NISTIR 7659 

Phase III: Evaluation of an Acceptance Sampling 

Method for 2D/3D Building Plans 

Geraldine S. Cheok 

Marek Franaszek 
NISTIR 7659 

Phase III: Evaluation of an Acceptance Sampling 

Method for 2D/3D Building Plans 

Geraldine S. Cheok 

Marek Franaszek 

Building and Fire Research Laboratory

December 2009 

U. S. Department of Commerce 

Gary Locke, Secretary 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Patrick D. Gallagher, Director 
iii

Abstract

The General Services Administration (GSA) established the National 3D‐4D‐BIM (Three dimensional‐ 

Four Dimensional Building Information Model) Program in 2003.    A part of the program involves 3D

imaging, and the National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) was contracted by GSA to assist them

in this area.  The past GSA‐NIST collaboration consisted of:

• Phase I ‐ “BIM Guide for 3D Imaging” (Cheok and Lytle, 2009).  This document was prepared to

provide a general introduction to 3D imaging and its implementation on GSA projects for GSA

project managers.

• Phase II – Updating of the “BIM Guide for 3D Imaging” based on industry feedback.  Additionally,

a method for objectively assessing the deliverables from 3D imaging data (in this case 2D plans)

was developed and documented in “Guidelines for Accepting 2D Building Plans” (Cheok, et al.,

2008).  This method provides a systematic answer to the question:

Are the dimensional deviations from the derived 2D plans within the specifications stated

in the contract?  

The current effort, Phase III, is the subject of this report.   In Phase III, the focus is on evaluating and

demonstrating the method proposed in Phase II using an actual GSA facility. In particular, the objective

of Phase III is to determine practical/feasible limits for the tolerances (T), sample size (n), and the

maximum percent of the population (P) out‐of‐spec that is acceptable for GSA.  In brief, a total of 285

measurements were obtained from a GSA 3D imaging project site by NIST and CMU (Carnegie Mellon

University). These measurements were then compared to corresponding measurements extracted from

2D plans or 3D models.    Several thousands of simulations were run for different combinations of

samples (i.e., to randomize the data sampling) for a given set of n, P, and T.  The data collection, data

analysis, and findings from Phase III are presented in this report.

UNITS USED IN THIS REPORT

It is the policy of NIST to use SI units in all of its publications.  The units in this report are given in U.S.

standard units (with SI units given within parenthesis) as these units are preferred by the project

sponsor.
iv

Contents

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ iii

Contents....................................................................................................................................................... iv

1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................1

2 Summary of Phase II ............................................................................................................................. 3

3 Data Collection......................................................................................................................................5

3.1 Facility Description........................................................................................................................ 5

3.2 Manual Data Collection................................................................................................................. 9

3.2.1 1st Data Collection, February 2009........................................................................................ 9

3.2.1.1 Comparison of  Manual Measurements ......................................................................... 10

3.2.2 2nd Data Collection, October 2009 ...................................................................................... 11

3.2.3 Data Description ................................................................................................................. 11

4 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................................14

4.1 In‐Spec and Out‐of‐Spec Determination..................................................................................... 14

4.2 Influence of n, T, P, and Sampling Strategy on the Decision ...................................................... 15

5 Results and Discussion........................................................................................................................ 20

5.1 General Findings ......................................................................................................................... 20

5.2 Discussion of the Results for the Different Strategies................................................................ 24

5.2.1 Strategies 1, 5 to 8 .............................................................................................................. 25

5.2.2 Strategy 2, Strategy 3, and Strategy 4................................................................................. 35

6 Summary .............................................................................................................................................38

6.1 Lessons learned........................................................................................................................... 40

6.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................................41

Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................................42

References ..................................................................................................................................................42
v

Appendix A – Field Measurements............................................................................................................. 43

Appendix B – Upper Limit Table on % Defective in Population.................................................................. 73

Appendix C:  Simulation Results for all Strategies...................................................................................... 78
1

1 Introduction

The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) Office of the Chief Architect is conducting on‐going

research in the use of 3D‐4D‐BIM (Three dimensional – Four dimensional Building Information Model)

technologies.  Specifically, GSA is investigating the use of three‐dimensional (3D) imaging technologies

(e.g., laser scanning) to capture existing conditions of government facilities.    The use of 3D imaging

technology is a relatively new technology for the types of application that are of interest to GSA.  Thus,

there are currently neither standards nor guidelines for this technology.  However, there are on‐going

efforts (e.g., ASTM E57 – 3D Imaging Systems) to develop these standards and guidelines.   

In the interim, GSA has been involved in developing guidance for GSA project managers to assess the

application of 3D imaging in GSA projects.  As a part of this effort, GSA contracted the National Institute

of Standards and Technology (NIST) to contribute to the development of the guidance documents.  This

collaboration resulted in the publication of:   

• Phase I and II  ‐ “BIM Guide for 3D Imaging” (Cheok and Lytle, 2009).  The initial draft was the

outcome of Phase I, and the draft was revised based on input from the 3D imaging community

in Phase II.  This document provides a general introduction to and guidance for 3D imaging to

GSA project managers.

• Phase II ‐ “Guidelines for Accepting 2D Building Plans” (Cheok, et al., 2008).  The objective of this

document is to aid GSA in the objective assessment of the deliverables from 3D imaging data –

in particular, 2D building plans.  The guideline provides a systematic answer to the question:   

Are the dimensional deviations from the derived 2D plans within the specifications

stated in the contract?

In Phase III, the focus is on evaluating and demonstrating the procedure developed from Phase II using

an actual GSA facility.    In particular, the objective is to determine practical/feasible limits for the

tolerances (T), sample size (n), and the maximum percent of the population (P) out‐of‐spec that is

acceptable for GSA.    To satisfy the objective, it was necessary to obtain field measurements from a

facility and then comparing these measurements to corresponding measurements extracted from 2D

plans or 3D models.  Several thousands of simulations were run for different combinations of samples

(i.e., to randomize the data sampling) for a given set of n, P, and T.  The data collection, data analysis,

and findings from Phase III are presented in this report.

Section 2 of this report outlines the acceptance sampling method developed in Phase II.    Section 3

describes the data collection process.  The data analysis and sampling strategies used for the simulations

are described in Section 4.  Section 5 presents and discusses the findings.  A summary of the project is

given in Section 6.  The data collected in the field is given in Appendix A.  A table listing the upper limits
2

(p) on % Defective in Population for all the sample sizes used in this report is given in Appendix B.  The

results of all the runs performed are tabulated in Appendix C.

   
3

2 Summary of Phase II

The report “Guidelines for Accepting 2D Building Plans” (Cheok, et al., 2008) details a method utilizing

Acceptance Sampling to either accept or reject a 2D building plan.    An outline of this method is

reproduced below for convenience.   

1. Determine and list each measurement type (name and description) that is important.

2. Specify how the measurements are to be made.  This step includes:

a. Specifying the type of instrument used to obtain the measurements

b. Proof of calibration of the instrument and any required in‐field checks

c. Describing how the measurements are to be obtained.  For example,

i. Are measurements to be made multiple times and reporting the average?  

ii. If a door width is to be measured, where should be the measurements be made?

3. Specify the criteria for conformity for each type of measurement.    Clearly describe when the

measurement is “in‐spec” or “out‐of‐spec” (defective).

4. Develop the sampling plan

a. Define tolerance, T

b. Define P

c. Define sample size, n  

5. Select Experiment Design

a. Randomized Acceptance Sampling  

b. Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling  

6. Develop in conjunction with a statistician an Experiment Design based on the Response Types

and Factors.

a. If there are no existing plans, then the determination of which measurements to make

will have to be performed manually.  For example, manually identify the doors, randomly

select the required number of doors.  

b. If there are existing plans, then the determination of the measurements may be

performed prior to the fieldwork.  There is on‐going research to automate this process,

i.e., automatically extract the doors from the plans, generate the list, and randomly

select the doors.

7. Execute Experiment Design

8. Analyze the data to obtain d (number of defects)

9. Use upper limit table (see Appendix B, Table B1) to Accept or Reject.  If Reject,

a. Reject deliverable, OR

b. Conduct additional sampling, OR

c. Contractor corrects errors and re‐submits plans and GSA conducts acceptance sampling

plan again

The work in Phase III focuses on the parameters listed in Step 4 above (T, P, and n), where:

• T, the tolerance, is the maximum deviation that a measurement could have before GSA would

declare the measurement to be "out‐of‐spec".   Deviation = 2D/3D measurement – reference

value.
4

• P is the maximum percent of the population that is out‐of‐spec that is acceptable to GSA.  This

value answers the question:

For GSA to accept a 2D Plan, what is the largest percent defective (out‐of‐spec) of the

whole population that would be acceptable to GSA?

• n is the number of measurements that will be made by an inspector; statistically, n is

referred to as the "sample size".  This number will depend largely on time and cost that GSA

is willing to expend to perform the quality check.

At this time, there is no guidance on what are appropriate values for the above parameters, i.e.,

what is feasible or practical.  The effort described in this report will  provide initial guidance to the

questions:

How many measurements are needed?   

What is an acceptable percent of out‐of‐spec?  

What is a practical tolerance?

The remainder of this Phase III report consists of the documentation of the application of the

Acceptance Sampling methodology developed in Phase II to a specific site.   
5

3 Data Collection

3.1 Facility Description  

A GSA 3D imaging project was used to help evaluate practical/feasible values for T, P, and n.  The facility

is a utility plant which provides electricity and hot water for a federal government campus.  The rooms

in the facility could be categorized as either offices or mechanical equipment rooms.  The 2D plans as

supplied by GSA are given in Figure 1 (1st floor), Figure 2 (2nd floor), and Figure 3 (roof).  

One of the objectives of the GSA 3D imaging project was:

“... to create an accurate current‐condition record of the existing building conditions. The

deliverables from the interior scanning will be used primarily for verification and comparison of

spatial data and area measurements. The 3D imaging at this location will provide 2D CAD plans,

elevations and 3D geometric models and/or BIM required to document as‐built conditions,

including details of the interior spaces.”1

The GSA specified tolerance for the deliverables from the service provider for all of the

measurements that will be used in this report is 1 in (25.4 mm).

   

                                                           

1 Taken from GSA’s scope‐of‐work for the 3D imaging project.
6

Spare room Control rm

Figure 1. First Floor Plan of GSA Facility.

Chiller room

Switch room

Generator room 2 Generator room 1

Boiler

room

OFFICES

Stairwell 2

EAST
7

Figure 2. Second Floor Plan of GSA Facility.

Generator room 1

Generator rm 1 ‐ 

Mezzanine

OF

Stairwell 2

EAST
8

Lower roof

Upper roof – North section Upper roof – South

section

EAST

Figure 3. Roof Plan of GSA Facility.
9

3.2 Manual Data Collection

The measurements of interest to GSA were interior room dimensions.   GSA was also interested, to a

lesser extent, in pipe dimensions, equipment dimensions, and exterior dimensions.

The original intent was to take as many measurements as possible in 2 to 3 days.  Prior to going out to

the site, GSA sent the 2D plans to NIST.  In preparation for the fieldwork, measurements in each room

were identified to ensure that no particular area was left out and that somewhat even sampling

occurred among the different rooms.   

3.2.1 1st Data Collection, February 2009

In February 2009, NIST researchers collected the data to be compared with the measurements from the

2D plans or 3D model (2D/3D measurements will be used henceforth); this effort occurred at the same

time that the service provider was scanning the facility.  A team of researchers from Carnegie Mellon

University (CMU) was also at the site collecting measurements for a related GSA project.  The types of

measurements obtained were:    room dimensions (width and height), window widths and heights,

distance between objects (e.g., columns, equipment and wall), pipe diameters, and pipe circumferences.  

Two hundred and forty‐two (242) measurements were obtained from the interior and exterior of the

building and on the roof.     

For the majority of the 242 measurements, the measurement was repeated where the number of

repeats varied from two to eight; some measurements did not have repeats.  To clarify, a measurement

is the average of the repeated measurements of the dimension of interest.    For example, if the

dimension of interest was a door width, the door width was measured three times:  near the top of the

door, middle of the door, close to the bottom of the door.  The average of these three measurements

was used to represent the NIST/CMU measurement for that door width; this constitutes one of the 242

measurements – NOT three of the 242 measurements.

As mentioned in the previous paragraph, most of the linear measurements such as window widths, door

widths, and wall lengths were made at three different locations:   high, medium, low where high was

approximately 6 ft (1.8 m), low was close to the floor or bottom of the window, and medium was in

between the high and low locations.   These locations may have varied due to the presence of obstacles;

for example, a “low” measurement may have been taken a few feet above the floor because there were

boxes along the wall.    When obstacles prevented the taking of measurements from three different

locations, either three measurements were made from approximately the same location or less than

three measurements were made.   

The locations of the measurements were marked on the 2D plans.  The measurements and descriptions

of the measurement locations were manually recorded.  Additionally, photos were taken of some of the

locations.
10

The linear measurements (except for three measurements:  measurements labeled R‐3 to R‐5 in Table

A1, Appendix A) were made with a laser distance meter with a manufacturer specified accuracy of ±

0.06 in (±1.5 mm).  The measurements R‐3 to R‐5 were made with a measuring tape as the laser distance

meter could not measure the distance due to a combination of long distance and weak return signal

from a dark surface.    Small pipe diameters were measured with a digital micrometer with a

manufacturer specified accuracy of ±0.001 in (±0.002 mm).    Pipe circumference was measured by

wrapping a strip of plastic tape around the pipe and then measuring the length of the plastic tape with a

measuring tape.  An estimate of the uncertainty of the measurements made with a measuring tape is

0.1 %.

Since these manual measurements were obtained at the same time as the site was scanned, some of the

manual measurements did not have corresponding measurements in the 2D plans or 3D model as the

objects were not modeled.  The number of measurements without corresponding plan data was 23.

3.2.1.1 Comparison of  Manual Measurements

The CMU data were made available to NIST and vice versa.  Of the 242 NIST measurements, there were

a total of 15 corresponding measurements in the two data sets.    The differences between the

corresponding NIST and CMU measurements are given in Table 1.   

Table 1.  Comparison of Available NIST and CMU Corresponding Measurements.

Index Label NIST Measurements CMU Measurements   

# of

repeats

Average, m

(s

** in mm)

# of

repeats

Average, m

(s in mm)

Difference =

(NIST – CMU),

in (mm)

1 I‐28 2 11.879  (0.0) 5 11.875  (0.9) 0.14 (3.6)

2 I‐30 3 2.596  (4.0) 6 2.597  (3.5)  ‐0.01 (‐0.2)

3 I‐32 3 10.230  (1.0) 6 10.227  (4.3) 0.12 (3.2)

4 I‐34 3 2.663  (3.2) 6 2.666  (6.1)  ‐0.14 (‐3.5)

5 I‐65 3 6.402  (0.6) 10 6.408  (9.7)  ‐0.23 (‐5.9)

6 I‐66 3 4.020  (3.2) 10 4.014  (5.1) 0.22 (5.6)

7 I‐69 3 2.985  (2.9) 10 2.982  (4.2) 0.14 (3.5)

8 I‐76 3 4.397 (7.2) 10 4.399  (5.3)  ‐0.08 (‐2.0)

9 I‐77 3 3.811  (3.0) 10 3.8146  (4.6)  ‐0.14 (‐3.6)

10 I‐79 3 2.680 (5.7) 10 2.675  (6.6) 0.23 (5.8)

11 I‐81 3 7.035  (1.2) 4 7.037  (1.5)  ‐0.08 (‐2.1)

12 I‐82 3 1.872 (8.1) 8 1.868 (7.7) 0.13 (3.3)

13 I‐153 2 13.412  (2.8) 5 13.197  (1.9) 8.48 (215.4)

14 E‐5 3 3.057  (1.2) 10 3.0576  (2.5)  ‐0.01 (‐0.3)

15 E‐19 3 3.651  (1.5) 5 3.653  (3.1)  ‐0.08 (‐2.1) ** Standard deviation of the average.
11

As seen in Table 1, the differences for 14 of the 15 measurements were less than 0.24 in (6 mm).  For

one of the measurements, Index = 13, the difference was large and equal to 8.48 in (215.4 mm).  To

resolve this discrepancy, the corresponding 2D/3D measurement was used.  The difference between the

NIST measurement and the corresponding 2D/3D measurement was ‐0.09 in (‐2.4 mm); it was therefore

concluded that the CMU measurement may have been a measurement of a different dimension.   

The average of the absolute values of the difference (without the outlier, Index 13) was 0.14 in (3.2 mm)

with a standard deviation of 0.07 in (1.9 mm).    There were 29 other measurements from CMU that

were not “duplicate” measurements (i.e., measurements listed in Table 1), and these 29 measurements

were combined with the NIST measurements.

3.2.2 2nd Data Collection, October 2009

After an initial analysis of the data, there were 30 measurements (28 from NIST and 2 from CMU) where

the difference between the NIST or CMU measurements and the extracted measurements from the 2D

plans or 3D model was more than 2 in (50.8 mm).  To verify the manual measurement values, NIST re‐

visited the site and re‐measured the 30 measurements in October 2009.  Five of the 30 measurements

were not obtained.   

Of the 25 measurements that were repeated, 23 were essentially the same as the data collected in the

1st data collection.    Of the two measurements that were different between the 1st and 2nd data

collection, one was from NIST and one was from CMU.  The one from NIST differed by 2.2 in (55 mm).  

The NIST values from the 2nd data collection were closer to those extracted from the 3D model and

therefore, these values were used.  The values from the 2nd data collection for the CMU measurement

differed by 7.9 in (200 mm) and were closer to the value extracted from the 3D model; the values from

the 2nd data collection were therefore used.  In addition to obtaining the 25 repeated measurements, 31

additional measurements were made to augment the number of measurements obtained in the 1st data

collection.

3.2.3 Data Description

A total of 285 measurements were available for analysis – 256 from NIST and 29 from CMU.    These

measurements are given in Appendix A – Field Measurements, Table A1.  In Table A1, a measurement

label beginning with:

• I = Interior measurement

• E = Exterior measurement

• R = Roof measurement

The measurements were further grouped into several categories, e.g., Office or not‐office, interior or

exterior.    The number of measurements in each of the categories are shown in Table 2.    The

classification of each individual measurement is given in Appendix A – Field Measurements, Table A2.
12

Table 2.  Measurement Categories.

General Categories

# of

Measurements

1.  Office vs. Not Office

Office = measurements obtained in areas labeled offices in Figures 1 to 3. 100

Not office = measurements obtained in areas not labeled offices in Figures 1 to

2; exterior and roof measurements are excluded.

117

2.  Interior vs. Exterior

Interior = measurements obtained inside the buildings 217

Exterior = measurements obtained outside the buildings 68

3.  Measurement length (see Figure 4 for further breakdown)

Short =  distances < 6 ft 6.7 in (2 m) 67

Medium = 6 ft 6.7 in (2 m) ≤ distances  < 26 ft 3 in (8 m) 3

Long = distances ≥ 26 ft 3 in (8 m) 45

4.  Measurement Type

Horizontal 219

Vertical 51

Circumference/Radius 15

5.  Room “Type”

Boiler room 13

Chiller room 25

Exterior (exterior and roof) 68

Generator room 1 15

Generator room 2 21

Miscellaneous (Control room, Spare room, Stairwell 2) 17

Office (all areas labeled offices in Figures 1 to 3) 100

Switch room 26

  

A breakdown of the field measurements by length is shown in Figure 4.    As seen in the figure, the

number of long distance measurements was low as the ability to obtain these measurements was

reduced by obstructions.  This was especially true for the Chiller,  Boiler, and Generator (#1) rooms.  
13

Figure 4.  Breakdown of Measurements by Distance.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

< 2 2 ≤ D < 4 4 ≤ D < 6 6 ≤ D < 88 ≤ D < 1010 ≤ D < 1212 ≤ D < 1414 ≤ D < 1616 ≤ D < 18 ≥ 18

# of Measurements

Distance (m)

< 2            2 ≤ D < 4     4 ≤ D < 6     6 ≤ D < 8      8 ≤ D < 10   10 ≤ D < 12 12 ≤ D < 14   14 ≤ D < 16                           ≥ 18
14

4 Data Analysis

4.1 In­Spec and Out­of­Spec Determination

As described in Section 6 of (Cheok, et al., 2008), each of the NIST/CMU measurements was compared

with the corresponding measurement from the 2D plan or 3D model provided by the service provider.  

To determine if the difference was in‐spec (“In”) or out‐of‐spec (“Out”), two criteria were used.   

The first criteria was based on the tolerance.  The differences between the NIST/CMU measurements

and the 2D/3D measurements were compared to a given tolerance to determine if the 2D/3D

measurements were “In” (in‐spec) or “Out” (out‐of‐spec) of tolerance.   

A measurement was considered “In” if the absolute value of the difference between the NIST/CMU

measurement and the 2D/3D measurement was less than or equal to the tolerance, and it was “Out” if

the absolute value of the difference between the NIST/CMU measurement and the 2D/3D measurement

was greater than the tolerance.

|Δ| ൌ ห MeasurementNIST/CMU –  Measurement2D/3D ห ൑  Tolerance  →  In

|Δ| ൌ ห MeasurementNIST/CMU ‐ Measurement2D/3D ห ൐ Tolerance →  Out

where  

MeasurementNIST/CMU = Measurement made by NIST/CMU.

Measurement2D/3D = Measurement extracted from the 2D plans or 3D model.

Tolerance = value specified by GSA, e.g., 1 in (25.4 mm).   

The second criteria was based on the statistical uncertainty of the NIST/CMU measurements.    A

measurement was considered “In” if the absolute value of the difference between the NIST/CMU

measurement and the 2D/3D measurement was less than the standard deviation of the mean of the

measurement multiplied by the upper 95 % confidence limit for the mean.    A measurement was

considered “Out” if the absolute value of the difference between the NIST/CMU measurement and the

2D/3D measurement was greater than the standard deviation of the mean of the measurement

multiplied by the upper 95 % confidence limit for the mean as follows:

|Δ| ൌ ห MeasurementNIST/CMU ‐  Measurement2D/3Dห ൑ ݏ௬ത ൈ ݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ, జ →  In

|Δ| = ห MeasurementNIST/CMU ‐ Measurement2D/3D ห ൐ ݏ௬ത ൈݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ, జ  → Out

where
15

ݏ௬ത = standard deviation of the mean of the NIST/CMU measurements

= s/ඥnumber of repeats

s = standard deviation of the data

ݕത = mean of the data

ݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ,జ = 97.5 % percentile of a two‐sided t‐distribution with υ degrees of freedom.

υ  = number of repeats – 1

If the decision is “In” based on one criteria and “Out” based on the other criteria, the final decision is

“In”.  Therefore, the only time when the final decision is to Reject is when the decision is Reject for both

criteria.

To obtain the standard deviation for those measurements that were only measured once (i.e., no

repeats), the average of the relative standard deviations for all the other measurements was used to

determine the standard deviation for a single measurement.    The average of the relative standard

deviations of the data for this study is 0.10 %.  The relative standard deviation is defined as:

ݏ ൌ௥௘௟ ݏ

തݕ

Therefore, the relative standard deviation, srel, for a single measurement is set equal to 0.10 %.    For

example, if the measurement was 8 ft 2.4 in (2.5 m), the estimated standard deviation for this single

measurement is:

For ݊ ൌ 1, ݏ ൌ ݏ ௟௘௥׵ ݏ ൌ ሺ0.10 100 ⁄ ሻ ൈ ሺ8 ൈ 12 ൅ 2.4ሻ 

ൌ 0.001 ൈ 98.4 

ൌ 0.0984 in ሺ2.5 mmሻ

Conservatively, the ݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ,జ for a single measurement is set equal to that for ݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ,జ for υ = 2 or

ݐ଴.ଽ଻ହ,జ = 12.706 for a measurement with no repeats.

4.2 Influence of n, T, P, and Sampling Strategy on the Decision

To determine the influence of T and P on the decision, a range of T and P values was used.    The

tolerances, T, used were:

T = 0.5 in (12.7 mm), 0.75 in (19.1 mm), 1 in (25.4 mm), 2 in (50.8 mm)
16

The following P (maximum percent of the population that is out‐of‐spec that is tolerable to GSA) values

were used:

P = 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %

The upper limits for the percent defective in the population with 95% Confidence are given in Appendix

B, Table B1.  These values are used to determine the Accept/Reject decision based on P, d (# defects or

out‐of‐spec), and n.  Note that d is only dependent on T.  The colored lines in Table B1 correspond to the

different levels of P.

For given combinations of T and P, eight sampling strategies were implemented to evaluate the effect of

sample size, n.    Since only “one” large sample set (N = 285) was obtained in the field, the effect of

varying the sample size was simulated by sub‐sampling from the “one” large sample set.    The sub‐

sampling (taking n measurements from N where n < N) enables the randomization of the selection of

the measurements.    For a sub‐sample size of n, the number of all possible combinations out of N

samples is:

൬

ܰ

݊൰ ൌ ܰ!݊! ሺܰ െ ݊ሻ!

The eight sampling strategies are described below.

1. All measurements (285 measurements available)

This sampling method is the Randomized Acceptance Sampling method where all the

measurements are selected randomly.  Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200,

225, 250, 285.    For each n (except for n = 285 where only one run could be performed),

randomly select n measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of the 285

measurements.

2. All Offices only (100 measurements available)

This strategy allows for the simulation of projects where the building(s) consisted of office

spaces only.  A randomized sampling method was implemented.

Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100.  For each n (except for n = 100 where only one run could be

performed), randomly select n measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of the 100

measurements.   

3. All Not Offices only (117 measurements available)

This strategy allows for the simulation of projects where the buildings did not contain office

spaces and where the environment was less structured.  A randomized sampling method was

implemented.
17

Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100, 117.  For each n (except for n = 117 where only one run

could be performed), randomly select n measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of

the 117 measurements.

4. Equal number of measurements for each room type (Table 2, General Category 5)

This sampling method is the Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling.  The stratification is

based on room type.     The room types used were:    Boiler room, Chiller room, Exterior,

Generator room 1, Generator room 2, Miscellaneous, Office, Switch room.    

Sample sizes used:    n = 48 (k = 6 measurements/ room type), 64 (k =8 measurements/room

type), 80 (k =10 measurements/room type), 104 (k =13 measurements/room type).   

For each n (except for n = 104 where only one run could be performed), randomly select k

measurements out of the number of measurements available for that room type 200 times

(randomized sampling).  For example, for n = 64 and room type = Chiller room,  

A. Randomly select k = 8 measurements out of 25 measurements available for the

Chiller room (see Table 2) measurements.

B. Repeat Step A for remaining room types where the number of measurements

available will vary based on the room type (see Table 2).

C. Repeat Steps A and B 200 times.

5. Offices or Not Offices (Table 2, General Category 1)

This sampling method is the Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling.  The stratification is

based on whether the measurement was from an office space (more structured environment) or

not office space (less structured environment).     

Sample sizes used:   n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 217.    For a given sample size, n, the

number of Office (100) or Not Office (117) measurements selected were based on the

proportion of Office and Not Office measurements.  That is, for a given n

i = # of office measurements = n * (Total # of Office/217) = n * (100/217)

j = # of Not office measurements = n * (Total # of Not Office/217) = n * (117/217)

For each n (except for n = 217 where only one run could be performed), randomly select i and j

measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of the 100 Office and 117 Not Office

measurements, respectively.

6. Interior or Exterior (Table 2, General Category 2)
18

This sampling method is the Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling.  The stratification is

based on whether the measurement was an Interior or Exterior measurement.     

Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 285.  For a given sample size, n,

the number of Interior (217) or Exterior (68) measurements selected were based on the

proportion of Interior and Exterior measurements.  That is, for a given n

i = # of Interior measurements = n * (Total # of Interior/285) = n * (217/285)

j = # of Exterior office measurements = n * (Total # of Exterior/285) = n * (68/285)

For each n (except for n = 285 where only one run could be performed), randomly select i and j

measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of the 217 Interior and 68 Exterior

measurements, respectively.   

7. Measurement length (Table 2, General Category 3)

This sampling method is the Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling.  The stratification is

based on measurement length.   

Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 285.  For a given sample size, n,

the number of Long (45), Medium (173), or Short (67) measurements selected were based on

the proportion of Long, Medium, and Short measurements.  That is, for a given n

i = # of Long measurements = n * (Total # of Long/285) = n * (45/285)

j = # of Medium measurements = n * (Total # of Medium/285) = n * (173/285)

m = # of Short measurements = n * (Total # of Short/285) = n * (67/285)

For each n (except for n = 285 where only one run could be performed), randomly select i, j, and

m measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of the 45 Long, 173 Medium, and 67

Short measurements, respectively.  

8. Measurement Type (Table 2, General Category 4)

This sampling method is the Stratified Randomized Acceptance Sampling.  The stratification is

based on measurement type – horizontal vs. vertical.

Sample sizes used:  n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 270.  For a given sample size, n,

the number of Horizontal or Vertical measurements selected were based on the proportion of

Horizontal (219) and Vertical (51) measurements.  That is, for a given n

i = # of Horizontal measurements = n * (Total # of Horizontal/270) = n * (219/270)

j = # of Vertical measurements = n * (Total # of Vertical/270) = n * (51/270)
19

For each n (except for n = 270 where only one run could be simulated), randomly select i and j

measurements 400 times (randomized sampling) out of 219 Horizontal and 51 Vertical

measurements, respectively.

Comparisons of Strategy 1 with Strategies 4 to 8 will allow for the comparison of randomized sampling

versus stratified randomized acceptance sampling described in (Cheok, et al., 2009).   
20

5 Results and Discussion

During the study, two sources of discrepancy between the manual and 2D/3D measurements were

discovered.  One discrepancy involved measurements of the floor to ceiling distances in the “Not Office”

areas.  There were eight such measurements – these measurements are indicated in Appendix A, Table

A1.  All floor‐to‐ceiling measurements (“Not Office” and “Office”) were obtained from three locations

around the room, and the average of the measurements at the three locations was used to compare

with the 2D/3D measurement.  The ceilings in the “Not Office” areas were sloped, and this slope may

have caused some of the floor‐to‐ceiling measurements in the “Not Office” areas to be out‐of‐spec.  Of

the eight measurements, there were five instances when the floor‐to‐ceiling measurements in the “Not

Office” areas were out‐of‐spec.

The other discrepancy involved measurements of windows where the window had interior and exterior

faces.  There were 14 such measurements, indicated in Appendix A, Table A1.  The 3D model that was

generated was based on modeling the points for the exterior face of the window.    Two of the 14

measurements were in‐spec for T  ≥  0.5 in (12.7 mm).    To be consistent with the other extracted

measurements, the 14 measurements extracted from the 2D/3D model were used in the analysis, i.e.,

the measurements as extracted from the point clouds (obtained from the service provider) were not

used.    Note that a check of the measurements as obtained from the point cloud for six of the 14

window measurements indicated that these six measurements would be in‐spec for T ≥ 0.5 in (12.7 mm)

if the interior point clouds were used to generate the 2D/3D model.

5.1 General Findings

Figure 5 and Table 3 categorizes the measurements based on the magnitude of the differences between

the NIST/CMU measurements and the 2D/3D measurements.    In Figure 5, the x‐axis labels were

abbreviated for clarity.    The value associated with the column labeled “1/2” is the number of

measurements where the difference is 0.5 in (12.7 mm) or less; the value associated with the column

labeled “3/4” is the number of measurements where the difference is greater than 0.5 in (12.7 mm) and

less than or equal to 0.75 in (19.1 mm), etc.
21

Figure 5.  Histogram of the Differences Between the NIST/CMU and 2D/3D Measurements.

Table 3.  Magnitude of Differences between the Manual and 2D/3D Measurements.

Difference,

in (mm)

# of

Measurements

% of

Measurements Cumulative %

≤1/2 (12.7 ) 193 68 68

≤ 3/4 (19.1) 31 11 79

≤ 1 (25.4) 20 7 86

≤ 2 (50.8) 22 8 93

≤ 3 (76.2) 7 2 96

≤ 4 (101.6) 3 1 97

≤ 5 (127.0) 3 1 98

> 5 (127.0) 6 2 100

As shown in Table 3, the difference between the NIST/CMU and the 2D/3D plans for 68 % of the

measurements was less than or equal to 0.5 in (12.7 mm) and for 86 % of the measurements, the

difference was 1 in (25.4 mm) or less.

To determine broad trends in the measurements, several plots of the data were made, Figures 6 to 9.  In

these plots, the ratio of the number of out‐of‐spec in a given category to the total number of

measurements in that category is plotted against the tolerance.   

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

≤ 1/2 ≤ 3/4 ≤ 1 ≤ 2 ≤ 3 ≤ 4 ≤ 5 > 5

% of Measurements

Difference = NIST/CMU ‐ 2D/3D (in)
22

Figure 7.  Interior vs. Exterior Measurements.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

# Out in Category/Total

# in Category (%)

Tolerance (in.)

Horizontal

Vertical

Circum/Radius

All Meas.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

# Out in Category/Total

# in Category (%)

Tolerance (in.)

Interior

Exterior

All Meas.

Figure 6.  Type of Measurement:  Horizontal, Vertical, and  Circumference/Radius Measurements.
23

Figure 8.  Office vs. Not Office Measurements.

Figure 9.  Measurement Length:  Long, Medium, Short.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

# Out in Category/Total

# in Category (%)

Tolerance (in.)

Office

Not Office

All Meas.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

# Out in Category/Total

# in Category (%)

Tolerance (in.)

Long

Medium

Short

All Meas.
24

As seen in Figures 6 to 9, the most obvious trend is that the vertical measurements appear to have more

out‐of‐spec measurements than the horizontal measurements (Figure 6).    The long distance

measurements also had fewer out‐of‐spec measurements, and the short distance measurements had

more out‐of‐spec measurements (Figure 9).    The reason why more short distance measurements are

out‐of‐spec may be because nine out of the 12 out‐of‐spec measurements for the windows (see Section

5) were categorized as “Short” distance measurements.  It also appears that the Exterior measurements

had fewer out‐of‐spec measurements than the interior measurements (Figure 7).  There was no trend

for Not‐office vs. Office measurements (Figure 8).   

5.2 Discussion of the Results for the Different Strategies

The results of all the runs for all eight strategies are given in Appendix C, in Tables C1 to C6.   

Explanations of the nomenclature used in these tables are as follows:

1. % Accept:  Out of the 1, 200, or 400 runs, the percentage of runs that GSA would accept the

deliverable for a given n, T, and P.

2. Avg # defects:  The average number of defects from the 200 or 400 runs.

3. Std defects:  The standard deviation of the defects based on the 200 or 400 runs.  This value is

set to zero when the number of runs is one.

4. Max. defects:  The number of defects above which the deliverable is rejected for a given n and

P.  This number is obtained from Appendix B, Table B1.

Example:

For n = 200, and P = 10 %, the maximum number of defects = 12.   Based on T = 1 in, if the

number of the out‐of‐spec (defects) measurements were ≤ 12 then Accept, otherwise Reject.   

For each of the eight strategies, when all the measurements in a given category are used (i.e., no other

combinations are possible), only one run was possible.  The assumption made in this report is that this

case is the same as when n equals the population size (i.e., this is the closest to the population size in

this study).  

In the following sections, the eight strategies are put into two groups:  A = Strategies 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 and B =

Strategies 2, 3, 4. The grouping is based on the maximum sample size in each of the strategies.    The

strategies in Group A has maximum sample sizes of larger than 200 while the maximum sample sizes for

strategies in Group B are about 100.
25

5.2.1 Strategies 1, 5 to 8

A general schematic for the decisions as they relate to T and P is shown in Figure 10.   As shown in Figure

10, for the combinations of very low T and P, the decision would, in general, be to always Reject and for

combinations of high T and P, the decision would be to always Accept.  In the regions labeled “Reject”

and “Accept” in Figure 10, the sample sizes are not critical (but a reasonable number is still required, for

example, 60).    However, the sample sizes are important in the region marked “Mixed Decisions” in

Figure 10.

Figure 10.  Decisions Relative to T and P

For Strategies 1 and 5 to 8, the decisions for given T and P values are shown in Table 4.  In Table 4, a cell

labeled “Reject” or “Accept” means that the decision for Strategies 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 was to Reject or Accept,

respectively; a cell labeled “Mixed” means that some of the decisions for strategies were to Reject and

some were to Accept.  Note that the required tolerances for the 3D imaging project used in this study

were 1 in (25.4 mm) and 2 in (50.8 mm).  Given this requirement, the decisions to Reject for tolerances

of 0.75 in (19.1 mm) or less are to be expected as meeting tighter tolerances requires more time and,

therefore, higher costs.  

The sample sizes listed for the Accept decisions indicate the minimum sample sizes beyond which the

decision would not have changed (if there were minimum sample different sizes, the largest value was

chosen and is given in Table 4).   The minimum sample size was taken as the sample size at which the %

Accept vs. n line flattened out (see Figure 11).  For example, in Figure 11, examining the red solid line (T

= 2 in [50.8 mm], P = 15 %), the minimum sample size is 125 – that is, the decision does not change for

larger sample sizes.  The boxes where the sample sizes are not given are the trivial cases – where the

decision is always to reject regardless of sample size.
26

Table 4.  Decisions for Strategies 1 and 5‐8 for given T and P values.

P

(%)

T, Tolerance, in (mm)

0.5

(12.7)

0.75

(19.1)

1

(25.4)

2

(50.8)

5 Reject Reject Reject Reject

10 Reject Reject Reject Mixed

(n ≥ 250)2

15 Reject Reject Reject

(n ≥ 225)

Accept

(n ≥ 175)

20 Reject Reject

(n ≥ 150)

Accept

(n ≥ 225)

Accept

(n ≥ 100)

Some combinations of n, T, and P are plotted in Figure 11; the other combinations given in Table C1 are

not shown in Figure 11 for purposes of clarity – the decisions in these cases were to Reject and the “%

Accept” equaled zero for all sample sizes for the given combinations of n, T, and P3

.   

                                                           

2 Of the five strategies, there were four decisions to Accept and one (Strategy 5) to Reject.   

3 This same note applies to similar plots for Strategies 5 to 8.
27

Figure 11.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 1.

For high tolerance [T = 2 in (50.8 mm)] and high acceptance level (P = 20 %), the decision is to Accept

regardless of the sample size.    However, for the same T, the sample size becomes important as P

decreases.  The black line, T= 2 in (50.8 mm) and P = 10 %, in Figure 11 is used to as an illustration of

this.  Since the decision for n = 285 is to Accept, it is assumed that this decision is true for n < 285 (see

Section 5.2) for this combination of T and P.  From Figure 11, for n ≤ 150, the “% Accept” ≤ 54 %.  This

means that a correct decision is made less than or equal to 54 % of the time or an incorrect decision is

made greater than or equal to 46 % of the time.

Note that there is a minimum sample size for a desired value of P or conversely, for a given sample size,

there is a minimum value of P.   This minimum sample size is dictated by the values in the “Upper Limit

Table on % Defective” (Table B1).  Since the number of defects cannot be less than zero, the first row, d

= 0, of Table B1 will dictate the minimum n or the minimum P value.    The relationship between the

minimum n and P is shown graphically in Figure 12.   

For example, if P = 5 %, then the minimum sample size is 58 (see green dotted line in Figure 12).  If only

a smaller sample size is available, then a larger P will have to be tolerated.  For example, if n = 30, then

the minimum P is 9.5 % (see red dashed line in Figure 12).  For situations when d = 0, it should be noted

that decisions to Accept can only occur if no defects are found in the samples and the p is less than P,

otherwise Reject.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%
28

Figure 12.  Defects = 0:  Minimum Sample Size, n, for a given P or the Minimum P for a given n.

Plots similar to that shown in Figure 11 for Strategies 5 to 8 are given in Figures 13 to 16.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Minimum P [%]

Sample Size, n
29

Figure 13.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 5.

Figure 14.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 6.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 50 100 150 200 250

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%

T = 1", P = 10%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%

T = 1", P = 10%
30

Figure 15.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 7.

Figure 16.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 8.

To determine the stability or certainty of a decision, the average number of defects (from the 200 or 400

runs) and the standard deviations, σ, of the defects for each combination of n, T, and P were calculated

and are listed in Tables C1 to C6.  The maximum number of defects as described in Section 5.2 is also

listed in Tables C1 to C6.    In essence, the average number of defects is compared to the maximum

number of defects.    If the difference between these two values is large, then the likelihood that the

decision will change based on changes to the samples (i.e., different sample sets used) is minimal (see

Pts. A and D in Figure 17).   If the difference is small, then the likelihood that the decision will change

(i.e., different sample sets were used) is high (see Pts. B and C in Figure 17).    

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%

T = 1", P = 10%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%

T = 1", P = 10%
31

Figure 17.  Conceptualization of Decision Stability.

In Figure 17, the decision line depends only on n and P.  These decision lines are generated based on the

number of defects, as extracted from Appendix B, Table B1, for a given combination of n and P.  The

number of defects, d, is only dependent on T and is independent of P.  In Figure 17, if a point lies below

the decision line, the decision should be to Accept;  if a point lies above the decision line, the decision

should be to Reject.  The distance of the point from the decision line gives an indication of the stability

of the decision as discussed earlier in this paragraph.

Figure 18 is the “stability” plot for Strategy 1.    In Figure 18, the thick colored lines without markers

represent the “decision” lines for the different levels of P, and the black lines with markers represent

average number of defects for each of the 200 or 400 runs for a given combination of n and T.  The error

bars are the standard deviations of the defects of the 200 or 400 runs.    Two examples are used to

illustrate the interpretation of Figure 18.

Example 1:   

For T = 0.5 in (12.7 mm) (black line with square markers), the decision to Reject would likely not

change as it is “very far” from any of the decision lines.  That is, the closest decision line is for P

= 20 % (red line), and even if the length of the error bars were tripled (3σ), the line would not be

below the red line.   

Example 2:   

The line for T = 2 in (50.8 mm) (black line with open circle markers) is very close to the line for P

= 10 % (green line) and crosses the green line at about n = 160.  The average number of defects
32

is above the green line (i.e., Reject) for n < 160 and is below the green line for n > 160.  

Additionally, the green line lies within the error bars for several of the points.  This indicates that

some of the times, depending on the samples chosen, the decision will change from “Accept” to

“Reject” or vice versa.  

Figure 18.  Decision Stability for Strategy 1.

Stability plots for Strategies 5 to 8 are given in Figures 19 to 22.  The agreement of the results shown in

Table 4 and the similarity of the stability plots for Strategies 1 and 5‐8 seem to indicate that is no

difference between a randomly selected set of samples and a stratified sample set.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 285

Number of Defects, 

d

Sample Size, n

P_5%

P_10%

P_15%

P_20%

T_1/2

T_3/4

T_1

T_2
33

Figure 19.  Decision Stability for Strategy 5.

Figure 20.  Decision Stability for Strategy 6.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 217

Number of Defects, 

d

Sample Size, n

P_5%

P_10%

P_15%

P_20%

Tol 1/2

Tol 3/4

Tol 1

Tol 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 285

Number of Defects, 

d

Sample Size, n

P_5%

P_10%

P_15%

P_20%

T_1/2

T_3/4

T_1

T_2
34

Figure 21.  Decision Stability for Strategy 7.

Figure 22.  Decision Stability Plot for Strategy 8.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 285

Number of Defects, 

d

Sample Size, n

P_5%

P_10%

P_15%

P_20%

T_1/2

T_3/4

T_1

T_2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 270

Number of Defects, 

d

Sample Size, n

P_5%

P_10%

P_15%

P_20%

T_1/2

T_3/4

T_1

T_2
35

It does not appear from the results presented in this section that stratification of the sample affects the

decision.    The decisions remained basically the same whether the samples were selected randomly

(Strategy 1) or if some stratification was used (Strategies 5 to 8).

The data from Table 4 and the Figures 18 to 22 are combined into Table 5.  In Table 5, the gray shaded

cells indicate regions where the decisions are either mixed and/or the decisions are not as stable (i.e.,

close to decision lines as shown in Figure 17).   For this region, the choice of the sample size may be

important.  In the region where the cells are not shaded, the decisions are either to always Accept or to

always Reject and the decisions are stable (i.e., further away from the decision line in Figure 17).  Similar

to Figure 17, the further away from the gray region in Table 5, the less important the choice of sample

size.

Table 5.  Strategies 1 and 5‐8:  General Trend for the Importance of Sample Size.

P

(%)

T, Tolerance, in (mm)

0.5

(12.7)

0.75

(19.1)

1

(25.4)

2

(50.8)

5       

10     

15    

20             

White cells = choice of n not as critical

Gray cells = choice of n is important

5.2.2 Strategy 2, Strategy 3, and Strategy 4

The maximum sample sizes for Strategies 2 to 4 were 100, 117, and 104, respectively.   For Strategies 2

to 4, the decisions for given T and P values are shown in Table 6.  As compared to the Strategies 1 and 5

to 8, the Accept region is reduced likely due to the smaller sample sizes for Strategies 2 to 4.  It appears

that for smaller sample sizes, unless the requirements for T and P are less stringent, the decision will be

to Reject most of the times.
36

Table 6.  Decisions for Strategies 2 to 4 for given T and P values.

P

(%)

Tolerance, in (mm)

0.5

(12.7)

0.75

(19.1)

1

(25.4)

2

(50.8)

5 Reject Reject Reject Reject

10 Reject Reject Reject Reject

15 Reject Reject Reject Accept4

20 Reject Reject Mixed5 Accept

(n ≥ 100)

The “% Accept” as a function of the n, T and P are given in Figures 23 to 25.

                                                           

4 No minimum sample size is given as no trend was observed for the sample size, i.e., there was no flattening out

of the % Accept vs. Sample Size curve.

5 No minimum sample size is given as no trend was observed for the sample size, i.e., there was no flattening out

of the % Accept vs. Sample Size curve.  The decisions (2 and 3) for two of the three strategies were to Reject.
37

Figure 23.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 2.

Figure 24. Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 3.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 50 100 150

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 2", P = 5%

T = 1", P = 20%

T = 1", P = 15%
38

Figure 25.  Dependence of “% Accept” on n, T, and P for Strategy 4.

6 Summary

In Phase II of the NIST/GSA 3D imaging ‐ BIM collaboration, a method was developed for accepting 2D

building plans.  The focus of this project, Phase III, was on evaluating the method developed in Phase II

using an actual GSA project.  In particular, the objective was to determine practical/feasible limits for

the tolerances (T), sample size (n), and the maximum percent of the population (P) out‐of‐spec that is

acceptable to GSA.   

A total of 285 measurements were obtained from a GSA 3D imaging project site by NIST and CMU.  

These measurements were obtained from the interior and exterior of the buildings.  Different types of

measurements were made:    horizontal, vertical, and non‐linear (e.g., circumference of pipes). These

measurements were then compared to corresponding measurements extracted from 2D plans or 3D

models.   

Some sources of discrepancy between the manual and 2D/3D measurements include:

1. Manual measurements

a. Extraction of the incorrect dimension from 2D/3D model

b. Incorrect measurement

i. measurement made from/to flexible surfaces (e.g., roll‐up door)

ii. blunder

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

% Accept

Sample Size, n

T = 2", P = 20%

T = 2", P = 15%

T = 2", P = 10%

T = 1", P = 20%
39

2. 3D imaging instrument error

3. Survey control issues

a. Incorrect control would result in registration errors

b. If there are two or more service providers on a project, this could be an issue

4. Post‐processing

a. Registration (even if the control points were correct, registration introduces some error)

b. Simplified model fitted to point cloud data, e.g.,

i. planes rectified to be perpendicular

ii. fitting to exterior points instead of interior points – this simplification may be a

result of the GSA project requirement

c. Modeling error

i. Fitting a plane to the point cloud.  If the value of this error were known, it can

be accounted for.

ii. Limitations of the design software – e.g., limited ability to show deflections,

small angles.

For given combinations of T and P, eight different strategies were used to determine the influence of

sample size, n.  To determine how n, T, and P affect the decision, runs with different combinations and

levels of these three variables were made.   Runs for all combinations for the following levels of n, T, and

P were made:

• n = 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 285.

• T = 0.5 in (12.7 mm), 0.75 in ( 19.1 mm), 1 in (25.4 mm), 2 in (50.8 mm)

• P = 5 % , 10 %, 15 %, 20 %

Summary of the findings:

• Accept the deliverable for T = 1 in (25.4 mm) and P = 20 %, and T = 2 in (50.8 mm) and P ≥ 15 %.  

Is the first instance better than the second instance?  As this study only provides one data point

(one project and one service provider) no generalization can be made.  For future projects, GSA

will have to determine which instance better meets the specific project objective:    lower

tolerance and acceptance of more out‐of‐spec or higher tolerance and less out‐of‐spec.

Note that the required tolerance for the measurements of interest in this project was 1 in

(25.4 mm).  Therefore, the decisions to Reject for tolerances of 0.75 in (19.1 mm) or less is to be

expected.

• The decision does not seem to be affected by the how the samples were selected – randomly vs.

stratified.  However, it is recommended that some judgment still be used when deciding where

to take the samples.  For example, if the building has three floors, it is not recommended that

samples be taken from only one floor or only two floors.
40

• Vertical measurements have more out‐of‐spec measurements than do horizontal

measurements.

Based on this one study, the answers to the questions about n, T and P are:   

1. How many measurements are needed?

The sample sizes are highly dependent on the T and P.  For the instances where the decision was

to Accept, the minimum sample size varied from 100 and 225.   No further specificity on the

sample size is possible at this stage due to the limited scope of the work (one project and one

service provider).

For a desired level of P, there is a minimum sample size.  This minimum value is dictated by the

by the values in the “Upper Limit Table on % Defective” (Table B1).  Since the number of defects

cannot be less than zero, the first row, d = 0, of Table B1 will dictate the minimum n or the

minimum P value.  It should be noted that for these cases, the decision will be to Reject if one or

more defects are found.

2. What is a practical tolerance?  

For this study, a 1 in (25.4 mm) tolerance is feasible.    Again, the required tolerance for the

dimensions of interest in the 3D imaging project was 1 in (25.4 mm).

3. What is an acceptable percent of out‐of‐spec?   

For this study, P is 20 % for T = 1 in (25.4 mm) or P = 15 % for T = 2 in (50.8 mm).  

With regard to Questions 2 and 3 above, although P and T are independent parameters, their selection

should be such that the decision is not trivially pre‐determined, i.e., not always Reject or not always

Accept (see un‐shaded region in Table 5).  Also, the choice of P and T is based on the project or GSA

requirements.

6.1 Lessons learned   

Some of the lessons learned from this pilot study are:

1. Field measurements:

a. Record the x, y location of vertical measurements in case of sloped ceilings so that

comparable measurements can be made.

b. Repeat the measurement at least three times.
41

c. Have 2D plan or 3D model available prior to taking field measurements.    The

disadvantage is that changes may occur between the time the scanning took place and

the generation of the 2D plans and 3D model.  For example, a piece of equipment may

be moved or modified.

2. Have the service provider extract the measurements from the 2D/3D model to prevent

discrepancies as a result of incorrect extraction of the measurements.

6.2 Future Work

The work in Phase III constitutes a pilot study and the findings from this study are based on one project

and one service provider.    As such, the findings from Phase III provide a first realistic indication of

practical/feasible limits for n, T, and P.  To verify whether these findings/trends are observed in other

types of projects (e.g., different building types) and/or service providers, a more in‐depth study needs to

be conducted.   Additional guidance is also needed to determine the types of measurements that are

more problematic.    This would enable better selection of the types of measurements to make which

would result in a smaller sample size without impacting the confidence‐level of the decision.

   
42

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their thanks to GSA for their sponsorship of this work, in particular, to  

Peggy Ho for her help and support.  Our thanks also to the CMU researchers, especially Dr. Pingbo Tang,

for making their data available to us.

References

Cheok, Geraldine S., Filliben, James J., and Lytle, Alan M. (2008), Guidelines for Accepting 2D Building

Plans, NISTIR 7638, Gaithersburg, MD, National Institue of Standards and Technology.

Cheok, Geraldine S. and Lytle, Alan M. (2009), BIM Guide for 3D Imaging, GSA BIM Guide Series 03,

Version 1, Gaithersburg, MD, National Institue of Standards and Technology.   
43

Appendix A – Field Measurements

Table A1. Field and 2D Plan/3D Model Measurements.

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

1 I‐1 Office #3 South Wall 2.694 4.303 2.028 2.705  ‐11.4 2 I‐2 Office #3 East Wall 3.573 4.303 0.333 3.566 7.8 3 I‐3 Office #3 North Wall 2.693 12.706 1.932 2.705  ‐12.1 4 I‐4 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to East‐North corner 3.000 12.706 1.500 2.972 27.7 O5 I‐5 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to West‐North corner 2.983 12.706 1.000 2.972 11.2 6 I‐6 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to West‐South corner 2.977 12.706 0.500 2.972 4.7 7 I‐7 Office #3 Window Width West side 1.180 2.571 0.307 1.238  ‐57.9 O8 I‐8 Storage above door North side 2.730 12.706 0.500 2.731  ‐1.0 9 I‐9 Storage West Wall 3.718 12.706 1.000 3.718 0.1 

10 I‐10 Storage East Wall North side (shorter) 1.856 12.706 2.500 1.848 7.7 11 I‐11 Storage East Wall South side (longer) 5.924 4.303 2.517 5.925  ‐0.5 12 I‐12 Storage South Wall 6.276 12.706 4.502 6.271 5.4 13 I‐13 Storage Vertical close to South‐East end 4.320 12.706 0.000 4.318 2.0 14 I‐14 Storage Vertical close to South‐West end 4.329 12.706 0.500 4.318 10.5 15 I‐15 Storage Vertical North side floor to beam (NOT to ceiling) 3.010 4.303 0.577 2.997 12.8 O16 I‐16 Men's Locker Room East Wall 1.889 4.303 0.882 1.892  ‐3.6 17 I‐17 Men's Locker Room West Wall North side 2.934 12.706 0.000 2.937  ‐2.9 18 I‐18 Men's Locker Room South Wall 4.176 12.706 1.000 4.169 7.2 
44

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

19 I‐19 Men's Locker Room East Wall towards South (no mark on drawing) 2.064 4.303 0.333 2.073  ‐8.9 20 I‐20 Men's Locker Room Vertical South end at corners 2.434 4.303 3.606 2.442  ‐8.4 21 I‐21 Stairwell #1 Width of stairwell on East wall, South portion ‐ by the door to the 1st floor 1.136 4.303 1.202 1.103 33.0 O22 I‐22 Stairwell #1, length of stairwell, south portion ‐ 

near door to 1st floor 3.889 4.303 2.186 3.893  ‐3.2 

23 I‐23 Stairwell #1, width of stairwell on West wall ‐  landing of door to exterior. 2.243 4.303 1.155 2.242 1.5 24 I‐24 Corridor #2 Level 1 West‐East length (shorter) 9.201 4.303 1.453 9.201 0.2 25 I‐25 Office #2 South Wall 2.798 12.706 0.500 2.810  ‐12.4 26 I‐26 Office #2 West Wall 3.561 12.706 2.000 3.562  ‐1.3 27 I‐27 Office #2 Vertical 2.984 4.303 2.848 2.972 12.5 28 I‐28 Corridor #2 max length West‐East direction along North wall 11.879 12.706 0.000 11.875 4.5 29 I‐29

Corridor #2 West‐East direction along North

starting from E‐N (wooden frame around

opening)

5.163 4.303 0.577 5.159 3.6 

30 I‐30 Corridor #2 West Wall (width of corridor) 2.596 4.303 2.333 2.597  ‐0.8 31 I‐31 Corridor #2 Vertical 2.971 4.303 1.202 2.972  ‐1.1 32 I‐32 Corridor #1 East Wall full length (NOT from beam

at corner) 10.230 4.303 0.577 10.224 6.5 

33 I‐33 Corridor #1 West Wall (to the corner) 7.620 4.303 1.202 7.620  ‐0.3 34 I‐34 Corridor #1 width next to Exit door 2.663 4.303 1.856 2.670  ‐7.5 35 I‐35 Corridor #1 Vertical 2.983 12.706 1.500 2.972 10.7 36 I‐36 Office #1 South Wall 2.802 4.303 0.577 2.810  ‐7.9 37 I‐37 Office #1 East Wall 3.787 12.706 6.000 3.791  ‐3.9 38 I‐38 Office #1 Vertical 2.970 4.303 4.410 2.972  ‐2.1 39 I‐39 Bathroom Level 1 2.202 12.706 1.000 2.207  ‐4.6 
45

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

40 I‐40 Storage #2 length along South wall 3.086 12.706 0.500 3.061 24.8 O41 I‐41 Storage #2 width along West 1.971 12.706 1.414 1.978  ‐7.0 42 I‐42 Closet length 2.213 4.303 0.882 2.216  ‐3.5 43 I‐43 Open Office #8 (2nd floor) East‐west distance betw’n west wall and stairwell wall 3.276 4.303 2.186 3.273 2.9 44 I‐44 Open Office #8 along West (to the barrier) 7.811 4.303 0.667 7.798 12.9 O45 I‐45 Open Office #8 full width along West 9.136 12.706 0.500 9.125 10.6 46 I‐46 Open Office #8 full length along South 11.896 12.706 1.000 11.906  ‐10.2 47 I‐47 Open Office #8 width middle window West wall 1.170 2.571 0.966 1.241  ‐71.4 O48 I‐48 Open Office #8 width along East wall 9.005 12.706 0.500 9.020  ‐15.7 O49 I‐49

Open Office #8, East‐west distance, length of

"kitchen‐area" wall measured from the open

office area

2.679 4.303 1.528 2.667 12.0 

50 I‐50 Open Office #8 opening to the kitchen 0.844 4.303 1.667 0.848  ‐3.4 51 I‐51 Open Office #8 Vertical (height of opening to the kitchen) 2.112 4.303 1.000 2.108 3.8 52 I‐52 Office #5 shorter distance to the beam along West wall 3.461 4.303 1.000 3.477  ‐15.6 O53 I‐53 Office #5 shorter distance to the beam along South wall 3.809 4.303 0.577 3.791 18.1 O54 I‐54 Office #5 Vertical 2.423 4.303 4.055 2.423 0.8 55 I‐55 Office #6 North Wall 4.796 4.303 0.667 4.797  ‐1.1 56 I‐56 Office #6 width along West, next to door 3.685 12.706 2.643 3.693  ‐7.5 57 I‐57 Office #6 South Wall 4.783 12.706 3.431 4.785  ‐1.7 58 I‐58 Open Office #8 column to West Wall 5.680 4.303 3.180 5.632 47.2 O59 I‐59 Open Office #8 column width 0.596 4.303 0.882 0.594 1.9 60 I‐60 Open Office #8 Vertical ceiling higher than the

rest of ceiling next to window West wall 2.925 4.303 3.844 2.950  ‐25.0 O
46

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

61 I‐61 Open Office #8 Vertical lower ceiling 2.410 4.303 3.464 2.423  ‐12.5 62 I‐62 Stairwell #1 to Office #8, width close to door 1.145 4.303 1.528 1.149  ‐4.4 63 I‐63 Stairwell #1 window width 1.214 2.776 0.490 1.270  ‐56.0 O64 I‐64 Stairwell #1 Vertical window height 2.084 2.776 0.678 2.150  ‐66.8 O65 I‐65 Conference Room West Wall 6.402 4.303 0.333 6.394 7.9 66 I‐66 Conference Room South Wall 4.020 4.303 1.856 4.029  ‐9.4 67 I‐67 Conference Room East Wall full length 6.421 4.303 1.856 6.394 26.2 O68 I‐68 Conference Room East Wall from North window (right/south side) to South wall 4.354 12.706 0.500 4.347 6.9 69 I‐69 Conference Room Vertical 2.985 4.303 1.667 2.997  ‐11.9 70 I‐70 Office #4 West Wall 4.774 12.706 1.000 4.782  ‐7.6 71 I‐71 Office #4 South Wall 4.405 12.706 0.500 4.407  ‐2.4 72 I‐72 Office #4 width right window 1.174 2.571 0.894 1.270  ‐96.0 O73 I‐73 Office #4 Vertical height of right window 1.756 2.571 1.222 1.864  ‐107.4 O74 I‐74 Office #4 door width 1.012 4.303 0.667 0.991 21.1 O75 I‐75 Mechanical Room South side 2.434 4.303 2.333 2.423 11.1 76 I‐76 Break Room along North (from West wall NOT West door) 4.397 4.303 4.163 4.401  ‐3.6 77 I‐77 Break Room West Wall 3.811 4.303 1.732 3.816  ‐5.3 78 I‐78 Break Room East Wall 3.819 12.706 0.500 3.816 2.2 79 I‐79 Break Room Vertical 2.680 4.303 3.283 2.692  ‐12.1 80 I‐80 Corridor #3 doorway width 1.600 4.303 1.202 1.603  ‐3.7 81 I‐81 Corridor #3, Length of corridor along North Wall 7.035 4.303 0.667 7.020 14.7 O82 I‐82 Corridor #3 - width of corridor off the north end of corridor #3 1.872 4.303 4.667 1.861 11.1 83 I‐83 Generator Room #1 North Wall 9.571 12.706 1.000 9.571 0.0 
47

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

84 I‐84 Generator Room #1 North‐South distance between roll‐up doors 26.113 4.303 0.667 26.108 4.6 85 I‐85 Generator Room #1 Distance betw’n west wall (north end of room) and large gray pipe 4.759 2.571 18.538 4.761  ‐2.2 86 I‐86 Generator Room #1 between blue columns 1 & 2 2.772 4.303 1.333 2.767 4.7 87 I‐87 Generator Room #1 short distance along North,

next to staircase 2.815 4.303 0.333 2.826  ‐10.4 

88 I‐88 Generator Room #1 short distance along West wall (where doors are located) 3.248 4.303 0.577 3.242 6.3 89 I‐89 Generator Room #1 Vertical floor to I‐beam along Control room wall 3.450 4.303 8.413 3.466  ‐15.8 90 I‐90 Generator Room #1 Level 2 West‐East distance along North 13.900 12.706 0.500 13.908  ‐8.6 91 I‐91 Generator Room #1 Level 2, east‐west distance to Cinder Block "abutment" next to steel column 5.110 2.776 0.400 5.124  ‐14.5 O92 I‐92 Generator Room #1 Level 2 column to column (web to web) 6.078 4.303 0.577 6.079  ‐0.5 93 I‐93 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Pipe Size ‐ diameter 0.115 4.303 0.038 0.114 0.7 94 I‐94 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Circumference of Blue Cylinder above the pipe described in (I‐93) 1.118 2.776 0.510 1.277  ‐158.7 O95 I‐95 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Red Pipe Size circumference by column 1(no mark on drawing) 1.460 12.706 1.000 1.436 23.7 O96 I‐96 Generator Room #1 Level 1 the circumference of the gray pipe identified in I‐85 0.946 2.571 0.543 1.017  ‐71.4 O97 I‐97 Generator Room #1 Level 1 West‐East wall distance 8.535 12.706 0.500 8.531 3.3 98 R‐1 Upper Roof close to Exit door from stairwell East 5.495 2.571 2.910 5.521  ‐26.8 99 I‐100 Stairwell #2 Top Level East‐West distance along South wall 2.419 12.706 1.735 2.430  ‐10.7 

100 I‐102 Stairwell #2 Top Level North‐South distance along West wall 5.259 12.706 3.000 5.280  ‐21.0 101 I‐103 Generator Room #2 column to column (web to web) 4.537 4.303 0.333 4.559  ‐22.6 O
48

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

102 I‐104 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance along North wall 13.943 12.706 0.000 13.932 11.1 103 I‐105 Generator Room #2 along West wall from North wall to North wall of Spare room 21.044 12.706 0.500 21.066  ‐22.6 O104 I‐106 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance next to Space Room door 13.925 12.706 0.500 13.932  ‐7.4 105 I‐107 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance between I‐beam and Spare Room wall 4.080 4.303 1.000 4.105  ‐25.3 O106 I‐108 Generator Room #2 door opening between Generator Rm #2 & Gen Rm #1 3.012 4.303 0.577 3.007 5.3 107 I‐109 Generator Room #2 Equipment #1 length 11.127 12.706 3.000 11.138  ‐10.9 108 I‐110 Generator Room #2 Equipment #2 width South 2.905 12.706 0.500 2.934  ‐29.2 O109 I‐111 Generator Room #2 West‐East dist between EQ #2 & EQ #3, South side of EQ#2 3.969 12.706 8.500 3.950 18.8 110 I‐112 Generator Room #2 roll‐up door to roll up door in Gen. room #1 (Noisy Room) 61.998 2.776 4.501 62.076  ‐77.6 O111 I‐113 Generator Room #2 exterior of north wall to Spare Room 4.919 12.706 2.000 4.905 13.6 112 I‐114

Generator Room #2 from Spare Room (near door)

exterior wall to black metal pipe (no mark on

drawing)

1.380 4.303 5.000 1.375 5.2 

113 I‐115 Spare Room North Wall 4.727 12.706 1.000 4.740  ‐13.3 O114 I‐116 Spare Room West side short (from North to the middle) 5.594 4.303 1.732 5.604  ‐9.9 115 I‐117 Spare Room East Wall 13.300 12.706 0.500 13.294 5.8 116 I‐118 Spare Room South Wall 3.453 12.706 0.000 3.432 20.8 O117 I‐119 Spare Room window opening 2.046 4.303 0.333 2.038 8.0 118 I‐120 Control Room East Wall 9.219 12.706 2.500 9.246  ‐27.1 119 I‐121 Control Room North Wall above double door to GEN. RM. #1 4.036 12.706 0.000 4.035 0.6 120 I‐122 Control Room West Wall max length 12.462 12.706 0.500 12.481  ‐19.4 O
49

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

121 I‐123 Control Room East Wall in corridor South end 4.173 4.303 1.856 4.162 10.2 122 I‐124 Control Room width of corridor South end 1.235 4.303 1.000 1.216 19.0 O123 I‐125 Control Room Vertical 2.751 4.303 2.333 2.742 8.9 124 I‐126 Switch Room East Wall 25.303 4.303 2.333 25.317  ‐14.1 O125 I‐127 Switch Room North Wall 9.135 1. 1.000 9.134 0.5 126 I‐128 Switch Room opening of doors to Boiler Room 2.747 4.303 1.202 2.743 3.5 127 I‐129 Switch Room Vertical, height of door opening (as in I‐128) 2.799 2.571 1.366 2.799 0.6 128 I‐130 Switch Room distance along East between two North‐most columns 5.445 12.706 0.000 5.439 6.2 129 I‐131 Switch Room Vertical floor to ceiling (higher part of corrugated metal sheet) 6.175 4.303 3.667 6.140 35.7 O130 I‐132 Switch Room West Wall 25.311 12.706 0.500 25.337  ‐26.0 O131 I‐133 Switch Room South Wall 9.136 12.706 0.500 9.119 16.9 O132 I‐134 Switch Room width of Electric Box 2nd from West 0.623 4.303 0.577 0.616 7.1 133 I‐135 Switch Room Vertical height of Electric Box (as in I‐134) 0.926 4.303 1.528 0.921 5.3 134 I‐136 Switch Room Vertical height to lower flange of I‐ beam truss in ceiling 3.953 2.571 6.041 3.650 303.3 O135 I‐137 Switch Room distance along East wall from South wall to the 1st column 5.158 12.706 1.500 5.156 1.3 136 I‐138 Switch Room distance from West wall to Equipment #2 (no mark on drawing) 1.392 4.303 2.082 1.395  ‐2.6 137 I‐139 Switch Room aluminum pipe coming out of EQ.#4 (South‐most pipe, West row) ‐ diameter 0.114 4.303 0.158 0.114  ‐0.5 138 I‐140

Switch Room distance between two aluminum

pipes (outside‐to‐outside) South side (in West

row)

0.279 4.303 0.907 0.287  ‐8.7 

139 I‐141 Boiler Room East wall 9.741 12.706 6.987 9.747  ‐6.2 140 I‐142 Boiler Room column to column distance 5.535 2.571 2.894 5.539  ‐4.0 
50

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

141 I‐143 Boiler Room North‐South distance between roll‐

up doors 9.410 2.571 1.453 9.515  ‐105.1 O

142 I‐144 Boiler Room total length 22.869 12.706 16.404 22.866 2.7 143 I‐145 Boiler Room width close to West wall 9.749 12.706 1.000 9.747 1.7 144 I‐146 Boiler Room window opening width 1.247 12.706 0.500 1.245 1.9 145 I‐147 Boiler Room width next to roll up door (closer to West) 9.629 4.303 1.528 9.636  ‐7.1 146 I‐148 Boiler Room distance column to door along wall 1.759 4.303 0.577 1.759 0.1 147 I‐149 Boiler Room Vertical floor to ceiling 6.322 2.571 65.094 6.515  ‐193.4 O148 I‐150 Boiler Room Vertical floor to blue pipe (in front of roll up door south side) 3.377 4.303 2.333 3.396  ‐19.8 O149 I‐151 Chiller Room roll up door width North wall 3.663 4.303 0.577 3.664  ‐0.9 150 I‐152 Chiller Room Vertical roll up door height 3.803 2.571 2.613 3.824  ‐21.6 O151 I‐153 Chiller Room total width along North wall (next to roll up door) 13.412 12.706 2.000 13.414  ‐2.4 152 I‐154 Chiller Room distance between roll up and Exit doors North wall 0.808 4.303 1.528 0.822  ‐14.3 O153 I‐155 Chiller Room Vertical floor to higher corrugated ceiling North wall by roll up door 6.520 2.571 7.565 6.438 81.9 O154 I‐158 Chiller Room along East wall distance between 1 & 2 steel columns 4.500 4.303 0.000 4.501  ‐0.6 155 I‐160 Chiller Room North‐South length (between South exit door & North roll up door) 44.428 4.303 0.667 44.064 363.4 O156 I‐161 Chiller Room from South wall (next to window) to the "middle" wall 18.418 4.303 0.577 18.440  ‐22.4 O157 I‐162 Chiller Room width of window #2 (from North) opening in West wall 1.219 4.303 0.000 1.238  ‐19.3 O158 I‐163 Chiller Room Vertical height of window #2 (from North) opening in West wall 2.124 4.303 1.155 2.165  ‐41.4 O159 I‐164 Chiller Room tilted lower pipe next to window #2 circumference 1.278 12.706 0.000 1.281  ‐3.1 
51

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

160 I‐166 Chiller Room width of window #3 in West wall 3.556 4.303 0.333 3.585  ‐28.9 O161 I‐168 Chiller Room North pipe next to West door circumference 1.015 12.706 0.500 1.018  ‐3.9 162 I‐170 Chiller Room East‐West width next to West door 13.416 4.303 4.726 13.424  ‐7.9 163 I‐171 Chiller Room distance between brick columns

next to West door 5.452 4.303 0.577 5.458  ‐5.8 

164 I‐173

Chiller Room Vertical floor to lower part of

corrugated ceiling next to West wall, South end

of #3 window

6.075 4.303 5.457 6.063 12.7 

165 I‐175 Chiller Room distance concrete base #7 East end above floor to East wall 11.723 2.571 0.715 11.711 12.0 166 I‐176 Chiller Room black vertical (tilted) pipe out of Equipment #8 circumference 1.025 12.706 1.000 1.012 12.6 167 I‐177 Chiller Room distance South wall to red pipe (next to door) on concrete pad #12 2.093 4.303 0.882 2.102  ‐8.5 168 I‐178

Chiller Room distance South wall to blue plate

Equipment #13 on concrete pad #13, see alsopicture P2170007

1.167 4.303 1.155 1.175  ‐7.7 

169 I‐179 Chiller Room East‐West length of concrete base Equipment #11 7.212 4.303 1.333 7.204 7.6 170 I‐181

Chiller Room Vertical floor to higher part of

corrugated ceiling next to East end of Equipment

#11

6.494 4.303 2.028 6.484 9.5 

171 I‐184 Stairwell #2, ground level width (South most) 1.510 4.303 1.528 1.499 11.4 172 I‐185 Stairwell #2 ground level depth 0.635 4.303 1.333 0.641  ‐6.0 173 I‐186 Stairwell #2 ground level full width 2.663 4.303 3.180 2.667  ‐4.3 174 I‐187 Stairwell #2 ground level full length (North ‐  South distance along East) 5.282 4.303 1.202 5.274 8.0 175 I‐188 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom North‐south width in the middle of room (above tile) 1.522 2.776 0.583 1.527  ‐5.4 176 I‐189 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom West‐East width in the middle of room (above tile) 1.990 2.776 0.927 1.940 49.7 O
52

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

177 I‐190 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom Vertical (floor‐ceiling) 2.571 4.303 3.844 2.569 1.3 178 R‐3 Lower Roof North side width 22.955 12.706 16.466 23.027  ‐71.7 179 R‐4 Lower Roof West side length 54.317 12.706 38.962 54.178 138.8 180 R‐5 Lower Roof South side width 23.040 12.706 16.527 22.920 119.7 181 R‐7 Lower Roof South side, dist. Betw'n wall of the facility part to the wall of the office part 7.307 4.303 2.963 7.306 1.7 182 R‐8 Upper Roof Northern part, South side East corner between columns 3.932 4.303 0.882 3.969  ‐36.4 O183 R‐9

Upper Roof Northern part, distance between the

2 large col. On either side of the stairs to the

south portion

3.208 4.303 0.333 3.172 35.8 O

184 R‐10 Upper Roof Northern part, center ‐ width of West column at center, next to stairs 0.929 4.303 1.856 0.937  ‐7.3 185 R‐11 Upper Roof Northern part, center West side distance between columns 3.210 4.303 3.055 3.197 12.8 186 R‐12 Upper Roof distance from center column to Equipment #1 5.807 4.303 4.256 5.807  ‐0.4 187 I‐191 Ladies Bathroom 1st floor ‐ width of opening betw’n the toilet and other room. 0.826 12.706 5.354 0.822 3.3 188 I‐192 Office #7 2nd floor North‐South length at middle of office 3.681 4.303 0.882 3.693  ‐11.9 189 I‐193 Office #7 2nd floor West‐East full width 2.869 4.303 0.333 2.873  ‐4.0 190 I‐194 Office #7 2nd floor Vertical floor to lower ceiling 2.424 4.303 2.906 2.423 1.1 191 I‐195 Office #7 2nd floor width of south window opening 1.109 4.303 0.882 1.111  ‐2.6 192 I‐196 Office #8 2nd floor, East wall, wall width between windows 1 & 2 (the two north‐most windows) 1.406 12.706 0.000 1.365 40.7 O193 I‐197 Office #8 2nd floor, coffee room West‐East distance closer to North 1.460 12.706 2.000 1.461  ‐0.5 194 I‐198 Office #8 2nd floor coffee room North‐South distance along West side 1.150 4.303 0.333 1.146 3.5 
53

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

195 I‐199

Office #8 2nd floor North‐South distance from

center column to wall above opening to coffee

room

4.127 12.706 0.500 4.164  ‐37.5 O

196 I‐200 Office #8 2nd floor, width of north‐most window

on West wall 1.185 4.303 1.333 1.235  ‐50.4 O

197 I‐201 Corridor #3 1st floor East‐West wall in front of Break Room closer to North 2.163 4.303 1.528 2.159 4.0 198 I‐202 Switch Room North‐South length Equipment #1 13.769 4.303 2.728 13.780  ‐10.8 199 I‐203 Switch Room East‐West width of Equipment #1 2.420 2.571 0.333 2.368 52.2 O200 I‐204 Switch Room Vertical floor to ceiling (lower part of corrugated metal sheet) 6.178 2.571 28.040 6.329  ‐151.0 O201 I‐205 Switch Room, aluminum pipe South wall, East side ‐ diameter 0.044 4.303 0.120 0.043 1.6 202 I‐206

Switch Room, largest aluminum pipe coming out

of smaller electrical box in the middle of West

wall diameter

0.073 4.303 0.032 0.060 12.9 O

203 I‐208 Generator Room #2 North‐South length Equipment #3 (no mark on drawing) 11.123 4.303 1.667 11.138  ‐15.2 O204 I‐209 Generator Room #2 East‐West width Equipment #3 (no mark on drawing) 2.905 4.303 3.528 2.921  ‐15.7 O205 I‐210 Generator Room #2 distance West‐East between

concrete pads Equipment #3 & #2 3.377 4.303 1.528 3.402  ‐25.0 O

206 E‐1 East side of office Bldg, between Chiller Rm and Conference (North‐South distance) 7.323 4.303 1.518 7.322 1.7 207 E‐2 South‐East side of Chiller Room, East‐West distance 5.335 3.182 0.577 5.331 4.5 208 E‐3 West‐East width between Chiller Room and Stairwell #2 2.000 4.303 0.577 1.984 15.6 O209 E‐4 South wall of Generator Room #1 12.565 12.706 3.500 12.554 10.6 210 E‐5 Generator rm 1, width of roll‐up door on South wall 3.057 4.303 0.667 3.067  ‐9.7 211 E‐6 South wall Conference Room (East‐West distance) 4.687 4.303 0.333 4.686 1.0 
54

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

212 E‐7 East wall Corridor #1 (North‐South distance) 6.409 4.303 0.333 6.414  ‐4.2 213 E‐8 Garage South wall (east‐West distance) 12.819 4.303 1.856 12.814 4.4 214 E‐9 Garage West wall (North‐South distance) 6.412 4.303 0.577 6.407 4.9 215 E‐10 Men's Locker Room South wall (West‐East distance) 4.676 4.303 0.882 4.683  ‐6.8 216 E‐11 Men's Locker Room West wall (North‐South distance) 7.320 4.303 0.882 7.325  ‐4.4 217 E‐12 Men's Locker Room North wall (West‐East distance) 4.572 4.303 1.202 4.566 6.0 218 E‐13 Chiller Room West wall window (like) opening #6 (North‐South distance) 3.575 4.303 2.404 3.578  ‐2.9 219 E‐14 Chiller Room West wall opening window #5 (North‐South distance) 3.581 4.303 0.577 3.578 2.8 220 E‐15 Chiller Room Vertical South of Exit door in West wall 7.114 4.303 0.882 7.105 8.8 221 E‐16 Chiller Room Vertical Ht. to Roof ‐ measurement taken South of window #1 in West wall 7.060 4.303 0.333 7.075  ‐15.8 O222 E‐17 Boiler Room roll up door opening in North wall 3.663 4.303 2.186 3.656 6.7 223 E‐18 Generator Room #2 North wall 15.238 4.303 1.000 15.234 4.4 224 E‐19 Generator Room #2, width of roll up door opening on North Wall 3.651 4.303 0.882 3.654  ‐3.8 225 E‐20 Generator Room #2 North‐South distance between columns next to Exit door in East wall 4.983 4.303 2.186 4.978 4.3 226 I‐243 Corridor #3, length from north wall to south wall 12.652 4.303 1.453 12.654 ‐2.3 227 I‐244 Bathroom Level 1, North‐south distance taken by door 1.914 4.303 0.882 1.911 2.3 228 I‐245 Open Office #8, Width of south‐most window on West wall 1.180 4.303 0.882 1.151 29.4 O229 I‐246 Open Office #8, Distance from column to wall of office #6 2.151 4.303 1.333 2.157 ‐6.7 230 I‐247 Stairwell #1, east‐west distance of the sloped "railing" wall 2.365 4.303 2.000 2.372 ‐6.7 
55

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

231 I‐248 Switch Room, width of electrical box on south wall, the 2nd box from the east wall. 0.513 4.303 0.333 0.527 ‐14.4 O232 I‐249 Switch Room, North‐south length of Equip. 2 11.341 4.303 0.333 11.344 ‐2.9 233 I‐250 Switch Room, North‐south length of Equip. 3 6.257 4.303 0.577 6.264 ‐7.3 234 I‐251

Switch Room, Diameter of pipe coming out fromthe bottom of 4th panel on South wall (units =mm)

0.089 4.303 0.208 0.089 0.0 

235 I‐252 Switch Room, Height of the tall "box" (2nd from the door to Chiller room) on the south wall 2.201 4.303 1.000 2.224 ‐23.1 O236 I‐253 Switch Room, Length of middle section of Equip. 2 taken from the west side 4.932 4.303 3.055 4.921 10.7 237 I‐254 Generator Room #2, North‐south length of the

concrete pad under Equip. 2 11.571 4.303 2.517 11.571 ‐0.3 

238 I‐255 Generator Room #2, North‐south length of the

concrete pad under Equip. 3 11.573 3.182 1.493 11.568 5.1 

239 I‐256 Generator Room #2, North‐south distance betw’n cols on the west wall, 2nd span from the north 4.564 4.303 0.577 4.551 12.6 240 I‐257 Generator Room #2, North‐south distance betw’n cols on the East wall, 5th span from the north 6.081 4.303 0.333 6.063 18.0 O241 I‐258

Generator Room #2, circumference of pipe nextto the column (4th from the north wall) on thewest wall (Units = cm)

0.690 3.182 0.479 0.688 2.0 

242 I‐259

Boiler Room, Diameter of top horizontal pipe tothe west of the door that leads to the Chillerroom (units = mm)

0.073 3.182 0.144 0.089 ‐16.1 O

243 I‐260 Boiler Room, East‐west length of the concrete pad on SW part of the room 5.278 4.303 1.202 5.288 ‐10.3 244 I‐261

Boiler Room, North‐south width of the concretepad on the NW part of the room, pad on the westend, nearest the window.

2.369 4.303 13.170 2.389 ‐20.5 

245 I‐262 Chiller Room, East‐west distance between the

concrete pads under Equip. 7 5.107 4.303 0.577 5.112 ‐4.7 

246 I‐264 Chiller Room, North‐south distance between the columns in front of Equip. 7 5.950 4.303 0.333 5.948 2.0 
56

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

247 I‐265

Chiller Room, Circumference of bottom pipeexiting large cylindrical equip on north‐west endof room (Units = cm)

1.279 3.182 0.289 1.277 1.8 

248 I‐266 Height of door Gen Rm #1 and Gen Rm #2 4.914 4.303 2.517 4.916 ‐1.7 249 R‐13

Upper roof, North section, East‐west distancebetw'n the 2 large cols. closest to the wall in themiddle of the roof

12.544 4.303 2.309 12.548 ‐3.6 

250 R‐14 Upper roof, North section, North‐south width of

top of the equip. on pad #1 1.783 4.303 0.667 1.801 ‐18.4 O

251 R‐15

Upper roof, South section, "south wall", East‐west distance betwn 1st col. To the east on largemiddle col and the 1st col to the west of the largemiddle col.

1.911 4.303 0.333 1.913 ‐1.6 

252 E‐22

North‐south dist. Of the exterior of the largewindow on the east wall of Chiller room on thesouth end

3.577 4.303 1.856 3.562 15.0 O

253 E‐23

East‐west distance of the exterior south wall ofChiller room on the west side (wall oppositeMen's locker room)

5.341 4.303 0.882 5.340 0.3 

254 E‐27 Ext. meas., Break room ‐ height of door to exterior (door on west wall) 2.246 4.303 1.155 2.267 ‐20.9 O255 E‐28 Circumference of horizontal pipe on exterior Pad 3 ‐ NW end of pad (Units = cm) 0.530 3.182 0.479 0.529 1.6 256 E‐29 Exterior width of the roll‐up door in Gen Rm #1

on south wall 3.059 4.303 1.202 3.067 ‐8.4 

257 CMU‐1 Generator rm #2, roll‐up door width, ext. meas. 3.653 2.776 1.393 3.654 ‐1.6 258 CMU‐2 Generator rm #2, roll‐up door height, ext. meas. 4.058 2.776 0.812 4.062 ‐4.0 259 CMU‐3 Generator rm #2, height of door on north wall,

ext. meas.

2.248 4.303 1.732 2.261 ‐12.6 

260 CMU‐4 Generator rm #2, width of door on north wall,

ext. meas.

1.027 3.182 0.707 1.035 ‐8.1 

261 CMU‐5 Boiler room, width of large window on west wall,

ext. meas.

3.594 4.303 0.816 3.597 ‐3.3 
57

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

262 CMU‐6 Boiler room, height of large window on west wall,

ext. meas.

3.083 2.365 1.035 3.100 ‐17.4 O

263 CMU‐7 Chiller room, width of window #2 on west wall,

ext. meas.

1.231 3.182 1.031 1.242 ‐11.5 

264 CMU‐8 Chiller room, height of window #2 on west wall,

ext. meas.

2.151 2.776 0.800 2.165 ‐14.1 O

265 CMU‐9 Ext. meas., west side of bldg., dist. Between wall of chiller room and wall to office part of bldg. 7.315 2.776 1.503 7.306 8.9 266 CMU‐10 Ext. meas., height of garage door opening on south side of bldg. 3.416 2.776 3.458 3.454 ‐38.0 O267 CMU‐11 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. Betw'n cols. South‐most span 3.456 2.776 1.304 3.448 7.9 268 CMU‐12 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. Betw'n cols. 4th span from the south 4.967 2.776 1.643 4.966 1.3 269 CMU‐13 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. Betw'n cols. North‐most span 3.457 4.303 1.155 3.470 ‐13.3 O270 CMU‐14 Ext. meas., Gen. Room 2, East wall, door width 1.023 2.776 1.631 1.006 16.9 O271 CMU‐15 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, door height 2.243 2.776 0.735 2.249 ‐6.7 272 CMU‐16 Ext. meas., Boiler room, width of roll‐up door on north wall ‐ on the outside 6.105 3.182 0.629 6.107 ‐2.4 273 CMU‐17 Ext. meas., Boiler room, height of roll‐up door on north wall ‐ on the outside 4.031 3.182 0.645 4.027 3.0 274 CMU‐18 Ext. meas., Men's locker room, width of south window on west wall, 1.247 2.776 0.374 1.240 7.0 275 CMU‐19 Ext. meas., Men's locker room, height of south window on west wall, 1.712 2.776 0.678 1.727 ‐14.8 O276 CMU‐20 Ext. meas., Office #3, width of window on west wall 1.240 2.776 0.316 1.240 0.2 277 CMU‐21 Ext. meas., Office #3, height of window on west wall 2.164 2.776 0.447 2.176 ‐12.5 278 CMU‐22 Ext. meas., dist. Between 2 pipes on the outside of the west wall of Generator rm #2 0.629 12.706 1.500 0.624 4.6 279 CMU‐23 Ext. meas., dist. Between 2 vertical brown cylinders outside of west wall of Generator rm #2 3.952 4.303 2.404 3.996 ‐43.4 O
58

Index Label Description 

Avg. 

Measured 

Distance 

(m) 

t-statistic 

for 97.5 % 

pt. 

Std. Dev. 

Of the 

Average 

(mm) 

2D plan 

or 3D 

Model 

Meas. 

(m) 

Diff = 

Avg. 

Meas. - 

2D/3D 

Meas. 

(mm) 

0

(1

280 CMU‐24 Ext. meas., Break room ‐ width of door to exterior (door on west wall) 1.018 2.776 0.812 1.016 2.4 281 CMU‐26 Ext. meas., Generator rm #1, width of roll up door

on south wall 3.058 2.776 1.122 3.058 ‐0.7 

282 CMU‐27 Ext. meas., Generator rm #1, height of roll up door on south wall 4.882 2.365 3.012 4.906 ‐23.8 O283 CMU‐28 Ext. meas., Chiller room, width of door to exterior

on south wall 1.014 2.776 1.077 0.991 23.0 O

284 CMU‐29 Ext. meas., Chiller room, height of door to exterior on south wall 2.250 2.776 1.304 2.286 ‐36.0 O285 CMU‐30 Ext. meas., Distance from equipment on exterior

to wall of boiler room 6.793 3.182 0.854 6.755 37.9 O

NOTES:

1. Un‐shaded cells (Index 1 – 225) are measurements obtained from the 1st data collection.

2. Light blue shaded cells (Index 226 – 256) are measurements obtained in the 2nd data collection.3. Yellow shaded cells (Index 257 – 285) are measurements obtained from CMU.

4. Measurements were distances from the floor to the ceiling in the “Not Office” areas. The ceilings in the “Not Office” areas were sloped a

the out‐of‐spec.

5. Window measurements were made based on interior measurements. The 2D/3D model window measurements were based on exterior 

of the out‐of‐spec.
59

Table A2. Categorization of Measurements.

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

1 I‐1 Office #3 South Wall Office O I 2 I‐2 Office #3 East Wall Office O I 3 I‐3 Office #3 North Wall Office O I 4 I‐4 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to East‐North corner Office O I 5 I‐5 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to West‐North corner Office O I 6 I‐6 Office #3 Vertical floor to ceiling (tile, not rib) close to West‐South corner Office O I 7 I‐7 Office #3 Window Width West side Office O I 8 I‐8 Storage above door North side Office O I 9 I‐9 Storage West Wall Office O I 

10 I‐10 Storage East Wall North side (shorter) Office O I 11 I‐11 Storage East Wall South side (longer) Office O I 12 I‐12 Storage South Wall Office O I 13 I‐13 Storage Vertical close to South‐East end Office O I 14 I‐14 Storage Vertical close to South‐West end Office O I 15 I‐15 Storage Vertical North side floor to beam (NOT to ceiling) Office O I 16 I‐16 Men's Locker Room East Wall Office O I 17 I‐17 Men's Locker Room West Wall North side Office O I 18 I‐18 Men's Locker Room South Wall Office O I 19 I‐19 Men's Locker Room East Wall towards South (no mark on drawing) Office O I 20 I‐20 Men's Locker Room Vertical South end at corners Office O I 21 I‐21 Stairwell #1 Width of stairwell on East wall, South portion ‐ by the door

to the 1st floor Office O I 

22 I‐22 Stairwell #1, length of stairwell, south portion ‐ near door to 1st floor Office O I 
60

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

23 I‐23 Stairwell #1, width of stairwell on West wall ‐ landing of door to exterior. Office O I 24 I‐24 Corridor #2 Level 1 West‐East length (shorter) Office O I 25 I‐25 Office #2 South Wall Office O I 26 I‐26 Office #2 West Wall Office O I 27 I‐27 Office #2 Vertical Office O I 28 I‐28 Corridor #2 max length West‐East direction along North wall Office O I 29 I‐29 Corridor #2 West‐East direction along North starting from E‐N (wooden frame around opening) Office O I 30 I‐30 Corridor #2 West Wall (width of corridor) Office O I 31 I‐31 Corridor #2 Vertical Office O I 32 I‐32 Corridor #1 East Wall full length (NOT from beam at corner) Office O I 33 I‐33 Corridor #1 West Wall (to the corner) Office O I 34 I‐34 Corridor #1 width next to Exit door Office O I 35 I‐35 Corridor #1 Vertical Office O I 36 I‐36 Office #1 South Wall Office O I 37 I‐37 Office #1 East Wall Office O I 38 I‐38 Office #1 Vertical Office O I 39 I‐39 Bathroom Level 1 Office O I 40 I‐40 Storage #2 length along South wall Office O I 41 I‐41 Storage #2 width along West Office O I 42 I‐42 Closet length Office O I 43 I‐43 Open Office #8 (2nd floor) East‐west distance betw’n west wall and stairwell wall Office O I 44 I‐44 Open Office #8 along West (to the barrier) Office O I 45 I‐45 Open Office #8 full width along West Office O I 46 I‐46 Open Office #8 full length along South Office O I 47 I‐47 Open Office #8 width middle window West wall Office O I 
61

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

48 I‐48 Open Office #8 width along East wall Office O I 49 I‐49 Open Office #8, East‐west distance, length of "kitchen‐area" wall measured from the open office area Office O I 50 I‐50 Open Office #8 opening to the kitchen Office O I 51 I‐51 Open Office #8 Vertical (height of opening to the kitchen) Office O I 52 I‐52 Office #5 shorter distance to the beam along West wall Office O I 53 I‐53 Office #5 shorter distance to the beam along South wall Office O I 54 I‐54 Office #5 Vertical Office O I 55 I‐55 Office #6 North Wall Office O I 56 I‐56 Office #6 width along West, next to door Office O I 57 I‐57 Office #6 South Wall Office O I 58 I‐58 Open Office #8 column to West Wall Office O I 59 I‐59 Open Office #8 column width Office O I 60 I‐60 Open Office #8 Vertical ceiling higher than the rest of ceiling next to window West wall Office O I 61 I‐61 Open Office #8 Vertical lower ceiling Office O I 62 I‐62 Stairwell #1 to Office #8, width close to door Office O I 63 I‐63 Stairwell #1 window width Office O I 64 I‐64 Stairwell #1 Vertical window height Office O I 65 I‐65 Conference Room West Wall Office O I 66 I‐66 Conference Room South Wall Office O I 67 I‐67 Conference Room East Wall full length Office O I 68 I‐68 Conference Room East Wall from North window (right/south side) to South wall Office O I 69 I‐69 Conference Room Vertical Office O I 70 I‐70 Office #4 West Wall Office O I 71 I‐71 Office #4 South Wall Office O I 
62

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

72 I‐72 Office #4 width right window Office O I 73 I‐73 Office #4 Vertical height of right window Office O I 74 I‐74 Office #4 door width Office O I 75 I‐75 Mechanical Room South side Office O I 76 I‐76 Break Room along North (from West wall NOT West door) Office O I 77 I‐77 Break Room West Wall Office O I 78 I‐78 Break Room East Wall Office O I 79 I‐79 Break Room Vertical Office O I 80 I‐80 Corridor #3 doorway width Office O I 81 I‐81 Corridor #3, Length of corridor along North Wall Office O I 82 I‐82 Corridor #3 ‐ width of corridor off the north end of corridor #3 Office O I 83 I‐83 Generator Room #1 North Wall Generator

room 1 NO I 

84 I‐84 Generator Room #1 North‐South distance between roll‐up doors Generator room 1 NO I 85 I‐85 Generator Room #1 Distance betw’n west wall (north end of room) and large gray pipe Generator room 1 NO I 86 I‐86 Generator Room #1 between blue columns 1 & 2 Generator

room 1 NO I 

87 I‐87 Generator Room #1 short distance along North, next to staircase Generator room 1 NO I 88 I‐88 Generator Room #1 short distance along West wall (where doors are located) Generator room 1 NO I 89 I‐89 Generator Room #1 Vertical floor to I‐beam along Control room wall Generator room 1 NO I 90 I‐90 Generator Room #1 Level 2 West‐East distance along North Generator room 1 NO I 91 I‐91 Generator Room #1 Level 2, east‐west distance to Cinder Block "abutment" next to steel column Generator room 1 NO I 92 I‐92 Generator Room #1 Level 2 column to column (web to web) Generator room 1 NO I 
63

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

93 I‐93 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Pipe Size ‐ diameter Generator room 1 NO I 94 I‐94 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Circumference of Blue Cylinder above the pipe described in (I‐93) Generator room 1 NO I 95 I‐95 Generator Room #1 Level 2 Red Pipe Size circumference by column 1(no mark on drawing) Generator room 1 NO I 96 I‐96 Generator Room #1 Level 1 the circumference of the gray pipe identified in I‐85 Generator room 1 NO I 97 I‐97 Generator Room #1 Level 1 West‐East wall distance Generator

room 1 NO I 

98 R‐1 Upper Roof close to Exit door from stairwell East Exterior E E 99 I‐100 Stairwell #2 Top Level East‐West distance along South wall Misc NO I 

100 I‐102 Stairwell #2 Top Level North‐South distance along West wall Misc NO I 101 I‐103 Generator Room #2 column to column (web to web) Generator room 2 NO I 102 I‐104 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance along North wall Generator room 2 NO I 103 I‐105 Generator Room #2 along West wall from North wall to North wall of Spare room Generator room 2 NO I 104 I‐106 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance next to Space Room door Generator room 2 NO I 105 I‐107 Generator Room #2 West‐East distance between I‐beam and Spare Room wall Generator room 2 NO I 106 I‐108 Generator Room #2 door opening between Generator Rm #2 & Gen Rm #1 Generator room 2 NO I 107 I‐109 Generator Room #2 Equipment #1 length Generator room 2 NO I 108 I‐110 Generator Room #2 Equipment #2 width South Generator room 2 NO I 109 I‐111 Generator Room #2 West‐East dist between EQ #2 & EQ #3, South side of EQ#2 Generator room 2 NO I 110 I‐112 Generator Room #2 roll‐up door to roll up door in Gen. room #1 (Noisy Room) Generator room 2 NO I 
64

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

111 I‐113 Generator Room #2 exterior of north wall to Spare Room Generator room 2 NO I 112 I‐114 Generator Room #2 from Spare Room (near door) exterior wall to black metal pipe (no mark on drawing) Generator room 2 NO I 113 I‐115 Spare Room North Wall Misc NO I 114 I‐116 Spare Room West side short (from North to the middle) Misc NO I 115 I‐117 Spare Room East Wall Misc NO I 116 I‐118 Spare Room South Wall Misc NO I 117 I‐119 Spare Room window opening Misc NO I 118 I‐120 Control Room East Wall Misc NO I 119 I‐121 Control Room North Wall above double door to GEN. RM. #1 Misc NO I 120 I‐122 Control Room West Wall max length Misc NO I 121 I‐123 Control Room East Wall in corridor South end Misc NO I 122 I‐124 Control Room width of corridor South end Misc NO I 123 I‐125 Control Room Vertical Misc NO I 124 I‐126 Switch Room East Wall Switch

room

NO I 

125 I‐127 Switch Room North Wall Switch

room

NO I 

126 I‐128 Switch Room opening of doors to Boiler Room Switch room NO I 127 I‐129 Switch Room Vertical, height of door opening (as in I‐128) Switch room NO I 128 I‐130 Switch Room distance along East between two North‐most columns Switch room NO I 129 I‐131 Switch Room Vertical floor to ceiling (higher part of corrugated metal sheet) Switch room NO I 130 I‐132 Switch Room West Wall Switch

room

NO I 

131 I‐133 Switch Room South Wall Switch

room

NO I 
65

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

132 I‐134 Switch Room width of Electric Box 2nd from West Switch

room

NO I 

133 I‐135 Switch Room Vertical height of Electric Box (as in I‐134) Switch room NO I 134 I‐136 Switch Room Vertical height to lower flange of I‐beam truss in ceiling Switch room NO I 135 I‐137 Switch Room distance along East wall from South wall to the 1st column Switch room NO I 136 I‐138 Switch Room distance from West wall to Equipment #2 (no mark on drawing) Switch room NO I 137 I‐139 Switch Room aluminum pipe coming out of EQ.#4 (South‐most pipe, West row) ‐ diameter Switch room NO I 138 I‐140 Switch Room distance between two aluminum pipes (outside‐to‐outside) South side (in West row) Switch room NO I 139 I‐141 Boiler Room East wall Boiler room NO I 140 I‐142 Boiler Room column to column distance Boiler room NO I 141 I‐143 Boiler Room North‐South distance between roll‐up doors Boiler room NO I 142 I‐144 Boiler Room total length Boiler room NO I 143 I‐145 Boiler Room width close to West wall Boiler room NO I 144 I‐146 Boiler Room window opening width Boiler room NO I 145 I‐147 Boiler Room width next to roll up door (closer to West) Boiler room NO I 146 I‐148 Boiler Room distance column to door along wall Boiler room NO I 147 I‐149 Boiler Room Vertical floor to ceiling Boiler room NO I 148 I‐150 Boiler Room Vertical floor to blue pipe (in front of roll up door south side) Boiler room NO I 149 I‐151 Chiller Room roll up door width North wall Chiller room NO I 150 I‐152 Chiller Room Vertical roll up door height Chiller room NO I 151 I‐153 Chiller Room total width along North wall (next to roll up door) Chiller room NO I 152 I‐154 Chiller Room distance between roll up and Exit doors North wall Chiller room NO I 
66

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

153 I‐155 Chiller Room Vertical floor to higher corrugated ceiling North wall by roll

up door Chiller room NO I 

154 I‐158 Chiller Room along East wall distance between 1 & 2 steel columns Chiller room NO I 155 I‐160 Chiller Room North‐South length (between South exit door & North roll

up door) Chiller room NO I 

156 I‐161 Chiller Room from South wall (next to window) to the "middle" wall Chiller room NO I 157 I‐162 Chiller Room width of window #2 (from North) opening in West wall Chiller room NO I 158 I‐163 Chiller Room Vertical height of window #2 (from North) opening in West wall Chiller room NO I 159 I‐164 Chiller Room tilted lower pipe next to window #2 circumference Chiller room NO I 160 I‐166 Chiller Room width of window #3 in West wall Chiller room NO I 161 I‐168 Chiller Room North pipe next to West door circumference Chiller room NO I 162 I‐170 Chiller Room East‐West width next to West door Chiller room NO I 163 I‐171 Chiller Room distance between brick columns next to West door Chiller room NO I 164 I‐173 Chiller Room Vertical floor to lower part of corrugated ceiling next to West wall, South end of #3 window Chiller room NO I 165 I‐175 Chiller Room distance concrete base #7 East end above floor to East wall Chiller room NO I 166 I‐176 Chiller Room black vertical (tilted) pipe out of Equipment #8 circumference Chiller room NO I 167 I‐177 Chiller Room distance South wall to red pipe (next to door) on concrete pad #12 Chiller room NO I 168 I‐178 Chiller Room distance South wall to blue plate Equipment #13 on

concrete pad #13, see also picture P2170007 Chiller room NO I 

169 I‐179 Chiller Room East‐West length of concrete base Equipment #11 Chiller room NO I 170 I‐181 Chiller Room Vertical floor to higher part of corrugated ceiling next to East end of Equipment #11 Chiller room NO I 171 I‐184 Stairwell #2, ground level width (South most) Misc NO I 172 I‐185 Stairwell #2 ground level depth Misc NO I 173 I‐186 Stairwell #2 ground level full width Misc NO I 174 I‐187 Stairwell #2 ground level full length (North ‐ South distance along East) Misc NO I 
67

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

175 I‐188 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom North‐south width in the middle of room (above tile) Office O I 176 I‐189 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom West‐East width in the middle of room (above tile) Office O I 177 I‐190 1st Floor Ladies Bathroom Vertical (floor‐ceiling) Office O I 178 R‐3 Lower Roof North side width Exterior E E 179 R‐4 Lower Roof West side length Exterior E E 180 R‐5 Lower Roof South side width Exterior E E 181 R‐7 Lower Roof South side, dist. betw'n wall of the facility part to the wall of the office part Exterior E E 182 R‐8 Upper Roof Northern part, South side East corner between columns Exterior E E 183 R‐9 Upper Roof Northern part, distance between the 2 large col. On either side of the stairs to the south portion Exterior E E 184 R‐10 Upper Roof Northern part, center ‐ width of West column at center, next

to stairs Exterior E E 

185 R‐11 Upper Roof Northern part, center West side distance between columns Exterior E E 186 R‐12 Upper Roof distance from center column to Equipment #1 Exterior E E 187 I‐191 Ladies Bathroom 1st floor ‐ width of opening betw’n the toilet and other

room.

Office O I 

188 I‐192 Office #7 2nd floor North‐South length at middle of office Office O I 189 I‐193 Office #7 2nd floor West‐East full width Office O I 190 I‐194 Office #7 2nd floor Vertical floor to lower ceiling Office O I 191 I‐195 Office #7 2nd floor width of south window opening Office O I 192 I‐196 Office #8 2nd floor, East wall, wall width between windows 1 & 2 (the

two north‐most windows) Office O I 

193 I‐197 Office #8 2nd floor, coffee room West‐East distance closer to North Office O I 194 I‐198 Office #8 2nd floor coffee room North‐South distance along West side Office O I 195 I‐199 Office #8 2nd floor North‐South distance from center column to wall above opening to coffee room Office O I 196 I‐200 Office #8 2nd floor, width of north‐most window on West wall Office O I 
68

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

197 I‐201 Corridor #3 1st floor East‐West wall in front of Break Room closer to North Office O I 198 I‐202 Switch Room North‐South length Equipment #1 Switch room NO I 199 I‐203 Switch Room East‐West width of Equipment #1 Switch room NO I 200 I‐204 Switch Room Vertical floor to ceiling (lower part of corrugated metal sheet) Switch room NO I 201 I‐205 Switch Room, aluminum pipe South wall, East side ‐ diameter Switch room NO I 202 I‐206 Switch Room, largest aluminum pipe coming out of smaller electrical box in the middle of West wall diameter Switch room NO I 203 I‐208 Generator Room #2 North‐South length Equipment #3 (no mark on drawing) Generator room 2 NO I 204 I‐209 Generator Room #2 East‐West width Equipment #3 (no mark on drawing) Generator room 2 NO I 205 I‐210 Generator Room #2 distance West‐East between concrete pads Equipment #3 & #2 Generator room 2 NO I 206 E‐1 East side of office Bldg, between Chiller Rm and Conference (North‐ South distance) Exterior E E 207 E‐2 South‐East side of Chiller Room, East‐West distance Exterior E E 208 E‐3 West‐East width between Chiller Room and Stairwell #2 Exterior E E 209 E‐4 South wall of Generator Room #1 Exterior E E 210 E‐5 Generator Rm 1, width of roll‐up door on South wall Exterior E E 211 E‐6 South wall Conference Room (East‐West distance) Exterior E E 212 E‐7 East wall Corridor #1 (North‐South distance) Exterior E E 213 E‐8 Garage South wall (east‐West distance) Exterior E E 214 E‐9 Garage West wall (North‐South distance) Exterior E E 215 E‐10 Men's Locker Room South wall (West‐East distance) Exterior E E 216 E‐11 Men's Locker Room West wall (North‐South distance) Exterior E E 217 E‐12 Men's Locker Room North wall (West‐East distance) Exterior E E 
69

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

218 E‐13 Chiller Room West wall window (like) opening #6 (North‐South distance) Exterior E E 219 E‐14 Chiller Room West wall opening window #5 (North‐South distance) Exterior E E 220 E‐15 Chiller Room Vertical South of Exit door in West wall Exterior E E 221 E‐16 Chiller Room Vertical Ht. to Roof ‐ measurement taken South of window #1 in West wall Exterior E E 222 E‐17 Boiler Room roll up door opening in North wall Exterior E E 223 E‐18 Generator Room #2 North wall Exterior E E 224 E‐19 Generator Room #2, width of roll up door opening on North Wall Exterior E E 225 E‐20 Generator Room #2 North‐South distance between columns next to Exit door in East wall Exterior E E 226 I‐243 Corridor #3, length from north wall to south wall Office O I 227 I‐244 Bathroom Level 1, North‐south distance taken by door Office O I 228 I‐245 Open Office #8, Width of south‐most window on West wall Office O I 229 I‐246 Open Office #8, Distance from column to wall of office #6 Office O I 230 I‐247 Stairwell #1, east‐west distance of the sloped "railing" wall Switch room NO I 231 I‐248 Switch Room, width of electrical box on south wall, the 2nd box from the

east wall.

Switch

room

NO I 

232 I‐249 Switch Room, North‐south length of Equip. 2 Switch room NO I 233 I‐250 Switch Room, North‐south length of Equip. 3 Switch room NO I 234 I‐251 Switch Room, Diameter of pipe coming out from the bottom of 4th panel

on South wall (units = mm)

Switch

room

NO I 

235 I‐252 Switch Room, Height of the tall "box" (2nd from the door to Chiller room)

on the south wall

Switch

room

NO I 

236 I‐253 Switch Room, Length of middle section of Equip. 2 taken from the west side Generator room 2 NO I 237 I‐254 Generator Room #2, North‐south length of the concrete pad under Equip. 2 Generator room 2 NO I 
70

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

238 I‐255 Generator Room #2, North‐south length of the concrete pad under Equip. 3 Generator room 2 NO I 239 I‐256 Generator Room #2, North‐south distance betw’n cols on the west wall, 2nd span from the north Generator room 2 NO I 240 I‐257 Generator Room #2, North‐south distance betw’n cols on the East wall, 5th span from the north Generator room 2 NO I 241 I‐258 Generator Room #2, circumference of pipe next to the column (4th from the north wall) on the west wall (Units = cm) Boiler room NO I 242 I‐259 Boiler Room, Diameter of top horizontal pipe to the west of the door that leads to the Chiller room (units = mm) Boiler room NO I 243 I‐260 Boiler Room, East‐west length of the concrete pad on SW part of the

room

Boiler room NO I 

244 I‐261 Boiler Room, North‐south width of the concrete pad on the NW part of the room, pad on the west end, nearest the window. Chiller room NO I 245 I‐262 Chiller Room, East‐west distance between the concrete pads under Equip. 7 Chiller room NO I 246 I‐264 Chiller Room, North‐south distance between the columns in front of Equip. 7 Chiller room NO I 247 I‐265 Chiller Room, Circumference of bottom pipe exiting large cylindrical equip on north‐west end of room (Units = cm) Exterior E E 248 I‐266 Height of door Gen Rm #1 and Gen Rm #2 Generator room 2 NO I 249 R‐13 Upper roof, North section, East‐west distance betw'n the 2 large cols. closest to the wall in the middle of the roof Exterior E E 250 R‐14 Upper roof, North section, North‐south width of top of the equip. on pad #1 Exterior E E 251 R‐15

Upper roof, South section, "south wall", East‐west distance betw’n 1stcol. To the east on large middle col and the 1st col to the west of thelarge middle col.

Exterior E E 

252 E‐22 North‐south dist. Of the exterior of the large window on the east wall of Chiller room on the south end Exterior E E 253 E‐23 East‐west distance of the exterior south wall of Chiller room on the west side (wall opposite Men's locker room) Exterior E E 254 E‐27 Ext. meas., Break room ‐ height of door to exterior (door on west wall) Exterior E E 
71

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

255 E‐28 Circumference of horizontal pipe on exterior Pad 3  ‐  NW end of pad (Units = cm) Exterior E E 256 E‐29 Exterior width of the roll‐up door in Gen Rm #1 on south wall Exterior E E 257 CMU‐1 Generator rm #2, roll‐up door width, ext. meas. Exterior E E 258 CMU‐2 Generator rm #2, roll‐up door height, ext. meas. Exterior E E 259 CMU‐3 Generator rm #2, height of door on north wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 260 CMU‐4 Generator rm #2, width of door on north wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 261 CMU‐5 Boiler room, width of large window on west wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 262 CMU‐6 Boiler room, height of large window on west wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 263 CMU‐7 Chiller room, width of window #2 on west wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 264 CMU‐8 Chiller room, height of window #2 on west wall, ext. meas. Exterior E E 265 CMU‐9 Ext. meas., west side of bldg., dist. Between wall of chiller room and wall

to office part of bldg. Exterior E E 

266 CMU‐10 Ext. meas., height of garage door opening on south side of bldg. Exterior E E 267 CMU‐11 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. Betw'n cols. South‐most span Exterior E E 268 CMU‐12 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. betw'n cols. 4th span from the south Exterior E E 269 CMU‐13 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, dist. betw'n cols. North‐most span Exterior E E 270 CMU‐14 Ext. meas., Gen. Room 2, East wall, door width Exterior E E 271 CMU‐15 Ext. meas., east side of bldg, door height Exterior E E 272 CMU‐16 Ext. meas., Boiler room, width of roll‐up door on north wall  ‐  on the outside Exterior E E 273 CMU‐17 Ext. meas., Boiler room, height of roll‐up door on north wall  ‐  on the outside Exterior E E 274 CMU‐18 Ext. meas., Men's locker room, width of south window on west wall, Exterior E E 275 CMU‐19 Ext. meas., Men's locker room, height of south window on west wall, Exterior E E 276 CMU‐20 Ext. meas., Office #3, width of window on west wall Exterior E E 277 CMU‐21 Ext. meas., Office #3, height of window on west wall Exterior E E 
72

Index Label Description Groupings Office/ Not office Interior/ Exterior

Mea

Di

(

Me

S

278 CMU‐22 Ext. meas., dist. Between 2 pipes on the outside of the west wall of Generator rm #2 Exterior E E 279 CMU‐23 Ext. meas., dist. Between 2 vertical brown cylinders outside of west wall of Generator rm #2 Exterior E E 280 CMU‐24 Ext. meas., Break room ‐ width of door to exterior (door on west wall) Exterior E E 281 CMU‐26 Ext. meas., Generator rm #1, width of roll up door on south wall Exterior E E 282 CMU‐27 Ext. meas., Generator rm #1, height of roll up door on south wall Exterior E E 283 CMU‐28 Ext. meas., Chiller room, width of door to exterior on south wall Exterior E E 284 CMU‐29 Ext. meas., Chiller room, height of door to exterior on south wall Exterior E E 285 CMU‐30 Ext. meas., Distance from equipment on exterior to wall of boiler room Exterior E E 

NOTES:

1. Un‐shaded cells (Index 1 – 225) are measurements obtained from the 1st data collection.

2. Light blue shaded cells (Index 226 – 256) are measurements obtained in the 2nd data collection.3. Yellow shaded cells (Index 257 – 285) are measurements obtained from CMU.
73

Appendix B – Upper Limit Table on % Defective in Population

Table B1. Upper Limit (p) on % Defective in Population with (asymmetric) 95 % Confidence.

# of

defects

(d)

Sample Size, n

48 50 64 75 80 100 101 104 117 150 175 200 225 250 

0 6.1 5.8 4.6 3.9 3.7 3 2.9 2.8 2.5 2 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1 9.5 9.1 7.2 6.2 5.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4 3.1 2.7 2.3 2.1 1.9 2 12.5 12.1 9.5 8.2 7.7 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.3 4.1 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 3 15.4 14.8 11.7 10 9.4 7.6 7.5 7.3 6.5 5.1 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.1 4 18.1 17.4 13.7 11.8 11.1 8.9 8.8 8.6 7.7 6 5.2 4.5 4 3.6 5 20.7 19.9 15.7 13.5 12.7 10.2 10.1 9.8 8.8 6.9 5.9 5.2 4.6 4.2 6 23.2 22.3 17.7 15.2 14.3 11.5 11.4 11.1 9.9 7.7 6.7 5.8 5.2 4.7 7 25.7 24.7 19.6 16.8 15.8 12.7 12.6 12.3 10.9 8.6 7.4 6.5 5.8 5.2 8 28.1 27 21.4 18.4 17.3 14 13.8 13.5 12 9.4 8.1 7.1 6.3 5.7 9 30.4 29.3 23.3 20 18.8 15.2 15 14.6 13 10.2 8.8 7.7 6.9 6.2 

10 32.8 31.6 25.1 21.6 20.3 16.4 16.2 15.8 14.1 11 9.5 8.3 7.4 6.7 11 35.1 33.8 26.8 23.1 21.7 17.6 17.4 16.9 15.1 11.8 10.2 8.9 8 7.2 12 37.3 36 28.6 24.6 23.2 18.7 18.5 18 16.1 12.6 10.9 9.5 8.5 7.7 13 39.6 38.1 30.3 26.1 24.6 19.9 19.7 19.1 17.1 13.4 11.6 10.1 9 8.1 14 41.8 40.3 32.1 27.6 26 21 20.8 20.2 18.1 14.2 12.2 10.7 9.6 8.6 15 44 42.4 33.8 29.1 27.4 22.2 21.9 21.3 19.1 15 12.9 11.3 10.1 9.1 16 46.1 44.5 35.5 30.6 28.8 23.3 23.1 22.4 20 15.7 13.6 11.9 10.6 9.6 
74

# of

defects

(d)

Sample Size, n

48 50 64 75 80 100 101 104 117 150 175 200 225 250 

17 48.3 46.5 37.1 32 30.2 24.4 24.2 23.5 21 16.5 14.2 12.5 11.1 10 18 50.4 48.6 38.8 33.5 31.5 25.5 25.3 24.6 22 17.3 14.9 13.1 11.6 10.5 19 52.5 50.6 40.5 34.9 32.9 26.6 26.4 25.6 22.9 18 15.5 13.6 12.1 11 20 54.5 52.6 42.1 36.3 34.2 27.7 27.5 26.7 23.9 18.8 16.2 14.2 12.7 11.4 21 56.6 54.6 43.7 37.8 35.6 28.8 28.5 27.8 24.8 19.5 16.8 14.8 13.2 11.9 22 58.6 56.6 45.3 39.2 36.9 29.9 29.6 28.8 25.7 20.3 17.5 15.3 13.7 12.3 23 60.6 58.5 46.9 40.6 38.2 31 30.7 29.9 26.7 21 18.1 15.9 14.2 12.8 24 62.6 60.5 48.5 42 39.5 32.1 31.8 30.9 27.6 21.8 18.7 16.5 14.7 13.2 25 64.6 62.4 50.1 43.3 40.8 33.1 32.8 31.9 28.5 22.5 19.4 17 15.2 13.7 26 66.6 64.3 51.7 44.7 42.1 34.2 33.9 33 29.5 23.2 20 17.6 15.7 14.27 68.5 66.2 53.2 46.1 43.4 35.3 34.9 34 30.4 24 20.6 18.1 16.2 14.6 28 70.4 68 54.8 47.4 44.7 36.3 36 35 31.3 24.7 21.3 18.7 16.7 15 29 72.3 69.9 56.3 48.8 46 37.4 37 36 32.2 25.4 21.9 19.2 17.2 15.5 30 74.2 71.7 57.9 50.1 47.3 38.4 38.1 37 33.1 26.1 22.5 19.8 17.6 15.9 31 76 73.5 59.4 51.5 48.5 39.5 39.1 38 34 26.9 23.1 20.3 18.1 16.4 32 77.8 75.3 60.9 52.8 49.8 40.5 40.1 39 34.9 27.6 23.8 20.9 18.6 16.8 33 79.6 77 62.4 54.1 51.1 41.5 41.2 40 35.8 28.3 24.4 21.4 19.1 17.3 34 81.4 78.8 63.9 55.5 52.3 42.6 42.2 41 36.7 29 25 22 19.6 17.7 35 83.2 80.5 65.4 56.8 53.6 43.6 43.2 42 37.6 29.7 25.6 22.5 20.1 18.36 84.9 82.2 66.8 58.1 54.8 44.6 44.2 43 38.5 30.4 26.2 23.1 20.6 18.6 37 86.6 83.9 68.3 59.4 56 45.7 45.2 44 39.4 31.1 26.9 23.6 21.1 19 38 88.2 85.5 69.7 60.7 57.3 46.7 46.2 45 40.3 31.8 27.5 24.1 21.5 19.4 39 89.9 87.1 71.2 62 58.5 47.7 47.3 46 41.2 32.6 28.1 24.7 22 19.9 40 91.4 88.7 72.6 63.2 59.7 48.7 48.3 47 42.1 33.3 28.7 25.2 22.5 20.3 
75

# of

defects

(d)

Sample Size, n

48 50 64 75 80 100 101 104 117 150 175 200 225 250 

41 92.9 90.3 74 64.5 60.9 49.7 49.3 47.9 43 34 29.3 25.8 23 20.7 42 94.4 91.8 75.5 65.8 62.1 50.7 50.3 48.9 43.8 34.7 29.9 26.3 23.5 21.2 43 95.8 93.2 76.8 67 63.3 51.7 51.2 49.9 44.7 35.4 30.5 26.8 23.9 21.6 44 97.1 94.6 78.2 68.3 64.5 52.7 52.2 50.8 45.6 36.1 31.1 27.4 24.4 22 45 98.3 96 79.6 69.5 65.7 53.7 53.2 51.8 46.4 36.8 31.7 27.9 24.9 22.5 46 99.3 97.2 81 70.8 66.9 54.7 54.2 52.8 47.3 37.4 32.3 28.4 25.4 22.9 47 99.9 98.3 82.3 72 68.1 55.7 55.2 53.7 48.2 38.1 32.9 29 25.8 23.3 48 99.3 83.6 73.2 69.2 56.7 56.2 54.7 49 38.8 33.5 29.5 26.3 23.8 49 99.9 85 74.4 70.4 57.7 57.1 55.6 49.9 39.5 34.1 30 26.8 24.2 50 86.3 75.7 71.6 58.6 58.1 56.6 50.8 40.2 34.7 30.5 27.3 24.6 51 87.5 76.9 72.7 59.6 59.1 57.5 51.6 40.9 35.3 31.1 27.7 25 52 88.8 78 73.9 60.6 60 58.5 52.5 41.6 35.9 31.6 28.2 25.5 53 90.1 79.2 75 61.6 61 59.4 53.3 42.3 36.5 32.1 28.7 25.9 54 91.3 80.4 76.1 62.5 62 60.3 54.2 42.9 37.1 32.6 29.1 26.3 55 92.5 81.6 77.3 63.5 62.9 61.3 55 43.6 37.7 33.2 29.6 26.7 56 93.6 82.7 78.4 64.4 63.9 62.2 55.9 44.3 38.3 33.7 30.1 27.2 57 94.8 83.9 79.5 65.4 64.8 63.1 56.7 45 38.9 34.2 30.6 27.6 58 95.8 85 80.6 66.4 65.8 64.1 57.5 45.7 39.5 34.7 31 28 59 96.9 86.1 81.7 67.3 66.7 65 58.4 46.3 40.1 35.3 31.5 28.4 60 97.8 87.2 82.8 68.2 67.6 65.9 59.2 47 40.6 35.8 32 28.9 61 98.7 88.3 83.9 69.2 68.6 66.8 60.1 47.7 41.2 36.3 32.4 29.3 62 99.4 89.4 84.9 70.1 69.5 67.7 60.9 48.4 41.8 36.8 32.9 29.7 63 99.9 90.5 86 71.1 70.4 68.6 61.7 49 42.4 37.3 33.3 30.64 91.6 87 72 71.4 69.5 62.5 49.7 43 37.9 33.8 30.5 65 92.6 88.1 72.9 72.3 70.4 63.4 50.4 43.6 38.4 34.3 31 66 93.6 89.1 73.8 73.2 71.3 64.2 51 44.2 38.9 34.7 31.4 
76

# of

defects

(d)

Sample Size, n

48 50 64 75 80 100 101 104 117 150 175 200 225 250 

67 94.6 90.1 74.8 74.1 72.2 65 51.7 44.7 39.4 35.2 31.8 68 95.5 91.1 75.7 75 73.1 65.8 52.4 45.3 39.9 35.7 32.2 69 96.5 92.1 76.6 75.9 74 66.6 53 45.9 40.4 36.1 32.6 70 97.3 93.1 77.5 76.8 74.9 67.5 53.7 46.5 40.9 36.6 33.71 98.2 94 78.4 77.7 75.8 68.3 54.4 47 41.5 37 33.5 72 98.9 94.9 79.3 78.6 76.7 69.1 55 47.6 42 37.5 33.9 73 99.5 95.8 80.2 79.5 77.5 69.9 55.7 48.2 42.5 38 34.3 74 99.9 96.7 81.1 80.4 78.4 70.7 56.3 48.8 43 38.4 34.7 75 97.5 82 81.3 79.3 71.5 57 49.4 43.5 38.9 35.76 98.3 82.9 82.2 80.1 72.3 57.7 49.9 44 39.3 35.5 77 99 83.7 83 81 73.1 58.3 50.5 44.5 39.8 36 78 99.6 84.6 83.9 81.9 73.9 59 51.1 45 40.2 36.4 79 99.9 85.5 84.8 82.7 74.7 59.6 51.6 45.5 40.7 36.8 80 86.3 85.6 83.5 75.5 60.3 52.2 46 41.1 37.2 81 87.2 86.5 84.4 76.2 60.9 52.8 46.5 41.6 37.6 82 88 87.3 85.2 77 61.6 53.4 47 42.1 38 83 88.9 88.2 86.1 77.8 62.2 53.9 47.5 42.5 38.4 84 89.7 89 86.9 78.6 62.9 54.5 48.1 43 38.8 85 90.5 89.8 87.7 79.4 63.5 55.1 48.6 43.4 39.3 86 91.3 90.6 88.5 80.1 64.2 55.6 49.1 43.9 39.7 87 92.1 91.4 89.3 80.9 64.8 56.2 49.6 44.3 40.88 92.9 92.2 90.1 81.7 65.4 56.7 50.1 44.8 40.5 89 93.7 93 90.9 82.4 66.1 57.3 50.6 45.2 40.9 90 94.5 93.8 91.7 83.2 66.7 57.9 51.1 45.7 41.3 91 95.2 94.5 92.4 83.9 67.4 58.4 51.6 46.1 41.7 92 96 95.3 93.2 84.7 68 59 52.1 46.6 42.93 96.7 96 94 85.4 68.6 59.6 52.6 47 42.5 
77

# of

defects

(d)

Sample Size, n

48 50 64 75 80 100 101 104 117 150 175 200 225 250 

94 97.4 96.7 94.7 86.2 69.3 60.1 53.1 47.5 42.9 95 98 97.4 95.4 86.9 69.9 60.7 53.6 47.9 43.3 96 98.6 98 96.1 87.6 70.5 61.2 54.1 48.4 43.7 97 99.2 98.6 96.8 88.4 71.2 61.8 54.6 48.8 44.98 99.6 99.2 97.5 89.1 71.8 62.3 55 49.3 44.6 99 99.9 99.6 98.1 89.8 72.4 62.9 55.5 49.7 45 

100 99.9 98.7 90.5 73 63.5 56 50.1 45.4 
78

Appendix C: Simulation Results for all Strategies

Table C1. Simulation Results for Strategy 1.

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

# runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 43 50 57 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 43 50 57 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 43 50 57 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 43 50 57 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 
79

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

# runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 29 33 38 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 29 33 38 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 29 33 38 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 3.5 1 3.8 2.5 0.8 0.8 0.5 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 29 33 38 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 8.5 4.3 5.3 5 4 9.5 5 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 33.5 33.3 60 67.5 76.8 81.8 95 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 
80

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

# runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0.3 0.5 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 17.5 15 29.3 37 54 64.5 75.3 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 69.8 80 93.8 99 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 95.3 99.5 100 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 
81

Table C2. Simulation Results for Strategies 2, 3, and 4.

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4

# runs => 400 400 1 400 400 400 1 200 200 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 50 75 100 117 48 64 

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 11 17 24 16 24 33 39 15 20 

std defects 2 2 0 3 2 2 0 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 11 17 24 16 24 33 39 15 20 

std defects 2 2 0 3 2 2 0 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 1 3 4 6 1 2 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 11 17 24 16 24 33 39 15 20 

std defects 2 2 0 3 2 2 0 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 3 5 8 10 2 4 

20

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 11 17 24 16 24 33 39 15 20 

std defects 2 2 0 3 2 2 0 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 5 9 13 16 4 7 
82

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4

# runs => 400 400 1 400 400 400 1 200 200 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 50 75 100 117 48 64 

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 8 13 18 11 17 22 27 10 13 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 

max defects 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 8 13 18 11 17 22 27 10 13 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 

max defects 1 3 4 1 3 4 6 1 2 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 8 13 18 11 17 22 27 10 13 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 

max defects 3 5 8 3 5 8 10 2 4 

20

% passed 4.8 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 

avg # defects 8 13 18 11 17 22 27 10 13 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 3 2 

max defects 5 9 13 5 9 13 16 4 7 

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 7 11 15 6 9 12 15 6 7 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.5 0 

avg # defects 7 11 15 6 9 12 15 6 7 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 1 3 4 6 1 2 

15

% passed 2.5 0 0 3.5 0.8 0.5 0 1 3.5 

avg # defects 7 11 15 6 9 12 15 6 7 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 3 5 8 10 2 4 

20

% passed 16.3 5.8 0 29.3 26.5 68.5 100 22.5 47 4

avg # defects 7 11 15 6 9 12 15 6 7 

std defects 2 2 0 2 2 1 0 2 2 
83

T

in (mm)

P

(%)

Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4

# runs => 400 400 1 400 400 400 1 200 200 

Sample Size => 50 75 100 50 75 100 117 48 64 

max defects 5 9 13 5 9 13 16 4 7 

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 

avg # defects 2 4 6 4 6 8 10 3 4 

std defects 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 

10

% passed 12.5 4.3 0 1.8 0 0.5 0 7.5 11 

avg # defects 2 4 6 4 6 8 10 3 4 

std defects 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 1 3 4 6 1 2 

15

% passed 68.5 84.5 100 27.3 31.3 47 100 22.5 48 

avg # defects 2 4 6 4 6 8 10 3 4 

std defects 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 3 5 8 10 2 4 

20

% passed 98.8 100 100 79.5 92 100 100 71 96 9

avg # defects 2 4 6 4 6 8 10 3 4 

std defects 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 5 9 13 16 4 7 
84

Table C3. Simulation Results for Strategy 5.

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 58 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 58 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 58 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 58 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 
85

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 10 15 20 25 31 36 41 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 10 15 20 25 31 36 41 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 10 15 20 25 31 36 41 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 3.3 1 0.8 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 10 15 20 25 31 36 41 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 10 13 17 20 24 27 

std defects 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 10 13 17 20 24 27 

std defects 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 6 2.8 3.3 1.3 1.3 0.3 0 

avg # defects 6 10 13 17 20 24 27 

std defects 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 28 23.5 42.3 56 65.5 73.3 100 

avg # defects 6 10 13 17 20 24 27 

std defects 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 
86

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 3 5 7 9 11 12 14 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 

10

% passed 9.8 6.3 7.5 8.5 7.3 5.5 3.8 

avg # defects 3 5 7 9 11 12 14 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 

15

% passed 48.5 54 70.8 91 97.3 100 100 

avg # defects 3 5 7 9 11 12 14 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 

20

% passed 88.8 93.8 100 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 3 5 7 9 11 12 14 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 
87

Table C4. Simulation Results for Strategy 6.

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 42 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 42 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 42 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 35 42 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
88

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 4 1.8 2.5 3 1.8 1.3 0.3 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 7 4 4.8 4.8 5.3 6.8 5 4.5 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 35.3 34.5 59.8 67.5 78.5 83.8 96.8 99.

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
89

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0.5 1.8 0 0.3 0.3 0 0 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 22.5 16.5 28.5 38 50.5 65.5 76.5 91 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 71.5 77.8 94.5 99.3 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 97 99.3 100 100 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
90

Table C5. Simulation Results for Strategy 7.

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 14 21 28 36 43 50 57 64 

std defects 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
91

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 5.8 1 4.3 2.8 0.8 1.3 0.8 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 43 

std defects 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0.5 0.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 8.3 5 5.3 5 4 8.5 6.3 2.5 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 31.3 33.3 62.3 66.5 78.3 88.8 96.8 100 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 25 29 

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
92

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0 0.3 0 0 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 19 17 31 38.5 52 65.8 76.3 90 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 

15

% passed 69.3 76.3 93 99 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 

20

% passed 95 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 

avg # defects 2 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 

std defects 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 
93

Table C6. Simulation Results for Strategy 8.

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 40

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 22

0.5

(12.7)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 13 21 28 35 42 49 57 6

std defects 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 13 21 28 35 42 49 57 6

std defects 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 1

15

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 13 21 28 35 42 49 57 6

std defects 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 2

20

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 13 21 28 35 42 49 57 6

std defects 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 3
94

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 40

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 22

0.75

(19.1)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 4

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 4

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 1

15

% passed 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 4

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 2

20

% passed 6.5 2 3 1.8 0.5 0.8 0 0 

avg # defects 9 14 19 24 28 33 38 4

std defects 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 3

1.0

(25.4)

5

% passed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 2

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 2

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 1

15

% passed 9.8 5.3 4.3 3.8 4.5 7 3.5 0

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 6 2

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 2

20

% passed 39 32.8 60 70 76.5 84.5 97.5 99

avg # defects 6 9 12 16 19 22 26 2

std defects 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 3
95

T P # runs => 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 40

in (mm) (%) Sample Size => 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 22

2.0

(50.8)

5

% passed 0 0.5 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0 0 

avg # defects 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 1

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 

max defects 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 5 

10

% passed 25.3 21.3 38.3 50.5 68.3 78.8 92.8 10

avg # defects 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 1

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 

max defects 1 3 4 6 8 10 12 1

15

% passed 76.5 83.5 95.8 100 100 100 100 10

avg # defects 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 1

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 

max defects 3 5 8 11 15 18 21 2

20

% passed 97.5 99.5 100 100 100 100 100 10

avg # defects 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 1

std defects 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 

max defects 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 3