 3.69 3.43 3.74 2.93 3.20 2.93 3.23 3.45 3.93 4.39 4.38 0.053 0.044 1.33 0.209 0.222 0.009

OlympicNP WA 4.51 4.08 3.82 4.08 3.17 3.46 3.12 3.48 3.71 4.38 4.83 4.75 0.054 0.045 1.36 0.213 0.226 0.009

PasaytenWilderness WA 4.17 3.72 3.41 3.72 2.89 3.16 2.88 3.15 3.32 3.86 4.42 4.46 0.053 0.044 1.33 0.208 0.222 0.009

BridgerWilderness WY 2.52 2.35 2.34 2.19 2.10 1.80 1.50 1.49 1.74 2.00 2.44 2.42 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.178 0.190 0.008

FitzpatrickWilderness WY 2.51 2.33 2.24 2.13 2.09 1.80 1.51 1.46 1.73 1.98 2.39 2.44 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.179 0.190 0.008

Grand Teton NP WY 2.62 2.39 2.24 2.10 2.06 1.79 1.52 1.47 1.72 2.00 2.43 2.55 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.178 0.190 0.008

NorthAbsaroka WY 2.43 2.27 2.24 2.17 2.14 1.93 1.69 1.56 1.76 2.04 2.35 2.40 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.178 0.190 0.008

TetonWilderness WY 2.53 2.35 2.24 2.12 2.10 1.85 1.59 1.51 1.74 2.02 2.40 2.48 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.178 0.190 0.008

WashakieWilderness WY 2.50 2.34 2.23 2.12 2.11 1.84 1.56 1.49 1.75 2.00 2.38 2.46 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.179 0.190 0.008

YellowstoneNP WY 2.54 2.36 2.27 2.16 2.15 1.94 1.69 1.59 1.79 2.08 2.45 2.51 0.046 0.038 1.15 0.180 0.192 0.008

JarbridgeWilderness NV 2.95 2.60 2.08 2.12 2.21 2.17 1.58 1.40 1.35 1.63 2.44 2.80 0.046 0.038 1.14 0.179 0.190 0.008
FINAL 7/21/06

19

Appendix C

CALMET Parameter Values
FINAL 7/21/06

20

Appendix C

CALMET Parameter Values

Recommended CALMET parameters chosen by the Region 10 states for use in BART modeling

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

0 DIADAT

Input file: preprocessed surface temperature data 

(DIAG.DAT) User Defined

0 GEODAT Input file: Geophysical data (GEO.DAT) User Defined User Define

0 LCFILES Convert file name to lower case User Defined

0 METDAT Output file (CALMET.DAT) User Defined

0 METLST Output file (CALMET.LST) User Defined

0 MM4DAT Input file: MM4 data (MM4.DAT) User Defined

0 NOWSTA Input files: Names of NOWSTA overwater stations User Defined 0

0 NUSTA Number of upper air data sites User Defined 0

0 PACDAT Output file: in Mesopuff II format (PACOUT.DAT) User Defined

0 PRCDAT Input file: Precipitation data (PRECIP.DAT) User Defined

0 PRGDAT Input file: CSUMM prognostic wind data (PROG.DAT) User Defined

0 SEADAT

Input files: Names of NOWSTA overwater stations 

(SEAn.DAT) User Defined

0 SRFDAT Input file: Surface data (SURF.DAT) User Defined

0 TSTFRD Output file (TEST.FRD) User Defined

0 TSTKIN Output file (TEST.KIN) User Defined

0 TSTOUT Output file (TEST.OUT) User Defined

0 TSTPRT Output file (TEST.PRT) User Defined

0 TSTSLP Output file (TEST.SLP) User Defined

0 UPDAT Input files: Names of NUSTA upper air data files (UPn.DAT) UPn.DAT

0 WTDAT Input file: Terrain weighting factors (WT.DAT) User Defined

1 CLDDAT Input file: Cloud data (CLOUD.DAT) User Defined Not used

1 IBDY Beginning day User Defined

1 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined

1 IBMO Beginning month User Defined

1 IBTZ Base time zone User Defined 8

1 IBYR Beginning year User Defined

1 IRLG Number of hours to simulate User Defined User Define

1 IRTYPE Output file type to create (must be 1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

1 ITEST Flag to stop run after Setup Phase 2 2

1 LCALGRD Are w-components and temperature needed? T T

2 DATUM WGS-G, NWS-27, NWS-84, ESR-S,... NWS84

2 DGRIDKM Grid spacing User Defined 4

2 IUTMZN UTM Zone User Defined User Define

2 LLCONF

When using Lambert Conformal map coordinates - rotate 

winds from true north to map north? F F

2 NX Number of east-west grid cells User Defined 373

2 NY Number of north-south grid cells User Defined 316

2 NZ Number of vertical layers User Defined 10

2 RLAT0 Latitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 49.0N

2 RLON0 Longitude used if LLCONF = T User Defined 121.0W

2 XLAT0 Southwest grid cell latitude User Defined User Define

2 XLAT1 Latitude of 1st standard parallel User Defined 30

2 XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel User Defined 60

2 XORIGKM Southwest grid cell X coordinate User Defined -572

2 YLON0 Southwest grid cell longitude User Defined -956

2 YORIGKM Southwest grid cell Y coordinate User Defined User Define

2 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights (NZ+1 values) User Defined

0,20,40,65,120,200,400,

700,1200,2200,4000

3 IFORMO Format of unformatted file (1 for CALPUFF) 1 1

3 LSAVE Save met. data fields in an unformatted file? T T

4 ICLOUD Is cloud data to be input as gridded fields? (0 = No) 0 0

4 IFORMC Format of cloud data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 IFORMP Format of precipitation data (2 = formatted) 2 2

4 IFORMS Format of surface data (2 = formatted) 2 2
FINAL 7/21/06

21

Recommended CALMET parameters chosen by the Region 10 states for use in BART modeling

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

4 NOOBS Use or non-use of surface, overwater, upper observations 1

4 NPSTA Number of stations in PRECIP.DAT User Defined -1

4 NSSTA Number of stations in SURF.DAT file User Defined 115

5 ALPHA Empirical factor triggering kinematic effects 0.1 0.1

5 BIAS Surface/upper-air weighting factors (NZ values) NZ*0 NZ*0

5 CRITFN Critical Froude number 1 1

5 DIVLIM Maximum acceptable divergence 5.00E-06 5.00E-06

5 FEXTR2

Multiplicative scaling factor for extrap surface obs to uppr 

layrs NZ*0.0 

5 ICALM Extrapolate surface calms to upper layers? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IDIOPT1 Compute temperatures from observations (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT2 Compute domain-average lapse rates? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT3 Compute internally inital guess winds? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT4 Read surface winds from SURF.DAT? ( 0 = True) 0 0

5 IDIOPT5 Read aloft winds from UPn.DAT? (0 = True) 0 0

5 IEXTRP

Extrapolate surface winds to upper layers? (-4 = use similarity

theory and ignore layer 1 of upper air station data) -4 -1

5 IFRADJ Adjust winds using Froude number effects? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 IKINE Adjust winds using kinematic effects? (1 = Yes) 0 0

5 IOBR Use O’Brien procedure for vertical winds? (0 = No) 0 0

5 IPROG Using prognostic or MM-FDDA data? (0 = No) 0 14

5 ISLOPE Compute slope flows? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 ISTEPPG Timestep (hours) of the prognostic model input data 1 1

5 ISURFT

Surface station to use for surface temperature (between 1 

and NSSTA) User Defined 98

5 IUPT Station for lapse rates (between 1 and NUSTA) User Defined 1

5 IUPWND

Upper air station for domain winds (-1 = 1/r**2 interpolation of 

all stations) -1 -1

5 IWFCOD Generate winds by diagnostic wind module? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 KBAR Level (1 to NZ) up to which barriers apply NZ 10

5 LLBREZE Use Lake Breeze module F F

5 LVARY Use varying radius to develop surface winds? F F

5 METBXID Station IDs in the region User Defined

5 NBAR Number of Barriers to interpolation User Defined 0

5 NBOX Number of Lake Breeze regions User Defined 0

5 NINTR2 Max number of stations for interpolations (NA values) 99 99

5 NITER Max number of passes in divergence minimization 50 50

5 NLB Number of stations in region User Defined 0

5 NSMTH Number of passes in smoothing (NZ values) 2, 4*(NZ-1) 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,4,4

5 R1 Relative weight at surface of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 1.00E-06

5 R2 Relative weight aloft of Step 1 field and obs User Defined 1.00E-06

5 RMAX1 Max surface over-land extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 200

5 RMAX2 Max aloft over-land extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 200

5 RMAX3 Maximum over-water extrapolation radius (km) User Defined 200

5 RMIN Minimum extrapolation radius (km) 0.1 0.1

5 RMIN2

Distance (km) around an upper air site where vertical 

extrapolation is excluded (Set to -1 if IEXTRP = ±4) 4 -1

5 RPROG Weighting factor for CSUMM prognostic wind data User Defined 0

5 TERRAD Radius of influence of terrain features (km) User Defined 12

5 XBBAR X coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XBCST X Point defining the coastline (staight line) User Defined 0

5 XEBAR X coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 XECST X Point User Defined 0

5 XG1 X Grid line 1 defining region of interest User Defined 0

5 XG2 X Grid line 2 User Defined 0

5 YBBAR Y coordinate of Beginning of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YBCST Y Point User Defined 0

5 YEBAR Y coordinate of Ending of each barrier User Defined 0

5 YECST Y Point User Defined 0
FINAL 7/21/06

22

Recommended CALMET parameters chosen by the Region 10 states for use in BART modeling

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value Recommended Value

5 YG1 Y Grid line 1 User Defined 0

5 YG2 Y Grid Line 2 User Defined 0

5 ZUPT Depth of domain-average lapse rate (m) 200 200

5 ZUPWND Bottom and top of layer for 1st guess winds (m) 1, 1000 1.,1000.

6 CONSTB Neutral mixing height B constant 1.41 1.41

6 CONSTE Convective mixing height E constant 0.15 0.15

6 CONSTN Stable mixing height N constant 2400 2400

6 CONSTW Over-water mixing height W constant 0.16 0.16

6 CUTP Minimum cut off precip rate (mm/hr) 0.01 0.01

6 DPTMIN Minimum capping potential temperature lapse rate 0.001 0.001

6 DSHELF Coastal/shallow water length scale 0 0

6 DZZI Depth for computing capping lapse rate (m) 200 200

6 FCORIOL Absolute value of Coriolis parameter 1.00E-04 1.00E-04

6 HAFANG Half-angle for looking upwind (degrees) 30 30

6 IAVET Conduct spatial averaging of temperature? (1 = True) 1 1

6 IAVEZI Spatial averaging of mixing heights? (1 = True) 1 1

6 ICOARE Overwater surface fluxes method and parameters 10 10

6 ICOOL COARE cool skin layer computation 0 0

6 ILEVZI Layer to use in upwind averaging (between 1 and NZ) 1 1

6 ILUOC3D Land use category ocean in 3D.DAT datasets 16 16

6 IMIXH Method to compute the convective mixing height 1 1

6 IRAD Form of temperature interpolation (1 = 1/r) 1 1

6 IRHPROG

3D relative humidity from observations or from prognostic 

data 0 1

6 ITPROG 3D temps from obs or from prognostic data? 0 2

6 ITWPROG

Option for overwater lapse rates used in convective mixing 

height growth 0 2

6 IWARM COARE warm layer computation 0 0

6 JWAT1 Beginning landuse type defining water 999 55

6 JWAT2 Ending landuse type defining water 999 55

6 MNMDAV Max averaging radius (number of grid cells) 1 1

6 NFLAGP Method for precipitation interpolation (2 = 1/r**2) 2 2

6 NUMTS Max number of stations in temperature interpolations 5 10

6 SIGMAP Precip radius for interpolations (km) 100 12

6 TGDEFA Default over-water capping lapse rate (K/m) -0.0045 -0.0045

6 TGDEFB Default over-water mixed layer lapse rate (K/m) -0.0098 -0.0098

6 THRESHL

Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing 

height growth overland 0.05 0.05

6 THRESHW

Threshold buoyancy flux required to sustain convective mixing 

height growth overwater 0.05 0.05

6 TRADKM Radius of temperature interpolation (km) 500 500

6 ZIMAX Maximum over-land mixing height (m) 3000 3000

6 ZIMAXW Maximum over-water mixing heigh (m) 3000 3000

6 ZIMIN Minimum over-land mixing height (m) 50 50

6 ZIMINW Minimum over-water mixing height (m) 50 50
FINAL 7/21/06

23

Appendix D

CALPUFF Parameter Values
FINAL 7/21/06

24

Appendix D

CALPUFF Parameter Values

Recommended CALPUFF Parameters chosen by EPA Region 10 states for use in BART modeling.

Input 

Group

Group 

Description Sequence Variable Description Default Valuea

Recommended 

Value

1 Run Control 1 METRUN Do we run all periods (1) or a subset (0)? 0

1 2 IBYR Beginning year User Defined

1 3 IBMO Beginning month User Defined

1 4 IBDY Beginning day User Defined

1 5 IBHR Beginning hour User Defined

1 5 IRLG Length of run (hours) User Defined

1 5 NSECDT Length of modeling time step (seconds) 3600 3600

1 6 NSPEC

Number of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II 

chemistry) 5

1 7 NSE Number of species emitted 3

1 8 ITEST Flag to stop run after Setup Phase 2

1 9 MRESTART 

Restart options (0 = no restart) allows splitting 

runs into smaller segments 0

1 10 NRESPD Number of periods in Restart 0

1 11 METFM 

Format of input meteorology (1 = CALMET, 2 = 

ISC) 1

1 12 AVET

Averaging time lateral dispersion parameters 

(minutes) 60 60

1 13 PGTIME PG Averaging time 60 60

2 Tech Options 1 MGAUSS Near-field vertical distribution (1 = Gaussian) 1 1

2 2 MCTADJ 

Terrain adjustments to plume path (3 = Plume 

path) 3 3

2 3 MCTSG 

Do we have subgrid hills? (0 = No) allows 

CTDM-like treatment for subgrid scale hills 0 0

2 4 MSLUG Near-field puff treatment (0 = No slugs) 0 0

2 5 MTRANS Model transitional plume rise? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 6 MTIP Treat stack tip downwash? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 7 MBDW

Method to simulate downwash 

(1=ISC,2=PRIME) not used

2 8 MSHEAR Treat vertical wind shear? (0 = No) 0 0

2 9 MSPLIT Allow puffs to split? (0 = No) 0 0

2 10 MCHEM MESOPUFF-II Chemistry? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 11 MAQCHEM Aqueous phase transformation 0 0

2 12 MWET Model wet deposition? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 13 MDRY Model dry deposition? (1 = Yes) 1 1

2 13 MTILT Plume Tilt (gravitational settling) 0 0

2 14 MDISP

Method for dispersion coefficients 

(2=micromet,3 = PG) 3 3

2 15 MTURBVW

Turbulence characterization? (Only if MDISP = 

1 or 5) 3 3

2 16 MDISP2 Backup coefficients (Only if MDISP = 1 or 5) 3 3

2 16 MTAULY Method for Sigma y Lagrangian timescale 0 0

2 16 MTAUADV

Method for Advective-Decay timescale for 

Turbulence 0 0

2 16 MCTURB

Method to compute sigma v,w using micromet 

variables 1 1

2 17 MROUGH Adjust PG for surface roughness? (0 = No) 0 0

2 18 MPARTL Model partial plume penetration? (0 = No) 1 1

2 19 MTINV

Elevated inversion strength (0 = compute from 

data) 0 0

2 20 MPDF Use PDF for convective dispersion? (0 = No) 0 0

2 21 MSGTIBL

Use TIBL module? (0 = No) allows treatment of 

subgrid scale coastal areas 0 0

2 22 MBCON Boundary conditions modeled 0 0

2 23 MFOG Configure for FOG model output 0 0

2 24 MREG Regulatory default checks? (1 = Yes) 1 1
FINAL 7/21/06

25

Recommended CALPUFF Parameters chosen by EPA Region 10 states for use in BART modeling.

Input 

Group

Group 

Description Sequence Variable Description Default Valuea

Recommended 

Value

3 Species List 1 CSPECn

Names of species modeled (for MESOPUFF II 

must be SO2-SO4-NOX-HNO3-NO3) User Defined

3 2

Specie 

Names Manner species will be modeled User Defined

3 3

Specie 

Groups Grouping of species if any User Defined

3 4 CGRUP

3 5 CGRUP

4 MapProjection XLAT1 Latitude of 1st standard parallel

4 XLAT2 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel

4 DATUM NWS84

4 1 NX Number of east-west grids of input meteorology User Defined

4 2 NY 

Number of north-south grids of input 

meteorology User Defined

4 3 NZ Number of vertical layers of input meteorology User Defined

4 4 DGRIDKM Meteorology grid spacing (km) User Defined

4 5 ZFACE Vertical cell face heights of input meteorology User Defined

4 6 XORIGKM Southwest corner (east-west) of input User 

Defined 

meteorology

4 7 YORIGIM Southwest corner (north-south) of input User 

Defined 

meteorology

4 8 IUTMZN UTM zone User Defined

4 9 XLAT Latitude of center of meteorology domain User Defined

4 10 XLONG Longitude of center of meteorology domain User Defined

4 11 XTZ Base time zone of input meteorology User Defined

4 12 IBCOMP Southwest X-index of computational domain User Defined

4 13 JBCOMP Southwest Y-index of computational domain User Defined

4 14 IECOMP Northeast X-index of computational domain User Defined

4 15 JECOMP Northeast Y-index of computational domain User Defined

4 16 LSAMP Use gridded receptors? (T = Yes) F

4 17 IBSAMP Southwest X-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 18 JBSAMP Southwest Y-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 19 IESAMP Northeast X-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 20 JESAMP Northeast Y-index of receptor grid User Defined

4 21 MESHDN

Gridded recpetor spacing = 

DGRIDKM/MESHDN 1

5 Output Options 1 ICON Output concentrations? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 2 IDRY Output dry deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 3 IWET Output west deposition flux? (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 4 IT2D 2D Temperature 0 0

5 5 IRHO 2D Density 0 0

5 6 IVIS Output RH for visibility calculations (1 = Yes) 1 1

5 7 LCOMPRS Use compression option in output? (T = Yes) T T

5 8 ICPRT Print concentrations? (0 = No) 0 0

5 9 IDPRT Print dry deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 10 IWPRT Print wet deposition fluxes (0 = No) 0 0

5 11 ICFRQ Concentration print interval (1 = hourly) 1 24

5 12 IDFRQ Dry deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 24

5 13 IWFRQ West deposition flux print interval (1 = hourly) 1 24

5 14 IPRTU

Print output units (1 = g/m**3; g/m**2/s; 3 = 

ug/m3, ug/m2/s) 1 3

5 15 IMESG Status messages to screen? (1 = Yes) 1 2

5 16 LDEBUG Turn on debug tracking? (F = No) F F

5 16 IPFDEB First puff to track 1 1

5 17 NPFDEB (Number of puffs to track) (1) 1

5 18 NN1 (Met. Period to start output) (1) 1
FINAL 7/21/06

26

Recommended CALPUFF Parameters chosen by EPA Region 10 states for use in BART modeling.

Input 

Group

Group 

Description Sequence Variable Description Default Valuea

Recommended 

Value

5 19 NN2 (Met. Period to end output) (10) 10

7 Dry Dep Chem Dry Gas Dep

Chemical parameters of gaseous deposition 

species User Defined defaults

8 Dry Dep Size Dry Part. Dep

Chemical parameters of particulate deposition 

species User Defined defaults

9 Dry Dep Misc 1 RCUTR Reference cuticle resistance (s/cm) 30 30

9 2 RGR Reference ground resistance (s/cm) 10 10

9 3 REACTR Reference reactivity 8 8

9 4 NINT Number of particle-size intervals 9 9

9 5 IVEG

Vegetative state (1 = active and unstressed; 

2=active and stressed) 1 1

10 Wet Dep Wet Dep Wet deposition parameters User Defined defaults

11 Chemistry 1 MOZ

Ozone background? (0 = constant background 

value; 1 = read from ozone.dat) 0 0

11 2 BCKO3 Ozone default (ppb) (Use only for missing data) 80 60

11 3 BCKNH3 Ammonia background (ppb) 10 17

11 4 RNITE1 Nighttime SO2 loss rate (%/hr) 0.2 0.2

11 5 RNITE2 Nighttime NOx loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 6 RNITE3 Nighttime HNO3 loss rate (%/hr) 2 2

11 7 MH2O2 H2O2 data input option 1 1

11 8 BCKH2O2 Monthly H2O2 concentrations 1 12*1

BKPMF Fine particulate concentration 12 * 1.00 not used

OFRAC Organic fraction of Fine Particulate

2*0.15, 9*0.20, 

1*0.15 not used

VCNX VOC / NOX ratio 12 * 50.00 not used

12 Dispersion 1 SYTDEP

Horizontal size (m) to switch to time 

dependence 550 550

12 2 MHFTSZ Use Heffter for vertical dispersion? (0 = No) 0 0

12 3 JSUP PG Stability class above mixed layer 5 5

12 4 CONK1 Stable dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-3) 0.01 0.01

12 5 CONK2 Neutral dispersion constant (Eq 2.7-4) 0.1 0.1

12 6 TBD Transition for downwash algorithms (0.5 = ISC) 0.5 0.5

12 7 IURB1 Beginning urban landuse type 10 10

12 8 IURB2 Ending urban landuse type 19 19

12 9 ILANDUIN

Land use type (20 = Unirrigated agricultural 

land) 20 20

12 10 ZOIN Roughness length (m) 0.25 0.25

12 11 XLAIIN Leaf area index 3.0 3.0

12 12 ELEVIN Met. Station elevation (m above MSL) 0.0 0.0

12 13 XLATIN Met. Station North latitude (degrees) -999.0 -999.0

12 14 XLONIN Met. Station West longitude (degrees) -999.0 -999.0

12 15 ANEMHT

Anemometer height of ISC meteorological data 

(m) 10.0 10.0

12 16 ISIGMAV

Lateral turbulence (Not used with ISC 

meteorology) 1 1

12 17 IMIXCTDM Mixing heights (Not used with ISC meteorology) 0 0

12 18 XMXLEN Maximum slug length in units of DGRIDKM 1.0 1

12 19 XSAMLEN

Maximum puff travel distance per sampling step 

(units of DGRIDKM) 1.0 1

12 20 MXNEW Maximum number of puffs per hour 99 99

12 21 MXSAM Maximum sampling steps per hour 99 99

12 22 NCOUNT

Iterations when computing Transport Wind 

(Calmet & Profile Winds) 2 2

12 23 SYMIN Minimum lateral dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0 1

12 24 SZMIN Minimum vertical dispersion of new puff (m) 1.0 1

12 25 SVMIN Array of minimum lateral turbulence (m/s) 6 * 0.50 6 * 0.50

12 26 SWMIN Array of minimum vertical turbulence (m/s) 

0.20,0.12,0.08,

0.06,0.03,0.016
FINAL 7/21/06

27

Recommended CALPUFF Parameters chosen by EPA Region 10 states for use in BART modeling.

Input 

Group

Group 

Description Sequence Variable Description Default Valuea

Recommended 

Value

12 27 CDIV (1), (2) Divergence criterion for dw/dz (1/s) 0.01 (0.0,0.0) 0.0,0.0

12 28 WSCALM Minimum non-calm wind speed (m/s) 0.5 0.5

12 29 XMAXZI Maximum mixing height (m) 3000 3000

12 30 XMINZI Minimum mixing height (m) 50 50

12 31 WSCAT Upper bounds 1st 5 wind speed classes (m/s) 

1.54,3.09,5.14,

8. 23,10.8

1.54,3.09,5.14,8. 

23,10.8

12 32 PLX0 Wind speed power-law exponents 

0.07,0.07,0.10,

0.15,0.35,0.55

0.07,0.07,0.10,0.

15,0.35,0.55

12 33 PTGO

Potential temperature gradients PG E and F 

(deg/km) 0.020,0.035 0.020,0.035 

12 34 PPC Plume path coefficients (only if MCTADJ = 3) 

0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,

0.35,0.35

0.5,0.5,0.5,0.5,0.

35,0.35

12 35 SL2PF Maximum Sy/puff length 10.0 10.0

12 36 NSPLIT Number of puffs when puffs split 3 3

12 37 IRESPLIT Hours when puff are eligible to split User Defined

12 38 ZISPLIT Previous hour’s mixing height(minimum)(m) 100.0 100.0

12 39 ROLDMAX

Previous Max mix ht/current mix ht ratio must be

less then this value for puff to split 0.25 0.25

12 40 NSPLITH Number of puffs when puffs split horizontally 5 5

12 41 SYSPLITH

Min sigma-y (grid cell units) of puff before horiz 

split 1.0 1.0

12 12 42 SHSPLITH

Min puff elongation rate per hr from wind shear 

before horiz split 2.0 2.0

12 43 CNSPLITH Min conc g/m3 before puff may split horizontally 1.0E-07 1.0E-07

12 44 EPSSLUG

Convergence criterion for slug sampling 

integration 1.00E-04 1.00E-04

12 45 EPSAREA

Convergence criterion for area source 

integration 1.00E-06 1.00E-06

12 46 DSRISE Step length for rise integration 1.0 1.0

12 47 HTMINBC 500.0 500.0

12 48 RSAMPBC 10.0 10.0

12 49 MDEPBC 1 1

13 Point Source 1 NPT1 Number of point sources User Defined

13 2 IPTU Units of emission rates (1 = g/s) 1

13 3 NSPT1 Number of point source-species combinations 0

13 4 NPT2

Number of point sources with fully variable 

emission rates 0

13

Point 

Sources Point sources characteristics User Defined

14 Area Source Area Sources Area sources characteristics User Defined

15 Volume Source Volume Volume sources characteristics 

User Defined 

Sources

16 Line Source Line Sources Buoyant lines source characteristics User Defined

17 Receptors NREC Number of user defined receptors User Defined

17

Receptor 

Data Location and elevation (MSL) of receptors User Defined
FINAL 7/21/06

28

Appendix E

CALPOST Parameter Values
FINAL 7/21/06

29

Appendix E

CALPOST Parameter Values

Table F-1. Recommended CALPOST parameter values chosen by the Region 10 states for use in BART modeling

Input 

Group Variable Description Default Value

Recommended 

Value

1 ASPEC Species to process VISIB VISIB

1 ILAYER

Layer/deposition code (1 = CALPUFF concentrations; -3 = wet+dry 

deposition fluxes) 1 1

1 LBACK Add Hourly Background Concentrations/Fluxes? F F

1 MFRH Particle growth curve for hygroscopic species 2 2

2 RHMAX Maximum relative humidity (%) used in particle growth curve 98 95

2 LDRING

Report results by Discrete receptor Ring, if Discrete Receptors used. 

(T = true) T

Modeled species to be included in computing the light extinction

2 LVSO4 Include SO4? T T

2 LVNO3 Include NO3? T T

2 LVOC Include Organic Carbon? T T

2 LVPMC Include Coarse Particles? T T

2 LVPMF Include Fine Particles? T T

2 LVEC Include Elemental Carbon? T T

2 LVBK

when ranking for TOP-N, TOP-50, and Exceedance tables Include 

BACKGROUND? T T

2 SPECPMC Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: COARSE = PMC PMC

2 SPECPMF Species name used for particulates in MODEL.DAT file: FINE = PMF PMF

Extinction Efficiencies (1/Mm per ug/m**3)

2 EEPMC PM COARSE = 0.6 0.6

2 EEPMF PM FINE = 1.0 1.0

2 EEPMCBK Background PM COARSE 0.6 0.6

2 EESO4 SO4 = 3.0 3.0

2 EENO3 NO3 = 3.0 3.0

2 EEOC Organic Carbon = 4.0 4.0

2 EESOIL Soil = 1.0 1.0

2 EEEC Elemental Carbon = 10.0 10.0

2 LAVER Method used for 24-hr avg % change light extinction F F

2 MVISBK

Method used for background light extinction (2 = Hourly RH 

adjustment; 6 = FLAG seasonal f(RH)) 2 or 6 6

2 RHFAC

Monthly RH adjustment factors from FLAG (unique for each Class I 

area) Yes if 6 EPA

Background monthly extinction coefficients (FLAG) unique for each 

Class I area

2 BKSO4

Assume all hygroscopic species as SO4 (raw extinction value without 

scattering efficiency adjustment) see table

2 BKNO3 see table

2 BKPMC see table

2 BKOC see table

2 BKSOIL Assume all non-hygroscopic species as Soil see table

2 BKEC see table

2 BEXTRAY Extinction due to Rayleigh scattering 10.0 10.0

Averaging time(s) reported

3 L1PD Averaging period of model output F F

3 L1HR 1-hr averages F F

3 L3HR 3-hr averages F F

3 L24HR 24-hr averages T T

3 LRUNL Run lengtyh (annual) F F

3 LT50 Top 50 table for each averaging time selected T F

3 LTOPN 1

3 NTOP 1

3 ITOP