RTI International is a trade name of Research Triangle Institute 

3000 N. Atlantic Avenue • Cocoa Beach, Florida 32931-5029 

Contract No. DTFA01-01-D-03007 

RTI Report No. RTI/ 08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 

11/18/2004

Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations 

and Maintenance Guideline Inputs and 

Technical Evaluation Report: 

Training - Volume 4 

 

Final Report 

Prepared for 

Department of Transportation 

Federal Aviation Administration 

Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation 

AST-200 Licensing and Safety Division 

800 Independence Avenue, SW 

Washington, DC 20591

Center for Aerospace Technology
 

NOTICE 

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of 

Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States 

Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United 

States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or 

manufacturer’s names may appear herein solely when they are considered 

essential to the objective of the report. This document does not contain any 

proprietary information. Consult the FAA Associate Administrator for Commercial 

Space Transportation (FAA/AST) as to the appropriateness of use of any parts of 

this document on a specific project. 
 

Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Guideline Inputs and 

Technical Evaluation Report: 

Training - Volume 4 

 

Final Report 

Prepared by 

J. Timothy Middendorf 

Janice Mendonca 

Of 

Research Triangle Institute 

Center for Aerospace Technology-Florida Office 

Department of Transportation 

Federal Aviation Administration 

Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation 

AST-200 Licensing and Safety Division 

800 Independence Avenue, SW 

Washington, DC 20591
 

Revision History

Release Author Date Changes Incorporated 

Draft RTI 10/7/04 Draft Release to FAA 

Final RTI 11/18/04 Final Release to FAA/AST 

 
RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F i 11/18/2004 

Table of Contents 

Table of Contents ................................................................................................i

List of Figures.....................................................................................................ii

List of Tables.......................................................................................................ii

Executive Summary...........................................................................................iii

1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................1

1.1 Purpose..................................................................................................1

1.2 Background ............................................................................................1

1.3 Scope .....................................................................................................3

1.4 Relationship to RLV Licensing................................................................4

1.5 Subsystem and Functional Context........................................................5

2.0 Training Decomposition ..........................................................................9

3.0 General Training Guideline Recommendations ..................................10

4.0 Develop Training....................................................................................12

4.1 General Discussion ..............................................................................13

4.2 Guideline Input Considerations ............................................................15

4.3 Guideline Recommendations ...............................................................16

5.0 Perform Training ....................................................................................21

5.1 General Discussion ..............................................................................23

5.2 Guideline Input Considerations ............................................................25

5.3 Guideline Recommendations ...............................................................27

6.0 Test..........................................................................................................31

6.1 General Discussion ..............................................................................31

6.2 Guideline Input Considerations ............................................................31

6.3 Guideline Recommendations ...............................................................32

7.0 Record & Report ....................................................................................34

7.1 General Discussion ..............................................................................34

7.2 Guideline Input Considerations ............................................................34

7.3 Guideline Recommendations ...............................................................36

Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology..............................................................37

Appendix B: RLV Guideline Input Suggestion Form .....................................47

Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition ...................49

Endnotes ...........................................................................................................53
RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F ii 11/18/2004 

List of Figures

Figure 1 RLV Context Diagram.............................................................................6

Figure 2 RLV O&M Context ..................................................................................7

Figure 3 Guidance Document Process .................................................................8

Figure 4 Training Functional Decomposition.........................................................9

Figure 5 Current Training Functional Decomposition..........................................49

Figure 6 Previous Training Functional Decomposition........................................50

List of Tables 

Table 1 Develop Training Definitions..................................................................12

Table 2 Perform Training Definitions ..................................................................21

Table 3 ATAC Partners.......................................................................................24

Table 4 Test Definitions ......................................................................................31

Table 5 Record and Report Sub-function Definitions..........................................34

Table 6 Train Personnel Sub-Function Traceability............................................51
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Executive Summary 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F iii 11/18/2004 

Executive Summary 

Development of commercial Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) continues to be 

of great interest to many private companies. Returnable vehicles allow return 

from space of such things as people and experiments. The appeal rests in an 

RLV’s ability to support multiple mission types (e.g., cargo and “tourism”) and 

amortize development costs over the life of the operational vehicle. Commercial 

RLV companies plan to use both existing and new technologies in the 

design/development of a launch system. RLV Operations and Maintenance 

(O&M) of new launch systems have the potential to affect public safety; 

therefore, the Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space 

Transportation (FAA/AST) is in the process of developing guidelines for RLV 

O&M activities. These guidelines may be used to evaluate an RLV 

developer’s/operator’s license application. 

This Guideline Input and Technical Evaluation Report is intended to capture an 

initial set of Guideline Inputs (GIs) and Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) 

specific to the various functions associated with RLV training, for any RLV 

concept, large or small, orbital or suborbital. This volume is the fourth of five such 

volumes; the first volume addressed RLV Subsystems; the second, RLV 

Operations; the third, Maintenance; and the final volume addresses RLV O&M 

Approval functions. 

A total of four functions within the training domain have been identified for 

development of training guideline inputs. Each of these functions relate to a 

unique set of sub-functions for RLV training. The focus and intent of this task, 

Order (0002), has been to capture potential public safety risks that should be 

considered relative to RLV training. In order to ensure these guidelines have 

been considered by the RLV developer/operator, RTI proposes that a series of 

manuals be required as part of the final license application: Operations, 

Maintenance, Training, and Approval. These manuals would allow an RLV 

developer/operator to specify how they intend to address FAA/AST O&M 

Guidelines and the current requirements contained in the RLV Mission License 

Rule (14 CFR Part 431). In this way, the RLV developer/operator has the ability 

to stipulate which of these guidelines are relevant to their vehicle design and 

ensures that public safety considerations associated with RLV O&M tasks, such 

as those in this Training volume, have been fully addressed. 

In summary, the Guideline Inputs in this volume, and in the other four Guideline 

Input volumes, are intended to contribute to a common set of criteria by which 

the FAA and the RLV industry can assess public safety aspects of RLV O&M 

processes. As the industry matures, it is expected that additional guidelines will 

be developed. These Guideline Input volumes are considered to be living 

documents that will be developed as the RLV industry matures. 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Executive Summary 

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Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Introduction 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 1 11/18/2004 

1.0 Introduction 

Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) will require guidelines and regulatory 

language to be developed for new approaches in both Operations and 

Maintenance (O&M). These approaches may have a direct effect on public safety 

where RLVs are being operated and maintained. This Guideline Input and 

Technical Evaluation Report is intended to capture an initial set of Guideline 

Inputs (GIs) and Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) centered around the 

various functions associated with RLV training, for any RLV concept, large or 

small, orbital or suborbital. This volume is the fourth of five such volumes: the 

first volume addresses RLV Subsystems; the second, RLV Operations; third, 

Maintenance; and the remaining volume addresses RLV Approval Functions. 

The inputs identified in this volume, and in the other four Guideline Input 

volumes, contribute to a common set of criteria by which the FAA and the RLV 

industry can assess public safety aspects of RLV O&M processes. As the RLV 

industry matures, it is expected that additional guidelines will be developed, 

making these living documents that will evolve as the RLV industry evolves. 

1.1 Purpose 

The purpose of this document is to provide basic Guideline Inputs/Considerations 

for RLV training, as well as a top-level introduction of the pertinent RLV training 

functions. The intent is for these Guideline Inputs/Considerations to be general 

enough to be applicable for any RLV concept, large or small, orbital or suborbital. 

In this context, “pertinent” training is considered any activity associated with RLV 

systems training development, actual training tasks for ground and operations 

personnel, testing, and reporting/recording that has a potential to impact public 

safety. The functions identified here encompass activities associated with a 

variety of Concept of Operations (CONOPS) being proposed by the industry. 

1.2 Background 

These Guideline Inputs are the result of a focused effort by Federal Aviation 

Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) to 

facilitate a common understanding between both regulator and industry on what 

is expected from RLV Operators in order to ensure public safety. The creation of 

these Guideline Inputs was prompted by the response to an FAA/AST 

presentation of an RLV O&M White Paper to the Commercial Space 

Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) in October of 19991

. 

Industry feedback to that paper, along with FAA-directed research activities, led 

to the initiation of an information-only Rulemaking Project Record (RPR) intended 

to establish formal rules for RLV O&M. These Guideline Inputs represent an 

interim step toward a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for RLV O&M and 

are intended to serve as a means by which those items requiring formalization as 

a rule can be identified and validated both by the FAA and by industry. However, 

it should be recognized that an NPRM would only be developed after the RLV 

industry is sufficiently mature. 
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RTI used the Systems Functions and Procedural Items identified during previous 

FAA tasking2

 as a starting point. It was determined that a general model was 

needed to place the Systems Functions and Procedural Items in context. These 

have been further developed in a subsequent tasking and now in this Order 

0002. A context diagram, Figure 1 in Section 1.5, was developed to provide this 

contextual framework, as well as provide a means of marrying the O&M topdown analysis, being completed by RTI, with the bottom-up analysis, being 

accomplished internally within the FAA. 

1.2.1 Statement of Understanding 

A Statement of Understanding (SOU) between the FAA and the RTI Team has 

been developed to govern each of the RLV O&M tasks. The following text 

presents the SOU developed for this effort: 

“The RTI Team will continue to support FAA/AST-100 in the development of 

RLV O&M guidelines and technical evaluation criteria. 

This task will build on the work accomplished in the RLV O&M Top-Down 

Analyses performed under DO2 and DO3 and complement the RLV O&M 

Guidelines developed under DO4 of the reference contract. In particular, the 

RTI Team will develop material to aid FAA/AST-100 identify the O&M 

technical evaluation criteria and performance standards for safety-critical RLV 

maintenance, training, and approval functions. In performing the specified 

work, particular attention will be made to any unique features, including 

proven and unproven RLV O&M activities, and their correlation to any historic 

lessons-learned in the Space Shuttle, airline and RLV research community. 

Under Order 0002, RTI will deliver the final guideline input volumes: 

Maintenance - Volume 3, Training – Volume 4, and Approval - Volume 5. 

The following summarizes specific topics that will be addressed: 

1. Guideline inputs and rationale: 

The major RLV O&M subsystem and function safety items, as they pertain 

to the subject volumes, will be developed into guideline inputs along with 

the supporting rationale. These will be presented in the format approved 

by FAA/AST under DO4. 

2. Further refinement of the Subsystem and Functional Decomposition: 

A number of modifications to the current Functional Decomposition 

diagrams have been identified including the need to add Functions for 

Contingency Operations, Vehicle Configuration Management, and 

Simulation Requirements .The Functional Decomposition diagrams will be 

modified to reflect the functional refinements, as required. 

3. Continued data collection from the aviation and space domains: 

Continue to extract information from traditional aviation, the Space Shuttle, 

and other RLV programs in support of the guideline and technical 

evaluation criteria development.” 
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1.3 Scope 

The following Guideline Inputs are intended for use by the RLV Industry and the 

FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation in the preparation and 

evaluation of commercial RLV license applications and O&M plans. The scope of 

these Guideline Inputs is bounded by the jurisdictional authority provided to the 

FAA by Congress 112 STAT. 2848 (Public Law 105-303-Oct. 28, 1998). 

Additionally, these Guideline Inputs do not affect or amend the content of the 

licensing rules, but rather are designed to help the FAA and RLV Industry jointly 

ensure the rules are both followed and applied in a consistent manner. 

1.3.1 Guideline Input Philosophy 

These Guideline Inputs have been developed to serve as a repository for 

best/recommended practices. It is expected that a portion of these practices will 

ultimately be formalized in a federal regulation that will govern the commercial 

RLV Industry. Some inputs may be revisited as newer technologies are 

developed and better procedures emerge as the industry matures. 

Training is needed in almost every facet of RLV O&M. While much of this training 

is expected to include many of the same topics addressed in traditional aviation 

training, there are numerous new technologies and subsystems that will require 

RLV-specific training. The FAA is expected to formulate these guidelines to serve 

as a basis for evaluating training to be employed by RLV developers and 

operators to ensure their appropriateness and completeness in addressing 

issues that may affect public safety. 

A wide variety of sources were reviewed and analyzed to develop the content of 

these Guideline Inputs. Primary consideration was given to lessons-learned 

drawn from the aviation and space community. In some cases, these lessons are 

explicit and are clearly technology-independent public safety issues and thus 

could be written as a requirement. In these cases, Guideline Inputs (GIs) have 

been developed and the term “shall” is used. These GIs are numbered 

sequentially with a Training Function prefix (e.g., the first Develop Training 

Guideline Input is numbered Dev Training GI-1.) It is reasonable to assume that 

these items will be included in any subsequent rule development governing RLV 

O&M. 

In many cases, however, the lesson or issue being evaluated is less clearly 

defined and sufficient experience or research is not available to validate the 

lesson or issue. Others are technology dependent and only apply to a narrow set 

of RLV concepts. For these cases, Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) have 

been developed and the term “should” is used. These GICs are numbered 

sequentially with a Training Function prefix (e.g., the first Dev Training Guideline 

Input Consideration is numbered Dev Training GIC-1.) While these are 

candidates for inclusion in any subsequent rulemaking, it is reasonable to 

assume that further work may be required. 
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Please note that there are many additional safety issues that an RLV Operator 

should consider for the safety of trainers and students; FAA/AST is only currently 

charged with public safety concerns. Further, no delineation of when and how 

rules would be applied is made in these considerations. Some guidelines may be 

considered during the licensing stage while others may be considered as 

repeated launches are executed for the same RLV under a specific launch 

license. 

Within the following sections, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration 

(OSHA) is highlighted in many of the Inter/Intra Agency Considerations 

subsections. Although OSHA is concerned with worker safety and not the 

general public, the authors of this document believe that jurisdictional issues 

need to be addressed for cases where a worker safety situation escalates into a 

public safety concern. 

1.3.2 Suggestion Form 

It should be noted that these Guideline Inputs are expected to evolve as the 

industry matures and additional data becomes available, either from research or 

through actual flight activity. The reader is encouraged to share their experiences 

and knowledge through use of the Suggestion Form in Appendix B: RLV 

Guideline Input Suggestion Form. It is the FAA’s intent to periodically review 

these Guideline Inputs to ensure they are current, particularly with respect to 

issues that are technology dependent. 

1.4 Relationship to RLV Licensing 

The impetus for this effort was to provide a common set of criteria related to 

O&M that could be used by FAA/AST to evaluate RLV developer or operator 

license applications. While training may be considered less important than to 

operations and maintenance from a public safety perspective; it is the basis on 

which safe operations and maintenance is conducted. The Guideline Inputs and 

the related Guideline Input Considerations contained in this volume are focused 

on RLV training with particular emphasis placed on issues unique to the function 

being addressed. Failure to follow these guidelines could pose a potential risk to 

the public. RLV developers and operators are expected to explain how each 

Guideline is satisfied for their particular vehicle design. 

In a previous tasking, the RTI team proposed a formal set of readiness reviews, 

one for operations and one for maintenance. In addition, the concepts of 

Instructions for Continued Flight-worthiness (ICF) and an Operations or Flight 

Manual were introduced. The reviews were intended to be focused activities 

within the context of the overall mission readiness review required by the RLV 

licensing rule. 

RTI believes that to further clarify the licensing rule and to better align with the 

proposed guideline structure, two additional data items should be provided to 

AST by the RLV developer or operator for review. These two items are a Training 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Introduction 

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Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 5 11/18/2004 

Manual and an Approval Manual. The Training Manual implements the 

requirements and guidance that are documented in the RLV Operator’s Training 

Plan. The Training Plan is considered by RTI to be similar in scope and breadth 

to the Concept of Operations and Maintenance Program Plan. Note that this data 

can be packaged as part of the Operations Manual, the Maintenance Manual, a 

combined document, or as individual documents. This is at the discretion of the 

RLV Operator, provided that the data is clearly identified. The four documents 

(Operations Manual, Maintenance Manual, Training Manual, and Approval 

Manual), taken together, will allow individual RLV developers/operators to 

address FAA/AST Guidelines. At the same time, the use of a common set of 

manuals will help FAA/AST evaluate the appropriateness and completeness of 

the provided data in a uniform manner. 

1.5 Subsystem and Functional Context 

Functional Guideline Inputs have been developed for those activities associated 

with operations and maintenance, as well as the related areas of training and 

approval. Figure 1 illustrates how these four areas relate to one another and 

where they fit into the broader scope of RLV licensing, approvals, and RLV 

development. It should be noted that this effort considers only the items to the 

right of the vertical line in Figure 1. This relationship is highlighted in Figure 2. 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Introduction 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 6 11/18/2004 

Figure 1 RLV Context Diagram 

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flight-worthiness

Train 

Fly 

(Operations) 

Proposed FAR 491

 Design/Production impacts:

Operations

 Design/Production impacts:

Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain 

(Maintenance) 

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve 

(Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/ Reentry

License

FAR 431

Produce 

Production

Process

Approval

Develop 

Business 

Plan 

Identify 

Market 

Continued 

Flight-worthiness

 Accident/Incident Lessons Learned
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Introduction 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 7 11/18/2004 

Figure 2 RLV O&M Context 

It should also be noted that this top-down analysis is being supplemented by a 

bottom-up analysis effort being conducted by the FAA. The two efforts taken 

together are intended to serve as the basis for guidance development in the area 

of RLV O&M, see Figure 3. 

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Train

Fly

(Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Operating Approval

Maintain

(Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve

(Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Launch/Reentry 

License 

FAR 431

Continued Flight-worthiness
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Introduction 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 8 11/18/2004 

Figure 3 Guidance Document Process 

As shown in Figure 3, the ultimate product of this activity is expected to be one or 

more guidance documents from the FAA. The FAA has realized that given the 

current level of maturity within the commercial RLV industry, the best approach to 

take in the near-term is the production of guidelines that can be employed by 

both the FAA and industry to evaluate proposed RLV’s O&M activities on public 

safety. With this in mind, the top-down analysis has been organized around a 

“divide and conquer” approach where individual subsystems and functions are 

examined for their potential contribution to public safety. 

The following sections describe each top-level function and major sub-functions; 

provide definitions for each function and sub-function; and provides a brief 

treatment of the major public-safety considerations for each function. It should be 

noted that the functions depicted and discussed are presented in terms of an 

action, hence the term “function”. 

Bottoms-Up Analysis

FAA Guidance

Products

Orders

Advisory Circulars

Rules

Guidelines

FAA/

AST

Training/Approval

(Part 465 )

Maintenance

(Part 443)

Operations

(Parts 465 & 491)

Integrate

Updates

Vol 5 

Guideline

Inputs

Vol 4 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 3 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 2 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 1 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Top-Down Analysis

RTI/ 

FAAC

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flightworthiness

Train

Fly (Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Design/Production impacts: Operations

Design/Production impacts: Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain (Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve (Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/Reentry License

FAR 431

Produce

Production

Process

Approval

Develop

Business Plan

Identify

Market

Continued Flightworthiness

CONTEXT

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Operations

Subsystems

Training Administer Knowledge Test

Administer Practical Test

Develop Training

Perform Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Other Personnel

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Flight Crew

Train Other Personnel

Personnel Training

Approval

Approve Ground Ops Personnel

Approve Flight Ops Personnel

Approve Maintenance Personnel

Approve Ground Crew

Approve Other Personnel

Approve Maintainers/ Technicians

Approve Flight Crew

Approve Other Personnel Personnel Approval

Facilities/ Equip/ Material/ Procedures Approval

Approve Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs Acceptance

Approve Operations Fac/ Equip/Mat/Procs

Approve Maintenance Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs

Approve Training Fac/Equip/Mat

Approve Curriculum

Approve Materials

Approve Training Currency Requirements

Approve Training Simulators

Approve Training Facilities Approval Approve Other Personnel (Personnel/ Facilities/ Equipment/ Material/ Procedures)

Approve Ops Materials

Approve Ops Equipment

Approve Ops Facilities

Approve Maint Materials

Approve Maint Equipment

Approve Maint Facilities

Develop /Approve Acceptance Scenarios Develop /Approve AcceptanceMaterials

Apply Proficiency Standards

Develop /Approve Acceptance Equip/ Simulators Develop /Approve Acceptance Facilities

Approve Maint Procedures

Approve Ops Procedures

Approve Training Procs

Approve Acceptance Procedures

SubSystems Propulsion

Communications

Nav/Guidance

Flight Control

TPS

Software

Structures

Hydraulics

Pneumatics

Payload/People Systems

Crew Systems

Flight Safety System

Environmental Systems

Surveillance System

Propellant Management System

Health Monitor & Data Recorders

Land/Recovery Systems

Facilities

Ground Support Equipment

Operations

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Operations

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Propel

Surveil Flight Environment

Stage

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Maintenance

Maintain

System

(Maintenance) Perform Turn Around Maintenance

Perform Part/Subsystem Life-Cycle Replacement

Correct Deficiencies

Perform Post Flight Inspections

Perform Un-Scheduled

Maintenance

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Perform Pre-Flight Inspection

Perform Interval Dri ven

Maintenance

Perform

Scheduled Maintenance

Return to Service

Return to Service

Bottoms-Up Analysis

FAA Guidance

Products

Orders

Advisory Circulars

Rules

Guidelines

FAA/

AST

Training/Approval

(Part 465 )

Maintenance

(Part 443)

Operations

(Parts 465 & 491)

Integrate

Updates

Vol 5 

Guideline

Inputs

Vol 4 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 3 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 2 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Vol 1 

Guideline

Inputs

Updates

Top-Down Analysis

RTI/ 

FAAC

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flightworthiness

Train

Fly (Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Design/Production impacts: Operations

Design/Production impacts: Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain (Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve (Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/Reentry License

FAR 431

Produce

Production

Process

Approval

Develop

Business Plan

Identify

Market

Continued Flightworthiness

CONTEXT

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flightworthiness

Train

Fly (Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Design/Production impacts: Operations

Design/Production impacts: Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain (Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve (Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/Reentry License

FAR 431

Produce

Production

Process

Approval

Develop

Business Plan

Identify

Market

Continued Flightworthiness

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flightworthiness

Train

Fly (Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Design/Production impacts: Operations

Design/Production impacts: Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain (Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve (Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/Reentry License

FAR 431

Produce

Production

Process

Approval

Develop

Business Plan

Identify

Market

Continued Flightworthiness

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Demonstrate

Flightworthiness

Train

Fly (Operations)

Proposed FAR 491

Design/Production impacts: Operations

Design/Production impacts: Maintenance

Operating Approval

Maintain (Maintenance)

Proposed FAR 443

Flight Ground

Approve (Personnel/Facilities/

Equipment/Material/

Procedures)

Proposed FAR 4xx(s)

Design Prototype Design Safety

Approval

Launch/Reentry License

FAR 431

Produce

Production

Process

Approval

Develop

Business Plan

Identify

Market

Continued Flightworthiness

CONTEXT

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Operations

Subsystems

Training Administer Knowledge Test

Administer Practical Test

Develop Training

Perform Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Other Personnel

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Flight Crew

Train Other Personnel

Personnel Training Training Administer Knowledge Test

Administer Practical Test

Develop Training

Perform Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Other Personnel

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Flight Crew

Train Other Personnel

Personnel Training

Administer Knowledge Test

Administer Practical Test

Develop Training

Perform Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Other Personnel

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Flight Crew

Train Other Personnel

Personnel Training

Administer Knowledge Test

Administer Practical Test

Develop Training

Perform Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Other Personnel

Train Maintainers/ Technicians

Train Flight Crew

Train Other Personnel

Personnel Training

Approval

Approve Ground Ops Personnel

Approve Flight Ops Personnel

Approve Maintenance Personnel

Approve Ground Crew

Approve Other Personnel

Approve Maintainers/ Technicians

Approve Flight Crew

Approve Other Personnel Personnel Approval

Facilities/ Equip/ Material/ Procedures Approval

Approve Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs Acceptance

Approve Operations Fac/ Equip/Mat/Procs

Approve Maintenance Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs

Approve Training Fac/Equip/Mat

Approve Curriculum

Approve Materials

Approve Training Currency Requirements

Approve Training Simulators

Approve Training Facilities Approval Approve Other Personnel (Personnel/ Facilities/ Equipment/ Material/ Procedures)

Approve Ops Materials

Approve Ops Equipment

Approve Ops Facilities

Approve Maint Materials

Approve Maint Equipment

Approve Maint Facilities

Develop /Approve Acceptance Scenarios Develop /Approve AcceptanceMaterials

Apply Proficiency Standards

Develop /Approve Acceptance Equip/ Simulators Develop /Approve Acceptance Facilities

Approve Maint Procedures

Approve Ops Procedures

Approve Training Procs

Approve Acceptance Procedures

Approval

Approve Ground Ops Personnel

Approve Flight Ops Personnel

Approve Maintenance Personnel

Approve Ground Crew

Approve Other Personnel

Approve Maintainers/ Technicians

Approve Flight Crew

Approve Other Personnel Personnel Approval

Facilities/ Equip/ Material/ Procedures Approval

Approve Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs Acceptance

Approve Operations Fac/ Equip/Mat/Procs

Approve Maintenance Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs

Approve Training Fac/Equip/Mat

Approve Curriculum

Approve Materials

Approve Training Currency Requirements

Approve Training Simulators

Approve Training Facilities Approval Approve Other Personnel (Personnel/ Facilities/ Equipment/ Material/ Procedures)

Approve Ops Materials

Approve Ops Equipment

Approve Ops Facilities

Approve Maint Materials

Approve Maint Equipment

Approve Maint Facilities

Develop /Approve Acceptance Scenarios Develop /Approve AcceptanceMaterials

Apply Proficiency Standards

Develop /Approve Acceptance Equip/ Simulators Develop /Approve Acceptance Facilities

Approve Maint Procedures

Approve Ops Procedures

Approve Training Procs

Approve Acceptance Procedures

Approve Ground Ops Personnel

Approve Flight Ops Personnel

Approve Maintenance Personnel

Approve Ground Crew

Approve Other Personnel

Approve Maintainers/ Technicians

Approve Flight Crew

Approve Other Personnel Personnel Approval

Facilities/ Equip/ Material/ Procedures Approval

Approve Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs Acceptance

Approve Operations Fac/ Equip/Mat/Procs

Approve Maintenance Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs

Approve Training Fac/Equip/Mat

Approve Curriculum

Approve Materials

Approve Training Currency Requirements

Approve Training Simulators

Approve Training Facilities Approval Approve Other Personnel (Personnel/ Facilities/ Equipment/ Material/ Procedures)

Approve Ops Materials

Approve Ops Equipment

Approve Ops Facilities

Approve Maint Materials

Approve Maint Equipment

Approve Maint Facilities

Develop /Approve Acceptance Scenarios Develop /Approve AcceptanceMaterials

Apply Proficiency Standards

Develop /Approve Acceptance Equip/ Simulators Develop /Approve Acceptance Facilities

Approve Maint Procedures

Approve Ops Procedures

Approve Training Procs

Approve Acceptance Procedures

Approve Ground Ops Personnel

Approve Flight Ops Personnel

Approve Maintenance Personnel

Approve Ground Crew

Approve Other Personnel

Approve Maintainers/ Technicians

Approve Flight Crew

Approve Other Personnel Personnel Approval

Facilities/ Equip/ Material/ Procedures Approval

Approve Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs Acceptance

Approve Operations Fac/ Equip/Mat/Procs

Approve Maintenance Fac/Equip/Mat/ Procs

Approve Training Fac/Equip/Mat

Approve Curriculum

Approve Materials

Approve Training Currency Requirements

Approve Training Simulators

Approve Training Facilities Approval Approve Other Personnel (Personnel/ Facilities/ Equipment/ Material/ Procedures)

Approve Ops Materials

Approve Ops Equipment

Approve Ops Facilities

Approve Maint Materials

Approve Maint Equipment

Approve Maint Facilities

Develop /Approve Acceptance Scenarios Develop /Approve AcceptanceMaterials

Apply Proficiency Standards

Develop /Approve Acceptance Equip/ Simulators Develop /Approve Acceptance Facilities

Approve Maint Procedures

Approve Ops Procedures

Approve Training Procs

Approve Acceptance Procedures

SubSystems Propulsion

Communications

Nav/Guidance

Flight Control

TPS

Software

Structures

Hydraulics

Pneumatics

Payload/People Systems

Crew Systems

Flight Safety System

Environmental Systems

Surveillance System

Propellant Management System

Health Monitor & Data Recorders

Land/Recovery Systems

Facilities

Ground Support Equipment

Operations

Approval

Training

Maintenance

SubSystems Propulsion

Communications

Nav/Guidance

Flight Control

TPS

Software

Structures

Hydraulics

Pneumatics

Payload/People Systems

Crew Systems

Flight Safety System

Environmental Systems

Surveillance System

Propellant Management System

Health Monitor & Data Recorders

Land/Recovery Systems

Facilities

Ground Support Equipment

Operations

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Propulsion

Communications

Nav/Guidance

Flight Control

TPS

Software

Structures

Hydraulics

Pneumatics

Payload/People Systems

Crew Systems

Flight Safety System

Environmental Systems

Surveillance System

Propellant Management System

Health Monitor & Data Recorders

Land/Recovery Systems

Facilities

Ground Support Equipment

Operations

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Propulsion

Communications

Nav/Guidance

Flight Control

TPS

Software

Structures

Hydraulics

Pneumatics

Payload/People Systems

Crew Systems

Flight Safety System

Environmental Systems

Surveillance System

Propellant Management System

Health Monitor & Data Recorders

Land/Recovery Systems

Facilities

Ground Support Equipment

Operations

Approval

Training

Maintenance

Operations

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Propel

Surveil Flight Environment

Stage

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Operations

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Propel

Surveil Flight Environment

Stage

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Propel

Surveil Flight Environment

Stage

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

(Operations)

Operations

Launch

Fly

Flight Operations

Perform Ground Operations

Prepare Ground

Operations

Recover

Land

Plan Flight

Monitor Vehicle Health

Assess Over-Flight Risk

Analyze Impact Limit Lines

Perform COLA & COMBO

Interact with ATC/STC/ Coast Guard

Plan Trajectory

Transport

Integrate Vehicle

Handle Hazard Material

Protect Personnel

Manage Propellant

Hazard Material Handling

Monitor Vehicle Health

Payload/Passenger Egress

Transport

Communicate

Personnel Protection

Manage Propellant

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Liftoff

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety Manage Flight

Interact with ATC/STC

Communicate

Operate GSE/Facilties

De-Orbit/ Re-enter

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Propel

Monitor Vehicle Health

Manage Flight

Cmd& Ctrl Flight Safety

Manage Environment

Interact with ATC/STC Communicate

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Propel

Surveil Flight Environment

Stage

Control Flight

Track Vehicle

Surveil Flight Environment

Maintenance

Maintain

System

(Maintenance) Perform Turn Around Maintenance

Perform Part/Subsystem Life-Cycle Replacement

Correct Deficiencies

Perform Post Flight Inspections

Perform Un-Scheduled

Maintenance

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Perform Pre-Flight Inspection

Perform Interval Dri ven

Maintenance

Perform

Scheduled Maintenance

Return to Service

Return to Service

Maintenance

Maintain

System

(Maintenance) Perform Turn Around Maintenance

Perform Part/Subsystem Life-Cycle Replacement

Correct Deficiencies

Perform Post Flight Inspections

Perform Un-Scheduled

Maintenance

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Perform Pre-Flight Inspection

Perform Interval Dri ven

Maintenance

Perform

Scheduled Maintenance

Return to Service

Return to Service

Maintain

System

(Maintenance) Perform Turn Around Maintenance

Perform Part/Subsystem Life-Cycle Replacement

Correct Deficiencies

Perform Post Flight Inspections

Perform Un-Scheduled

Maintenance

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Perform Pre-Flight Inspection

Perform Interval Dri ven

Maintenance

Perform

Scheduled Maintenance

Return to Service

Return to Service

Maintain

System

(Maintenance) Perform Turn Around Maintenance

Perform Part/Subsystem Life-Cycle Replacement

Correct Deficiencies

Perform Post Flight Inspections

Perform Un-Scheduled

Maintenance

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Diagnose

Inspect

Repair

Alter

Report

Perform Pre-Flight Inspection

Perform Interval Dri ven

Maintenance

Perform

Scheduled Maintenance

Return to Service

Return to Service

Bottom-Up Analysis 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Training Decomposition 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 9 11/18/2004 

2.0 Training Decomposition 

Figure 4 displays the current RLV training functional decomposition. Training is 

broken into four major sub-functions: Develop Training, Perform Training, Test, 

and Record & report. The RLV Operator’s Training Plan will document the 

training strategy for an individual RLV program vehicle type, see Section 3.0. 

Figure 4 Training Functional Decomposition 

The results of the CFR reviews, as well as the data collected during previous 

efforts, were used as a starting point for deriving these functions. RTI then 

collected and analyzed several references to further characterize training. 

Previous work presented the first functional decomposition of RLV Training 

Functions. These training functions and sub-functions have been further 

analyzed and refined in this task. While many functions remain the same, there 

are several new sub-functions and reorganization. See Appendix C: Traceability 

of Training Function Decomposition for function and sub-function traceability from 

the previous Training Decomposition to the current Training Decomposition. 

Administer

Knowledge Test

Administer

Performance Test

Develop

Training

Perform

Training

Test

Report &

Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency

Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Training

Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground

Operations

Train Flight

Operations

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/

Technicians

(i.e. RAMT)

Train Flight Crew

Train Other

Personnel

(i.e. VMC)

Train

Personnel

Train Ground

Flight Controller

Train Ground

Flight Controller

See Approval Decomposition

Train

Trainers and

Approvers

Train Other

Personnel

(i.e. VMC)

LEGEND

 Indicates a change from previous RTI Decomposition.

 Indicates a link to another Function Volume. text
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance General Training Guideline Recommendations 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 10 11/18/2004 

3.0 General Training Guideline Recommendations 

The following Guideline Inputs (GIs) were developed to reflect those tasks or 

procedures that are general in nature and apply to Train Personnel Function. 

General Train GI - 1. RLV Operator Training Plan 

Guideline Input 

RLV Operators shall develop a Training Plan for each vehicle type. 

Rationale 

To account for the differences in RLV designs, each RLV Operator must provide 

a Training Plan that describes the operator’s intent and/or assumptions relative to 

RLV training. This plan will include general strategies associated with developing 

training, performing the training, testing, and reporting/recording. This will include 

training tasks associated with ground operations, flight operations, maintenance, 

training, and approval. The Training Plan is comparable to the RLV Operator’s 

Concept of Operations Document and Maintenance Program Plan. 

Although the Training Plan will be implemented through a procedural Training 

Manual, the Training Plan’s value to the FAA lies in the additional clarity of 

purpose it will provide. One recommendation from the Space Shuttle Challenger 

accident investigation was to ensure adequate technical training of flight crew as 

well as program management personnel.3

Specifically, it will highlight to the FAA general assumptions/intent that may affect 

public safety; and it will provide the FAA with necessary insight into the following 

items of interest: 

1. General public safety assurance and environmental hazard mitigation 

2. Inter/intra agency (both local and federal) coordination requirements 

3. Logistical support that will be necessary for training of the RLV and its 

associated GSE/ facilities 

4. Steps to take in developing non-nominal training procedures/environment 

5. Training accreditation 

6. Personnel training requirements 

a. schedule of recurring training 

b. “type-specific” training 

Periodic update to account for new tasks required to be trained based on 

design changes or lessons-learned

8. Frequency and type of initial and recurring training tasks 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance General Training Guideline Recommendations 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 11 11/18/2004 

General Train GI - 2. Training Manual 

Guideline Input 

RLV Operators shall develop an FAA/AST-approved vehicle-specific Training 

Manual. 

Rationale 

Since many RLV concepts include ground-breaking/novel technologies, there is 

minimal commonality between current industry training procedures and those 

required for specific RLV training procedures. This lack of commonality hinders 

the development of common technology-specific training approval/certification 

guidelines; therefore, each RLV Operator must develop a vehicle-specific 

Training Manual and provide it to FAA/AST for approval. 

This manual will provide the training specifications and procedures associated 

with the specific RLV type and its GSE/facilities. 

Minimally, the following items will be included in the Training Manual: 

1. Safety critical RLV and GSE/Facilities sub-systems, operations, and 

maintenance training procedures for knowledge and performance based 

instruction 

2. Hazardous material types and handling procedures during training 

3. Testing criteria 

a. knowledge evaluation 

b. performance evaluation 

4. Training documentation process to include feedback of lessons-learned 

5. Training tools, test equipment, facility, and simulator identification and 

description for different training methods (i.e. on-the-job (OJT) training 

and “classroom” instruction) 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Develop Training 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 12 11/18/2004 

4.0 Develop Training 

The following sub-functions were developed to reflect those tasks or procedures 

that apply to the Develop Training activities. Table 1 highlights the general 

definitions for Develop Training Sub-functions. 

Table 1 Develop Training Definitions 

[Train Personnel 	




Development of training is defined as development of currency requirements, 

curriculum, materials (including lesson plans, test materials, reports and records), 

simulators or other training devices, and adequacy requirements for facilities. 

Develop [Train Personnel 	

 



Currency 

Requirements 

The Develop Currency Requirements sub-function is the set of 

tasks to assess: 

1. Routine and non-routine portions of a job as to whether 

additional training is needed in certain knowledge and skill 

sets. 

2. The adequacy of the training within a defined period as 

technology advances. 

Develop [Train Personnel 	

 



Curriculum The Develop Curriculum sub-function consists of the tasks to 

explore knowledge and skill sets required for a job and to develop 

a roadmap to instill the knowledge and skill sets in the students. 

Curricula need to be developed for initial, supplemental, recurrent, 

and remedial training. 

Develop [Train Personnel 	

 	
	


Materials Materials in this document are defined as those items used for 

training purposes. Materials include classroom lesson plans, 

references, records, reports, tests, and performance evaluations. 

Develop [Train Personnel 	

 
	


Simulators A simulator is an apparatus, or environment, that generates 

situations approximating actual or operational conditions. 

Simulation4

 is defined as system modeling and their operations 

using various means of representation. 

[Train Personnel 	

  Training Facilities]

Develop 

Training 

Develop 

Training 

Facilities 

Facility is defined as the physical environment (e.g. buildings, 

classrooms...). In this context it is the environment in which 

training is accomplished. 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Develop Training 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 13 11/18/2004 

4.1 General Discussion 

Development of training includes an assessment of core job functions and skills 

to be taught during training. An assessment of safety implications of certain job 

functions and the corresponding training to mitigate risks must feed into the 

curriculum and materials. As technology advances, regulations change, or job 

functions are modified, these requirements must be revisited to assess 

appropriateness and completeness. In aviation, the FAA has imposed special 

training when safety concerns are being mitigated by procedural changes for 

pilots and air traffic controllers. Such training may also be formulated as 

supplemental training and absorbed into initial training going forward. Recurrent 

training may not be very different from initial training. Certain job functions that 

are not frequently used must be stressed in recurrent training. Supplemental 

training is offered when there is no change in the initial training but additional 

information needs to be conveyed; for example, a new instrument, new material 

or a new technique. Remedial training is offered when mistakes are found on the 

job. Such training may have to be customized to address a particular problem, 

lack of a specific skill, or lack of certain background knowledge. 

The tasks, procedures, and sub-functions associated with the Develop Training 

Sub-function are further explained in this section. Training development 

requirements may be different for the four types of training: initial, recurrent, 

supplemental, and remedial. These training types pertain to ground operations 

personnel, flight operations personnel, maintainers, personnel providing training, 

and approval personnel. 

Develop Currency Requirements 

The FAA has specific aviation training currency requirements. These 

requirements can be applied globally to the aviation industry because this is a 

relatively mature industry. For RLVs, since this is a fast growing industry with 

many new innovations and ideas, it would be difficult to have an all-inclusive 

currency requirement at this time. The requirements could only be applied to a 

certain RLV concept because each RLV has its own design and safety issues 

and must be examined individually. 

Develop Curriculum 

Curriculum, in this context, is defined as the set of courses that will be used to 

train ground flight controllers, pilots/crew, maintainers/technicians, and other 

personnel as appropriate based on the RLV CONOPS. There are two types of 

curriculum defined by the FAA in 14 CFR –Chapter I- Part 142, Core Curriculum 

and Specialty Curriculum. 

Core Curriculum consists of training in basic subjects important to a specific 

function; for example, all maintainers will learn how to use a basic set of tools. It 

does not include specialized training for tasks related to a specific rating such as 

maintenance training for a specific type of propulsion. 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Develop Training 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 14 11/18/2004 

Specialty Curriculum is a set of courses that are designed to address training 

requirements unique for a specific type of RLV or a specific type of subsystem, 

etc. For example, Flight Crew Training for an HTHL may be very different from 

that for a VTVL. 

Develop Materials 

Course materials may be specific to an RLV and specific to job functions such as 

ground flight controller, flight crew, maintainers/technicians, and other personnel 

(e.g. trainers and approval personnel). These materials may include actual 

hardware, test equipment or other tangible tools. These materials are also 

expected to be specific for initial, supplemental, recurring, and remedial training. 

For example, supplemental training may be limited only to a new tool, technology 

or technique. Recurring training may be based on the frequency of usage of 

certain tools and techniques. Remedial training may be individualized to 

compensate for lack of knowledge or skills gained in the initial training. Materials 

used for remedial purposes would be tailored to individual needs. 

Develop Simulators 

Simulations are used in training personnel by creating a model such as a flight 

simulation for the flight crew. Situations that may be dangerous to a student, 

such as propulsion failures, may be simulated and the student may be taught to 

handle these situations before experiencing a real-world event. The strength of 

simulation is in its accuracy of representation of the real world. If the simulation is 

not close to reality, it may not be of much use in training. 

Aviation simulators and flight training devices are covered in Aviation 14 CFRs 

61, 141, and 142. FAA Flight Standards organization has the charter of assuring 

that airmen are properly trained. As part of their charter, they assure that the 

curricula, training devices and schools are qualified. The National Simulator 

Program (NSP) for the FAA is based in Atlanta, GA. This office is responsible for 

establishing simulation standards, qualification process, and a simulator QA 

process. Flight training devices are divided into levels depending upon the 

sophistication of its use. Simulators to train pilots on a specific cockpit have to be 

very sophisticated and accurate to represent a real life scenario. A generic 

simulator does not have to be exact in its details of the location of the controls. 

Rules on the qualification of these training devices depend upon the level of the 

device. There are also rules on the duration and rigor of training that is required 

on these devices. 

Develop Training Facilities 

Training facilities will house the training equipment and courseware, including 

simulators or other advanced training devices. Basically, it is the physical 

environment in which knowledge and performance lesson objectives are taught 

and tested. 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Develop Training 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 15 11/18/2004 

4.2 Guideline Input Considerations 

The following Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) have been identified for the 

Develop Training Sub-function: 

Dev Training GIC - 1. Facilities and tools should present a realistic 

environment of the operation being provided to 

the trainee to ensure proper representation. 

Dev Training GIC - 2. A set of spaceflight and RLV concept specific 

training requirements should be developed for 

each individual concept or application. 

4.2.1 Inter/Intra Agency Considerations 

The following Develop Training Sub-function inter/intra agency considerations 

were identified: 

1. DOT coordination should occur with appropriate rail, air, and roadway 

transportation offices for safe practices and regulations associated with 

the transportation of hazardous materials on public routes. 

2. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) coordination should occur for 

all frequency assignments used in RLV training, particularly those 

employed in emergencies. 

3. The Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board (ESB) should be 

consulted to provide a source of lessons learned to FAA/AST for 

conducting RLV safety evaluations, storage of propellants, and chemical 

agents.5
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4.3 Guideline Recommendations 

Dev Training GI - 1. Assess O & M Core Task Functions 

Guideline Input 

The RLV Operator shall perform an assessment of core operations and 

maintenance tasks as the basis for the design of their training curriculum. 

Rationale 

Assessments of safety implications of certain job/task functions and the 

corresponding training to mitigate risks must be implemented in the curriculum 

and materials. As technology advances, regulations change, or job functions are 

modified, these requirements must be revisited to assess appropriateness and 

completeness. 

Curricula will ensure that the diverse requirements for learning a particular 

function are covered. For example, a maintainer should be trained in the specific 

specialization such as wiring and should be well versed in the safety implications 

of that job. Some subjects may require cross disciplines such as propulsion and 

propellant management. In such cases, the maintainer may require cross 

training in the overlapping disciplines. 

In aviation, the FAA has imposed special training when safety concerns are 

being mitigated by procedural changes for pilots and air traffic controllers. Such 

training may also be formulated in the RLV industry as supplemental training and 

absorbed into initial training going forward. 
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Dev Training GI - 2. Training Currency Requirements 

Guideline Input 

The RLV Operator shall develop training currency requirements for all job 

functions/tasks and document same in the RLV Training Plan. 

Rationale 

Tasks that are not performed on a routine/regular basis with a certain frequency 

have a tendency to be forgotten. Personnel may forget certain procedures that 

may cause mistakes/errors causing or leading to incidents/accidents that could 

pose a risk to the public. Training currency requirements mitigate these potential 

lapses. 

Recurrent training may not be very different from initial training. Certain job 

functions that are not frequently used must be stressed in recurrent training. 

Supplemental training is offered when there is no change in the initial training but 

additional information needs to be conveyed; for example, a new instrument, new 

material or a new technique. Remedial training is offered when mistakes are 

found on the job. Such training may have to be customized to address a particular 

problem, lack of a specific skill, or lack of certain background knowledge. 

The currency requirements will be established with an interval between activity or 

training not to exceed a specified amount to be established between FAA/AST 

and the RLV Operator. These may eventually become industry standards. 
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Dev Training GI - 3. Curricula Updates 

Guideline Input 

Curricula shall be updated based on lessons-learned, changes in RLV design or 

configuration, or changes in operations and maintenance procedures. 

Rationale 

Curricula will be reevaluated when there is change in technology, existing 

regulations, operational/maintenance procedures, or when new tools are 

introduced for training. New methodologies and training approaches may drive 

curricula revisions as well. If outdated or incorrect technology is being taught; if 

obsolete guidance is being followed in class; or if the tools are not being correctly 

used, students may be prone to more incidents/accidents on the job. These 

changes may also affect the trainee’s ability to make satisfactory real-time 

decisions. 

Certain new technologies that will be introduced into RLVs may pose a risk to the 

public in how they are implemented, operated, and maintained. Training curricula 

provides the basis for ensuring operators and maintainers are trained in these 

technologies to prevent incidents/accidents posing a potential risk to the public. 

For example, as new composites are introduced, methods of handling these 

composites should be introduced into the curriculum as soon as practical. 
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Dev Training GI - 4. Simulator Fidelity 

Guideline Input 

Simulators used in training shall look, feel, and behave as closely as possible to 

the deployed operational equipment. 

Rationale 

The value of using simulators is their ability to present training close to what is 

expected in real-world situations on the job. The fidelity in simulations has a 

positive effect on job performance in accuracy and speed of performance. This 

mitigates possible confusion, improves reaction times in assessing anomalies, 

and decreases the possibility of an incident or accident. 
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Dev Training GI - 5. Passenger Training 

Guideline Input 

Spaceflight personnel training shall be developed and conducted for passengers 

on an RLV. 

Rationale 

This may be a much reduced set of requirements from that of the RLV’s flight 

crew. However, just as in aviation, passenger safety training will mitigate risks to 

the public on board the RLV, and improve their ability to react to off-nominal 

conditions. This training will include items such as emergency situation training 

and use of safety equipment. Passenger preparedness will not only help mitigate 

passenger safety situations, but also may aid the flight crew during off-nominal 

events (e.g. flight abort scenario) that may escalate into a catastrophe. 
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5.0 Perform Training 

The following sub-functions were developed to reflect those tasks or procedures 

applicable to RLV Perform Training activities. Table 2 outlines the general 

definitions for the Perform Training Sub-functions. 

Table 2 Perform Training Definitions 

[Train Personnel 	




The Perform Training Sub-function is the process of training ground operations 

personnel, flight operations personnel, and maintenance personnel in their respective 

job. 

Train [Train Personnel 	
ing 	



Subsystems The Train Subsystems sub-function is defined as training the operations 

and maintenance personnel in related subsystem-specific subjects as 

needed for their respective job. 

[Train Personnel 	

 	in Functions] 

The Train Functions sub-function is defined as training the operations 

and maintenance personnel in function-specific subjects as required for 

their respective jobs. 

[Train Personnel   	

 	
 nctions 	


Ground Operations]

The Train Ground Operations sub-function is defined 

as training the ground operations personnel: ground 

flight controllers, flight crew, maintenance/technicians, 

and other personnel. Other personnel includes trainers 

and approval personnel. 

[Train Personnel  

Training 	
 
 	
 

Operations 	
  


Controller]

Train Ground 

Flight Controller 

The Train Ground Flight Controller 

sub-function under Train Ground 

Operations is defined as training 

the ground flight controllers for 

specific flight operation tasks that 

are performed on the ground. 

[Train Personnel  

Training 	
 
 	
 

Operations 	




Train Flight Crew 

The Train Flight Crew subfunction under Train Ground 

Operations is the training of the 

flight crew that is aboard the RLV 

conducting operations to 

understand the tasks being 

performed on the ground. 

[Train Personnel  

Training rain Functions 	
 

Operations 	
 ! nel (i.e. 

VMC)]

Perform 

Training 

Train 

Functions 

Train 

Ground 

Operations 

Train Other 

Personnel (i.e. 

VMC) 

The Train Other Personnel subfunction under Train Ground 

Operations is defined as the 

training of flight operations 

personnel other than ground flight 

controller and flight crew for 

specific ground operations. 
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[Train Personnel 	

 	

 	



Operations]

Train Flight Operations is defined as the training of 

Flight Operations personnel including ground flight 

controller, flight crew, and other personnel. 

[Train Personnel  

Training 	
 
 	
 


Operations 	
  


Controller]

Train Ground 

Flight Controller

The Train Ground Flight Controller 

sub-function under Train Flight 

Operations is defined as training 

ground flight controllers for 

specific flight operations.

[Train Personnel  

Training 	
 
 	
 


Operations 	




Train Flight Crew 

The Train Flight Crew subfunction under Train Flight 

Operations is training the flight 

crew for flight operations. The onboard personnel in charge of and 

at the flight controls of an RLV 

are referred to as the flight crew.

[Train Personnel   	



rain Functions 	

!	


	
!"
##$-O)] 

Train Flight 

Operations 

Train Other 

Personnel (i.e. 

VMC) The Train Other Personnel subfunction under Train Flight 

Operations is defined as training 

the flight operations personnel 

other than ground flight controller 

and flight crew for specific flight 

operations tasks. These personnel 

may include trainers and approval 

personnel in this area of expertise 

such as the Vehicle Mission 

Coordinator (VMC).

[Train Personnel 	

 	

 	

t 

Operations] 

The Train Maintenance sub-function is defined as the 

training of maintainers/ technicians.

[Train Personnel  

Training 	
 
 	


Maintenance 	


Maintainers/Technicains (i.e. RAMT)] 

Train 

Maintenance 

Train 

Maintainers/ 

Technicians (i.e. 

RAMT) The Train Maintainers/ 

Technicians sub-function is 

defined as training the 

maintainers/technicians to work in 

a specialization on a specific RLV. 

[Train Personnel   	

 	
 
 	


Approvers] 

Train 

Trainers and 

Approvers The Train Trainers and Approvers sub-function is 

defined as additional special training for those in the 

capacity to train and approve procedures, 

requirements, material, operations, maintenance, and 

training to work in a specialization on a specific RLV.
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5.1 General Discussion 

For aviation, the FAA encourages operators to be innovative and creative in 

training delivery methods and techniques. While the FAA Flight Standards 

Services Inspectors check for the appropriateness and depth of training, they use 

discretion and latitude in recognizing differences between operators in their 

training delivery. A similar approach would be beneficial for RLVs. 

While testing includes knowledge testing and performance testing, it is not clear 

what percentage of classroom training should be divided between the delivery of 

these instructions and hands on training. 

Train Subsystems 

Brevard Community College (BCC) has developed and implemented a new 

degree program in August 2001 called Aerospace Technology Science degree 

program. In conjunction with this program, BCC also developed a skills standard 

development process. This was in response to the status of the aerospace 

industry. The aerospace industry has an aging workforce. There are twice as 

many in the aerospace workforce over 60 as there are under 30. Additionally, 

there have been industry changes due to legislation such as the Commercial 

Space Act and the changes in the Export Control Act. Finally, societal changes in 

technology and cycle times of development have changed the aerospace 

workforce and its focus. This has been addressed by BCC by developing 

aerospace technical education partnerships, a two-year college degree program, 

and development of National Skills Standards for competencies. Their goal was 

to develop and implement a program to provide qualified, employable technicians 

for the future aerospace industry. 

An executive steering group called the Aerospace Technology Advisory 

Committee (ATAC) oversees the program. It is made up of partnerships from the 

government, industry, and academia, see Table 3, ATAC Partners. The Program 

Plan consists of a five-year implementation. In 2000 their goal was to develop the 

Aerospace Technician Degree and obtain aerospace industry support for a 

National Skills Training Program. This led to the formation of the ATAC industry 

working group, the development of laboratories for teaching, and opening of a 

spaceport center facility at KSC. 
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Table 3 ATAC Partners 

Government Industry Academia 

NASA KSC Boeing Wyle Astronauts 

Memorial 

Foundation 

(AMF) 

Brevard 

Community 

College 

45th Space 

Wing 

National 

Science 

Foundation 

United Space 

Alliance 

Pratt & 

Whitney 

Embry 

Riddle 

Aeronautical 

University 

Florida 

Institute of 

Technology 

Brevard 

Workforce 

Development 

Board 

Federal 

Aviation 

Administration 

Florida Aviation 

Aerospace 

Alliance 

Bionetics Florida 

Space 

Research 

Institute 

Division of 

Community 

College 

(DCC) 

Cape 

Canaveral 

Air Force 

Station 

Southern 

Economic 

Development 

Center 

Dynamac Lockheed 

Martin 

K-12 Florida 

Space 

InstituteUniversity of 

Central 

Florida 

Technology 

Research 

and 

Development 

Authority 

Florida Space 

Authority 

Harris Delaware 

North Park 

Services 

(DNPS) 

Community 

Colleges for 

Innovative 

Technology 

Transfer 

Enterprise 

Florida, Inc. 

(EFI) 

Education 

Development 

Center 

Command 

Control 

Technologies 

NIDA 

Corporation 

 

 Space Gateway 

Support (SGS) 

Indyne 

Train Functions

In contrast to subsystems, functions have a procedural nature, such as 

Analyze Impact Limit Lines. 

Train Ground Operations 

Ground operations personnel ready the vehicle for flight. Since different RLVs 

have very specific needs, it is envisioned that Ground Operations will be unique 

to each RLV with some common elements such as replenishing the consumables 

even though the list of consumables may also be different from one RLV to 

another. 

Train Flight Operations 

Flight operations personnel perform activities associated with launch through 

landing operations. They may be located either on-board the RLV or on the 

ground. 

Train Maintenance 

Since RLVs vary in the types of technology they are using, 

maintainers/technicians trained on a specific RLV cannot move to another RLV 
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without a certain amount of additional training and familiarization. Maintenance 

consists of turnaround, interval-driven, condition-based, scheduled and 

unscheduled maintenance. These activities may include preventive maintenance, 

replacement of defective parts and repair activities. RLV maintainers and 

technicians are also referred to as RLV Aerospace Maintenance Technicians 

(RMAT) by the FAA. 

14 CFR 147, Aviation Maintenance Schools cover the FAA requirements for 

certification of schools. Facilities, equipment, materials, tools, instructors, and 

curricula are covered in these requirements. Operating rules for these schools 

include rules for enrollment, attendance, record keeping, certification awards, 

maintenance of the school facilities, maintenance of the curricula, and inspection. 

Train Trainers and Approvers 

Trainer and Approver training will be conducted in addition to the operations and 

maintenance personnel training. 

In aviation, the FAA is responsible for training the inspectors (i.e. approvers) who 

perform certification activities. However, since there are a variety of RLV 

concepts, individual Approver training programs may be required. 

5.2 Guideline Input Considerations 

The following Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) have been identified for the 

Perform Training Sub-function: 

Perf Train GIC - 1. The FAA should provide guidance on how the training 

program should be structured. Current FAA guidance 

for aviation training suggests that the training take into 

consideration individual differences in learning, 

forgetting and retention, habit formation, instructor’s 

communication skills and different methods of teaching 

such as lecture, general discussion, demonstrationperformance, and programmed instruction. This 

guidance also includes different methods for evaluating 

the students’ progress, such as oral quizzing, written 

tests, and performance tests. 

Perf Train GIC - 2. Pilot training, curricula, eligibility, and training 

equipment should be approved by the FAA. It is 

recognized that these items may be unique to individual 

RLV designs. 

Perf Train GIC - 3. Propulsion and propellant management training should 

be skill or technology specific rather than engine 

specific. 
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5.2.1 Inter/Intra Agency Considerations 

The following Perform Training Sub-function inter/intra agency considerations 

were identified: 

1. The training of hazardous material handling may be a concern to OSHA 

and/or EPA. 

2. DOT coordination should occur with appropriate rail, air, and roadway 

transportation offices for safe practices and regulations associated with 

the transportation of hazardous materials on public routes. 

3. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) coordination should occur for 

all frequency assignments used in RLV operations, particularly those 

employed in emergencies. 

4. The Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board (ESB) should be 

consulted to provide a source of lessons learned for FAA/AST for 

conducting RLV safety evaluations, storage of propellants, and chemical 

agents.5
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5.3 Guideline Recommendations 

Perform Training GI - 1. Train Task Changes 

Guideline Input 

When new risks and/or safety-critical tasks are seen in the operation or 

maintenance of an RLV, the RLV Operator shall train personnel in the field and in 

the classroom based on the associated Safety Advisories until formal course 

material is available. 

Rationale 

Performance of training will be reevaluated when there is change in technology, 

change in existing regulations, when new tools are introduced for training, or 

when new risks are faced. New methodologies and training approaches may drive 

curricula revisions as well. If outdated or incorrect technology is being taught; if 

obsolete guidance is being followed in class; or if the tools are not being correctly 

used, students may be more prone to incidents/accidents on the job. The above 

changes may also affect the trainee’s ability to make informed real-time decisions. 
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Perform Training GI - 2. Trainer Requirements 

Guideline Input 

Training programs shall be updated, and trainers shall be retrained when the 

school acquires new training tools. 

Rationale 

In addition to new curriculum, facilities, and simulator updates based on 

technology and procedure changes, trainers will also require updated training in 

order to teach the new material. 
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Perform Training GI - 3. Technician/Mechanic Training 

Guideline Input 

Technicians and mechanics shall be trained in specific technology areas. 

Rationale 

Some amount of experience and training is required for technicians and 

mechanics working on RLVs, particularly safety critical systems. The experience 

levels, and what skills and training may be substituted for this experience must 

be determined. 
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Perform Training GI - 4. Trainer/Approver Training 

Guideline Input 

Trainers and Approvers shall be trained in both RLV-specific areas and technical 

instructor and approval methodologies. 

Rationale 

In addition to being trained in RLV-specific skills, Trainers and Approvers must 

be able to communicate effectively and evaluate students in order to ensure that 

RLV personnel are prepared adequately. 
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6.0 Test 

The following sub-functions were developed to reflect those tasks or procedures 

that are applicable to RLV Test activities. Table 4 highlights the general 

definitions for the Test Sub-functions. 

Table 4 Test Definitions 

[Train Personnel 


The Test Sub-function is defined as the administration of knowledge and 

performance measurements that demonstrate personnel have been trained 

adequately to perform their functions in a safe manner. 

Administer [Training Personnel  $

% 


Knowledge 

Test 

The Administer Knowledge Test sub-function is defined as the 

administration of that part of the test that checks a student’s 

competency and depth in the domain knowledge of subjects 

relevant to the job for which the student has been trained.

[Training Personnel  $

Performance Test] 

Test 

Administer 

Performance 

Test 

The Administer Performance Test sub-function is defined as the 

administration of that part of the test that checks a student’s 

competency in the hands-on skill of the subjects that are relevant 

to the job for which the student has been trained.

6.1 General Discussion 

The RLV industry is still in its infancy. There are many varied ideas for space 

flight being developed. There is no single concept of how all of these RLVs will 

be operated or maintained. These RLV concepts are so varied that no single 

knowledge or skill set can be defined as the standard required knowledge for 

personnel in different RLV organizations. Thus, no standard test is envisioned 

(e.g. no single test for pilots is adequate for all the different RLV concepts). 

6.2 Guideline Input Considerations 

The following Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) have been identified for the 

Test Sub-function: 

Test GIC - 1. Testing of trainers and approvers should include testing for their 

particular RLV specialization (job) as well as testing as 

instructors or approvers. 

Test GIC - 2. Requirements for a testing program should be developed to 

accommodate curriculum for initial and recurring training. 

6.2.1 Inter/Intra Agency Considerations 

The following Test Sub-function inter/intra agency considerations were identified: 

1. It is possible that new chemicals and new materials may be introduced to 

support RLVs. DOT, OSHA, and EPA must be involved in formulating safe 

methods of transporting, handling, and using these chemicals. 

Formulation of test questions for these types of new chemicals and 

materials should be performed in cooperation with these agencies. 
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6.3 Guideline Recommendations 

Test GI - 1. Post Training Testing 

Guideline Input 

Post training tests shall be conducted that demonstrate appropriate knowledge 

and skill levels were acquired. 

Rationale 

Testing is conducted in order to provide a means of determining and 

demonstrating the required knowledge and skills necessary to safely perform as 

an RLV operator, maintainer, trainer, or approver. Testing ensures that personnel 

are adequately trained which will mitigate risks in generating RLV 

incidents/accidents that may endanger the public. For all of the personnel to be 

trained, there are two parts to their training, namely, knowledge and hands-on skill 

(performance). Testing will include knowledge testing and performance testing. 
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Test GI - 2.Performance Test Safety 

Guideline Input 

Performance testing shall be performed in accordance with the FAA/AST 

approved RLV Operator Training Manual hazardous procedures. 

Rationale 

Tests should be a realistic representation of what personnel would do on the job. 

If the skill being evaluated requires an environment that may put the public at risk, 

the testing personnel must adhere to the hazardous procedures guidelines 

outlined in the RLV Operator Training Manual. 
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7.0 Record & Report 

The following sub-functions were developed to reflect those tasks or procedures 

that are applicable to RLV Record and Report activities. Table 5 highlights the 

general definitions for the Record and Report Sub-functions. 

Table 5 Record and Report Sub-function Definitions 

[Train Personnel &


The Record and Report Function encompasses the tasks and procedures to record 

training documentation for each course, facility, simulator, and student. This 

information is used to improve training quality as well as pass the student on to the 

approval process. 

[Train Personnel & $	




Record & 

Report 

Approval 

Functional 

Decomposition 

The Approval Functional Decomposition outlines functions for 

performing approval activities associated with equipment, 

procedures, and personnel involved in maintenance activities. See 

Volume 5, Approval.

7.1 General Discussion 

RLV training courses will have criteria by which the student’s knowledge will be 

measured against. These include both task/performance based items as well as 

knowledge based items. The student’s achievements and failures will be 

recorded to provide a complete record of their level of readiness for actual field 

work. Additionally, the RLV Operator may be required to provide records of use 

and revisions for course curriculum, training facilities, and training simulators to 

ensure the approved versions of these items are being used in the training of 

RLV personnel. 

Reporting entails the endorsement of the training facility to the approval authority 

that the student is prepared to be evaluated for certification, licensing, or other 

approval mechanism. 

7.2 Guideline Input Considerations 

The following Guideline Input Considerations (GICs) have been identified for the 

Record and report Sub-function: 

Record & Report GIC - 1. Training records should be recorded and made 

available for future tracking to ensure personnel 

have received the appropriate training for their 

position. 

7.2.1 Inter/Intra Agency Considerations 

The following Test Sub-function inter/intra agency considerations were identified: 

1. DOT coordination should occur with appropriate rail, air, and roadway 

transportation offices for safe practices and regulations associated with 

the transportation of hazardous materials on public routes. 

2. Federal Communication Commission (FCC) coordination should occur for 

all frequency assignments used in RLV maintenance procedures, 

particularly those employed in emergencies. 
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3. The Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board (ESB) should be 

consulted to provide a source of lessons learned for FAA/AST for 

conducting RLV safety evaluations, storage of propellants, and chemical 

agents.5

4. National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) coordination should be required 

for procedure development to ensure that fire safety and mitigation 

procedures are in place for maintenance. 
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7.3 Guideline Recommendations 

Record & Report GI - 1. Training Completion Endorsement 

Guideline Input 

An authorized instructor shall log an endorsement in a student’s training record 

that attests that the student has been found proficient in the learning objectives 

identified in the course curricula. 

Rationale 

Before personnel can be evaluated and determined to be qualified for their 

respective position, they must successfully complete position training. An 

endorsement from an authorized person will attest to the fact that personnel are 

ready for evaluation to be determined they are qualified. 

The endorsement document records the results of training and will include the 

following information: 

1. Name of the trainee 

2. Name of the course 

3. Make and model of the training equipment used 

4. Trainee's prerequisite experience and course time completed 

5. Trainee's performance on each lesson and the name of the instructor 

providing instruction 

6. Date and result of each end-of-course performance test 

7. Name of the evaluator conducting the test 

8. Number of hours of additional training that was accomplished after any 

unsatisfactory performance test 

9. Endorsement from authorized instructor 

10. Recurring Training Records 

11. Cross Training Records 

.
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Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 
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AAAF Association 

Aéronautique et 

Astronautique de 

France 

A&P Airframe & Powerplant 

A/C Aircraft 

AC Advisory Circular 

AD Airworthiness Directive 

ADIZ Air Defense 

Information Zones 

AETB Alumina Enhanced 

Thermal Barrier 

AFS Aviation Flight 

Standards 

AIAA American Institute of 

Aeronautics and 

Astronautics 

ALARA As Low As Reasonably 

Achievable 

AM Amplitude Modulation 

AMF Astronauts Memorial 

Foundation 

ANPRM Advanced Notice of 

Proposed Rule Making 

ANSI American National 

Standards Institute 

AOA Abort Once Around 

AOG Airplane on Ground 

APU Auxiliary Power Unit 

ARAC Aviation Rulemaking 

Advisory Committee 

ARC Ames Research Center 

ARF Assembly and 

Refurbishment Facility 

ARINC Aeronautical Radio, 

Inc. 

ARP Aerospace 

Recommended 

Practice 

ASEE American Society for 

Engineering Education 

ASICS Application Specific 

Integrated Circuits 

ASME American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers 

ASQ American Society for 

Quality 

AST Office of the Associate 

Administrator for 

Commercial Space 

Transportation 

ASTM American Society for 

Testing and Materials 

ASTWG Advance Spaceport 

Technology Working 

Group 

AWS Aerospace Worthiness 

Standards 

ATA Air Transport 

Association 

ATAC Advanced Technology 

Advisory Committee 

ATC Air Traffic Control 

ATM Air Traffic Management 

ATO Abort to Orbit 

ATOS Air Transport Oversight 

System 

ATSRAC Aging Transport 

Systems Rule Making 

Advisory Committee 
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AVCS Air Vehicle Control 

Station 

BCSP Board of Certified 

Safety Professionals 

BFE Buyer Furnished 

Equipment 

BITE Built In Test Equipment 

BPSK Bit Phase Shift Keying 

CAA Civil Aviation 

Authorities 

CAM Civil Aeronautics 

Manual 

CAR Code of Aviation 

Regulations 

CASA Civil Aviation Safety 

Authority 

CASS Continuous Analysis 

and Surveillance 

CAST Civil Aviation Safety 

Team 

CBM Condition-Based 

Maintenance 

C-Band Frequency range 

between 3.6 and 4.2 

GHz 

CCAFS Cape Canaveral Air 

Force Station 

CDR Critical Design Review 

CEI Contract End Item 

CEO Chief Executive Officer 

CFR Code of Federal 

Regulations 

CIL Critical Items List 

CINCSPACE Commander In Chief, 

Space Command 

CMR Certification 

Maintenance 

Requirements 

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

COFR Certificate of Flight 

Readiness 

COLA Conjunction On Launch 

Assessment or 

Collision Avoidance 

COMBO Computation of Miss 

Between Orbits 

COMSTAC Commercial Space 

Transportation 

Advisory Committee 

CONOPS Concept Of Operations 

CONUS Continental United 

States 

CRM Cockpit Resource 

Management 

CRV Crew Return/Rescue 

Vehicle 

CVR Cockpit Voice recorder 

dB Decibel 

DACUM Developing A 

Curriculum 

DARPA Defense Advanced 

Research Projects 

Agency 

DCC Division of Community 

College 

DCN Document Change 

Notice 

DFRC Dryden Flight 

Research Center 

DMS Docket Management 

System 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

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DNPS Delaware North Park 

Services 

DO Delivery Order 

DoD Department of Defense 

DOF Degrees of Freedom 

DOT Department of 

Transportation 

Ec Casualty Expectation 

EIS Environmental Impact 

Statement 

EFI Enterprise Florida, Inc. 

ELV Expendable Launch 

Vehicle 

EMC Electromagnetic 

Compatibility 

EMI Electromagnetic 

Interference 

EOM End Of Mission 

EPA Environmental 

Protection Agency 

ERP Emergency Response 

Procedure 

ESA European Space 

Agency 

ESD Electrostatic Discharge 

ESMC Eastern Space and 

Missile Center 

ET External Tank 

ETMS Enhanced Traffic 

Management System 

ETOPS Extended Twin 

(engines) Operations 

FAA Federal Aviation 

Administration 

FAR Federal Aviation 

Regulation 

FCC Federal 

Communications 

Commission 

FHA Functional Hazard 

Assessment 

FL Florida 

FM Frequency Modulation 

FMEA Failure Modes and 

Effects Analysis 

FMEA/CIL Failure Modes and 

Effects Analysis/Critical 

Items List 

FMECA Failure Modes, Effects, 

and Criticality Analysis 

FMS Flight Management 

System 

FOCC Flight Operations 

Control Center 

FOQA Flight Operations 

Quality Assurance 

FR Flight Recorder 

FRCS Forward Reaction 

Control System 

FRR Flight Readiness 

Review 

FSDO Flight Standards 

District Office 

FSO Flight Safety Officer 

FSS Flight Safety Systems 

FTA Fault Tree Analysis 

FTD Flight Training Devices 

FTS Flight Termination 

Systems 

FY Fiscal Year 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

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G Gravitation 

Acceleration at Sea 

Level 

GLONASS Global Orbiting 

Navigation Satellite 

System 

GNC Guidance, Navigation, 

Control 

GNSS Global Navigation 

Satellite System

GOR Ground Operations 

Review 

GPS Global Positioning 

System 

GRC Glenn Research 

Center 

GSE Ground Support 

Equipment 

GSO Ground Safety Officer 

GSRP Ground Safety Review 

Panel 

GSS Ground Support 

System 

HAZMAT Hazardous Material 

HBAT Handbook Bulletin for 

Air Transportation 

HCF High Cycle Fatigue 

HDTV High Definition 

Television 

HMI Human-Machine 

Interface 

HMF Hypergolic 

Maintenance Facility 

HMR Hazardous Material 

Report 

HRST Highly Reusable Space 

Transportation 

HTHL Horizontal Take Off 

and Landing 

HTVL Horizontal Take Off 

and Vertical Landing 

HW Hardware 

IASA International Aviation 

Safety Assessment 

ICA Instructions for 

Continued 

Airworthiness 

ICAO International Civil 

Aviation Organization 

ICF Instructions for 

Continued Flightworthiness 

ICHM Integrated Control and 

Health Management 

IEC International 

Electrotechnical 

Commission 

IEEE Institute of Electrical 

and Electronic 

Engineers 

IFR Instrument Flight Rules 

ILL Impact Limit Lines 

ILS Instrument Landing 

System 

IMU Inertial Measurement 

Unit 

ISO International 

Organization for 

Standardization 

ISS International Space 

Station 

ITU International 

Telecommunication 

Union 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

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IVHM Integrated Vehicle 

Health Monitoring 

IV&V Independent Validation 

and Verification 

JAA Joint Aviation 

Authorities 

JAR1 Joint Airworthiness 

Regulations 

JAR2 Joint Aviation 

Regulations 

JAR-VLA Joint Aviation 

Regulations-Very Light 

Airplanes 

JROC Joint Requirements 

Oversight Council 

JSC Johnson Space Center 

Klb Kilo Pound 

Klbs Kilo Pounds 

KSC Kennedy Space Center 

Ku-Band Frequency Range from 

1.7 to 12.76 GHz 

LA Los Angeles 

LCC Launch Control 

Complex 

LH2 Liquid Hydrogen 

LOA Letter of Agreement 

LEO Low Earth Orbit 

LLC Limited Liability 

Corporation 

LOX Liquid Oxygen 

LRCS Long-Range 

Communication 

System 

LRU Line Replaceable Units 

MAKS Multi-Purpose 

Aerospace System 

MMEL Master Minimum 

Equipment List 

MEL Minimum Equipment 

List 

MLP Mobile Launcher 

Platform 

MMH Monomethyl Hydrazine 

MNPS Minimum Navigation 

Performance 

Specifications Airspace 

MPP Maintenance Program 

Plan 

MRB Maintenance Review 

Board 

MRM Maintenance Resource 

Management 

MRO Maintenance, and 

Repair, Overhaul 

MSFC Marshall Space Flight 

Center 

MSG Maintenance Steering 

Group 

MSI Maintenance 

Significant Items 

MSL Mean Sea Level 

N/A Not Applicable 

NAI National Aerospace 

Initiative 

NAS National Airspace 

System 

NASA National Aeronautics 

and Space 

Administration 

NASP National Aerospace 

Plane 

NAT North Atlantic 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

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NDE Non Destructive 

Evaluations 

NIDA NIDA Corporation 

NORAD North American 

Aerospace Defense 

Command 

NOTAM Notice To Airmen 

NOTMAR Notice To Mariners 

NPRM Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking 

NSP National Simulator 

Program 

NSLD NASA Shuttle Logistics 

Depot 

NSTS National Space 

Transportation System 

NTSC National Television 

System Committee 

O2 Oxygen

O&M Operations and 

Maintenance 

O&S Operations and 

Supportability 

OEI One Engine Inactive 

OEM Original Equipment 

Manufacturer 

OJT On-the-Job Training 

OMD Operations and 

Maintenance 

Document 

OMDP Orbiter Maintenance 

Down Period 

OMI Operations and 

Maintenance 

Instructions 

OMRS Operations and 

Maintenance 

Requirements 

Specifications 

OMRSD Operations and 

Maintenance 

Requirements 

Specifications 

Document 

OMS Orbital Maneuvering 

System 

OPF Orbital Processing 

Facility 

ORR Orbiter Readiness 

Review 

OSD/AF Office of Scientific 

Development/Air Force 

OSHA Occupational Safety 

and Health 

Administration 

OSI Open Systems 

Interconnect 

Pi Probability of Impact 

PAL Phase Alternation Line 

PCM Pulse Code Modulation 

PiC Pilot in Command 

PLC Programmable Logic 

Controller 

PMA Parts Manufacturer 

Approval 

PMD Propellant 

Management Devices 

PMI Principle Maintenance 

Inspectors or 

Preventative 

Maintenance 

Inspection 

PoC Point of Contact 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

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PRACA Problem Reporting and 

Corrective Action 

PRR Payload Readiness 

Review 

PSI Pounds per Square 

Inch 

PSRP Payload Safety Review 

Panel 

Pt. Part 

PVAT Position, Velocity, 

Attitude, Time 

Q-D Quantity Distance 

QD Quick Disconnects 

QoS Quality of Service 

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift 

Keying 

RCM Reliability Centered 

Maintenance 

RCS Reaction Control 

System 

RF Radio Frequency 

RLV Reusable Launch 

Vehicle 

RMAT RLV Aerospace 

Maintenance 

Technician 

RNAV Area Navigation 

RPM Revenue Passenger 

Mile 

RPR Rulemaking Project 

Record 

RPSF Rotation, Processing & 

Surge Facility 

RSO Range Safety Officer 

RSRM Reusable Solid Rocket 

Motor 

RSS Range Safety System 

RTG Radioisotope 

Thermoelectric 

Generator 

RTI Research Triangle 

Institute 

RTLS Return To Launch Site 

RTS Return To Service 

RTV Room Temperature 

Vulcanizing 

RVT Reusable Vehicle Test 

SAE Society of Automotive 

Engineers 

SATMS Space and Air Traffic 

Management System 

SCAPE Self-Contained 

Atmospheric Protective 

Ensemble 

SDP Safety Data Package 

SDR Service Difficulty 

Report 

SFE Supplier Furnished 

Equipment 

SGS Space Gateway 

Support 

SIAT Shuttle Independent 

Assessment Team 

SLF Shuttle Landing Facility 

SLI Space Launch Initiative 

SME1 Shuttle Main Engine 

SME2 Subject Matter Expert 

S/N Stock Number 

SNPRM Supplemental Notice of 

Proposed Rule Making 

SOH State of Health 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

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SOP Standard Operating 

Procedure 

SPST Space Propulsion 

Synergy Team 

SRB Solid Rocket Booster 

SRD Systems Requirements 

Document 

SRM Solid Rocket Motor 

SRSO Senior Range Safety 

Officer 

SSA System Safety 

Assessment 

SSB Single Side Band 

SSME Space Shuttle Main 

Engine 

SSP Space Shuttle Program 

SSTO Single Stage To Orbit 

SSV Space Shuttle Vehicle 

STC Space Traffic Control 

STS Space Transportation 

System 

SUA Special Use Airspace 

SUP Suspected Unapproved 

Parts 

SW Software 

TAL Transoceanic Abort 

Landing 

TBD To Be Determined 

TCAS Traffic Alert and 

Collision Avoidance 

System 

TOGA Takeoff/Go-Around 

TOL Transoceanic Landing 

TPS Thermal Protection 

System 

TSA Transportation Security 

Administration 

TSO Technical Standard 

Order 

TSOA Technical Standard 

Order Authorization 

TSPI Time Space Position 

Information 

TSTO Two Stage To Orbit 

TTS Thrust Termination 

System 

TVC Thrust Vector Control 

UAV Unmanned Aerial 

Vehicle 

US United States 

USAF United States Air Force 

USBI United States 

Boosters, Inc. 

USC United States Code 

VAB Vehicle Assembly 

Building 

VFC/MFC Maximum Speed For 

Stability Characteristics 

VDF/MDF Demonstrated Flight 

Diving Speed 

VFR Visual Flight Rules 

VHF Very High Frequency 

VOD Vehicle Operator 

Dispatcher 

VOR VHF Omnidirectional 

Range (navigation 

system) 

VSP Vision Spaceport 

Program 

VTHL Vertical Take Off and 

Horizontal Landing 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix A: Acronyms/Terminology 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

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VTVL Vertical Take Off and 

Landing 

WSMC Western Space and 

Missile Center 

WWI World War 1 

Wx Weather
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix B: RLV Guideline Input Suggestion Form 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

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Appendix B: RLV Guideline Input Suggestion Form 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix B: RLV Guideline Input Suggestion Form 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 48 11/18/2004 

RLV Guideline Input Suggestion Form

Name: ___________________________ Company Name: _________________ 

Address: _________________________________________________________ 

City: _______________ State, Postal Code, Country: ____________________ 

Phone: __________________________ Date: ___________________________ 

Email: __________________________________________________________ 

Document: RLV O&M Guideline Inputs – Vol. 4 – Training 

 Sec: ______ Page: ____ Line: _______ 

[ ] Documentation Error (Format, punctuation, spelling) 

[ ] Content Error 

[ ] Enhancement or Refinement 

Rationale (Describe the error or justification for enhancement): 

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Proposed change (Attach marked up text or proposed rewrite): 

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Please provide any general comments for improvements of this document: 

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Return completed form to: 

FAA/AST-100 

RLV O&M 

800 Independence Ave SW RM 331 

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Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 49 11/18/2004 

Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition 

Figure 5 reflects the Training Functional Decomposition as developed for this 

effort. The following figure, Figure 6, reflects the Training Functional 

Decomposition as developed for a previous tasking effort. The subsequent table, 

Table 6, provides the sub-function level traceability between the two 

decompositions. The current decomposition was developed in preparation of a 

Functional Analysis. 

Figure 5 Current Training Functional Decomposition 

Administer

Knowledge Test

Administer

Performance Test

Develop

Training

Perform

Training

Test

Report &

Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency

Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Training

Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground

Operations

Train Flight

Operations

Train Maintenance

Train Flight Crew

Train Maintainers/

Technicians

(i.e. RAMT)

Train Flight Crew

Train Other

Personnel

(i.e. VMC)

Train

Personnel

Train Ground

Flight Controller

Train Ground

Flight Controller

See Approval Decomposition

Train

Trainers and

Approvers

Train Other

Personnel

(i.e. VMC)

LEGEND

 Indicates a change from previous RTI Decomposition.

 Indicates a link to another Function Volume. text
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 50 11/18/2004 

Figure 6 Previous Training Functional Decomposition 

Administer

Knowledge Test

Administer

Practical Test

Develop

Training

Perform

Training

Test

Report & Record

Develop Curriculum

Develop Materials

Develop Currency

Requirements

Develop Simulators

Develop Facilities

Train Subsystems

Train Functions

Train Ground Ops

Train Flight Ops

Train

Maintenance

Train Flight

Crew

Train

Maintainers/

Technicians

Train Other

Personnel

Train

Maintainers/

Technicians

Train Flight

Crew

Train Other

Personnel

Personnel

Training

Train Ground

Flight Controller

Train Ground

Flight Controller
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 51 11/18/2004 

Table 6 Train Personnel Sub-Function Traceability 

Indicates Same from Previous to 

Current 

Indicates Move/Change from 

Previous to Current 

Indicates New Sub-Function Indicates no Previous to Current 

Correlation 

Current Sub-Functions Previous Sub-Functions 

High 

Level 

Function

Second 

Level 

 SubFunction 

Tertiary 

Sub-Function 

Fourth Level 

Sub-unction 

Change High 

Level 

Function

Second 

Level 

SubFunction 

Tertiary 

Sub-Function

Fourth Level Subunction Change 

Same Same 

Develop 

Currency 

Requirements

Same Develop 

Currency 

Requirements

Same 

Develop 

Curriculum 

Same Develop 

Curriculum 

Same 

Develop 

Materials 

Same Develop 

Materials 

Same 

Develop 

Simulators 

Same Develop 

Simulators 

Same 

Develop 

Training 

Develop 

Training 

Facilities 

Changed 

Name 

Personnel

Training 

Develop 

Facilities 

Changed 

Name 

 Same Same 

Train 

Subsystems 

Same Train 

Subsystems 

 Same 

Same Same 

Same Same 

Train Ground Flight 

Controller 

Same Train Ground Flight 

Controller 

Same 

Train Flight Crew Same Train Flight Crew Same 

Train Ground 

Operations 

Train Other Personnel 

(i.e. VMC) 

Added 

Comment 

Train Ground 

Operations 

Train Other Personnel Added 

Comment 

Same Same 

Train Ground Flight 

Controller 

Same Train Ground Flight 

Controller 

Same 

Train Flight Crew Same Train Flight Crew Same 

Train Flight 

Operations 

Train Other Personnel 

(i.e. VMC) 

Added 

Comment 

Train Flight 

Operations 

Train Other Personnel Added 

Comment 

Train Same Same 

Maintenance 

Train 

Maintainers/Technicians

(i.e. RAMT) 

Added 

Comment 

Train 

Maintenance 

Train 

Maintainers/Technicians 

Added 

Comment 

Perform 

Training 

 Train 

Functions 

Train Trainers 

and Approvers 

New 

Perform 

Training 

Train 

Functions 

 

Same Same 

Administer 

Knowledge 

Test 

Same Administer 

Knowledge 

Test 

Same 

Administer 

Performance 

Test 

Renamed Administer 

Practical Test 

Renamed 

Renamed & 

Moved 

Test 

Report & 

Record 

Moved to 

Secondary 

Level 

Test 

Record & 

Report 

See Approval 

Decomposition 

New 
Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Appendix C: Traceability of Training Function Decomposition 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training-Volume 4

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 52 11/18/2004 

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Reusable Launch Vehicle Operations and Maintenance Endnotes 

Guideline Inputs and Technical Evaluation Report 

Training – Volume 4 

RTI/08087/007/2.2-Vol4F 53 11/18/2004 

Endnotes 

 

1

 White Paper on Commercial Space Transportation Reusable Launch Vehicle 

Operations and Maintenance, FAA-AST, Chuck Larsen, October 1999 

2

 Reusable Launch Vehicles Operations and Maintenance Top-Down Analysis 

Final Technical Report, RTI, September 30, 2002 (RTI Report No. 08087.002) 

3

 Lessons Learned From Challenger Headquarters National Aeronautics And 

Space Administration Safety Division Office Of Safety, Reliability, Maintainability 

And Quality Assurance Washington, DC, February 1988 

4

 Definition from Simulation Validation by Peter L. Knepeli and Deborah C. 

Arangno, IEEE Computer Society, 1993 

5

 Department of Defense Explosive Safety Board, General Information-Functions, 

http://www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/function.html