BSIR 82-2602

Experimental Evaluation of

Circulation Loop Drain and Vent

Plumbing Modifications for

Building Rehabilitation

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Washington, DC 20234

November 1982

Issued December 1982

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NBSIR 82-2602

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF

CIRCULATION LOOP DRAIN AND VENT

PLUMBING MODIFICATIONS FOR

BUILDING REHABILITATION

Fred Winter

Lawrence Galowin

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Washington, DC 20234

November 1982

Issued December 1982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director
-

’

' ’• •
ABSTRACT

Rehabilitation or modernization of existing buildings frequently Imposes

increased loads on the plumbing water supply and drainage system. The requirement for venting in U.S. practice is intended to prevent trap seal loss from

exceeding values prescribed in model plumbing codes. The vent piping in older

buildings may be marginal for retrofit under code requirements for new con- struction with the same or increased numbers of fixtures and devices installed

into the plumbing system.

An experimental laboratory investigation of a "circulation loop" modification

to a drain-waste-vent (DWV) system was conducted to determine the change in

performance. An experimental evaluation of the performance of the modified

system and a conventional system were undertaken for a variety of simulated

wastewater-loads with various plumbing fixtures and multi-story soil stack

loads. The performance parameters considered were trap seal failures, backflow,

and the siphonic action of the water closets. Also, the dynamic responses to

pressure excursions and air flow rates in the branches were measured. Both

systems were tested to the limiting condition for single-stack performance over

a range of air flow rates into the soil and vent stack.

The circulation loop system was found to decrease the pressure difference in

the upper a portion of the soil stack, and to provide limited benefits in

reducing trap seal failures and failure due to reduced siphonic action in the

lower level water closets. With vent valves open, both the conventional and

modified loop systems provided satisfactory venting except at the highest

loads. Additional research should be undertaken to develop methods for sizing

the soil stack and vent connection fitting connection to the circulation loop.

Further testing should also be done with small regulated air flows into the vent

stack.

Key Words: Innovative venting; plumbing; plumbing renovation; rehabilitation;

vents for plumbing.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF SYMBOLS viii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Vent System Requirements 2

2. PRESSURES IN VENTING SYSTEMS 6

2.1 Stack and Branch Pressures 6

2.2 Vent Circulation Loop Modification 8

3. VENT CIRCULATION LOOP TEST PROGRAM AND RESULTS 10

3.1 Test Objectives 10

3.2 Water Loads for System Input 10

3.3 Test Runs 10

3.4 Measurements 12

3.5 Test Results and Interpretation of Data 12

4. DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS 14

4.1 Soil and Vent Stack Flow Rates 14

4.2 Pressures Within the Drain-Vent Systems 15

4.3 Air Flow Rates in the Vent Network 17

4.4 Trap Seal Depletion 18

4.5 Trap Seal Depletion and Pressure Excursion 19

4.6 Effect of Variations in the Vent Stack Air Flow on the

Trap Seal 19

4.7 Performance of the Water Closets 20

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

6. REFERENCES 23

APPENDIX 1 - RESULTS OF ONE CYCLE TEST RUN 53

APPENDIX 2 - COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS AMONG RUNS 64

iv
LIST OF FIGURES

Pa8e

Figure 1. Diagram to illustrate hydraulic and pneumatic conditions in

an discharge stack 29

Figure 2. Schematic diagram for modified vent one-pipe system of

drainage in buildings 29

Figure 3. Pressure diagram for stack with vent system [8] 30

Figure 4. Pressure diagram for stack without a vent system for a steady

flow of 108 1/min (3.8 cfm) [8] 30

Figure 5. Vent header network computer model 31

Figure 6. Conventional drainage system and the vent circulation loop .. 32

Figure 7. Flow characteristics of typical water closets and bathtubs .. 33

Figure 8. Identification of the input elements 34

Figure 9. Identification of the measurements and location 35

Figure 10. Water and total air flow rates in the soil stack

(vent stack closed) 36

Figure 11. Soil stack water flow rates and the soil stack and vent stack

air flow rates for the circulation loop and conventional

system (various valve settings) 37

Figure 12. Pressures in branches with vent valves closed and open with

soil stack downflows and no water closets discharged 38

Figure 13. Pressures in branches with 2.53 1/s (40 gpm) soil stack

downflow and one water closet discharge, vent valves closed

and open 39

Figure 14. Branch pressures with 2.53 1/s (40 gpm) and downflow one water closets discharged, vent valves closed and open 40

Figure 15. Branch pressures with 5.05 1/s (80 pm) and all water closets

discharged, vent valves closed and open 40

Figure 16. Mean branch pressures as a function of time over three

second intervals 41

Figure 17. Accuracy attained in measuring the air flow rates at

junctions in the flow net by hot wire aneraometry 42

v
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

Page

Figure 18. Distribution of air flow rates in the vent stack and the vent

branches for several vent valve settings 43

Figure 19A. Comparison of the air flow rates and pressures during the

test cycle in the flow net 44

Figure 19B. Comparison of the air flow rates and pressures during the

test cycle in the flow net 43

Figure 20. Depletion of traps 1, 2, and 3 as a function of the soil

stack flow rates (no fixtures active) for the circulation

loop and the conventional system 46

Figure 21. Depletion of traps 4 and 5 as functions of the soil stack

flow rates (no fixtures active) for the circulation loop and

the conventional system 47

Figure 22. Trap seal depletions for the circulation loop and

conventional system for 2.53 and 5.05 1/s (40 and 80 gpm) of

soil stack flow with vent valves closed 48

Figure 23A. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures

in the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for

the circulation loop and the conventional system 49

Figure 23B. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures

in the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for

the circulation loop and the conventional system 50

Figure 23C. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures

in the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for

the circulation loop and the conventional system 51

Figure 24. Trap seal depletions for traps 1, 3, and 5 for a soil stack

flow rate of 4.12 1/s (65 gpm) with various vent stack valve

positions 52

vi
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Size and lengths of vents 24

Table 2. Examples of marginal venting 25

Table 3. A typical computer output from a test run 26

Table 4. A computer output of mean values for 12 test runs 27

Table 5. Performance of the water closets in the drainage system

(conventional) 28

vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS

Bk bathtub simulation computer control code indicator

D pipe diameter

f pipe friction factor

g gravitational constant

hs suction head

k pressure loss coefficients (generic)

i pipe length (equivalent)

Qa air flow rate

Qi test load flow rates in the soil stack (see p. 10)

Wj water closet computer control code indicator

Vl vent valve computer control code indicator

A mass flow balance error (percent)

T, FS, FV, Pij , PTfc, Fij Recorded data designations (see p. 11)

Note on metric conversion:

Plumbing codes and design guides have not adopted metric units, therefore

metric units are shown in the report along with common units (in parentheses).

viii
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Rehabilitation of existing buildings may require only the renovation or repair

to existing systems or may extend to complete replacement with new systems and

components. It is generally desirable to reuse intact existing drainage, waste

and vent (DWV) piping in the building especially when existing structural or architectural elements in the building pose extensive physical constraints to

the installation of new DWV piping. In order to facilitate rehabilitation

practices concerned with the plumbing system, the determination of the condition and capacity of the existing DWV piping in the building must be made.

Such determinations are required to: (a) assess the suitability for reuse

of the existing installation; (b) assess the potential for expansion to allow

increase loads; (c) provide local jurisdictional authorities with the information for evaluating the rehabilitation project. Inspection procedures,

documentation, testing and general methods for estimating plumbing system

capacity are described in the Rehabilitation Guidelines [1] published by the

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Circumstances which may require new construction criteria to be applied to a rehabilitation project are:

• A rule in effect in the jurisdiction requiring upgrading when the building

is being repaired or improved, e.g., compliance is triggered by a local

25-50* percent rule for repair and improvement of existing residential

buildings

• A requirement when there is change of use or occupancy (e.g., from one- and

two-family dwelling to apartment building, office building to apartment

building, etc.).

® Deterioration of the existing system is extensive and repairs or upgrading

will not bring the system into compliance for sizing.

There are several problems in applying new construction requirements to

renovation situations:

(a) Extensive and costly structural and finish work may be necessary if the

plumbing system is to be made accessible for modification.

(b) Pipe size, connections, use of wet venting, and vent location do not

comply with current code provisions (although, existing vent systems

may provide for adequate health and safety as installed and used).

* The 25-50 rule is frequently applied as the percentage of costs to value in

rehabilitating projects above which new building requirements must be satisfied.

1
(c) New vents and drainage line installations may be constrained by

limited available space and/or the existing configuration of the

piping system.

(d) Proposed use or modification to existing DWV systems requires building

and plumbing officials to apply judgment without the aid of complete

technical guidelines.

The Guidelines [1] do not provide methods to determine adequately the load

capacity limits of the plumbing system and evaluate it for expansion of the

loading patterns.

The DWV system collects effluent water from the fixtures and drains and conveys

it to the public sewer or onsite treatment sites. The piping system for

collection and transmission of wastes can transmit sewer gases and foul odors

back into the inhabitable areas of buildings unless water traps near drain

outlets are provided to prevent escape of sewer gases. During the discharge

of the various fixtures into the drainage system, pressure excursions are induced by the gravity driven wastewater flow. The concern is focussed on the

idle traps since the trap seals of active fixtures will be replenished by

water discharging from the fixtures. Reduced pressures may deplete the trap

seal by withdrawing water. Positive pressures causes the column of water in

the idle trap to rise (on the fixture side) and can cause water from the trap

to be spilled after removal of the load and thereby deplete part or all of the

trap seal. Partial trap seal losses reduce the level of protection afforded

by the trap seal against the passage of noxious gases from the sewer into the

living space. Large pressure excursions are therefore undesirable. To reduce

the pressure fluctuations in the drain lines for the preservation of the

integrity of the trap seal, vents are provided as a means of supplying air

into the system.

The vent system also serves to relieve pressures in the soil stack as well as

to individual traps. The partially-filled drains and branch vent piping passages from the vent system are connected to the stack and supply supplementary

air to modify the soil stack pressure. The suction or positive pressures in

the stack can strongly influence the discharge performance characteristics of

fixtures and appliances in the gravity driven drainage system. The siphonic

discharge action of water closets are especially dependent on the pressure

conditions

.

1.2 VENT SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

A properly designed plumbing vent system provides adequate pressure relief when

wastewater discharge loads are placed upon the drainage system. The pressure

relief provided at the trap is dependent upon pipe friction (roughness), pipe

connections, fitting losses, changes in pipe sizes, and configurations of pipe

bends. The relationships between the air flow rates, and pressure levels

adjacent to the trap as a function of the waste loading must be known to size

the vent system piping. The model plumbing codes require that each fixture

trap shall have a water seal of not less than 50 mm (2 in) nor more than 100 mm

(4 in) (as defined in the model codes), except where a deeper seal is required

2
by the plumbing official for special conditions. The codes [2, 3, 4, 5] are also

in agreement that venting systems are generally required and shall be designed

and installed so that trap seals shall not be subjected to a pneumatic pressure

difference of more than one inch of water pressure under design load conditions.

The selection of size and length of vent piping requires information about the

size of the soil and/or waste stack and the fixture units (the probabilistic

parameter for frequency of usage and time period of fixture discharge for the

loads connected to the stack). The codes provide tabulations, (e.g., table 1)

from which the vent pipe diameter can then be selected for known lengths of

the vent.

The determination of condition, integrity, and capacity of the installed DWV

system in proposed rehabilitation projects requires procedures set forth in [1].

The evaluation for proposed expansion of plumbing utility services within a building provides little flexibility (unless the existing system was over designed) since the accepted references are the current model plumbing codes

for new installations. Alternative solutions applicable to various DWV installation problems for residential rehabilitation are not documented to aid the

local jurisdiction in approving nonconvent ional installations. In the case

of venting requirements, the basis for sizing was established by Wyly and

Eaton [6] and adopted (with some modification) by all of the model codes [2,3,

4,5]. The conservative assumptions by Wyly and Eaton resulted in design recom- mendations leading to oversize vent pipe systems. The research by Lilywhite

and Wise [7], Chakrabarti [8] and by the authors herein confirms that the

major portion of the air is supplied through the main drainage stack. The

laboratory testing of trap seals with reduced size venting systems for hospitals (in table 1) has shown that the tabulations presented in current plumbing

code provisions for sizing vents are overly conservative [9]. In that study

the limits of vent pipe lengths for given diameters were found to be up to

30 percent greater.

In rehabilitation projects the reuse of the installed plumbing system is desired

to reduce construction time and provide cost savings. The estimated hydraulic

drainage system capacity may be increased provided the venting maintains pressures close to atmospheric so that (1) the trap seals will not be excessively

depleted, and (2) the discharge performance of fixtures, i.e., the siphonic

action in the water closet, is not seriously degraded. The trap failure modes

for which protection is required [1] are:

• Self-siphonage - seal depletion due to siphonic action by the discharge

of the fixture to which the trap is connected;

• Induced siphonage - seal depletion due to siphonic action by discharge of

fixtures other than the one to which the trap is connected;

• Blowback - emission of water, suds, air, or sewer gas into the fixture or

the inhabited area of a building through the fixture trap; and

• Cross-flow - movement of wastewater from the trap or branch drain of an operating fixture into the trap or branch drain of an idle fixture.

3
The first mode of failure, self-siphonage , is a function of fixture and branch

piping characteristics. Self-venting trap arms and branch drains can be

designed to prevent self-siphonage through knowledge of the fixture discharge

characteristics and correct pipe sizing and configuration. Induced siphonage,

blowback, and cross-flow are prevented through correct venting design and

installation. Protection of the DWV system utilizing individual fixture vents

is an obviously expensive approach. Among more economical alternatives

developed, tested, and commonly approved for residential buildings are stack

venting and wet venting. In stack venting, fixture traps are protected by

venting provided through the (upper portion) soil or waste stack; this technique is allowable in low buildings or for the top floors or high buildings.

Wet venting is a technique that uses the drain pipe itself for venting of

selected fixture traps. In practice wet vents apply to single fixtures or groups of low discharge fixtures connected to a single horizontal branch.

For DWV systems that meet the initial requirements for renovation and reuse as determined from onsite evaluation procedures (e.g., structural integrity,

tightness, etc.) the issue of the vent capacity limits for the proposed waste

load patterns must be addressed. The sizing of the vent system to adequately

satisfy increased loads requires calculation of the waste fixture units and

the application of the vent sizing table of the appropriate code. Increase in

the number of water using appliances and fixtures can be anticipated for reno- vated buildings (with or without change of occupancy). Older buildings generally have fewer restroom facilities and appliances than normally installed in newer buildings. For changes of occupancy facilities, such as additional kitchens, restrooms, and appliances will have increased sanitary loads. In such

situations the installed plumbing system may be found to offer "marginal venting capacity." Marginal venting is defined here to be that capacity of the

vent size and length which is less than (by an arbitrary limit) the allowable

minimum values or exceeds somewhat the maximum permissible found in the

plumbing code tables.

Examples of marginal venting conditions are illustrated in table 2. It is

assumed that satisfactory conditions for reuse and/or expansion of the existing

DWV system were determined following the procedures of [1]The requirements

of the proposed renovation are illustrated for two of many possible situations;

in group I the maximum length of the vents exceed that allowed for the same number of fixture units connected; in group II, the fixture units connected

exceed the allowable values (although the maximum length of vents by interpolation may not be exceeded). While the existing drainage system may be sized to

satisfy additional hydraulic loading from the wastewater in the building the

vent network may not be adequate and construction of a new vent piping network

could be required. The consideration to be addressed is whether the excess

load requirements can be satisfied by modification of the DWV by an alternative

acceptable approach without replacing the existing vent piping.

In this investigation, the DWV modification to eliminate marginal venting

limitations was the addition of a vent circulation loop with interconnections

to the soil and vent stack as described in section 2.2. A vent circulation

loop provides for redistribution of waste loads into the soil stack and

increases venting capacity by adding air storage volumes associated with the

4
vent piping network. The experiments were designed to determine the effectiveness of the modifications in limiting pressure excursions at the trap seals

and providing satisfactory fixture drain performance.

5
2. PRESSURES IN VENTING SYSTEMS

2.1 STACK AND BRANCH PRESSURES

The vertical drainage stacks and horizontal branch drains run partially full in

correctly designed plumbing systems. The annular flow in vertical stacks

entrains air within the core; the branch drains flow partially full with air

above the liquid surface. The air flow and pressure distributions depend on

the drag between the water and air and on the frictional resistance of the com- ponents of the system. The air is discharged or ingested from the vents of

the building drain and/or sewers, although a portion may recirculate and leave

from the stacks. Research has been conducted to develop generalized schemes

for calculation of maximum pressure excursions below and above atmospheric

(figure 1) by combining theory with experimentally determined coefficients

[6,7,8,9,10]. The present requirements for venting pipe sizes [6] to limit

stack and branch drain pressure changes within a narrow band, ± 2.5 mm (1 in)* was based upon assumptions which may be questionable as a result of recent

experimental data [8]. This is discussed in later sections of this report.

Pressure excursions of 5 cm (2 in) in the stack results in the loss of 25 mm

(1 in) from a filled trap seal in (commonly sized) traps constructed with a depth of 50 mm (2 in) at the "U-bend."

The methods of modifying pressure distributions in soil stacks have not been

the specific subject of plumbing research investigations. However, experimental results of Wyly and Eaton [6] have shown that drain stacks which carry large

wastewater flows and which are interconnected with vents have the peak suction

and positive pressures as low as one half that of an unvented stack. The need

for further research identified in that report (over 25 years ago) has only

recently been addressed; it was recommended that:

"Further investigation of air flow in venting systems is required to

obtain information on the flow and recirculation in complex venting

systems .... applications of results from relatively simple systems may

be unrealistic with respect to more complex systems ... (vent) pipe

sizing could be effected if proper allowances for recirculation of air

and height of fall of water in complex venting systems could be made.”

Modifications for rehabilitation projects could include non-vented single

stack systems which are widely accepted in Europe. Single stack installations

are reduced in complexity since the entire vent piping network and interconnected branch elements are eliminated. The extensive use of such systems in

the United States is not anticipated. The basis for predicting the maximum

suction pressures in an unvented discharge stack follows the formulation by

Wise [11] for the suction head, hs>

Qa

2 h

s ~ l 0 - 5 + S kbends + 4

1 + 1 kinlets + 1

J

* Pressures are expressed in height of water column, unless otherwise specified.

6
where Qa

is the air flow rate, D the stack diameter, g the gravitational

constant, and the other factors are pressure loss coefficients. The equation

indicates that the suction head is the summation of the pressure drop at entry

to the stack, the pressure drop due to bends, the pressure drop in the piping

(for the equivalent length) in the dry part of the stack, the sum of pressure

drops across the discharging inlets, and the velocity head.

The application of the method to a partially vented drainage stack, (reported

in [8]) figure 2, require additional equations to account for the air flow

introduced at the branches (for n junctions). The simultaneous equations for

each air flow path with the overall continuity equation are then solved for

the head loss (i.e., the suction pressure). The linear superposition of terms

in all equations neglects losses which occur due to air and water flows mixing

at connections and fittings. The lack of agreement between experimental

results and predictions have generally been attributed to this basic assumption.

In addition, the results of [8] includes the equations derived for the calculation of water film thickness in the stack and the terminal velocity of the

soil stack annular water flow (the shear induced driving force for the air

ingestion). Typical experimental data for the plumbing systems investigated

in [8] are reproduced in figures 3 and 4. These figures illustrate the change

from suction to positive pressures, relative to the atmospheric pressure, at

different levels in a building and in the test tower.

For fully vented systems (venting of all fixtures on a branch connected to the

soil and vent stack) a more complex set of equations are necessary. Two

separate, although similar pipe network analysis methods (multi-path and loop

closure), figure 5, have been developed for computer based numerical solutions

of the equations [9]. Those schemes, analogous to an electrical network analysis method, were applied to the plumbing for each floor of a hospital building

interconnected with interstitial space vent headers and long horizontal drains

that are connected to the vertical vent and soil stacks. The complete flow

and pressure loss analysis at the vertical stacks could then be handled by a means similar to that described by Wise, above, or proposed in [6] for junctions

of drainage stacks with horizontal branches. The methods are limited in their

accuracy to predict pressures and air flow rates due to the lack of loss coefficients for sanitary fittings and roughness factors for piping of various materials. Generalized methods of solution for single-component flow (water or

air) in pipe connected networks are discussed in [12] and [13]; two component

flows (air and water) are not addressed there.

In summary, the basic physical principles of air flow ingestion into the plumbing

system and the resulting pressures are known. Limited experiments have provided

a narrow empirical basis for calculations under some loading conditions and

configurations. There was a need to conduct additional experiments to provide

data for the performance of other than the conventionally installed system.

The relatively well established and simpler single pipe non-vented European

installations should be considered, because of potential economic benefits, as another alternative in selecting plumbing renovations with limited waste loads.

7
2.2. VENT CIRCULATION LOOP MODIFICATION

Alternative solutions for handling DWV problems in residential rehabilitation

are required. After the integrity to perform the sanitary functions have been

found to be satisfactory the capacity of the existing DWV system for the proposed occupancy loading patterns must be determined. When the analysis indicates (i) the existing system provides limited venting capacity as defined by

current codes, or (ii) there is restricted vent capacity for upgrading services

(which may include expansion of the plumbing system), then methods for supplementing the marginal venting must be considered. Several methods are possible:

a) Apply vent connections only to those branch drain fixtures (existing or new)

which are likely to experience greatest suction loads on the trap. Long

branch drains which are subjected to self siphonage due to full bore flow

would be logical locations for such connections.

b) Modify the drain piping to incorporate single pipe drain systems (as in the

European practice) where tolerable loading limits are anticipated.

c) Adapt separate portions of the drain system to vacuum drainage or small

pressurized drain piping where expanded sanitary facilities are added to

the system. This portion of the system essentially becomes a new DWV

system while retaining the existing system to handle only a fraction of

the loading.

d) Modify the drain and vent pipe configurations to alter either the soil

stack pressure distribution or to provide expanded volumetric capacity

(as a reserve air source) to supply the branch vent lines.

The first three (a,b,c) are not in accordance with conventional U.S. practices

and would have difficulty in gaining acceptance. The method (d) introduces a variation of current practice but retains the generally accepted approach for

venting connected systems.

An experimental evaluation of a modified vent drainage stack system designated

as "a circulation loop vent system" was conducted. Following (d), the circulation loop vent system provides increased volumes to the vent network, alters

the drain stack load input and redistributes the pressures in the soil stack.

The conventional and the circulation loop vent systems are shown in the schematics in figure 6. The expansion of facilities beyond the line A-A illustrates

an example of increased loads on the plumbing system.

The laboratory DWV system included 75 mm (3 in) soil stack, loops, and drains

while the vent stack and vent branches were 50 mm (2 in) in diameter. The

system tested simulated the plumbing in a three-story building with soil and

vent stack with water closets and simulated bathtubs, as shown. A water tank

above the third level provided water flow into the system to simulate wastewater

loadings from the upper stories of a larger building. The system was tested

in two phases. In the first phase, the assembly included the circulation

loop vent network. Two configurations of the circulation loop vent system

8
were included in the testing - one a double-story loop and the other a singlestory loop. The longer double-story loop had a larger air volume with greater

potential for altering the soil stack pressures as well as the ability for

providing greater length for diversion of waste loads from the soil stack.

The supplementary venting attachment to the loop from the vent stack provided a path to the atmosphere. All vent pipes were of the same diameter in the experimental rig, however, the connecting vent branches may be of smaller diameter

pipe. The circulation loops are not necessarily required to be located in

close proximity to the soil stack as was the case in this experiment. That

provides for more flexibility in design of the renovation for added sanitary

facilities. In the second phase, the elements of the circulation loop were removed and the network converted to a conventional plumbing system. Each

configuration was subjected to identical wastewater loads in various combinations of fixture loadings to enable comparison and assessment of the proposed

circulation loop performance.

9
3.3.1 VENT CIRCULATION LOOP TEST PROGRAM AND RESULTS

TEST OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the tests were to determine:

a. the effectiveness of changing the capacity of an existing drain-vent

system by stack and venting connections to provide trap seal protection

at increased wastewater loadings.

b. the allowable increase in wastewater hydraulic loads as a result of the

modification.

c. the trap seal depletions under the simulated wastewater loadings.

d. the air flows and pressure excursions in critical areas adjacent to the

trap seals and soil stack fittings.

e. the extent to which the siphonic action of the water closet is affected by

pressure excursions in the stack.

3.2

WATER LOADS FOR SYSTEM INPUT

The loads were provided by tanks simulating bathtubs, water closets and a soil stack water supply tank. The bathtubs were simulated by containers calibrated to deliver a water flow to the drains of 0.885 ± 0.13 i/s (14 ± 2 gpm)

.

Actual water closet fixtures were used. The soil stack water supply tank,

installed to simulate wastewater flows from the upper stories, was capable of

delivering water in the range of 0-5.35 i/s (0-85 gpm). The flow from the

tank and to the soil stack was over a circular weir such that an annular flow

would be rapidly established in the soil stack. Typical flow rates for water

closets and bathtubs are shown in figure 7. Bathtubs are characterized by

having a relatively constant flow rate that are in the range of .82-1.09 l/s

(15-20 gpm) (depending on the nominal diameter of their outlet) while water

closets have a higher peak flow rate range (1.09-2.19 i/s (20-40 gpm)) which

is established rapidly and then falls sharply after 5 seconds. The load system

consisted of two water closets back-to-back on the first and second levels,

two bathtubs (also on the first and second levels), and one water closet and one bathtub on the third level. Valves were inserted in the vent stack and

the vent branches so that the air flow from the vent stack to the vent network

could be varied or eliminated entirely (see figure 8).

3.3

TEST RUNS

Figure 8 shows the circulation loop vent assembly tested in the laboratory with

the identification of the major elements in the system. A test run consisted

of a combination of the following flow parameters:

- Flow rate to the soil stack (see figure 8 for identification of input

elements)

10
Q± - 0, 1.09, 2.19, 3.28, 4.38 A/s (20, 40, 60, 80 gpm)

- Water closet flushing, Wj, where

J = 1 no W.C.

2 - W.C. 1.1

3 - w.c. l.i, : 4 - w.c. 1 . 1 ,

: 5 - W.C. All

- Bathtubs active, B^

K = 1 — no tub

2 - one tub

3 - two tubs

4 - three tubs

5 - all tubs

- Vent valves closure, Vm ^L» where

L = 1 valves closed

L = 2 valves partially open

L = 3 valves fully open

and for each of the four valves shown, m * 1,2, 3, 4.

The data acquisition system and the computer interface provided the capability

of recording 300 consecutive readings for each station (flow rates and pressures)

.

The data recorded also provided a resource base for future study of the details

of the dynamic response of the system.

Initial settings of manually operated control valves were made prior to the

startup and the balance of the test run was fully automated by sending the

proper signal information to the automated control system with designated

codes from the control console.

The total time for each run was 30 seconds during which time stack flow, (if

non-zero) was continuously flowing from the start. For the active bathtubs

Bjr, the flow started at the beginning of the run. When water closets were

active in the run, their operation started ten seconds after the start of the run to permit equilibrium conditions to develop for other flows. Data scans were made and recorded at ten readings per second to the end of each test (30

seconds). The data processing consolidated the data into ten groups of three

second intervals (30 readings per group) and calculations were made to yield

minimum, maximum, mean, and the maximum rate of change between two consecutive

data points for the measurements at each instrumented location. The values

for depth of the trap seals were read only twice; before and after the run in

order to obtain the trap seal depletion after the period of the entire test

run. Determining the trap seal dynamic response (oscillation) was not within

the scope of this project.

11
3.4 MEASUREMENTS

Figure 9 indicates the location of the instruments and the parameters measured

for each test run, which were as follows:

T

FS

FV

p iJ

PTk

p iJ

Water flow rate to the soil stack

Air flow rate intake to the soil stack

Air flow rate intake to the vent stack

Static pressure at designated station; i » floor level, J = location

Trap seal depletion for the traps connected to the simulated bathtubs

Air flow rates in the vent stack and vent branches at the designated

station; i =* floor level, J location

In addition, temperature probes were connected at each level in order to correct

the vent air flow measurements.

Data scans (10 readings per second) included all the designated stations except

for the air flows in the vent branches. Air flow measurements (Fu) using

hot-wire anemometers were made in each test run at the same scan rate but at

only eight selected locations (of the fifteen available) in the vent network.

3.5 TEST RESULTS AND INTEPRETATION OF DATA

Table 3 is a typical computer output of a test run. The following information

is shown:

- Test conditions, i.e., identification of the system, vent valve position,

the water closets and tanks operated during the cycle and the nominal

flow rate from the soil stack supply tank.

- Trap seal depletion at the simulated bathtubs (where zero indicates no depletion) .

- Mean, maximum and mimimum values of the water flow rates from the soil

stack, and air flow rates to the vent and soil stacks.

- Pressure and air flows as recorded at the designated stations.

The eight hot wires were installed at selected locations in the vent network.

As shown in the sketch below, the measurements provided three measured air

flows (two entering and one leaving) at the junction J^. This feature provided

details of internal vent piping flow; the measurements also provided the

supplementary data for the vent stack volumetric flow rate analysis. Since

the experimental laboratory configuration closely simulated that of an actual

installation, no provisions were made to establish inlet pipe development

lengths (upstream of the hot wires) to fulfill the usual requirements for

accuracy of such readings. The accuracy of the air flow rates measured at low

Reynolds numbers were generally poor (compared with the higher Reynolds numbers).

Consequently closing the mass flow balance equations at junctions and fittings had large errors (see discussion in section 4.3). The deviation of the

12
mass flow balance (error) was based upon absolute value of the percentage error,

A percent, as shown below.

Ql + Q2 " Q3 Ha I

or

!a I A % = x 100

Q3

Table 4 is a summary of 12 test runs where only the mean values of the test

results are displayed; reduced data for three separate groups of test conditions are presented. Each group contains four independent tests with nearly

identical input conditions. It is noted that the test results within each

group did not vary appreciably which indicated that the tests were repeatable.

Appendices 1 and 2 present summary tables of data for the tests with various

loading conditions of soil stack flows, operation of various fixtures, and

valve settings (for vent air control) including the limiting case of single

(soil) stack conditions.

13
4. DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS

The vent pipe system, branch drains, and soil stack represent a complex piping

network which acts in a manner similar to an ejector-driven air pump, where

the water in the soil stack "drives" the system. In a simple ejector, the

acceleration of the full bore flow of water through a contracting area section

reduces the static pressure in the stream and thereby induces suction on an interconnecting branch (generally at a junction in the plane of the minimum

area) in accordance with the Bernoulli equation. The complex piping of the

drain system with numerous branch drains for wastewater and branch headers to

the vent stack introduces multiple air flow paths with possible recirculation.

The overall operation follows the performance of ejectors, i.e., an increase

in water flow rate is followed by an increase in air flow rate.

In analyzing the test results similarities with other investigations [6,8] were noted. For example, the total air flow increases to a level that appeared

to be limited by the overall system resistance to air induction (due to pipe

sizes, roughness of pipe walls, fitting losses and changes of areas at pipe

branch points). No studies have been reported which demonstrate the controlling parameters or quantify the interdependence between the variables. In

past investigations, the levels of air flow rates as a function of wastewater

loads have been determined only over a very small range of vent and soil stack

sizes. The levels of flow rate values in the vent and soil stack have been

found to be generally comparable. The limiting levels of flow through the

system may be governed by the downstream exit condition where the stack joins

an elbow turning the water flow into the building drain which may cause full

bore flow; some backup into the vertical soil stack occurs and has been identified as one cause of the increased pressure (above atmospheric) in the lower

part of the vertical soil stack and possibly the lower part of the vent stack.

In this lower region the air ingested must either be conveyed out to the

building drain vent or the vent stack.

In this test series the water supply tank with an overflow inlet weir (without

any flow guide to initially establish the annular stack flow) caused strong

pressure reductions in the stack due to: (a) a vena contracta that decreases

the cross-sectional area for the incoming air, and (b) an acceleration length

of up to 3 m (10 ft) required for the water to attain near-terminal velocity.

Both effects caused reduced suction pressures at the top of the soil stack;

such pressure excursions exceeding that normally anticipated in a mid-level

stack location of a multi-story building with loads from upper floors.

Specific samples of the data are shown here for soil stack and air vent stack

flow rates, air flow rates within the vent pipe network, trap seal depletion

and performance of the water closets. Additional data from the experiments are shown in the appendices.

4.1 SOIL AND VENT STACK FLOW RATES

The air flow rates in the soil stack for the circulation loop and conventional

systems as a function of the soil stack water flow rate are shown in figure 10

14
for the vent stack valves closed. Air flow rates as a function of the soil

stack water flow rate is shown for both systems in figure 11 with the vent

stack valve open. There were no fixtures operating during any of these tests.

As seen in figure 11 the soil stack contribution to the total air flow rate is

appreciably greater than the contribution from the vent stack. These results

are similar to other tests [6,8] where vent to soil stack air flow rate ratios

vary from 1:3 to 1:6. In previous studies leading to vent pipe sizing (now

embodied in the plumbing code tables) a constant ratio was assumed for the

vent to soil stack air flow rates. The effects of varying the vent to soil

stack air flow ratio on vent pipe sizing in accordance with the test results

requires further investigation. The air flow rates in the vent stacks of the

conventional system and circulation loop were similar. The larger circulation

loop piping interconnections possibly permits the air supply capacity of the

circulation to be distributed differently; however, the flows through the

systems are comparable over the range tested. It will be noted in the following sections that the air flow rate variations follow directly with the

changes of pressures within the system. Therefore, the air flow rate values

alone do not indicate the performance of the system but may provide an indication of the overall resistance (or ejector efficiency) parameter when coupled

with the pressure drop.

4.2 PRESSURES WITHIN THE DRAIN-VENT SYSTEMS

The pressure data obtained at the transducer stations in the vent stack,

branches, and drains provide detailed information concerning the pressure

distributions in the circulation loop and conventionally vented systems. The

pressures in the branch vent arm at the closest connection of the vent and

drain stack were indicative of the pressures in the vertical pipes (vent and

soil stacks).

Figures 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 show data from several of the test runs. The

plotted points are grouped in the sequence Pj^ which represent the pressures

in the vent branch (K=2) , the drain branch (K=l), and furthermost arm of the

loop (K=3) at each level J, where J = 1, 2, or 3 for first, second and third

level in the test tower (see figure 9). The pressure excursion value of + 2 mm

Hg* is approximately the limit value for acceptable system performance (of + 1

inch water) . For the conventional system with vent valve open or closed and

with or without water closet operation, the pressure variation in the soil stack

from top to bottom was from below atmospheric to nearly or above atmospheric.

For the circulation loop system with and without water closet operation, the

suction pressures at the second and third levels were essentially the same without water closet operation, i.e., the long loop was at a constant pressure.

The pressure at the first level was at or somewhat above atmospheric pressure

in the soil stack. With water closet loads differences in pressure in the

long loop appeared from the second to third level. However, when water closets

were functioning, the difference in pressures between the second and third

* Instrumentation and DAS records for vent pressure were based upon mm Hg units;

conversion to cm H2 O multiply by 1.35, and to in H2O multiply by 0.53.

15
levels were less than that in the conventional system. Extremes in pressures

which exceeded + 2 mm Hg were due to excessive loads on the system. Selected

data points with greatest departures of pressure must be analyzed with care;

e.g., in figure 15, point 1.1 represents the pressure in a branch drain with a water closet flushing upstream of the measurement station and the drain possibly

filled thereby causing interference with the transducer.

The circulation loop strongly interconnected the vent stack with the soil

stack between the third level to the second level resulting in very similar

pressures. In all the tabulations those effects can be noted. When the long

loop is carrying water closet discharge loads (in its role as a soil stack)

the pressures tend to be similar to variations found in a conventional soil

stack system, see figure 15. Strong pressure reductions at the upper level were due to the inlet overflow weir arrangement. This is in agreement with

the results presented by Wyly and Eaton [6]; i.e., in the soil stack inlet

development length region very low pressures occur until terminal velocity

conditions are achieved. The data from tests with discharging water closets

did not display the stack pressures disturbances anticipated from other

reports [6,11]. The high stack flow rates from the upper tanks may have dominated over the flow disturbances at the stack/horizontal drain fitting where

mixing of the two flows occurred. However, the peak flow rates from the several water closets do tend to equal or exceed those in the soil stack. The same size piping, used in the test configurations, may have been another contributing cause. A circulation loop of the same pipe size as the main drain

stack may protect the soil stack from undue pressure variations. With the same (large) pipe sizes, the pressure gradient will tend to be eliminated

since friction losses associated with the air flows are exceedingly small

and, therefore, the similarity of pressures between levels 2 and 3. The

diversion of waste loads by the long loop introduced the load into the soil

stack in a region of higher (closer to atmospheric) pressure. The figures

12-15 show the mean values of the pressures.

In the tests the conventional system generally had a greater length of the

lower portion of the soil stack at positive pressures which was probably due to

backup of water at the (exit) elbow. The discussion of the cause of the loss

of siphonic action in lower level water closets (in section 4.7) and even back

flow from those fixtures indicates that soil stack water was backed up.

In figure 16, test results for the mean values from the pressure data

(obtained within each group comprised of the 30 pressure readings in ten con- secutive intervals of three seconds each) are shown. Two samples were selected

to show the effects of all and no water closets in operation with the waste

stack load at 4.38 £/s (80 gpm) . Note that operation of either system with

valves closed, to represent single soil stack operation, generally resulted in

trap seal failures and system pressures which exceeded + 2 mm Hg.

For the valve open position tests, with the vent stack valves open, and with

all the water closets active the first ten seconds were run without flushing

the water closets. Then, following the initiation of the flush, a peak flow

rate from the water closet was attained in up to another five seconds (for a total test time of 15 seconds). For the middle period (for 15 seconds elasped

time) there were significant changes in the slope of the data points of the

16
pressure measured in the branches on the three levels. During the last 10

seconds of the 30 second test period the pressures at the upper level were

less affected by the interactions at the lower levels. By inspection of such

data, it is evident that the value of the mean pressure over the entire period

may not be a good indicator of conditions at the idle trap seals; the dynamic

pressure variations can cause oscillations induced at the idle trap seals. It

therefore may become necessary to measure the trap seal transients to determine

when the trap seal depletions occur.

4.3 AIR FLOW RATES IN THE VENT NETWORK

In addition to pressure measurements, hot wire anemometer flow measurements

were made to attempt to determine the recirculation of air within the pipe

vent network and the inflow-outflow volumetric rates. Those data for the air

flow rates in the network were found to contain excessive errors at very low

rates

Hot wire anemometry was selected for measuring air flow velocities within the

vent pipe system; such devices have insignificant effects on the flow and do

not introduce additional frictional losses. The shortcoming of these instruments is that the velocity is measured at one location in the cross section of

the pipe and an assumption must be made about the velocity profile so the

total air flow rate across that pipe section can be calculated.

A serious constraint in measuring the air flow rates was the actual geometry of

the vent network. The maximum free upstream and downstream distances from the

hot wire could not be the recommended ten pipe diameters because of the short

straight pipe runs between junctions and bends in the system. A distance of

ten diameters is generally sufficient for attaining a reasonable degree of

accuracy for high flow rates. In many cases the air flows in the vent network

attained Reynolds numbers as low as 100. In addition, the flows in the vicinity of bends and junctions is comprised of mixing streams and secondary swirls.

The hot wire must be placed a distance away from these locations to obtain the

desired accuracy. Figure 17 indicates that expected accuracies with the hotwire instrument in the flow net. The calculated error is expresssed as a percentage of the total flow rate leaving the junction in relation to the

total flow rate entering the junction. As noted, errors up to 50 percent may

result for flow rates of .95 l/s (2 cfm) and results of flow rates of a magnitude of 1 cfm may be entirely invalid. Table 3 (sample of a computer

output of a test run) lists the percentage error in the flow rates at designated

junctions. Table 4 indicates that the deviation of the air flow rates among

identical inputs is relatively small even for small flow rates. This shows

that the reading and experimental condition at the hot wire is reproducible.

For tests in which the vent stack was kept open or partially open, relatively

large flow rates occurred in the stack and its junctions. Therefore the

results in these locations (higher Reynolds numbers) are reasonably accurate.

Figure 18 shows flow rates for several cases. The values for case V were very

accurate as can be seen by comparing the flows entering and leaving the junctions. The flow patterns in the vent net were not as anticipated. The pressure

17
in the soil stack at the third level is negative; therefore large flows took

place from the vent stack into the branch vent network feeding the soil stack.

At the first level the situation is reversed. The pressures in the soil stack

and drain were positive and the tendency was for the system to drive the excess

air towards the vent stack.

Figure 19 compares the air flows and the associated branch static pressures

measured during a test run at two stations in the network. The data are in

agreement with anticipated values inasmuch as the flow rate variations and

flow directions agree with the variations in the pressures (i.e., the decrease

in flow rate occurs with a decrease in pressure). Such relationships could

only be verified for high air flow rates. For low air flow rates, the errors

in the measurement were relatively large, as discussed above, and the degree

of correlation was uncertain.

4.4 TRAP SEAL DEPLETION

One of the most important measures of performance of the system was the trap

seal loss at the simulated bathtubs. For the waste loads imposed in the test

series with the vent valves open, no trap seal failures were experienced in

either the circulation loop or conventional systems. The extreme conditions

of operating the systems in nonvented configurations, i.e., single soil stack,

resulted in either excessive trap seal losses or failures of the water closet.

However, with vent valves partially open or fully open (as the vent system Is

intended to function) smaller trap seal losses resulted for the circulation

loop compared with the conventional drain vent system.

For the tests with only water closets discharged and no soil stack load, there were no trap seal failures for the circulation loop system with vent valves

open or closed. Under the same test conditions for the conventional system

failures with the vent valves closed occurred. Similarly, with vent valves

closed and soil stack load at 2.19 l/s (40 gpm) and with selected water

closets discharged the conventional system had trap seal failures whereas the

circulation loop did not. With vent valves open, water closets discharged and

over a range of soil stack loads, no failure occurred but the circulation loop

generally had smaller trap seal losses than the conventional system and with

only soil stack loads both systems had similar trap seal depletions.

Figures 20 and 21 display the trap seal losses as a function of the water flow

rate from the soil stack supply tank without any active fixtures and the vent

valves closed. Trap 1 was situated on the third level, traps 2 and 3 on the

second level, and traps 4 and 5 on the first level. The criterion for failure

was a trap depletion in excess of 2.5 cm (1 inch). The depletion of the trap

seal in the first level was higher for the circulation loop system; however,

both systems met the criterion and did not fail. Traps 1, 2, and 3 attained

trap seal depletions values which are permissible by codes up to flow rates

close to 3.28 Jl/s (60 gpm). The trap seal losses In the conventional system

turned downward with higher stack loads due to the increased positive pressure

in the lower sections of the stack which propagated upward; the suction pressures at levels 2 and 3 were reduced as shown by the decrease in trap seal

loss. The trap seal losses in traps 1, 2, and 3 are larger than in traps 4

18
and 5 since they experienced negative pressure which removed the water from

the trap. Traps 4 and 5 experience positive pressure for which losses of the

traps occurred primarily as a result of the oscillation of the water columns

in the traps when the load was removed. For the circulation loop configuration

traps 2 and 3 were subject to the low pressures induced by the overflow weir

inlet at higher soil stack flow rates. The second level traps were subjected

to those reduced pressures due to the large connecting loop tie-in near the

top of the soil stack.

Figure 22 illustrates the trap seal depletions of traps 1, 3, and 5 for the

circulation loop and the conventional system for soil stack flow rates of 2.19

9,/ s and 4.38 9,/s (40 and 80 gpm) with vent valves closed, and for various

combinations of simultaneous operations of the water closets. The data did

not indicate a strong interaction between the water closets, i.e., an increase

in the water closet hydraulic loading was not always followed by an increase

of the trap seal depletion for all cases tested. The circulation loop improved

the performance of trap 5 but resulted in a higher depletion of trap 3. Observing the data for the flow rate of 2.19 9,/s (40 gpm) only, it is observed that

the circulation loop did improve the system as a whole. No trap failures were

observed at the 2.19 l/s (40 gpm) rate with the circulation loop while failures

occurred in trap 1 and trap 5. The data indicate that the circulation loop had

an increase in load carrying capability representative of expanding the number

of load producing fixtures for a single stack system.

4.5 TRAP SEAL DEPLETION AND PRESSURE EXCURSION

Figures 23A, 23B, and 23C display the correlation between the trap seal

depletions and the pressure excursions for the three levels in the network

with vent valves closed. These data show that the variations in the behavior

of the traps were consistent with the (mean) pressure excursions in the system.

It is noted tht for traps 1 and 2 the trap seal depletion was increased for

the conventional system up to 3.45 9,/s (65 gpm) soil stack flows after which

a sharp decrease took place. Correspondingly, increasing negative pressures

occurred with flow up to 3.45 9,/s (65 gpm) after which a sharp decrease in

negative pressure took place. The correlation between the trap seal depletions

and pressure excursions is quite consistent. The trap depth failures for the

conventional and circulation loop (traps 1 and 2 on figures 23B and 23C) are consistent with the occurrence of strongly reduced pressures, measured in the

branches

.

4.6 EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE VENT STACK AIR FLOW ON THE TRAP SEAL

For all the tests conducted, the values for the trap seal depletion were very

small when the vent stack was open. This was verified for the most severe loading conditions of 4.38 9,/s (80 gpm) soil stack water flow and all the

water closets in the system operating. In order to test the effectiveness of

the vent stack, a series of tests were performed where the inlet valves to the

vent stack were partially closed in a series of steps and the corresponding

trap seal depletions were recorded.

19
The trap seal depletion as a function of the vent stack air flow rate the

conventional system with a soil stack water flow rate of 3.45 Jl/s (65 gpm)

is shown in figure 24. It is noted that the vent stack capacity was oversized

as indicated by the leveling out of the small trap losses as the vent valves were opened. It appears that a capacity reduction of one-third (in terms of

vent stack air flow contribution to the total air demands) could have been

made and still the integrity of the trap seal would have been retained. The

vent valve closure conditions simulated a reduced size venting system. Verification of this could be done by running tests with a system of a reduced

size piping having the same losses introduced by the valve closure. The

experiments performed indicate that although a vent stack and branch vents are required, they may be appreciably reduced in size and still maintain the

integrity of the trap seal. This concept has been demonstrated by other

investigators but to date such results have not resulted in any changes in

the plumbing codes.

4.7 PERFORMANCE OF THE WATER CLOSETS

Another area of concern in this study was the possibility of poor performance

of the water closets either due to (i) the negative pressures which have the

undesirable effect of first depleting the trap (even without a failure mode)

resulting in reduced water level in the bowl and subsequent inadequate siphonic

action in the water closet in the next flush cycle, or (ii) the positive pressures that reduce the total effective hydraulic head in the water closet which

may affect (or eliminate) the siphonic action of the water closet.

A detailed study of water closet performance was made when the conventional

system was tested, with the results described in table 5. Table 5 indicates

that the performance of the water closet was very much affected by the pressure

excursions in the DWV system. In the absence of stack venting and with high

soil stack flows, no siphonic action occurred for the water closets in the first

level, and at the extreme loads complete suction of the water closet traps took

place in the upper levels. When the vent stack valves were open to one-half

capacity the undesirable feature of loss of siphon was nearly eliminated except

at the highest soil stack flow of 4.38 l/s (80 gpm); (the trap seal depletion

values were still relatively high). For the circulation loop system the assessment of the siphonic action was based upon observations of the water in the

bowl after initiation of the flush; similar degradations (as with the conventional system) were not observed. However, with the vent valves open and the

highest soil stack flow the branch drain pressures on the first level, as indicated in figures 12 and 15 (with J=l), were reduced when compared with the

conventional system. Such reductions in back-pressure (on the water closet)

imply that the circulation loop venting can maintain water closet performance

when the conventional vent system may become marginal.

20
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Laboratory experiments were conducted on a drain-waste-vent system in a conventional configuration as well as modified to include two circulation

loops. The drainage system included 75 mm (3 in) soil stack, loops and

drains while the vent stack and vent branches were 50 mm (2 in) in diameter.

The tests included various combinations of hydraulic loading patterns in the

soil stack and with selected fixtures which were connected to the branch piping

discharged to simulate usage conditions.

The premise underlying the test of the vent circulation loop was that such a modification to an existing drain-waste-vent (DWV) system would provide redistribution of air for atmospheric pressure relief to a limited (marginal) vent

pipe network. The test results showed that: (a) the pressure distributions

in the soil stack with the circulation loop modification had reduced pressure

gradients when compared to the conventional DWV system; (b) additional fixture

loads were possible with the circulation loop without causing trap seal failures; (c) the siphonic action of water closets at large soil stack loads and

at positive pressures in lower levels of a building could be maintained and

the closets perform satisfactorily with the circulation loop whereas failures

occurred in the conventional system; and (d) total air demand through the soil

stack and vent stack remained approximately the same for the conventional and

modified circulation loop systems.

The ratio of the air intake of the vent stack to the soil stack ingestion ranged

from 1:6 up to 1:3. Independent research at other building research stations

has indicated the same results. These data show that a range of variations in

vent air flows should be introduced into vent stack design methods; the

assumption of a constant ratio is currently used as the basis for current

plumbing code vent sizing methods. Time-dependent air flow distributions and

pressures in the branches were measured and have not been previously reported

in the literature. The pressure excursions with large fixture loads were

shown to be large; the swing from suction to positive pressure levels within

the 30 second test period were pronounced. Additional dynamic tests are required before correlations can be made between the time varying pressures,

oscillations of the trap seals, and trap seal losses.

Tests conducted at the limiting condition with the vent stack fully closed,

representative of single (soil) stack systems, resulted in satisfactory performance for the conventional and circulation loop system up to moderate water

loads in the soil stack; failures were experienced at large water loads.

Experiments with the conventional system were conducted using reduced vent

stack air flows by gradual closure of the vent valves. Such air flow restrictions are equivalent to reducing the size of the vent stack. The results

indicated that the vent stack size could be reduced appreciably without causing

failure of the trap seals. These findings reinforce previous laboratory and

field tests which showed that vent stacks are generally overdesigned and can

be appreciably reduced and still satisfy the required performance of the system.

The results of the present tests have indicated a need for additional tests

and/or research for the effects of circulation loop modifications. The inlet

21
to the upper (two-story height) circulation loop where it connects to the soil

stack should be reduced to a smaller pipe diameter; the water driven "pumped"

ejection effect which caused strong suction in the third and second levels

would probably then be reduced due to greater orifice losses. Simulation of

soil stack water loads from upper levels of multi-story building should be

improved by providing an annular inlet guide; the inlet water load from the

upper tank would then be a controlled annular flow to replicate the annular

downflow found in long soil stacks. A larger group of wastewater loading

patterns should be used, particularly, those which result in low air flows in

controlled increments into the vent of the circulation loop system so that

changes in marginal vent performance can be determined. Measurements of

dynamic characteristics of plumbing vent systems are required to develop

understanding of the hydraulic interactions within DWV systems.

The authors greatly appreciate the development of computer programs and

assistance with the instrumentation and DAS by Mr. Paul Kopetka and the

extensive contributions of Mr. Michael McCall in conducting the laboratory

experiments

22
6 REFERENCES

[1] Rehabilitation Guidelines, 1980, No. 7, Plumbing DWV Guideline for

Residential Rehabilitation, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, Washington, D.C.

[2] Uniform Plumbing Code, International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical

Officials, Los Angeles, California.

[3] National Standard Plumbing Code, National Association of Plumbing-HeatingCooling Contractors, Washington, D.C.

[4] The BOCA Basic Plumbing Code, Building Officials and Code Administrators

International, Inc., Homewood, Illinois.

[5] Standard Plumbing Code, Southern Building Code Congress International,

Inc., Birmingham, Alabama.

[6] Wyly, R.S., and Eaton, H.N., Capacities of Stacks in Sanitary Drainage

Systems for Buildings, National Bureau of Standards, Monograph 31, 1961.

[7] Lillywhite, M.S.T., and Wise, A.F.E., Towards a General Method for the

Design of Drainage Systems in Large Buildings, Building Research Station

Current Paper: C027/69, August 1969.

[8] Chakrabarti, S.P., Studies on the Development of Economical Drainage

Systems for Multi-Storyed Buildings, Ph.D., Dissertation, University of

Roorkee, India, October 1980.

[9] Kopetka, P., and Galowin, L., Reduced Size Vents for Veterans

Administration Hosiptals, National Bureau of Standards Letter Report to

V . A . , Dec embe r 1980.

[10] Pink, B.J., The Effect of Stack Length on the Air Flow in Drainage Stacks,

Building Research Establishment Current Paper 38/73.

[11] Wise, A.F.E., Water, Sanitary and Waste Services for Buildings, B.T.

Batsford Limited, London, 1979.

[12] Jeppson, R.W., Anaysis of Flow in Pipe Networks, Ann Arbor Science

Publishers Inc., 3rd Printing, 1979.

[13] Watters, G.Z., Modern Analysis and Control of Unsteady Flow in Pipelines,

Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., 1979.

23
Table 1. Size and Length of Vents*

Diameter of Vent Required (Inches)

1-1/4 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 4 5 6 8

Fixtures

Size of Soil Units Maximum Length of Vent (feet)

Waste Stack Connected

Inches

1-1/2 8 50 150

1-1/2 10 30 100

2 12 30 75 200

2 20 26 500 150

2-1/2 42 30 100 300

3 10 30 100 200 600

3 30 60 100 500

3 60 50 80 400

4 100 35 100 260 1000

4 200 30 90 250 900

4 500 20 70 180 700

5 200 35 80 350 1000

5 500 30 70 300 900

5 1100 20 50 200 700

6 350 25 50 200 400 1300

6 620 15 30 125 300 1100

6 960 24 100 250 1000

6 1900 20 70 200 700

6 600 50 150 500 1300

8 1400 40 100 400 1200

8 2200 30 80 350 1100

8 3600 25 60 250 800

10 1000 75 125 1000

10 2500 50 125 1000

10 3800 30 80 350

10 5600 25 60 250

* From Reference 3
Table

2.

Examples

of

Marginal

Venting

25
t

&

s

> z — ruin — in > n <j « 'ssssJissias • ••••• — (N *> n

I I l I — (N**»*»>zz*nzzz

l 1 1 1 1 I

msn m — «•> mb tH »N* >

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26
Table

4»A

Computer

Output

of

Mean

Values

for

12

Test

Runs

rg rg rg

n

®

—

a

— 9 n > rg

n

— « — > — *. 

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n rg

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—

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27

Note:

The

above

constitute

three

groups,

each

containing

four

runs

with

identical

input

conditions
Table 5, Performance of the Water Closets in the Drainage System

(Conventional)

Water closets 1.1 and 1.2 are in the first level of the test rig.

Water closets 2.1 and 2.2 are in the second level.

Water closet 3.1 is in the third level.

Water closets 1.1 and 1.2 were tested for siphonic action.

Water closets 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 were tested for trap seal depletion.

Nominal

Water

Flow Rate

Vent

Valves

Position

Water

Closets

Active

Test Results

Siphonie Action Trap Seal Depletion (")

1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 3.1

i 80 Closed 0 - - 1 1 1/4 Complete ; Removal

80 Closed 1, 1 Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

1 1/2 1 1/2 Complete i Removal

80 Closed 1,1 1,2 No Siphonic

Action

No Siphonic

Action

1 1/2 1 1/2 Complete

Removal

60 Closed 0 - - 3/4 3/4 1 3/4

60 Closed 1,1 O.K. - 3/4 1 1 3/4

60 Closed 1,1 1,2 Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

1 1 1/4 1 3/4

i

1 40 Closed 0 - - 1/2 1/2 3/4

40 Closed 1,1 0/K. Incomplete

Siphonc

Action

1/2 1/2 1

40 Closed 1,1 1,2 O.K. Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

1/2 1/2 1

!

80 Half open 0 - - 1/4 1/4 1 1/4

80 Half open 1,1 O.K. - 1/4 1/4 1/4

80 Half Open 1,1 1,2 Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

Incomplete

Siphonic

Action

1/4 1/4 1/4

60 Half open 0 - - 3/8 3/8 1"

60 Half open 1,1 |0. K. - 3/8 3/8 1"

60 Half open 1,1 1,2 | O.K. O.K. 3/8 3/8 1"

40 Half open _Q | - - 1/4 1/4 3/8

40 Half open 1.1 O.K. - 1/4 1/4 3/8

40 Half open 1.1 1.2 O.K. O.K. 1/4 1/4 3/8

80 Open 0 - - - - 1/4

80 Open 1,1 O.K. - - - 1/4

80 Open 1,1 1,2 O.K. O.K. - — 1/4

60 Open 0 - - - - 1/4

60 Open 1,1 O.K. - - - . 1/4

60 ' Open 1,1 1,2 O.K. O.K. - - 1/4

40 Open 0 - - - — - 40 Open 1.1 O.K. - - - - 40 Open i 1,1 1,2 O.K. O.K. - - -

28
29

Figure

1.

Diagram

to

illustrate

hydraulic

and

Figure

2.

Schematic

diagram

for

modified

pneumatic

conditions

in

an

discharge

vent

one-pipe

system

of

drainage

stack

in

buildings
Third

floor ^)

6th

Floor

30

Figure

3.

Pressure

diagram

for

stack

with

Figure

4.

Pressure

diagram

for

stack

without a

vent

system

[8]

vent

system

fora

steady

flow

of

108

1/rain

(3.8

cfm)

[8]
c

0)>

toCoe

05

—05 ON 0) k

ft •—

0) 0) u «o0 § e

•H J*

ft ft

CO o

t! * 9 ft

ft. 0) o c

CJ ft0) o « Sx

ft

0) •o

to

05 •ecoH

ft

to ftc

05®

05

ftft

0)ftco9 on

Cl . eO <H 0 05 T5

J= o

tj e

ft.* 1 ft ^ 2 ft »

«—i ft 9 0) s c

31

Figure

5.

Vent

header

network

computer

model
32

Figure

6.

Conventional

drainage

system

and

the

vent

circulation

loop
(lps )

(gpm)

dps)

(gpm)

33

Figure

7.

Flow

characteristics

of

typical

water

closets

and

bathtubs
Input elements

- Soil stack water flow rate

Qj[ - 0-80 gpm

- Water closets active

Tj - 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

- Bathtubs active

Bk

- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Vent valves open

Figure 8. Identification of the input elements

34
Ck

35

Figure

9.

Identification

of

the

measurements

and

location
LITERS/SEC

33S/SJOin

36

Figure

10.

Water

and

total

air

flow

rates

in

the

soil

stack

(vent

stack

closed)
40

15

30

25

20

15

10

5

•

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1.25

LITERS/SEC

0.50 0.75

25

2.0

1.5

- 1.0

- 0.5

0.25

LITERS/SEC

0.50 0.75

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

11. Soil stack water flow rates and the soil stack and vent

Btack air flow rates for the circulation loop and

conventional system (various valye settings)

; 7

LITERS/SEC

LITERS/

SEC
M 6PM •0 6PM

.32 Livel 3

* 31

'33

PRESSURE (mmHg) ^

Vint valves closed

40 6PM

J__J I I I I I L -0.6-0.5-0.4-0^3-0-2-01 0 0.1 PRESSURE (mmHg) —

Vent valves open

40 6PM

PRESSURE (mmHg) PRESSURE (mmHg)

Level 2

Level 1

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Circulation loop Conventional

J1 o • a

13 A A

1=3,2, 1 for third, second and

first level in laboratory (from

top to bottom]

10 6PM = 5.01 liters/sec

40 6PM = 2.53 liters/sec

20 6PM = 1 27 liters/sec

20 6PM

PRESSURE (mmHg)

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Figure 12. Pressures in branches with vent valves closed and open with

soi 1 stack lownflows and no water closets discharged

38
32

31

33

22

21

23

-2 -1 0 1

Pressure (mmHg)

Conventional System

Vent Valves Closed Vent Valves Open

Symbols

J-3,2,1

J-l O No WC

J-2 D No WC

J-3 A No WC

J-l • WC 9 3 Active

J-2 WC Q 3 Active

J-3 A WC *3 Active

a »

0 • A A

D B

6 e A A

r32

131

33

22

21

23

* 12 I !!•

13

1 1 J t » _J

-2 -1 0

Pressure (mmHg)

-.3 -.2 -.1 0 .1 .1 .3

Pressure {mmHg)

Ci rculat io n Loop System

Figure 13. Pressures in branches with 2.53 1/s (40 gpm) soil stack downflow

and one water closet discharge, vent valves closed and open

39
Vent valves apen

PRESSURE (mmHg)

Vent valves apen

Circulation loop

o J-1 J-2

A J-3

J=3^,1

Conventional

# J-1 J-2

J-3

J =

3,2,1

W.C. no. 3 active (40 GPM = 253 liters/sec]

Figure 14. Branch pressures with 2.53 1/s (40 gpm) and downflow one water

closets discharged, vent valves closed and open

Vent valves epen

PRESSURE (mmHg]

Vent valves closed

PRESSURE (mmHg]

Symbols: Same as Figure 14

All W.C.’s active (80 GPM = 5.05 liters/sec)

Figure 15. Branch pressures with 5.05 1/s (80gpm) and all water closets

discharged, vent valves closed and open

40
Circulation toop Convontional tyttom

P32 o

F22 o •

f12 4 A

80 gpm downflow

Symbols as above

All vents open

All W.C.’s active

80 fpm downflow * 5.05 litars/sec

Figure 16. Mean branch pressures as a function of time over three second intervals

41
A%

Error

-

Air

Flow

Rate

Tests at various junctions

L L

. Errors > 50%

ka 0"n"7

\ 000 */

40

1 * * * 'V

30

20

10

—

0*

O R

£= Reynolds number based

on pipe diameter

•

Symbols O O • indicate

individual test runs - results at various junctions

O D• 0

o

-

1

! °

P D

R

=

1000

e R

=

2000

e

•

• R

=

3000

e

O

a

•

o

D

•

o

l _lJLJ L i

, 5

*. _i

10

L_ ,o , i ^

Air Flow Rate (cfm in 2" pipe)

15

Figure 17. Accuracy attained in measuring the air flow rates at junctions

in the flow net by hot wire anemometry

42
oo

C/5

C/5

on

cn • NO >o co 0 ON sr o

09 P- • • • > 00 iH ON oo

C/5 rH

c? rC/5 ON > •' r»

oo

Of)

CO

CM

ON

vO

0)>N

CO£ou l

00 in

vo

CM

rco • co r>»- CM

vO

co oo > • ©

n. c

co

ONo 4 ~ 1 l o

N—'

>0-

m

GO NO • o CM* * mm

CM

oo

CM

4-1 coto

CO£oo

CO CO%oo• C/5 NO

4-4 0 CM

CO

a CM

00

m CO

cn • rM in NO • • NO CM & n i o i i o s-/

c_> 5 00 r- O' <r

05

O • • > * <r NO

CM o

CO

r—I

CO 0aoo m

NO©

<r

NO

co • co m

CM <c

CM o

oo NO 1 ^ Ii ow On

m

co 00

r". • • • 00 00

Ot- <4$ 0a

oo in

NO

o*

m

NO

co • co sr

CM

NO

com > • . m

m

NO

ONA

mm• m

j!

oom

NO

in

oo

oo<r 0a

ooo

co

4-1 /-n CO

BB IWHH O O rl -—' s-y o

CO

O

O <0

<0 co 4= 4-14-14-1

CO CO C *H

a) o co > co a)

4-1 CD <U co J2 XI J-I

CO 5 0)000 3 4J *J H<4-4 CO CO CO > 0) (U M

T3

CD

4-J co

co CO M U > £ o o 3 I—I r—I U U 44

co l-i »-t 0 O *H *H o

CO CO

C

CO

CD CO CO CD 44 9) Cl <11 O 4J 4J 44 c o o o 0) c c c O Cl Cl Cl T3 'O TD

/"N

(J CO CO [3 > C/5 O'

0)

COCO o oz

43

Figure

18.

Distribution

of

air

flow

rates

in

the

vent

stack

and

the

vent

branches

for

several

vent

valve

settings
Conventional

system -

vent

valve

partially

closed

Soil

stack

water

flow

rate:

65

gpm

Soil

stack

air

flow

rate:

26.3

cfm

Vent

stack

air

flow

rate:

2.0

cfm

(ShTM11) sjnssaaj

©

CO

(mjo) anetf

v£>

CM

•U

CO

CU •u

cu <r x

CN 4-* 00c3

CM CO«M3

COCO

cuU

o.

00 T3C

cO

(U

o>N

®

C

CM

O (U X. C 4J o

CO 3 U

cfl CU a rH E o o >> u CJ <CT>

<UW3

00

Cm

44
Conventional

system

-

vent

valve

partially

closed

Soil

stack

water

flow

rate:

65

gpm

Soil

stack

air

flow

rate:

26.3

cfm

(mean

value)

Vent

stack

air

flow

rate:

2.0

cfm

(mean

values)

o

CO

r

co

I rH

! CM

I

1{

I

. 00

;

CM

vC

cn

o

in j

(gjpnm) oanssaaj (HIJO) 9-4BH AOJ.J

45

Figure

19B.

Comparison

of

the

air

flow

rates

and

pressures

during

the

test

cycle

in

the

flow

net
3

2

1

0

3

2

1

0

3

2

1

0

Trap Failure

J.1 2 3 4 5 (liters/sec«m«lj

Soil Stack Water Flow

epletion of traps 1, 2, and 3 as a low rates (no fixtures active) for

he conventional system

function of the soil stack

the circulation loop and

46
Trap

Water

Loss

(cm)

Trap Seal Failure

TRAP 5

Figure 21. Depletion of traps A and 5 as functions of the soil stack flow

rates (no fixtures active) for the circulation loop and the

conventional system
a

E

c/>

i

1 1

Msstn mm dm

(wo] sstn mm dm

8

25

go

K C C C

«.«***•»

5 S S S

u * u u

o

»

c» f ^2 Z: ** * q o 6 *

> 1 |i s <

Msstn H31VM dm

48

Figure

22.

Trap

seal

depletions

for

the

circulation

loop

and

conventional

system

for

2.53

and

5.05

l/s

(40

and

80

gpm)

of

soil

stack

flow

with

vent

valves

closed
Trap

Water

Loss

(cm)

Drain

Pressure

(cm-water)

6 - Circulation Loop

X. - Conventionax

Press Station 11

X

a

A JLi

20 40 60

Soil Stack Flow in gpm

80 gpm

Trap Seal Failure

Trap 4

8 ^

20 40 60 80 gpm

Soil Stack Flow

j 1 i 12345* l liters/second

Soil Stack Water Flow

a

?

* x

i

Figure 23A. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures in

the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for the

circulation loop and the conventional system

49
)M

01 4J

to5

IEO

0)

IM3

CO

CO<u Pm

CO O

0 ••

-2 ..

-4 ••

-6

*

D

a

*

2

* K

U

Press. Station 21

4- + + -V- 20 40 60

Soil Stack Flow in gpm

O - Circulation Loop

80

Soil Stack Water Flow

2 3 4

_l I L

gpm

liters/second

Figure 23B. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures in

the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for the

circulation loop and the conventional system

50
Trap

Water

Loss

(cm)

Drain

Pressure

(cm-water)

-2 D

> Q

X

-4 .

Press. Station 31

-6

1 -

« i i i i

i i L 20 40 60 80 gpm

Soil Stack Water Flow

a - Circulation Loop X X

x

- Conventional Trap Seal Failure

X O

Trap 1

X

Q

X

6 Q X

X *

i |

• 1 1 20 40 60 80 gpm

Soil Stack Water Flow

_J L L_ 1 |

1 2 3 4 5 liters /

1

Figure 23C. Trap seal depletions and the corresponding static pressures in

the drains as a function of the soil stack flow rates for the

circulation loop and the conventional system

51
52

Figure

24.

Trap

seal

depletions

for

traps

1,

3,

and 5

fora

soil

stack

flow

rate

of

4.12

1/s

(65

gpm)

with

various

vent

stack

valve

positions
Appendix 1

Results of One Cycle Test Run
RESULTS

OF

ONE

CYCLE

TEST

RUN

l

3

Q.O

s>33

re v -C 30 re eg > >Q re eg —

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rj ir\ n eg <m ox b m > n

S — — — — eg eg rg eg re xt O —

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re X 3 rn cn rn rn cn X X cn •— X s — •— eg M M M •• 3 1 1 1 i i i i 1 1 i i i 1

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s® in in

LU I I I I I I I I I I H

in

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tn rerem-c — imn> — eg;* Lu-xoiS-msinNS'C X C — >— >L>Xrg;>®

rg e- :> re IT — eg >

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a. • o Q X eg > — a- > X eg s > X Q C - LU — C>>SSS 3 — > (MU1 S>

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cr

3 3

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03J _J U. LL 3

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in in a H -J LU ZmU LU 3 < >tnt

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cr3

in — n-c-co-c-ninegreoi

in — •exx-cegr-c-or^'O

lu c — xs>xxeg>x cz •••• A •-••••

a. — — —

a:

LU e-r~rein — xr~-x — egn — in in omreosrgres — x r> o in > o- s

eg — > rg ce->XXX>X©t>

— x

in -o X ®

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eg — CO -c eg I — x

eg c

f X LU LU -X * LU LU * Le * 3 O X X * 3 O

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•X 3 •X < < X 3 * «c <

* -1 •X > X X _J X > i

X < -X LU LU O •X < •X LU LU O

•X > * 3 3 Z X > * 3 3 Z

•X * J J<LU -X X _1 _J <LU

•X z •X << 1UH Z -X z X < < LUH

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X o •X C— 3 < H -X S X < — 3 <

•X — •X 3 3 H 3 cn £ — X 3 3 L- 3

l : i : 1

54

STANDARD

DEVIATION

OF

FLOH

ERROR

61

.o44
ro 3 m o m m 03 00 CO o in > LU 33 — 00 > r- 3 3 o n > o — m 3 O 3 3 CO eg ro eg 5

<5 m — o — c

0 n 3 •o m n > rg 3 3 •o —

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s

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cc

LUH

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UJ<

CC

c

2

I I I I I III

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— 2 3 D>

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I I I I I I I I I I III

I I I I I nj

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p- — rg 3

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STANDARD

DEVIATION

Of

FLOW

cRROR
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o

in

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-J > f- rvj 3 2 2 2 2 o rg X 2 :

rg — 2 2 — — — > rg — cr T? — O

LU < 2 •—

S 3 2 2 2 3 — — — X rg o rr g- tt •'T o > r- -g- x — rr rg *T (— "3 ro

; LLi t—

• y 1 i — !T~ XX —

LU 21 "2 ~z. _p. X LL — X LU L X t— CJ

CJ LL TT Cr 3 (f) >- —r < X >• X

p LU to < to —•

1 T ! X to LU X o fl n — PM 2 f! r* r*- rr X X rn o •o. rr rn f. " 0" •o rn c cc ^ ^ >- rr s

LU — CJ r_p X o Oi o r\j LU rr X •> 22 -n r* c — 2 3 2 s to r^. X > a T' 'S' c T <c >- CJ X 2Z • • • X S 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 M — rr >">:> > > 3 rj n. rr X •j M < • C — *T i t—

L> L0 X 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 i i ^g S — — — > — —

LL X C rr o X X >—

LU

t—

X

to •—

LU to H X c X

LU __ rg X M- <3 X — — rg X o 2 X X X 3 X >f n r: f) "> 3 X — X X — r— f

3 u — X — S 2 Q 2 — — o — rn tn > s X X — XXX o rr rg rg rr r»^ 72 2-

to a. • o Q 2 2 2 2 3 3 S 3 2 X — rn 2 > LU > > > > > s r» O 0 X r\j M- X —

f T 1 CL UJ X X <

X Q LL LLI 1 1 1 1 — X — c — —

b X rg X Z2. < < X-'l LU X • X cr X LU

•j T LU to 12 ll X cc

rj 1 LU -J CO — n rvj 3 cn rg o 2 -c X X •f) — — — 3 •> 2 rg > -T c r r *T —

>- a. u Q a. • < s s to rr o rg s rg 2 — *r. tt o 22 3 O > X 22 CJ 1 r> C —

< rg — H X LL LU 2 2 2 a 2 ^ rg — TT 2 Lfl > > > > 2 cc 'T r- cc —

r+* < CJ CJ a: H

H X T 1 X i 1 1 rg O — — r\j — «Ti — — rr

too X —

LU f— ?- O

CO UJ

LU -Z. z: o o "3 X CJ LU i— c-i -x

LO CO O

LU ^ O <- to _l

LU

CJ LU < >

CO !—

s—i cj

CO LU <

LU L0 > 3 CO jjx < CJ X

3> —

cr H lu x

-r t_

lu < *f > 2 x

x

3

a

o o

'U LU

a. x

<

CO CO

oX

* * LL) LU •It * UJ LU X * L0 tc re ca * cn * =3 CJ o tc LU tt .u 3 * LU * -j t:

1 3 * < < •It * c c

* -J * > 3 It .j * > 3

X * C * LU LU CJ * < k LU LU CJ o * > * X X 3 tt > * 3 3 3

_J *c * _J _l < LU tc * : —1 <r ll. LU +p 2*: * < < LU 2SZ It TZ * c _U , o -tt < •tc -> > < It < > 2> 3 <

* LU •tc cr It LU * 3

LU t-l t * • • • t—

,

tr *5 * • • • u> < -K tt X T c— X <r -tc * X 3 X

< H tt C5 it < —

t—

it * c C <

C/5 •tt -It 5 re L-. 3 CO tc — * 5! c—

61

STAND

API J

Dr

VI

AT

ION

OH

FLOW

!i!M 0

l?

IN'j.

5

H

9
I

o

s

u.3

X • oiu

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o

fM X —

• f*l r\

O

inx

LU

(-<

a

o

LL

>-o

LL — 3

O X

Cl<

2

X

i j I- in o m

< >- x u XU— X

X

x

in

a.x

in

X'X

c

:>x

X

crx

a.X'

*Ts X I

<

in ox

> 3. > r~ n pm x

<> m ts pm

D> r X "T X I <- —

3

X

X

< x in fM < Ml in I X

3

nnoooj - <3 m ao >n n

sSsslssiss

i i i i

i t i l i i i i

- v tr >-v s .1 "j > r» - > nrM f1!- sxsxxxsxxx

I I

I I I I I I

PM X

<M —

s

— m

<M (M X X — X

X X

cv >

fM —

X s

X X

X X

I I I

— >

!M X

X

pm > — fM X X — r— > T

x —

LT. in >

s.X

in

>-in X > X

X

(—

n

x s

i* i*

pm r~

PM r» X X

I I I

in r— X 03 X X

r i

s '*> pm —

I I

in m >

— x

X

rr r- X X

•V CM X X

I

~~ X

T T

X X

33 PO

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S X

till

X

5

3J (M — X

c o x -n X X X 03

uxxxm — 33 — n>~is i>^s s X'nxxn'n U"io40'rn'r'-3'io

zxx> ,rn'0^n — >-n Ovvrvi-> — >f'»r'»p-p» X I I I I — I I I I I njMfVSS->^vO in X n *r °3 X X X pm — fM fM pm rg n — > XXXXXXXSXX XXX'V

— PM ni fM vr > — -n r\j n n •v o r- s _n vr n *? >B»r^'0P~C0."~'0

•n rg r n x j n ^ '

I i

B C ^ V

•n "3 fM 'T x x x x — i\ B 'J B Al ^ o -n x n r s rj C > 0 -c -O c - -\i

X Vf !» onp

'iS'3>.'is-'C'fin^

rg — — "rnjnjrgi— pn xxxxxxxxxx

X X X > n x n

X X X <M

<3 o — > > n. x ~j —

n m o x > n —

tr -i p- z x r u > >

c — -

I I

-O PM X ®

X X —

x x x n BB3 > Br" X X 3 - — — — ~v— — CX — C — P" 'pnor*' x^r — — — - 3 PI (M PJ PU — PJ

fM>

O > X

-C X Z PM

fM X X > f V C > 3 P

— PM fM X X X

P3 -c O X X > MS->

-C X £

X >

”

3

U_u

p» — rg n <3 in X rg m X X m X in 'C'penO xp"r-xp~ — x~~~ S M X <3 Z 3 C X

I I —

<

LU

t n - O 3 M 3 '' X (M O X X > X T — XinfMvr-j— TXOPjfMnxpitv x zoo

sr x >xpm — >>x — x— cnx

i — a

<

LU

fM i 1 LU X X LO — — r\i o C — -0 > fM fM PM x — •*r n fM ^ —j ^ fM x *T P-N * >- a. c Q • *< 3 3 in — s X X PM "T r- x fM iT. 2 — PM c fM ^ r- — x -"C j C f\ f o I O t: < < rvj u '-L LL LL! s s X X X X X — — X

• r\ X 'n PI33 •<? p i r*“

L •• m (•MW M cc < U CJ CZ H Q i T a. 1 4 •1 1 1 i 1 1 — X (M fM P3 pp) c > 3-6 6

f—

fM _j _i

in o LJ X U. -X T < > • •It * LL LL* 4c 4« O —

— 1 cr a: a. * m * x o * in 4c X V a — in (— — — o * LU 4c _1 X * LL Jr _J I LU f— h* u < < 1 * 3 * <: < * x < < « !— u m LU * 4f > x 4c _J 4r > : 03 LU LU in Li ^ - * < 4C lU LU u *c < 4C Ll ll i. LU T > o in • u o * > 4t X X * > 4c X X x

• u 2 -I _J “T a 3 «c < _1 * _J ! < LJ 4t + u _i < - o a < u X O H1 ^ ll -z. * 4t c < LL • z 4C 4C c < LL1 r

T. 3 3> in '.n X * < 4t > c o 4t < L' > -> — < LU rr «• a. z c: * LU 4t x 4c UJ ?! —

t—. c— Q. (— LU -r- LU < ^ H _J UJ I—

* 3 4t • • • H 4c 3 4c • • • in os X — c—

i— cs » t—

< * 4t X X *< 4c X

'JJ >- *0 'JJ < < O — LU X < 1—

* X 4c c X < t— * T> 4c < —

x <

*— 'Ti _1 > "C 5 > <n -=r in * 4t in 4C — 4t —

__ ^

62
22

' o

CJ xoc-oriooxx — x — co -o — — ^ x x x — r\j — x c — r- z: — 2 o - r * x ^ S3SSSSSSSS rc s x — oC'COcnx>>xx-x

1 zx®®xxzxxr''-

ors)rjfNjrM^J r”> — x 2111 1 11 11 X I I

CM <3- — r\j 3C S 3 — x o — X — X X X > X ntsasssssss s> — z x x s s Sj x x n 3 o zsassssxss s x z —

r

* r r ——————————

> z r c

T rr — ^

rj x — <5

® • 0X

• 0? o

cm S —

• x

cm

CJX

2

x

f-<

O

x

<

cr s z

- o

X

3X

<> r- ‘.n «

53 — cm

• • * * z 1 1

<o > x f\i c x — x - I* <

— CM “ "3 X X X cm ® S\ cm .in —

n

X S — MS33 ^ cm XX ZXSXZZZZZZ Z Z ZX

— xoxxzr'-xzozi (\ir^crm(\> >xx

x x x x x x ,-m .r. v n X *T XI

x r» r- o o cr. ci/isos 0 x r\j x x -c x x x x > f^JSXXXXXXSXX XX — (N X C\J X x X CM — X cT XSSSXXSXXS XSX — xxxxxx^r — "3 —

CM X X X T X X C — X X — -O X s 'X X X O X X O X x

!M X X X — X x X X X C T <N x *r XXXXXXXX^^i XXX cm (MrTrXX - x x

I r\j — cj rj

X XI X X

« fM X — x X -C X

X CM X x o 3 i cX

— XX'-'-XXX® — X — ZfMXXXXXXXXXX — ssxxsxsxxs

— X -C O V IT. « fl> S rj 3 C

CM X X X — XXXXZx — XXX— T?r^flX<MM'

X CM x Xc

'x '- — cr X X <

ui Zj P in

!— X X

< >- X O

a.oo

CM — I LU — X

—> >- a. . o

CJ I O — X

t—a ui < >

o

a ~

UJ H

X . j—' a , ' 1 1 --- X CJ X LU < X LU UJ X

Lll 3 > O X .HZ-J _J ®

O O < CJ p 2 2 CJ > H

UJ cr rif-lHUJX XX O Z H H

Ul > Z> Ul < <

i— X _l O 2 03

UJo2

X <

Ul > X S x — -n x 0 rj —

1

2 • • • < • < — 1 r> TT X LU

cr 2

0 lZ — Ul

t—

s. UI S

_i S3 2

CL • O

LU rn _J X U.

_J X

< 0

LU 2

X U.

S3 X • < 2 2

*c <N | h- LL U 2 < CJ CJ H X T 1 2 2 0 X — _J _J

S3 LU X • 2 2 2 — — O

< < 1 ^ J*C 2

• a 0 0 O !S < < X

2 CJ HH X

X X

a. 2 2

< *-« H X X

CL 2 — !- H X XO < O OX 2

X>-X

x^rx 30- UJ — XXXSXS •V X sxxssxxxxs

I I I I I X

o

Zf\J-<J-.nOX<Mtn2S®X

— (MCMCNJCMCM — Q sxssssssss <

UJ

crUJX— r\j S) cm x <M cn X — xsxxssxxx —

UJ SSXS3SSSSS

I I I I I I II

fc X

* UJ S3

* <

* >

* 2 * 2

o i <

—i + LU H J I

< * H*S X * —

a

x — > -_n xr- x :\i s rr C — ^ 3—302

X X X x X o •c X X — X X cm X

X ® c X

O xxx

I I <

UJ

fi S > (M O >0 — t\J Xl O X rr X CCX — Vt — 'fj — sss X ® X — O x o XXSXU. XXXXXXSCMOx cjt-r\j

<

UJ x *y x X ’ XXXX'X — O S X 2 — X S X S — TXX>’V SSS^r ®>X>>>®S

X —

— C X -> — -C X s X x > —

I I

* LU LU * *

* ID CJ * X * U CJ * -J 2 * X * -J 2

+ < < * X * < <

* > T* * X * > 2

* LU CJ * < * LU LU CJ * 2 r> 2 * > * 3 2 2

* -4 -i < LU * * _J _J < LU * < < LU 2 * 2 * < < _U * > > T < X < * >>*:<

* — * X « CL * • • • H * 2 * • • • * X 2 f— X < * * X 2 x

* < — O < X * S * < ^ O c

* ^ H X * * «—. ^

( (

63

>TA

NlJAIiL)

DlV

I

A

II

Oil

Oh

FLo.i

U?liOR

01.04

m
Appendix 2

Comparison of Test Results Among Runs

Test Series 200 (on) - Circulation Loop System Tests

Test Series 500 (on) - Conventional System Tests

Code Water Closets Active

1 none

2 one (1,1)

3 two (1.1, 1.2)

4 one on each level adjacent to soil stack (1.1, 2.1, 3.1)

5 all

64
TRAP

SEAL

DEPLETION

AND

VALUES

OF'

HYDRAULIC

LOADING,

PRESSURES,

AND

AIR

FLOWS

IN

THE

SYSTEM

& r\i rj rn in — ts n nj n oj — r~- ao ts ojfNJSinoo^rn occco>o> —

in QD — — S <0 00 •c <\ — IN — <'3in®<f'<M — — — ® — — OJfNJfNJ

<\J • • • <3 S C4 m co• ••••••• aocvjcsj — rvjror^rn l l l l i i

'O <m co on m — <s c 'O — in 04 n ro o ocsojoj^-^ccoj ““ ?S S <M 04 IS O' CC

C\J ESSlMt o ^ CD CK-^is-^a0ino4O' sss S S S S 5! ® rsj • • • • ••••••• • • • • •••*••

"line 03 — 04 — 04 04 ^ — 0 0 0 0

00 04 04 ro in — S oi o- — in is n>o 't o om so> ojf\j — IS s 03 04 S ® IS n s n o> O oj onxMO'Or'oj s S Q Q Q

(\

• • • • • • • • • • « • — — T 1 IS IS 1 IS IS 1 1 IS

04 04 04 — in — ® IS IS 04 CX 04 — — h'O^S-'OOOll N«04fflN'tf3SfM r\

CO 00

• • • • o s o in oo f'O s m f'o ^OCMOO--® • • • • in 04 04 1 in 04 04 03 — — — — — 04 04 04^’^-'<r n oo 1 1 1 1 1 1

03 04 04 — in — is r- oj OO inn ^ — IS 03^-(S — o3P3inr4(S — tt r ts oo IS 04 03 03 04 03 03 — O 0303 in m m i" n M3 n n

f\J • • • _ — — SOS cn 03 ^ — 1 1 l

1

I

04 fe

LU t CO

l 1 l > X

:> f\J r\J — in — o -C 0- 04 04 4}- i — 00 04 CO 04 IS — o> — in 0 1 -isn mmnnr^co

IS OJ — 04 in 04 1 IS 04 -4- LU co oo in 't O' 0 — 3?

f\J 1 • • • I ...... 2 1 o> 00 h- 04 04 — — 1

! — — 2 1 orii

i 2

r

.* • — 04 04 — in — ® 03 30 S ^ 03 1 IS IS — in wm m 0. as 03 o, - 2 <3®M'r'4-- SIS

IS S Q 04 O CO 1 S 04 04 LU 00 — r~ 03 m — IS — 0 SS(S 04 04 04SS§

04 • • • • 1 • • • 1- — — 1 IS V | < CM — — CVJ _ III 1 S IS

! CC <

i

’

i 2 tn

i O

| U * H 1 ISS5S 1 2 U. 2

LU in a a o o o i S1L3 LU H in I no a cc — O' 03 f\| CO -o 0

LU < o — 04 03 ^ in i o c> N-. is s — w o' 4 in a > o: _i in 1 2 T < — 04 03 4- in 4D •mm — 2 — 0403 — 1403 — C403C4 04 04 04 04 04 04 UJ LU —

s | 2 • lil 04 03 •-I — — — 04 04 04 03 r3 03

00 > !- 2 -4 i -• 1 2 m

X —c a o < OOOOOf- 2 2 2 2 2 LU

i 1 LU cn ....... in

ID H <-J LU ! 1 hoa cc 222222 2 2 LU 222222222ISSISS(SISIS >- 2 2 in o u. in i 2 < a OOOOOO O O CC 0000000002222222 *

LU 03 LiJ < C/3 o. a. o. a. a. 1 luh => X *—« *—4 *—

*—1 M 0 HMH <

(-> t— Q. > LC • Ou < < < C < 2 i >coh f- t- tn HHHHhHhW-h'hHhl-Hf-iL 2

CO to O JOZ5 < izaccDrcrO

fe <<,<<<< < < in -<<<<<<<<<03ino3 03inininiu <

lu >> a < • < o CC hHHhh

1 • “ * I- h- LU f—F->HI-'l-i|-*l-'t-‘L-, LULULULULULUUJ + A

hi/i j>shz H LL, 1 04 03 04 I in <n in tn cn in in tn cr tno3inintnino3tnini-'f-.|— ,— f— (— i— CD

CASE

li

USE

OF

RAW

DATA

DISC
COMPARISON

OF

TEST

RESULTS

AMONG

RUNS

UJHW

”

!

UJ I £

i

o

rO

toro

-j

u.

Q

5!

to' I Si

3 i in i UJ

cc

CL

. I o

in i UJ i =3 I

QZ•<2

O•—

b.j

aUJQ

-1<

UJin

a.

•<

ccfao cm cm co in — a

CM

cm cm cm n — a

eg

— f\j cm n no — a

CM

a cm cm co cm — a

M’CM

— CM CM — in — ®

a

CM

in CM CM — — a

a

CM

^ CM CM — CO — a

a

CM

CO CM CM — CM — a

a

CM

UJHuj <

> as s uj <->

r-i u o

h < u

in o u.

ui in uj < in H H a. > * • ffi£ 85l 0.33

co ^ — in a

a co co

CM CM a — ^

a a a a cm

S a 8 a a

co a co a

a ai ai a a

_j<

UJ

in

a.<

oeH

• •

i a

co ® a co a a <m o> ®

co ® CM in <3 a a co co do

— cr m cm M’ S S) S S Q

cm t -

P5 ^ ^ (J) Q

ooo o o — CM CO m- n

co « M0> V CM

• • • — * I

V)

cc

> uj OO O Oh zzzzlu

CL Cl. CL CL CL

ci a e: £c cc q H-J

O CM CM

• • • — I

'0*1

a tr cm — CM s»t co in cm

• • • — i

a a —

a cm cm

• • • a t |

Sint

a o* cm

• • • a* |

— r» cm a — cm

• * • CM I

a 0- co a o> cm

• • • a— i

* u * °2?

2 m UJ — I 2

,1F- O CD 2 < CC UJ H p > in F*

«r • *

r» on m a o cm cm —

r*coO'cgo»'00'CM

Btin-BOES t-oo, SOOK®

tttcMt«eco oevatm®-®

cm r» cm 'C in in a • o> — co r» o 'C v

cm m m o> ro co o • « — co m — a • CM — r — <M —

r—— a co a co a nano-coa®

u. I CM CO CM

a a co cm a a TM a aaaaaaaaa • • a a

• •••••

a a i i a

— co a a a co a a ro (j) r 0 ty ft ^ iq

• ••••• • • •

l i i a a a i a a

a cm a a

a a a a -K’OSCM

a a a a a a i a a a i a

a — aa — a — a — aaaaaaaaa

a

* a a

* a* a

aaacM^niaaa

\ii * ’i* a a

O'— a CM CM —

a .aaaaaa

I i i l l i

acMaaaaiMa — aaaaaaaaa • ••••••••

a a a a a i a

co a —

a a a

a a i a a a i a

cot® — a — cm®

aaaaM-M-M-co — CM CO — CMCO — CMCOCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM

CMCMCMCOCOCO aaaaaaaaZ{

mtninininininin

, . , .ctnintntninintnin 1-* |_HI->HHHHHHUJUJUJUJUJUJUJUJ* ininininincninininHHHHHHHH*

66

B>ANALYS
- — itlum —

r

<

O

*

Z

1 LU

' Hto>-

tog

C

z*—

«

1 to

1 £

1 O

1 -I

1

1

LL O OJ OJ ro — in 3 oj oj oi 3 CD •>r *T

i CC ro 3 3 3 3 3 co in oj

1 OJ • • •

1 < 1 1 oj in i to 1 2

2 z

Cc 1 <

1 in oj oj n — *» ® S Ol 3 S 3 *o co >*• o ! to 3 3 3 3 3 — O- OJ z LU OJ • • • ° cc 113 1 oj in | s 3

< 1 to

1 to

to 1 UJ H cc •*t oj oj <o — f® s 3 OJ O in —

_J i CL S3 S3 S) S OJ ao oj oi 3 !

r> OJ • • • • • • • • to 1 o i i — 1 LU 2L

cc. ! —4

1 a H 1 <

{/) 1 o co oj oi n — oj s) 3 — s m ® q ^

LU 1 -j 3 3 3 3 3 CC Ol OJ H ! OJ • • • • • • • •

1 u 1 — 1 LL 1 1—4 o i -J

1 3

Z 1 < O 1 cr oi oi oj — — in 3 3 s n ® o — co in

to 1 Q 3 3 s co co in 3 o Ol — 1 >- OJ • • • • • • • • CC 1 X 1 OJ O 1 < 1 CL 1 X * 1 u. 3 1 3

O 1 CC Ol OJ s _ cn — m — s

1 to 3 3 3 — 3 IT) s in oi

LU OJ • • •

1 3 CO 1 in

1 -=

1 >

• LU

1 >

1 a O' OJ OJ co 3 — Ol CO CO — 3 CO co

1 z 3 IS S3 S3 IS S) S 1-' Ol UJ

1 < OJ • • • X

1 i 3 — 1 H

z

' o Z — *— HUJ « oj oj — — oi 3 3 * 3 sj r- — tn 3 3 3 3 3 3 ** Ol UJ

Cl OJ ..... . . . H

UJ 1 3 — 1 <

Q • CC te

!

Z

o

tu -J

CO mss a LL

UJ a aau uo a u. x

CL h LL cj a cc < UJ < o — oi co ^ in o cp t—

«

cc cc > cc _J to z T < H UJ LU — cr z — tu

03 > H £ —

)

LU — 1 z or Z MUO 3 H <~l £ SSiSSb 1 iC — Hum z < a

tu

cc z as tnu u. in a »-H uj to uj < in Q. CL Cl O. CL UIH 3 z H H OL > V • CL <<<<<r >tnh

inrno JUZi UJ >• o < » < o

< ccg: cc cc a: o H (-HH J

fc a

H 01 ^1^4 X

-'O’O-nnnu'i os <soo — r-r-~r" — — — 04

qoo s oj m o —

OiSo’f'ODin® — — OJ

oo — co ta oj on co O 00 30 — CD CO OJ

Q ^ IS <f 03

ssn-inn-TC 00 3 3 00 — MSO

— — OJ

— r- m ^ ojr» — tn cosaorj-coaosr-’

Ol

f'sr^ojf'S — —

— ONOsesn #..««...

Ol

oo — — in tj- — o

04 — CO 00 00 S 04

— oi oi •v m o — — — — — — oin

ZZZZ 2 ZZ 2 oooooooo

w w ® in w n i/itn

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72

B>ANALYS
COMPARISON

OF

TEST

RESULTS

AMONG

RUNS

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X

P

z

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s f\j cm cn — cs S > CM n CM i

po*C — (saocnnnryocn SiMnr>yO'unsoo>

rg

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ao OOlM — — CM — >cn i i i i i i cn oo

yo cu cm n — § — « r~ ao ir\ c* un un ® — SOOnrcMCMCM «>hSooh — B>®

ao s s ocnNcjcncmn

CM

00 — is cm cm r» n sun nsno.'oncn-o

oo » — C~ CM — CM — x cn i i i i t l CM oo

cm cm cm — — IS vsn int is m i> osCMi^nrcMCMisya ’Osr«o - youn —

00 00 in in nr ao nr § c- in nrcMS'Onxs — cnnrcnr-C'r-xaoao

(Mi cm cn un — s nr — cn is — nn nronn

m oo i i 1 1 1 i o cm cm — "8 -MOO- s » — n oo <n o. co cm in - Snr-cnCOnrOSCM

CNI cn cm ac ao oo s cn un nr ® 00 1 CD n CM yO'O'Oi^c-'Oxcor'

cm

cm cn cm — s in cm ro ro ro f*) cn co

cn oo t i i r i i

CO r\j cm on _ ">> 00 CM — X IS CM — os — oo r- in o r— uioooocm — — incM rn

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rg

r- yo cm mo — — cn — r- on 1 1 1 1 t 1 CM O

— cm cm cn — IS soouno o o on cnco — nrt>0> — CM nroon-cnaocnuncMcx > yo cm o o m o cn ao cn iniM — yosaos — IS IS 5) — «»•» f mm

rg _ cn — — CM n} — rg eg rg rg rg rg

cn mo i i i i i i

cc r\i cm — cs — r"C ino> CM CM X nnrr r- yo in s (Min^- — O'C-unuoMr

CO o (M SO (M m co r» co os>yooo'oyocM ossnrcncnnrnrnr

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CM o s Ov — un cn s nr r- snnrr»nr_ rununS-S-SE CM

CM — S nr CM — -m mm ^ mm rg rg rg rg rg rg

cn <o i i i i i i N CM f\J n — e Tf G IS? CM c- s cn nrSnTCMXHS — -UICMSOOIMSO

CM SESSS nr nr r- xcnsooyoso>r^ IS IS CS •“ IS K) •“ •“ CS <M

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rg rg ® c~ yo m — O' S CM O' yo — — — is yo c» oo X CM CM IS CM yo _

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XS.-X. X X X

LU ooooo X X X H X X o X

LU < — cm m nr m o o o

or > X z 1 — rgn^m'O — — — CM rn — CM cn — rg

LU LU «-i z z — X CM cn —• — — rg CM cm cn cn

CO > H Z *—* 1 z — o o o o o a o 1 1 X • h<J z z z z z H HO CD z z z z z z z Z z IS z z z 2 z z z z 2 S mu x z z < X o o o o o o o o o zoo o o O oo o

Lu cn LU < CO XXX X X X XH 3 • HH M H M M M •—

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in'jiojozs XXX X X < < < < < < < < < in < < < < < < < <

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73

CASE

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USE

OF

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OF

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RUNS

L aSm n I nil'!—(Mila i f

3

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o:Q

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in 03

rg

CS rg rg — — — i rg i rg

oo eg rg — — — K

rg 03 rg

r~ rg rg — — —

rg

rg

<3 rg rg ®

rg 03 rg

in rg rg — in — IS rg CD

rg

V rg rg — in — IS

rg co rg

ro rg rg — in —

rg i rg

rg rg rg — in —

rg i rg

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— ® <o ng eg o m — ® rg <o

ro rg ro rg —

— — ® co ©

rg rg o> rg rg r» o rg

• • • • • eg ro nj —

"> r- ® ro — O ® m o> ® ® — ... ...

r>~ ® — r* rg rg

ro CO

1*1 s s ® — rg © eg — rg ... ...

O — rg CO rg rg n oo $2

VMM SOS

O — rg

ro CO

f- CO IS O rg —

O S rg

ro oo

g

oo rg

• • • is o> —

rg cc

oo in -o o — r~ r-rgg'OO'inin®

• ••••••• ^ ®rgrg — rgror'-co u

,x rgegismoo^rn

rg — ro m ® g r» eg ........ ©rgrg — cgior-co

®roo>*- corg®0' — ® « « ® g ®

n —

CDCOOSJ — — 'O'O'O — — — — — — rgrgrg

* r r r i* r r

®:»— r-'®cpgrO'<r N-NSSSNrgrg

* r r r r r r

rgtM'jcoiso^^''f

eg — eg® — ®rgrgrg

* r r r r r r

cocooo- — sor^-i^ ® rgrgrg

* r r r r r r

©conning®*)® rogro©©gr~©g

rg rg rg rg rg rg

I I I I I l

ro ro r\j ® rg £ 'OOin — r~®®o g-®®r-r-r~®®

ro ® rg ® 5 g <3 in fO h* ® ® § O' in o « ® co r- ® ® r-

• • • • • • • • rg ro rg — MM ® m rg MM MM CO MM ro ro ro g cn ro ro ® 1 i i l 1 1

rg CD •> in ® a c in d> md r~ <i in ® rg c- s

o> rg <o — ® ® S g 'fSl'MJ'MC- m m r- s ® ®

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rg ro rg — — <3 rg •• «m ro «m n ro ro ro ro (O ® l 1 1 1 1 •

rg O' o _ ® ® _ om*)3®rg^- ® ro ® g O' ® rg

ro rg ® ® ® Si ro m o <3 <3 r> <o O' ® h-

• • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rg ro rg — ® in rg — — — ro ro cn ro ro

ro ® i 1 1 l 1 i ® in in O' ® ® ® oo®r~ooo® r~- ® m r- ® ® cn

CD <3 in ® Q O' ®nrgo®®g- — CO n- <3 r- — ® o

• • • • • • • • g rg rg ® in rg rg — rg ro — — MM MM M rg rg rg m

ro ® I 1 1 i i l

o rg *3 r» o. rgg-® 0 '0 '0 r-® in in rg o — m <3 cn in

r- — © ® ® rg in rgrorgor~ingrg in <3 ® o> ® n rg

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • <3 ro rg MM 1 in rg V) rg — rg ro — — MB MB BM rg rg rg g g g

ro to &UJ D [J

1 • i 1 i 1 > 3;

1 r- ® © ro MM rg o ® g o ~o ® o ® ® — rooo'Oininrg ® <3 — rg rg g <3 ® nj

5>

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• in• o• in• <s• >o

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74

inUJa

r>m

in

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inmininininininint— HHhHHHHhH
TRAP

SEAL

DEPLETION

AND

VALUES

OF'

HYDRAULIC

LOADING,

PRESSURES,

AND

AIR

FLONS

IN

THE

SYSTEM

rj rj (M n l'i - S

•O CD CM

OIMMIt-S O CD CM

in cm <M co to — (S O 00 CM

o cm <m <o cm — S

O CD CM

in cm cm — in —

CM

CM

O CM CM — O — ® X 00 CM

CM <M CM — CM — ®

co 00 CM

<5 CM <M S

CM CD

CM

UlHUJ <

CC > 2

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CO > H * a — oo

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— CD CO > CM > r- CO co — o— >— r~-> CTCT'O® — — 'O'O-O S CM O s m o cos-'Or»*'^8

• • • • ••••••«

r» s f'~0MtM— CMCOr-CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 m CD

(O CM CM ac — — m r-incMO’o-ocMX inOCMCOcoCMLOCOCO — — <S ng CO CD a m r~ r o s — — —

o — _! r~- — cm cm r- to i i i i i i CO oo

SSCMCMO <3 CM — CMC0— in<JC0CM m'Oino-cMCM'Co-in

-ssuo. > no 00 — cs — ,o oo cm if CM CM CM oj oj oj oj rg rg

1 in "0 SCMCM — CMCOO^CO i i i i i i ro 00

CO s in n o’XO>r*-<o->in r~-inn-in"ocMr^-M-in Q m in oc xr-'Oisf-’COcso’ — — — CM CM CM (M CM CM

• • • • •••••••

o — — 00 — — — CMCMOCO 1 1 1 1 1 1 00

oc m in o to cs — on n — s ior^ snsn o co o m cs> <s > cococMOcono- — lON’OM'f Q >

• • • • • • • •

Tj- CM CM — cs m CM rg — rg cn — — — — — CM CM CM O’ O' (O

rn 03 1 1 1 1 1 1

•c o- in in cm — « cMCM'On-cD'or'O^

tnfM'OX'OCMO’CM — O’ O cm in o- O’ in co

cm o d inn cs m o c- cs x cs oo r- s > >

• • • • • • • • • • • • •••••

O CM CM — i in CM CO mm mm mm <*) mm mm mm CM CM CM O’ CO CO CO 00 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 • UJ c

• > I

> O CM — O — o O o- in x r» o- — o- o- TOO — ® cm 8 in —

Q O — r~ o IS o- Ul o-cMM-'Kr-'CMincs a IDOIC tn in o -o in o

• • • • • • • • I • • • •••••

CM CM <0 — m CM F- mm mm mm O’) — — r+) (*) e*) rn c*) <*) co 00 2 t i i i i i 2 U —

CO ? — CM > > — S Q — to coxfo^cocMin — 2 iso- — CO X O’ > IS CM m rg oo ao ao CS co in Ul o- cs x r—xmcM O •0 0-0 r» r-~ 'O O' x >•

• • • • • • • • H • ••••••• —• • • • •••••

CM CO CM — s in CM < — •• •> H

CO 00 CC < i * i i i i H

2 CO o

-1 F- a a a a a a u. 2

a cj cj a a a u. a UJ

u. o Q. cs

1 > — cm co o- in o O I

CO z

cL < -cMco^tmo 2 — rg m — rg n — rg ^

cc 2 — CM CO mm mm mm PVI CM CM CO co CO

UJ — 1 2 to O O 3 0 O'- 1 iC Ul CO ZZZZZiJl F- O CQ oc 22222222 OOOOOOOO 1X1 2 2 2

o OO 222222 * 2 < CS 2 o o o o o o xxaaa UJ H 33 2 33 M M M M <—* < < < < <2 > CO F- hf-f-hhhf-f- CO (—if—i 1—

hHFFFF aa a a a o hPhhhj F- <•<<<<<<< CO < < < <<<<<< « * s IS Ul hFh F— F— F— f—• F— F—

u. CM <0 CM z cocncocococotoio 2 to to to co to to to to in

« CM 'T ifl Ul O CM

CM fOn0<MO'O'C O

75

B>ANALYS
dm

V) *

3

LL) 1 H | if) 1 >- 1 if)

j :

*

LU | I 1 H j Z [

1 if) 1

1 z 1 1 o !

1 -J

1

1 x i

i o in in on — n is is in s in O' m o ao—ooo'OOiNnm oonon^f inmmoo 1 cr 1 o OD IS IM is IS — r> n- r* t-'Orn-OQ S S S S on IN IN

1 •—i l cm • • •

1 < l — — in — — in — in — 1 1 1 1 1 1 if 1 i n od 2 1 a i =3 1 2 1 cr 1 < 1

1 » 1 irwMn-nK o ® — o — in oo — t <n is r- is « — nmNomoMo O 1 in i -O OD c<a Sj 5] IS (S 00 'O o oo in v o. 'f - O' cncorn — — — —

2 1 LU 1 CM • • • • • • • • O 1 cr l 1 1 CO IS — S IN — CO IN i i i

i i i 3 1 2 on as mm < 1 in 1

1 CO 1 in i LU 1 h ! cr l r- cm r\j ro — rsj is O (S — C'O r- on rr — <3 — h-oniNSO^ININ

_j i CL l o oo ® — ® IS on H O O' S '0 — 1^ 00 — O' IN CM — CM CM CM — CMCMCM

ZD » 1 CM • • •

if) I C 1 in is — 0 in — oo on i i i i i i 1X1 1 2 I on oo a. I — i

1 2 ! (- ' *< 1 if) o ! IS <N in on — — ® SO>OJO)OI IS — IN — (soornmu-oi'' BN'f CX'OinSCOO'

LU 1 _j i h oo — G 8 INI ^ Si O' OD miNinsi^iniNin CM <M f\J CO CM CM H !

1 CM • • • • •••••••

o • 00 ODIN — — IN — Oion i l i i i i LL 1 on oo O 1 x i

1 2 1 z 1 c I o ! cr 1 h in eg tj- is in — o r\i <m ® r'®S'00>on — on ••Tinn-O'— ontson —

if) 1 a i on od mossm is U- H inon — mo-oinoo CD-SO'h'OO'hh

>- * CM • • • • • • • • • •••••••• cr i X 1 — in <n is in in — — — CM cMcncnojcMCMcnncn c i

i on oo i i i i i i CL I \ 1 3 1 X 1 O 1 O 1 a • 1 00101 — - ns OD r- IN — — is — on n-iNOoao — oooao Tj-Tj-on — Trmo — oo

If 1 CO GO - CM S 55 is on oo ontoiocNO'cs ovin — minv 'Omn

1 LU 1 CM • • • • • • • • • •••••••• i ZD 1 — IN IN Si •n- in in mm mm, mm f\J mm rsjcncncMCMCMCMcMCM

1 -j on oo H i i i i i i

1 < i 2 •

i > 1 X ' o 1 1 > X '

i a ! in CM CM — — CM CS u 'O'O - oj

oo "O m is <D — on m Mjoo^sns xsminr^'OTrro'O

i 2 1 ro 00 ® X in on — o — Sin — 3 aos®onontNinonon < 1 CM • • • • • • • • ff 3 • •••••••• i 1 — IN IN I m in — — mm cf mm mm — in — onrnonrnonon 2 1 on oo 2 i i i i i i O 1 z »—

1

—« | t—

«

H ! in

LU 1 •O fM (M — —- — ® — IN O. O' — IS SI — in onooonoooiNin — 2 - on ao if o ®in X 1 CM 00 on IN OD OO OD is on m X f s co r- — aomiN o ooor'NOOcoh a. 1 IN • • • • • • • • H »—

«

• •••••••• LU 1 CM CO CM — s in in < xr — H n n n n n n

a on oo cr < i i i i i i 1 . H -j i z in < 1 o • LU 1 if) 1 i 3 3 3 3 3 3 Cl ' fe

i LU in a a a a cj 3X3 X . CL 1 H in x a x cr > om'Or-sr-'CCO < 1 UJ < o — in on m o ip M iNononon^-O'O'O

cr 1 oe > cr -j in z T < -iNon'tm'O-- z — |\|0n — f\|0n — INontNINININININININ H J LU LU «-i cc z —• X

in

«~l — — — iNiNiNononon

in > H z LU —1

| z 1

1 x ~ o o < OOO O OH 1 ^ — X in

1 2 H < -1 X Z 2 Z 2 2 X hum z < cr

cr 22222222 X ZZZZZZZZZSSSlQSSSS 2 3 in o x in 3 -• oooooooo cr 00000000022222222* i x in x < in CL CL CL CL CL XH 2 z 2 »—**— t*—i»— i*— « n hh a> ^ . a <<<<<5 > in h HHHHHHHH in HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHO IflUlO JU2I < aaaaoio HHH H HX <<<<<<<< in <<<<<'<<<<ininininonininini-i

LU >- O < . < O cr : : t HHHHHHHH X XHHh-HHf-H 1— xxxxxxxx* Hw X>X HZ H X IN on IN X inintninintninin or ininininininmintnHHHHHHHH*

76

b>analys
TRAP

SEAL

DEPLETION

AND

VALUES

OF'

HYDRAULIC

L.OAJI

NO,

PRESSURES,

AND

AIR

FLOlYS

IN

THE

SYSTEM

*M :M <M

T)<M

iS) co

>0 <M Pvl fO — — S

00 CO

Csl

a- P- CM -* S "O " •>iMP-^- rMfM ®'0 « s 0 o. — 0 id —

in in m- co m- S p~,irr M-rM®'Oin'>® — ro-s-rnr— '--r-:>ao<r>

• • • • • • • • IMCO in — Q> -<t — — m s — po n n 0 n n ro CO • 1 1 1 1 1 — -o p~ oo in p- mm ® — SOOVCgCMfM 'O (> p- S CO P Q S — s <m cm p- cn S in m s in 0 cunno s 1S 8f)NO|P>n^

• • • • •••••**•• • • ••••••• 00 > — p- fM — im — > 0 1 l 1 1 1 r

(M CO

<M<M O — — ® ® > cm ro rsi IS mm CM ® CO CO in O r* IS CM in IS CO cv

00 -S SIMV ® » CO in (M in ® p~ m CM m — — — CM CM rvj fO CM CM

rvj • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cc — — CO rvj — — CM — O CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 rn CO

!M CM — — — IS p- in co M- p- rvj in 00 ® 0 ® IS < P^ O 0 in ®

C3 O o> 00 m p- 0 ® in r- n s r- CO CO IS CO CO H Q S ® CM — —

rvj • • • _ — CM — — — — co S — rvj r\j rvj (M rvj rvj m 0 1 1 1 1 1

im (m n *> in ^ ro n rvj s _ m 44 CM CO CO r- CO CO r- O — IS ® CM

cc O S S <N <M M" 0 r\J ® IS 0 0 r- CO IS IS IS IS CM CM CM rvj rvj <M

r\j • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •o 0 rvj — —

CM — p» CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 CM 0

OD rJ <\J no — — IS O CO CM — O IS rvj — IS IS — CO p- in 0 in 00 CO CM — — in rvj CO

in 0 SESIM'I ro 'O — 00 CO O' 0 S CO O IS IS IS S rvj rvj rvj rvj CM rvj

rvj • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • O CM

CM O

<5 — — CO — p» CO 1 1 1 1 1 1

C C\J <M - IS s 0 0 P~ IS — IS 0 in 00 co p* 0 s s — 0 sj n 00 CO CO rvj 00 in in O' o fo so — so 0 CO s — s s s m

rvj - -

• • » c s

CM O' — CO ® — s

1 1 1 1 1 1

Tf r\j rvj m — — s 'O m p~ in co r- s s OOinOrt — o<o s — OS ro s s

cc s S CM rvj 00 CM S'orocor^nnoc s s S> CM — CM rvj rvj rvj

rvj • p-

• • O O — TT in — — cm — p- cm• • Q• • • • fill •

1

•

1

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1

— r\j r\i cn IS it in — tJ- ro 0 0 euro. iNno s — CO <0 s o> 0 rvj ® ®

in S S S — CM — ro CO m ocooo'fon CO s Q S CM — — rvj eg 04

rvj • • • • • ••••• • r- 0 co in CM — P> CM 1 1 1 l 1 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ v y ^ y — 00 OOO OOO 0000 •< •< < < < < «< c < < < < HH Huh HHH Lh f—. 1— Ph

in in in in cn in in m cn in in m

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80
TRAP

SEAL

DEPLETION

AND

VALUES

OF'

HYDRAULIC

LOADING,

PRESSURES,

AND

AIR

FLOWS

IN

THE

SYSTEM

i

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81

TEST

NO.

514

TEST

NO.

515

TEST

NO.

516

TEST

NO.

517

TEST

NO.

513

TEST

NO.

551
TRAP

SEAL

DEPLETION

AND

VALUES

OF'

HYDRAULIC

LOADING.

PRESSURES,

AND

AIR

FLOWS

IN

THE

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86
NBS-114A (rev. 2-ec) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 82-2602

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date

December 1982

4.

TITLE AND SUBTITLE

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CIRCULATION LOOP DRAIN AND VENT PLUMBING MODIFICATIONS

FOR BUILDING REHABILITATION

5.

AUTHOR(S)

Fred Winter and Lawrence Galowin

6.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see in struction s)

national bureau of standards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8 . Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City. State, ZIP)

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) Rehabilitation or modernization of existing buildings frequently imposes increased

loads on the plumbing water supply and drainage system. The requirement for venting

in U.S. practice is intended to prevent trap seal loss from exceeding values prescribed in model plumbing codes. The vent piping in older buildings may be marginal

for retrofit under code requirements for new construction with the same or increased

numbers of fixtures and devices installed into the plumbing system.

An experimental laboratory investigation of a "circulation loop" modification to a drain-waste-vent (DWV) system was conducted to determine the change in performance. An experimental evaluation of the performance of the modified system and a conventional

system were undertaken for a variety of simulated wastewater-loads with various plumbing fixtures and multi-story soil stack loads. The performance parameters considered

were trap seal failures, backflow, and the siphonic action of the water closets. Also,

the dynamic responses to pressure excursions and air flow rates in the branches were

measured. Both systems were tested to the limiting condition for single-stack per- formance over a range of air flow rates into the soil and vent stack.

The circulation loop system was found to decrease the pressure difference in the upper

a portion of the soil stack, and to provide limited benefits in reducing trap seal

failures and failure due to reduced siphonic action in the lower level water closets.

With vent valves open, both the conventional and modified loop systems provided satisfactory venting except at the highest loads. Additional research should be undertaken

to develop methods for sizing the soil stack and vent connection .fitting connection to the circulation loop. Further testing should also be done with Spall regulated air

flows into the vent stack.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

innovative venting; plumbing; plumbing renovation; rehabilitation; vents for

plumbing

13. AVAILABILITY

[j£] Unlimited

Q3) For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

[

I Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

[X] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

94

15. Price

$10.50

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80
)