NATL INST OF STAND & TECH

National Bureau of Standards

Library, N.W. Bldg

N 2 1964

A11107 E07fi57

M

NBS

^ecUnical v^ete ^o. 206-1

THE NORMAL PHASE VARIATIONS OF THE

18 KC/S SIGNALS FROM NBA OBSERVED

AT FRANKFURT, GERMANY

A. H. BRADY, A. C. MURPHY, AND D. D. CROMBIE

tc\s 100

Cop. 6

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^©te 206-1

Issued December 8, 1963

THE NORMAL PHASE VARIATIONS OF THE

18 KC/S SIGNALS FROM NBA OBSERVED

AT FRANKFORT, GERMANY

A. H. Brady, A. C. Murphy, and D. D. Crombie

Central Radio Propagation Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402

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CONTENTS

Page

1 . Introduction 1

2 . Analysis of Data 2

3 . The Diurnal Variation of Phase 3

3.1. Seasonal Variation in Diurnal Phase Change 3

3.2. Variation of Phase with Amount of Illuminated Path 4

3.3. Sunrise ..., 4

3.4. Sunset 5

4 . Pha s e Stability 5

5 . Acknowledgment 7

6. References 8

in
Observations of the normal phase variations of

the 18 kc/s signals radiated from the Canal Zone and

received in Frankfurt, Germany are given in the form

of monthly averages and standard deviations at 5 minute intervals. The relation between mean diurnal

phase variations and the diurnal variation in path illumination is shown. The mean diurnal height change

is 21 km which is reduced to 20 km during summer and

winter and increased to 22 km during the equinoxes.

Short term normal phase differences are also briefly

discussed.

IV
The Normal Phase Variations

of the

18 Kc/s Signals from NBA

Observed at Frankfurt, Germany

1. Introduction

There is considerable current interest in the phase stability of

VLF signals received over long paths. This interest stems from

the use of such signals for the dissemination of standards of frequency, for use in long range navigation aids, and in possible systems for the detection of high altitude nuclear explosions. In the

latter case, nuclear explosions produce abnormal phase changes because of changes in the electron density distribution of the lower

ionosphere. In order to decide which phase changes are abnormal,

it is necessary to know what normal changes are to be expected.

Thus, in this note the normal behavior of the phase of the signals

received at Frankfurt, Germany at Jp Kc/s from the VLF transmitter NBA in the Canal Zone will b ; briefly summarized with

little, or no attempt at interpretation. This note will be followed

by others which discuss the normal oehaviour on other paths. It is

expected that these will then be followed by papers in which specific

aspects of the results from all paths will be considered.

As used in this and subsequent reports, the normal behavior will

refer to the average of all useable observations, usually grouped in

intervals of a month. Occasions when known solar flares have

occurred are excluded. Some results of a separate study of solar

flares have been given by Chilton et al (1963).

The data reduced in this way are then used to compute the monthly

mean of the phase at 5 minute intervals. The standard deviation of

the phase at each time is also computed and recorded. Individual

observations which depart from the mean for the particular time by

more than one standard deviation were then rejected and the mean

of the remaining observations at that time was re -calculated.

Tables 1-12 give the results of these calculations for the 12

months of 1962. The tables are arranged so that the values for each

half hour occupy one line, at intervals of five minutes. The line for

each hour is labelled with the Universal Time of the first entry. The

entries in the table are then, reading across the line from left to
right, the arithmetic mean of all values (AVER) at that time for the

month, the standard deviation of these values (SDV), and the number

of values (NO) which were used. The next two entries are QAV

which is the mean after the values departing by more than one standard deviation are removed and the number of values (NO) which

were used in obtaining this average. The corresponding figures for

each five minute period in the half hour then follow and are denoted by

the figures + 5 min + 25 min above each group of columns.

The thirty minute values then occur at the left of the next line in the

table.

Plots of the mean and standard deviation for each month from

August 1961 to December 1962 for the NBA-Frankfurt path are given

in figures. 1 - 3. The quiet means as defined above are shown by

dotted lines where they depart from the mean of all observations.

The quiet averages defined above were obtained in an attempt

to determine whether the larger deviations from the mean of all

values were symmetrically distributed. It will be seen, from

tables 1 - 12, that the values labelled "AVER" and "QAV" are

essentially equal and thus the larger deviations do appear to be

symmetrically distributed. The tables also show that in obtaining

QAV about 32% of the original values are rejected. This indicates

that the data tend to be normally distributed.

2. Analysis of Data

The phase of the signal relative to a local, stable, reference

oscillator is obtained in the form of strip chart records from a servotype phase measuring system [May and Diede, 1963] . In general,

the frequency of the reference oscillator at the receiver differs

slightly from the transmitted frequency. Furthermore, it is usually

found that this frequency difference is not constant but that over

periods of a few days, it is a linear function of time [ Crombie et al. , 1958] . This then leads to a parabolic variation of phase, with time,

which must be removed in order to find the dirunal phase variation.

The chart records are scaled at intervals of 10 minutes (more

frequently when the phase is changing rapidly) using semi-automatic

means which produce the resultant phase values on Hollerith punched

cards. These phase data are transferred to magnetic tape during

further processing which removes cyclic ambiguities due to oscillator

differences to produce a continuous digital record of the phase.
Another computer process is then used to remove the effects of frequency offset. This is usually done by making a least squares

fit of a parabola to the phase values for three consecutive days at

hours when the path is fully sunlit. The resulting parabola is then

subtracted from all phase values of the center day. This process

is repeated for each day, resulting in a continuous calculation of the

diurnal phase variation. In the case where a discontinuity is en- countered in the data, a straight line rather than a parabola is fitted

for two consecutive days. The parabolic variation remains in that

case, but in one day with stable oscillators its effects are minor,

and its contribution to an average over many days is negligible.

3. The Diurnal Variation of Phase

The monthly mean diurnal phase variations are shown in figures

1 to 3. The left hand scale for each month is the diurnal phase

scale. The scale on the right hand margin is the standard deviation

of phase scale. 'Also shown on the diurnal phase curves are the

times of sunrise and sunset at a height of 80 km. In calculating

these times, it has been assumed that the screening effect of the atmosphere increases the radius of the earth by 30 km.

The curves illustrate the typical trapezoidal shape [Pierce,

1957, Crombie et al. , 1958] of the diurnal phase variation. The

phase advances when sunrise occurs at the eastern end of the path

and continues to advance until the whole path is sunlit. The relative

phase then remains approximately constant until sunset occurs on

the eastern end of the path. The phase delay then increases until

the whole path becomes dark. The duration of the times when the

phase is constant varies seasonally with the times for which the

path is fully dark and fully illuminated.

3.1 Seasonal Variation in Diurnal Phase Change

The mean diurnal phase change for each month is plotted in

figure 4 and suggests that there is a semi-annual cyclic variation

in the magnitude of the diurnal phase variation. The standard deviation of the mean for the points shown in figure 4 varies between

4° and 16° with a mean of 9°. Thus, the differences between

months are undoubtedly significant. Fourier analysis yields the

annual and semi-annual components which are also shown in figure

4. It seems that the diurnal phase change is a maximum during the
equinoxes and least during summer and winter. On the other hand, the

annual variation is too small to be significant. The mean diurnal

variation in phase is 460°. This varies seasonally by ±25°. Using

the approximate calculation of Wait (1959) relating the diurnal phase

change to the diurnal change in the effective height of the ionosphere,

it is found that the equivalent diurnal height change is 21 km, which

is reduced to 20 km during summer and winter and increased to 22 km

during the equinoxes.

3. 2 Variation of Phase with Amount of Illuminated Path

It was noted earlier that, overall, the phase variations tend to

be proportional to the amount of daylight on the path. In this section,

the dependence of the sunset and sunrise variations on the length

of illuminated path will be discussed in more detail. To facilitate

this, figures 5, 6, and 7 have been prepared. In these, the mean

phase variations at sunrise and sunset for the months of September

and December 1961 and for March, June, Sept, Dec, 1962, are superimposed on curves which give the percentage of the path in darkness

at ground level and at a height of 80 km. The atmospheric screening

height is again taken to be 30 km. Thus, the two curves represent

solar zenith angles of 0° and 97°. The phase and illumination curves

have been fitted by changing the diurnal phase variation scale so that

it fits the illumination scale. Thus 100% on the illumination scale

also represents 100% of the diurnal variation.

3. 3 Sunrise

During March, the sunrise phase change commences at about

the time of sunrise at 80 km. After 40% of the path has become

illuminated, the phase change begins to follow the ground sunrise

line and continues to do so until the path becomes completely sunlit.

Similar behavior is shown during June. During September for 1961

(shown in fig. 6) and for 1962 (shown in fig. 7) , on the other hand,

the phase curve follows the 80 km sunrise curve very closely. This

is also true in December for both years except for the first two hours

when the phase tends to lead even the 80 km illumination.

The most striking features of the sunrise variation, however, are

the periodic phase oscillations which occur. These are particularly

pronounced in June. These oscillations have been discussed elsewhere [Crombie, 1963] in some detail. They are believed to be due to

interference between two modes excited by the transmitter in the

nighttime portion of the path.
3. 4 Sunset

During March, the phase lag begins to increase immediately

when the sun sets at ground level at the eastern end of the path.

The phase initially follows the ground sunset curve and then lags

behind both it and the 80 km sunset line. The phase does not reach

its limiting value until about 3 hours after the path becomes fully

dark. In June, the same behavior occurs. In September and

December, the lag of the phase change behind the illumination

curves is much smaller, until about 90% of the path becomes dark.

There is then a sharp break in the phase curve and it lags much

more behind the illumination, and finally reaches the nighttime

level about 2 hours after the path becomes completely dark.

The initial lag of the phase variation behind the illumination

variation is probably due to slow disappearance of the electrons after

the ionosphere at the height in question becomes dark. The later

portion of the phase variation suggests, however, that if this is the

cause, the recombination coefficient changes markedly, either

at the greater heights or at the transmitter end of the path, which

is at the lower latitude in this case. It is interesting to note from

figures 1, 2, 3, also, that during the winter when the path is dark

for the longest time that the phase variation eventually becomes

constant, indicating that the nighttime height of reflection becomes

constant. Thus, the nighttime reflection height varies in a manner

which suggests that the nighttime ionization is not simply due to the

decay of the daytime ionization. During June, when the duration of

darkness on the path is a minimum, it seems that the true nighttime

height is barely reached. This may possibly be the cause of the

semi-annual variation shown in figure 4.

In any case, it is clear that the diurnal height (h) does not

follow a law of the type

h = h + H log sec v_ ,

where h and H are constants, which has been found to hold at

vertical incidence [Straker, 1955] .

4. Phase Stability

One way of evaluating the significance of a particular phase

deviation is to compare it with phase records of adjacent days. The

significance of the particular variation can then be assessed in terms
of the ratio of its magnitude to the standard deviation of the mean

phase curve which would be expected at the time in question. Since

the day-to-day variations are approximately normally distributed,

then a disturbance as large as the standard deviation could be expected 68% of the time and could hardly be regarded as significant on this

basis alone. On the other hand, a departure from the mean amounting to three standard deviations could be expected 1% of the time and

would be very significant.

In view of this, figures 1, 2, and 3 contain the day-to-day standard deviations determined for each month. During daytime hours,

the standard deviations of phase range from about 5° during the

summer months to about 20° during the winter. The corresponding

standard deviations of height range from 0. 2 km to 0. 8 km. When

the path is dark, the standard deviation of phase varies from about

10 (0. 4 km) in the summer to 60° (2. 5 km) in the winter. It is

interesting to note that the increase of standard deviation from day

to night is, in most cases, approximately proportional to the increase in length of the dark portion of the path.

The day to day standard deviations of phase are rather large , and for some purposes it may be more useful to have some indication of the average change in phase which can be expected in a time (T ) during an individual day. One method of finding this

quantity is to find the root mean square difference of all values (when

the path is wholly sunlit or dark) separated by the time (T ). It can

be shown that the value of the RMS difference [ RMSD ] is given by

(T)J

RMSD/rT, x = /2 n (T) T

where j is the standard deviation of uncorrelated phase values separated by a time T. Again, for normally distributed data, a particular phase difference will be significant if it is sufficiently larger

than the corresponding standard deviation. Values of RMSD and

thus (j can be obtained from Tables 1-12 by calculating the quantity

RMSD, T , = An " (a. - a.' )

:

{ ± ) I — ; i i +T

i=o

where the a. are the mean phase values entered in the tables, T is

the time for" which the RMS difference is required, n is the average
number of values used to obtain the mean phase, and m is the number

of values of a, which are used. Some representative values of

RMSD for T between 10 and 90 minutes are shown in table 13

for the path under discussion. Several interesting features are

shown in the table. It is clear that the RMS phase difference in - creases as the time interval T increases from. 10 to 90 minutes,

and that a nearly constant value is reached near 90 minutes. Secondly (during the summer), the daytime RMS differences are smaller

than when the path is dark, by a factor of 3 to 4, but during the winter

there is little difference between them. It is interesting to note also

that the January nighttime differences are approximately equal to the

July daytime differences.

Although not shown in table 13, the reduction of the phase

differences with decreased T continues until T is equal to 5 minutes,

at least. Values for T less than 5 minutes have not been examined

closely because of the large amount of data involved. However,

a visual examination of the original records shows much larger,

very short duration phase perturbations which are presumably due

to atmospherics. The time resolution on the charts is not adequate

to permit accurate determination of the value of T at which the RMS

difference is a minimum.

5 . Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Advanced Research Projects

Agency under ARPA Order 183. The observations were made by

the Battelle Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.
6 . References

Chilton, C. J., F. K. Steele, and R. B. Norton, (Oct 1, 1963) VLF

phase observations of solar flare ionization in the D region of the

ionosphere, J. Geophysical Research, 68, 5421.

Crombie, D. D. , A. H. Allan, and M. Newman, (May 1958) Phase

variations of 16 kc/s transmission from Rugby as received in

New Zealand, Proc. IEE, 105 B, 301-4.

Crombie, D. D. , (Jan 1964) Periodic fading of VLF signals received

over long paths during sunrise and sunset, Radio Propagation

(NBS J. of Research), 68 D .

May, R. F. , and A. H. Diede, (1963) Equipment for recording the

phase and amplitude of VLF standard frequency transmissions,

(Private Communication).

Pierce, J. A. , (1957) Intercontinental frequency comparisons by

VLF radio transmission, Proc. IRE, _45, 794.

Straker, T. W., (Jan 1955) The ionospheric reflection of 16 kc/ s radio

waves over short distances, Monograph 114, Institution of

Electrical Engineers.

Wait, J. R. , (Nov 5, 1959) Diurnal change of ionospheric heights deduced from phase velocity measurements at VLF, Proc. IRE,

47, 1998.

8
i—i—

NBA (18 kC/S.BALBOA, PANAMA) TO FRANKFURT, GERMANY

AVERAGE PHASE FOR AUGUST- DECEMBER 1961

500 i i r AVERAGE

QUIET

NO DATA JANUARY- JULY

I I I I I I I I I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 TIME UT

J L J I L

2 4 6 10 12 14 16 TIME UT

J L

20 22 00

Figure I
NBA ( 18 kC/S, BALBOA, PANAMA) TO FRANKFURT, GERMANY

AVERAGE PHASE FOR JANUARY - MARCH AND OCTOBER-DECEMBER 1962

J I I L J I L J 1 I I I I l i I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00 TIME UT2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 00 TIME UT

Figure 2

10
NBA ( 18 kc/S, BALBOA, PANAMA) TO FRANKFURT, GERMANY

AVERAGE PHASE FOR APRIL- JUNE AND JULY - SEPTEMBER 1962

600

i i i J I L J I

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 TIME UT

2 4 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 TIME UT

Figure 3

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28
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C.and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Volume.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics.. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry.' Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Ele- mentary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical Services. Properties of Cryogenic

Fluids. CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research. Prediction Services. Sun- Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research.

Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere

Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics.

Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Frequency

Calibration Services.

Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics- NBS Group (Univ. of Colo.).