Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens 

of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5240

Prepared in cooperation with Olympic National Park
Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, 

Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic 

National Park, Washington: Species List

By Martin Hutten

Andrea Woodward

Karen Hutten

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5240
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2005

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

Denver, CO 80225

For more information about the USGS and its products:

Telephone: 1–888–ASK–USGS

World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and 

does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Suggested citation:

Hutten, Martin, Woodward, Andrea, and Hutten, Karen, 2005, Inventory of the Mosses, 

Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List. 

U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5240, 78 p.

Key words:

1. US Geological Survey. 2. National Park Service. 3. Olympic National Park. 4. Non-vascular 

Plants. 5. Inventory. 6. Environmental sampling. 7. Rare Plants. 8. Coniferous forests. 9. Species 

list. 10. Cryptogams. 11. Bryophytes. 12. Mosses. 13. Liverworts. 14. Hornworts.
Acknowledgments iii

Acknowledgments.

This project has been funded jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey, Canon 

USA, Inc., through the National Park Foundation, and Olympic National Park. 

Volunteers Jeanette and Paul Stehr-Green, Kelli Weed, Anita Woodnut, and 

Lisa McMillan dedicated hundreds of hours to this project. Steven Hahn,

Lisa Nesbitt, Krista Rome, James Walton, and Kelli Weed helped with field and 

office work. Ed Schreiner was involved in early discussions of the sampling 

plan. Bruce McCune and others helped with identification of difficult lichens.

Gay Hunter helped with the herbarium collections and Paul Gleeson provided 

a workspace with quality microscopes, close to the collections. Dan Norris 

provided much enthusiasm that proved contagious. The authors were further 

encouraged by Dr. Judith Harpel, Dr. Wilfred Schofield, and Dr. Tør Tønsberg. 

Tør also added more than 50 lichens to the Olympic Peninsula lichen list.
iv Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

Units of Measure for Conversions

1 meter = 39.37 inches

1 kilometer = 0.62 miles

1 square centimeter (cm2) = 0.15 square inches (in2)

1 square kilometer (km2)= 0.39 square miles (mi2) 
Contents v

Contents

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... iii

Units of Measure for Conversions ............................................................................................................ iv

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1

Geographic and Biologic Context for the Inventory ...................................................................... 2

Significance of Cryptogams for ONP ................................................................................................ 2

Project Description .............................................................................................................................. 3

Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Field Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 3

Modified FHM Method ...................................................................................................... 3

Intuitively Controlled Method .......................................................................................... 4

Processing of Specimens ................................................................................................................... 5

Equipment and Chemicals ............................................................................................... 5

Processing Method ........................................................................................................... 5

Identification Literature ................................................................................................... 5

Names and Titles of Experts Who Were Consulted .................................................... 7

Curatorial Methods .............................................................................................................................. 7

Archival-Quality Voucher Envelopes .............................................................................. 7

Database ............................................................................................................................. 8

Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Data Entry ........................................................ 8

Storage ................................................................................................................................ 8

Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

Species List ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Other products .................................................................................................................................. 53

Field Guide ........................................................................................................................ 53

Illegal Commercial Moss Harvests ............................................................................... 53

Fact Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 53

Websites ............................................................................................................................ 53

GIS Layer ........................................................................................................................... 53

Metadata ........................................................................................................................... 53

Collaboration with Other Agencies ............................................................................... 53

Discussion .................................................................................................................................................... 55

Cryptogam Diversity of the Olympic Peninsula ............................................................................ 55

Rare Species on the Olympic Peninsula ........................................................................................ 55

Endemic Species .............................................................................................................................. 56

Regional Context for Rare Species .............................................................................. 56

Threats ............................................................................................................................... 57

Further Work in Olympic National Park ......................................................................................... 59

Needs for Existing Bryophyte and Lichen Data ......................................................... 59

Needed Field Work ......................................................................................................... 61

Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 67

References ................................................................................................................................................... 67

Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................... 71
vi Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

Figures

Figure 1. Collection localities on the Olympic Peninsula ................................................................... 4

Figure 2. Example of the information on a typical voucher ............................................................... 7

Figure 3. Part of the lichen collection at the Olympic National Park curatorial facility ............... 9

Figure 4. Diplophyllum plicatum ........................................................................................................... 54

Figure 5. Herbertus aduncus ................................................................................................................ 54

Figure 6. Bundophoron melanocarpum .............................................................................................. 54

Figure 7. Pseudocyphellaria mallota ................................................................................................... 54

Figure 8. Splachnum ampullaceum. .................................................................................................... 54

Figure 9. Tayloria serrata ...................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 10. Blepharostoma arachnoideum ............................................................................................ 58

Figure 11. Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis ........................................................................................... 58

Figure 12. Splachnum sphaericum ........................................................................................................ 58

Figure 13. Schistostega pennata ........................................................................................................... 58

Figure 14. Tetraphis geniculata .............................................................................................................. 58

Figure 15. Bryoria cf. fremontii ............................................................................................................... 60

Figure 16. Usnea sphaecelata ................................................................................................................ 60

Figure 17. Umbilicaria rigida ................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 18. Orthodontium lineare ............................................................................................................ 60

Figure 19. Campylopus introflexus ........................................................................................................ 60

Figure 20. Ahtiana sphaerosporella. ..................................................................................................... 60

Figure 21. Gymnomitrion obtusum ......................................................................................................... 64

Figure 22. Iwatsukiella leucotricha ....................................................................................................... 64

Figure 23. Racomitrium aquaticum ........................................................................................................ 64

Figure 24. Rhytidium rugosum. ............................................................................................................... 64

Figure 25. Crumia latifolia ....................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 26. Fissidens grandifrons ............................................................................................................ 66

Figure 27. Hydrothyria venosa ............................................................................................................... 66

Figure 28. Pilophorus nigricaulis ........................................................................................................... 66

Figure 29. Discelium nudum ................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 30. cf. Tetraplodon mniodes ....................................................................................................... 66

Figure 31. Athalamia hyalina. ................................................................................................................ 66

Tables

Table 1. Species list of mosses, liverworts, hornworts and lichens and associated

 vegetation types and substrate in Olympic National Park, Washington. ................. 10

Appendix A Rare bryophytes and lichens known from Olympic Peninsula ................................... 71
1Olympic Botanists, 441 Hudson Road, Port Angeles, WA 98363, 

Hutten@olypen.com

2USGS Forest & Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center Olympic Field 

Station, 600 E. Park Avenue, Port Angeles, WA 98362

Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens 

of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

By Martin Hutten1

Andrea Woodward2

Karen Hutten1

Abstract

The identification of non-vascular cryptogam species 

(lichens, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) is especially challenging because of their small size, their often microscopic or 

chemical distinguishing features, and their enormous diversity. 

Consequently, they are a poorly known component of Olympic 

National Park, despite their ecological and aesthetic importance. This project is the first attempt at a systematic, comprehensive survey of non-vascular cryptogams in the Park and 

presents the current species list with descriptions of the substrate and vascular vegetation type where they were observed. 

The authors strove to collect from as many park environments as feasible, and distributed collections along important 

environmental gradients in different regions of the park using 

vascular vegetation as an environmental indicator. They 

also collected opportunistically when interesting habitats or 

microhabitats were encountered. Finally, the authors updated 

the nomenclature in the Park’s previous collection of nonvascular plants. This study identified approximately 13,200 

bryophyte and lichen species, adding approximately 425 new 

species to the Olympic National Park Herbarium. These data, 

combined with select literature reports and personal data from 

Martin and Karen Hutten, added more than 350 species to the 

previously documented Olympic Peninsula lichen and bryophyte list. The authors discuss the list in a local, regional, and 

global context of rarity, as well as cryptogam conservation and 

further work needed in Olympic National Park. The improved 

inventory of Olympic National Park cryptogams represented 

by this project enables Olympic National Park to protect populations of rare and sensitive species, assess the damage caused 

by illegal harvest, and contribute information to the Bureau of 

Land Management and U.S. Forest Service Sensitive Species 

Programs.

Introduction

The identification of cryptogam species (lichens, mosses, 

liverworts, and hornworts) is especially challenging because 

of their small size, their often microscopic or chemical distinguishing features, and their enormous diversity. Consequently, 

they are a poorly known component of Olympic National 

Park (ONP), despite their ecological and aesthetic importance. 

Although experts have created partial species lists for ONP 

(Sharpe, 1956; Harthill, 1964; Thomson, 1969; Kunze, 1980; 

Hong and others, 1989) based on surveys of limited areas, a 

systematic, comprehensive survey has not been conducted. 

The improved inventory of ONP cryptogams represented by 

this project enables ONP to protect populations of rare and 

sensitive species, assess the damage caused by illegal harvest, 

and contribute information to the Bureau of Land Management 

(BLM) and U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Sensitive Species 

Programs. 

This document presents the current species list of mosses, 

liverworts, hornworts, and lichens of ONP, along with descriptions of substrate and vascular vegetation type where they 

were observed. The authors discuss the list in a local, regional, 

and global context of rarity, as well as address some general 

topics regarding cryptogam conservation and further work 

needed in ONP. The authors do not believe it to be a complete 

list, nor do they analyze or summarize species distribution or 

community structure. 

Although ONP comprises slightly less than 10 percent 

of the Olympic Peninsula (OP), it protects the bulk of the 

unmanaged ecosystems and thereby represents the flora that 

may once have been present on the entire OP. Because some 

collections and some of the records in the Park’s herbarium 

come from outside of the Park, conclusions and generalizations are sometimes applied only to ONP and sometimes to the 

entire OP.
Geographic and Biologic Context 

for the Inventory

ONP is the centerpiece of the OP, which is a 13,800-km2

landmass in the extreme northwest corner of the conterminous United States (fig. 1). The Peninsula resembles an island 

because it is surrounded on three sides by water and on the 

fourth by a deep river valley: the Pacific Ocean to the west, 

the Strait of Juan de Fuca to the north, Hood Canal to the 

east, and the Chehalis River Valley to the south. The Olympic Mountains (Olympics) rise from sea level to culminate at 

Mount Olympus near the center of the Peninsula at 2,430 m. 

Geologic uplift, heavy precipitation, and a dynamic glacial 

history have created a radial pattern of 11 major river valleys 

centered on the mountains. ONP covers 3,700 km2 in two 

units: 3,530 km2 in the central mountainous core and a narrow 170-km2

 strip extending 84 km along the coast (Olympic 

National Park, 1999).

Mountainous areas in general are characterized by steep 

moisture and temperature gradients, resulting in substantially 

different environments over short distances. The moisture 

gradient is especially steep in the Olympic Mountains, reflecting the wet maritime climate, and results in exceptionally high 

levels of precipitation along the western slope. The substantial climatic and elevation gradients of the Peninsula create a 

diversity of habitats within the park. Environmental regimes 

range from mild, maritime conditions on the coast to harsh, 

alpine areas at high elevations to dry, near-continental climate 

in the northeast. Consequently, cold-stressed alpine vegetation 

exists within 15 km of intertidal communities and even closer 

to lush temperate rainforest with some of the world’s largest 

trees (Buckingham and others, 1995).

The geologic and glacial histories of the Peninsula and 

western Washington provide a diversity of parent materials for 

soil formation. The ocean floor contributed sedimentary and 

marine-deposited basaltic bedrock. The continental glaciers 

deposited a variety of soil material including granitic rocks 

from the Cascade Range along the east and north sides of the 

Peninsula. Mass wasting and glaciers have mixed, washed, 

and eroded all three materials, creating a complex of montane 

and riverine soil materials (Tabor, 1987). Olympic soils are 

considered to be young and, in general, are relatively infertile, except in the lower Dungeness River Valley. Local soil 

characteristics (for example, soil moisture, sub-surface flow, 

soil temperature, and chemical properties) vary greatly, being 

influenced by the parent material, climate, and biotic communities of the area. Common soil orders include spodosols, 

inceptisols, entisols, histosols, and andisols (Henderson and 

others, 1989).

Vegetation reflects the diverse physical environment. 

West-side lowland forests are in the Sitka Spruce (Picea 

sitchensis) Zone, including the temperate coniferous rainforest for which ONP is famous. Here, massive Sitka spruce trees 

grow to 90 m, and deciduous bigleaf maples (Acer macrophyllum) are laden with epiphytes. Lowland and mid-elevation 

forests on the drier east side and mid-elevation forests on the 

west side are in the Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) 

Zone. This is the most widespread zone and it is dominated 

by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock, 

with red cedar (Thuja plicata) as a fairly common constituent. 

Montane forests are in the Pacific Silver Fir (Abies amabilis) Zone on the cool, moist slopes of much of the Peninsula, 

whereas Douglas-fir inhabits south-facing montane slopes 

in the northeast. Subalpine areas are a matrix of tree islands 

and meadows at high elevation. Subalpine areas with snow 

packs deeper than 3 m are in the Mountain Hemlock Zone 

(Tsuga mertensiana) and include mountain hemlock, subalpine 

fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and sometimes Pacific silver fir. The 

Subalpine Fir Zone occurs in areas with snowpacks less than 3 

m deep and may also include lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) 

or whitebark pine (P. albicaulis). Treeline occurs at 1,615 m 

in wetter areas and 1,890 m in drier zones where trees finally 

give way to alpine meadows (Henderson and others, 1989).

The glacial history, geographic isolation, and steep climatic gradients have important consequences for the biogeography of the area. First, the Peninsula was never completely 

covered by ice during the last glaciation at least, when a 

complex of ridges and mountains were above ice. Moreover, 

when glacial ice was thick, sea level was lower, exposing considerable new lands along the coast for a long period of time 

(Booth, 1987; Tabor, 1987). The role of the OP as a glacial 

refugium is conjecture, but the theory is well supported by 

its biogeography (Buckingham and others, 1995). The OP is 

home to a surprising number of endemic and disjunct vascular 

species whose distribution patterns are consistent with the 

refugium theory. Not enough is known about the distribution 

of non-vascular species to reach conclusions, but the disjunct 

distribution patterns of several species support the theory 

(for example, Rhytidium rugosum and Vulpicida tilesii are 

both arctic Tertiary relics now disjunct from their main 

distributions). 

Significance of Cryptogams for ONP

Non-vascular cryptogams (mosses, liverworts, and 

lichens) make up a significant portion of the biomass and 

annual production in temperate rainforests (Vitt and others, 

1988), and are known to play important ecological roles in 

hydrologic (Norris, 1990; Boucher and Nash, 1990) and 

nutrient cycling (Nadkarni, 1985). They are also known to 

be sensitive to precipitation chemistry and air quality (Hawksworth and Hill, 1984). Consequently, non-vascular cryptogams are crucial components of the long-term ecological 

monitoring program currently under development in ONP. 

Cryptogams require management attention because they are 

harvested illegally for sale to the floral industry, and because 

some rare species may require special protection. 

Additionally, mosses, liverworts, and lichens were 

included in the list of Survey and Manage species identified in 

the Record of Decision (U.S. Department of Agriculture and 

U.S. Department of the Interior, 1994) for the Northwest 

2 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Forest Plan, to which the National Park Service (NPS) is a 

party. The Northwest Forest Plan was adopted by the BLM 

and USFS in 1994 to guide forest management in the range 

of the northern spotted owl after the owl’s designation as 

endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Part of the 

plan required the Forest Service to survey for certain species 

(in other words, Survey and Manage Species) before allowing ground-disturbing activities. The Survey and Manage List 

included a large number of bryophytes and lichens, among 

other taxa, and was based on minimal knowledge of the distribution and abundance of these species. ONP can fulfill its 

obligation to aid regionally based management of bryophytes 

and lichens mandated by the USFS and BLM Sensitive Species Programs by providing information about the status of 

bryophyte and lichen populations within its borders.

Project Description

There have been few previous attempts to systematically 

describe the biodiversity of cryptogams in ONP. Collectors 

have explored specific areas or places within short walking 

distance of parking lots. Consequently, the authors strove to 

expand collections to as many park environments as feasible 

and distribute them along important environmental gradients 

in different regions of the park using vascular vegetation as an 

environmental indicator. They also collected opportunistically 

when interesting habitats or microhabitats were encountered. 

Finally, the authors updated the nomenclature in the Park’s 

previous collection of non-vascular plants. Because of the size 

of this collection (approximately 5,000 specimens), only obvious misidentifications were corrected. The outcome of this 

project is a more comprehensive survey and more complete 

species list than previously available, documentation of cryptogam communities, and improvement of the Park’s herbarium 

collection.

Methods

Field Methods

Two types of field methods were employed over three 

field seasons during this project. In 1999 data were collected 

intuitively, by searching for specific types of microhabitats. 

Select diversity hot spots were visited to collect and photograph rare cryptogams. A more systematic inventory of 

selected major vegetation types was begun in 2000 of Sitka 

Spruce, Douglas-fir, dry Western Hemlock, moist Western 

Hemlock, dry Silver Fir, moist Silver Fir, Mountain Hemlock, and Subalpine Fir Zones and alpine parkland throughout 

the Park. Data were collected according to a modified U.S. 

Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Forest 

Health Monitoring (FHM) protocol (U.S. Forest Service, 

1999, described below). Incidental collections and observations using the intuitive approach were also made in 2000. 

Field methods in 2001 were the same as during 2000, but data 

were collected in only a few plots.

• Modified FHM Method

Survey sites were selected to include major environmental gradients in ONP and to achieve a distributed geographic 

sample by using vascular vegetation to indicate environmental conditions. Because there is no map of ONP vegetation 

at the desired plant-community scale, the Potential Natural 

Vegetation Map (Henderson and Peters, 2000) and the Park’s 

geographic information system (GIS) were used to stratify 

ONP by selected major vegetation types. Foot trails that pass 

through areas of the park having the highest diversity of major 

vegetation types were selected as sampling routes. The authors 

planned to complete three plots in each selected vegetation 

type during the field season. Plots were selected by locating 

five random points (changed to 10 later in field season) within 

200 m of the trail in the section with the target vegetation 

types. Areas having slopes of more than 35o were rejected 

at this stage for safety reasons. The Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) coordinates of the random points were plotted on maps along with an associated random priority ranking 

for each. A two-person field crew used a global positioning 

system (GPS) unit to locate collection points. Data were collected at the highest priority UTM point if actual vegetation 

type matched projected vegetation type and if the collection 

site was safe to sample. If the vegetation was incorrect or the 

site unsafe, the crew continued to the next priority site until 

the target number of plots was completed. The final selection 

of plots produced a well-distributed and diverse sample of the 

Park (fig. 1).

Methods 3
• Intuitively Controlled Method

Many bryophytes and lichens are highly microhabitatspecific. Whereas microhabitats are easily targeted when 

encountered in the field, they are often missed in a sampling 

method based on more general macrohabitats. Consequently, 

an intuitively controlled sampling method is more effective 

in locating certain rare microhabitat- and substrate-specific 

species. For example, some species of cyano-lichens are 

found nearly exclusively on semi-exposed conifer twigs in 

perennially cool and moist microhabitats. Typically, they are 

further restricted to older forest, in areas where the common 

cyano-lichens are particularly abundant. When such places 

were encountered en route between randomly selected plots in 

the back country, they were checked for the presence of such 

specialized species if time allowed. 

Data were collected using the lichen protocol employed 

by USFS for the FHM plots. It is a time-constrained search 

method for epiphytic macrolichens in 36.6-m radius plots for 

up to 2 hours (U.S. Forest Service, 1999) or until no new species have been found in 10 minutes. The authors modified this 

approach in several ways.

1. Instead of limiting the sample to epiphytic lichens, 

field observers searched for all macrolichens, including terrestrial lichens; crustose lichens were collected 

only accidentally or randomly. Although this modified 

method leads to a somewhat larger sampled community than the FHM method, the diversity of terrestrial 

lichens is not high in most heavily forested vegetation 

types. Within parkland plots, essentially all species are 

terrestrial, so parklands were a significant departure 

Figure 1. Collection localities on the Olympic Peninsula. Collection localities marked with orange dots are associated with 

extensive Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) type community data, generated in 2000 and 2001. Localities marked with yellow have 

collections (one to many) generated from non-FHM search protocols. Most collections outside Olympic National Park are personal 

data collected by M. Hutten. 

4 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
6. It would have been impossible to pack out voucher 

specimens for all species on longer trips. Therefore, 

the authors allowed observational data to be collected 

for species that can be identified with confidence in the 

field. Nevertheless, if an easily identified species was 

interesting for any reason (for example, rare, elevation minimum or maximum, or a first collection in a 

geographic area in ONP), a voucher specimen was 

collected.

Processing of Specimens

Upon returning from the field, specimens were air dried. 

Some liverwort genera with ephemeral identification characters (for instance, oil bodies) were placed in a refrigerator, but 

refrigeration capacity was quickly exceeded. As a result, many 

liverworts had to be identified without oil-body characteristics. 

Specimen data were entered into a database. Dried vouchers 

were filed alphabetically in their respective taxonomic group 

(lichens, mosses, and liverworts/hornworts). Specimens were 

placed in a temporary holding area in the ONP herbarium, 

in bryophyte boxes with labeled tabs marking genera and 

species. 

Identification Methods 

• Equipment and Chemicals 

Standard tools and methods were used to identify bryophytes (Schofield, 1985) and lichens (McCune and Geiser, 

1997; White & James, 1988). Identifications were made by 

M. and K. Hutten, with some specimens sent to taxonomic 

experts for verification.

• Processing Method

Cryptogam specimens were grouped by genus and identified one genus at a time. This allowed the determinations to 

proceed efficiently, building familiarity with the diversity of 

characteristics within each genus and the available generic 

key. Importantly, this processing method increased the determination accuracy, especially for difficult genera. Associated 

species frequently were identified as well. Many of the smallest lichens and liverworts overlooked in the field are often 

associated with larger species in voucher specimens. In some 

plots the associated species contributed 30 percent to the overall plot list. When an interesting associated species was found 

during determinations, the voucher would be refiled under the 

generic name of the associate, and identified later with others 

of that genus. Identifications within previously completed 

genera were made without delay.

• Identification Literature 

Initially, “Moss Flora of the Pacific Northwest,” by Elva 

Lawton (1971), was the basis for specimen identification. All 

from the conditions for which the FHM method was 

designed. This new environment did not create any 

problems.

2. Because the main goal of this project was to increase 

understanding of non-vascular plant occurrence in 

ONP, the 2-hour time constraint built into the FHM 

method was not fully appropriate. The authors suspected that 2 hours would not be sufficient to sample 

the bryophyte community completely. Therefore, if 

the observer felt it necessary, sampling could be continued beyond 2 hours (this rarely happened). For each 

specimen the 15-minute time interval of collection 

was recorded, enabling these data to be compared with 

FHM data.

3. With the relatively high diversity of macrolichens 

in ONP’s mature forests, the authors suspected that 

sampling bryophytes and macrolichens simultaneously 

would be too demanding of one observer. Typically, 

two people would work on a single plot simultaneously, one taking lichen data, the other bryophyte data. 

At other times it was deemed most efficient for the 

crew to split up so that each observer would complete 

an entire plot alone (4 hours).

4. For lichens, the FHM abundance ratings are based on 

the frequency of individual thalli.

1 = rare (less than four individuals)

2 = occasional (four to 10 individuals

3 = common (more than 10 individuals)

4 = more than half of the branches and trunks seen 

have this species

 Bryophyte data (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) 

were collected analogous to lichen data. To apply 

the lichen abundance rating to bryophytes, however, 

requires a slightly different concept of ‘individual’. For 

bryophyte species that grow in large mats, the authors 

defined an individual as a patch of approximately 10 

cm2. This follows a concept used by Abbey Rosso 

(2000) in western Oregon. 

5. It was not expected that the FHM method would be 

effective at discovering rare species that occur only in 

specialized microhabitats. Consequently, the authors 

planned to use an intuitively controlled method to 

search for species not found in the FHM plot, but in 

the same target vegetation and nearby the structured 

plots. The authors called these extra-plot searches. 

Conducting intensive searches in areas with the highest potential for locating a target species is a method 

employed by the USFS and BLM (U.S. Department of 

the Interior, 1998). Because overall trip goals tended to 

be ambitious, extra-plot searches were not always done 

thoroughly, and sometimes were omitted. 

Methods 5
other literature was acquired as the project continued and the 

need for better keys arose. 

 Mosses

Subclass Sphagnidae: Crum (1984) 

 In 2004 a new key became available (Zander, 2004), 

which includes at least two species not reported in 

Crum that are found on the OP: Sphagnum pacificum

(Flatberg, 1989) and Sphagnum alaskense (Andrus 

& Jenssens, 2003). Using the old keys, S. pacificum

would key to S. recurvum s.l. During this project we 

often determined S. recurvum var. brevifolium. This 

is a problematic taxon for western North America 

(W. B. Schofield, written commun., 2004). For these 

reasons, all collections in the S. recurvum group 

need to be redetermined. S. alaskense was recently 

reported from ONP, but it is not likely the authors 

overlooked this species in their collections. S. cuspidatum, determined twice in this project, is misidentified (W. B. Schofield, written commun., 2004).

Subclass Andreaeidae: Lawton (1971); Murray (1986, 1988)

 The authors initially used Lawton (1971) but later 

switched to Murray (1986, 1988). At some time in 

the future, the Andreaea identifications should be 

verified, identifying any newer species not included 

in Lawton (1971) that may have been overlooked. 

This probably resulted in the misdetermination of A. 

megistospora as A. rothii (W.B. Schofield, written 

commun., 2004). A subset of the substantial Harthill 

collections, predating this project and kept at ONP, 

should also be redetermined.

Subclass Bryidae: Lawton (1971)

 For the following select genera in this large subclass 

we used more recent keys as listed after each genera: 

Pohlia (Shaw, 1982), and Didymodon (Zander, 

1999). The complex genus Racomitrium was started 

using Lawton (1971), but later the authors switched 

to Frisvoll (1983, 1988), in which several species 

aggregates are differentiated. As a result, a portion 

of the Racomitrium collections should be re-examined at some time in the future, as well as a subset 

of the substantial Harthill collections predating this 

project that are kept at ONP. The Frisvoll volumes 

do not cover all species in the genus Racomitrium, 

so we used Lawton (1971) for the remainder of the 

species. At present Norris and Shevock (2004a) 

should be considered (see also Bednarek-Ochyra, 

2000). Dicranum species were verified using Lawton 

(1971), and for Washington this key is probably 

adequate. Rare species were verified using a recently 

published key (Zander 2004), which is more up to 

date. The many ONP Dicranum bonjeanii collections in the ONP Herbarium submitted by Harthill 

and others are probably Dicranum howellii and D. 

scoparium. These should be verified using the new 

Dicranum key in Zander (2004). Some species concepts/groups have been revised fairly recently and 

our ONP specimens should therefore be re-examined 

(in part) at some point in the future, including 

Hedwigia ciliata; ours is now called H. stellata

(Buck & Norris, 1996). 

 Liverworts

A complete key to liverworts and hornwort (hepatics) 

genera recently became available (Schofield, 2002). Unfortunately, this work does not contain keys to the species level. At 

present there is no single work that can be used to identify all 

hepatic species that occur in ONP. For keys and descriptions 

of most species found at ONP, one of the best single resources 

is Judith Godfrey’s thesis (1977). The authors used this work 

extensively, along side updated versions of the Christy and 

Wagner (1996) keys, the Schuster volumes (1966-1992), and 

versions of hepatic keys by Dan Norris (unpublished). Rather 

late in the identification process the authors acquired “The 

Liverwort Flora of the British Isles” (Paton, 1999), which 

helped resolve many problems in segregating taxa using the 

keys in the resources listed above. The “Illustrated Flora of 

Nordic Liverworts and Hornworts” (Damsholt 2002) would 

also be useful for some genera, but unfortunately was unavailable. None of the above resources cover all species found in 

ONP, consequently a myriad of additional literature is needed 

to identify some of the lesser-known species. Some of this 

literature was not available to this project.

 Lichens

Fortunately, the literature relevant to macrolichens is 

much more consolidated than is the bryophyte literature. The 

keys in McCune and Geiser (1997) cover all but a few macro 

lichens. In general, the omitted lichens are more northern 

species that can be found in Goward (1999) and Goward and 

others (1994). For Leptogium, Pseudocyphellaria, Usnea, and 

Xanthoria (McCune, 2000), the authors used updated keys 

available from Bruce McCune (2000).’s website: (http://

oregonstate.edu/~mccuneb/getkeys.htm). Some species 

concepts/groups have been revised fairly recently and ONP 

specimens should therefore be re-examined (in part) at some 

point in the future, including Pannaria/Fuscopannaria, 

Menegazzia, Physconia (P. fallax is a species now known 

from the ONP, but was not in the keys used by the authors for 

the ONP material), Pyrrhospora, and so forth. Most crustose 

lichens were omitted in this project, but can be keyed to genus 

using McCune (2002). Many crustose lichens can be keyed to 

species using Noble (1982) and Purvis and others (1992).

6 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
• Names and Titles of Experts Who Were Consulted 

The following people have verified specimens during this 

project. Bruce McCune provided the majority of lichen 

verification. 

1. Dr. Rick Dewey, USFS Botanist: Riccia, Tritomaria

2. Chiska Derr, USFS lichen Taxa Expert: Survey and 

Manage lichens

3. Dr. Linda Geiser, USFS Ecologist and Air Quality 

Specialist: Bryoria capillaris

4. Dr. Katie Glew, University of Washington Herbarium 

(WTU): Alectoria samentosa subsp. vexillifera

5. Dr. Judith Harpel, Regional Interagency Bryologist:

Survey and Manage bryophytes

6. Sarah Jovan, Ph.D. candidate, student under McCune: 

Physconia fallax

7. Dr. Bruce McCune, Professor, Oregon State University 

(OSU): lichens

8. Dr. Wilfred Schofield, Professor, University of British 

Columbia (UBC): bryophytes 

Curatorial Methods

• Archival-Quality Voucher Envelopes

Archival-quality voucher envelopes were produced showing standard collection information for each species (fig. 2). 

A map of the plot locality is also printed on the inside of each 

voucher envelope. Both the label and the map are printed on 

the laserprinter in grayscale on acid-free paper.

Figure 2. Example of the 

information on a typical voucher 

envelope generated during this 

project.

Methods 7
• Database

A back-end database retains and provides for the integrity 

of all raw data. See metadata for a detailed description of 

back-end database structure (http://mercury.ornl.gov/nbii/full.

jsp?index=0&recidx=0&pageMax=1, November 2005). A 

front-end database was developed by M. Hutten to create data 

summaries and additional utilities.

• Quality Assurance/Quality Control for Data Entry

Various database tools were employed to ensure accurate 

and complete data entry. For example, certain mimimum collection-site data are required before the database will connect 

voucher data to that site. Similarly, certain collector data must 

be entered before a collector can be connected to a voucher. 

A voucher record that lacks these and other critical fields 

cannot be saved until problems are corrected. The user will 

be prompted to add the missing data. In several fields, such as 

the abundance rating, the entry is limited to pre-defined valid 

entries. The data entry in such fields is usually via drop-down 

lists from which the applicable entry is selected, expediting 

the data-entry process, and reducing data-entry errors. These 

drop-down lists can be embedded directly into the definition of the data table or be associated with specific data-entry 

forms. More extensive, dynamic drop-down lists are easier 

to handle as a (lookup) data table. When the specimens had 

been identified and the data entered, new voucher labels were 

printed on acid free paper. If key fields are lacking or out of 

bounds (for example, elevations above 3,000 m), the database 

does not allow the label to be printed. Printed label data were 

compared and verified with the field label and associated identification notes before transferring the specimens in the new 

archival-quality envelope.

• Storage

Specimens are stored at Olympic National Park, 600 Park 

Avenue, Port Angeles, WA 98362-6798, USA (fig. 3).

Results

Bryophyte and lichen data were collected from 65 modified FHM-style plots throughout ONP (fig. 1) as the main 

focus of the project. Less formal data collection occurred 

opportunistically and intuitively from other localities in ONP 

during the project. The bulk of the opportunistic collections 

were made near trails and roads while traveling to plot locations. The scope of these collection efforts ranged from a 

single interesting species found along a trail, to substantial collections from an area of interest. Many of the ‘other protocol 

plots’ indicated on figure 1 are localities that were visited by 

M. and K. Hutten during trips not related to this project. These 

data are included in the species list and map because they 

provide additional documentation of the OP bryophyte and 

lichen flora.

Species List

During the course of this study, some 13,200 bryophyte 

and lichen species were identified (table 1), adding approximately 425 new species to the ONP Herbarium. These data, 

combined with select literature reports and personal data from 

M. and K. Hutten, added more than 350 species to the already 

extensive OP lichen and bryophyte list compiled from literature by Fred Rhoades (written comm., 1997). A few species 

were removed from Rhoades’ list because the reports were not 

based on actual collections, or they were based on misdeterminations (for example, all reports of Scouleria marginata; 

J. Harpel, oral commun., 2002). Verification of literature 

reports requires finding and verifying the determinations of 

voucher specimens that the literature reports were based on. 

This was beyond the scope of this project, and it is therefore 

conceivable that some species listed on the Rhoades’ list are in 

error. Species such as Rhizomnium appalachianum, Scapania 

nemorosa, and Telaranea nematodes were removed, as they 

are known exclusively from eastern North America. Currently, more than 1,280 non-vascular plant species, subspecies, 

and varieties have been documented from the OP (table 1). 

Some reports still may contain errors, but the authors made 

no attempt to verify any specimens that were not available at 

ONP. Only a number of the approximately 5,000 non-vascular plants in the ONP collections predating this project were 

verified. Checking previous collections was not a goal of this 

project, and typically records were examined only when errors 

were suspected. Therefore, many determinations in the ONP 

collection still need verification. Moreover, some of our determinations need further work for several reasons. Some groups 

of non-vascular plants were challenging to identify, in part due 

to the lack of complete and accurate keys for all species in the 

Pacific Northwest (PNW). Ecological and distributional information for many species, especially bryophytes, is still very 

incomplete. Plot work often yields many imperfect specimens, 

which may be small, lack needed structures (for example, 

sexual), or specimens were not examined when sufficiently 

fresh (for instance, some liverworts have ephemeral characters), making identification especially challenging.

8 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Figure 3. Part of the lichen collection at the Olympic National Park curatorial facility.

Results 9
Table 1. Moss, liverwort, hornwort and lichen species recorded from the Olympic Peninsula

Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

HORNWORTSAnthoceros fusiformis 7 2 1 47-1068 10

Anthoceros punctatus 2 103-879 2

2 HORNWORT species on Rhoades list (1997)2 HORNWORT species found on OP (2004)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0

2 HORNWORTS in ONP Herbarium (OLYM) (1997) Number of HORNWORT species found in each major vegetation type Number of HORNWORT species 

found per substrate 

category

LICHENSAbrothallus welwitschii OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Acarospora fuscata 

Acarospora smaragdula 

Ahtiana pallidula 1 14 1 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 OLYM coll. F. Rhoades 335-1627 16

Ahtiana sphaerosporella 3 Glew 1998, WNHP Jefferson 1150-2032 2

Alectoria imshaugii 1 11 1 1 1 202-1807 14

Alectoria lata 1 ? McCune: intergr. w ALSA 1461 1

Alectoria nigricans 2 1 1 3 2 Glew 1998, WNHP Clallam, Jefferson 1627-2032 6

Alectoria ochroleuca 4 verif. K. Glew 1873-2032 4

Alectoria sarmentosa subsp. sarmentosa 4 133 5 2 11 5 4 9 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 4 1 17 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-2032 102

Alectoria sarmentosa subsp. vexillifera 1 1 3 1 1 Glew 1998 685-2032 6

Alectoria vancouverensis 18 3 5 2 1 1 17-1163 25

Allantoparmelia alpicola Glew 1998

Amandinea punctata 

Amygdalaria panaeola 

Arctomia interfixa 

Arthonia ilicina Tønsberg 1995, 1999

Arthonia leucopellaea Tønsberg 1998

Arthonia pruinata OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Arthonia radiata 

14

Table 1. Species list of mosses, liverworts, hornworts, lichens and associated vegetation types and substrate in Olympic National Park, Washington.

(Footnotes on page 52.)

10 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Arthonia stellaris Tønsberg 1995, WNHP Clallam, 

Jefferson

Arthothelium norvegicum 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5 1

Arthothelium spectabile det. John Villella 1031 1

Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Arthrorhaphis citrinella 

Aspicilia aliena 

Aspicilia caesiocinerea Glew 1998

Aspicilia candida Brodo et al. 2001, Glew 1998

Aspicilia cinerea 

Aspicilia gibbosa 

Aspicilia laevata 

Bacidia arceutina 

Bacidia heterochroa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Bacidia salmonea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Bacidia viridifarinosa Tønsberg 1997

Bacidina arnoldiana OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Bacidina inundata 

Bacidina phacodes

Baeomyces rufus 4 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 16-907 7

Bellemerea alpina 

Bellemerea cinereorufescens Glew 1998

Biatora cuprea 

Biatora efflorescens OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Biatora flavopunctata Printzen & Tønsberg 1999 (Tønsberg 16659 in ONP)

Biatora hypophaea Printzen & Tønsberg 1999

Biatora meiocarpa var. tacomensis Printzen & Tønsberg 1999

Biatora pausiaca OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Biatora porphyrospoda Tønsberg 1993

Biatora subduplex OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Biatora toensbergii Printzen & Tønsberg 1999

Biatora vacciniicola Printzen & Tønsberg 1999 (Tønsberg 

16660 in ONP) 15 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 11
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Biatora vernalis 

Brodoa oroarctica 12 1 5 WNHP Clallam 1630-2032 8

Bryonora sp. B. castanea specimen at OLYM, not 

verif.

Bryoria bicolor 6 verif. R. Rosentretter 5-814 3

Bryoria capillaris 26 2 1 6 1 1 1 5-1271 23

Bryoria chalybeiformis 9 2 2 2 948-2032 7

Bryoria fremontii 1 23 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 157-1746 26

Bryoria friabilis 3 1 WNHP Clallam 79-758 3

Bryoria furcellata 1 1 657-1233 2

Bryoria fuscescens 49 2 1 4 1 11 2 3 2 1 6 419-1958 37

Bryoria glabra 16 1 2 7 1 1 123-1623 16

Bryoria implexa 7 1 1 775-1807 6

Bryoria lanestris OLYM spec. misdeterm

Bryoria 'mystery species' 6 1 1 5 1 180-1627 9

Bryoria nitidula 2 2 specimens need verification 1807-2032 2

Bryoria pikei WNHP Clallam

Bryoria pseudocapillaris L. Geiser 2000

Bryoria pseudofuscescens 25 2 5 2 48-1620 18

Bryoria subcana L. Geiser 2000

Bryoria tenuis 2 ID quite firm but will be sent to Brodo 16-825 2

Bryoria tortuosa 3 verif. T. Tønsberg, WNHP Clallam 79-424 2

Bryoria trichodes 5 1 5-624 4

Bryoria trichodes subsp. americana 17-28 2

Bryoria trichodes subsp. trichodes 

Buellia disciformis 2 289 1

Buellia erubescens Tønsberg 1998

Buellia geophila Glew 1998

Buellia griseovirens Tønsberg 1998

Buellia microbola 

Buellia muriformis OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Buellia oidalea OLYM coll. Cooke

16 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

12 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Buellia papillata 

Buellia stillingiana 

Buellia turgescens 

Bunodophoron melanocarpum 3 2 1 verif. B. McCune, OP specimen at BG Herbarium 8-167 4

Byssoloma marginatum OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Calicium abietinum OLYM coll F. Rhoades

Calicium glaucellum OLYM coll F. Rhoades

Calicium lenticulare 1 182 1

Calicium salicinum 

Calicium viride 2 1 1 123-624 3

Caloplaca ammiospila Glew 1998

Caloplaca atroalba 

Caloplaca atrosanguinea Tønsberg 1999c

Caloplaca bolacina 

Caloplaca cerina 

Caloplaca cf. borealis ONP specimen det. C. Wetmore 2004

Caloplaca citrina OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Caloplaca crenularia 

Caloplaca dispersa Glew 1998

Caloplaca epithallina Glew 1998

Caloplaca ferruginea 

Caloplaca flavogranulosa 

Caloplaca flavorubescens 

Caloplaca holocarpa group ONP specimen in BG Herbarium 

specimen conf. C. Wetmore 2004

Caloplaca jungermanniae 

Caloplaca lamprocheila Glew 1998

Caloplaca litoricola OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Caloplaca luteominia var. luteominia

Caloplaca marina subsp. americana

Caloplaca rosei 

Caloplaca saxicola Glew 1998

17 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 13
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Caloplaca sinapisperma 

Caloplaca sorocarpa ONP specimen in BG Herbarium 

specimen conf. C. Wetmore 2004

Caloplaca tiroliensis Glew 1998

Candelaria concolor 1 93 1

Candelariella aurella Glew 1998

Candelariella reflexa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Candelariella terrigena Glew 1998

Candelariella vitellina Glew 1998

Candelariella xanthostigma OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Catapyrenium cinereum 

Catapyrenium daedalum 1 verif. B. McCune 1627 1

Catillaria franciscana 

Catinaria atropurpurea 

Cavernularia hultenii 53 5 1 9 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1307 42

Cavernularia lophyrea 1 15 2-939 24

Cetraria aculeata 3 3 10 5 1630-2032 7

Cetraria arenaria 

Cetraria ericetorum 2 4 7 2 1167-2032 10

Cetraria ericetorum subsp. ericetorum

Cetraria ericetorum subsp. reticulata

Cetraria islandica subsp. crispiformis

Cetraria islandica subsp. islandica 1 3 13 4 1482-2032 10

Cetraria laevigata 

Cetraria muricata 2 6 1 9 4 1238-2032 8

Cetrelia cetrarioides 5 1 2 5-289 7

Chaenotheca ferruginea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Chaenotheca furfuracea 3 1 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1271 4

Chrysothrix candelaris 2 1 1 1 Tønsberg 1999c 5-707 8

Chrysothrix chlorina 1 2 1 130-822 3

Chrysothrix chrysophthalma OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Chrysothrix granulosa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

18 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

14 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Cladina arbuscula Glew 1998

Cladina arbuscula var. beringeriana Brodo et al. 2001

Cladina mitis 2 2 1 9 5 212-1978 12

Cladina portentosa 1 1 1 46-778 5

Cladina portentosa subsp. pacifica 1 16-176 3

Cladina rangiferina 2 2 1 12 1 176-1238 17

Cladina stellaris 

Cladonia albonigra 2 1 1 28-1271 3

Cladonia artuata 

Cladonia asahinae 

Cladonia bacilliformis 1 1 182-685 2

Cladonia bellidiflora 5 5 11 18 21 2 5 1 3 2 3 2 1 4 2 8 5-1746 48

Cladonia cariosa 1 1 1 Glew 1998 1511-1958 3

Cladonia carneola 2 1 19 11 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 6 28-1678 30

Cladonia cenotea 2 1 159-778 3

Cladonia cervicornis subsp. cervicornis 1 1 1 3 948-1886 5

Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata 1 1348 1

Cladonia chlorophaea 5 5 2 6 15 2 1 7 2 2 1 3 5-1745 22

Cladonia coccifera 1 1160-1930 2

Cladonia coniocraea 1 6 10 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 134-1620 19

Cladonia cornuta subsp. cornuta 1 5-182 2

Cladonia crispata var. crispata 1 3 2 2 1 16-389 5

Cladonia cyanipes 2 2 637 1

Cladonia decorticata 1167 1

Cladonia deformis 

Cladonia digitata 2 4 1 2 159-634 6

Cladonia dimorpha 

Cladonia ecmocyna 1 4 18 4 723-2032 15

Cladonia ecmocyna subsp. ecmocyna

Cladonia ecmocyna subsp. intermedia 1 2 1 825-1437 4

Cladonia ecmocyna subsp. occidentalis 1 1 4 1 1 2 825-1807 8

19 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 15
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Cladonia fimbriata 3 2 1 3 5 2 4 1 1 5-1627 18

Cladonia furcata 3 11 1 1 1 176-1167 14

Cladonia gracilis 1 2 1 Glew 1998 1437-1746 4

Cladonia gracilis subsp. elongata 1627 1

Cladonia gracilis subsp. turbinata 1 1160 1

Cladonia gracilis subsp. vulnerata 1 1807 1

Cladonia grayi 1 2 1 1093-1627 3

Cladonia humilis 

Cladonia macilenta 1 2 1 2 93-1164 3

Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris

Cladonia macrophylla 

Cladonia macrophyllodes 4 2 2 1325-1958 6

Cladonia merochlorophaea 2 2 1 2 1 1 210-1292 5

Cladonia metacorallifera 1 1 1218 1

Cladonia multiformis 1 16-1160 2

Cladonia norvegica 2 14 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 OP specimen at BG Herbarium, 

Tønsberg & Goward 1992, WNHP

196-1292 13

Cladonia novochlorophaea 1 2 1950-1978 2

Cladonia ochrochlora 1 1 10 25 1 5 6 2 4 2 1 3 1 2 7 5-1629 28

Cladonia phyllophora 1 1167 1

Cladonia pleurota 1 1 1 624-1160 2

Cladonia pocillum 1 3 1167-1958 4

Cladonia pyxidata 3 5 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 5-1978 18

Cladonia rei 1 1 1 637-1292 2

Cladonia scabriuscula 4 1 9 11 9 1 2 1 6 1 2 2 4 2 5-1958 27

Cladonia schofieldii 1 1 1745-1950 2

Cladonia singularis 1 822-1348 2

Cladonia sp.1 2 3 1 1 2 19-564 5

Cladonia squamosa var. squamosa 2 2 4 17 15 3 2 2 1 1 2 4 2 0-1437 30

Cladonia squamosa var. subsquamosa 1 7 18 1 1 1 1 5 3 7 1 1 3 1 5-1164 28

Cladonia stricta 

Cladonia subulata 1 1 1002 1

20 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

16 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Cladonia sulphurina 1 4 1 1 723-1476 6

Cladonia symphycarpa 1 1629 1

Cladonia transcendens 11 24 2 1 1 2 2 2 7 4 3 4 2 2 5-1261 29

Cladonia turgida 

Cladonia umbricola 14 24 1 5 3 2 2 1 5 2 2 4 5-1511 31

Cladonia uncialis 

Cladonia verruculosa 2 1 2 1 3 1134-1511 4

Cliostomum flavidulum Tønsberg 1997

Cliostomum griffithii Tønsberg 1999c

Cliostomum leprosum OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Coccotrema pocillarium 2 Tønsberg 1998 WNHP Clallam 5 1

Collema fecundum 1 2 1

Collema furfuraceum OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Collema fuscovirens 1 cf. (M. Hutten specimen) 1624 1

Collema glebulentum 1 1630 1

Collema occultatum OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Collema sp. 1 preliminary, to be verified 948 1

Collema undulatum var. granulosum 1 preliminary, to be verified 2032 1

Cornicularia normoerica 11 4 WNHP Clallam 1630-2032 9

Cyphelium inquinans 1 1 123-778 3

Cyphelium lucidum 

Cyphelium pinicola 

Cyphelium tigillare 

Cystocoleus ebeneus OP specimen at BG Herbarium, WNHP Grays Harbor

Dactylospora parasitica OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Dendriscocaulon sp. 2 verif. C. Derr 5-317 2

Dermatocarpon intestiniforme 1 1958 1

Dermatocarpon luridum WNHP Clallam, Jefferson, S&M documents

Dermatocarpon miniatum 2 1 1 822-2032 4

Dermatocarpon moulinsii 948 1

Dermatocarpon reticulatum 2 1539-2032 5

21 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 17
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Dermatocarpon rivulorum 4 1 1348-1950 6

Dimerella lutea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Dimerella pineti 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 1044 1

Diploschistes scruposus 

Diplotomma alboatrum 

Diplotomma penichrum 

Endocarpon pusillum 1 1886 1

Endococcus apiciicola OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Erioderma sorediatum 3 verif. B. McCune, OP specimen at BG 

Herbarium

5-289 3

Esslingeriana idahoensis 7 1 1 265-1525 8

Euopsis granatina 

Evernia prunastri 8 1 2 3 0-419 12

Fellhanera bouteillei 6 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 7-180 3

Fellhaneropsis vezdae OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Fissurina insidiosa

Flavocetraria cucullata 2 2 5 3 1630-2032 8

Flavocetraria nivalis 2 1 8 3 1807-2032 7

Flavopunctelia soredica 

Fuscopannaria laceratula 2 3 1 1 1 1 verif. B. McCune 5-861 5

Fuscopannaria leucophaea OP specimen s.l. at BG Herbarium

Fuscopannaria leucostictoides 2 17 1 3 3 2 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-865 15

Fuscopannaria maritima Note our material needs to be be 

redetermined

Fuscopannaria mediterranea 1 1 Note our material needs to be be 

redetermined

389 1

Fuscopannaria pacifica OP specimen at BG Herbarium, ours: 

re-determinations required 5 1

Fuscopannaria praetermissa 1 1 1 1 1 574-1807 5

Fuscopannaria saubinetii 2 19 3 1 1 1 6 re-determinations required 183-1181 25

Graphis elegans OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Graphis scripta 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 123-289 4

Gyalideopsis anastomosans Tønsberg 1995

Gyalideopsis muscicola Tønsberg and Henssen 1999

Gyalideopsis piceicola 1 Tønsberg 1995 465 1

22 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

18 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Haematomma persoonii specimen at ONP herbarium, not 

verified

Halecania viridescens Tønsberg 1998, WNHP Clallam

Heterodermia leucomela L. Geiser 2000

Hydrothyria venosa 1

Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea 3 7 1 2 2 1 16-1624 10

Hypocenomyce friesii 2 900-1624 2

Hypocenomyce leucococca 1 1 1 tentative ONP spec. 1511 1

Hypocenomyce scalaris 2 2 1 2 618-1629 5

Hypogymnia apinnata 64 1 1 2 11 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 6 2 1 5 5-1627 67

Hypogymnia austerodes 1 1 Glew 1998 1958 1

Hypogymnia bitteri 

Hypogymnia duplicata 1 55 1 1 1 2 3 4 verif. C. Derr, WNHP Clall, Jeff, Grays H. 8-1627 48

Hypogymnia enteromorpha 1 1 110 5 1 14 4 8 3 4 3 14 2 4 8 4 11 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 0-1629 81

Hypogymnia imshaugii 2 49 4 2 1 12 1 2 2 3 3 1 6 123-2032 49

Hypogymnia inactiva 1 26 2 1 2 5-1261 33

Hypogymnia metaphysodes 16 2 2 1 6 2 1 1 3 verif. B. McCune 618-1620 21

Hypogymnia occidentalis 17 2 1 2 4 4 1 3 177-1886 21

Hypogymnia oceanica 5 1 1 1 1 190-822 5

Hypogymnia physodes 1 38 3 1 1 1 3 2 6 1 1 3 2 2 2 0-1807 51

Hypogymnia rugosa 1 27 3 2 3 2 8 1 2 8 624-2032 36

Hypogymnia tubulosa 9 1 0-1299 14

Hypogymnia vittata verify sources! WNHP Grays Harbor

Hypotrachyna sinuosa 9 3 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-829 16

Icmadophila ericetorum 1 16 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 5 5-1271 28

Ionaspis lacustris

Japewia subaurifera OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Kaernefeltia californica 1 1 verif. B. McCune, WNHP OP data in 

error?

5 1

Kaernefeltia merrillii 17 1 1 1 2 3 130-2032 18

Koerberia sonomensis 2 McCune says our Vestergrenopsis 

isidiata are KOSO

1478-1624 2

Lecanactis abietina

Lecania cyrtella 

23 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 19
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Lecania naegelii 

Lecanora albella var. albella

Lecanora allophana 

Lecanora bicincta Glew 1998

Lecanora cadubriae 

Lecanora cenisia 

Lecanora cinereofusca var. cinereofusca OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Lecanora circumborealis 

Lecanora dispersa Glew 1998

Lecanora epibryon Glew 1998

Lecanora expallens OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Lecanora farinaria 1 Tønsberg 1995, 1999 289 1

Lecanora fuscescens 

Lecanora hagenii Glew 1998

Lecanora jamesii Tønsberg 1997, 1999

Lecanora malaena Glew 1998

Lecanora muralis 

Lecanora pacifica 

Lecanora polytropa Glew 1998

Lecanora pulicaris 1 5-5 2

Lecanora rupicola 

Lecanora symmicta 

Lecanora umbrosa 

Lecanora varia 

Lecanora xylophila

Lecidea atrobrunnea Glew 1998

Lecidea cascadensis Glew 1998

Lecidea furvonigrans 

Lecidea fuscoatra 

Lecidea lapacida Glew 1998

Lecidea praenubila 

24 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

20 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Lecidea roseotincta OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Lecidea tessellata Glew 1998

Lecidea wulfenii Glew 1998

Lecidella anomaloides 

Lecidella elaeochroma Tønsberg 1998

Lecidella euphorea 1 9 1 1134-1167 3

Lecidella stigmatea 

Lecidella wulfenii 

Lecidoma demissum Glew 1998

Leioderma sorediatum 1 verif. B. McCune, pers. com. 

Tonsberg 2004

8 1

Lepraria cacuminum Glew 1998

Lepraria caesioalba 1 1 1 181-948 3

Lepraria diffusa var. diffusa

Lepraria eburnea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Lepraria incana 2 1 1 1 134-1218 4

Lepraria lobificans 14 5 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 109-1629 14

Lepraria neglecta Glew 1998 182 1

Lepraria vouauxii

Leprocaulon microscopicum 

Leprocaulon subalbicans 3 6 Glew 1998 1150-2032 7

Leptochidium albociliatum 4 775-1150 4

Leptogium brebissonii 9 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-317 6

Leptogium californicum 2 1 1 1 1 208-1002 4

Leptogium corniculatum 6 5 6 13 1 2 1 1 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 0-1167 22

Leptogium cyanescens 4 7 1 1 3 2 6 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1233 15

Leptogium gelatinosum 1 5-165 2

Leptogium lichenoides 8 1 1 1 2 1 307-1630 12

Leptogium minutissimum 2 948-2032 2

Leptogium platynum 1 2 775-2032 3

Leptogium polycarpum 3 5 2 4 1 2 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1265 14

Leptogium saturninum 1 1807 1

25 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 21
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Leptogium subaridum 778 1

Leptogium tenuissimum 2 1 392-1160 3

Leptogium teretiusculum 3 1 2 182-1000 7

Letharia columbiana 2 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 1590-2032 6

Letharia vulpina 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 248-2032 16

Lichenodiplis lecanoricola OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Lobaria hallii 8 1 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium, 

WNHP Jefferson

180-778 7

Lobaria linita 12 29 1 1 1 6 verif. C. Derr 202-2032 40

Lobaria oregana 54 1 2 5 1 5 1 1 4 4 3 5 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1096 47

Lobaria pulmonaria 1 17 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1292 33

Lobaria scrobiculata 1 12 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1150 15

Lobaria silvae-veteris Tønsberg 1998

Lopadium disciforme 1 McCune 26896 submitted to OLYM 5 1

Lopadium pezizoideum 

Loxospora elatina Tønsberg 1998

Loxosporopsis corallifera 4 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-814 6

Massalongia carnosa 3 6 1 1 4 4 4 26-1627 16

Megalaria brodoana Ekman & Tønsberg 1996

Megalaria pulverea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Megaspora verrucosa Glew 1998

Melanelia commixta 1 1 Glew 1998 1181 1

Melanelia disjuncta 1 Glew 1998 1630 1

Melanelia elegantula 10 1 1807-1958 4

Melanelia exasperata 

Melanelia exasperatula 1 Glew 1998 1807 1

Melanelia fuliginosa 1 6 1 1 1 2 5-1624 6

Melanelia hepatizon 7 1 6 Glew 1998 1347-2032 8

Melanelia infumata 3 Glew 1998 1807-2032 2

Melanelia multispora Geiser 2000 data

Melanelia panniformis 1 1 Glew 1998 1403-1950 2

Melanelia sorediata 2 Glew 1998 1059-1807 2

26 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

22 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Melanelia stygia 6 2 Glew 1998 1807-2032 6

Melanelia subargentifera 

Melanelia subaurifera 2 1 5-778 3

Melanelia subelegantula 1 2 1 948-1807 3

Melanelia subolivacea 3 1 1 1 134-1620 3

Melanelia tominii 1 ONP 335 needs work, it may be too 

convex for METO

1807 1

Menegazzia subsimilis Bjerke, J.W. 2003

Menegazzia terebrata 12 1 1 4 5 OP specimen at BG Herbarium, ours: 

redeterminat oi ns needed

5-317 16

Micarea cinerea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Micarea micrococca OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Micarea myriocarpa Tønsberg 1999a

Micarea peliocarpa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Micarea prasina in need of revision: most, if not all 

represent M. micrococca (pers. com.

Micarea prasinella OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Micarea synotheoides Tønsberg, T. and B. Coppins 2000

Micarea xanthonica 1 Coppins & Tønsberg 2001 5 1

Microlychnus epicorticis 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium, WNHP Clallam 157 1

Multiclavula mucida 3 1 165-877 4

Multiclavula vernalis 3 103-1134 3

Mycobilimbia berengeriana 1 179 1

Mycobilimbia sabuletorum Glew 1998

Mycoblastus affinis OP specimen at BG Herbarium, Glew 1998,

Mycoblastus alpinus 

Mycoblastus caesius 2 Tønsberg 1999c 157 1

Mycoblastus fucatus Tønsberg 13956, Tønsberg 13765 NOT in ONP, but on OP

Mycoblastus sanguinarius 15 3 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1511 22

Mycoporum antecellens Tønsberg 1998

Neofuscelia verruculifera 1 1624 1

Nephroma bellum 1 26 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 verif. C. Derr 26-1163 22

Nephroma helveticum 1 23 2 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 134-1093 28

Nephroma laevigatum 6 1 2 2 1 3 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 93-473 12

27 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 23
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Nephroma occultum 9 1 1 2 2 1 verif. C. Derr 441-1164 10

Nephroma parile 3 10 20 1 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 183-1745 40

Nephroma resupinatum 3 26 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 7 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 93-1627 31

Niebla cephalota 1 verif. B. McCune, OP specimen at BG 

Herbarium 2 1

Nodobryoria abbreviata 3 2 1 Glew 1998 1511-2032 5

Nodobryoria oregana 1 55 1 1 4 5 2 22 2 1 2 1 9 335-2032 47

Nodobryoria subdivergens 3 1 1 2 1511-2032 5

Normandina pulchella 6 9 1 3 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1134 9

Ochrolechia androgyna 1 Tønsberg 1998 1629 1

Ochrolechia farinacea 1 1 specimens, verification requested 389-1807 2

Ochrolechia inaequatula 

Ochrolechia juvenalis 

Ochrolechia laevigata 6 1 1 1 1 134-1271 7

Ochrolechia oregonensis 37 6 2 2 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 5-1950 34

Ochrolechia subathallina 

Ochrolechia subpallescens 3 1 2 1147-1511 3

Ochrolechia szatalaënsis 

Ochrolechia tartarea 

Ochrolechia upsaliensis 1 6 2 Glew 1998 419-2032 7

Omphalina umbellifera 3 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 5-1299 20

Opegrapha atra 

Opegrapha fumosa Tønsberg 25900, in Tønsberg 1999c, 

Tønsberg 1997

Opegrapha protuberans 

Opegrapha sorediifera Tønsberg 1998, WNHP Clallam

Opegrapha thelotrematis Tønsberg 1997, 1999

Opegrapha varia 

Ophioparma lapponica OLYM det. B. Ryan, WNHP Clall, Jeff

Orphniospora moriopsis 

Pannaria rubiginosa 1 24 1

Parmelia hygrophila 1 2 67 5 5 3 8 10 2 6 4 1 5 3 2 4 0-1930 63

Parmelia omphalodes 2 1930-1958 2

28 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

24 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Parmelia pseudosulcata 7 2 1 1 1 1 134-1167 10

Parmelia saxatilis 15 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 17-2032 20

Parmelia squarrosa 9 1 5-1167 9

Parmelia sulcata 4 47 8 3 8 7 2 2 6 1 3 1 6 1 5-1623 56

Parmeliella cyanolepra 2 47-1624 4

Parmeliella parvula 1 23 1 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1292 18

Parmeliella triptophylla 7 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium, ONP 

spec. not separated perfectly, some

182-512 7

Parmeliopsis ambigua 9 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 93-2032 16

Parmeliopsis hyperopta 47 6 1 4 3 4 9 2 2 1 5 4 2 3 7 93-1950 58

Parmotrema arnoldii 14 1 5-91 9

Parmotrema chinense 2 4-5 2

Parmotrema crinitum 1 5 5-28 6

Parmotrema praesorediosum 

Peltigera aphthosa 2 1 1 825-1147 3

Peltigera britannica 4 4 13 7 16 3 4 1 3 1 6 2 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1299 46

Peltigera canina 4 1134-1807 4

Peltigera cinnamomea 1 1 5-574 2

Peltigera collina 5 23 3 1 3 2 1 1 6 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1630 33

Peltigera degenii 1 1746 1

Peltigera didactyla 3 1 1 3 511-1978 7

Peltigera horizontalis 

Peltigera kristinssonii 1 1 Glew 1998 1233 1

Peltigera lepidophora Glew 1998, WNHP Clallam

Peltigera leucophlebia 4 1 1 10 2 1 2 2 1 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 265-1629 20

Peltigera malacea 1 1 3 1 3 1233-1978 5

Peltigera membranacea 3 1 5 11 14 3 2 4 6 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 5-1299 40

Peltigera neckeri 2 2 1 1 1 1 5-1509 8

Peltigera neopolydactyla 2 1 7 15 4 3 3 3 4 1 6 1 2 5-1261 36

Peltigera pacifica 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 8-1509 19

Peltigera polydactylon 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 5-1261 11

Peltigera ponojensis 3 2 4 3 2 778-1978 11

29 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 25
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Peltigera praetextata 1 8 1 6 1 3 1 1 1 2 409-1807 19

Peltigera retifoveata 2 1886 1

Peltigera rufescens 3 4 7 5 1 1160-2032 13

Peltigera scabrosa 

Peltigera venosa 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5-1620 16

Pertusaria amara 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-79 3

Pertusaria borealis 2 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 182-210 2

Pertusaria cocodes Tønsberg 1999a

Pertusaria glaucomela OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Pertusaria leioplaca 1 16 1

Pertusaria ophthalmiza 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 16-182 2

Pertusaria pupillaris 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 157 1

Pertusaria subambigens OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Phacopsis oxyspora

Phaeocalicium curtisii 

Phaeographis smithii Tønsberg 1999a

Phaeophyscia constipata 

Phaeophyscia endococcinea 

Phaeophyscia orbicularis 3 1807-1886 2

Phaeophyscia sciastra 1 Glew 1998 1807 1

Phaeorrhiza nimbosa Glew 1998

Phlyctis argena OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Phlyctis speirea OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Physcia adscendens 1 7 3 1 2-190 8

Physcia aipolia 7 1 4 1 74-778 9

Physcia biziana 3 1630-1930 3

Physcia caesia 4 Glew 1998 26-2032 4

Physcia callosa 1 cf. very poor specimen 2032 1

Physcia dimidiata 1 Glew 1998 948 1

Physcia dubia 1 1807 1

Physcia leptalea 

30 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

26 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Physcia phaea 1 OLYM seastack; P. cascadensis? 26 1

Physcia tenella 1 6 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 0-134 5

Physconia americana 2 2 473-1807 2

Physconia detersa 

Physconia fallax det. Sarah Jovan, 2003 43 1

Physconia muscigena 8 4 43-2032 6

Pilophorus acicularis 10 3 1 2 2 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 153-1292 25

Pilophorus clavatus 9 4 1 5 153-1348 18

Pilophorus nigricaulis 6 1 verif. C. Derr 634-1627 4

Placopsis gelida 702 1

Placopsis lambii 1 most of Placopis gelida is P.lambii 

acc. McCune

374-877 4

Placynthiella uliginosa Glew 1998

Platismatia glauca 1 92 6 1 7 4 5 14 2 2 3 7 2 1 7 3 2 14 0-1930 97

Platismatia herrei 60 1 5 3 6 8 4 3 1 4 3 1 8 3 2 7 5-1511 81

Platismatia lacunosa 28 2 2 1 2 verif. C. Derr, OP specimen at BG 

Herbarium

3-1012 32

Platismatia norvegica 36 3 6 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 6 5-1307 54

Platismatia stenophylla 2 829-1012 3

Pleopsidium chlorophanum 1 1807 1

Pleopsidium flavum 1 verif. K. Glew 1958 1

Polychidium Aff. contortum 39 2 1 2 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1012 31

Polychidium muscicola 1 6 1 1 1 389-1627 8

Porina leptalea Tønsberg 1999c

Porina radicicola McCarthy and Tønsberg 1998

Porpidia carlottiana 

Porpidia contrapoenda 

Porpidia crustulata 

Porpidia thomsonii 

Protopannaria pezizoides 8 6 4 3 5 3 1 3 7 Glew 1998 5-1698 21

Protoparmelia badia 

Pseudephebe minuscula 14 5 948-2032 9

Pseudephebe pubescens 31 11 948-2032 12

31 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 27
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Pseudocyphellaria anomala 23 1 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-907 30

Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis 19 1 3 1 3 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-822 17

Pseudocyphellaria crocata 29 1 1 4 5 verif. C. Derr, OP specimen at BG 

Herbarium

74-1048 25

Pseudocyphellaria mallota 20 1 1 1 2 2 verif. B. McCune, Tønsberg 1999b 177-907 17

Pseudocyphellaria perpetua USFS, verif. C. Derr, pers. com. D. McConnal

Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis 21 1 1 1 1 1 2 verif. C. Derr 202-867 24

Psilolechia lucida OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Psora decipiens OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Psora nipponica 3 571-2032 3

Psoroma hypnorum 4 12 7 1 17 8 3 2 5 6 182-2032 26

Psorula rufonigra 

Pyrenula acutispora OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Pyrenula laevigata 

Pyrenula occidentalis 1 McCune 26900 submitted to OLYM, 

OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5 1

Pyrrhospora cinnabarina 6 1 2 1 Most (all?) OP PYCI records concern PYGO 182-1511 8

Pyrrhospora elabens 

Pyrrhospora gowardiana 6 2 1 T. Spribille verified several OP 

collections

181-1167 4

Pyrrhospora quernea L. Geiser 2000, WNHP Clallam, OP 

specimen at BG Herbarium

Pyrrhospora subcinnabarina pers. com. Tønsberg 2003, WNHP Clallam

Pyrrhospora varians 

Ramalina dilacerata 6 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 91-778 7

Ramalina farinacea 13 2 4 5 2 5-335 19

Ramalina menziesii 4 WNHP Clallam, Grays Harbor, OP 

specimen at BG Herbarium

4-69 5

Ramalina pollinaria L. Geiser 2000, WNHP Clallam

Ramalina roesleri 9 5-79 9

Ramalina sp. 2 2 1 0-2 2

Ramalina subleptocarpha 4 6-43 2

Ramalina thrausta 2 2 1 130-190 2

Rhizocarpon badioatrum 

Rhizocarpon bolanderi Glew 1998

Rhizocarpon cinereovirens 

32 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

28 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Rhizocarpon concentricum 

Rhizocarpon disporum Glew 1998

Rhizocarpon geminatum Rhizocarpon geographicum 4 1 1 1347-1886 7

Rhizocarpon grande 

Rhizocarpon hochstetteri 

Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Glew 1998

Rhizocarpon obscuratum 

Rhizocarpon oederi 

Rhizocarpon riparium 

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca 2 Glew 1998 1316-1627 2

Rhizoplaca melanophthalma 13 2 Glew 1998 1624-2032 8

Rimularia insularis Glew 1998

Rinodina disjuncta Tønsberg 1998

Rinodina hallii OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Rinodina mniaraea 

Rinodina stictica Sheard & Tønsberg 1995

Ropalospora viridis Tønsberg 1998Sagiolechia rhexoblephara 

Santessoniella grisea Tønsberg & Henssen 1999

Schaereria corticola Tønsberg 1995

Scoliciosporum sarothamni OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Skyttea caesii OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Skyttea lecanorae OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Solorina crocea 9 1 1 1325-1930 8

Solorina saccata 

Sphaerophorus globosus 2 60 7 2 6 3 4 4 2 3 3 5 2 3 6 2 1 6 5-1747 86

Sphaerophorus globosus var. gracilis 1 69-153 3

Spilonema sp.1 1 1 det. McCune, several specimens 177-270 3

Spilonemella americana 1 Henssen & Tønsberg 2000, type loc. in Hoh 53 1

Sporastatia testudinea Glew 1998

33 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 29
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Staurothele areolata 

Staurothele drummondii Glew 1998

Staurothele fissa Stereocaulon alpinum 2 1 1873-2032 3

Stereocaulon botryosum 1 1630 1

Stereocaulon condensatum 1 1 we need ref. Specimens 1930-1950 2

Stereocaulon glareosum 1 1 2 1 Glew 1998 1348-1747 4

Stereocaulon grande 2 2 1950-1978 3

Stereocaulon intermedium 1 419 1

Stereocaulon paschale 2 1 392-1930 4

Stereocaulon rivulorum Glew 1998

Stereocaulon sasakii var. simplex 

Stereocaulon sasakii var. tomentosoides 6 11 1 1 392-1461 17

Stereocaulon tomentosum 1 374-810 2

Stereocaulon vesuvianum 1 we need ref. Specimens 1163 1

Sticta beauvoisii s.l. 20 2 3 3 verif. C. Derr, WNHP Jefferson 177-814 20

Sticta fuliginosa 5 34 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 6 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-966 38

Sticta limbata 1 10 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-711 11

Sulcaria badia extinct? Peterson et al. 1998, WNHP 

Clallam

Szczawinskia tsugae 1 det. B. McCune, WNHP Clallam, OP 

specimen at BG Herbarium

53 1

Tephromela atra OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Thamnolia subuliformis 3 3 1 8 3 1238-2032 11

Thamnolia vermicularis 3 6 6 3 539-2032 11

Thelomma occidentale det. J. Villella

Thelotrema lepadinum 16 2 2 4 3 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-1048 17

Tholurna dissimilis E.Tisch has OP spec.

Topeliopsis toensbergii OLYM coll. Tønsberg

Trapelia corticola OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Trapeliopsis gelatinosa 

Trapeliopsis granulosa Glew 1998

Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa OP specimen at BG Herbarium

34 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

30 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Tremella cladoniae OP specimen at BG Herbarium

Tremolecia atrata Glew 1998

Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla 1 51 4 5 1 3 10 1 1 2 5 3 3 4 2 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 4-1678 59

Tuckermannopsis orbata 15 2 1 2 1 5 2 2 1 1 3-1476 30

Tuckermannopsis platyphylla 28 2 4 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 419-2032 28

Tuckermannopsis subalpina 3 16 6 3 5 2 10 822-1807 22

Umbilicaria angulata 1 1 WNHP Jefferson 624 1

Umbilicaria arctica 4 1 OLYM coll. Verif. B. Ryan 1886-1958 3

Umbilicaria cylindrica 5 1 1150-2032 5

Umbilicaria decussata 1 1 1 verif. B. McCune, WNHP Clallam 1950-1958 2

Umbilicaria deusta 4 1347-1807 3

Umbilicaria havaasii 2 2 verif. B. McCune, WNHP Clallam 948-2032 5

Umbilicaria hirsuta 1 1134 1

Umbilicaria hyperborea 28 1 9 948-2032 12

Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii 6 1 Glew 1998, WNHP Clallam, Jefferson 1886-2032 4

Umbilicaria lambii verif. B. Ryan

Umbilicaria lyngei 3 verif. B. McCune 1950 1

Umbilicaria nylanderiana 2 1958 1

Umbilicaria phaea 

Umbilicaria polyrrhiza 1 948 1

Umbilicaria proboscidea 3 4 verif. B. McCune, WNHP Clallam 1930-2032 4

Umbilicaria rigida 14 verif. B. McCune, WNHP Clallam, Jefferson 1807-2032 5

Umbilicaria scholanderi WNHP Mason

Umbilicaria torrefacta 14 6 Glew 1998 728-2032 9

Umbilicaria vellea 1 1982 1

Umbilicaria virginis 4 2 Glew 1998 1325-2032 5

Usnea cavernosa 1 512 1

Usnea ceratina 

Usnea chaetophora 9 1 2 1 1 2 69-1271 9

Usnea cornuta 21 1 OP specimen at BG Herbarium 5-69 8

Usnea diplotypus 5 1 5-452 9

35 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 31
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Usnea esperantiana 2 69-74 2

Usnea filipendula 23 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 5-1233 25

Usnea fragilescens 

Usnea fragilescens var. mollis 16 1 5-1233 9

Usnea fulvoreagens 28 1

Usnea glabrata 3 1 4-265 4

Usnea glabrescens subsp. glabrela

Usnea hesperina 7 L. Geiser 2000 5-69 4

Usnea hirta 

Usnea lapponica 3 1 1 2-134 6

Usnea longissima 26 1 WNHP Clallam, Jefferson, Grays 

Harbor, OP specimen at BG

5-877 23

Usnea occidentalis 3 5-289 3

Usnea pacificana 21 1 1 2 9 5 1 5-1233 12

Usnea rubicunda L. Geiser 2000

Usnea scabrata 14 4 1 2 2 1 69-1271 11

Usnea scabrata subsp. nylanderiana 778 1

Usnea silesiaca 8 2 8-624 6

Usnea sphacelata 2 2032 1

Usnea subfloridana 13 1 1 2 2 1 5-845 11

Usnea substerilis 5-17 2

Usnea trichodea 

Usnea wasmuthii 4 1 1 5-624 4

Usnea wirthii 12 1 3 5-182 10

Verrucaria acrotella 

Verrucaria hydrela 

Verrucaria maura 

Vulpicida canadensis 3 2 2 1 1 419-1160 4

Vulpicida tilesii K. Glew 1998, WNHP Clallam

Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa 

Xanthoparmelia coloradoensis 9 2 330-2032 6

Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia 1 6 1

36 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

32 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Xanthoparmelia wyomingica Glew 1998

Xanthoria candelaria 2 1 0-26 3

Xanthoria elegans 13 1 1 Glew 1998 1624-2032 8

Xanthoria fallax 1 43-1958 2

Xanthoria polycarpa 4 1 2 5-134 7

Xanthoria sorediata 1 1950 1

Xylographa hians 

Xylographa parallela 

Xylographa vitiligo OP specimen at BG Herbarium

463 LICHEN species on Rhoades list (1997)711 LICHEN species found on OP (2004)

68 79 77 37 75 56 73 64 58 49 84 40 43 57 32 68 174 217 117 115

150 LICHENS in ONP Herbarium (OLYM) (1997) Number of LICHEN species found in each major vegetation type Number of LICHEN species found per 

substrate category

LIVERWORTSAnastrophyllum minutum 1 2 1 2 1 1 Clark & Frye 1928 822-1509 7

Aneura pinguis 2 7 47-1747 11

Anthelia juratzkana 2 1685-1747 3

Apometzgeria pubescens 2 14 1 7 93-861 13

Asterella gracilis 1 3 1 1 47-1747 8

Asterella lindenbergiana 4 2 1 1 2 571-1747 7

Asterella saccata 1 1348 1

Athalamia hyalina 2 1 1159-1623 3

Barbilophozia floerkei 9 14 4 11 1 2 1 13 678-2032 26

Barbilophozia hatcheri 3 19 1 11 4 10 7 4 775-2032 28

Barbilophozia kunzeana 1 1 1 778-1163 3

Barbilophozia lycopodioides 1 1 1 1 1 Hong et al. 1989 254-1678 6

Bazzania ambigua 1 1 1 134-845 5

Bazzania denudata 1 13 22 5 2 10 2 6 5-822 26

Bazzania tricrenata 2 1 1 4 5-167 6

Blasia pusilla 12 1 1 1 2 5-879 15

37 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 33
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Blepharostoma arachnoideum 3 1 1 Norris 1997 (specimen deposited at ONP B. trichophyllum) 202-1093 4

Blepharostoma trichophyllum subsp. trichoph 14 13 14 86 27 16 1 13 6 2 2 1 2 6 1 1 25 5-1745 74

Calypogeia azurea 8 2 1 12 10 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 5-1745 31

Calypogeia fissa 9 2 2 14 6 1 1 4 2 1 3 3 6 5-1746 32

Calypogeia integristipula 1 10 2 1 1 2 5-1096 10

Calypogeia muelleriana 21 2 1 32 8 3 1 3 1 9 4 8 11 5-1437 48

Calypogeia neesiana 1 13 1 2 2 1 2 109-1292 9

Calypogeia sphagnicola 2 3 5-287 4

Calypogeia suecica 10 2 1 3 1 1 5-1292 10

Cephalozia ambigua 2 9 4 5-1746 10

Cephalozia bicuspidata 11 8 3 101 15 5 2 10 1 19 7 3 6 1 2 8 5-1627 59

Cephalozia catenulata Norris 1997 (Should be verified, few records in WA on Hong's 2002 WA

Cephalozia connivens 2 5 19 2 1 2 2 1 28-1164 17

Cephalozia leucantha 

Cephalozia lunulifolia 2 10 106 4 9 4 11 3 3 1 9 10 1 8 4 20 5-1307 64

Cephalozia macounii 

Cephalozia pleniceps 4 28-1746 5

Cephaloziella divaricata 5 7 3 13 5 2 4 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 5-1745 34

Cephaloziella divaricata var. scabra

Cephaloziella rubella 

Cephaloziella stellulifera 157 1

Cephaloziella turneri 4 1 3 289-948 4

Chiloscyphus pallescens 1 3 3 5 4 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 5-1623 23

Chiloscyphus polyanthos 7 18 1 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 5-1746 32

Chiloscyphus polyanthos var. rivularis

Conocephalum conicum 21 6 1 3 15 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 8-1630 32

Diplophyllum albicans 18 32 3 5 9 4 3 4 4 verif. J. Harpel 5-1093 47

Diplophyllum obtusifolium 15 5 1 3 26-1745 18

Diplophyllum plicatum 2 20 7 2 5 1 1 verif. J. Harpel 5-1261 18

Diplophyllum taxifolium 13 36 3 2 7 6 2 1 3 4 27 Norris 1997 8-1747 41

Douinia ovata 3 74 5 3 1 1 1 3 6 3 5-1031 61

38Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

34 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Fossombronia foveolata 

Fossombronia longiseta Norris 1997 (Should be verified, 

single source on Hong s' 2002 WA list)

Frullania bolanderi 4 1 1 43-624 5

Frullania californica 1 419 1

Frullania franciscana 23 1 3 2-123 11

Frullania nisquallensis 6 160 8 3 5 5 3 6 8 14 1 7 19 3 1 3 5-1012 102

Geocalyx graveolens 1 12 1 1 2 2 1 5-1150 17

Gymnocolea inflata 2 1 10-167 4

Gymnomitrion concinnatum 4 1 1 Schofield 1967 1348-1627 4

Gymnomitrion obtusum 1 8 3 2 1061-1509 7

Gyrothyra underwoodiana 22 2 4 3 1 2 2 8-1096 24

Harpanthus flotovianus 1 1 1 3 1 3 1093-1740 6

Herbertus aduncus 1 7 3 3 verif. J. Harpel 5-176 12

Hygrobiella laxifolia 

Jamesoniella autumnalis 2 23 2 6 1 1 OLYM coll. Norris 5-1079 6

Jungermannia atrovirens 5 4 3 5-1048 11

Jungermannia confertissima 1 1 1 needs work, NEW to WA 1147-1747 2

Jungermannia exsertifolia subsp. cordifolia 14 2 571-1747 11

Jungermannia gracillima 1 5 1

Jungermannia hyalina 1 3 219-1685 3

Jungermannia leiantha 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 5-1461 11

Jungermannia pumila 1 1

Jungermannia rubra 24 2 2 1 5-702 16

Jungermannia sphaerocarpa 1 1391 1

Kurzia pauciflora 1 2 det. Schofield and Harpel. NOT on Hong 2002 list with hepatics. 8-134 3

Kurzia sylvatica 

Lepidozia filamentosa Suspect verify!

Lepidozia reptans 8 60 2 6 4 1 2 2 6 7 3 6 8 2 5 5-1307 58

Lophocolea bidentata 1 1 1 2 1 5-618 7

Lophocolea heterophylla 3 11 13 22 7 8 4 6 10 13 2 1 4 5 5-1620 27

Lophozia ascendens 1 1 1620 1

39 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 35
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Lophozia collaris 1 1 1391-1590 2

Lophozia excisa 1 2032 1

Lophozia gillmanii 211-1391 2

Lophozia heterocolpos 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 28-1271 6

Lophozia incisa 2 3 61 5 6 7 6 6 3 1 3 4 3 6 8 5-1740 68

Lophozia longidens 3 1 1 1 778-1627 4

Lophozia longiflora 1 1 3 64 4 8 8 3 18 1 2 6 14 Norris 1997 as L. guttulata 5-1678 39

Lophozia obtusa 1 1271 1

Lophozia opacifolia 5 5 702-1590 14

Lophozia sudetica 3 2 1 6 1 6 3 1096-1930 14

Lophozia ventricosa 4 7 8 5 3 1 8 1 1 5 778-1740 20

Lophozia wenzelii 5 4 1 18 10 845-1747 14

Mannia sibirica Norris 1997 Should be verified as 

this would be new to WA (not on

Marchantia polymorpha 1 2 1 1 2 47-1747 9

Marsupella brevissima 1 3 1 3 1 1261-1509 4

Marsupella commutata 

Marsupella condensata 2 1348-1627 2

Marsupella emarginata 4 21 1 3 2 3 76-1348 20

Marsupella emarginata var. aquatica 1 cf. only fragments, revisit! 1348-1685 2

Marsupella sparsifolia Hong et al. 1989

Marsupella sphacelata 3 5 1 2 172-1403 8

Marsupella sprucei pers. com. Norris 2004

Metzgeria conjugata 3 8 32 3 10 5 5-800 28

Metzgeria temperata 16 7 1 8-305 15

Moerckia blyttii 1 3 3 5-1478 6

Moerckia hibernica 2 1 1 153-1747 5

Mylia anomala 1 8-172 4

Mylia taylorii 1 2 9 2 6 5-1093 12

Nardia breidleri 1 1 should be checked again, very few 

records in 

WA

1096 1

Nardia geoscyphus 2 1 2 1348-1539 5

Nardia japonica 3 2 3 1093-1740 7

40 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

36 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Nardia scalaris 11 9 1 1 1 1 10-1539 25

Odontoschisma denudatum 1 2 8 1 6 5-176 9

Pellia endiviifolia 1 1 822-1525 4

Pellia epiphylla 

Pellia neesiana 23 3 4 16 4 1 1 6 4 2 5-1747 47

Plagiochila asplenioides 4 5 1 12 13 1 1 5-1271 13

Plagiochila porelloides 4 19 8 4 8 1 3 3 2 1 7 3 5-1403 45

Pleuroclada albescens var. albescens verified 2005 1

Porella cordaeana 2 15 15 1 3 2 4 1 13 2 5-1807 25

Porella navicularis 3 53 4 1 2 12 4 13 1 3 4 3 1 1 5-1807 48

Porella roellii 5 15 1 1 1 1 4 1 9 3-707 20

Porella roellii fo. crispata

Preissia quadrata 2 703 1

Ptilidium californicum 8 69 47 4 9 8 9 13 1 1 5 4 3 3 8 2 18 5-1950 103

Ptilidium ciliare Specimen needs to be tracked down, 

probab yl P. pulcherrimum

Ptilidium pulcherrimum 1 2 1 Hong et al. 1989 8-1271 4

Radula bolanderi 1 72 2 7 6 1 4 2 8 14 3 1 5-1093 53

Radula complanata 9 39 2 2 7 6 2 3 9 4 2-1292 35

Radula obtusiloba subsp. polyclada 1 Schofield 1967, OP specimen at UBC 877 1

Reboulia hemisphaerica 

Riccardia chamedryfolia 1 4 5 1 2 1 1 5-1163 11

Riccardia latifrons 1 1 31 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 5-1307 26

Riccardia multifida 13 3 11 3 2 4 1 2 1 2 5-861 29

Riccardia palmata 41 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 5 2 5 5-1307 42

Riccia beyrichiana Suspected from specimen & photo, 

needs verification

Riccia glauca 2 728-1563 2

Ricciocarpos natans 1 79 1

Scapania americana 5 36 3 5 1 2 1 2 2 1 5 5 1 5-1746 44

Scapania bolanderi 2 6 38 98 9 15 1 6 4 5 7 11 14 3 7 12 3 1 6 5-1511 91

Scapania curta 1 1 254-1238 2

Scapania irrigua 1 1 1 1261-1299 2

41 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 37
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Scapania mucronata 1 2 1 1 2 24-1325 7

Scapania obscura 1 2 1 needs verification 1401-1740 4

Scapania paludosa 2 4 4 845-1747 6

Scapania subalpina 2 2 1 5 2 1147-1747 7

Scapania uliginosa 1 2 1348-1348 2

Scapania umbrosa 2 3 5 22 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 5 5-1261 31

Scapania undulata 3 17 5 3 1 4 5-1623 28

Scapania undulata var. oakesii 1 1 289-893 2

Schofieldia monticola 4 2 1 Norris 1997 1159-1478 7

Tritomaria exsectiformis 2 verif. R. Dewey 778 1

Tritomaria quinquedentata 4 2 1 2 1 verif. R. Dewey 822-1746 6

118 LIVERWORT species on Rhoades list (1997)151 LIVERWORT species found on OP (2004)

19 58 32 16 43 29 20 29 20 16 44 9 30 15 28 79 80 47 75 88

84 LIVERWORTS in ONP Herbarium (OLYM) (1997) Number of LIVERWORT species found in each major vegetation type Number of LIVERWORT species 

found per substrate 

category

MOSSESAlsia californica 6 locality threatened 43 1

Amblystegium serpens 1 1 134-265 2

Amphidium californicum 2 1 47-1048 6

Amphidium lapponicum 4 179-1685 6

Amphidium mougeotii 4 1 1 5-1261 4

Anacolia menziesii 6 1 47-1150 10

Andreaea alpestris 1 1 1163 1

Andreaea blyttii Schofield 1967

Andreaea heinemannii OLYM coll Norris (verify!)

Andreaea nivalis 1 9 1 1061-1620 7

Andreaea rupestris 1 21 2 1 2 7 581-1807 19

Anoectangium aestivum Schofield 1967

Antitrichia californica 2 8 1 3 1 1 2 43-861 12

Antitrichia curtipendula 42 8 2 2 3 3 4 6 1 2 7 1 1 3 8-1299 57

42 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

38 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Arctoa fulvella 1 1627 1

Atrichum selwynii 19 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 1 2 5-1461 33

Atrichum undulatum 2 1 10-758 4

Aulacomnium androgynum 3 2 2 11 17 1 1 3 1 5 4 4 4 0-1629 36

Aulacomnium palustre 1 1 1 6 2 5-1747 21

Barbula convoluta 1 1 1 1678-1930 2

Barbula unguiculata Schofield 1967

Bartramia ithyphylla 2 4 1 1 4 1 948-1930 8

Bartramia pomiformis 5 14 1 1 1 2 1 1 47-1167 26

Blindia acuta 1 12 1 2 1 1 452-1678 11

Brachydontium olympicum Norris 1997, WNHP Clallam

Brachythecium albicans 8 8 3 1 13 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 6-1978 33

Brachythecium asperrimum 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 5-1525 9

Brachythecium bolanderi OLYM verify (Harthill)

Brachythecium collinum 5 2 4 3 1325-1950 9

Brachythecium erythrorrhizon 1 1 2 1 1 1 1147-1950 4

Brachythecium frigidum 5 9 4 4 13 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 5-1746 42

Brachythecium holzingeri 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 825-1620 7

Brachythecium hylotapetum 1 8 2 1 3 3 634-1620 8

Brachythecium leibergii 5 4 2 1 6 2 1 9 2 1 1044-1886 13

Brachythecium oedipodium 1 1 1 single specimen 1511 1

Brachythecium plumosum 

Brachythecium reflexum var. pacificum 2 1325 1

Brachythecium rivulare 3 1 6-897 6

Brachythecium salebrosum 

Brachythecium starkei 1 1 165-1325 2

Brachythecium starkei var. explanatum 1 861 1

Brachythecium velutinum 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 varieties not entered 130-1950 9

Brachythecium velutinum var. velutinum

Brachythecium velutinum var. venustum 2 1 4 3 1 1 Norris 1997 179-1807 7

Brotherella roellii USFS, extinct? Pers. com. J. Harpel 

2004, WNHP Clall., Jeff 43 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 39
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre 

Bryum amblyodon 

Bryum argenteum 1 2 1 1 0-1978 3

Bryum caespiticium 1 5 1

Bryum calobryoides Spence 1983, WNHP Jefferson

Bryum canariense Norris 1997

Bryum capillare 8 6 1 4 6 1 4 2 1 3 1 5-1167 23

Bryum cyclophyllum 1 1348 1

Bryum dichotomum 

Bryum flaccidum Spence 1983

Bryum gemmiparum 1 1 1 151-1511 2

Bryum lisae 4 2 1325-1950 5

Bryum lisae var. cuspidatum

Bryum miniatum 5 47-1740 6

Bryum muehlenbeckii 1 1 5-1093 3

Bryum pallens 1 1348 1

Bryum pallescens 3 1 1 1 707-1629 5

Bryum pseudotriquetrum 3 2 1 2 1 5-1745 13

Bryum turbinatum J. Harpel in Rhoades 1997

Bryum weigelii 7 2 1 12 1 3 1 1 1 2 76-1747 26

Buxbaumia aphylla D. Vitt 1977 data, in Rhoades 1997, WNHP Clallam

Buxbaumia piperi 12 1 2 1 1 1 1 140-1307 10

Buxbaumia viridis Schofield 1967

Calliergon cordifolium 5 1

Calliergon giganteum 778 1

Calliergon stramineum 2 778-1348 5

Calliergonella cuspidata 2 93 1

Calliergonella lindbergii Norris 1997

Campylium polygamum 

Campylium stellatum 1 Schofield 1967 1348 1

Campylopus introflexus 1 M. Hutten, verif. J. Harpel 1

44 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

40 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Ceratodon purpureus 12 4 2 2 2 4 0-1978 19

Cirriphyllum cirrosum 

Claopodium bolanderi 5 60 9 3 9 8 1 5 1 1 11 12 15 123-1627 52

Claopodium crispifolium 4 13 21 5 3 4 8 4 7 1 5-1150 40

Claopodium whippleanum 1 6 1 2 1 1 3 Schofield 1967 707-1648 10

Climacium dendroides 1 1 1 5-778 3

Conostomum tetragonum Norris 1997

Coscinodon calyptratus Spence 1983

Cratoneuron filicinum 3 4 1 3 1 1 3 47-1623 14

Crumia latifolia 4 pers. com. J. Harpel 2002, WNHP 

Clallam

0-47 2

Cynodontium jenneri 1 Schofield 1967 977-1134 2

Cynodontium strumulosum Norris 1997 syn C. strumiferum?

Dendroalsia abietina 3 3 130-459 4

Desmatodon latifolius 6 2 4 1 7 1325-1978 9

Dichelyma falcatum pers. com. J. Harpel 2004

Dichelyma uncinatum 

Dichodontium olympicum 2 4 2 1 4 2 1292-1678 7

Dichodontium pellucidum 4 25 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 5-1648 33

Dicranella crispa 1 2-289 3

Dicranella grevilleana 

Dicranella heteromalla 20 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 5-1437 23

Dicranella howei Norris 1997

Dicranella pacifica Schofield 1967 211 1

Dicranella palustris Schofield 1967 1227-1539 2

Dicranella rufescens 1 289-728 2

Dicranella schreberiana 1 1 Hermann 1969 190 1

Dicranella varia 1 1 Schofield 1967 211-335 2

Dicranoweisia cirrata 1 3 2 2 5 93-1292 5

Dicranoweisia crispula var. contermina Norris 1997 (we did not record var.)

Dicranoweisia crispula var. crispula 1 22 2 2 1 9 6 6 1044-1950 20

Dicranum fuscescens 8 2 32 33 20 7 5 5 6 2 3 7 7 3 3 7 3 1 4 5-2032 80

45 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 41
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Dicranum howellii 5 12 13 20 23 1 1 2 3 5 9 6 4 2 5 2 2 0-2032 60

Dicranum majus 134-167 3

Dicranum pallidisetum 5 8 4 13 3 4 3 2 13 822-1746 24

Dicranum polysetum OLYM (Harthill) det. K. Hutten

Dicranum rhabdocarpum 

Dicranum scoparium 1 1 1 8 3 2 1 441-1265 8

Dicranum tauricum 3 9 15 3 3 1 2 7 3 7 2 2 1 1 1 0-1511 37

Dicranum undulatum 157 1

Didymodon rigidulus var. gracilis

Didymodon tophaceus 

Didymodon vinealis 2 1 1 1 5-817 8

Didymodon vinealis var. brachyphyllus 1 Schofield 1967 6 1

Didymodon vinealis var. flaccidus 1 1 verif. D. Norris 1997 as D. insularis 389 1

Didymodon vinealis var. vinealis 12 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5-1160 18

Discelium nudum 2 verif. Schofield, WNHP Jefferson 289 1

Distichium capillaceum 3 1 689-1958 7

Ditrichum ambiguum 3 1 1 211-810 6

Ditrichum flexicaule 

Ditrichum heteromallum 3 1 8-1292 2

Ditrichum montanum 8 3 4 1 Schofield 1967 822-1461 5

Ditrichum pusillum specimen in ONP Herbarium, not 

verified

Ditrichum schimperi 1 1 OLYM Norris WNHP Clallam, Grays 

Harbor

210 1

Ditrichum zonatum var. scabrifolium 1 needs verification 1629 1

Drepanocladus aduncus var. aduncus 1 1 8-1747 3

Drepanocladus aduncus var. kneiffii

Drepanocladus sendtneri 1 Norris 1997 1271 1

Dryptodon patens 1 23 1 1 2 6 1 2 452-1746 23

Encalypta affinis Schofield 1967

Encalypta ciliata 2 211-1150 4

Encalypta procera 1 1630 1

Encalypta rhaptocarpa 1 1807 1

46 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

42 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Encalypta vulgaris 

Epipterygium tozeri 24 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 4 Norris 1997 2-1292 29

Eucladium verticillatum 2 47 1

Eurhynchium oreganum 12 8 14 17 27 2 1 2 1 6 9 2 3 8 3 1 2 0-1629 72

Eurhynchium praelongum 11 3 5 4 17 1 1 2 6 3 1 5 1 0-1160 33

Eurhynchium pulchellum var. pulchellum 11 12 1 16 1 1 2 3 1 140-1958 23

Eurhynchium serrulatum 1 verification needed 767 1

Fissidens adianthoides 2 571 1

Fissidens bryoides 3 1 1 1 37-728 5

Fissidens crispus 10 1 1 5 1 1 5-728 14

Fissidens fontanus WNHP Grays Harbor

Fissidens grandifrons 6 2 Norris 1997, WNHP Mason 104-822 8

Fissidens pauperculus WNHP Clallam

Fissidens ventricosus 1 WNHP Clallam, Schofield 1967. 

Several records by Winter et al. 2000

149 1

Fontinalis antipyretica var. antipyretica

Fontinalis antipyretica var. oregonensis 5-1275 5

Fontinalis neomexicana 1 1 3 1 1 1 5-1093 14

Fontinalis patula Wallace 1976 (suspect?)

Funaria hygrometrica 2 1 1 2-259 4

Grimmia affinis Norris 1997

Grimmia anodon Spence 1983

Grimmia anomala 1 Norris 1997 825 1

Grimmia donniana Norris 1997

Grimmia holzingeri Hermann 1969

Grimmia montana 1 7 1 9 Norris 1997 1316-1958 9

Grimmia ovalis 1 1807 1

Grimmia pulvinata 

Grimmia tenerrima 2 12 2 6 1227-1950 9

Grimmia torquata 6 266-1150 9

Grimmia trichophylla 1 1 Schofield 1967 5-775 3

Gymnostomum recurvirostre 2 1

47 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 43
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Hamatocaulis vernicosus 

Hedwigia stellata Schofied 1967as H. ciliata

Herzogiella seligeri 1 1 1 1 Schofield 1967, WNHP Clallam 634-634 2

Heterocladium dimorphum 2 5 1 140-1930 6

Heterocladium macounii 3 40 4 1 5 2 1 3 1 5 3 5-1307 33

Heterocladium procurrens 5 39 6 3 11 6 1 2 2 1 20 8 7 134-1627 36

Homalia trichomanoides pers. com. J. Harpel 2004

Homalothecium aeneum 4 1 265-1082 4

Homalothecium arenarium 2 0-47 4

Homalothecium fulgescens 7 9 3 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 5-1082 27

Homalothecium nevadense 5 1 2 707-1630 6

Homalothecium nuttallii 1 21 3 4 3 8 1 1 1 5-707 20

Homalothecium pinnatifidum 

Hookeria lucens 2 4 6 1 5-822 17

Hygrohypnum bestii 1 1 1 123-1698 5

Hygrohypnum duriusculum Schofield 1967

Hygrohypnum luridum 3 WNHP Clallam, Jefferson 177-1348 3

Hygrohypnum molle 1 452-1093 2

Hygrohypnum ochraceum 5 5 2 2 3 1 1 1 5-1747 18

Hylocomium splendens 1 2 5 9 30 2 3 1 2 1 5 4 2 4 7 3 1 5-1347 62

Hypnum callichroum Schofield 1967

Hypnum circinale 4 88 38 3 7 4 7 9 3 2 8 13 2 5 11 5 1 17 5-1629 103

Hypnum cupressiforme 

Hypnum dieckii 5 23 2 9 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 5-1648 43

Hypnum lindbergii 2 179-1623 4

Hypnum revolutum 1 Schofield 1967, OP specimen at UBC 1807 1

Hypnum subimponens 2 3 19 5 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 8 1 2 99-1048 25

Hypnum vaucheri 

Isopterygiopsis pulchella 2 1 1 1 Schofield 1967 109-1630 5

Isothecium cardotii 11 2 2 3 1 1 1 Norris 1997. This species is not 

accepted by ITIS, nor on the BC list.

130-1292 17

Isothecium cristatum Schofield 1967

48Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

44 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Isothecium myosuroides 3 21 98 23 7 7 5 6 1 15 16 7 2 13 2 2 3 5-1624 95

Iwatsukiella leucotricha 40 verif. J. Harpel 600-907 18

Kiaeria blyttii 1 1 Spence 1983 1437 1

Kiaeria falcata 1 Schofield 1967 1509 1

Kiaeria starkei 1 16 3 1 3 8 Hermann 1969 822-1886 15

Leptobryum pyriforme 1 1 93 1

Leptodictyum riparium 1 Schofield 1967 5-424 5

Leskea polycarpa 2 1 2 1 707-1620 2

Leskeella nervosa Schofield 1967

Leucolepis acanthoneuron 5 2 8 6 11 2 1 3 6 5 1 2 3 1 1 5-987 43

Meesia uliginosa WNHP Clallam, Jefferson

Metaneckera menziesii 3 26 1 1 4 6 1 1 4 4 93-948 25

Mnium ambiguum 1 1 897-1807 2

Mnium blyttii 1 1 1 Schofield 1967 1271-1630 2

Mnium lycopodioides 3 1 2 1 2 Schofield 1967 103-1150 5

Mnium marginatum 1 1 179-689 3

Mnium spinulosum 5 5 2 7 21 4 1 5 1 1 1 2 5 389-1629 30

Mnium thomsonii 1 1 1 Schofield 1967 as M. orthorrhynchum 1048-1807 3

Myurella julacea Schofield 1967, WNHP Jefferson, Mason

Neckera douglasii 38 11 2 5 7 15 2 5 9 3 1 5-845 37

Oligotrichum aligerum 21 1 1 2 5-1391 15

Oligotrichum hercynicum 1 1 1 685-822 2

Oligotrichum parallelum 4 1 4 1 2 1 289-1551 13

Oncophorus virens Schofield 1967

Oncophorus wahlenbergii Norris 1997

Orthothecium chryseum WNHP Clallam

Orthotrichum affine 3 1 2 unverif. OLYM Brown, Harthill 758-1233 3

Orthotrichum alpestre 4 153-1958 4

Orthotrichum anomalum 1 1958 1

Orthotrichum consimile 22 3 1 7 5 3 1 2 2-1044 23

Orthotrichum laevigatum 3 1630-1807 2

49 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 45
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Orthotrichum lyellii 1 35 1 7 3 1 3 4 1 2 2-1271 31

Orthotrichum obtusifolium 1 43-778 4

Orthotrichum pellucidum 3 1 778-1807 3

Orthotrichum pulchellum 1 15 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 5-1271 16

Orthotrichum pylaisii WNHP Clallam

Orthotrichum rivulare 2 Norris 1997 26-897 4

Orthotrichum rupestre 1 265-1150 2

Orthotrichum speciosum 1 1 130 1

Orthotrichum striatum 1 218 1

Palustriella commutata 1 1 1 Schofield 1967, Norris 1997 as 

Cratoneuron commutatum var.

211-1623 5

Palustriella falcata Norris 1997 as Cratoneuron 

commutatum var. falcatum

Paraleucobryum enerve 

Philonotis capillaris 728 1

Philonotis fontana var. americana 1 4 2 1 Norris 1997 265-1698 10

Philonotis fontana var. caespitosa 3 1 2 1 1 822-1747 8

Philonotis fontana var. fontana 8 4 1 4 1 1 123-1747 18

Philonotis fontana var. pumila 1 1 Norris 1997 1164-1685 4

Philonotis muehlenbergii 1 1886 1

Philonotis yezoana Norris 1997 822-822 2

Physcomitrium pyriforme Rhoades 1994

Plagiobryum zierii Schofield 1967

Plagiomnium ciliare 1 1 1 Norris 1997 134-165 2

Plagiomnium ellipticum 1 897 1

Plagiomnium insigne 9 5 1 2 21 3 1 2 4 3 5 5 2 5 1 5-1271 44

Plagiomnium medium 1 4 1 1 Schofield 1967 5-1299 6

Plagiomnium rostratum 2 5 1 2 2 1 1 2 159-1164 17

Plagiomnium venustum 2 1 16 2 1 4 5 1 2 2 3 26-822 24

Plagiopus oederiana Schofield 1967 1

Plagiothecium cavifolium 3 1 5 1 3 1 Norris 1997 5-1627 10

Plagiothecium denticulatum 2 3 3 6 3 2 3 2 5-1620 14

Plagiothecium laetum 7 6 22 26 20 5 4 5 9 2 4 9 1 6 1 2 8 5-1678 54

50 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

46 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Plagiothecium piliferum 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 99-1561 17

Plagiothecium undulatum 4 18 27 13 3 4 1 1 5 6 5 1 1 7 2 1 3 5-1271 59

Platydictya jungermannioides 1 3 1 1 47-1630 9

Platyhypnidium riparioides 2 WNHP Grays Harbor 1

Pleuridium subulatum Norris 1997

Pleurozium schreberi 3 2 1 1 6 1 8-1238 17

Pogonatum contortum 17 1 2 1 6 2 2 1 2 2 1 5-822 27

Pogonatum urnigerum 6 4 1 2 1 1 5-1740 17

Pohlia annotina 3 1 1 179-1511 4

Pohlia atropurpurea 4 1 OLYM coll. Harthill 5-1476 3

Pohlia bolanderi 13 4 1 2 2 4 4 1 289-1978 17

Pohlia bolanderi var. seriata 1 1 1511-1958 2

Pohlia camptotrachela 1 1 needs verif. 1511 1

Pohlia columbica 1 needs verif. 103 1

Pohlia cruda 14 10 3 4 1 3 3 4 8-1807 26

Pohlia drummondii 

Pohlia elongata OLYM coll. (Harthill)

Pohlia erecta 1 1 Norris 1997 1698-1746 2

Pohlia filum 1 6-1348 2

Pohlia lescuriana OLYM coll. Harthill

Pohlia longibracteata 10 1 8-512 7

Pohlia ludwigii 1 1 Norris 1997 1476 1

Pohlia nutans 10 1 2 5 9 2 4 8 2 1 1 1 2 5-1678 20

Pohlia obtusifolia 1 1 1163 1

Pohlia pacifica 5 1 8-512 4

Pohlia proligera 1 1 1147 1

Pohlia vexans Schofield 1967

Pohlia wahlenbergii 27 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5-1678 23

Polytrichastrum alpinum var. alpinum 13 10 1 3 9 2 2 6 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 2 5-1629 39

Polytrichum commune 2 1 1 8 1 5-1348 14

Polytrichum formosum 134-182 3

51 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 47
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Polytrichum juniperinum 12 2 1 3 6 1 1 3 2 1 2 0-1740 26

Polytrichum longisetum 3 6 2 1 1 1 1 verify specimens 5-1698 9

Polytrichum lyallii 4 3 4 8 1 825-1950 8

Polytrichum piliferum 20 7 1 12 8 10 1 214-2032 29

Polytrichum sexangulare Schofield 1967

Polytrichum strictum Norris 1997, WNHP Clallam 99-157 2

Porotrichum bigelovii 17 3 2 1 4 3 4 5-1048 17

Porotrichum vancouveriense 2 1 134-165 2

Pseudobraunia californica Schofield 1967

Pseudoleskea atricha 5 1 1 1 1 799-1509 6

Pseudoleskea baileyi 1 3 1 4 845-1238 3

Pseudoleskea incurvata 1 2 1 1 1 1 1261-1627 4

Pseudoleskea incurvata (intermediate form) 8 1 1 7 799-1678 8

Pseudoleskea incurvata var. gigantea 4 1 1 1082-1620 4

Pseudoleskea incurvata var. incurvata 1 6 1 1 1 3 1 1002-1958 8

Pseudoleskea patens 2 14 2 1 3 1 9 3 1 165-1747 15

Pseudoleskea radicosa 1 1 1 1 1147-1437 2

Pseudoleskea radicosa var. radicosa 1 5 1 1 1 3 1 1044-1950 7

Pseudoleskea saviana 1 1509 1

Pseudoleskea stenophylla 3 17 1 1 4 5 4 558-1886 20

Pseudoscleropodium purum M. Hutten data

Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans 26 23 8 24 10 11 1 5 2 1 3 5 2 2 5 5 2 7 5-1745 67

Pterigynandrum filiforme 1 6 5 1 1 822-1950 9

Pterogonium gracile 

Racomitrium aciculare 18 1 1 1 10-1391 18

Racomitrium affine 5 1 1 948-1233 5

Racomitrium aquaticum 20 1 verif. J. Harpel, WNHP Clallam 212-966 17

Racomitrium brevipes 1 24 4 3 3 5 1 2 1 2 574-1886 25

Racomitrium canescens var. canescens

Racomitrium elongatum 11 13 1 13 1 1 4 4 1 3 0-1629 33

Racomitrium ericoides 3 2 1 1 4 176-1539 7

52Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

48 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Racomitrium fasciculare 

Racomitrium heterostichum 1 24 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 151-1624 28

Racomitrium lanuginosum 6 539-1347 4

Racomitrium macounii 11 1 2 1 1 1 419-1745 15

Racomitrium microcarpon 2 10 1 2 1 3 1 needs verification 767-1886 11

Racomitrium obesum 2 1 1 Norris 1997 1325-1627 4

Racomitrium occidentale 19 4 2 12 822-1678 13

Racomitrium pacificum 1 needs verification 1093 1

Racomitrium pygmaeum Norris 1997

Racomitrium sudeticum 2 1 2 1163-1678 5

Racomitrium varium 3 14 1 3 2 1 2 37-1978 23

Rhabdoweisia crispata OLYM coll. Harthill (missing?) unlikely acc Schofield 2004

Rhizomnium glabrescens 5 4 16 52 4 5 5 2 2 3 13 7 1 2 8 1 2 1 5-1271 69

Rhizomnium magnifolium 5 1 1 8 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 5-1698 33

Rhizomnium nudum 4 1 1 1 15 5 1 3 1 1 3 verif. J. Harpel 202-1698 26

Rhizomnium pseudopunctatum 1 1 8-1623 2

Rhizomnium punctatum Norris 1997

Rhytidiadelphus loreus 4 4 15 16 23 5 7 3 2 3 5 4 2 2 6 1 8 5-1476 67

Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus 3 1 3 10 3 1 2 3 2 1 4 93-1233 21

Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus 2 1 1 1 5-1147 5

Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus 4 2 7 5 19 2 3 4 3 2 2 6 1 2 0-1167 43

Rhytidiopsis robusta 2 8 1 7 27 7 4 4 13 2 1 1 9 441-1678 52

Rhytidium rugosum 1 Spence 1986 (nearly extinct?), WNHP Clallam 1807 1

Roellia roellii 6 3 1 1 20 4 4 1 11 1 1 7 758-1950 35

Sanionia uncinata 3 3 1 3 1 3 897-1698 9

Sarmenthypnum sarmentosum 

Schistidium agassizii 1 Norris 1997 151 1

Schistidium apocarpum 1 15 1 3 1 180-1950 17

Schistidium maritimum 1 5 0-26 4

Schistidium rivulare var. latifolium

Schistidium rivulare var. rivulare 1 7 1 26-1299 9

53 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 49
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Schistidium tenerum 

Schistostega pennata 10 1 verif. J. Harpel, WNHP Grays Harbor, Jefferson 176-255 7

Scleropodium cespitans var. cespitans 1 1 2-153 3

Scleropodium cespitans var. sublaeve

Scleropodium obtusifolium 2 15 1 1 1 2 5-1747 19

Scleropodium touretii var. colpophyllum Norris 1997

Scleropodium touretii var. touretii 2 Schofield 1967 26-1167 5

Scouleria aquatica 1 11 2 47-1563 16

Sphagnum alaskense Andrus & Janssens 2003, OP 

specimen at UBC

Sphagnum angustifolium (syn. S. recurvum Crum 1984)

Sphagnum austinii WNHP Clallam, OP specimen at UBC

Sphagnum capillifolium 1 Norris 1997 8-134 3

Sphagnum capillifolium var. tenellum 1 8-172 4

Sphagnum fallax Norris 1997

Sphagnum fimbriatum 153 1

Sphagnum fuscum OP specimen at UBC 153-157 2

Sphagnum girgensohnii 2 8 1 1 5-1079 13

Sphagnum henryense 

Sphagnum magellanicum 8-16 2

Sphagnum mendocinum OP specimen at UBC 8-778 3

Sphagnum pacificum Flatberg 1989 OP specimen at UBC 

(incl. Schofield 1967 record of S.

Sphagnum palustre 1 3 3 5-424 8

Sphagnum papillosum 1 1 8-172 5

Sphagnum quinquefarium 1 unverif. spec. OLYM Harthill 172 1

Sphagnum russowii 153 1

Sphagnum squarrosum 1 1 5 1 1 5-1561 17

Sphagnum subsecundum Norris 1997 778 1

Sphagnum subsecundum var. rufescens 1 2 5-778 6

Sphagnum teres 2 1227-1227 2

Sphagnum warnstorfii 

Splachnum ampullaceum Norris 1997 157-176 2

54 Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

50 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

12

5

3

4

6 7

Splachnum sphaericum 157-289 3

Splachnum vasculosum Tayloria serrata 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Norris 1997, WNHP Clallam 5-1620 7

Tetraphis geniculata 14 1 3 verif. J. Harpel, WNHP Grays Harbor, Jefferson 85-565 15

Tetraphis pellucida 43 2 1 5 12 4 6 1 5-1164 36

Tetraplodon angustatus needs verification 157 1

Tetraplodon mnioides 1 1 2 Norris 1997, WNHP Clallam 5-167 6

Thamnobryum neckeroides 3 2 1 Norris 1997 179-822 3

Timmia austriaca 4 3 1 1 2 1 3 101-1620 18

Timmia megapolitana Norris 1997

Timmiella crassinervis 47-728 2

Tortella fragilis 

Tortella tortuosa 6 1 822-1958 6

Tortula amplexa Norris 1997 (as S.amplexa)

Tortula bolanderi 1 5 1

Tortula muralis 5 1 1 0-1978 4

Tortula norvegica 2 1 1 3 1 1233-1886 5

Tortula papillosissima 2 1 2 2 1 1082-1958 5

Tortula princeps 1 1 Schofield 1967 2-265 4

Tortula ruralis 4 7 4 1 3 3 2 0-1978 20

Tortula subulata Norris 1997

Trachybryum megaptilum 2 1 4 1 2 2 2 6-1167 16

Trichodon cylindricus 4 1 1 1 1 93-1271 4

Tripterocladium leucocladulum Norris 1997

Ulota megalospora 106 3 7 2 5 3 4 2 1 1 3 6 3 123-1461 72

Ulota obtusiuscula 43 2 7 5 2 1 1 6 1 2-931 40

Ulota phyllantha 2 15 4-26 8

Warnstorfia exannulata 1 3 Schofield 1967 5-1539 9

Warnstorfia fluitans 2 1 5-1275 8

Weissia controversa 1 265-1159 3

Zygodon viridissimus

55 Table 1.—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

Results 51
Scientific name

Bare Soil

Rock

Epiphyte 

Wood Debris 

Fine Organic

ABAM

ABAM dry

ABAM wet

ABLA

ALRU

BOG

Parkland

PISI

PSME

PSME dry

PSME wet

TSHE

TSHE dry

TSHE wet

TSME

Major vegetation type Substrate category

OP localities

OP

elevation 

range 

(meters)

Source/comment

Rhoades 

OLYM

(FHM- style sampling protocol) 

1

2

5

3

4

6 7

Zygodon viridissimus var. rupestris 3 179-179 3

Zygodon viridissimus var. viridissimus

322 MOSS species on Rhoades list (1997)419 MOSS species found on OP (2004)

59 83 103 33 88 50 50 63 40 31 89 33 44 49 29 171 195 88 99 135

262 MOSSES in ONP Herbarium (OLYM) (1997) Number of MOSS species found in each major vegetation 

type

Number of MOSS species found per substrate category

146 220 212 86 206 135 143 156 119 96 217 82 117 121 89 320 449 352 292 338

Total number of lichen and bryophyte species found in each 

major vegetation type

Total number of 

lichens and bryophytes 

found per substrate 

category

905 Lichen and Bryophyte Species on Rhoades OP list (1997)498 Lichen and Bryophyte Species in ONP Herbarium (OLYM)(1997)1283 Total # species documented from the Olympic Peninsula (2004)

56

Table 1.

—continued (Footnotes on page 52.)

1Checkmark indicates species reported by Rhoades (written comm., 1997)2Species without data in other columns but with a checkmark under OLYM 

are in the ONP collection, pre-dating this project. Species with data in other columns are part of this project.

3Species also collected by others are cited; lichens with “OP specimen 

deposited in herbarium BG” were collected by T. Tønsberg and are in the University of Bergen’s collection.

4Elevation range data are based on records generated during this project. 

Elevation records in the NPS curatorial database were excluded because of inadequacies in the spatial data.

5The number of collection localities indicates unique sites, although unique 

sites may be close together.

6Tallies are based on FHM-style sampling protocol; vegetation types are 

bog (BOG), red alder (ALRU), Sitka spruce (PISI), western hemlock (TSHE), Douglas-fir (PSME), silver fir (ABAM), mountain hemlock (TSME), and a variety of timberline habitats ranging from scree slopes to alpine tundra (Parkland).

7Generalized substrates were provided to give an approximate idea of the 

species’ microhabitat.

52 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Other products 

Several products resulted from this project in addition 

to a significantly enhanced list and herbarium of cryptogam 

species for ONP.

• Field Guide

A field guide entitled “101 Common Mosses, Liverworts, 

and Lichens of the Olympic Peninsula” (Hutten and others, 

2001) is a pocket-sized, waterproof guide to cryptogams of the 

Olympic Peninsula, and it is also useful throughout western 

Washington. It is easy to use, with close-up color photos and 

non-technical descriptions that offer tips for identification. 

Species are grouped by substrate, and elevational range is 

indicated for each. It includes a glossary and diagrams to teach 

new terms, and differentiates 140 species. This field guide is 

for sale to the public and will also be used to train vegetationmonitoring crews in the future. 

• Illegal Commercial Moss Harvests

Images and reports describing two significant incidents 

of illegal harvest of cryptogams from the Park are available 

to ONP staff members at the park-accessible network address 

I:\all\crypto\Commercial Moss Harvest\ (restricted access). 

• Fact Sheet

A four-page fact sheet describing cryptogams, their ecological role, and their need for conservation is available from 

USGS as a PDF file at http://fresc.usgs.gov/products/fs/fs154-02.pdf, November 2005. This fact sheet is also available 

in hard copy from USGS-FRESC, 777 NW 9th St., Suite 400, 

Corvallis, OR 97330.

Images that have been provided to other agencies can 

be seen at http://www.or.blm.gov/surveyandmanage/about.

htm, temporarily unavailable November 2005 and http://www.

fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr573.pdf, November 2005. Other images 

have been requested for use in a general biology textbook, and 

50 images have been published (Hutten, 2003; http://www.

cnps.org/publications/fremontia/Fremontia_Vol31-No3.pdf, 

November 2005).

• Websites

General project information is available at http://fresc.

usgs.gov/olympic/research/indivproj.asp?OFSProj_ID=12, 

November 2005. Results from the ONP non-vascular plant 

inventory through 2001 can be found at http://ocid.nacse.

org/nbii/crypto/, November 2005. This is an online database 

searchable by watershed (to generate species lists), genus, 

species (to generate locality listings), and so forth. Several 

hundred low-resolution photographs can be viewed and downloaded from this site (higher resolution cryptogam images 

are accessible to ONP employees at the ONP network drive 

address I:\all\crypto\images, restricted access).

• GIS Layer

All records of cryptogam species and their locations are 

available as a data layer in the ONP GIS system.

• Metadata

Metadata for this project and the resulting database can 

be found at http://mercury.ornl.gov/nbii/full.jsp?index=0&reci

dx=0&pageMax=10, November 2005.

• Collaboration with Other Agencies

Data of federally listed Survey and Manage species 

found in ONP have been shared with the Northwest Forest 

Plan Interagency Bryologist and Lichen Coordinator with permission of the ONP Chief of Natural Resource Management. 

Species included in the Survey and Manage List required 

special surveys in areas on USFS and BLM land where 

ground-disturbing activities are planned. Sharing data contributed to the understanding of the habitat requirements and 

distribution of these species, which is used to refine search 

protocols. ONP data were included in species habitat models, 

which predict likely sites for rare species (R. Lesher, written 

commun., 2002). Some species (such as Leptogium brebissonii, Ptilidium californicum, and Ulota megalospora) were 

dropped from the former Survey and Manage List because 

they were either common or because habitat data showed that 

they were not exclusively associated with old-growth forests, 

a requirement for the federal listing associated with the Northwest Forest Plan. Some former Survey and Manage species 

are locally common in ONP and rare elsewhere in the PNW 

(for instance, Schistostega pennata, Tetraphis geniculata,

Diplophyllum plicatum [fig. 4], Kurzia spp., and Herbertus 

aduncus [fig. 5]). Botanists of several agencies have visited 

populations of former Survey and Manage species in ONP to 

improve their ability to locate these species elsewhere in the 

region. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 

USFS (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr573.pdf, November 

2005), and BLM (http://www.or.blm.gov/surveyandmanage/

about.htm, temporarily unavailable November 2005) have also 

used images generated during this project.

Some rare species found in ONP were new to Washington and have been proposed and subsequently added to the 

Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) list. Thus far, 

the authors have proposed the lichens Bunodophoron melanocarpum (fig. 6), Spilonema sp.1 (Goward, 1999), and Pseudocyphellaria mallota (fig. 7). Suggested for listing review 

is Bryoria tenuis, a very rare species in Washington (possibly 

new to Washington), with only one or two sites on the OP.

Proposed mosses include several species in the Splachnaceae, including Splachnum ampullaceum (fig. 8). To date, the 

WNHP list has not included liverworts, but a working list is 

currently being compiled and ONP data can be made available 

to support this effort.

ONP has made its data available to other agencies, 

but informal data requests by ONP are not always answered. 

Results 53
Figure 5. Herbertus aduncus.

Figure 6. Bundophoron melanocarpum.

Figure 7. Pseudocyphellaria mallota.

Figure 8. Splachnum ampullaceum.

Figure 4. Diplophyllum plicatum.

54 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
As a result, ONP has no information on the location of the 

following critically endangered species: Brachydontium 

olympicum (WNHP G3S1; see Appendix A for explanation 

of species status), Dermatocarpon luridum (WNHP G?S2), 

and Umbillicaria scholanderi (WNHP G1S1).

Discussion

Cryptogam Diversity of the Olympic Peninsula 

Because of its tremendous habitat complexity, pristine 

condition, and moderate maritime climate, ONP has an astonishing diversity of non-vascular plants. In the Hoh rainforest, 

a single old-growth Sitka spruce may support more than 60 

bryophyte and lichen species and a few epiphytic vascular 

plants (Hutten, unpub. data, 2001). More than 1,280 species of mosses, liverworts, hornworts, and lichens have been 

catalogued from the OP (Rhoades, 1997, supplemented with 

data from this project), and species new to the area are still 

frequently discovered. Within ONP, collections and locality 

data are available for some 900 species. The sheer biomass of 

bryophytes and lichens is as impressive as the species diversity. ONP is internationally known for the “Hall of Mosses”, 

one of few places in the world where one cannot see the forest 

for the moss carpets. 

It is not just the lush rainforests that support a high 

abundance and diversity of cryptogams. The unique biogeography of the OP includes a variety of other habitats with 

large numbers of species, including many rare and endemic 

vascular plants, relative to its geographic area (Houston and 

others, 1994; Buckingham and others, 1995). In fact, the OP 

has the greatest number of rare vascular plant taxa listed by 

WNHP as compared to any geographic area within Washington (http://www.nps.gov/olym/ea/Fmp2/fmpaf2.htm, November 

2005). The number of rare non-vascular plants is even higher 

than vascular plants, and can also be attributed to the broad 

range of habitats on the OP. Intact examples of many of these 

habitats are rare elsewhere due to human activity. 

Bryophytes and lichens have a high degree of habitat 

and substrate specificity, which also contributes to the high 

diversity and frequency of rare taxa on the OP. Though some 

species are clearly generalists, many bryophytes and lichens 

are decidedly microhabitat specific. For example, Splachnum 

ampullaceum and S. sphaericum are mosses found only on 

excrement in open and perennially moist Sphagnum-dominated coastal bogs. Both species were proposed for listing in 

WNHP, as there are few, if any, other known occurrences in 

Washington. Occurrences of Tetraplodon mniodes (G5 S1) and 

Tayloria serrata (G4? S1; fig. 9) on the OP are primarily on 

moist and exposed coyote excrement. The widespread crustose 

lichen Fellhanera bouteillei is one of the few epiphylls found 

in this area and lives on live needles of conifers in moist forests. With species occupying such small ecological niches, the 

wide variety of habitats on the OP could indeed be expected to 

harbor a multitude of cryptogams.

Rare Species on the Olympic Peninsula

Determining whether a given species is common, infrequent, or rare requires a large amount of distributional data. 

Despite having access to more than 20,000 data points for 

non-vascular plants on the OP, the data are still inadequate for 

determining the status of a flora of more than 1,250 species, 

forcing reliance on data from elsewhere in the region. The 

most relevant source is the list of endangered, threatened, and 

sensitive plants in Washington, produced by the Washington 

Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) (1997), a Washington 

State Department of Natural Resources project. Documents 

associated with the former Survey and Manage program of the 

Northwest Forest Plan provide information on species thought 

to be rare due to their association with old-growth forests. The 

authors also included the British Columbia (BC) listing of redand blue-listed mosses and lichens. The BC status data are 

particularly relevant for those species at the northern extent of 

their range in this area. 

The current list of rare species reported from the OP 

(Appendix A) includes data from this project, supplemented 

with select literature reports and personal communications 

with other lichenologists and bryologists. More than 220 bryophytes and lichens found on the ONP are listed as rare in the 

Washington and Oregon Heritage Plans (ONHIC, 2004) and 

in former Survey and Manage documents (about 18 percent of 

the OP flora). The authors expect that the total number of rare 

species will increase in the future for a number of reasons. 

1. There is currently no status information for Washington liverwort species, despite a recent catalog 

(Hong, 2002). Liverworts, therefore, have not yet 

been incorporated into the WNHP. The authors used 

data from ONHIC as an indicator of liverwort rarity 

(Appendix A), but these Oregon data cannot be used 

for Washington without caution. There are several OP 

species that do not occur in Oregon (such as Odontoschisma denudatum and Blepharastoma arachnoideum

[fig. 10]). For lack of Washington distribution data, 

such species were omitted from our list, although they 

almost certainly belong on it. 

2. Some species are so poorly known that their distributional status cannot yet be determined. Such species 

are omitted from this list of rare species (Appendix A). 

For example, Stigonema sp. 1, (Goward, 1999) probably is genuinely rare, but lichenologists have not been 

aware of this species for very long. 

3. The ONP/OP inventory is far from complete, and many 

crustose lichens and less common bryophytes and 

macro-lichen species are yet to be recorded. 

There are also species on the WNHP list that appear to 

be quite frequent on the OP (such as the lichens Ahtiana pallidula and Usnea wirthii and the liverworts Douinia ovata and 

Diplophyllum albicans). The status of these lichens may be 

Discussion 55
updated if evidence shows that they are also frequent elsewhere in Washington. Both liverworts were removed recently 

from the former Survey and Manage list. The moss Racomitium aquaticum is now considered to be the distinct species 

Racomitrium ryszardii, an endemic to the PNW found mainly 

on the western part of the OP (Bednarek-Ochyra, 2000). The 

lichen Karnefeltia californica is apparently over-reported in 

Washington because of mis-identifications; there are perhaps 

only four or five accepted locations in Washington (L. Geiser, 

written commun., 2004), hence its status should be G2S1.

Surveyor attention often focuses on species listed as rare. 

The Survey and Manage species in particular receive much 

more attention than other species and are specifically sought 

in the field. On the OP, for example, the authors have collected 

the rare lichen Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis (fig. 11) from 

more locations than the common P. anthraspis. It is therefore 

necessary to use caution in drawing conclusions from the 

collection frequency of these species on the OP, as indicated 

in Appendix A. However, a few species do appear to be more 

frequent here than elsewhere in Washington and Oregon, and 

future work may demonstrate that they are not truly rare on 

the OP (for example, Metzgeria temperata and Platismatia 

lacunosa). 

Endemic Species 

Clues from biogeography help us to understand patterns 

of endemism. Endemic species are those with narrow distributional ranges, and are considered special for being unique to a 

region. Endemism may occur when an area has been isolated 

for a significant time or serves as a refuge for relict populations of a formerly common species following widespread 

extinction. Vascular plants endemic to OP were thought to 

have been isolated by its island-like geography and its potential to have been a refuge during the last ice age (Buckingham 

and others, 1995). Whether the distribution of non-vascular 

endemic plants supports this hypothesis remains to be seen.

Among the non-vascular flora, approximately 105 moss 

species and varieties are endemic to western North America, 

representing about 18 percent of the moss flora (Lawton, 

1971; Schofield, 1985). Of these, some 20 mosses are found 

west but not east of the Cascade Range (Lawton, 1971). The 

proportion of endemic liverworts is similar, about 16 percent 

(Schofield, 1985). Nine moss and three (monotypic) liverwort genera are endemic to Pacific North America (Schofield ,1985; 2002). The proportion of the lichen flora that is 

endemic to western North America is high, but the number is 

unknown to the authors. At present, no mosses, liverworts, or 

lichens are known to be endemic exclusively to the Olympic 

Mountains. In Pacific North America, almost all endemic 

bryophytes occupy geographic areas that are larger than the 

OP, hence the Peninsula may not be sufficiently isolated to 

produce endemic bryophytes. With respect to lichen endemism on the OP, Rhoades (1997) comments that “the general 

response from lichenologists concerning endemism is that the 

Olympic Peninsula has a diverse and abundant lichen flora but 

that, with perhaps a few exceptions, the flora is no different 

from that of nearby areas.” 

Even though there is no current evidence of endemism 

in the OP non-vascular flora, it may be too early to draw a 

firm conclusion. Many of the areas suspected of having been 

glacial refugia in ONP have not been surveyed. The state of 

knowledge of cryptogam distribution is also still dynamic, as 

new species are frequently added to the non-vascular plant 

lists of the OP, Washington, and North America. Species 

altogether new to science are described frequently, particularly 

among the crustose lichens. Often, with the increased attention 

brought on by the publication of a new species description, 

the species is soon reported from other areas. For example, 

the moss Brachydontium olympicum was initially believed 

to be restricted to the Olympics when discovered by Dr. Frye 

in 1907. It was later found in Oregon, Washington, British 

Columbia, and Japan. The small fruticose lichen Spilonemella americana was recently described and placed in a new 

genus. Originally collected adjacent to the Hoh River (type 

locality), it is now also known from other areas in Pacific 

North America (Henssen and Tønsberg, 2000). The ‘arboreal 

hairball,’ another fruticose lichen species, tentatively called 

Stigonema sp. 1, was included in a species key for British 

Columbia by Goward (1999). During this project it was found 

on Sitka spruce branches from the upper canopy in the Hoh 

and Quinault rainforests, and it was also found in Oregon 

(B. McCune,written commun., 2002). During this project, two 

macro-lichens in the genus Dermatocarpon were found in 

ONP that are thought to be undescribed. One liverwort in the 

genus Scapania did not fit any key we had available. If these 

are undescribed, these species may be endemics, or they may 

be found elsewhere now that taxonomists are aware of them. 

Conservation of Cryptogams

• Regional Context for Rare Species 

Bryophytes and lichens fulfill many important roles in 

the ecosystem and are a major component of the floristic biodiversity of the Olympics. In turn, the OP is of major floristic 

importance to the region because of its large habitat diversity 

and because of the occurrence of many species that are known 

from only a few localities in the PNW (such as Vulpicida 

tilesii), the conterminous 48 States (such as Bunodophoron 

melanocarpum, fig. 6), or Washington (such as Splachnum 

sphaericum, fig. 12). The liverwort Tritomaria exsectiformis

(ONHIC list 2; SEIS J2-8a) occurs in a single site (on 

Olympic National Forest land), which represents the only 

known site in Washington and Oregon west of the Cascade 

Range for this species (J. Harpel, oral commun., 2003). The 

preservation of biological diversity is becoming increasingly 

important with the advance of anthropogenic habitat conversion. It seems inevitable that the main reservoir of diversity 

is going to be the National Park system and other unmanaged 

areas. ONP is essentially an unmanaged island in a managed 

56 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
landscape. Species associated with old-growth forests in 

Washington and Oregon, such as the mosses Schistostega 

pennata (WNHP G4 S2, fig. 13), Tetraphis geniculata 

(WNHP G5 S2, fig. 14), and Iwatsukiella leucotricha (WNHP 

G2/3 S1) were once more widespread, and generally only 

occur in the managed landscape on legacy substrates from the 

original old-growth forest. Schistostega requires large, shaded, 

upturned, soil-clad root wads. Tetraphis geniculata requires 

large, shaded wood debris in an advanced state of decay. After 

these legacies have been depleted, commercial forests are 

unlikely to provide a spatially and temporally continuous habitat for these species. Their persistence may only be guaranteed 

in large tracts of old-growth forest, where their microhabitats 

have greater temporal and spatial continuity. 

Although some species of cryptogams seem to disperse 

easily via light-weight, airborne spores, many spores are not 

robust to long distance/time travel (Tan and Pocs, 2000). Most 

species depend on vegetative propagation and slow dispersal 

through forests (Tan and Pocs, 2000). Consequently, if populations of rare species are lost, they would probably return 

slowly, if ever. Attempts to revitalize managed landscapes will 

need to restore the ecological infrastructure and the connectivity to centers of diversity that still remain on the landscape. 

The large relatively pristine ecosystems in ONP are some 

of the last few places that still harbor healthy and extensive 

populations of some of these obligate old-growth associated 

species. Because of the island-like nature of the OP, species 

cannot easily recolonize the area once extirpated. A comprehensive list of ‘special concern species’ for ONP is unavailable 

as there is insufficient information to adequately assess the frequency of many species. Nevertheless, some candidate species 

can be identified. The macro-lichen Platismatia stenophylla is 

common in Oregon and other parts of Washington, including 

the San Juan Islands, and is hence not listed on any State or 

federal list. However, this distinctive species is known from 

a few thalli on a single ridge on the northern OP, and hence 

may represent a critically endangered element of the flora. The 

southern OP is less well explored, but our limited fieldwork 

there did not yield additional records of this species. Other 

examples of species that are apparently rare on the OP, but 

may be more frequent elsewhere in Washington, are the PNW 

endemic mosses Bryolawtonia vancouveriensis and Alsia 

californica and the lichen Ramalina subleptocarpha.

• Threats

People often assume National Parks are in little need 

of active management, but human impacts are far reaching 

and will continue to increase and affect the National Parks. 

The direct threats are easiest to control and many activities 

are already regulated or prohibited in National Parks: commercial and scientific collection of bryophytes and lichens, 

construction of human infrastructure such as trails, roads 

(runoff), parking lots, and buildings. The indirect effects of 

fire suppression, air pollution, the introduction of invasive 

exotic organisms, and rapid climate change induced by global 

warming all can have major impacts on natural systems in the 

long term. 

 Wildfire and fire suppression. In the event of wildfire, Park managment may attempt to protect critical 

locations of rare organisms. Periodic fire, on the other 

hand, maintains habitat diversity and continuity at the 

landscape level. Low-intensity fires help create openforest conditions where many lichens and bryophytes 

thrive. For example, the Blue Mountain fire in ONP 

eliminated many corticolous lichens, but favored 

others, including some thriving Bryoria cf. fremontii

(fig. 15). A rare PNW endemic lichen, Sulcaria badia 

(WNHP G? S1), formerly known from a single locality 

in Washington on the Dungeness Spit, may have gone 

extinct from the OP as a result of habitat conversion 

and the effects of fire suppression (Peterson and others, 1998). Other lichens grow exclusively on charred 

wood (for instance, Hypocynemyces species), which 

is still a common sight in many areas of the ONP. 

However, a policy of fire suppression in National Parks 

may jeopardize the long-term supply of charred wood. 

 Air pollution. Air quality is generally good on the OP, 

but this may change with increasing human population. 

Pollutants from Asia are now periodically measurable in ONP (Edmonds and others, 1998), and may 

increase in the future, eventually to a level where they 

are harmful to pollution-sensitive lichens. This effect 

can be monitored in the critically endangered Usnea 

sphaecelata (WNHP Priority 1, G?S1, fig. 16). It is 

found in only a few places in Washington, and was 

recently discovered in ONP. The high fog-bound peaks 

and ridges favored by this species intercept aerosols, 

which present a serious threat to this pollution-intolerant species. Much could be learned from mapping 

the population of this rare species and seeking other 

populations on nearby ridges. If the population size is 

sufficient, pollutant concentrations in its tissue could 

be monitored periodically along with tissue from common species nearby. Although only an informal survey 

was conducted, many other rare species were found in 

the immediate vicinity, making a pollutant monitoring effort even more worthwhile. Examples include 

Alectoria nigricans (Priority 1 G4 S1), A. ochroleuca 

(Priority 1 G4 S2), Ahtiana sphaerosporella (Priority 

2, G? S?), Brodoa oroarctica (Priority 1, G2 S1), 

Bryoria nitidula (to be verified, possibly new to 

Washington), Collema undulatum var. granulosum

(Washington status unknown), Cornicularia normoerica (Priority 2, G? S2), Leptogium minutissimum

(Washington status unknown), Leptogium platynum 

(Washington status unknown), Lobaria linita (Priority 2 G? S?), Nodobryoria subdivergens (Washington 

status unknown), Umbilicaria cylindrica (Priority 2 

G3 S1), U. havaasii (Priority 2 G3 S1), U. krascheninnikovii (Priority 2 G3 S1), U. proboscidea (Priority 

Discussion 57
Figure 9. Tayloria serrata (composite photograph).

Figure 10. Blepharostoma arachnoideum.

Figure 11. Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis.

Figure 13. Schistostega pennata.

Figure 12. Splachnum sphaericum.

Figure 14. Tetraphis geniculata.

58 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
2 G4S1), and U. rigida (Priority 2 G2 S1, fig. 17). 

The liverwort Lophozia excisa (Washington status 

unknown) found at the same site is not known from 

anywhere else on the OP.

 Exotic cryptogams. The introduction of exotic species of non-vascular plants is not yet a major problem, 

though it seems inevitable that parks will see them in 

the future. Orthodontium lineare (fig. 18), a Southern Hemisphere species, was accidentally imported 

to Europe, apparently via raw log transports. It has 

proved an aggressive, invasive species and is now 

widely distributed in western Europe (Schofield, 1985; 

van Dort and others, 1998). It may have contributed 

to the decline of a related species native to England, 

now critically endangered (http://www.ukbap.org.

uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=485, access restricted, November 2005). Another moss, Campylopus introflexus (fig. 

19), has spread across western Europe and now is also 

spreading rapidly in California and Oregon (Christy 

and Wagner, 1996). In 2001, it was found on the OP 

for the first time, along the Moclips highway in Grays 

Harbor County. In 2004 it was found in ONP on Tivoli 

Island, Lake Ozette. This species grows in thick sods 

and can replace native vegetation on sandy soils (van 

Dort and others, 1998). The European species Pseudoscleropodium purum is one of at least six introduced 

mosses that are now established in British Columbia 

(http://srmapps.gov.bc.ca/apps/eswp/, November 

2005). It is common in lawns of south coastal British 

Columbia (Schofield, 1992) and Seattle. It has also 

been found on the San Juan Islands (Harpel, 1997) and 

recently in Port Angeles and Quilcene, Washington. It 

grows in forests of western Europe, but so far has not 

been detected growing in forested habitats on the OP. 

Other introduced mosses, liverworts (such as Lunularia 

cruciata) and lichens (such as Xanthoria parietina

and Phaeophyscia rubrapulchra; McCune and Geiser, 

1997, and possibly Scoliciosporum sarothamni; 

Tønsberg, 1995) have established and are spreading 

in the PNW.

 Other exotic species. Exotic species can exert a major 

influence on pristine ecosystems from another angle as 

well. White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has 

decimated white bark pine (Pinus albicaulis) in ONP 

and is also taking a toll on western white pine (P. monticola). Species associated with white bark pine also 

undergo population declines, but these may have gone 

unnoticed or undocumented. The lichen ‘whitebark 

candlewax’ (Ahtiana sphaerosporella; WNHP Priority 

2, G? S?, fig. 20) was found in the park in only two 

places, once on dead whitebark pine and once on dead 

western white pine (Pinus monticola).

 Climate change. Humans are influencing ecosystems in 

major ways. Spatial and temporal patterns of the landscape composition and process are very different than 

those a few hundred years ago due to human activities. 

Specifically, continuous mosaics of ecosystems have 

been disrupted so that habitat continuity and connectivity have been diminished. This will be of major 

concern in light of climate change (whether natural or 

anthropogenic) and the need for species to migrate. 

Most plants and animals cannot evolve fast enough to 

adapt apace with the changing conditions, so they must 

survive by migrating to new habitats. Those species 

that cannot migrate or adapt along with the rate of 

environmental change will likely be out-competed by 

other species moving into their habitats. The cascading effects of rapid climate change could have a major 

impact on an island-type flora where species may be 

more easily lost than replaced. Especially if climate is 

changing at an unprecedented rate, it will be necessary 

to restore the ecological infrastructure of the landscape 

to accommodate the migration of species. 

Further Work in Olympic National Park 

Bryophytes and lichens are an important component of 

the ecosystem, fulfilling many roles in nutrient and hydrologic 

cycles and providing nesting material for many animals and 

birds and housing for numerous invertebrates. Bryophytes 

and lichens are used as powerful tools in biomonitoring, have 

commercial value, are a major component of the biodiversity, 

and in many areas define the aesthetic appearance of ONP. 

Consequently, there are many kinds of research into ecosystem 

function that could benefit ONP and the scientific community, 

but because of the taxonomic focus of our project, this section 

is devoted to suggestions for additional floristic work.

• Needs for Existing Bryophyte and Lichen Data 

Complete the identification and verification of difficult 

and interesting specimens. It is important that the identity of 

some of the most interesting taxa be verified, either by taking 

specimens to a regional herbarium, by requesting reference 

specimens, or by sending specimens to taxonomic specialists. 

Specific needs include the following. 

ο Chilocyphes gemmiparous (G2 S1), a liverwort collected from a high mountain basin. If verified, it would 

be new to Washington. This species requires work at an 

herbarium where it can be compared with a specimen, 

or it could be sent to Dr. D. H. Wagner (Northwest 

Botanical Institute). 

ο There may be two different undescribed Dermatocarpon aff. luridum in ONP. One came from near the 

Hurricane Ridge Visitor Center; the other specimen 

came from the park interior and differs from the first. 

McCune tentatively examined both specimens and 

recommended that they be sent to Starri Heiðmarsson 

Discussion 59
Figure 16. Usnea sphaecelata.

Figure 18. Orthodontium lineare 

(photographed in The Netherlands).

Figure 20. Ahtiana sphaerosporella.

Figure 19.

Campylopus introflexus 

(photographed in 

Coos Bay, Oregon).

Figure 15.

Bryoria cf. fremontii.

Figure 17. Umbilicaria rigida.

60 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
(Icelandic Institute of Natural History), a taxonomic 

expert on Dermatocarpon. 

ο There may be an undescribed liverwort in the genus 

Scapania that was collected from a few localities 

in ONP. Further work could elucidate whether this 

species is undescribed, or perhaps is one of the more 

recently described species from the region. Additional 

literature will be needed. 

Correcting problems in ONP non-vascular plant herbarium. During the past century, independent of this project, 

some 55 collectors deposited more than 5,000 non-vascular 

plant collections at ONP. Recently, the outdated nomenclature 

of many of these collections was revised: the lichen nomenclature during this project and the bryophyte nomenclature with 

support from ONP Cultural Resources Management (CRM) 

where the collection facility is housed. K. Hutten, with support 

of CRM, determined 400 specimens with incomplete identifications, collected by N. Buckingham. Only specimens with 

obvious identification errors were re-determined. Other obvious identification errors have been identified, but at present 

no funds are allocated for work on the historic collections (for 

example, most if not all D. bonjeanii are probably D. scoparium/D. howellii, many Claopodium whippleanum are Pseudoleskea patens; the determinations in the genus Sphagnum

have proved unreliable). Some species concepts have been 

modified recently, requiring work on all previously determined 

collections of Pyrrospora cinnabarina for instance, as many 

pertain to the recently described P. gowardiana (Spribille and 

Hauck, 2003); similarly, most of the Menegazzia terebrata

are M. subsimilis (Bjerke, 2003), several species groups in 

the lichen genus Fuscopannaria have recently been reworked 

(Jørgensen, 2000), and so forth. 

Generating spatial data from ANCS+ records. Bryophyte 

and lichen data from other collectors are stored in ANCS+, 

the NPS-mandated curatorial database. Because of major 

inadequacies of the spatial component of ANCS+, these historic data cannot easily be mapped. With some further effort, 

however, one could generate coordinates for the roughly 

600 different localities where these 5,000+ specimens were 

collected. These spatial data would allow the addition of 

thousands of data points to the cryptogam distribution maps 

of the OP. Geographic and elevational distribution maps also 

provide a useful tool for identifying outliers that often signal 

misdeterminations.

Obtain data from other sources. The diverse and abundant non-vascular plant flora of ONP has inspired considerable interest. In the last 30 years, 25 researchers were issued 

a collecting permit for lichen and bryophyte work in Olympic 

National Park. Several workers renewed their permits for 

several years, sometimes accompanied by peer scientists. 

Apparently, some researchers worked in ONP without a 

permit or with oral permission, leaving no records at the Park. 

Although the combined effort was substantial, it left a comparatively small research legacy at ONP. Many researchers 

did not deposit voucher specimens at ONP, or deposited few 

specimens while making sizeable collections. Many researchers apparently did not submit an informal collection report, 

and only one researcher submitted electronic records. Only 

a limited amount of the gathered data was published in the 

scientific literature, and few researchers sent copies of their 

published work to ONP. Therefore, databases are missing 

data for thousands of specimens collected in ONP. ONP lacks 

locality data on hundreds of species known from the ONP and 

OP, including: 

ο Dermatocarpon luridum WNHP Priority 1, G? S2 

 lichen, Clall, Jeff County,

ο Tholurna dissimilis WNHP Priority 1, G? S2 

 lichen, Hurricane Ridge,

ο Umbilicaria scholanderi WNHP Priority 1, G1 S1 

 lichen, Mason County,

ο Brachydontium olympicum WNHP G3 S1 moss, 

 Clallam County,

ο Brotherella roellii WNHP G4 S1 PNW 

 endemic moss, Clallam, 

 Jefferson Counties,

ο Sphagnum alaskense newly described moss, not 

 yet listed, Cape Alava 

 Andrus & Janssen 2003,

ο Gymnomitrion ONHIC G5 S2, liverwort, 

concinnatum park interior Jefferson 

 County? (Christy and 

 Wagner, 1996; fig. 21), 

ο and possibly other rare species.

Although a portion of these missing specimens may be 

adequately cared for in a university or agency collection, the 

data are effectively inaccessible to ONP, because most facilities do not have their herbarium data available electronically. 

The storage of all inventory data in an appropriate database is 

a critical component in ONP’s mandate to protect its floristic diversity. From such databases, researchers can begin to 

understand how species are distributed in the park and where 

rare species are located. Rapid assessments can be made using 

GIS in the event of environmental or human-induced impacts. 

ONP could considerably advance its baseline cryptogam data 

by requesting and compiling data published in the scientific 

literature, from ONP collections deposited in regional herbaria, from other agencies, and from previous collectors.

• Needed Field Work 

Geographic areas. The cryptogam diversity encompassed 

within the boundaries of ONP is not fully known because there 

are still many areas that remain unexplored or under-explored 

by bryologists or lichenologists. Entire river drainages have 

not been visited (for instance, Bogachiel, Queets, Skokomish, Duckabush; fig. 1). The focus of the largely plot-based 

Discussion 61
work described here was on specific forest types, therefore 

many other areas were not surveyed, examples of which are 

addressed below.

Ecological zones. Some ecological zones have not been 

adequately surveyed. Significantly, the importance of a highelevation, hyper-maritime (fog-intercepting) belt to bryophytes 

and lichens was not fully appreciated until 2002. A USFS 

project in this zone yielded the first record in Washington of a 

particularly interesting disjunctive moss, Iwatsukiella leucotricha (fig. 22), just outside of the Park. In North America, this 

arboreal moss is known only from a few locations along the 

West Coast. It is considered critically endangered in Washington, and was listed WNHP G2/3 S1 in 2004 (J. Harpel, written 

commun., 2004). In Oregon and Washington, its high-elevation, ocean-influenced habitat has been nearly completely 

logged. The remaining populations, including some that predictably exist in ONP, are of vital importance for the westward 

reintroduction of this species, should habitats become suitable 

again. 

Other rare taxa also exist in the hyper-maritime zone. 

The lichen Bryoria tenuis is new to the OP and possibly Washington (suggested for listing WNHP), and B. bicolor is listed 

in Oregon. The former Survey and Manage moss Racomitrium 

aquaticum (WNHP G5 S3, fig. 23), considered rare throughout the PNW, is frequent on fog-intercepting ridges on the OP.

It has recently been redescribed as R. ryszardii, and in that 

interpretation is a PNW endemic. At least four other regionally rare former Survey and Manage species were frequently 

encountered in this zone (these occur outside the zone as 

well), including the endemic lichen Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis (WNHP Priority 2, G? S2, fig. 11) and the yet unlisted 

P. mallota (Tønsberg, 1999b; fig. 7), called “one of our rarest 

lichens” (http://www.proaxis.com/~mccune/mallota.htm, 

November 2005). The number and relative abundance of rare 

taxa in this high-elevation belt suggest that further surveys 

would be appropriate.

Macrohabitats. Several habitat types remain underexplored. 

ο Mountain ridges provide habitat for many rare 

species and should be surveyed using an intuitively 

controlled method (see “Air Pollution” under subsection “Threats” for an example of the number of rare 

species that may be found on some high-elevation 

ridges in ONP).

ο Deciduous forests have a diverse lichen and bryophyte 

flora. Some types that have not been explored during 

this project include forest types dominated by Acer 

spp., Alnus sinuata, Arbutus menziesii, Salix spp., 

Populus trichocarpa, P. tremuloides, or Prunus 

emarginata. 

ο Alnus rubra-dominated riparian and floodplain forests 

bear diverse lichen floras when old and not too shaded, 

particularly on nutrient rich soils (Tønsberg, oral commun., 2003). Several rare lichens are known from these 

habitats, for example Szczawinskia tsugae (WNHP 

G? S1) and Spilonemella americana (not yet listed, 

recently described from type locality at the Hoh River).

ο Quercus garryana forests are becoming exceedingly 

rare on the northern OP. The authors have only examined a polluted fragment, slated for development, near 

the city center of Sequim. It contains our only collection of the moss Alsia californica, blue listed in BC 

(S2S3). A recently described lichen species, Physconia 

fallax, is found on oak trunks and is known from only 

one other place in Washington (S. Jovan, oral commun., 2003). The oak trunks also support Pyrrhospora 

quernea (WNHP, G? S?; S&M ‘E’). A cedar fencepost 

in the area supports Thelomma occidentale (WNHP 

G? S1). The oaks also support a large population of 

another rare lichen, Ramalina subleptocarpha, on the 

OP. It reaches the north end of its range here and is 

listed in British Columbia (S1), but not in Washington. 

The moss Tortula laevipila var. meridionalis (WNHP 

G3/G4 T1, S1; J. Harpel, written commun., 2004) was 

reported by Lawton (1971) from only one locality in 

North America, on oak in Victoria, British Columbia. 

It is now known from a few additional localities in 

the PNW, and it should also be sought in the few oak 

stands remaining on the Peninsula. 

ο The immediate coast needs further surveys. Several 

rare lichens are exclusively coastal and are expected to 

occur on the OP coast but have not yet been found (for 

example, Hypogymnia heterophylla and Heterodermia sitchensis). These and several others are expected 

because they have been found farther north and south 

along the coast. The critically rare coastal species 

Heterodermia leucomelos, and Bryoria subcana were 

recently found on Mt. Walker on USFS land (L. Geiser, 

written commun., 2003), but their distribution along 

the OP coast is unknown. Because many of these 

lichens are arboreal, they are more likely to be found 

after high winds when freshly fallen branches are common. An opportunistic project after a major wind event 

would be ideal to assay these lichens. One liverwort 

that may be found this way on the immediate coast is 

Scapania scandica (only two records in Washington).

ο Bogs in ONP urgently need detailed surveys to detect 

and protect rare species. Splachnum ampullaceum (fig. 

8) and S. sphaericum (fig. 12) are new to Washington, 

per this project, and hence are not on the Washington 

list. The former is known from a single historic locality 

in Oregon, the latter appears to be new to the PNW. 

Both species are known from only one coastal bog 

complex on the OP. Tetraplodon mnioides (WNHP 

G5 S1; see figure 30) is known from six forested 

bogs, all outside of the Park, but Christy and Wagner 

(1996) show a record within ONP (details not known). 

62 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Tayloria serrata (WNHP G4? S1; fig. 9) is a rare PNW 

species in the Splachnaceae that on the OP is less 

restricted to bogs than the other species. It has been 

found in five localities, including an alpine location. 

Another bog associated moss Tetraplodon cf. angustatus (blue listed in BC: G4, S2S3), if verified, would 

also be new to the PNW. Of the 25 Splachnaceae

collections, only two were found during the systematic 

sampling effort, indicating that these distinctive species 

are more easily detected by an intuitively controlled 

sampling method. It is very easy, however, to unwittingly damage these populations by trampling and 

indiscriminate collecting. Any future surveys of ONP 

coastal bogs should have the important goal of treading 

especially lightly, and all surveyors should be aware of 

the fragile and critical habitats of the Splachnaceae.

ο Some mountain and ridge tops are floristically very 

interesting and may be impacted by view-seeking visitors. One of the most frequently visited peaks in ONP 

supports the only known Washington population of the 

moss Rhytidium rugosum (G4 S1; fig. 24). Its presence 

provides support for the glacial refugia hypothesis. 

Spence (1983) indicated that the population was quite 

large in 1983, but this population was not relocated 

during an informal survey in 2000. A detailed survey 

to relocate and map the population would enable it to 

be monitored and protected in the future. The lichen 

Leptogium saturnicum is also restricted to this mountain on the OP.

Microhabitats. Bryophytes and lichens often occur on 

specific substrates or in specific microhabitats. Because such 

places are not evenly distributed on the landscape, such species cannot be adequately sampled with a stratified random 

sampling scheme based on vascular plant associations. 

Instead, they must be found by seeking specific microhabitats 

in the field using an intuitively controlled sampling method. 

Many habitats, microhabitats, and substrates have been underexplored.

ο Areas in and around waterfalls, streams, springs, and 

other wet areas typically have a diverse bryoflora that 

differs markedly from nearby floras not influenced by 

flowing water. Several rare species are known from 

these habitats. Crumia latifolia (WNHP G3 S1; fig. 

25) is a moss that is known from only four places in 

Washington, three of which are on the OP. Fissidens 

grandifrons (WNHP G4 S2; fig. 26) is found on rock 

in seeps or in gentle streams that are always calciumenriched including several watersheds on the OP. 

Preissia quadrata (ONHIC List 3, G5 S2) is known 

from a single locality near a calcium-enriched waterfall 

in ONP. There are also lichens that are associated with 

wet areas. Hydrothyria venosa (WNHP G? S2; fig. 27) 

is known from one alpine wetland in ONP. 

ο Rock and rocky outcrops often have stable exposure 

and moisture regimes on which diverse bryophyte and 

lichen communities develop. Many rare non-vascular 

plants are known from such habitats. Pilophorus nigricaulis (WNHP Priority 1, G?, S2; fig. 28), for example, 

has recently been found (new to OP list) when surveyors passed through areas with exposed rock on Colonel 

Bob and the Skyline trail. Myurella julacea (WNHP 

Priority 2 G4 S1) is a rare moss that in Washington 

is only known from rock crevices on the OP. Radula 

obtusiloba subsp. polyclada is a rare liverwort that has 

been found on rock walls on the OP. Neither bryophyte 

has been collected in the past two decades. The authors 

suspect that these species still occur, but their habitats 

have not been surveyed.

ο Mineral soil habitats (roadcuts, stream/creek banks, 

floodplain) are very common but have not been surveyed. Discelium nudum (WNHP G5 S1; fig. 29) 

in Pacific North America occurs on steep (vertical) 

stream banks in the Hoh and the Bogachiel Rivers and 

may be under-reported.

ο Animal waste provides a nutrient-enriched growth 

substrate for a number of non-vascular plants. Several 

lichens grow on exposed rocks where raptors perch, 

and a handful of moss species grow exclusively on 

coyote or elk excrement (and possibly owl pellets; 

fig. 30). All of these mosses are very rare. 

ο Dermatocarpon sp. nov., a lichen possibly new to science, is known only from natural drainages that now 

receive runoff from the NPS Visitor Center parking 

lot. Surveys of similar drainages would ascertain the 

status of this suspected new lichen species. Additional 

species of interest occur on soil nearby, including the 

liverworts Riccia sp., Athalamia hyalina (fig. 31), and 

Asterella saccata, known only from this location in 

ONP. The liverworts can only be detected shortly after 

snowmelt in spring, and may be more widespread than 

we realize, considering the strong summer bias in the 

present data. Surveys after snowmelt are recommended 

to find additional populations of these rare alpine liverworts in ONP.

ο There are other rare species needing further surveys, 

but are not mentioned here. For a more exhaustive list, 

see Appendix A.

Species-specific surveys. There are a number of critical species for which more detailed surveys are particularly 

needed.

ο Relocate populations of rare species. Several rare 

species were collected from ONP many years, even 

decades ago. If general collection localities can be 

determined, it would be important to attempt to relocate populations of these taxa (see examples in section 

“Obtain data from other sources”).

Discussion 63
Figure 21. Gymnomitrion obtusum is very similar to

G. concinnatum and occurs in the same habitat.

Figure 22. Iwatsukiella leucotricha

Figure 24. Rhytidium rugosum (photograph of 

specimen from Denali National Park, Alaska). 

Figure 23. Racomitrium aquaticum. Figure 25. Crumia latifolia.

64 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
ο The only known locality for the lichen Karnefeltia 

californica is adjacent to an NPS sewage-evaporation 

field. The species is currently listed in WNHP as G2 

S2. The State listing should probably be S1, however, 

(see “Rare species on the OP”) since there are only 

five collections in Washington. Many early reports of 

this species are the more inland species Karnefeltia 

merrillii. Because the species is also federally listed, a 

USFS crew has surveyed for this and other rare coastal 

lichens on the OP as part of a project ranging from 

California to Washington in 2000. These surveys did 

not yield further detections of this species (L. Geiser, 

written commun., 2004). Surveys of adjacent forest bogs would put the status of this population into 

perspective in advance of the planned expansion of the 

sewage facility and the presumed increase in human 

impacts around the evaporation field.

ο The only known population of the rare moss Rhytidium 

rugosum may be declining and may be affected by 

Park visitors (see mountain tops, under macrohabitats). 

Surveys are needed to locate and assess the population 

and the potential for impacts. 

ο A lichen species in the genus Dermatocarpon, suspected to be new to science, was found in a natural 

drainage area receiving runoff from an NPS parking 

lot. Further surveys are needed to assess the extent of 

the population in nearby drainages.

ο The lichen Bunodophoron melanocarpum (fig. 6) was 

not previously known from the lower 48 States, and 

it was proposed for listing by WNHP in 2003. A few 

years after its initial discovery, it is still known from 

only four or five sites on the OP. Locations near Ozette 

are the only known locations of this lichen on federal 

land. The ONP therefore has considerable responsibility for the protection of this species, yet the extent of 

the population and the existence of other populations is 

unknown. 

ο Splachnum ampullaceum (fig. 8), S. sphaericum 

(fig. 12), T. mnioides (fig. 30), and T. cf. angustatus

are species that occur on elk excrement deposited in 

coastal bogs. Several species are new to Washington 

and so far are known only from one coastal bog complex on private land. Elk herds may be diminishing in 

the coastal zone, providing added reason for concern.

ο Sulcaria badia (WNHP G? S1) may be extinct from 

the Dungeness (Peterson and others, 1998), the only 

known site in Washington. It is one of the region’s 

rarest lichens and one of few that has been placed as 

critically endangered on the global red list (Peterson 

and others, 1998). Surveys conducted in other suitable 

areas, in especially the northeast OP, may locate extant 

populations. In Oregon and California it has been 

found most often on oak, but also on bigleaf maple, 

Douglas fir, Oregon ash, and ponderosa pine (http://

www.fs.fed.us/r5/mendocino/projects/hfi/docs/

sulcaria-badia.pdf, November 2005).

ο Brotherella roellii (WNHP G3 S2, Survey and Manage) 

is a PNW endemic moss that was found in the Dosewallips decades ago. Relocation efforts have not been 

successful (J. Harpel, written commun., 2004), but 

surveys of adjacent ONP may locate more populations.

ο A rare liverwort, Marsupella emarginata var. aquatica 

(ONHIC G5 S1; S&M ‘B’), was collected in association with another species from the Park interior. A 

better specimen and a population survey are needed. 

ο Only a few populations of Discelium nudum (WNHP 

G5 S1; fig. 29) are known from the lower 48 States, 

two in the Hoh River valley, the other along the 

Bogachiel River. The specialized sites that this species 

occupies are often eroded or quickly invaded by vascular plants, so the sites are often quite ephemeral. In 

British Columbia, where the species is red-listed, there 

are no known currently occupied sites (W. Schofield, 

written commun., 2004) and the only other site known 

in Pacific North America is in California (Norris and 

Shevock, 2004b). Notably, the Pacific Coast population of Discelium nudum bears sporophytes that are 

often four to five times the size noted in the rest of its 

world range. The capsules are often elongate rather 

than subspheric, and setae can exceed 3 cm, compared 

to less than 1 cm elsewhere in its range (Schofield, 

2003). If the Pacific Coast population is isolated 

enough to be genetically distinct, the global ranking 

in the WNHP would increase considerably. 

ο The Olympics are suspected to provide good habitat for 

a number of regionally rare species that have not yet 

been recorded. Christy and Wagner (1996) and Harpel 

(oral commun., 2000) predicted that Iwatsukiella 

leucotricha (fig. 22), one of the region’s rarest species, 

would likely occur in the Olympics. When the USFS 

ordered a survey for this species, several populations 

were detected from areas on the west OP. Although it 

is not yet known from ONP, it is likely to be there. 

Other rare species suspected to occur in the Olympics include Bartramiopsis lescurii (R. Lesher, oral 

commun., 2000), Pleuroziopsis ruthenica, and Radula 

brunnea (Christy and Wagner, 1996; http://www.

or.blm.gov/surveyandmanage, temporarily unavailable 

November 2005). 

ο Request specimens and data from future collectors. As 

mentioned previously (under: Obtain data from Other 

Sources), valuable information has been lost to ONP 

or is essentially inaccessible, because many collectors 

did not deposit voucher specimens at ONP. The authors 

have been unable to find locations for rare species 

documented from ONP, and verifying a rare species is 

Discussion 65
Figure 30. cf. Tetraplodon 

mniodes (WNHP G5 S1) on an 

owl pellet or coyote scat.

Figure 31. Athalamia hyalina. 

Figure 29. Discelium nudum.

Figure 27. Hydrothyria venosa inspection by James Walton.

Figure 26. Fissidens grandifrons.

Figure 28. Pilophorus nigricaulis.

66 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
difficult without a voucher specimen. Furthermore, a 

good reference collection makes specimen identification easier and increases confidence in identifications. 

Travel to other herbaria for reference material can 

be costly, leaving some very interesting specimens 

unidentified. Moreover, data deposited at the University of Washington (WTU) and many other herbaria 

are not yet entered electronically, making it very 

time-consuming for ONP staff to locate any quantity of 

ONP data in the large WTU collection. It may not be 

necessary to retain every specimen of the most common species at ONP, and certainly not type specimens, 

but ONP should at least retain those data electronically. 

North Cascades National Park already requires scientists to submit delimited electronic collection data from 

collectors, relieving curatorial staff from cumbersome 

data entry. Because data deposited at ONP are entered 

electronically, they can easily be made available to 

researchers elsewhere. The ONP collection is particularly deficient in crustose lichens, such that they were 

excluded from the present project because they could 

not be efficiently identified. Requesting duplicate 

specimens of crustose lichens from future collectors 

is an important need for ONP. Considering the importance of having distributional data on any species, 

collectors should be encouraged to deposit all data at 

ONP. Storage space at ONP is not a limitation, because 

a new facility is planned.

Conclusions

The importance and uniqueness of the non-vascular flora 

of ONP are hard to exaggerate. Not only are cryptogams key 

to the ecosystem function and aesthetic appeal of ONP forests, 

they represent a biogeographically significant array of rare 

and endemic species and a sizable component of the Park’s 

biodiversity. This project has made important steps toward a 

comprehensive survey of these organisms. It has put the Park’s 

resources in a regional context by documenting rare species, 

some for the first time in the conterminous United States, 

and a few species that are apparently undescribed. ONP has 

healthy populations of some species that are rare outside of the 

Park, where habitats have been destroyed. This data set can 

form the basis for further research on community stucture and 

successional patterns, and could be used as a tool for eventual 

restoration efforts outside of the Park.

Forests are one of the most important habitats for bryophytes and lichens globally, and conservation of forests is key 

to maintaining their biodiversity (Tan and Pocs, 2000). The 

NPS has had a long-standing mandate to protect habitats and a 

more recent mandate to inventory its resources so it can better 

protect biodiversity (National Park Service, 2001). Conservation of bryophytes and lichens worldwide has usually been a 

by-product of saving habitat for larger flagship, charismatic, 

or keystone species (Tan and Pocs, 2000). ONP is one of few 

places in the world where bryophytes and lichens, collectively, 

are conspicuous flagship organisms themselves. Consequently, 

ONP has the opportunity to bring them to the attention of the 

public, government, and other conservation agencies. The 

inventory described here is a tool to help ONP understand and 

conserve its non-vascular resources.

References

Andrus, R.E., and Janssens, J.A., 2003, Sphagnum alaskense, 

a new species from western North America: The Bryologist 

v. 106, no. 3, p. 435-438.

Bednarek-Ochyra, H., 2000, Racomitrium ryszardii (Musci, 

Grimmiaceae), a new hydrophilous species from the Pacific 

Northwest, with comments on Racomitrium aquaticum in 

North America: Cryptogamie, Bryol, v. 21, no. 4, p. 275-

284.

Bjerke, J.W., 2003, Menegazzia subsimilis, a widespread sorediate lichen: Lichenologist , v. 35, nos. 5-6, p. 393-396.

Booth, D.B., 1987, Timing and processes of deglaciation along 

the southern margin of the cordilleran ice sheet, in Ruddiman, W.F., and Wright, H.E.,Jr., eds., North America and 

adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation. The geology of 

North America, K-3: Boulder, Colo., Geological Society of 

America, p. 71-90.

Boucher, V.L., and Nash, T.H., III, 1990, The role of the 

fruticose lichen Ramalina menziesii in the annual turnover 

of biomass and macronutrients in a blue oak woodland: 

Chicago, Botanical Gazette, v. 151, p.114-118.

Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D., and Sharnoff, S., 2001, Lichens of 

North America: New Haven, Yale University Press, 795 p.

Buck, W.R. and Norris, D.H., 1996, Hedwigia stellata and H. 

detonsa (Hedwigiaceae) in North America: Nova Hedwigia 

v. 62, p. 361-370.

Buckingham, N.M., Schreiner, E.G., Kaye, T.N., Burger, J.E., 

and Tisch, E.L., 1995, Flora of the Olympic Peninsula: 

Seattle, Northwest Interpretive Association, 199 p.

Christy, J.A., and Wagner, D.H., 1996, Guide for the identification of rare, threatened or sensitive bryophytes in the 

range of the northern spotted owl, western Washington, 

western Oregon, and northwestern California: Portland, 

Oreg., Bureau of Land Management, Oregon-Washington 

State Office, 195 p.

Clark, L., and Frye, T.C., 1928, The liverworts of the Northwest: Publication of Puget Sound Biological Station 6, 

p.1-194.

References 67
Coppins, B., and Tønsberg, T., 2001, A new xanthone-containing Micarea from Northwest Europe and the Pacific 

Northwest of North America: Lichenologist , v. 33, no. 2, 

p. 93-96.

Crum, H.A., 1984, Sphagnopsida. Sphagnaceae: North American Flora, New York, New York Botanical Garden ser. II, pt. 

11: 1-180.

Damsholt, K., 2002, Illustrated Flora of Nordic Liverworts and 

Hornworts: Odense, Denmark, Graphic Productions, 837 p.

Edmonds, R.L., Marra, J.L., Blew, J., Barg, A.K., Murray, 

G., and Thomas, T.B., 1998, Vegetation patterns, hydrology, 

and water chemistry in small watersheds in the Hoh River 

valley, Olympic National Park: USDI National Park 

Service , Scientific Monograph NPSD/NRUSGS.NRSM98/02, 131 p.

Ekman, S. and Tønsberg, T.,1996, A new species of Megalaria

from the North American west coast, notes on the generic 

circumscription: The Bryologist, v. 99, no. 1, p. 34-40.

Flatberg, K.I., 1989, Sphagnum (Cuspidata) pacificum, sp. 

nov.: The Bryologist, v. 92, no. 1, p.116-119.

Frisvoll, A.A., 1983, A taxonomic revision of the Racomitrium 

canescens group (Bryophyta, Grimminales): Gunneria, v. 

41, p.1-181.

Frisvoll, A.A., 1988, A taxonomic revision of the Racomitrium 

heterostichum group (Bryophyta, Griminales): Gunneria, v. 

59, p.1-289.

Glew, K.A., 1998, Alpine lichens from Washington state, V. 

I. Lichens from the northeastern Olympic and the northern 

Cascade Mountains: Seattle, University of Washington, 

Ph.D dissertation, 210 p.

Godfrey, J.L., 1977, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

Southwest British Columbia: Vancouver, University of 

British Columbia, Ph.D. dissertation, 433 p. 

Goward, T., 1996 [1995], Lichens of British Columbia: rare 

species and priorities for inventory: Victoria, British Columbia, Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, and Habitat 

Protection Branch, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands 

and Parks, Working Paper 08/1996, 34 p.

Goward, T., 1999, The lichens of British Columbia, illustrated 

Keys—Part 2. Fruticose Species: Victoria, British Columbia, Ministry of Forests Research Program, 319 p. 

Goward, T., McCune, B., and Meidinger, D., 1994, The 

lichens of British Columbia, Illustrated Keys—Part 1. 

Foliose and squamulose species: Victoria, B.C., Ministry of 

Forests Research Program, 181 p.

Harpel, J.S., 1997, The phytogeography and ecology of the 

mosses within the San Juan Islands, Washington State: Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Ph.D. thesis, 275 p.

Harthill, M., 1964, Mosses of the Olympic Peninsula: Salt 

Lake City, University of Utah, M.S. Thesis, 151 p.

Hawksworth, D.L., and Hill, D.J., 1984, The lichen forming 

fungi: New York, Chapman and Hill, 158 p.

Henderson, J.A., and Peters, D.H., 2000, Potential vegetation 

map of Olympic National Park: GIS-based map available 

from Olympic National Park.

Henderson, J.A., Peters, D.H., Lesher, R.D., and Shaw, D.S., 

1989, Forested plant associations of the Olympic National 

Forest: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region R6 

Ecological Technical Paper 001-88, 502 p.

Henssen, A., and Tønsberg, T., 2000, Spilonemella, a new 

genus of cyanophilic lichens with species from North 

America and Japan (Coccocarpiaceae): The Bryologist, 

v. 103, no. 1, p. 108-116.

Hong, W.S., 2002, Checklist of liverworts and hornworts for 

the state of Washington based on literature reports: Lindbergia, v. 27, p. 129-133.

Hong, W.S., Flander, K., Stockton, D., and Trexler, D., 1989, 

An annotated checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of 

Olympic National Park, Washington: Evansia, v. 6, p. 33-52.

Houston, D.B., Schreiner, E.G., and Moorhead, B.B., 1994, 

Mountain goats in Olympic National Park: biology and 

management of an introduced species: USDI National Park 

Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NROLYM/NRSM94/25, 295 p.

Hutten, M., 2003, Photographs throughout volume and on 

cover: Fremontia, v. 31, no.3, 43 pp.

Hutten, M., Hutten, K., and Woodward, A., 2001, 101 common mosses, liverworts and lichens of the Olympic Peninsula: Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 

109 p.

Jørgensen, P.M., 2000, Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent, north of Mexico: The 

Bryologist, v. 103, p. 670-704.

Kunze, L., 1980, Distributional patterns of terricolous lichens 

occurring above treeline at Deer Park, Olympic National 

Park: Seattle, University of Washington, M.S. Thesis, 95 p.

Lawton, E., 1971, Moss Flora of the Pacific Northwest: The 

Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Japan, 389 p.

McCarthy, P.M., and Tønsberg, T., 1998, Porina radicicola, a 

new lichen from western North America: Lichenologist, v. 

30, no.3, p. 245-248.

68 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
McCune, B., 2002, Keys to the lichen genera of the Pacific 

Northwest: Privately published, 77 p. A PDF with the key is 

available at http://oregonstate.edu/~mccuneb/books.htm. 

McCune, B., and Geiser, L., 1997, The macrolichens of the 

Pacific Northwest: Corvallis, Oregon State University Press, 

386 p. 

Murray, B.M., 1986, Andreaea sinuosa, species novae (Musci: 

Andreaeaceae), from Alaska, British Columbia and Scotland: The Bryologist, v. 89, p. 189-194.

Murray, B.M., 1988, Andreaea schofieldiana and A. megistospora, species novae, and taxonomic criteria for sect Nerviae

(Andreaeopsida), The Bryologist, v. 90, p.15-26.

Nadkarni, N. M., 1985, Nutrient capital of canopy epiphytes 

in an Acer macrophyllum community, Olympic Peninsula, 

Washington State, Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 77, p. 

136-142.

National Park Service, 2001, Management policies: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park 

Service, NPS D1416, 137 p.

Noble, W.J., 1982, The lichen flora of the coastal Douglasfir dry subzone of British Columbia (Part II reprinted and 

updated in 1997): Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Ph.D. thesis, 238 p.

Norris, D.H., 1990, Bryophytes in perennially moist forests of 

Papua New Guinea: Ecological orientation and predictions 

of disturbance effects: Botanical Journal of the Linnaean 

Society, v. 104, p. 281-291.

Norris, D.H., 1997, Collections, collections report, and comments to the bryophyte list compiled by F. Rhoades submitted to Olympic National Park.

Norris, D.H., and Shevock, J.R., 2004a, Contributions toward 

a bryoflora of California—I. A specimen-based catalogue of 

mosses: Madroño v. 51, no. 2, p. 1-131.

Norris, D.H., and Shevock, J.R., 2004b, Contributions toward 

a bryoflora of California—II. A key to the mosses: Madroño 

v. 51, no. 2, p. 133-269.

Olympic National Park, 1999, Resource management plan. 

Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA.

ONHIC Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center, 2004, 

Rare, threatened and endangered plants and animals of 

Oregon: Oregon State University, 105 p.

Paton, J., 1999, The liverwort flora of the British Isles: 

Colchester, Harley Books, 626 p.

Peterson, E.B., Greene, D.M., McCune, B., Peterson, E.T., 

Hutten, M.A., Weisberg, P., and Rosentreter, R., 1998, 

Sulcaria badia, a rare lichen in western North America: 

The Bryologist, v. 101, no. 1, p.112-115.

Printzen, C., and Tønsberg, T., 1999, The lichen genus Biatora

in northwestern North America: The Bryologist, v. 102, no. 

4, p. 692-713.

Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W., 

and Moore, D.M., 1992, The lichen flora of Great Britain 

and Ireland: Natural History Museum Publications in association with the British Lichen Society, London, 710 p.

Rhoades, F. M. 1994. Considerations of potentially rare, 

threatened and endangered lichen and bryophyte species. 

Report for the Washington State Department of Natural 

Resources for the Habitat Conservation Plan, Phase I, 

available from DNR, 17 p.

Rosso, A.L., 2000, Shrub epiphyte communities in relation to 

stand management in forest of western Oregon: Corvallis, 

Oregon State University, Ph.D. Dissertation, 125 p.

Schofield, W.B., 1985, Introduction to bryology: New York, 

Macmillian Publishing Company, 431 p.

Schofield, W.B., 1992, Some common mosses of British 

Columbia: Victoria, Royal British Columbia Museum, 

394 p.

Schofield, W.B., 2002, Field guide to liverwort genera of 

Pacific North America: Seattle, Global Forest Society & 

University of Washington Press, 232 p.

Schofield, W.B., 2003, Discelium, bryophyte flora of North 

America: Provisional Publication, Buffalo Museum of Science, June 5, 2003, accessed 8-15-2005 at http://ridgwaydb.

mobot.org/BFNA//V1/DiscDisceliaceae.htm. 

Schuster, R.M.,1966, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V. I: New York, Columbia University Press, 

802 p.

Schuster, R.M.,1969, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V. II: New York, Columbia University 

Press, 1062 p.

Schuster, R.M., 1974,The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V. III: New York, Columbia University 

Press, 880 p.

Schuster, R.M., 1980, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V. IV: New York, Columbia University 

Press, 1334 p.

Schuster, R.M., 1992a, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V. V: New York, Columbia University 

Press, 854 p.

Schuster, R.M., 1992b, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of 

North America, V.VI: New York, Columbia University 

Press, 937 p.

References 69
Sharpe, G.W., 1956, A taxonomical-ecological study of the 

vegetation by habitats in eight forest types of the Olympic 

Rain Forest, Olympic National Park, Washington: Seattle, 

Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 309 p.

Shaw, J., 1982, Pohlia Hedw. (Musci) in North and Central 

America and the West Indies: Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb., 

v. 15, p. 219-295.

Sheard, J.W., and T. Tønsberg, 1995, Rinodina stictica, a new 

corticolous, sorediate lichen species from the Pacific Northwest of North America: The Bryologist, v. 98, no.1, 

p. 41-44.

Spence, J.R., 1986, Biogeography of the montane moss flora 

of Southwestern British Columbia and Northwestern Washington State: Vancouver, University of Britsh Columbia, 

Ph.D. thesis, 633 p.

Spribille, T., and Hauck, M., 2003, Pyrrospora gowardiana, 

a new montane lichen from Western North America: The 

Bryologist, v. 106, no. 3, p. 560-564.

Tabor, R.W., 1987, Guide to the geology of Olympic National 

Park: Seattle, Pacific Northwest Parks and Forest Association, 144 p.

Tan, B.C., and Pocs, T., 2000, Bryogeography and conservation of bryophytes, in Shaw, A. J., and Goffinet, B., eds., 

Bryophyte biology: New York, Cambridge University Press, 

476 p.

Tønsberg, T., 1993, Additions to the lichen flora of North 

America: The Bryologist, v. 96, no. 1, p. 138-141.

Tønsberg, T., 1995, Additions to the lichen flora of North 

America IV—Scoliciosporum sarothamni: Evansia, v. 12, 

no. 1, p. 27-30.

Tønsberg, T., 1997, Fascicle 1 : Lichenes isidiosi et sorediosi 

crustacei exsiccati, v. 1, no.1-25, p. 1-10.

Tønsberg, T., 1999a, Additions to the lichen flora of North 

America VII—Some species found on Waadah Island: The 

Bryologist, v. 102, no.1, p. 133-134.

Tønsberg, T., 1999b, Pseudocyphellaria arvidssonii new to 

Africa and P. mallota new to North America: The Bryologist, v. 102, no.1, p. 128-129.

Tønsberg, T., 1999c, Fascicle 2: Lichenes isidiosi et sorediosi 

crustacei exsiccati, v. 2 no. 26-50, p. 1-10.

Tønsberg, T., and Coppins, B., 2000, Additions to the lichen 

flora of North America IX—Micarea alabastrites and M. 

synotheoides: Evansia, v. 17, no. 4, p. 135-136.

Tønsberg, T., and Goward, T., 1992, Cladonia norvegica new 

to North America: Evansia, v. 9, no. 2, p. 56-58.

Tønsberg, T., and Henssen, A., 1999, Additions to the lichen 

flora of North America VIII—Santessoniella grisea new to 

North America: Evansia, v. 16, no. 4, p. 184.

Bureau of Land Management, 1998, Survey protocols for 

component 2 lichens, Version 2.0: Bureau internal memorandum OR-98-38, March 12, 1998, including attachments.

U.S. Forest Service, 1999, Forest health monitoring 1999 

field methods guide: USDA Forest Service, National Forest 

Health Monitoring Program, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27709.

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of the 

Interior, 1994, Record of decision for amendments to Forest 

Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted owl: U.S. 

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 74 p.

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of the 

Interior, 2001, Record of decision and standards and guidelines for amendments to the survey and manage, protection 

buffer, and other mitigation measures standards and guidelines: Portland, USDA Forest Service, 86 p.

Van Dort, K., Buter, C., and van Wielink, P., 1998, Veldgids 

mossen: Utrecht, The Netherlands, Stichting Uitgeverij 

KNNV, 272 p.

Vitt, D.H., Marsh, J.E., and Bovey, R.B., 1988, Mosses, 

lichens, and ferns of northwest North America: Vancouver, 

Lone Pine Publishing, 296 p.

Wallace, Nelsa (Buckingham), 1976, Mosses of the Olympic 

Peninsula, Washington: Olympia, Wash., The Evergreen 

State College, Senior thesis, 13 p.

Washington Natural Heritage Program, 1997, Endangered, 

threatened and sensitive vascular plants of Washington 

–with Working lists of rare non-vascular species; Olympia, 

Washington State Department of Natural Resources, 114 p.

White, F.J., and James, P.W., 1988, A new guide to microchemical techniques for the identification of lichen substances: British Lichen Society Bulletin 57 (supplement), 

p.1-41.

Zander, R.H., 1999, A new species of Didymodon (Bryopsida) 

from western North America and a regional key to taxa: 

The Bryologist, v. 102, no.1, p. 112-115.

Zander, R. H, 2004, (ed.) Bryophyte Flora of North America, 

Flora of North America Editorial Center for Bryophytes, 

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri: accessed 

8-15-2005 at http://www.mobot.org/plantscience/bfna/

bfnamenu.htm

70 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List
Appendix A

Rare bryophytes and lichens known from Olympic Peninsula. 

Appendix A: Rare bryophytes and lichens known from Olympic Peninsula

Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

MOSSESAlsia californica BLUE G4 S2S3

Amphidium mougeotii BLUE G5 S2S3

Andreaea heinemannii BLUE G3G5 S1S3

Brachydontium olympicum G3 S1 List 2 G2? S1 BLUE G2G3 S1S3

Brachythecium holzingeri BLUE GU S1S3

Brachythecium reflexum var. pacificum BLUE G4G5TNR S1S3

Brachythecium velutinum var. venustum BLUE G5TNR S1S3

Brotherella roellii G3 S2 E E G2 N1 SH BLUE G3 S3 1,3 E

Bryum calobryoides G3 S1 List 2 G3 S2 BLUE G3 S1S3

Bryum canariense RED G3G5 S2

Bryum cyclophyllum BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Bryum gemmiparum BLUE G3G5 S1S3

Bryum muehlenbeckii BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Bryum turbinatum BLUE G5 S2S3

Buxbaumia aphylla G4 S3 List 3 G5 S2 YELLOW G4G5 S3S4

Buxbaumia viridis G5 SU E-CA E-CA G3 N3 S4 YELLOW G4 S3S4 1,3 PB X-WA,OR, E-CA

Conostomum tetragonum G4 S1 List 2 G5 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S5

Crumia latifolia G3 S1 List 2 G3 S2 BLUE G3 S2S3

Dichelyma falcatum BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Dicranella howei RED GU S1

Dicranoweisia crispula var. contermina BLUE G4G5TNR S2S3

Didymodon vinealis var. brachyphyllus RED G5TNR S2

Discelium nudum G5 S1 RED G3G4 S1

Ditrichum schimperi G4 S1 BLUE G3G5 S2S3

Ditrichum zonatum var. scabrifolium G5 S1 BLUE G3G5T2T3 S2S

Drepanocladus aduncus var. kneiffii BLUE G5T4T5 S2S3

90

Appendix A 71 (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Drepanocladus sendtneri BLUE G5? S2S3

Epipterygium tozeri BLUE G4? S2S3

Eucladium verticillatum List 3 G4 S1 BLUE G4 S2S3

Fissidens fontanus G5 S1 RED G5 S1

Fissidens grandifrons G4 S2 List 3 G4 S2

YELLOW G3G5 S3S5

Fissidens pauperculus G3 S1 List 3 G4 S1 RED G3? S1

Fissidens ventricosus G4 S3 BLUE GU S2S3

Fontinalis patula RED GNR S1

Grimmia affinis BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Grimmia anomala List 3 G5 S1 BLUE G5 S1S3

Grimmia holzingeri BLUE GNR S2S3

Grimmia montana BLUE G5? S2S3

Hedwigia stellata List 3 G3 S1

Herzogiella seligeri G4 S1 BLUE G3G4 S2S3

Homalia trichomanoides G5 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S4

Homalothecium arenarium BLUE G4 S2S3

Hygrohypnum duriusculum BLUE G3G5 S2S3

Iwatsukiella leucotricha G2G3 S1 B B G2G3 N2 S2 List 2 G4 S1 YELLOW G4 S3S4 1,3 B BA,O:BS,W SS

Meesia uliginosa G5 S1 List 2 G4 S1

Mnium blyttii List 3 G5 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S4

Myurella julacea G4 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S5

Oncophorus wahlenbergii G5 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S4

Orthothecium chryseum G4 S1 YELLOW G5? S3S5

Orthotrichum affine BLUE G3G5 S2S3

Orthotrichum alpestre BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Orthotrichum pellucidum List 3 G4 S1

YELLOW G3G5 S3S4

Orthotrichum pylaisii G5 S1 BLUE G4G5 S1S3

Orthotrichum rivulare RED G4 S1

Philonotis fontana var. americana BLUE G5TNR S2S3

Philonotis fontana var. pumila BLUE G5T4T5 S2S3

Philonotis yezoana RED G2G3 S2

Physcomitrium pyriforme BLUE G5 S2S3

Plagiomnium ciliare BLUE G5 S1S3

Plagiopus oederiana G5 S2 YELLOW G5? S3S4

Platyhypnidium riparioides G4 S1 List 3 G4 S1

91

72 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Pohlia atropurpurea BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Pohlia bolanderi BLUE GU S2S3

Pohlia camptotrachela BLUE G3G5 S1S3

Pohlia columbica G2 S1 BLUE G3G5 S1S3

Pohlia elongata BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Pohlia erecta G3 S1 RED G3G5 S1

Pohlia filum BLUE G4G5 S2S3

Pohlia lescuriana BLUE G4? S1S3

Pohlia ludwigii BLUE G5? S2S3

Pohlia obtusifolia BLUE G2G4 S2S3

Pohlia pacifica BLUE GU S1S3

Pohlia vexans BLUE G3G5 S2S3

Polytrichum longisetum BLUE G5 S2S3

Polytrichum sexangulare List 3 G4 S1 YELLOW G4 S3S5

Polytrichum strictum G5 S2 List 2 G4 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S5

Racomitrium aquaticum G5 S3 E E G3Q N3Q S2 List 3 YELLOW G2G4 S3S5 1,3 E

Racomitrium microcarpon G5 S1

Racomitrium pacificum List 2 BLUE G3 S3

Racomitrium pygmaeum BLUE GU S1S3

Rhabdoweisia crispata BLUE G5 S2S3

Rhizomnium nudum X-WA, B-OR (CA) B-OR (CA) G4 N4 S4 List 3 G4 S2 YELLOW G3G5 S3S5 1,3 B As SS-O

Rhizomnium punctatum BLUE G5 S1S3

Rhytidium rugosum G4 S1 List 2 G5 S1 YELLOW G5 S3S4

Schistidium agassizii BLUE G3G5 S2S3

Schistostega pennata G4 S2 A A G3G4 N3N4 S3 List 2 G4 S2 YELLOW G4 S3S4 1,3 A As SS

Scleropodium touretii var. colpophyllum BLUE G4TNR S1S3

Sphagnum quinquefarium BLUE G5 S2S3

Splachnum ampullaceum List 2 G4 S1 YELLOW G4 S3S5

Splachnum vasculosum BLUE G3G5 S1S3

Tayloria serrata G4 S1 List 2 G4 S1

Tetraphis geniculata G4 S2 A A G3 N3 S3 List 2 G4 S1 YELLOW G3G5 S3S5 1,3 PB A As SS

Tetraplodon angustatus BLUE G4 S2S3

Tetraplodon mnioides G5 S1 List 2 G4 S1 YELLOW G4 S3S4

Thamnobryum neckeroides G3 S2 List 3 G4 S2 YELLOW GU S3S5

Timmia megapolitana BLUE G5 S2S3

92

Appendix A 73 Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Tortula amplexa BLUE G2G4 S2S3

Tortula bolanderi RED G3G5 S1

Tortula subulata List 3 G5 S1 BLUE G5? S2S3

Tripterocladium leucocladulum List 2 G3 S2 BLUE G3 S2S3

(Total 100 MOSSES)LIVERWORTSAnastrophyllum minutum List 3 G4 S1

Barbilophozia lycopodioides List 2 G5 S1

Calypogeia sphagnicola List 2 G4 S2

Diplophyllum albicans 

X X effective G5 N4 S4 1,3

Diplophyllum plicatum B B G4 N3 S2 List 2 G4 S2 1,2 B As

Gymnomitrion concinnatum List 2 G5 S2

Harpanthus flotovianus List 3 G5 S1

Herbertus aduncus E E G5 N3N4 S1 List 2 G5 S2 1,3 As

Jamesoniella autumnalis List 3 

Lophozia gillmanii List 3 G5 S1

Marsupella condensata List 3 G3 S1

Marsupella emarginata var. aquatica B B G5T3 N3 

List 2 G5T3 S1 1,2 B As

Marsupella sparsifolia List 3 G3 S1

Metzgeria temperata List 2 G4 S1

Nardia japonica List 3 G5 S2

Preissia quadrata List 3 G5 S2

Ptilidium pulcherrimum List 2 G5 S1

Radula obtusiloba subsp. polyclada

Scapania obscura List 3 G3 S1

Schofieldia monticola List 3 G3 S1

Tritomaria exsectiformis B B G5 N4 S2 List 2 G5 S2 1,2 B As

Tritomaria quinquedentata B B G5 N4 S1 List 2 G5 S1 1,3 B As

(Total 22 LIVERWORTS)LICHENSAhtiana pallidula Priority 2 G? S?

Ahtiana sphaerosporella Priority 2 G? S?

Alectoria lata Priority 1 G? S2

93

74 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Alectoria nigricans Priority 1 G4 S2

Alectoria ochroleuca Priority 1 G4 S1

Alectoria vancouverensis S1

Arthonia stellaris Priority 2 G? S?

Arthrorhaphis citrinella Priority 2 G? S?

Brodoa oroarctica Priority 1 G3 S1

Bryoria bicolor List 3 G4 S1

Bryoria friabilis Priority 1 G3 S1

Bryoria pikei Priority 1 G2 S2

Bryoria pseudocapillaris A A G1G2 N1N2 S1 List 2 G2? S1 1,3 B SS?

Bryoria subcana B B G2G4 N2N3 S1 List 3 G4 S1 1,3 B

Bryoria tortuosa Priority 2 G2 S3 A-WA OP +1 A-WA OP +1 G5 N5 S3 1,3 A-WA OP +1

Buellia oidalea Priority 2 G? S2 E E G3? N3? S1 List 3 G4 S1 1,3 E

Bunodophoron melanocarpum ed as new WNHP 

Calicium abietinum Priority 2 G? S? B B G4G5 N4 S2S3 List 3 4 B

Calicium glaucellum Priority 2 G? S? F F G4G5 N4 S4 4 F

Cetrelia cetrarioides Priority 2 G? S3 E E G4G5 N4 S2 List 3 4 E SS-WA?

Chaenotheca ferruginea Priority 2 G? S? B B G4G5 N4 S4 List 4 4 B

Chaenotheca furfuracea Priority 2 G? S? F F G4G5 N4 S3 List 3 4 F

Cladina portentosa subsp. pacifica Priority 2 G? S2

Cladonia norvegica Priority 2 G3 S2 B B G4G5 N2N3 S2 List 3 3 B

Coccotrema pocillarium Priority 1 G2 S1

Collema fecundum S2

Collema furfuraceum S2

Cornicularia normoerica Priority 1 G? S2

Cystocoleus ebeneus Priority 2 G? S1

Dendriscocaulon sp. Priority 1 G? S1 A-WA +3 A-WA +3 N4Q S2 List 2 G3 S1 1,3 B SS-WA?

Dermatocarpon luridum Priority 1 G? S2 E E G4G5 N4 S1S2 List 3 1,3 B SS?

Dermatocarpon moulinsii Priority 1 G? S?

Erioderma sorediatum Priority 1 G? S1 - List 2 G3 S1 S1 1,3 X SS?

Fuscopannaria laceratula S2

Fuscopannaria pacifica G5? N5 S4S4

Fuscopannaria saubinetii F F G3G5 N2 S1? 4 F

Gyalideopsis anastomosans Priority 2 G? S1

Halecania viridescens Priority 1 G? S1

94

Appendix A 75 Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Heterodermia leucomela - S2 1,3

X SS?

Hydrothyria venosa Priority 1 G? S2 - S2 1,3

X

Hypogymnia duplicata Priority 2 G? S3 C C G4 N4 S3 List 3 1,2,3

A SS-OR?

Hypogymnia oceanica Priority 2 G? S1

X - List 2 1,3 F

Hypogymnia vittata Priority 2 G? S? E E G4G5 N3 SNA S? 3 E

Kaernefeltia californica Priority 2 G2 S2 - S2 1,3

X

Leioderma sorediatum - List 2 G3 S1 S1 1,3

X SS?

Leptogium brebissonii - S1 1,3

X SS?

Leptogium cyanescens 

A

A G5 N4 S1 List 3 S1 4 A SS?

Leptogium platynum S2

Leptogium polycarpum S1

Leptogium teretiusculum Priority 2 G? S? E E G4G5 N4 List 3 4 E

Lobaria hallii Priority 2 G? S? - 1,3

X

Lobaria linita Priority 2 G? S?

A

WC S Snoqualmie P G4G5 N3 S3 List 2 G4 S1 1,2,3

A SS-OR?

Lobaria silvae-veteris Priority 1 G? S1 S1

Loxospora elatina Priority 2 G? S?

Loxosporopsis corallifera Priority 2 G? S? - 1,3

X

Microlychnus epicorticis Priority 2 G? S1

Nephroma bellum E-WA (OP) +4 E-WA (OP) +4 G3G5 N3N4 S2 4 F SS-WA?

Nephroma occultum Priority 1 G? S1

A

A G3 N3 S1 List 3 G3 S3 1,3 B SS?

Niebla cephalota Priority 1 G? S1

A

A G1G3 N2 S1 List 3 G4 S2 S1 1,3

A SS?

Opegrapha sorediifera Priority 2 G? S1

Ophioparma lapponica Priority 1 G? S1

Pannaria rubiginosa E E G4G5 N4 S1 List 2 G4 S1 S2 1,3

E SS?

Parmotrema chinense S1

Parmotrema crinitum S2

Peltigera lepidophora Priority 1 G? S1

Peltigera pacifica E E G3 N2N3 S2? 4 E SS?

Pilophorus nigricaulis Priority 1 G? S2 - List 2 G4 S2 S1 1,3

X SS?

Platismatia lacunosa Priority 2 G? S3 C (except OR Coast R G3G4 N3 S2 List 3 4 C SS-WA?

Pseudocyphellaria crocata Priority 2 G? S3 - 4 X

Pseudocyphellaria mallota List 2 G4 S1

Pseudocyphellaria perpetua B B G2G4 N2 1,3 B

Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis Priority 2 G? S2

A

A G3G4 N3N4 S3 List 3 G3 S1 S1 1,2,3

A SS?

Pyrrhospora quernea Priority 2 G? S? E E G4 N4 S1S2 List 3 1,3

E SS?

95

76 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List

Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Pyrrhospora subcinnabarina Priority 2 G? S1

Ramalina menziesii Priority 2 G? S3

Ramalina pollinaria Priority 2 G? S? E E G4G5 N4 S1 List 2 3 E SS?

Ramalina subleptocarpha S1

Ramalina thrausta Priority 1 G? S1 A A G3G4 N3 S1 4 A

Solorina saccata Priority 2 G? S?

Sticta beauvoisii s.l. Priority 2 G? S? - 4 X

Sulcaria badia Priority 1 G? S1 List 2 G2 S2

Szczawinskia tsugae Priority 2 G? S1

Thelomma occidentale Priority 2 G? S1

Tholurna dissimilis Priority 1 G? S2 B B south of Col R. G3G5 N3 S2 List 3 G4 S1 1,3 B SS?

Umbilicaria angulata Priority 2 G2 S2

Umbilicaria arctica Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria cylindrica Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria decussata Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria havaasii Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria krascheninnikovii Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria lambii Priority 1 G? S1

Umbilicaria lyngei Priority 2 G3 S1

Umbilicaria polyrrhiza Priority 2 G1 S1

Umbilicaria proboscidea Priority 2 G4 S1

Umbilicaria rigida Priority 2 G2 S1

Umbilicaria scholanderi Priority 2 G1 S1

Umbilicaria vellea Priority 2 G3 S2

Usnea hesperina E E G4G5 N4 S1? List 3 G4 S3 1,3 B

Usnea longissima Priority 2 G? S2 F-WA +2 F-WA +2 G3G4 N3 S2 List 3 4 F-WA +2 SS?

Usnea rubicunda List 3 G4 S2

Usnea sphacelata Priority 1 G? S1 List 3 G4 S1

Usnea wirthii Priority 2 G2 S2

Vulpicida tilesii Priority 1 G4 S1

(Total 103 LICHENS)

96

Appendix A 77

Appendix A—continued (Footnotes on page 78.)
Special Status

WNHP

 SM 2002 

ASR

SM 2003 

ASR SM rating ONHP BC rating Scientific Name ROD

 SM 2001 

SEIS

 2005 

BLM

2005 

USFS R6: 

OR/WA

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

9 10

Indexes created over all recent 1998- current data (USGS/ONP data M. Hutten personal data), but excluding ANCS data because of several problems associated with 

that dataset. These data are provided as an indicator of the relative frequency of the species collected. The OP localities count is generated from unique sites only, i.e. duplicate collections from a single site are excluded. Such unique sites however may occasionally be in close proximity to each other. Note that the Washington Natural Heritage Program has not yet included liverworts in their listings. Abbreviations used: WNHP= Washington Natural Heritage ProgramG= indicator of global statusS= indicator of state status1= critically imperiled because of extreme rarity or because it is particularly vulnerable to extinction or extirpation; typically 5 or fewer occurrences2= Imperiled because of rarity or because it is vulnerable to extinction or extirpation; typically 6 to 20 occurrences3= Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly) in a restricted range; typically 21 to 100 occurrences.4= Apparently secure; typically more than 100 occurrences5= Demonstrably widespread, abundant and secure.U= Status uncertain; additional information is needed.?= Additional information needed

ONHP = Oregon Natural Heritage Program: 1 = Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences, or very few remaining individuals), or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction. 2 = Imperiled because of rarity (6-20 occurrences), or because of other factorsdemonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range.3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range, or found locally (evenabundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range, or vulnerable toextinction throughout its range because of other factors; in the range of 21-100 occurrences. 4 = Apparently secure, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. 

SM= Survey and Manage the program implementing the ROD=Record of Decision, applicable to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management forest management 

in range of the Northern Spotted Owl. In subseqent Amendments made to the ROD, revisions were made to the status of ROD species (USDA and USDI 2001). The 2002 and 2003 Annual Species Review (ASR) results are listed in the table above. 

97

78 Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List G = Indicator of global status S = Indicator of state status 1 = Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity or because it is particularly vulnerable to extinction or extirpation; typically 5 or fewer occurrences 2 = Imperiled because of rarity or because it is vulnerable to extinction or extirpation; typically 6 to 20 occurrences 3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly) in a restricted range; typically 21 to 100 occurrences. 4 = Apparently secure; typically more than 100 occurrences 5 = Demonstrably widespread, abundant and secure. U = Status uncertain; additional information is needed. ? = Additional information needed Note that the WNHP has not yet included liverworts in their listings. 

2ONHP = Oregon Natural Heritage Program  1 = Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences, or very few  remaining individuals), or because of some factor of its biology making it especially vulnerable to extinction.  2 = Imperiled because of rarity (6–20 occurrences), or because of other factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range.  3 = Either very rare and local throughout its range, or found locally (even abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range, or vulnerable to extinction throughout its range because of other factors; in the range of 21–100 occurrences.  4 = Apparently secure, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the  periphery. 3ROD = Record of Decision; applicable to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management forest management in range of the Northern Spotted Owl.  1 = Manage Known Sites 2 = Survey Prior to Ground-Disturbing Species 3 = Extensive Surveys 4 = General Regional Surveys4SM = Survey and Manage; the program implementing the ROD was amended several times, and revisions were made to the status of ROD species (USDA and USDI 2001). In 2001 a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) was released. A = Rare, Pre-Disturbance Surveys Practical B = Rare, Pre-Disturbance Surveys Not Practical C = Uncommon, Pre-Disturbance Surveys Practical D = Uncommon, Pre-Disturbance Surveys Not Practical or Not Necessary

 E = Rare, Status Undetermined F = Uncommon or Concern for Persistence Unknown, Status Undetermined X = Species removed from list52002 Survey And Manage Annual Species Review (ASR) rating (see 4) +1: A – WA OP, WA W Lowlands, WA W Cascades, OR W Cascades, OR Coast Range, OR Willamette Valley, and CA Coast Range  D – WA & OR  E – Cascades, OR & CA Klamath, & CA Cascades  +2: F – WA, OR,  A – CA,OR (Curry, Josephine, Jackson)  +3: A – WA,  E – CA,  E – OR (Coos, Douglas, Curry, Josephine, Jackson)  A – OR remainder  +4: E – WA (W-Cascades outside GPNF), 

E – Cascades, OP) E – OR (Klamath, Willamette Valley & East Cascades)

 X – Removed elsewhere 62003 Survey And Manage Annual Species Review data (see 5) 72005 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) ratings  SS = Sensitive Species BS = Bureau Sensitive8United States Forest Service (USFS) Special Status Species Rating  SS = Sensitive Species9Survey and Manage Rating (see WNHP ratings for explanation of the rating system)10British Columbia (Goward 1996):  1 = Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences, or very few  remaining individuals), or because of some factor of its biology making it especially  vulnerable to extirpation or extinction.  2 = Imperiled because of rarity (6 to 20 extant occurrences or very few remaining individuals),  or because of other factors demonstrably making it vulnerable to extirpation  or extinction. 

1WNHP= Washington Natural Heritage Program
Hutten, M., Woodward, A.& Hutten, K.—Inventory of the Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts, and Lichens of Olympic National Park, Washington: Species List—Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5240

Printed on recycled paper