NBSIR 78-1417; f

An Evaluation of Wood Pulp

Paper Durability

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Stability and Standards Section

Polymers Division

February 15, 1977

Progress Report Covering the Period

October 1 , 1 976 to September 30, 1 977

Prepared for Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D.C. 20401

NBSIR 78-1417

AN EVALUATION OF WOOD PULP

PAPER DURABILITY

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Stability and Standards Section

Polymers Division

February 15, 1977

Porgress Report Covering the Period

October 1, 1976 to September 30, 1977

NOTE: This document has been prepared for the use of the

Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Responsibility for

its further use rests with that agency.

Prepared for Bureau of Engraving and Printing

U.S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D.C. 20401

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE. Juanita M. Kraps. Secretary

Dr. Sidney Herman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Emaat Ambler, Director

Contents

Page

1. Summary j_

2. Introduction 3

3. Experimental Details 4

3.1 Beating 4

3.2 Density 4

3.3 Durability 4

3.4 Fiber Length Distribution 4

3.5 handsheet Preparation 5

3.6 Modification of Paper with Acrylic Resins .... 5

3.7 Wet Strength Resin Treatment 6

4. Fiber Length Distribution of Wood Pulp 7

4.1 Background 7

4.2 Experimental 7

4.3 Results and Discussion 8

5. The Physical Properties of Handsheets Made From

Classified Wood Pulp ; 9

5.1 Background 9

5.2 Experimental 9

5.3 Results and Discussion 10

6 . The Effect of Pulp Blending on the Durability of

Woou Pulp Papers

6.1 Background 12

6.2 Experimental 12

6.3 Results and Discussion 12
Page

7. Modification of Wood Pulp Papers with Acrylic

Latexes 14

7.1 Background 14

7.2 Experimental 15

7.3 Results and Discussion 15

8. Bioliography 17
1 . SUMMARY

Currency has been printed customarily on high grade

rag paper owing to its superior durability. During the

past several years the cost of raw material for rag pulps

has risen tremendously and the tnought of using high

quality wood pulp papers as a means of lowering the cost

of currency manufacture has been advanced. However, it

would not be cost effective to use a wood pulp paper unless its durability was only slightly lower than regular

rag currency paper. Otherwise the cost of replacing worn

out currency would soon exceed the savings realized by

using a less expensive paper.

During the past several years extensive work had been

done on rag currency paper to resolve the origin of its

superior durability. In addition, many chemical modifications of currency paper were evaluated as means for

further increasing the durability of the paper. It was

decided to develop similar fundamental information on

wood pulp paper and to evaluate the chemical modifications

which appeared promising for rag currency paper.

An estimate of fiber length distribution of untreated

and mechanically treated wood pulps was determined. Wood

pulp was fractionated by fiber length and handsheets were

made from the various fractions. The mechanical and

physical properties of these handsheets were determined.

Tne possibility of further reducing the cost of durable

wood pulp papers was investigated by using less expensive

hardwood pulp, mechanically treated separately, then blended

with softwood pulps to incorporate certain structural elements oelieved to be essential for good durability.

Finally wood pulp handsheets were treated with acrylic

resins by the beater addition and saturation techniques and

the uuraoility of the modified paper was evaluated.

Fioer length distribution was assessed by the classification

technique according to Tappi method T233-os-75. Handsheets

were prepared from the various fractions by the standard

procedure. Standard Tappi methods were used to determine

the physical properties of the papers. Durability of the

papers was estimated with the aid of the NBS paper flexing

apparatus. The extent of decline in physical properties as

a function of flexing was used as a measure of durability.

Modification of handsheets with acrylic resins was done by

beater addition prior to sheet formation while modification

by saturation technique was done with the aid of a laboratory

size press.
2

Considerably more long fiber was contained in wood

pulp stock tnan in rag currency paper stock. The differences

in pnysical and mechanical properties of handsheets made

from the various fiber length fractions of wood pulp were

small in comparison to that observed in handsheets made

from fractionated rag currency stock. Apparently large

differences in fiber morphology exist between the various

rag currency paper fractions but net between the wood pulp

fractions

.

Tne durability of wood pulp handsheets was affected by

the addition of nardwood pulps to softwood pulps. Hardwood

pulp naa to oe mechanically treated extensively in order for

handsheets to nave an acceptable level of durability. The

results of this study indicated that it might be possible to

produce an even less expensive wood pulp paper suitable for

currency by a judicious choice of hardwood and softwood pulps.

A critical factor is the mechanical treatment rendered to

each pulp prior to blending.

Apparently many of the commonly accepted notions, such

as the necessity for a large amount of long fibers for durable

papers, are without foundation. The real factors contributing

to high durability have not yet been adequately identified.

The present rag currency paper should be investigated thoroughly

in order to identify the factors which contribute prominently

to the durability of paper. The importance of fiber morphology

in paper durability must be established in the immediate

future. Success in making a wood pulp paper having an optimum

durability largely depends on identifying the factors important

for durable papers.
3

2. INTRODUCTION

The durability of paper made from rag pulps is generally

greater than that of paper made from wood pulps . The

durability of rag papers is not immediately assured since the

fiber source and mechanical processing of the pulps in advance

of paper making are critical variables. Nevertheless, it is

generally felt that greater durability can be developed with

cotton and linen pulps than with wood pulps. The expense of

rag papers relative to wood pulp papers cannot be ignored,

however, and there is always the notion that for some applications it might be more cost effective to use a less expensive

wood pulp paper having only a modicum of lower durability

than a high quality rag paper.

The proDaoility of making high durability wood papers

woulu oe greatly enhanced by a knowledge of the reasons for the

high durability of rag papers. It is generally assumed that

the main reasons for rag paper durability are the mechanical

properties of the fibers and the morphological changes which

the fibers undergo durihg the mechanical treatment prior to

paper making. There are no good data for the mechanical

properties of single fibers of cotton and linen in the literature (1). Some information on fiber length distribution of

currency stock was developed (2) but there is essentially no

information on the slenderness, curl and coarseness of

currency paper fibers.

Although currency paper is quite durable there has been

a desire to enhance its durability further. During the past

several years extensive work was done determining the factors

important to currency paper durability and on modifying the

paper to improve its durability. The effect of beating and

wet pressing, fiber length distribution and the addition of

synthetic latexes to rag paper were investigated. Since a similar investigation was not done on wood pulp paper it was

decided to conduct these experiments on hanasheets made from

wood pulp and to compare the results with those obtained with

rag papers.
4

3. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

3.

1

Beating

Beating was done similarly to that specified in the

Canadian Pulp and Paper Association Test Method C7 except

that 40g of pulp was soaked in 360 cm

J of water for at

least one hour prior to beating. The wet pulp was distributed evenly over the bedplate prior to beating. There

was no clearance between bedplate and roll. The beating

was done at 33. 3N (3.4 kgf) and a relative velocity of

roll to bedplate of 6 m/sec for either 5, 10, or 20

thousand revolutions.

3.

2

Density

Hanasneets were cut to 10x10 cm and the thickness of

each sheet was determined at 10 different locations according

to TAPPI Method T411os-76. The average of the 10 thickness

measurements was considered to be the sheet thickness. From

the measurement of length, width and thickness the volume in

cm~* was calculated. The weight of each sheet, previously

conditioned according to TAPPI Standard T402os-70, was

measured to the nearest milligram on an analytical balance.

The density was calculated by dividing the weight by the

volume of the sheet.

3. 3 Durabi lity

Specimens 15x30 cm were flexed 1000 times over 3.18 mm

rollers while constrained by a 700g free hanging weight on

the NBS paper flexer. Only that portion which passed over

both rollers was used for subsequent testing. The air

permeability of each specimen was determined at six different

locations with a commercial tester prior to cutting into

small tes tspecimens as described in a previous NBS report (9)

The extent of decline in physical properties as a consequence

of flexing was consiaered to be a measure of paper durability

3. 4 Fiber Length Distridution

The fiber length of pulp was determined according to

TAPPI Method T233-0s-75.
5

3. 5 Handsheet Preparation

Aliquots of beaten pulp sufficient to make a 30x30 cm

handsheet of aesired g/m^ were diluted with approximately

one dm^ Q f water and disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions

in a commercial disintegrator. The suspension was added

to the deckle box of the handsheet machine and a sheet was

formed. The wire containing the formed sheet was placed

on a blotter, covered with a felt, and consolidated by

pressing the sheet with a 30 cm long roller weighing 22.5 kg.

The sheet was removed from the wire, placed between felts,

and passed through the roll press of the handsheet machine

at the maximum pressure possible. After pressing, the sheet

was placed on a drum drier at 95°C for approximately four

minutes

3 .

Modification of Paper with Acrylic Resins

There are two methods for modifying paper with polymer

latexes. One is the so-called beater addition method which

actually does not take place in a beater but in a mixing

chest where the beaten pulp can be agitated gently in the

presence of a latex. The second method is called paper

saturation which involves saturating dry paper with a latex,

squeezing out the excess, followed by drying.

A. Beater Addition Technique

An aliquot of the beaten pulp, sufficient to make a 30x30 cm handsheet of 70 g/m2, was diluted with 600 cm3

distilled water and disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions in

a British disintegrator. The pH was adjusted to 9 using

IN NaOH. A cationic retention aid was added to the slurry

in the amount of four percent based on latex solids to be

deposited on the fibers. The retention aid was added from

a sufficient quantity of a one percent solution diluted

with 30 cm3 distilled water. Only two thirds of the retention aid was added at the start. The mixture of pulp

suspension and retention aid was stirred five minutes

prior to latex addition to allow the retention aid to be

exhausted from solution. The pH of the mixture was then

decreased to 4.0 with 0.5N II 2 SO4

.
.
7

4. FIBER LENGTH DISTRIBUTION OF WOOD PULPS

4 . 1 Background

The average fiber length is greater for unbeaten rag

pulps than for unbeaten wood pulps. However, pulp fibers

are not suitable for paper manufacture as produced and it

is necessary to subject the fibers to mechanical action

before good paper can be made. During the beating or refining process the fibers imbibe water and swell, fibrils

form and extend from the fiber wall, fibers are cut, surface area increases, the outer walls of the fiber are removed and internal bonds are broken. The morphological

characteristics of pulp fibers are changed considerably,

and it is these morphological changes which affect the

fiber network structure of paper. One of the most apparent

changes whicn occurs during the mechanical treatment of rag

pulps is a change in the fiber length distribution.

In a previous study on fiber length distribution (2),

it was shown that currency paper stock contained a surprisingly small amount of long fibers. Only 16 percent of the

total furnish consisted of fibers with a length approximately

1.17 mm or longer. Perhaps the most surprising fact was that

32 percent of the furnish consisted of fibers 0.2 mm or

shorter. Currency paper consists of a high percentage of

short fibers and yet is has excellent durability.

Several wood pulps were fractionated in order to obtain

an estimate of their fiber length distribution relative to

currency paper stock. Three softwood and one hardwood

bleached kraft pulps were chosen. In addition, the effect

of the beating on fiber length distribution was determined

for one of the softwood pulps.

4 . 2 Experimental

The procedure for determining fiber length of pulp by

classification is described in section 3 of this report.

The pulps used in this investigation were as follows:

(a) Pulp "F" bleached softwood kraft consisting of

95% spruce ana hemlock and 5% pine.
8

(b) Northern Softwood. Bleached softwood kraft consisting

of 80% spruce and/or hemlock, 15% balsam fir and 5% douglas fir.

(c) Southern Softwood. Bleached softwood kraft containing

90% short leaf pine and 10% scotch pine.

(d) Hardwood. Bleached hardwood kraft containing 97%

aider, poplar, maple, populus , birch, oak and/or chestnut and

sweetgum and 3% short leaf pine.

4.3 Results and Discussion

All three softwood pulps beaten or unbeaten contained

considerably more long fiber than currency beater stock while

the narawood pulp has considerably less long fibers (Table 1)

.

It has been generally believed that a large portion of long

fibers is essential for strong durable papers. It is apparent

from the results of this study that factors in addition to

fiber lengtn are important for durable papers.

During beating, fibers are cut resulting in a shortening

of long fibers and an increase in debris. Laboratory mechanical treatment is significantly different from that employed

by industry and the results obtained in this study are not

necessarily indicative of morphological changes which occur

during commerical paper manufacturing. Nevertheless, the

morphological changes in rag pulp "fibers during mechanical

treatment is considerably different from wood pulps regardless

of the mechanical treatment equipment used. It is quite

apparent from this study that much could be learned about

paper durability by an indepth study of the changes in rag

pulp fiber morphology as a function of mechanical refining.
9

5. TiiJL. PhYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HANDSHEETS MADE

FROM CLASSIFIED WOOD PULP

5 . 1 background

The various fiber length fractions which compose paper

pulps affect distinct physical properties of paper in different

ways. The long fibered fraction has a great effect on the

tear strength and folding endurance of paper. The very short

fiber fraction has a great effect on the density of paper

wnich in turn affects the modulus and bending stiffness. But

regardless of the importance of an individual fiber fraction

on a distinct paper property each of the other fractions also

has some influence on the property in question.

One means of demonstrating the importance of the various

fiber fractions on physical properties is to make handsheets

from each of the individual fractions and to determine the

piiysical properties of these sheets. Such a study was done

previously on currency paper stock (2)

The results of that

stuay indicated that each fiber fraction was characteristically

different from each of the other fractions. The mechanical

properties of handsheets made from the various fractions

differeu considerably. The handsheets made from the unfractionated pulp were superior in all respects and demonstrated

the synergistic interaction between the various fiber fractions

in whole pulp. It remained to be seen whether wood pulp

possessed similar characteristics.

For this investigation pulp "F" was used since extensive

work witn tnis pulp snowed it had excellent mechanical properties.

Tne pulp was beaten to various degrees in a laboratory mill,

fractionated, and sheets were prepared from the various fractions.

5 . 2 Experimental

The methods used for the classification of pulp by fiber

length, pulp beating, handsheet preparation, measurement of

paper density and assessment of paper durability are given in

section 3 of this report. A total of 240g of type F beaten

pulp was fractionated in 40g batches for each set of beater

conditions. Tne various fractions collected on each screen

were combined, diluted to one-half percent consistency with

water and blended thoroughly and then dewatered by filtration.
10

nanasheets were made only from the first and second

fractions as there were insufficient quantities of fractions

three ana four to make a sufficient number of handsheets for

testing. In addition, sheets were made from 95 percent of

fraction one and approximately five percent of fraction three.

5.3 Results ana Discussion

Significant differences were observed between rag (2) and

wood pulp handsheets prepared from fractionated pulp (Tables

2-5) . handsheets prepared from fractionated currency stock

exhibited larger differences in physical properties between

the various fractions while the differences observed with the

wood pulp handsheets were relatively small. One of the major

differences between the rag and wood pulp handsheets was the

variation in sheet density as a function of fiber fraction.

Sheet density increased with decreasing fiber length to a much greater extent with currency stock than with wood pulp

as shown in Fig. 1. Apparently the differences in fiber

morphology between the various fractions are much greater in

currency stock than in wood pulp stock. In fact the small

differences in sheet density observed between the various

wood pulp fractions might easily result from the difference

in fiber length distributions. As the fiber length decreases

the fioers can form a more compact fiber network.

Tne data suggest that tne greatest morphological change

wnich occure during the beating of wood pulp in a laboratory

beater is finer snortening. Apparently the morphological

cnanges occurring during the beating of cotton are more

numerous and consiaeraoly different from those occurring

with wood pulp fibers. It is reasonable to assume that the

cnanges in fiber morphology occurring during the beating of

rag pulps contribute greatly to the superior durability of

rag papers. An indepth study of the morphological changes in

pulp fibers during beating of rag pulps for currency paper

would be invaluable. The study would assist in explaining the

reasons for the superior durability of rag paper and be extremely helpful in designing a durable wood pulp paper for

currency.

The retention of bending stiffness after flexing varied

from a low of 26 percent for the 14 mesh fraction beaten for

5000 revolutions in the laboratory mill to 57 percent for the

unclassified pulp beaten for 20,000 revolutions. While the

difference in stiffness retention was great, there was only a
11

29 percent difference between the final stiffness of these

two papers. Although good stiffness retention is a desirable

feature for currency paper it is not the only criterion for

benuing stiffness to be considered. Currency is redeemed

wnen its stiffness falls below a certain value (3,4). Although

the stiffness retention for a paper could be high, the paper

mignt be considered unsuitable for currency if the bending

stiffness of the unflexed paper was near the stiffness level

of redeemed currency. In such an instance only a moderate

amount of handling would result in a sufficient decline of

bending stiffness to render currency unfit for recirculation.

The net result would be a decrease in the circulation life of

currency even though the paper would have a high retention of

stiffness

Little if any change in physical properties occurred as

the result of adding five percent of the 65 mesh fraction to

the 14 mesh fraction. Apparently the quantity of 65 mesh

fraction used in this investigation was too small to have any

significant effect on the physical properties of paper. This

is somewhat surprising since this is precisely the amount of

65 mesh fraction normally found in this pulp (see Table 1)

Additional work will be necessary before any conclusions can

be made on the effect of specific pulp fractions on the

mechanical properties of paper.
12

6. THE EFFECT OF PULP BLENDING ON THE DURABILITY

OF WOOD PULP PAPERS

6 .

1

Background

Tne debris in currency furnish, which appears to be an

important component in currency paper, is produced during

tne mechanical refining of the pulp. The production of the

debris or fines involves a considerable consumption of energy,

often results in considerable shortening of fiber length and

results in extensive water imbibition by the fibers. Consequently, water removal by pressing and evaporation is

escessive. It would be advantageous to use a less expensive

short fibered pulp such as a hardwood pulp for the production

of fines. These fines could then be blended with a more

expensive softwood long fiber pulp mechanically treated

separately to produce a durable paper at lower cost and with

lower energy consumption. This investigation was designed

to assess tne feasibility of this hypothesis.

6 .

2

Experimental

The conditions for beating, handsheet formation and estimating paper durability were described in section 3 of this

report.

6.3

Results anu Discussion

As tne proportion of hardwood pulp, beaten for 10,000

revolutions in the laboratory mill increased, the mechanical

properties of the handsheets decreased for both softwood pulps.

Hardwood pulp fibers are coarse and rigid and unless subjected

to sufficient mechanical treatment in preparation for paper

making will form porous, low density, weak paper. The fact

that the density of the handsheets declined somewhat with increasing quantities of hardwood indicated insufficient

mechanical treatment of the hardwood pulp.

When the hardwood pulp was beaten for 20,000 revolutions

and blended with Northern softwood pulp beaten 10,000 revolutions in the laboratory mill the density of the paper

increased somewhat with increasing hardwood content (Tables

6-9) . In addition the air permeability decreased indicating

a more compact fiber network has formed. Small increases in

mechanical properties were observed with the exception of

Elmendorf tear, folding endurance and cantilever stiffness.
13

The decrease in tear and folding endurance was probably

the result of decreased fiber length while the decrease in

cantilver stiffness was caused in part by the decline in

paper thickness.

Retention of stiffness with flexing increased with

harawoou content when beaten for 20,000 revolutions while

little or no effect on stiffness retention was observed

when the hardwood was beaten only 10,000 revolutions. These

results indicate tnat it may be possible to manufacture a durable wood pulp paper by blending appropriate softwood and

hardwood pulps mechanically treated separately. Additional

work would be necessary in order to fully verify the utility

of blending softwood and hardwood pulps for durable wood

pulp papers.

Although the highest retention of stiffness after flexing

occurred with handsheets containing 70 percent northern

softwood and 30 percent hardwood beaten 20,000 revolutions

the ultimate stiffness was slightly lower than that of some

of the flexed handsheets made from southern softwood and

hardwood pulps. However, the thickness of the southern

softwood papers was approximately 20% greater than the

Northern softwood-hardwood handsheets. Since the bending

moment is related to the cube of the thickness the thicker

paper would naturally be stiffer.

Tne results of this investigation indicate that blending

of a wide range of pulps for specific paper properties may be

a useful approach in designing a durable wood pulp currency

paper. Once again a thorough study of the morphological

characteristics of the various pulps would provide valuable

information.
14

7. MODIFICATION OF WOOD PULP PAPERS WITH ACRYLIC LATEXES

7.1 Background

Previous investigations on the modification of paper

with acrylic latexes resulted in a substantial improvement

in stiffness retention. Improvements in stiffness retention

occurreu regardless of the modification procedure (6,7,8,9,10).

Since the beater addition technique for modifying paper with

acrylic resins distributes the resin uniformly throughout

the paper and the saturation technique results in a more

topical disbursement it appeared deterioration of bending

stiffness might occur by at least two separate mechanisms.

The bending stiffness of paper is undoubtedly affected

by the stiffness of the fibers and the structure of the fiber

network. Conceivably the beater addition technique for

modifying paper with acrylic resins enhances stiffness retention of the fibers and in turn the stiffness of paper

while the saturation technique enhances stiffness retention

brought about by the network structure.

At times the treatment of paper with acrylic resins by

beater addition culminates in structural changes in the fiber

network structure which has an adverse effect on stiffness

retention (8) . Acrylic latexes apparently have an effect on

the functionality of the fibrillar component in the fiber

network of paper which gives rise to a more porous network.

Investigations have shown that this undesirable effect of

acrylic resins on paper structure can be reversed by a post- treatment with a wet strength resin commonly used for

wet strength paper. Paper so treated is less porous and does

exhibit greater retention of bending stiffness with flexing.

If the bending stiffness of paper does deteriorate by

more than one mechanism and ff the modification of paper with

acrylic resins by beater addition and saturation affects

different mechanism of deterioration it would be reasonable

to assume paper modified with acrylic resin by both procedures

would result in an optimum improvement in stiffness retention

wnen flexed. Tnis investigation was designed to determine

whether wood pulp paper treated with acrylic resins by beater

addition ana saturation would exhibit superior stiffness

retention

.
15

7 . 2 Experimental

A Northeastern bleached kraft pulp, consisting of 95%

spruce and hemlock and 5% pine, was used in this study. The

procedures for beating the pulp, forming the handsheets,

modifying tne sheets with acrylic resins and estimating the

durability of the various papers was described in section 3

of this report.

Tne regular controls in this investigation consisted of

handsheets prepared in the regular manner with untreated

beaten fibers. The water controls consisted of the regular

controls, subjected to the beater addition procedure but

without the addition of any of the additives. Finally the

retention aid controls consisted of subjecting the beaten

pulp to the beater addition procedure but only adding the

retention aid. Durability was estimated according to the

procedure described in section 3. Each sheet was cut in

half, and one half, selected at random, was flexed.

7.3 Results ana Discussion

Tne double treatment of wood pulp paper with acrylic

resins by beater addition and saturation produces a paper

having a stiffness and a high stiffness retention when flexed.

Tnis is an excellent property for a currency paper to have.

Currency remains in circulation until it is torn, soiled

excessively or its stiffness declines below a certain level.

A previous study indicated that approximately 94 percent of

currency is redeemed because it is limp (11) . A more in-depth

study inuicatea that currency is considered unacceptable for

recirculation after its stiffness has declined to a cantilever

stiffness in tne neighborhood of 93 yN*m or lower (3). An

ideal currency would therefore, have a cantilever stiffness

substantially in excess of 93 yN*m ana a high retention of

stiffness when flexed. Such currency would be expected to

nave a substantially longer circulation life than the present

currency.

Modification of paper with acrylic resins by beater

addition produces some improvement in stiffness retention but

not to the same extent as that produced by saturation. When

the beater addition treatment is subsequently followed by

treatment with wet strength resin a further improvement in

stiffness retention results which is roughly equivalent to
16

the improvement produced by saturation alone but the

greatest improvement in stiffness retention occurs when

the paper is modified with acrylic resins by both beater

addition and saturation. There appears to be no advantage

in using the wet strength resin post-treatment when the

paper is subsequently treated with acrylic resins by

saturation.

The double acrylic resin treatment appears to have

more advantages than just improving stiffness retention.

The strength, elongation to break, energy to break and

folding endurance all exhibit appreciable improvements and

are retained to a high degree when flexed. It would seem

appropriate to conduct some mill trials with acrylic resin

modification of the present currency paper as well as wood

pulp papers under consideration for currency paper. Even

though laboratory investigations provide useful information

on the effect of modifications on paper durability it will

be ultimately necessary to manufacture some currency type

paper incorporating some of the more promising laboratory

modifications. In this way the effect of paper machine

variaoles can be evaluated on the performance of the paper.
17

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Fong, J. T. , Rehm, R. G. and Graminski, E. L. , "A

Micro- Degradation Model for Paper," NBSIR 76-1062,

April 15, 1976.

2. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E. , "Durability of Paper,"

NbSIR 75-978, December 15, 1975.

3. Storesberry, D. P. , Ehilmon, I. and Graminski, E. L.

,

"evaluation of Methods for Automatically Determining

the Fitness of Currency," NBSIR 10-699, February 1,

1972.

4. Storesberry, D. P. , Pliilmon, I. and Graminski, E. L. , "Evaluation of Methods for Automatically Determining

the Fitness of Currency," NBS Report 10-919,

September 1, 1972.

5. Graminski, E. L. in "The Fundamental Properties of Paper

Related to Its Uses" (F. Bolam, Ed.) pp. 761-781, Tech.

Div. British Paper and Board Industry Fed., London (1976).

6. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E . E . , "Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers," NBSIR 73-142, January 30, 1973.

7. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E. , " Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers," NBSIR 73-274, August 15, 1973.

8. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., " Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers," NBSIR 74-431, January 2, 1974.

9. Graminski, E. L. and Toth

,

E . E . , "Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers," NBSIR 74-571, September 6 , 1974.

10. Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E . E . , "Evaluation of Currency

and Stamp Papers," NBSIR 75-670, February 20 , 1975.

Graminski, E. L. and Forshee, B. W. , "Evaluation of

Currency and Stamp Papers, NBS Report 9510, March 31, 1967.

11 .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to thank Mr. Kenneth E. Hermsen and

Mr. Virgil P. Seavey for the fiber species analysis of

the various pulps used in this investigation.
DENSITY,

g/cm

Figure i. The density of hanusheets maae from classified

currency stock and wood pulp stocks. (A unbeaten, B beaten

5000, C beaten 10,000, and D beaten 20,000 revolutions in a laboratory mill)

14 35 UNCLASSIFIED

SCREEN SIZE, MESH

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f"

in

u

u

Uh

X

w

cu r:a

<v

<vuu

cn

o

o

o

o m o o o

rH CN o o m o o

rH CN

c 'O c T3 TD >> u o H o O u

V o <U o O a

X! s j3 3 3 4) X J-l 4-» 4-> 3) Sh O

HH 3 KH U Ih O

o o O o <0 3 X

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Currency

stock

sampled

after

final

mechanical

treatment

and

prior

to

dilution

for

the

headbox.

Plugging

of

150

mesh

screen

necessitates

removal.

Figure

represents

totax

which

passed

65
o o o o

o o o o

O in SO —

r-. O O —

o o o o

\0 co ^

o o o o o o o o

so co in o o o c

o o o o

(*1 ifl fO t/1 4 >J 'J o o o o

N o CO ^

iO <£ iT <£ o o o o

o o © o o o o o

(n ^ o <r o o o oO' vO VO O' o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o

ao 00 O' O' o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o

O — © CM o o o o o o o o

r-* \© O'

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oo n in o

o o o o

o o o —

O' o co n n n cm

00 CM —

CM on CO CO

O' >J CM O

n n fo n

o o o o o o o o o o o o

CM CM CM CM CM CO CM CO

o o o o © o © o

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OJ $•« 00c >- o o o o © © © o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o c o o o o o

O' co O' oo 0-^00

CO O O' I O n O I

CO CO —

CM NO cm ri— r-- ac O eg o so

O' CM 00 in 0 — 00

<} OlOCI CO CM CO CO

00 N O0 CO

l — — o

o o o o o o o o

— O' o to o o o o

o o o —

<

CM CM CM CO CM CO CM CO

o o o o

o — o <—

o o o o o o o o

CM O © sO

in —i CO -vj CO <T o eg co

co >j cn '

o o o o o o o o

in 'j co -i o o o o

o — o — in «j in o o in 'O

o o o o

<o r** eg >j o o o o — O O' vO o o o o

o — o — ifl ifl *o >o © © in © CONhO

o o o o o o o o o o o o

x> — in CO CO CO CO in in ro >j

ro vj ro 'T ^ in — in — co o o o o o o o o o o o o

CO CO CO CO co co co

oo r«» ^ m o oo in m o oo in in o oo g in o oo in in o oo in m o co g n

- cm n

Indicates

screen

mesh

size

on

which

fibers

were

retained

in

fiber

classification.

W

=

width,

L

=

length

of

15X30

cm.

flex

specimens.
oo eg eg <r o o o o o o o o

EzO (/)

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o

o o o o N CO

'O N

o o o o

nJ OO n vj

CM CO CM

co cm co <n O 00 uo CO

o o o o

CN CO CO CO

r* 0\ oo ^ r—• .—i r—

o o o o

vO N I 00

vO in

CM CM CN CM

o o o o

CM ON U0 r-t O •—* r—* r—

CO CO CO CO in h oo vO

co pH eg cm o o o o o o o o o o o o

o -o

•U <U *-« O -H

00 >~

C‘ o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o © © o © o o o o

m in in cm

00 CO so ON

CM

so VO CO 00 pH SO O SO

uo CO ON 00

co p^ oo \0 4 O' rv O cm un r»

O 4 CO CO COM o >0 O 'sO 00 O'- 00 CO © H

\o vo o hh

o o o o o © o ©

CO CM pH H

o o o o

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

o o o o o o o o o o o o

co co co co co cm <r co m co in

o o o o o o o o

in in in vO in m in in

o o o o o o o o

in in in in in in in in

o o o o o o o o o o o o

pH WJ *-J

<TJ 3CM

•H ^-l S

*-» 3 ^ •h tj z n

c o o wi

*-< r; © © © ©

CM CM CM CO M H 00 H

CM CM CM CM O O O O

CM CM CM CO

o o o o

CM CM CM CO CM CO CM CO CO CO CO <T

co oo in in o Mn m

vj n v? c

o oo n n

o oo in n

oo on sj o n <r ro

n(n-l)
Table

4.

The

Physical

Properties

of

Unflexed

Handsheets

Made

From

Fractionated

and

Unfractionated

Wood

Pulp

Type

>X- tn 00 O' CO o o O' co o

•>J ^ ^ iD (o o in in co

h i/i <r o' cn o o n n

Uh co

oj -o

a

a. «3u o o o o o o o o o o o o

CO CO CO CO A A A A

vO O' >3" 'O

pH lO SO *—

f"0 vO

N

O CO pHO ->0 vj sO oo O CO 00

00 O'

O so

r— co r"- «—i

r>- eg vo

in >3 r- oo >J H CO H

CM CO pH pH

CO O'

OO

v£)N 4 uO

CO

O lO lO

CM CM CM CM

vO vO iT) 'J

m so so oo

pH >3- in SO m 'J

CM CM CM CM M S CO 00

sO >3-

O O'

SO

N

N

O' CMO CO

O' O' ^3 CO >3 O 00 O

CM CM CM CM r- so r^- sO co O oso oo sO O m oo O'

CM pH r-H <3 O' <3 sO

CM P'

O CM co o co

CM CM CM rH O CO N N

O' oom co

O' in cm o

CM O' -H CO

CM -H CM CM

co o h

m

so 3 co r^

co in 3 cm

CM CM CM CM

O r— -3 O' H O' CO 3 n h co o

CM CM CM CM

H 00 CM

N

O

H 3 00

m ih so

CM CM CMH

*T0

O

—< o o o

</) TO

rH _4 O

U-i

<b 10 x>3

<2 ^ a3

a.

n* in cm

OO

O pH

in in co o o o ^ S O SO pH 0 3 3 3

in in co cm o o o o

co in 3 n

CM CM

m co

O >3 O- >3

p-*.

O p^» r^* sO CO CO pH O O SO O

00 CO CM

pH O' O' rH 3 00 CO 3 m so O' so m cm co co o o o o

pH CO CO 00

•*3

O pH CM CM CM CM CM

r*- r- o co O' rH in O' CO CM CO pH o o o o

oo cm in oo m o cm o

CM CM CM CM

NN

O

N

cm so co

m

>3 cm co

m o o o o 3 3 so CM

uo co cm cm

CM CM CM CO

CM CM sO o so m cm sO >3 pH O O O O

O' O' CO pH

p^

O soO

CM CM CM CO

sO CM CM 00 3 1/1

N

N

CM 3 N

O

CO P*^

O CM

>3

O ^ P^

in 3 p*- in

co co co in

O CO

H so

so cm

m

h

O 00 O' O' 03N3 m co in co 3 rv 00 00

O sO >3

O P^ sO 3 CM O' O O' vO 1 «

CO 00 O' 00

O pH sO

O 00 SO

H VO

co

p o in 3 CM O' sO co co co in

CM CO CM O' 0 0 3 0 o oo o' oo

pH O' p^ <-H o co p* in O p" O' p--

sO CM CM CM

so O' CM

O

00 so O' so 3 p' 3 m o o o o o o o o

in in in in r» oo p^ so o o o o o o o o

in in in

m o o o o

pH CM O' co

O'O CM 3

P' 00 00 P'

oo r* 3 m

oo

n 3 m o oo uo

m o oo m m o oo

mm pHo oo in in o oo >3 in o oo >3 m 2 § - N fl f

Indicates

screen

mesh

size

on

which

fibers

were

retained

in

fiber

classification.

Sonic

modulus

based

on

apparent

density

of

paper.

*W=

width L=

length

of

15X30

cm.

flex

specimens. ‘ s

=JnIX 2-

(IX) 2
Table

5.

The

Physical

Properties

of

Handsheets

Made

From

Fractionated

and

Unfractionated

Wood

Pulp

Type F

After

1000

Flexes.

DC

-aH

co

m on on <r (N m r-H

no uo o co

CS| ^ >4 rH

vO co co cm

r- co co cm CM CM CM CO

00 On co CM

N O0

OX

H rH CM CM

O'O u0 uO

XS

ns

01

dHa

a \ u 1 o O rH CM

O

CM CM VO CM

On 00 00 CM

O' 'J’ ON u0

O' 00 00 00

rH CO O' o <r on <x>

f-'- \D uO

H

oo cm r0) CA > W

<D 0) ph d a h

ns 4J

(-> cn d

•od • W oo

T3

O rHO

CH rH HHH

r:

CO

<D HO

*©ddado

cn

(L -Q3O 3 Q1 « a2O ca

cn

jd

ca >V

Q£Ooo

ON ON ON 00 00 00 ON ON ON ON

CO CO uo f-- r- 00 uo >4 uo CM NO CO CM CM rH ON CM O CM O

ON UO CM

O >4 CM

H

O rH ON VO 00 ON ON ON O ON o ON ON rH rH

r- 00 00 NO UO r^. 00 ON

CM 00 CM o H co 'O CM

H NO

rH (—4 rH ng rH CM

—< rH

NO ON U0 rH

H

OO CM ON CO

ON in UO ON

m o CMO 00 NO

rH uo CM ON uo uo >4 UO CO

pH pH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

rH rH

rH pH

00 NO •H <r CM *4 CO •H CO

m <r ON

<r rH E ON CO

H ON r: ONH <rH

NO MJ- CM UO uo CO >4 rHrH

Ch o o cu CO o o o CU o o O o

00 ON r-'- O' CM NO o CO UO uo

d o CM <r oo CO H 00 ON CO pH o

CM pH > CM rH CM CM > CM rH CM CO •H

0) 0) H»

m ON QC o CM rH r-» « CM co r*- CM CO 00 00 CM UO o UO CM 00 CO U

co CM

O uo uo ^4 •O’ o >4 U0

H r^~ •H o o 4d o o o >4 o o o o o o O O • H

00 NO

r 00 oo r-* r> CO NO o CA 00 NO o r- ON OO CM o ON <r H rH CA r—t rH rH CM H CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO rH d d U

0)D

cn o 4-> CO in n- r^*

u 00 CO 00 CO

u

«3 co

V

cn ON 0> 00 UO co NO 4) o NO

H r^- xs 00 NO CQ 00 f* rH NO CO H CO NO co •H

>—1 4H

rH On NO CO co CO uo CM c

00 CO co

H co uo UO NO o CO •H oo r- 00 00 r- 00 NO ON NO

T3

CM 00 <r o UO NO CO 00 ON o 0)a O n- ON o- CM uo CO •H

^4 U0 CO o r- NO 00 NO UO UO ns pH r—

rHH

uaj m C" NO UO <r o >4 CM >4 uo u

oo UO CO u0 CM CM o ^4

H r-*

U CA ON r- 00 NO r-~- NO 00 NO CO uo 0) o) a u a <u OJ ns a a -h ON o O'* U0 O 00 CO CM NO co u

rH r-4 CO NO CO

H >4 co CO CM CA 4H <U U o cu o o o o o o o o o O <u CA XJ >n

r—

ON rH CM o CO rH rH <r CM •H

H

X

m pv. NO <r 00

H co 00 00 00 4H •H

V

CA rH

CM CO CO >4 CO uo ^4 >4 CO U0 JS

d 4h

u 0) o 00 NO oo o r- rH NO o •H T3 • pH rH *4 u0 CM CM CM UO CM co X3 a u u o o o O O o O O O o d d OJ o m >4 *4 CO CO o CO CO o NO o W4 CO m UO CO ON un CO u0 CO 00 w X v Cu uo

co ^4 MT -o -4 uo <4 UO uo

N CU

p-4 H CO

CA 4H d o

uo uo o oo uo u0 o 00 <r UO x: o

pH rH CA xa u T3 a <U 00

CA

d

m U0 o 00 uo UOO 00 -4 UOd ns 0) rH H QJ X> rH

0)u CA || u 3

73 TJ TD CA rH hJ

cu 0) 0) 3

•H •H •H CA 73 ja

4-4 Nw 4-1 <U

O 4-> •H •H •H 4-> a T3

m ca in CA UO CA CO •H NO ca NO CA NO (A U u ^

co CO CO •H *H

p-H pHH •o

d ii

O o O

d o

*4

g

<3- UO

g

^4 UO

g

H cn ^ pH 3 rH co rH 3 H CO pH 3 H CM <0

N(n-l)
V)

3

>J (N (*) H M M

o o o o o o

o o o o o o

•J N ffi vO N O'

IT) ifl ^ -O >0 o o o o o o M 'O *0 nO N

o o o o c o

0 0-0000

h >j vo n m O' m «o >o vj >? m

o o o o o o

o o o

o o o

^

O H

o o o

NO uO

<N o O

O o o

OJ N -O o o o

tn n h m n m

o o o o o o

o o o o o o -HCNO-HOr-

'j >o >o >o nJ cn o o o o o o m (n 4 n n o o o o o o o o o o o o

c*- os »0 'O »? O

<n m cn <n tn <n o o o o o o

•OCO'J'JcOr^

CM O O —i o -h o o o o o o

O' -O N (N CO

CNJ CN CN CM CN >—

CM CM CM CM CM CM r~ o cm co n oo O H f-h CM O O

O O O O O O

O'OOHNHO vO \o <n \o in

CM CM CM CM CM CM

O O O O O O

cn cm *J cn in cc

vO sO O nO O nO O O O O o o

cn cn cn cn cm o o o o o o

o o o o o o

so oo o 'O' o m

n n vO iO n v£) o o o o o o

vO COH o o o

vT —< CO

sO N rCM CM CM m so o

o o —

o o o

N M ^

'T in in

CM CM CM

o o o

»n •-* eo o o o

o o o

in —i eo

sOO O O

>0 00 H o f' 00

< -H —< ^ O O o o o o o o

o vj vo o in cm

cn CM CM CM H h

CM CM CM CM CM CM O' in O rs cc X O ' O O O

O O O O O O ^ oo cm r-i oo eo O O' CM CM CM CM CM —»

•o -o m vo >o >J C O O O O o

O O o o o o ^

ac oo so in o o o o o o

>0 cn vO >0 O O O O o o

o o o o o o

\0 2 vO ^ S vO o o o o o o

>? eg oo \D in

00 O

in <n eg in oo h

O 00 os O ON r-. — O <3

- O — h in n «o O' <n

i eg n* (M «0 >0 O' in O' -o 'J

(M H O Cl O' O

cn in eg ^ h n

o o o o o o O 'O O' in sO O' O' O' O —

n en n en <? -o g n eg o o «

-< n in cj m -i o o o o o o g in g m o n in o in h in

'O >g >g >g o cj g en n in n g ^ h eg h

o o o o o o g m o h o -<

in in in g in -i

>» NO ^ >0 n h n in >o in

—• cm eo eg cm —

<

o o o o o o

o

o

o

o

T3O

O

*

O

C/5

oo in no so O' in ci n g ci o

'O >y »» 'O >o

oo oo '0- g in eg

<r ^

O' co o

cm co CM o o o

co oo o

o- oo o'

<r 'O <r n g eo

*-» ^ <o

o m g s h o'

oo O' cm in m oo g O' #

eg g i' n g ci o' g o

o so x g in o

cm o h ci g O'

CM g CM —t CM CM o o o o o o

i—i cm g O' eo co — O' o o —- m g o g g g eo

ci co oo s in g h h ci ci g

o o o o o o

cm e O' h co ci g eg eo in g n

>g vg 'O *g >o <r h in in ^ o h

eg co -i eo (N cm o o o o o o

so o o oo 'g

eo cm ~i CM H so g g g g g eo

eo cc so eo oo so O O —< o o o o o o

—• cm g g cm in ^ O —I O' 'J g g g g ci eo

CM CM —• —I CM CM O O O O O O H Cl H

o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o

CM CM CM CM CO CM

CM O' 00

CM >—< «—

1

O O O

O' oo O'

CM CM CM CM CM CM

(M H « H g O H ^ H H H eg o o o o o o

gj o in in g 'O in so no

g> >n g>

so so so in so m

g m <o g)

width

L

=

length

of

15X30

cm

flex

specimens.

^faD!

2

-

(IX)

2

N(d-1)
Table

7.

Tensile

Properties

Of

Handsheets

Made

From

Combinations

Of

Soft

And

Hardwood

Pulps

After

1,000

Flexes.

(A

3

m <r © cm on o o o o o o

o o o o o o

O' O © © <—> \0 m © m in in o o o o o o

on CO © >^ o o o o o . . I ...

o o o o o

CO fO O O 'O ^ >$ cn o o o o o o

r- © © o o o © © o

NO ^ 00 r- ©

o © ©

in cn cn o o o

o o o

ID O' 00 in in in © © ©

n oo cn m s n

o o o o o o

o o o o o o

co m in m n? in

>3- ^ >3- >y >3- ^

o o o o o o n (N ^ N M

o o o o o o

o o o o o o ^ 'O H og H <n cn <n <n cn cn o o o o o o

ca

:*

in co m own n

<N — — CM O O O O O O

(T) H N N Ol in

cn on cm on cm cn N N N N CM M

00 ON r-l cn »—

O O <—g »—4 1—4

• • I . . • o o o o o

o m co m cn cm a f" rs oo co oo

o o o

ON N >J

NO N oo

CM CM CS O i"' r- -* ©

o o o

co h a

in nJ cn CM CM CM

nJ CM CM nO CM

i-H <N eH r-( o o o o © o

oo cn n O' co cn O r-4 CM ON O O

CM CM N H CM CM 00CMOi©r*-N O r-l O <-• © O

O © © © © ©

ao cm o in r* o' ^ oo oO n r*

*-> CO <

a

o *o

*-> 4> J

CO -M

00 >> c

O CO Ul 3

in o n> h cn —•^0^0—1

© o © © © o o 00 rv o NO N

O O O' O' O' ©

© © O © © r-t 0 in cm oo c* o o © © © . . I ...

o © © © o n co o cm h cn O O N N N N

o o © © © ©

h m cn

i o •—* o © ©

on >o © © o

© o o

in^r h

•—* © O'* 00 O'

r-l e-4 O O —< ©

© o o o o ©

>0 © © in on cm

00 O' ON 00 00 00 o o © o © ©

0^000© ^ NO N? NO >J o o © o © o

cn cn O' © oo oo © r*- njd f-» © ©

O © © © © ©

H

>N

4 O cC CM rs CO

CM in ON O' cn O'

CM © CM cn vj

m oo

CO o

CM h

>j in cn

<r n cm © r->

© r- co in cn O'

O' cm cn O'

in cm nJ

i © r—- cm

in O' o in i

—I *0 —< rH r^

cn O' N CM CM s

© o © © © o o © o o o ©

cn in cn «j cn cn

co in © © cn cm on cm cn cm © © © © ©

cm ^ in on on on cn cn cn cn on

© © © © o ©

^ >3- *3- ^ ^ <r ^

© o © © o © © © o © © ©

>5* ^ ^ >3- cn cn n? on on on

CM Cn r-l o © © o © o o © ©

>j cn on cn cn cn cn cn on on on cn

© © © o © o o © © © © o

© r-l in © oo H CM —* CM —

© © © © © o n in n cn co cn © © o -i o

CM CM CM CM CM —i

in in cm on

f-1 on . © © o ©

^ yfl vfi vQ \.^N

cn cm on vj on

in © ©

© m ©

© © nJ © in in

in © in © in in

z
in oo 'O on in o o o o o o o o o o o o

O CM uO CO lO CM

rH rH O O O O'

lO lO lO in lO >3 O O O O O O

00 MO O

O O rH o o o

"3- in rH

00 00 O' in in in

s oo ^ rs o\ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

O' 4 m oo co io

p*-* r^* >3 >3 <T ^3 *3 ^3 o o o o o o

a- <uu< CM

-C S

00 \ •H *H 00

<b a 3 =>

n o n n vo

CM CO CM CM rH rH o in o m co <-h

cm o o in <0

<t CD r-4 >3 co cm

in mo O' oo oo

CM H H CM CM CM m p^ O' in oo in

'>o O' co in 0 0^0

CO CO CO CM O

vO CO 00 CM O'

CO <0 rH

CM 00 >3

k £ CO O

*H (TJ E rH < U w

O' in co o rH O'

00 CO O rH o

CM CM CO CO CO CO O N O O M O

in rH in >3 co oo CO vj vj CM CO CO

vO N CO N N N

o uo oo uo co co

r^- oo

-3 00 CM n rs s ^ 'CvO m rv >3 h co

0) z

> H.

QJ

\o no co oo r^*

vO N OO O' in N

3 N 3 3 3 \0

co \o >3 in in in

3 N S 'O vO 00

3 vo cm h m

00 Uh O U

T) H

rH UO O rH 3

Uh O H Q

CM CM rH pH CM O O O O O O

oo oo in in o co

CM rH O CM O VO

O' O' o' cm in in

co \o cm in co >3

rH rH CM CM CM rH O O vO o o o

oo Mn Mn o

O rH ON O O' VO

o o o

cm o in 3 CM O'

O' ^3 vD in rv co

CM CM rH o o o

r-* oo cm 00 00 O'

CM VO O' rH rH H

o in o o cm o

rH CO H pH pH pH o o o o o o O N 3 Mn >3

00 00 00 NvO »3

o o o o o

O' n*- cm ^3

oo \D SO >3

>*

x:

Ou

00 O 00 N 00 (O

in ^3 in co vo o

CO 00 00 00 N N

rH O' CO rH o

00 O rH in >3 >3

O' in CM >3 CM rH \D oo oo oo oo

CM 00 >3 vO CO 00 'O o*

O' *3 CO

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NBS-114A (REV 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPOR T NO. NBSIR 78-1417

2. Gov’t Access-

' t

N o.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

An Evaluation of Wood Pulp Paper Durability

5. Publication Date February 15, 1978

6. Performing Organization C ode

7. AITHOR(S)

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Proiect/Task/Work Unit No. 3110443

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Washington, D. C.

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

10/1/76 - 9/30/77

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPI. I- MENTA R Y NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Currency has been printed customarily on high grade paper owing to its superior

durability. During the past several years the cost of raw material for rag pulps has

risen tremendously and the thought of using high quality wood pulp papers as a means

of lowering the cost of currency manufacture has been advanced. While considerable

work has been done on rag currency paper to resolve the origin of its superior

durability and to further increase its already excellent durability essentially little

if any information has been developed for wood pulp paper durability. This report

describes the results of experiments performed with wood pulp paper which had previousl

been performed on rag currency paper and probable reasons for observed differences were postulated.

17. KhY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons

)

Acrylic latexes; currency paper; fiber morphology, fiber network structure; paper

durability; pulp mechanical treatment; rag pulps; wood pulps

18. AVAILABILITY f Unlimited

Lx. For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NT1S

L Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20102, SD Cat. No. C 1 3 Order From National Technical Information Service (N I LS) Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY C LASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

22. Pr

USCOMM-DC 2 904 2- P 7 4