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MAR 6 1973

^0.326

AN ATLAS OF SOLAR FLARE EFFECTS IN THE IONOSPHERE

OBSERVED WITH A HIGH-FREQUENCY DOPPLER TECHNIQUE

September 1960 - December 1962

BY

DONALD M. BAKER

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring

maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national stand- ards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods

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listing of its four Institutes and their organizational units. Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics. Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Physics. Radio Standards

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* Located at Boulder, Colorado 80301. ** Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22171.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^cte. 326

ISSUED December 1, 1965

An Atlas of Solar Flare Effets in the Ionosphere

Observed with a High — Frequency Doppler Technique

September 1960 - December 1962

Donald M. Baker

Institute for Telecommunication Science and Aeronomy

Environmental Science Services Administration

Boulder, Colorado

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

Formerly designated the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington D.C. 20402

Price: 60*

Table of Contents

Page

Abstract 1

1. Introduction 1

2. Characteristics of Sudden Frequency Deviations 2

3. Description of Records 6

h. Acknowledgement 10

5. References 11

6. Index of Events 12

7. Atlas Ik

in

AN ATLAS OF SOLAR FLARE EFFECTS IN THE IONOSPHERE

OBSERVED WITH A HIGH-FREQUENCY DOPPLER TECHNIQUE

SEPTEMBER i960 - DECEMBER I962

Donald M. Baker

Records of selected solar flare effects (sudden frequency

deviations) in the ionosphere detected by a high frequency

Doppler technique from September i960 through December 1962

are presented. When available, records of short wave fadeouts

(SWF) are also given.

Keywords: solar flare effects in the ionosphere, shortwave

fadeouts, sudden frequency deviations, Doppler

technique

.

1. Introduction

I The purpose of this atlas is to present a selection of the records of

sudden frequency deviations (SFD) which have been observed from September

i960 through December 1962. Where available, records of the received

signal strength have been included to show whether or not a sudden frequency deviation was accompanied by a short wave fadeout (SWF). Sudden

frequency deviations are associated with solar flares, and the temporal

variations of the SFD are thought to reflect the corresponding fluctuations in the solar ionizing radiation responsible for the enhanced production of electrons in the E and F regions of the ionosphere . Some

flares produce both SWF and SFD, some SWF without SFD, and others SFD

without SWF. These records (both SWF and SFD) should be of value in

helping to distinguish between ionospheric disturbances of natural origin

and those resulting from nuclear explosions. The records will also be of

value for studies of the ionosphere, for comparison with other sudden

ionospheric disturbance data and solar radio emission records, and for

detailed comparison with optical observations of the solar flares.
Sudden frequency deviations are detected by means of the highfrequency Doppler technique described by Watts and Davies [i960]. The

frequency of an ionospherically propagated radio signal is monitored by

comparing the received frequency with the signal from a stable local

oscillator and recording the resultant beat signal on magnetic tape.

Changes in the propagation medium cause variations in the received frequency which are detected as variations in the recorded beat frequency.

The local oscillator is set a few cycles per second below the transmitted

frequency to permit the sense of a frequency variation (positive or negative) to be determined. The solar -flare -induced disturbances detected

by the technique have been given the name "sudden frequency deviations",

abbreviated SFD, by Chan and Villard [1963].

The radio signals used in this technique (2-20 Mc/s) are usually

reflected from the F region of the ionosphere, and, therefore, the signals

are subject to changes in the D, E, and F regions. Our present knowledge

indicates that the changes which cause sudden frequency deviations occur chiefly in the E and F regions (i.e. above the 100 km level). Thus, SFDte provide information on solar -flare -induced disturbances not provided by

short wave fadeouts (SWF), >sudden phase anomalies (SPA), sudden cosmic

noise absorption (SCNA), or sudden enhancements of atmospherics (SEA)

all of which detect changes in the D region.

The events in this atlas were selected on the basis of size, prospective usefulness, quality of the records, and uniqueness. An index of

the events included is given on pages 12 to 13- The paths, frequencies,

and path lengths used, and the period of operation of each path-frequency

combination are given in Table 1.

2. Characteristics of Sudden Frequency Deviations

A sudden frequency deviation is, by definition, associated with a solar flare. However, all solar flares do not produce sudden frequency

deviations. Table 2 gives the percentage of the solar flares reported

from October i960 through December 1962 which were accompanied by SFDs.

-2-
Table 1

Paths and Frequencies in Operation from September i960 thru December 1962

Path

Transmitter - Receiver

WWV to Boulder

Path Length Frequency Effective Period of Operation

iSEJL

21+30

(Mc/s)

20

(i960 - 1962)

1 September i960 - 2 June 1961

8 September 1961 - 17 January 1962

15* 21 December i960 - 30 January 1961

17 January 1962 - 31 December 1962

10* 30 January 1961 - 31 December 1962

WWV to Shickley

Sunset to Boulder

1780

25

10* 12 August 196l - 18 April 1962

5.054 k August 1961 - 31 December 1962

4.000 30 July I96I - 31 December 1962

WWVH to Anchorage

WWVH to Midway

41+80

2200

15** 8 June 1962 - 3 December 1962

15** 31 May 1962 - 10 July 1962

10** 31 May 1962 - 10 July 1962

5** 31 May 1962 - 10 July 1962

WWVH to Wake 3900 10** 26 May 1962 - 29 July 1962

* Subject to interference from WWVH

** Subject to interference from JJY (Tokyo)

Transmitter locations:

WWV (Beltsville, Md. ) 38°59'33" N, 76°50'52" W

Sunset, Colorado 40°02' N, 105° 27' W

WWVH (Maui, Hawaii) 20° 46' N, 156°28' W

JJY (Tokyo, Japan) 35° 42' N, 139° 31' E

Receiver locations:

Shickley, Nebraska

Boulder, Colorado

Anchorage, Alaska

Midway Island

Wake Island

1+0° 26' N 5 97° 39' W

1+0° 03' N, 105° 11' W

6i°io' N, 150°00' W

28° 15' N, 177=25' w

19 18' n, l66°36' E

-3-
Table 2

Percentage of flares reported from October 1, i960 through December 31? 19&2

which were accompanied by SFD's.

Flare Efo Number of Percentage

Importance Flares with SFD

1- 299U 10

1 6k8 21

2 55 h9

3 10 80

1, 2, 3 713 2k

1-, 1, 2, 3 3707 13

-4-
Sudden frequency deviations show great variation in shape, size, and

duration. The most distinctive characteristic of an SFD is a rapid

increase in the received frequency. This positive frequency deviation is

usually followed by a smaller negative deviation and a gradual recovery to

the pre-flare frequency. However, some SFD's show only a positive deviation followed by a return to the pre-flare frequency. Some SFDs have only

one peak while others are complex events with multiple peaks of varying

sizes. The time variation of the frequency during the positive phase of an SFD is thought to be closely related to the time variation of the ionizing radiation which causes the SFD.

The size of an SFD is dependent on the frequency, path length, and

the solar zenith angle as well as the, size and rate of change of the

flare-produced burst of ionizing radiation. The maximum positive frequency

deviations observed on WWV-10 Mc/s received at Boulder have ranged from a few tenths of a cycle per second to over 50 cycles per second. Most SFDs

are less than 1 cycle per second; an SFD of over 1 cycle per second is

considered to be a large event. Large SFDs are observed during both large

and small optical flares, but a large flare (importance 2 or 3) is more likely to be accompanied by a large SFD than is a small flare.

The duration of SFD's has been observed to range from less than one minute up to more than 15 minutes. The most frequent duration is of the

order of k minutes, and the most frequent time taken to rise to the peak

is from 1 to 2 minutes. Sudden frequency deviations almost always occur between the start and maximum phase of the optical flare as seen in Hey

(6563 A ) with the peak of the SFD usually preceding the Ha peak by 1 or 2

minutes.

More complete discussions of the characteristics and interpretation

of sudden frequency deviations and the statistics of their occurrence have

been given by Kanellakos, Chan, and Villard [1962]; Kanellakos [1963];

Chan and Villard [1963]; Knecht and Davies [1961 a,b]; Davies [1962, 1963]

;

Davies, Watts, and Zacharisen [1962]; and Agy, Baker, and Jones [1965].

A catalog of SFDs detected at Boulder from October i960 through December

1962 has been given by Agy, Baker, and Jones [1965].

-5-
3- Description of Records

The Doppler records (figure 2) show the variation of the received

frequency (in cycles per second) as a function of time; time increases

from left to right, frequency increases upward. Universal Time (UT) is

used throughout. The timing accuracy of the records included in this

atlas is ± 1 minute; more accurate times can be obtained from the original

records, but the labor involved prohibits obtaining such accuracy on a routine basis. The WWV transmission is interrupted for approximately k

minutes each hour beginning at k5 minutes past the hour. All WWV records were originally timed from the beginning of a transmission break, and

some records include either a complete transmission break (figure 11 ) or the start of a break (figure kl c,d,e). The Sunset, Colorado transmitters

were keyed every 10 minutes for purposes of identification, and these

keying breaks often show up on the records (figure 28; 1^30 and 1^40 UT).

Many records have more than one trace. On the Sunset to Boulder

records the existence of two traces usually means that both ground wave

and sky wave were being received (figure 28 a); the steady, undeviated

trace is the ground wave while the deviated trace is the sky wave. During

some flares" the increase of ionospheric absorption is so great that only

the ground wave is received (figure 57 a,b). The existence of multiple

traces on the WWV to Boulder and WWV to Shickley records can be due either

to the reception of more than one propagation mode or to an interfering

signal. When two traces are observed during an SFD (figure 18), the one which undergoes the larger deviation is usually due to a signal reflected

from the F region while that with the smaller, or no, deviation is the

result of a reflection from the E layer. In most cases the existence of

three or more traces is caused by the reception of several transmission

modes (one-hop, two-hop, etc., and possibly ordinary and extraordinary

rays) which are affected differently by the flare-induced ionization.

Traces due to an E-layer (undeviated) and three different F-layer modes

can be seen in figure 67 d. Traces due to two E-layer modes and single

F-layer mode are present in figure 35 c.

-6-
Several countries have standard frequency stations on 10 and/or

15 Mc/s. Consequently, signals from two or more transmitters are occa- sionally received at these frequencies. The daily and hourly transmission schedules of the possible sources of interference on 10 and

15 Mc/s are shown in figure 1. At Boulder both WWV and WWVH are frequently received simultaneously, and occasionally a signal of unknown

origin has appeared on the records at a time when both WWV and WWVH were

off the air. An example of the simultaneous reception of WWV and WWVH is

shown in figure 23; the presence of WWVH is indicated by the additional

transmission breaks at 1515 and 1530. An example of the reception of a strong signal of unknown origin is shown in figure k5 d; a clean transmission break from lkk-5 to lkk-9 is seen on 15 Mc/s (figure hk e) indicating the reception of WWV only; however, no such break is observed on 10 Mc/s, and it is impossible to be sure that the signal after lkk9 is

WWV. The presence of non-WWV transmission breaks, or the absence of WWV

breaks at the expected times, usually provides the only available indication of the presence of an unwanted signal. When signals from two or more transmitters are present, the only way to separate them, when possible,

is by a close inspection of the original records for several hours before

and after the period of interest. In the cases where more than one transmission was received, the usefulness of the records for detailed study of

the ionosphere is severely restricted; however, the records are still

useful for time comparisons with other SID data, with solar radio emission

records, and with optical flare observations. Lack of space has often

prohibited the inclusion of time breaks on the records in this atlas.

During the day the signal received on 10 and 15 Mc/s is predominantly WWV,

but there will be instances where interference from WWVH (and occasionally

from other stations) is present. There are usually no interference

problems on ^+.000, 5.05*+, or 20 Mc/s. An exceptional case of severe interference on k Mc/s can be seen in figure 37 a. A third source of multiple traces, on any of the frequencies, is

equipment. At times the records show one or more harmonics of the

fundamental trace (figure 33 c,'d). These multiple traces are easily

-7-
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-8-
distinguished from those of other sources and usually create no problems;

however, during some large SFD effects (figure 67 c) the fundamental and

harmonics do get mixed together so that it "becomes difficult to determine

the magnitude of the frequency deviation.

A second type of instrumental effect occurs when a negative frequency

deviation becomes larger than the frequency offset between the transmitted

frequency and the reference oscillator. In such a case, the negative

deviation is mirrored in the zero frequency axis so that it looks like a positive deviation on the records. An example of this effect is shown in

figure 55 c; what appears to be a positive deviation between 1936:00 and

1936:20 is probably a negative phase.

The signal strength records (figure 3^- c) were derived from the

feedback voltage of the automatic gain controls of the receivers. They

show the relative signal strength (in decibels above 1 microvolt) as a function of time; signal strength increases upward and time increases

from right to left . Although a time scale is printed on the chart paper,

the recorders often deviate from this scale. In using these records, the

times indicated at the bottom should be used. On the WWV to Boulder

records, the transmission breaks at ^5 minutes past the hour serve to

establish the time scale. On the Sunset to Boulder records, the keying

breaks repeat at approximately 10 minute intervals, but the exact times

at which they begin vary from day to day.

The signal strength records show whether an SFD was accompanied by

an appreciable increase in absorption (a short wave fadeout or SWF) and

give an order of magnitude estimate of the increase in absorption. These

records show no measurable increase of absorption during many SFKs

(figures 51 and 52 for example), whereas during some flares there is a large increase in absorption but no sudden frequency deviation (figures

33 and 3*0-

The signal strength of WW shows regular fluctuations with a period

of 5 minutes. These fluctuations are caused by the modulation schedule

of WWV. Any features on the signal strength records which are of equipmental origin are marked by the letter C. All signal strength records

-9-
included in the atlas are either reproductions of the original records or tracings from the original records. All tracings are identified as such

in the figures

h . Acknowledgement

•The preparation and publication of this atlas were supported by the

Advanced Research Projects Agency, Nuclear Test Detection Office under

Contract No. 183.

-10-
5- References

Agy, V., D. M. Baker, and R. M. Jones (1965), Studies of solar flare

effects and other ionospheric disturbances with a high frequency

Doppler technique, NBS Technical Note No. 306, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Chan, K. L., and 0. G. Villard, Jr. (1963)5 Sudden frequency deviations

induced by solar flares, J. Geophys. Res. 68, No. 10, 3197-322i+.

Davies, K. (1962), Ionospheric effects associated with the solar flare of

September 28, 1961, Nature, 193, No. ^817, 763- 76U.

Davies, K. (1963)5 Doppler studies of the ionospheric effects of solar

flares, Proceedings of the International Conference on the Ionosphere, London, 1962, Institute of Physics and the Physical Society,

76-83.

Davies, K. , J. M. Watts, and D. H. Zacharisen (1962), A study of F2 layer

effects as observed with a Doppler technique, J. Geophys. Res. 67,

No. 2, 601-609.

Kanellakos, D. P. (1963)5 Origin and location of ionospheric perturbations affecting the instantaneous frequency and azimuthal angle of

arrival of HF waves, Radio Astronomical and Satellite Studies of the

Atmosphere, ed. Aarons, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 525-559-

Kanellakos, D. P., K. L. Chan, and 0. G. Villard, Jr. (1962), On the

altitude at which some solar flare ionization is released, J. Geophys. Res. 67, No. 5, 1795-180^.

Knecht, R. W. and K. Davies (1961a), Solar flare effects in the F region

of the ionosphere, Nature 190, No. V7785 797-798.

Knecht, R. W. and K. Davies (1961b), reply to Possible solar flare effects

in the F region of the ionosphere by G. H. Munro, Nature 192 , No. U800, 3^8.

Watts, J. M, and K. Davies (i960), Rapid frequency analysis of fading

radio signals, J. Geophys. Res. 65, No. 8, 2295-2301.

11-
Index of Events

Date Start Time SFD Records Signal Strength

UT Records

i960 September 24 2115 15

September 27 1702 16

September 27 2058 17

November 11 1512 18

November 11 1709 19

November 12 1324 20

1961 January 30 1423 21

January 30 2003 22

January 31 1512 23

January 31 2133 24

April 3 1710 25

April 5 1621 26

April 26 I65O 27

May 4 2204 28

May 10 I858 29

May 28 1906 30

June 15 1718 31

June 29 2108 32

July 1 2132 33

July 10 1732 3k

July 13 2212 35

July 15 1508 36

July 16 1557 37

July 17 1913 38

July 19 2055 39

July 21 1715 ko

September 4 1431 42,43 44

September 4 1513 46,47 44

September 4 1902 48,49 44

-12-
Date Start Time SFD Records Signal Strength

UT Records

196l September 4 1911+ 50,51 44

September 10 1950 52,53 54,55

September 27 1952 56,57 58,59

September 28 2213 60,6l 62,63

November 22 2015 64,65 66,67

1962 February 21 1829 68,69

February 23 1830, 1842 70,71

February 28 1936 72,73

March 1 1635 74,75

March 13 1449 76,77 78

April l4 1257 80,81 82,83

April l4 1916 84,85 86,87

April 15 2050 88,89 90,91

April 17 2253 92,93 94,95

April 19 1935 96,97 98,99

April 20 1959 100,101 102,103

April 27 l4ll 104 105

May 1 1914 106 107

July 5 1937 108,109,110 ill

August 13 2039 112 113

October 13 1805 n4 , 115 116

-13-
ATLAS

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20-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1420-1425-1440

~l

M>MHMi .,» H i r> »l Ipll I I T gjltilllf XijJ^jllllJHIfr l

i lDKl to lit i n * *

ic/s

1420 UT 1425 1430

(a) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

r~T"i rr

1435 n I 1440

. — » , !< n .j ,i *nJ- * i :wm**6t+l>

-

. ,, <<hiHW»|i>|i mi«i» W»!***

lc/s 1

1420 UT

I I I I I I I I I I I I 1425 1430 1435

(b) 20MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1440

~1

30 JANUARY 1961

Figure 8

-21-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE I , 2000 - 2004 - 2013

2C/S -EWffctWJW^i. innn

2000 UT 2001 2002 2003

nin 'i ii - iiTrHTimrfiff

i—m—i—i—i—i—i—

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

(a) 10 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

2012

~1

2C/S P

~r r i

i'i pmmmmm« m i . h i»i

T"} i n i i

i i ~r~ri

2000 UT 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

30 JANUARY 1961

Figure 9

-22-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 1509 -1514-1535

1510 UT 1515 1520 1525

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1530

< in ii m m ii,M,^\^-^WWB '" .. -m* i HB»m» i,yt »*nim*m*0ti0mi*i***>*~i *j< mmmi

)c/s

*~rr r Fill' 1510 UT 1515 1520 1525

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

1530

"1

31 JANUARY 1961

Figure 10

-23-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 2131 -2137-2155

T

2130 UT 2135 2140 2145

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2150

—..»iii»»>i i u ' jmiii

lc/s

* yn , *wv>mt*** | „ it wuttmnt* |W*N*V

2130 UT 2135 2140 2145

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2150

31 JANUARY 1961

Figure 11

-2k-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1+ , 1711- 1725 D

1

I700UT 1720 1730

(a) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

740

0.5C/S

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

3 APRIL 1961

Figure 12

H

-25-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1555-1629-1647

^n i r»

l T^i^w#»<ft> 1W »i n- |i ^igl

0.5 c/s 1 I

1615 UT 1625

I I I

1635 1645

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1655 1705

0.5c/s T I

1615 UT 1625 1635 1645

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1655 1705

5 APRIL 1961

Figure 13

-26-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3 , 1648 - 1718 -1945

0.5 C/S

1650 UT 1700 1710 1720

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

%

;'. ,.%'<*-^

»* j*-*1" ,'IT ;v'

*.£!?

*&**& ** » -^?' efe-jf^ >"*->§•«

SSk; jp^iiii, »!**

' . ... »»> . ' J j»'«*»

0.5C/S Ti"n r

v rr"r r r i—r-n—m^i~

1650 UT 1700 1710 1720 t~t"~i1730

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

26 APRIL 1961

Figure lU

-27-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3, 2I45-22I2-2333D

2205 UT 2210 2215

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

~r~\

2220

i—i n2225

lc/s

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

4 MAY 1961

H

Figure 15

-28-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 1858

I I I I I I 1850 UT 1855

I I I III 1900 1905

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

I T

1910 1915

~l

—r^^J^aiii^tZ^y^^Jl^ ....x.-^^-J^Jb^.^|^^|f^-^gr:^. aa^^fcf-y^- ..»•.. ; .^.| r —

j^

..^

lc/s

1850 UT 1855 1900 1905

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

1910 1

1915

10 MAY 1961

Figure 16

-29-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE |-, 1904

1900 UT 1910 1915

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1900 UT 1905 1910

(b) 20MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

p

_1—rn—r_

)—r^.|

.

( 1915 1920

28 MAY 1961

Figure 17

-30-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I . I7I8E - I720U - 1728 U

tfc

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

4C/S

4- H

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

15 JUNE 1961

Figure 18

-31-
lc/s

"1

2100 UT

_L

lc/s

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 2057

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

(b) 20MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

29 JUNE 1961

i—i—i—|—i—

2120 2125

H

Figure 19

-32-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE I-.2I32

~i

lc/s

2125 UT 2130 2135 2140

(a) 10 Mc/S , WWV TO BOULDER

2145 2150

lc/s

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

I JULY 1961

H

Figure 20

-33-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I, 1741 - 1753-1800

lc/s

1730 UT

I I I I I I I I I I "

I "

1735 1740 1745

(a) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1750

_L_

lc/s

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

10 JULY 1961

H

Figure 21

-3k-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 2211

tc/s H

2210 UT

_L_

lc/s

2215 r"i i i i i r i

i i 2220 2225

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDFR

13 JULY 1961

I I I 2230

H

Figure 22

-35-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2, 1508-1512-1530

lc/s

t

* i &

m

1 1 1 i I 1 1 I 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

.>i

1510 UT

Be j*h ^C

1515 1520

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1525 H1530

lc/s

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

15 JULY 1961

H

Figure 23

-36-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 1556

1

__^^hjj»w*i<ik im' l L

lc/s

lc/s

&

1555 UT T1—T~"T1600 1605 1610

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

(b) 20MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

16 JULY 1961

m ft

1615

H

Figure 2k

-37-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1907- 1916- 1935

1920 1925

(a) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

lc/s +

NO RECORDS

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

17 JULY 1961

H

Figure 25

-38-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I ,2051 -2102-2120

2100 2105 2110

(a) 10 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

lc/s H

(b) 20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

19 JULY 1961

Figure 26

-39-
1C/S

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2, I7I4-I7I8-I734

1715 UT

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

(b) 20MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

21 JULY 1961

H

Figure 27

-1+0-

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1425 - 1435 - 1512

2c/s ^tam iimriwi'Tim n^i1hV>'^1iiyiwftiiiiiiai,-i«^iilByillWiW»i| j;7

1428 UT 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2c/s

1428 UT 1429 1430 1431

* V

*#$*#*

(g^jvj^uy^w' f i ^^a^i-1* '" * ;

1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1438 1439 1440

4 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 28

-42-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I ,1425-1435-1512

2c/s . |

! |i n a^gji' t'jfr' i i*!' iii C ^^^^''iluMMw'iaiisWiini "th$» k'a r ii

1 I |—r T r

~, r

- r |

•

I428UT 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1136 1437 1438 1439 1440

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

(d) IOMC/S. WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

_L

2c/s

H

(e)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 28

-43-
1

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1 , 1425-1435-1512

1 , I5I2-I520-I540U

1-, I538E

1-, 1807

1 + , 1834-1846-2010

1 , 1902-1905- I9I9U 2 , I9II-I924U-20I8

1800 1700 1600

(Q) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

=L

NO RECORDS

(b)20Mc/S, WWV TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 29

-44-

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1512 - 1520 - I540U

1509 UT 1510 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2c/s

-ii i mi H'n iinu - -»'« Ill l«.r»l

I

I I

I I I I II I I

I I

I

I

I I I I

1509 UT 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1519

If!

I "! —

•1520 1521

4 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 30

-k6-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1512 - 1520- 1540 U

ifll

^ . ^^f^^i ^^^i^H^^i^^Mi^l'- ^^*i II I I I

1 510 UT 1511 1512

~1

1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

~~l

I c/s

»,i i i, j ib mo .<—«*%»« ii wi 'mi mjuii '»» » «.» »* i» m.—

» > ——m^M^ui^M

n i

i i rr~i i i i i i i i r "i i r~i nT-1

i i r

1510 UT 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521- 1522

(d) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

I c/s

NO RECORDS

(e) 20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 30

-hi-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1902 - 1905 - 1919 U

2 , 1911 - I924U- 2018

~l

1C/S Ji * ' *» 4!rS' imm : Hum !<»»'< ' > » jffl i i ii mrrpw mff

I I "1—I

ITT" I I I I I I I

1855 UT 1900 1905

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1910 1915

1855 UT

I 1900 1905 1910

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 31

-1+8-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1902 - 1905 - 19 I 9 U

2 , 1911 - I924U - 2018

1855 UT

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

IC/S "T

1855 UT 1900 1905

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

i r

1910 ~r i

1915

NO RECORDS

ic/s H

(e)20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 31

-49-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1911 - I924U -2018

1911 UT 1912 1913 1914 i r I I I

1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

t~~i 1—| f

1921 1922 1923

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 32

-50-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 191 1 - 1924 U - 2018

tt i .

-

.;. "r i *"

i r i r m i ii ji.i --

1 y.t

19 r I UT 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

i

i n 1921 1922

~]

1923

915 1916 1917 1918 1919

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

r^—I ! r —| ]

j1920 1921 1922 1923

NO RECORDS

2c/s H

(e)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

4 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 32

-51-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1950- 2010-2052

ic/s

NO RECORDS

1945 UT 1950 1955 2000 2005

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

ic/s fr- y~ ^|u » iHfh)'

^"

"Ur

" "" ~ 8SB III ! il

r

\ TT" t r'""]

,JT i- r i i' i—rn—i i T i. i i i 'T

:

i i "1

1945 UT 1950 1955 2000 2005

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

10 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 33

-52-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1950-2010-2052

~l ...

"vj-ss?^-. --

-*

ic/s *T

1945 UT

i

~ Pl*^

ic/s

«£ffV> S ^asssEacsaag

Hr n^T Vi" i "

i i

1950 1955

i t r

2000

I 1-1

(C) 10 MC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

fe~ JF®*

WS*

;&*&,fT

1945 UT

~i

1950 1955

I

I I

I 2000

(d) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2005

2005

~\

Jkj

ic/s

1945 UT

I I 1 I

I l

I

I I I

I I

1950 1955 2000

(e) 20MC/S,WWV TO BOULDER

2005

10 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 33

-53-
1

3

m

<

m

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1, 1950-2010-2052

NO RECORDS

(Q) 4.000 MC/S , SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

m

io

0100 UT 2300 2200 2100 2000

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

10 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 3^

-5k-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1, 1950-2010-2052

1

>O

03<

2300 2200 2100 2000

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1

UJ>O

00<m

T3

NO RECORDS

(d)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

10 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 3h

-55-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I ,1950-1958-2007

Till T~r

1945 UT

'»« ' " " '» I *

i— I M

i

i i

i i i

i i

i nrT^r2

?-!—r~¥~ 1 i

1950 1955 2000

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2005

*£ *

ic/s »*» II K. Hi

1945 UT

*

1950 1955 2000

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1 TT

2005

27 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 35

-56-
JL_J»

IC/S

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I ,1950-1958-2007

^iimu av ,¥^

1945 UT 1950 1955 2000

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

2005

"1

ic/s

1945 UT 'T~T'TMT"nrr

1950 1955 2000

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2005

~l

— ggs iSSrsl

'S:

I !

lc/s n n ill

1945 UT 1950 1955

I 2000

(e) 20 Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

2005

27 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 35

-57-
1

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1 , 1950-1958-2007

NO RECORDS

(0) 4.000 MC/S , SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

1

<mo

2200 UT 2000 1900 1800 1700

lb) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

27 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 36

-58-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1, 1950-1958-2007

>

>o

CD<

00

2200 UT 2000 1900 1800 1700

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

sCD<m

-oxHO

z

or NO RECORDS

(d)20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

27 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 36

-59-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3 , 2202- 2224 -2530

I -

2210 UT 2215 2220 2225

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2230 2235

ic/s jSM T I

2210 UT

Le&N®

i i i i i i i 2215 2220 2225 2230

(b) 5.054 Mc/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2235

28 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 37

-60-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3 ,2202-2224-2530

'; -

J

ic/s 1

2210 UT

I I I I I I I

I

I I I | 2215 2220. 2225

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

I I I

2230

_L

ic/s

2210 UT 2215 2220 2225

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2230

mm*****^****1 '*jjtg,JtiSK"! ^*"

IC/S

2210 UT 2215 2220 2225, (e)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

2230

28 SEPTEMBER 1961 Figure 37

-61-

'
>

>o

<

m

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3, 2202-2224-2530

NO RECORDS

>

>o

GO<

mo

L

(a) 4.000 Mc/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

0200 UT

(b) 5.054 Mc/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

28 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 38

-62-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 3, 2202-2224-2530

60 >

=L 40

Ld ?n >O 10 CD<

CD TOIHO 5 z

u

oc1-

(/)

_l<z

o

CO

-10 -20

>

:L >o

CQ<

03I

I-O

0200 UT

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

NO RECORDS

(d)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

28 SEPTEMBER 1961

Figure 38

-63-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE 2 , 2012 - 2016 - 2044

lc/s

2010 UT

^*/^

J*"%

2015 2020

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

T~

2025 2030

2010 UT 2015 2020 2025

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

2030

22 NOVEMBER 1961

Figure 39

-6k-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 2012-2016-2044

2010 UT 2015 2020 2025

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

I f T "I

2030

ifl\

lc/s ^f^^^^g^tJ^^^

2010 UT

~i

i

i

i

2015

. ^afejir&i,"* ^afP*-

2020

C*»»&****C»

I I I

I I I

2025 2030

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

f*r&t^jj»ui»3m**

I c/s H

2010 UT / 2015 2020 , 2025

(e)20Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

20 3 C

22 NOVEMBER 1961 Figure 39

-65-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 2014-2016-2024

>

2300 UT 2000 1900 1800

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

>o

CD<

CD T3

2300 UT

(b) 5.054 Mc/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

22 NOVEMBER 1961

Figure kO

-66-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 2014-2016-2024

1

2300 UT 2000 1900 1800

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

.

> xV\\\V =L

bJ>o

<

CD i\\ \\

:

-o 1

'

1

' ' I .1 .

1 O

z 1 i UJ

or 60 - j 1 H f k ' CO dA

_) 40- i MuKM

< mJffl

z

o

2o- ^ Jjr

^

CO Q^~J/*

-loy

7/" ---—. _-

2300 UT 2200 2100 2000 1900 1800

(d)20 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

22 NOVEMBER 1961

Figure ^+0

-67-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, I835E - I835U - 1855

i**%» nifr i 'Mti iiyfrWi .i ^i ^gj)jtot«p<Bi

1825 UT 1830 1~

1835 1840

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

I I I

1845

—

~r~r

1825 UT 1830 1835 1840

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

21 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure ^-1

-68-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE |- , I835E- I835U-I855

I

! ~T~ i

I

i

1825 UT

'f I I

1830 1835 1840

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

1845

1825 UT 1830 1835

(d) io Mc/s, wwv ro boulder

"I

ic/s 4

^<^>S>>*''»^'»>''.

l *^|«*'-» ' ft»'

' ****' i|»i»^|i». ' 1 '' ' ** ""*, g^f *

" >J'ff *^>

1 I j I it

1825 UT 1830 T~i—

1835 1840

(e) 15 Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

I I

1845

21 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure kl

-69-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE l + , 1823 - 1848- 1902

ic/s *-"o-«jJS»»«.

1 I

1820 UT 1825 1830 1835

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

I

1840 T~~l TT1845

ic/s

1820 UT

I I [ I i I I I I I I I I 1825 1830 1835

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

23 FEBRUARY 1962

II I

1845

23 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure kZ

-70-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE I + , 1823 - 1848 - 1902

_^gaS^3^fe*i ^ir«*Kt^ '-'*"

" - *«•*•'*, wM*r

ic/s

(820 UT I825 I830 I835

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

I840

I I I I845

S~fc

ic/s

. -

i r i r~T

1820 UT 1825 1830 1835

(d) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1845

*.j»~***>'*J^i**S*ii*ii*i^^

-,'• * V

ic/s

1820 UT 1825 1830 1835

(e) 15 MC/S WWV TO BOULDER

1845

23 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure 42

-71-
1935 UT t~i r~r

1940 1945 rn

,aT i i r ""r'"''i i r

1950 1955

"1

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

~1

fmr m r «**»

I i i i i iiii I i I ii

v~Y i i r

1935 UT 1940 1945 1950

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

iiii#W>» >m» £

"i r r

1955

28 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure ^3

-72-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE I , 1934 - 1941 -2028

«Sk

ic/s

1935 UT

> i^'-i^iiyiftgl

t "i r 1940

I " T T

1945 1950

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

1955

1

1935 UT 940 1945 1950

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

I I I 1955

~1

***Wa*fc* >i»mJj#K>^*j*HsM--''*

I c/s ^ 1935 UT 1940 1945 1950

(e) 15 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

I I I 1955

28 FEBRUARY 1962

Figure 43

-73-
lo U-D j ITS _ LO

CO CO : ' — i

•

ro o

00 CO ir} r- *] — —

ro | | —

STCO1 or h~

or

Q UJ LO _J Q

ro z> _i CD o

CD : o

CO - l_ o

t- o

CM

UJ LU LO

to2

LU

to

O 3

'.

¥ 2 2 CO CO Z5 < to H - (r — 10 1 " o \o

U5 o_ 5 o 2 5 Oo <t . o m

LU ^ o

or i :

< o J

,~ _J • . — -Q

Li- <;

— \ — < <

1— ' s o

CO i -

a.o

CXJ CD

CT>

-=i- _dX cu c_> fn or Pr <r QO 2

•H

P-4

>*'"

r

7^-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE 2 , 1635 - 1643 - 1723

n r

1640

!

! —

_

T "r~~T

1645

(c) lOMc/s , WWV TO SHICKLEY

i—i—i—

i

1 r

1635 ur 1645 i r1650 i r

1655

(d) lOMc/s , WWV TO BOULDER

i

' r

" r

1645

(e) I5MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

I MARCH 1962 Figure kk

t~—

i—^i

-75-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2+, 1448- I45I-I640D

*

ic/s 1 I"

1445 UT

i i r

1450

tMS

r 1 T 1 T f I TTf

1455 1500

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1505 1510

1 =

ic/s

"1 I

1445 UT

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1450 1455 1500 1505 1510

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

13 MARCH 1962

Figure h-5

-76-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2+ , 1448 - 1451 - 1640 D

NO RECORDS

ic/s

1445 UT 1^50 1455 |500

(C) lOMc/s, WWV TO SHICKLEY

i

1505

~1

lc'/s T~

1445 UT 1450 1455 . 1500

(d) 10 MC/S-, WWV TO BOULDER

I

I I 1505

~!

;

I c/s 4

1445 UT 1450 1455

I I I 1500 1505

(e) 15 MC./s,WWV TO BOULDER

13 MARCH 1962

Figure 45

-77-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2+ , 1448-1451 - I640D

>o

CD<

CD o

>

1645 UT

(Q) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1445

(b) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

13 MARCH 1962

Figure k6

-78-

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 1300 E - 1307 - 1320

"<'•' jiLiinjii^ ''rfi^^""'^""'"-"" 1-*"" 1C/S

~i ii i ~r~i r

1300 UT 1310

i—i—I—

1320

~i—

1330

I I I I I 1340

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

_L

ic/s

\

•-

*Wta(

m***j»t-#tf*

'"* " ""** "'""

"

1 VT

1300 UT

I I I

1310 ~T~T

1320 1330

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

14 APRIL 1962

1340

Figure ^7

-80-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 1300-1307-1320

0.5 c/s

1255 UT 1315 1325

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

0.5 c/s

I

I I 1255 UT n i i r~r~i—ir~r~i—

1305 1315 1325

(d) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1335

HHH»iWM> niilpufr'i

0.5 C/S

1255 UT 1305 1315 1325

(e) 15 MC/S WWV TO BOULDER

1335

14 APRIL 1962

Figure ^7

-81-
1

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , I300E - 1302-1320

I- , I300E-I307-I320

20- .!.

(Q) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

=1

1500 UT 1400 1300

lb) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1200

14 APRIL 1962

Figure kQ

-82-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , I300E- 1302 - 1320

I- , I300E-I307-I320

1

.... .. i. .,.

\ 4..

!.i. I i: :-!. ,,Mv

- \\\ \ \ \ \ \ ' \

• » i \ v) \ \ \

//;// - 7 / 7/ /.}:: 7

1545 UT 1445 1345

(C) I0MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1245

>

LtJ >o

OQ o

(d) I5"MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

14 APRIL 1962

Figure kQ

-83-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , I9IOE - 1924 - 2005

0.5 C /S n i

1900 UT 1920 1930

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

1900 UT 1910 1920 1930

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

14 APRIL 1962

1940

Figure k$

-Qk-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , I9I0E- 1924 -2005

V* ~

JLJ

0.5 c/s 1 I 1900 UT 1910 r~ r~r i i i

i r~

1920 1930

(C) lOMc/s, WWV TO SHICKLEY

1940 1950

~l

0.5 C/s T r

1900 UT 1910 1920

I I I T

1930 1940 1950

(d) 10 Mc/S, WWV TO BOULDER

4

0.5 c/s

1900 UT 1910 1920 1930

(e) 15 MC/S WWV TO BOULDER t

1940 1950

14 APRIL 1962

Figure ^9

-85-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1 , I9I0E- 1924-2005

1

LlJ 8

CO<

60 -.f

40 -\.

20 — Mff

42100 UT

/ I

I '/

i "/ !

! / ' /

2000

(Q) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

=1

^_i .:'.:.

60 -J ;___, :.: — ! j 40- MM

20 -

..LI z.

-

fi'A,n

._L_,V. '

2000 1900

lb) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

14 APRIL 1962

Figure 50

-86-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1 , I9IOE -1924-2005

>

>o

<

CO

2045 UT 1945 1845

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

>o

m

<

CO x>

2045 UT mmgmmmmwmmm

1945

(d) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

14 APRIL 1962

Figure 50

-87-
2045 UT

OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I-, 2051 - 2053-2058

1 I IT

2045 UT

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

. -!., » * ---

-». .,*»

| -—

p-

, I t i r r— _

i "~r i t~tt~

2050 2055 T~l—I

ri~T

2100 ~r~i r~r~i

2105

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

15 APRIL 1962

Figure 51

-88-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I -. 2051 - 2053 - 2058

2045 UT 2055 2100

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

2105

ic/s *T H

2045 UT 2050 2055 2100

(d) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2105

~1

ic/s

i -..-^-^.* am^ ' <» i »i*u ii »» » ^

III!

2045 UT 2050 2055 2100

(e) 15 MC/S WWV TO BOULDER

15 APRIL 1962

Figure 51

-89-

2105
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2051-2053-2058

I- , 2 153-2155-2158

I , 2241-2245-2252

1

2200 UT

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

15 APRIL 1962

Figure 52

-90-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2051 -2053-2058

I- , 2153-2155-2158

I , 2241-2245-2252

1

>o

<

00 d

|l||§ .j^fe^^^^^^f^J

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EEEE -F M

m

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j—i.J-zi:

2245 UT 2145 2045

(C) lOMc/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

2245 UT 2145 2045

(d) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1945

15 APRIL 1962

Figure 52

-91-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2252 -2256-2313

2245 UT 2255 2300

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

Ic/s K

Hi"~r~i r " r~i i i n—i—rr

2245 UT 2250 2255

MWlKWWiMili «*«#•

2300

1—I—TT2305

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

17 APRIL 1962

Figure 53

-92-
OPTICAL FLARE , IMPORTANCE I- , 2252 - 2256 - 2313

2245 UT 2250 2255 2300

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO SHICKLEY

2305

t

Ji

ic/s ~- -SSte-^-'-S^'

2245 UT 2250 2255 2300

(d) 10 MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

2305

ic/s & *0 ^Sm < \^nSw~T(

tlSZ7mTi*\,, 1

* ^»H» «n mi ,,^,,m+^^*t ^, « »mi0>40~l*-^>p~^<m*^»m*>*?$ijSij2iiiiL+^ % -

~r rrt

2245 UT 2250 2255 2300

(e) 15 MC/S WWV TO BOULDER

2305

17 APRIL 1962

Figure 53

-93-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2252-2256-2313

60- Tracing of Original Record

oooo UT 2300 2200

(a) 4.000 MC/S , SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

LJ>o

CD<m

0000 UT 2300 2200

lb) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

17 APRIL 1962

Figure 5h

-9k-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2252-2256-2313

> 60 3. 40

UJ>

20 O

CO<

00

Tracing of Original Record W\Y\"\ \ \ \ \"V\ ^

"\"\

, • \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\\\\mvv\Y\\\\.

\Y\r\\\V

2345 UT 2245 2045

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1

tij 5

CD<

00

2345 UT 2245 2145 2045

(d) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

17 APRIL 1962

Figure 5k

-95-
roO

CM

—

22i IT) ro

en

<M

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cco

CL

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CO ^ I i I I I I Hsh h?h

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96-
a:UJ C\J Q to22ltx O UA

CD _l O — (D > < §5 $$

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in

-97-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1935-1937-2031

1

>

4.

40-H,: 4'TiWlU

20-1

2055 UT

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

I i

, .:t1"j::;i:.j

60-... '!.-".'

I.

1m 1

J—

:

i i Jj_. !__.... —

i __ _^__

i

•

'-

"liiiJi!:i itiltlli)

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

19 APRIL 1962

Figure 56

-98-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1935-1937-2031

>

2045 UT 1945 1845

(C) lOMc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

>

LiJ >o

CO<

CD

2045 UT

(d) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

19 APRIL 1962

Figure 5&

-99-
03

roO

COi CMO

OJ

COm

CT>

CM

UJo

cro

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ce

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CD

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00

roo

CO

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CM

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CO

en

or

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L>- LA

P-4 I I I

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(fa

r

-101-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1958-2002-2038

>

:?v'

: '-V7V-^r\A-\ —

60-

40-

20--

2100 UT 2000 1800

(Q) 4.000 Mc/s , SUNSET TO BOULDER

>

>o

m

<mo

2100 UT 2000 1900

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

20 APRIL 1962

Figure 58

-102-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1958-2002-2038

>

>o

CD<

CD

2145 UT 2045 1945

(C) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1845

>

UJ>o

OQ

2145 UT 2045 1945

(d) I5H4C/S, WWV TO BOULDER

20 APRIL 1962

Figure 58

-103-
oom

C\J

L±J uo

Q.

UJ

en<<o

fQ.O

10Q

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_l <D 5 or y g Q_ 5n < •H ^ p4 5

1^-

CVJ I I I I I I I I I I I I I

iV i ii

n i i i i r * IV

-104-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 2 , 1350- 1413- 1440

1

>o

<

CO

i

Ul5

03<

03 a

x

K

o

z

UJ

cc

V: V:: -^F^= ^

^E

eo - \

40-

^V^^^^^^^^^^^^-v^

1545 UT

(Q) lOMc/S, WWV TO BOULDER

\ i i..' V A:

i 20-

1545 UT

(b)l5Mc/S, WWV TO BOULDER

27 APRIL 1962

Figure 60

105-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I , 1915 - 1920 -1928

1915 UT 1920 1925 1930

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1915 UT 1920 1925 1930

(b) 15 Mc/s, WWV TO BOULDER

I MAY 1962

Figure 6l

-106-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1 , 1908 - 1916-1934

i

>o

HI<mo

-20-

2145 UT

(Q) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

2145 UT 2045 1945

(b) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

I MAY 1962

Figure 62

-107-
SOLAR FLARE, IMPORTANCE l+, 1935-1942-1957

^^^^>^^irjSj Ic/s

j

i i f r~ j ~t i i i

| i i

1935 UT 1940 1945

(C) WWVH- 10 Mc/s TO MIDWAY ISLAND

T I

1950

' "

j

"

I |"""""l"" l" '

| II I'

"l , " 1 T" ' | ""

r

Il ^ ^'^"""^ l

I935UT 1940 1945 (d) WWV - 10 Mc/S TO BOULDER, COLORADO

T—

1950

t<

1935 UT JJY ON

(e) WWVH AND JJY - 10 Mc/S TO WAKE ISLAND

I I I

JULY 5, 1962

Figure 63

-108-
SOLAR FLARE, IMPORTANCE l+, 1935-1942-1957

t<

i ifei.i i wh i.i iic/s

1 ! p

!

, 1 1

1

1 r

1 1 n r

1935 UT 1940 1945

(f) WWVH - 15 Mc/S TO MIDWAY ISLAND

r \^ i

1950

c/s

2SB^

pMHBHIHIMHMBHiMMHHMil

i r ^^ I r

1935 UT 1940 1945

(g) WWV - 15 MC/S TO BOULDER, COLORADO

\ I

1950

c/s

L "49*^am*^**^*.1**-

I

|

I I I I : I I '

I I III

1935 UT 1940 1945

(h) WWVH -15 Mc/s TO ANCHORAGE, ALASKA

I I

1950

JULY 5, 1962

Figure 63

-109-
In

C£>I CM

«*•I in

to

in

ccoa

cc<

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-IV

110-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE 1+ , 1935-1942-1957

1

>o

CO<

CDT3

.„ UJJUILUJ1

1 1 1 1 ! I

2145 UT 2045 1945

(Q) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

>

>

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CD<

2045 1945

(b) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

5 JULY 1962

Figure 6k

-111-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I -, 2037-2045-2118

ic/s k~****ft*.v>5 i*a^T'»>>>t>««*^«Bii

,»i>>ji»>i i i «w"'i«i

2030 UT 2035

~

»Sfit^.*J>l ' "*" "" *' *»' '"

lc/s

I I I 2040I I 2045 2050

(c) 10MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

-&?+^-J±zJi»***&%—««

2055

),ii iliH»»j*(i —

2030 UT 2035 2040 2045

(d) 15 MC/S , WWV TO BOULDER

2050 2055

13 AUGUST 1962

Figure 65

112-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 2037-2045-2118

1

UJ>O

CD<

00T3I

I-O

>

4. u

s

GO<

00

2245 UT 2145 2045

(0) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER Tracing of Original Record

1945

2245 UT

(b) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

13 AUGUST 1962

Figure 66

-113-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- ,1805-1808-1825

1804 UT IS06 1807 1808

(a) 4.000 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

4c/S

1

1804 UT

I I

I I 1805 1806

I I I 1807

btim Aim

10 ^

I

l T"

I

"

I

1809 1810

(b) 5.054 MC/S, SUNSET TO BOULDER

13 OCTOBER 1962

Figure 67
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 1805- 1808-1825

4C/S

p«M ISM ** Wim iiiWUPpWiUpi K *»».* »' lTTl—r~r—rr~

1804 UT 1805 1806 1807 1808

(c) 10MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1809 1810

4c/s

ii|fc»>*lllil»' J.fcu'i. tifw in

I804UT 1805 7 I I I I80R 1807 i" i i r T' "i i r

1808 1809 1810

(d) 15MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

13 OCTOBER 1962

Figure 67

-115-
OPTICAL FLARE, IMPORTANCE I- , 1805 -1808-1825

1

2045 UT 1945 1845

(a) IOMC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

1745

>

>o

CO<

CD

2045 UT 1945 1845

(b) I5MC/S, WWV TO BOULDER

13 OCTOBER 1962

Figure 68

-116- GPO 854- 21S

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