NISTIR 8044-01 

NIST Time and Frequency Bulletin 

Petrina C. Potts, Editor 

This publication is available free of charge from: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8044-01
NISTIR 8044-01

NIST Time and Frequency Bulletin 

Petrina C. Potts, Editor 

Time and Frequency Division 

Physical Measurement Laboratory 

This publication is available free of charge from: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8044-01 

January 2015 

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Penny Pritzker, Secretary 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Willie E. May, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology and Acting Director 
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NIST TIME AND FREQUENCY BULLETIN 

NIST IR 8044-01 

No. 686 January 2015

 

1. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................................................... 2 

 

2. TIME SCALE INFORMATION ............................................................................................................... 2 

 

3. BROADCAST OUTAGES OVER FIVE MINUTES AND WWVB 

 PHASE PERTURBATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 4 

4. NOTES ON NIST TIME SCALES AND PRIMARY STANDARDS ........................................................... 4 

5. UTC(NIST) – AT1 PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................... 5 

 

This bulletin is published monthly. Address correspondence to: 

 

Petrina C. Potts, Editor 

Time and Frequency Division 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

325 Broadway 

Boulder, CO 8O3O5-3328 

(3O3) 497-3295 

Email: ppotts@boulder.nist.gov

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Penny Pritzker, Secretary

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Willie E. May, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce 

for Standards and Technology and Director 

 
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1. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BULLETIN 

ACTS - Automated Computer Time Service 

BIPM - Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 

GPS - Global Positioning System 

IERS - International Earth Rotation Service 

MC - Master Clock 

MJD - Modified Julian Date 

NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology ns - nanosecond 

SI - International System of Units μs - microsecond 

TA - Atomic Time ms - millisecond 

TAI - International Atomic Time s - second 

USNO - United States Naval Observatory min - minute 

UT1 - Universal Time (Astronomical) 

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. TIME SCALE INFORMATION 

 The values listed below are based on data from the IERS, the USNO, and NIST. The UTC(USNO,MC) - UTC(NIST) values are 

averaged measurements from all available common-view GPS satellites (see bibliography on page 5). UTC - UTC(NIST) data are 

on page 3. 

 0000 HOURS COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME 

Dec 2014 MJD UT1-UTC(NIST) 

 (±5 ms) 

UTC(USNO,MC) - UTC(NIST) 

 (±20 ns) 

4 56995 -427 ms +11 ns 

11 57002 -434 ms +11 ns 

18 57009 -443 ms +9 ns 

25 57016 -450 ms +9 ns 

 The master clock pulses used by the WWV, WWVH, and WWVB time-code transmissions are referenced to the UTC(NIST) time 

scale. Occasionally, 1 s is added to the UTC time scale. This second is called a leap second. Its purpose is to keep the UTC time 

scale within ±0.9 s of the UT1 astronomical time scale, which changes slightly due to variations in the Earth’s period of rotation. 

 NOTE: A positive leap second will be added at the end of June 2015. 

 Positive leap seconds, beginning at 23 h 59 min 60 s UTC and ending at 0 h 0 min 0 s UTC, were inserted in the UTC time 

scale on 30 June 1972, 1981-1983, 1985, 1992-1994, 1997, and 2012, and on 31 December 1972-1979, 1987, 1989, 1990,1995, 

1998, 2005, and 2008. 

 The use of leap seconds ensures that UT1 - UTC will always be held within ±0.9 s. The current value of UT1 - UTC is called the 

DUT1 correction. DUT1 corrections are broadcast by WWV, WWVH, WWVB, and ACTS and are printed below. These corrections 

may be added to received UTC time signals in order to obtain UT1. 

DUT1 = UT1 - UTC = 

 -0.5 s beginning 0000 UTC 25 December 2014 

 -0.4 s beginning 0000 UTC 25 September 2014 

 -0.3 s beginning 0000 UTC 08 May 2014 

 - 0.2 s beginning 0000 UTC 20 February 2014 

 - 0.1 s beginning 0000 UTC 21 November 2013 

 +0.0 s beginning 0000 UTC 22 August 2013 

 +0.1 s beginning 0000 UTC 11 April 2013 

 +0.2 s beginning 0000 UTC 31 January 2013 

 +0.3 s beginning 0000 UTC 25 October 2012 

 +0.4 s beginning 0000 UTC 01 July 2012 

 - 0.6 s beginning 0000 UTC 10 May 2012 

 - 0.5 s beginning 0000 UTC 09 February 2012 

 - 0.4 s beginning 0000 UTC 04 November 2011 

 - 0.3 s beginning 0000 UTC 12 May 2011 

 - 0.2 s beginning 0000 UTC 06 January 2011 

 - 0.1 s beginning 0000 UTC 03 June 2010 
DATE MJD UTC‐UTC(NIST), ns

Nov.28, 2014 56989 11.1

Nov. 18, 2014 56979 11.6

Nov. 08, 2014 56969 12.2

Oct. 29, 2014 56959 10.9

Oct. 19, 2014 56949 10.6

Oct 9, 2014 56939 9.3

Sep. 29, 2014 56929 7.2

Sep. 19, 2014 56919 5.6

Sep. 9, 2014 56909 4.8

Aug. 30, 2014 56899 4.6

Aug. 20, 2014 56889 3.8

Aug. 10, 2014 56879 4.1

July 31, 2014 56869 4.5

July 21, 2014 56859 4.9

July 11, 2014 56849 5.0

July 1, 2014 56839 5.1

June 21, 2014 56829 4.8

June 11, 2014 56819 5.4

June 1, 2014 56809 6.4

May 22, 2014 56799 6.0

May 12, 2014 56789 5.9

May 2, 2014 56779 5.5

Apr. 22, 2014 56769 5.2

Apr. 12, 2014 56759 5.5

Apr. 2, 2014 56749 6.0

Mar 23, 2014 56739 5.8

Mar. 13, 2014 56729 6.3

Mar. 03, 2014 56719 5.7

Feb. 21, 2014 56709 5.1

Feb. 11, 2014 56699 4.3

Feb. 1, 2014 56689 3.2

0000 Hours Coordinated Universal Time

The difference between UTC(NIST) and UTC has been within ±100 ns since July 6, 1994.  The table below shows values

of UTC ‐ UTC(NIST) as supplied by the BIPM in their Circular T publication for the most recent 310‐day period in which

data are available.  Data are given at ten‐day intervals.  Five‐day interval data are available inCircular T .  

 3
 4 

 

3. BROADCAST OUTAGES OVER FIVE MINUTES AND WWVB PHASE PERTURBATIONS 

OUTAGES OF 5 MINUTES OR MORE PHASE PERTURBATIONS 

2 ms 

Station Dec 

2014 

 MJD Began 

UTC 

Ended 

UTC 

Freq. Dec 

2014 MJD Began 

 UTC 

End 

UTC 

WWVB 12/21/14 57012 1946 2042 60 Khz 

 

WWV 

WWVH 

4. NOTES ON NIST TIME SCALES AND PRIMARY STANDARDS 

 Primary frequency standards developed and operated by NIST are used to provide accuracy (rate) input to the BIPM and to provide 

the best possible realization of the SI second. NIST-F1, a cold-atom cesium fountain frequency standard, has served as the U.S. 

primary standard of time and frequency since 1999. The uncertainty of NIST-F1 is currently about 3 parts in 1016. 

 The AT1 scale is run in real-time by use of data from an ensemble of cesium standards and hydrogen masers. It is a free-running 

scale whose frequency is maintained as nearly constant as possible by choosing the optimum weight for each clock that contributes 

to the computation. 

 UTC(NIST) is generated as an offset from our real-time scale AT1. It is steered in frequency towards UTC by use of data published 

by the BIPM in its Circular T. Changes in the steering frequency will be made, if necessary, at 0000 UTC on the first day of the 

month, and occasionally at mid-month. A change in frequency is limited to no more than ±2 ns/day. The frequency of UTC(NIST) is 

kept as stable as possible at other times. 

 UTC is generated at the BIPM by use of a post-processed time-scale algorithm and is not available in real-time. The parameters 

that we use to generate UTC(NIST) in real-time are therefore based on an extrapolation of UTC from the most recent available data. 

 

References: 

Allan, D.W.; Hellwig, H.; and Glaze, D.J., "An accuracy algorithm for an atomic time scale," Metrologia, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 133-138 

(1975). 

Allan, D.W.; Davis, D.D.; Weiss, M.A.; Clements, A.; Guinot, B.; Granveaud, M.; Dorenwendt, K.; Fischer, B.; Hetzel, P.; Aoki, S.; 

Fujimoto, M.; Charron, L.; and Ashby, N., “Accuracy of international time and frequency comparisons via global positioning system 

satellites in common-view,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. IM-34, pp.118-125 (1985). 

Heavner, T.P.; Jefferts, S.R.; Donley; E.A.; Shirley, J.H. and Parker, T.E., “NIST F1; recent improvements and accuracy evaluations,” 

Metrologia, Vol. 42, pp. 411-422 (2005). 

Jefferts, S.R.; Shirley, J.; Parker, T.E.; Heavner, T.P.; Meekhof, D.M.; Nelson, C., Levi, F.; Costanza, G.; De Marchi, A.; Drullinger, 

R.; Hollberg, L.; Lee, W.D.; and Walls, F.L., “Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1,” Metrologia, Vol. 39, pp. 321-336 (2002). 

Lewandowski, W. and Thomas, C., “GPS Time transfer,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 991-1000 (1991). 

Parker, T.E.; Jefferts, S.R.; Heavner, T.P.; and Donley, E.A., “Operation of the NIST-F1 caesium fountain primary frequency standard 

with a maser ensemble, including the impact of frequency transfer noise,” Metrologia, Vol. 42, pp. 423-430 (2005). 

Weiss, M.A.; Allan, D.W., “An NBS Calibration Procedure for Providing Time and Frequency at a Remote Site by Weighting and 

Smoothing of GPS Common View Data,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. IM-36, pp. 572-578 (1987). 
Month xls

(s)

x

(ns)

y

(ns/d)

 T0

(MJD)

Valid until 0000 on:

(MJD)

Mar 15 -35 -415010.45 -37.1* 57082 57113

Feb 15 -35 -413971.65 -37.1 57054 57082*

Jan 15 -35 -412824.65 -37.0 57023 57054

Dec 14 -35 -412010.65 -37.0 57001 57023

Dec 14 -35 -411675.85 -37.2 56992 57001†

Nov 14 -35 -410931.85 -37.2 56972 56992

Nov 14 -35 -410557.85 -37.4 56962 56972†

Oct 14 -35 -409735.05 -37.4 56940 56962

Oct 14 -35 -409379.1 -37.55* 56931 56940†

Sep 14 -35 -408270.6 -37.55 56901 56931

Aug 14 -35 -407106.6 -37.55 56870 56901

Jul 14 -35 -405942.5 -37.55 56839 56870

Jun 14 -35 -404816 -37.55 56809 56839

May 14 -35 -403651.9 -37.55 56778 56809

Apr 14 -35 -402525.4 -37.55 56748 56778

Mar 14 -35 -401624.2 -37.55 56724 56748

Mar 14 -35 -401360.7 -37.65 56717 56724†

Feb 14 -35 -400306.5 -37.65 56689 56717

Jan 14 -35 -399136.3 -37.75 56658 56689

Dec 13 -35 -397966.0 -37.75 56627 56658

Nov 13 -35 -397664.0 -37.75 56619 56627

Nov 13 -35 -396836.8 -37.6 56597 56619†

Oct 13 -35 -395677.4 -37.4 56566 56597

† Rate change in mid-month

*Provisional value

The table below lists parameters that are used to define UTC(NIST) with respect to our real-time scale AT1. To find the

value of UTC(NIST) - AT1 at any time T (expressed as a Modified Julian Date, including a fraction if needed), the

appropriate equation to use is the one for which the desired T is greater than or equal to the entry in the T0 column and

less than the entry in the last column. The values of xls, x, and y for that month are then used in the equation below to

find the desired value. The parameters x and y represent the offsets in time and frequency, respectively, between

UTC(NIST) and AT1; the parameter xls is the number of leap seconds applied to both UTC(NIST) and UTC, as specified

by the IERS. Leap seconds are not applied to AT1.

5. UTC(NIST) – AT1 PARAMETERS

UTC(NIST) - AT1 = xls + x + y*(T -T0)

 5