# Patent

## Title
Identification and de-identification within a video sequence

## Abstract

A method and system for de-identifying a video sequence are provided. The method may include the steps of capturing a video sequence, comprising a number of individual frames, including one or more users performing one or more actions, and using activity recognition to recognize one of the one or more actions. One or more of the plurality of frames may be defined as comprising the recognized one or more actions, and a portion of the one or more of the plurality of frames may be identified to remain visible. The non-identified portions of the one or more of the plurality of frames and the non-defined frames may be de-identified. This method may be applied to the determine of whether a user has ingested a medication pill.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/674,209, filed Nov. 12, 2012 to Hanina et al., titled “Method and Apparatus for Identification”, which, in turn, claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/582,969, filed Jan. 4, 2012 to Hanina et al., titled “Method and Apparatus for Identification.” The contents of all of the prior applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
This application incorporates by reference the entire contents of the following applications, and any applications to which they claim priority, or otherwise incorporate by reference:
Method and Apparatus for Verification of Medication Administration Adherence, Ser. No. 12/620,686, filed Nov. 18, 2009 to Hanina et al.
Method and Apparatus for Verification of Clinical Trial Adherence, Ser. No. 12/646,383, filed Dec. 23, 2009 to Hanina et al.
Method and Apparatus for Management of Clinical Trials, Ser. No. 12/646,603, filed Dec. 23, 2009 to Hanina et al.
Apparatus and Method for Collection of Protocol Adherence Data, Ser. No. 12/728,721, filed Mar. 22, 2010 to Hanina et al.
Apparatus and Method for Recognition of Patient Activities when Obtaining Protocol Adherence Data, Ser. No. 12/815,037, filed Jun. 14, 2010, which claims the benefit of Apparatus and Method for Recognition of Patient Activities When Obtaining Protocol Adherence Data, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/331,872, filed May 6, 2010 to Hanina et al.
Apparatus and Method for Assisting Monitoring of Medication Adherence, Ser. No. 12/899,510, filed Oct. 6, 2010 to Hanina et al.
Apparatus and Method for Object Confirmation and Tracking, Ser. No. 12/898,338, filed Oct. 5, 2010 to Hanina et al.
Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Medication Adherence, Ser. No. 13/189,518, filed Jul. 12, 2011 to Hanina et al., which claims the benefit of Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Medication Adherence, 61/495,415, filed Jun. 10, 2011 to Hanina et al.


FIELD
This invention relates generally to the monitoring of patient medication adherence to a prescribed regimen, patient behavior, medical procedure or other patient or healthcare provider activity, and more particularly to obscuring the identity of a video recording of a patient, while allowing for adherence to a medication protocol, or adherence to other desired patient activity to be confirmed.
BACKGROUND
Determination of adherence of patients to a medication protocol is difficult. While direct observation may be employed, it may be expensive and inconvenient. Watching medication administration over a video conference may be employed, but is also expensive and inconvenient in that both the patent and an administrator must be on a video or other conference call at the same time. Finally, the inventors of the present invention have determined that these conventional systems fail to protect the identification and privacy of patients and patient data, while still allowing for determination patient activity.
SUMMARY
Therefore, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, video sequences of patients administering medication may be recorded. The video sequences may be preferably de-identified in a manner to obscure patient identifying information while still allowing for a reviewer (either computerized or human) to determine proper medication administration from the video sequence. Additional embodiments of the invention may apply to activities performed by a healthcare provider, or other assistant, thus allowing for confirmation of proper action by them, while maintaining the privacy of the patient identification.
Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification and drawings.
The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the apparatus embodying features of construction, combinations of elements and arrangement of parts that are adapted to affect such steps, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description and accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram in which video frames are de-identified after transmission to a remote location in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flowchart diagram including object and activity recognition in which video frames are de-identified before transmission to a remote location in accordance with an additional embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart diagram in which video frames are de-identified before transmission to a remote location in accordance with an additional embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart diagram in which video frames are de-identified before and assigned a unique identifier in accordance with an additional embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 depicts a data transmission relationship between a video capture device and a remote storage and computing location in accordance with an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 depicts details of both the video capture device and remote storage and computing location of FIG. 5.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Storing a video sequence of a patient or other individual taking medication to be later used to determine adherence to a particular medication protocol may comprise a difficulty as storage of such patient related information may run afoul of HIPAA or other patient privacy laws.
Therefore, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more methods or apparatuses depicted in one or more of the above applications incorporated herein by reference may be employed in order to record one or more video medication administration sequences by a user. These sequences are preferably de-identified before, upon or after storage, or before, upon or after transmission. The method of de-identification in a first embodiment of the invention includes blurring of various facial features of the patient so that the patient identity cannot be determined from the de-identified video sequences, but maintains an unblurred portion of the patient where the medication is to be administered Other de-identification methods may be employed, such as rotoscoping, substitution of an avatar or other cartoon-like character, or the like. If may also be desirable to overlay actual portions of a video sequence, such as an inhaler, blood pressure cuff, injectable medication administration device, and the like. It is contemplated in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention that maintaining or providing such an unblurred portion of the image only be provided for one or a few number of frames determined to be at a critical time for determining patient medication adherence. Furthermore, an indicator, such as a border, highlight or the like may be provided to emphasize these unblurred portions. Other portions of the image may be blurred that are not in the region of interest, i.e. background or other areas of the image not necessary to determine proper medication administration.
In the case of taking a pill orally, in order to better protect the identity of a patient, it may be preferable to only unblurr the pill in the mouth region of the image, rather than the entire mouth region of the user. Alternatively, it is possible that the patient's mouth and surrounding area is preferably not blurred, thus providing a wider viewing area of the image. Furthermore, as noted above, it is possible to implement this unblurring process in only key frames for determining medication administration, or on all frames as desired. Such unblurring may be implemented when, for example, an object of interest is recognized in a frame, such as when it has been determined that a pill is correctly positioned on the screen, or the pill has been determined to have been placed in the mouth of the user. Such de-identification may also employ facial averaging, or any other technique that may be employed to remove patient identifiable information while still allowing for a determination of proper medication administration. Any of de-identification techniques noted in any of the above applications incorporated herein by reference may also be employed. The patient may be shown a de-identified version of their video images on a display of an image acquisition device, thus confirming to them that their privacy is being protected. Furthermore, the process may be applied to other procedures, such as surgery in a hospital, other hospital of healthcare provider scenarios, in medical education, or the like.
Furthermore, one or more preliminary steps, such as identification of a medication pill or the like, may not be blurred, as long as doing so will not compromise the identity of the patient, such as if the pill is in front of the face of the patient. In this case, other views of the pill may be unblurred, thus allowing for identification while preserving the secrecy of the identity of the patient.
The blurred video sequences may further be employed in an automated activity recognition sequence employing computer vision to determine whether the patient has properly administered the medication, or can be reviewed manually by a user to determine adherence to the protocol. A combination of these two methods may also be employed.
Referring first to FIG. 1, a method for employing the present invention in which video frames are de-identified after transmission to a remote location is depicted. As is shown in FIG. 1, at step 110, facial recognition or other identity confirmation may be employed. The identity of the patient may be confirmed through machine vision. Such facial recognition may be provided for differentiation between multiple users, or to simply confirm that a single person is the correct person. Additionally, such facial recognition may be employed to identify users sequentially, such as in the case of identifying a healthcare provider and then a patient. The face, hands, fingers, other body parts, or gestures being made by a particular body part of the patient may be tracked through the screen to allow for continuous identification of position determination, if desired. Alternatively, one or more biometric markers, password or other acceptable identification techniques may be employed. Then at step 120, object detection may be employed to confirm proper medication is being employed. Next, at step 130 activity recognition may be employed in order to determine whether the patient has performed a particular desired step or steps, preferably related to medication administration or ingestion. Machine learning and computer vision may be employed in this step. This activity recognition step may be performed before step 120, in parallel with step 130, or after step 130.
Next, a number of relevant video frames may be selected for transmission at step 140. Thus, frames comprising a number of frames comprising those needed for object and activity recognition may be selected for transmission, including a predetermined number of leading and following frames. Such selection may be employed to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted and possibly reviewed. Of course, the entire recorded video sequence may also be transmitted. Such selection may be performed in an automated manner, such as a predetermined number of frames before and after some critical object, activity recognition, recognition of suspicious behavior, predetermined frames in relation to one or more instruction prompts, UI guides, or the like. In such a case, selection of video frames to be reviewed may be performed upon receipt of transmitted frames at the remote location, or all of the frames may be stored at the remote location. It should also be understood that such transmission is intended to include transmission to a remote storage device, such as a remote computer network, database, cloud storage or the like, and may also comprise transmission to a storage device on a local area network, via the Internet, or to a locally attached storage device. Such transmission may also take place from a mobile device to any of the remote locations described above, and may comprise any appropriate apparatus for acquiring and processing data, and then transmitting the processed data.
Once received after transmission, image segmentation may be performed at step 150 to segment the background and other portions of the image from the patient and medication, and may be employed to desegment the mouth and medication area from the rest of the image, if desired. This segmentation step may be skipped, if desired, or may only be applied to a subset of the transmitted images. Thus, such segmentation processing may only be applied to particular frames based upon proximity to item or gesture recognition, or in some other manner as noted above. The segmented patient images (or unsegmented images) may then be subject to de-identification processing at step 160, as described above, to remove the ability to identify the patient from the images, while retaining the ability to view the video sequence and confirm proper medication administration. Portions of one or more of the images may not be de-identified in a manner in accordance with the process as described above. Patient faces may be tracked through the various video image sequences to continue to confirm identity, to link face with other biometric identity confirmation to be sure the patient does not leave the screen, and may be used to confirm proximity of the patient to the screen, if desired, to allow for proper viewing of administration at a later time, by either automated or manual review. As an alternative in all embodiments, tracking or object recognition of the mouth portion and medication pill portion of the image may be employed, allowing or the blurring of the remainder of the image determined to be other than the tracked mouth and/or medication pill, and such partial blurring may be applied only in selected frames, as described above.
After such de-identification, a unique user identifier may be assigned to the de-identified video sequence at step 170 so that any user may view the video information without learning the identification of the patient, thus preferably complying with one or more desired privacy schemes. This identifier may be related to a particular patient, particular image capture device, or the like. The patient will therefore be un-identifiable from the de-identified video image sequence, but the sequence will be attributable and pinned to a particular patient record, thus allowing for proper correlation by one or more healthcare providers able to access such identification information.
Referring next to FIG. 2, a method for employing the present invention in which video frames are de-identified before transmission to a remote location is depicted. As is shown in FIG. 2, at step 210, facial recognition or other identity confirmation may be employed. The identity of the patient may be confirmed through machine vision. Alternatively, one or more biometric markers, password or other acceptable identification techniques may be employed. Then at step 220, object detection may be employed to confirm proper medication is being employed. Next, at step 230 activity recognition may be employed in order to determine whether the patient has performed a particular desired step or steps, preferably related to medication administration or ingestion. Machine learning and computer vision may be employed in this step, in any known manner, such as those set forth in one or more of the above applications incorporated herein by reference. This activity recognition step may be performed before step 220, in parallel with step 230, or after step 130.
Image segmentation may next be performed at step 240 to segment the background and other portions of the image from the patient and medication, and may be employed to desegment the mouth and medication area from the rest of the image, if desired. This segmentation step may be skipped, if desired, or may only be applied to a subset of the transmitted images. Thus, such segmentation processing may only be applied to particular frames based upon proximity to item or gesture recognition, or in some other manner as noted above. Facial or other identification processing may be employed at this time to confirm the identity of the user. Other identification methods may also be used, either alone or in combination, including, but not limited to, fingerprint recognition, voice recognition, or password. After determining such identity, the segmented (or unsegmented) patient images may then be subject to de-identification processing at step 250, as described above, to remove the ability to identify the patient from the images, while retaining the ability to view the video sequence and confirm proper medication administration and ingestion. Portions of one or more images may not be de-identified in a manner in accordance with the process as described above. As an alternative in all embodiments, tracking or object recognition of the mouth portion and medication pill portion of the image may be employed, allowing or the blurring of the remainder of the image determined to be other than the tracked mouth and/or medication pill. Such partial blurring may also be only applied in one or more selected frames, in accordance with the process noted above. Tracking of other body portions may be employed for any particular desired test, such as tracking the arm of a user to be sure a blood pressure cuff is properly used, or to determine whether other testing (such a drug or urine testing) has been properly performed.
After such de-identification, a unique user identifier may be assigned to the de-identified video sequence at step 260 so that any user may view the video information without learning the identification of the patient, thus preferably complying with one or more desired privacy schemes. This identifier may be related to a particular patient, particular image capture device, or the like.
Next, a number of relevant video frames may be selected for transmission at step 270. Thus, frames comprising a number of frames comprising those needed for object and activity recognition may be selected for transmission, including a predetermined number of leading and following frames. Such selection may be employed to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted and possibly reviewed. Of course, the entire recorded video sequence may also be transmitted. Such selection may be performed in an automated manner, such as a predetermined number of frames before and after some critical object, activity recognition, recognition of suspicious behavior, predetermined frames in relation to one or more instruction prompts, UI guides, or the like. In such a case, selection of video frames to be reviewed may be performed upon receipt of transmitted frames at the remote location, or all of the frames may be stored at the remote location. It should also be understood that such transmission is intended to include transmission to a remote storage device, such as a remote computer network, database, cloud storage or the like, and may also comprise transmission to a storage device on a local area network, via the Internet, or to a locally attached storage device. Such transmission may also take place from a mobile device to any of the remote locations described above, and may comprise any appropriate apparatus for acquiring and processing data, and then transmitting the processed data. This frame selection step 270 may also be performed before the image segmentation and de-identification steps 250 and 260 if desired in order to reduce computational power requirements.
Referring next to FIG. 3, a method for employing the present invention in which video frames are de-identified before transmission to a remote location is depicted. As is shown in FIG. 3, at step 310, facial recognition or other identity confirmation may be employed. The identity of the patient may be confirmed through machine vision, or through other methods, such as analyzing the biometrics of a person, including face, fingerprint, palm print, voice and the like. Alternatively, one or more biometric markers, password or other acceptable identification techniques may be employed. Image segmentation may next be performed at step 320 to segment the background and other portions of the image from the patient and medication, and may be employed to desegment the mouth and medication area from the rest of the image, if desired. This segmentation step may be skipped, if desired, or may be applied to a subset of the transmitted images. Thus, such segmentation processing may only be applied to particular frames based upon proximity to a particular determination of item or gesture recognition, or in some other manner as noted above. The segmented (or unsegmented) patient images may then be subject to de-identification processing at step 330, as described above, to remove the ability to identify the patient from the images, while retaining the ability to view the video sequence and confirm proper medication administration and/or ingestion, inhalation, injection or the like as appropriate. Portions of one or more of the images may not be de-identified in a manner in accordance with the process as described above. As an alternative in all embodiments, tracking or object recognition of the mouth portion and medication pill portion of the image may be employed, allowing or the blurring of the remainder of the image determined to be other than the tracked mouth and/or medication pill. And such partial blurring may be applied in only selected frames, as described above. After such de-identification, a unique user identifier may be assigned to the de-identified video sequence at step 340 so that any user may view the video information without learning the identification of the patient, thus preferably complying with one or more desired privacy schemes. This identifier may be related to a particular patient, particular image capture device, or the like. The patient will therefore be unidentifiable from the de-identified video image sequence, yet the sequence will be attributable and pinned to a particular patient.
Next, a number of relevant video frames may be selected for transmission at step 350, or alternatively, this step may be performed before image segmentation and de-identification steps 320 and 330, if desired, in order to reduce computational power requirements. Thus, frames comprising a number of frames comprising those needed for object and activity recognition may be selected for transmission, including a predetermined number of leading and following frames. Such selection may be employed to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted and possibly reviewed. Of course, the entire recorded video sequence may also be transmitted. Such selection may be performed in an automated manner, such as a predetermined number of frames before and after some critical object, activity recognition, recognition of suspicious behavior, predetermined frames in relation to one or more instruction prompts, UI guides, or the like. In such a case, selection of video frames to be reviewed may be performed upon receipt of transmitted frames at the remote location, or all of the frames may be stored at the remote location. It should also be understood that such transmission is intended to include transmission to a remote storage device, such as a remote computer network, database, cloud storage or the like, and may also comprise transmission to a storage device on a local area network, via the Internet, or to a locally attached storage device. Such transmission may also take place from a mobile device to any of the remote locations described above, and may comprise any appropriate apparatus for acquiring and processing data, and then transmitting the processed data.
Referring next to FIG. 4, a method for employing the present invention in which video frames are de-identified before transmission to a remote location is depicted. As is shown in FIG. 4, at step 410, identity confirmation may be employed. The identity of the patient may be confirmed through machine vision, facial recognition or the like. Alternatively, one or more biometric markers, password or other acceptable identification techniques may be employed. Acquired patient images may then be subject to de-identification processing at step 420, as described above, to remove the ability to identify the patient from the images, while retaining the ability to view the video sequence and confirm proper medication administration. Portions of one or more of the images may not be de-identified in a manner in accordance with the process as described above. Such partial blurring may be applied only in selected frames, as described above.
After such de-identification, a unique user identifier may be assigned to the de-identified video sequence at step 430 so that any user may view the video information without learning the identification of the patient, thus preferably complying with one or more desired privacy schemes. This identifier may be related to a particular patient, particular image capture device, or the like. A unique identifier may also be provided for the medication being administered by the patient, if desired. Such a medication may be identified using gesture recognition, object detection or the like.
Each of the above-described embodiments of the invention allows rapid review and streaming of a video sequence acquired of a patient administering medication from a server along with time, date, location, unique identifier, dose taken, medication name, and other patient activities that have been automatically logged, while maintaining the privacy of the patent identity and any other confidential or private patient information. Such rapid review may include the automated (or manual) designation of a portion of the total sequence of images that may or may not include a non-de-identified portion for review by a viewer. Thus, a predetermined number of frames before and after an event, such as before and after object detection of a medication, or gesture or activity recognition of ingestion or other medication administration, may be designated. As such, only these designated frames need be shown to the user, thus resulting in a substantially reduced set of images for review by a viewer. This may allow for a rapid review of a large number of medication administration sequences by the viewer. If the full video sequence is desired to be provided, it is contemplated in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention that the viewer be provided with the ability to skip or “fast forward” the video sequence to each of one or more groups of designated “important” frames, preferably displaying non-de-identified video portions, and preferably being designated as noted above in accordance with object, activity or other recognition. A slider or other time or location selection device may also be provided to allow a viewer to quickly and easily review and select various portions of a video sequence. Annotation of the video sequence may also be provided to allow for notes to be saved for further review, for example.
In order to further aid the viewer, it is contemplated in accordance with one or more various embodiments of the invention that one or more portions of one or more of the non-de-identified frames, or of the de-identified frames, be highlighted, zoomed, or otherwise amplified or highlighted in order to allow for a more precise review thereof by a viewer. This will allow the viewer to better determine suspicious behavior, proper administration and ingestion, or the like. Such highlighting may be performed in an automated manner based upon such recognition, or may be provided in a manual manner, such as indicating an item to be highlighted by an operator. Once highlighted, the highlighted area may be tracked through a sequence of frames so that the object, such as a medication, can be followed through a video sequence.
Various embodiments of the present invention may further employ face tracking that would track the user, eliminate other faces or other distracting or possibly identifying items in the video sequences. Such tracking may be employed in real-time, near-real time, or after storage and or transmission of the video sequence data. Upon use of such face tracking, it is contemplated in accordance with embodiments of the invention that if the face of the patient leaves the screen, the entire screen may be blurred, or otherwise de-identified. Furthermore, if the face of the patient turns sideways or to another difficult to see angle, the entire screen may be blurred. Whether the face or other object, even if completely blurred, tracking technologies may still be employed to confirm location of the patient face, object, or the like.
Such processing may be applicable to medication administration, and any other patient procedures, including in hospital, doctor office, outpatient, home or other settings. Thus, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, administration of any item may be determined, while maintaining privacy of the user, by blurring or otherwise de-identifying video image sequences, while maintaining non-blurred video portions including the administration procedure.
In accordance with various embodiments of the invention, referring next to FIG. 5, a remote information capture apparatus 500 is shown. Such apparatus is adapted to allow for the capture and processing of information in order to implement the system and method in accordance with the applications noted above and incorporated herein by reference. Such information capture apparatus 500 is placed in communication with a remote data and computing location 700 via a communication system 600, preferably the Internet or other communication system, such as wireless communication, wireless LAN, or any other communication system appropriate for transmitting video and other data. Via communication system 600, information captured by apparatus 500 is transmitted to remote data and computing location 700, and analysis information or other instructions may be provided from remote data and computing location 700 to apparatus 500. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, any data to be transmitted may first be encrypted on apparatus 500 and unencrypted at remote data and computing location 700. Indeed, it is contemplated in accordance with one or more of the noted embodiments of the invention that encryption of recorded information, either before or after de-identification thereof, will improve security of patient identification and robustness of the system in general.
It is further contemplated that a plurality such information capture apparatuses 500 may be coordinated to monitor a larger space than a space that can be covered by a single such apparatus. Thus, the apparatuses can be made aware of the presence of the other apparatuses, and may operate by transmitting all information to one of the apparatuses 500, or these apparatuses may each independently communicate with remote data and computing location, which is adapted to piece together the various information received from the plurality of devices 500. Each such apparatus 500 may comprise a mobile computing device, such as a smart phone or the like including a web camera, or a laptop computer or pad computing device, each including a web camera or the like. Therefore, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, Processing of video information may be performed locally, remotely, or partially locally and remotely. Thus, de-identification and object and/or activity recognition may proceed locally, while frame selection may proceed remotely. Any other combination of locally and remote processing may also be provided, also including encryption and decryption schemes. Furthermore, and local remote, or combination of devices may each process a portion of the captured information, and may then transmit processed information to a single location for assembly. Finally, encryption of video may be performed locally, and then after decryption, all processing described above may be performed. Such remote location may comprise a cloud location, remote computer or group of computers, a remote processor or multiple processors, and the like, and may further include one or more attached or further remote storage devices for storing computer, computer program and/or video information.
Referring next to FIG. 6, a more detailed view of a preferred embodiment of remote information capture apparatus 500 and remote data and computing location 700 is depicted. As is shown in FIG. 6, apparatus 500 comprises an information capture device 510 for capturing video and audio data as desired. A motion detector 515 or other appropriate trigger device may be provided associated with capture device 510 to allow for the initiation and completion of data capture. Information capture device 510 may comprise a visual data capture device, or may be provided with an infrared, night vision, or other appropriate information capture device. A storage location 520 may be further provided for storing captured information, and a processor 530 is provided to control such capture and storage, as well as other functions associated with the operation of remote information capture apparatus 500. An analysis module 535 is provided in accordance with processor 530 to perform a portion of analysis of any captured information at the remote information capture apparatus 500, in the manner as described above. Apparatus 500 is further provided with a display 540, and a data transmission and receipt system 550 and 560 for displaying information, and for communicating with remote data and computing location 700. Remote data and computing location 700 preferably comprises system management functions 730, and a transmission and reception system 750 and 760 for communicating with apparatus 500. Such system management functions comprise, at least in part, many of the centralized functions noted in any of the pending patent applications noted above and previously incorporated herein by reference, or any of the above described functions. Transmission and reception system 750 and 760 may further comprise various GPS modules so that a location of the device can be determined at any time, and may further allow for a message to be sent to one or more individual apparatuses, broadcast to all apparatuses meeting one or more determined requirements, or being used for administration of a particular prescription regimen, or broadcast to all available apparatuses. Remote location also may include computer processors, storage, etc. appropriate for performing all functions described above being performed at such a remote location, after transmission of video and other data from a local computing device.
It has been further determined by the inventors of the present invention that when employing object and activity detection to determine, for example, the identity of a medication, and more particularly when the medication pill has been placed in the mouth of a user, it may be difficult to determine the location of the medication pill, and thus confirm proper medication ingestion. This is because, in the case of a light colored or white medication pill, for example, the teeth of the user may look similar to the pill. Therefore in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, after (or instead of) a pill candidate has been identified during a step determining medication ingestion, a next step of processing may be performed to confirm that a mouth color surrounds the pill candidate. Thus, if the pill candidate turns out to be the tooth of a user, to the right and left of the tooth candidate will be other teeth, viewed as similarly colored by the video camera. Thus, by confirming that to the right and left, top and bottom of a pill candidate is mouth colored, it is possible to determine that the pill candidate is a single entity, and is therefore in the mouth of the user. Thus, by using a recognition system for recognizing a pill candidate surrounded by a mouth of a user, rather than simply looking for a medication pill, robustness of the object and activity recognition can be enhanced. This process may also be applied to isolation of a tongue piercing, for example. If not possible to remove such a piercing, the user may be asked to remove the piercing before using the system.
Similarly, when a user is moving a pill while holding it in their hand, it is possible to use the combination of the pill and fingertips of the user to differentiate the medication pill from other background items that may appear similar to a pill. Thus, through the tracking of motion of the medication pill through an expected path of travel, and segmentation of not only the medication pill, but also the fingertip/pill/fingertip combination, improved object and activity recognition may be achieved. In such a manner, in accordance with an additional embodiment of the invention, first, one or more objects may be detected and presented as pill candidates. Then, from this set of pill candidates, further segmentation may be performed to confirm whether the pill candidate is held between two finger tips to confirm and differentiate that the pill candidate is in fact a medication pill and not some other object. Of course, the determination may simply look for a pill/fingertip combination from the outset.
Furthermore, because individuals may each hold a pill differently, in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, two or more detection methods may preferably be used. Thus, in this particular embodiment, for example, in a first frame one may search for an oblong medication pill being held horizontally between fingertips, and in a second frame for the oblong medication pill being held vertically between fingertips. Of course, and number of different objects may be searched for, and in this example, orientation of the medication pill at 45 or 135 degrees may also be employed. Furthermore, these multiple methods may be employed on each frame, depending on processor speed. Employing these methods on different frames provides a more real-time analysis with a slower processor, for example. Furthermore, with the use of a multi-core processor, the different methods may be processed in parallel on the different cores without sacrificing the real time effect.
Instructional feedback may be provided to the user to aid in proper positioning. This real time feedback makes the user aware that the tracking system is in operation, and may reduce the likelihood that the user will try to trick the system. By searching for these various different types of images in sequential or different frames, the likelihood of properly identifying the medication pill, regardless of how it is handled, is greatly increased. Of course, rather than simply looking for differently oriented images, one could, for example, look for color in one or more frames, shape in one or more frames, markings in one or more frames, and any other type of identifier in similar groups of one or more frames. Thus, any of these recognition systems may be employed, essentially in parallel. Furthermore, the use of such a plurality of methods of detection may allow for increased confirmation of a correct medication pill being identified. Additionally, once the medication pill has been identified, it is possible to select the one attribute generating the highest confidence score, and then use this one attribute to continue to track the medication pill through subsequent frames of the video images.
As one goal of the present invention is to confirm proper medication adherence and ingestion of medication, small movements, micro audio sounds suggesting swallowing, or the like, of the user may be employed in order to further confirm proper medication administration, reducing the likelihood of a user tricking the system. So, for example, identification of any swallowing motions in the neck or throat, gullet movement, jaw movement, or audio information related to swallowing, such as sounds related to the swallowing of water or the like, may be further employed in order to lend additional confirmation to the ingestion of a medication pill. Therefore, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, teaching the system to recognize such micro movements may be employed in a manner similar to the teaching of the system to recognize the medication pill. These movements may be correlated in time to properly determine sequence of administration, and may be compared to the first use by the user of the system in a controlled environment, such as a clinic. Additionally, all of the features of the invention noted above may be applied to such micro movements, including non-de-identifying these micro movements, when recognized, in all or a subset of the frames of captured video as described above. It may be desirable to de-identify any micro audio sounds, such as through sound synthesis, audio mix, sampling or the like to further protect the identity of the user.
Furthermore, magnification of these movements may be provided so that manual subsequent review of these portions of the video sequences may be easier. Additionally, during video capture, these portions of the user may be zoomed, to appear larger in the frame, and allowing for an easier automated and manual determination of such micro movements. The combination of automatic recognition and/or manual review of these micro movements may be used in conjunction with any of the methods for confirming medication administration and ingestion noted within this application in order to improve the confidence with which medication administration and ingestion may be confirmed.
It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained and, because certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the construction(s) set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
It is also to be understood that this description is intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.

## Claims

1. A method for de-identifying a video sequence, the method comprising:
capturing, in a video capture device, a video sequence comprising a plurality of individual frames, the plurality of individual frames including images of one or more users administering medication;
designating, by at least one processor, one or more frames of the plurality of individual frames as comprising a recognized administration of medication;
identifying a first portion of the one or more designated frames to remain visible, wherein the first portion comprises the recognized administration of medication;
de-identifying a second portion of the one or more designated frames so that the first portion comprising the administration of medication remains visible;
determining that the first portion of the one or more designated frames comprises a face other than faces of the one or more users administering medication; and
de-identifying, from the first portion of the one or more designated frames, the face other than the face of the one or more users administering medication.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein de-identifying the second portion and/or de-identifying the face other than the face of the one or more users comprises blurring the second portion and/or the face, respectively.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising highlighting the visible first portion.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of medication comprises ingestion of the medication.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting the video sequence to a remote storage and computing location.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing, by the at least one processor, activity recognition on the captured video sequence to recognize the administration of medication within the plurality of individual frames, wherein performing activity recognition to recognize the administration of medication further comprises:
determining, through object recognition, the identity of an object for a first plurality of frames of the video sequence; and
determining, through object recognition, the identity of the object and the object's surroundings in a second plurality of frames of the video sequence.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of medication comprises micro movements of one or more body parts.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing, by the at least one processor, activity recognition on the captured video sequence to recognize the administration of medication within the plurality of individual frames,
wherein performing the activity recognition to recognize the administration of medication comprises:
defining a plurality of detection methods for recognizing the administration of medication; and
applying each detection method of the plurality of detection methods to a subset of the plurality of individual frames of the captured video sequence.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein each detection method of the plurality of detection methods comprises searching for an object positioned at a different orientation.

10. A method for de-identifying a video sequence of a user ingesting a medication pill, comprising:
capturing a first video sequence in a video capture device, the first video sequence comprising a plurality of individual frames, the plurality of individual frames including images of one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth;
designating, by at least one processor, one or more frames of the plurality of individual frames as comprising a recognized action of placing the medication pill in the mouth of the user;
identifying a first portion of the one or more designated frames to remain visible, wherein the first portion comprises the recognized action of placing the medication pill in the mouth of the user;
de-identifying a second portion of the one or more designated frames so that the first portion comprising the recognized action of placing the medication pill in the mouth of the user remains visible;
determining that the first portion of the one or more designated frames comprises a face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth; and
de-identifying, from the first portion of the one or more designated frames, the face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein de-identifying the second portion and/or de-identifying the face comprises blurring the second portion and/or the face, respectively.

12. The method of claim 10, further comprising highlighting the visible first portion.

13. The method of claim 10, further comprising transmitting the video sequence to a remote storage and computing location.

14. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing, by the at least one processor, activity recognition on the captured first video sequence to recognize the placement of the medication pill in the mouth of the user,
wherein performing activity recognition further comprises:
determining, through object recognition, the identity of an object for a first plurality of frames of the video sequence; and
determining, through object recognition, the identity of the object and the object's surroundings in a second plurality of frames of the video sequence.

15. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
capturing a second video sequence, the second video sequence comprising a plurality of individual frames, the plurality of individual frames of the second video sequence including images of one or more users performing the action of swallowing the medication pill;
performing, by the at least one processor, activity recognition on the second video sequence to recognize one or more micro movements of one or more body parts associated with the swallowing of the medication pill by the one or more users;
designating one or more frames of the second video sequence as comprising the recognized one or more micro movements of the one or more body parts of the user;
identifying a first portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence to remain visible, wherein first portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence comprises the recognized one or more micro movements of the one or more body parts of the user;
de-identifying a second portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence so that the first portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence remains visible;
determining that the first portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence comprises a face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of swallowing the medication pill; and
de-identifying, from the first portion of the one or more frames of the second video sequence, the face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of swallowing the medication pill.

16. The method of claim 10, further comprising performing, by the at least one processor, activity recognition on the captured first video sequence to recognize the placement of the medication pill in the mouth of the one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth,
wherein performing activity recognition to recognize the placement of the medication pill in the mouth of the one or more users further comprises:
defining a plurality of detection methods for recognizing the placement of the medication pill in the mouth of the one or more users; and
applying each detection method of the plurality of detection methods to a subset of the frames of the captured first video sequence.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein each detection method of the plurality of detection methods comprises searching for a medication pill positioned in the mouth of the one or more users at a different orientation.

18. A system for de-identifying a video sequence of a user ingesting a medication pill, the system comprising
a video capture device operable to capture a video sequence comprising a plurality of individual frames, the plurality of individual frames including images of one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth, and
at least one processor associated with the video capture device operable to perform activity recognition on the captured video sequence to recognize the placement of the medication pill in the mouths of the one or more users by:
determining, through object recognition, the identity of a first object for a first plurality of frames of the video sequence;
determining, through object recognition, the identity of a second object and the second object's surroundings in a second plurality of frames of the video sequence;
designating one or more frames of the captured video sequence as comprising the recognized action of placing the medication pill in the mouths of the one or more users;
identifying a first portion of the one or more designated frames of the captured video sequence to remain visible, wherein the first portion comprises the recognized placement of the medication pill in the mouths of the one or more users;
de-identifying a second portion of the one or more designated frames so that the first portion remains visible;
determining that the first portion of the one or more designated frames comprises a face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth; and
de-identifying, from the first portion of the one or more designated frames, the face other than faces of the one or more users performing the action of putting the medication pill in their mouth.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the de-identifying the second portion and/or de-identifying the face comprises blurring the second portion and/or the face, respectively.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to apply each detection method of a plurality of detection methods for recognizing the placement of the medication pill in the mouth of the user to a subset of the frames of the captured video sequence.