CDC H IV/A IDS Fact Sheet

HIV/AIDS among

Hispanics/Latinos

1-800-CDC-INFO (232-4636)

In English, en Español

24 Hours/Day

cdcinfo@cdc.gov

http://www.cdc.gov/hiv 

August 2007

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to 

the Hispanic/Latino community. In addition to 

being a population seriously affected by HIV, 

Hispanics/Latinos continue to face challenges in 

accessing health care, prevention services, and 

HIV treatment. In 2004, HIV/AIDS was the fourth 

leading cause of death among Hispanic/Latino 

men and women aged 35 to 44 [1].

STATISTICS

HIV/AIDS in 2005

•	 Hispanics/Latinos accounted for 18% of the 

37,331 new HIV/AIDS diagnoses in 33 states 

with long-term, confidential name-based HIV

reporting* [2].

•	 For Hispanic/Latino men living with HIV/

AIDS, the most common exposures were sexual 

contact with other men, injection drug use, and 

high-risk heterosexual contact. For Hispanic/

Latina women living with HIV/AIDS, the most 

common exposures were high-risk heterosexual 

contact and injection drug use [2].

•	 HIV testing rates were slightly higher among 

Hispanics/Latinos than among persons of other 

races or ethnicities except blacks. A 2002 study 

showed that 50% of Hispanics/Latinos aged 15–

44 had been tested and that 18% had been tested 

during the past year [3].

AIDS in 2005

•	 Hispanics/Latinos accounted for 19% of the 

40,608 new diagnoses in the 50 states and the 

District of Columbia [2].

•	The 78,054 Hispanics/Latinos living with 

AIDS accounted for 19% of all people living 

with AIDS in the 50 states and the District of 

Columbia [2].

•	 Of the rates of diagnoses for adults and 

adolescents in all racial and ethnic groups, 

the second highest was the rate for Hispanics/

Latinos. The highest rate was that for blacks 

(68.7 cases per 100,000 persons), followed by 

the rates for Hispanics/Latinos (24.0/100,000), 

American Indians and Alaska Natives 

Race/ethnicity of persons (including 

children) with HIV/AIDS diagnosed during 

2005

Note. Based on data from 33 states with long-term, 

confidential name-based HIV reporting.

*For a list of the 33 states, see the box (before the 

References section).
2

H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

(9.3/100,000), whites (6.9/100,000), and Asians 

and Pacific Islanders (4.3/100,000) [2].

•	 Although Hispanics/Latinos made up only about 

13% of the population of the United States 

[4], they accounted for 16% (155,179) of the 

estimated 952,629 AIDS cases diagnosed since 

the beginning of the epidemic [2].

•	By the end of 2005, an estimated 77,125 

Hispanics/Latinos with AIDS had died [2].

•	 Of persons whose diagnosis of AIDS had been 

made during 1997–2004, a smaller proportion of 

Hispanics/Latinos (74%), compared with whites 

(75%) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (81%), were

alive after 9 years. However, the proportion of 

surviving Hispanics/Latinos was larger than the 

proportions of surviving American Indians and 

Alaska Natives (67%) and blacks (66%) [2].

RISK Factors AND BARRIERS

TO PREVENTION

A number of cultural, socioeconomic, and healthrelated factors contribute to the HIV epidemic 

in the US Hispanic/Latino community. Research 

shows that behavioral risk factors for HIV 

infection differ by country of birth. Data suggest 

that Hispanics/Latinos born in Puerto Rico are 

more likely than other Hispanics/Latinos to 

contract HIV as a result of injection drug use 

and high-risk heterosexual contact (Table) [2]. 

By contrast, sexual contact with other men is the 

primary cause of HIV infections among Hispanic/

Latino men born in Central or South America, 

Cuba, Mexico, or the United States [2].

Sexual Risk Factors

Hispanic/Latina women are most likely to be 

infected with HIV as a result of sex with men [2]. 

In a study of heterosexual Hispanics/Latinos in 

the United States, 16% had sexual risk factors for 

HIV infection, including multiple sex partners or 

partners with risk factors for HIV infection [5]. 

Transmission categories for Hispanic/

Latino adults and adolescents living with 

HIV/AIDS, 2005

Note. Based on data from 33 states with long-term, 

confidential name-based HIV reporting.

Transmission categories for Hispanic/

Latino adults and adolescents living with 

HIV/AIDS, 2005 (cont.)

Note. Based on data from 33 states with long-term, 

confidential name-based HIV reporting.
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H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

Some women, including those who suspect that 

their partners are at risk for HIV infection, may 

be reluctant to discuss condom use with their 

partners because they fear emotional or physical 

abuse or the withdrawal of financial support [6].

An assessment of HIV risk behaviors among men 

who have sex with men (MSM) in the southeastern 

United States found that Hispanic/Latino and 

African American men were more likely than 

white men to report inconsistent condom use 

during anal sex with multiple partners and that 

Hispanic/Latino men were more likely to have 

never been tested for HIV [7]. However, in a study 

of heterosexual Hispanic/Latino men, consistent 

recent condom use and intentions to use condoms 

during the next month were associated with 

positive attitudes about condom use, perception 

that one’s partner had a positive view of condom 

use, and greater participation in decision making 

about condom use [8].

Substance Use

Injection drug use continues to be a significant

risk factor for Hispanics/Latinos, particularly 

among those living in Puerto Rico [2]. Drug 

users in Puerto Rico are more likely to share 

syringes, cotton, and rinse water and to inject more 

frequently than Hispanic/Latino drug users on 

the US mainland [9]. Sharing syringes is not the 

only HIV risk factor related to substance abuse. 

Both casual and chronic substance users are more 

likely to engage in risky sex behaviors, such as 

unprotected sex, when they are under the influence

of drugs or alcohol [10].

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

In 2005, the rate of chlamydial infection among 

Hispanics/Latinos was about 3 times the rate 

for whites (459.0/100,000 compared with 

152.1/100,000 whites) [11]. The rates of gonorrhea 

and syphilis among Hispanics/Latinos were 

about twice the rates among whites: gonorrhea—

74.8/100,000 Hispanics/Latinos compared with 

35.2/100,000 whites; syphilis—3.3/100,000 

Hispanics/Latinos compared with 1.8/100,000 

whites. Partly because of physical changes caused 

by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including 

genital lesions, which can serve as an entry point 

Transmission categories and country of birth of Hispanics/Latinos with AIDS diagnosed 

in the United States during 2005

Central/South 

America

(n = 861)

%

Cuba

(n = 182)

%

Mexico

(n = 1,488)

%

Puerto Rico

(n = 1,536)

%

United States

(n = 2,809)

%

Male-to-male sexual 

contact 

51 52 59 17 44

Injection drug use 11 13 11 42 24

Male-to-male sexual 

contact and injection 

drug use

2 8 4 4 5

High-risk 

heterosexual contact

34 27 25 36 26

Othera 1 0 2 1 2

a

 Includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk factor not reported or not identified.
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H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

for HIV, the presence of certain STDs can increase 

one’s chances of contracting HIV 3- to 5-fold [12].

Hispanic/Latino Cultural Beliefs: 

Risk and Protective Factors

Research has shown that Hispanic/Latino cultural 

concepts of masculinity and femininity, and thus 

the social norms of sexuality, have created double 

standards and power inequalities that have been 

linked to HIV risk and protective behaviors [13]. 

For some Hispanic/Latino men, the traditional 

gender role of machismo has positive implications 

for HIV prevention, such as strength and 

protection of the family [14]. However, proving 

masculinity through power and dominance can 

lead both straight and gay Hispanic/Latino men 

to engage in risky sex behavior, such as sex with 

multiple partners [15], unprotected sex with 

women or men [14,16], or sexual coercion [17]. 

Familismo, or a strong commitment to family, 

can be a strong incentive for some Hispanic/

Latino men to reduce unprotected sex with 

casual partners. Familismo can also be a source 

of conflict for Hispanic/Latino men who have

sex with men (MSM), whose families may have 

a negative view of homosexuality [18]. Further, 

many Hispanic/Latino MSM identify themselves 

as heterosexual and, as a result, may not relate to 

prevention messages crafted for gay men [19, 20].

For some Hispanic/Latina women, the traditional 

gender roles—marianismo, in which women are 

expected to be pure and to acquiesce to men’s 

desires [21], and simpatía, in which the importance 

of nonconfrontational relationships is emphasized 

[22]—combined with sexual silence impede the 

discussion of sexual issues and the negotiation of 

sexual safety with male partners [23]. In one study, 

Hispanic/Latina women’s denial of personal risk 

for HIV infection was associated with a lack of 

information about how to avoid risky 

behaviors [21].

Greater acculturation into the US culture has 

been associated with the adoption of several 

health-protective behaviors among Hispanics/

Latinos, including communicating with partners 

about sexual safety [24] and disclosing positive 

HIV serostatus [25]. However, high levels of 

acculturation have also been associated with 

increased HIV risk behaviors among Hispanic/

Latino(a) men and women [14]. In one study, 

highly acculturated HIV-positive Hispanic/Latino 

men were more likely to use drugs before sex, 

which increased unsafe sexual behavior [26]. For 

Hispanic/Latina women, those who were more 

highly acculturated were more likely to inject 

drugs and to have had a greater number of sex 

partners [24].

Because of the diversity of Hispanic/Latino 

people and culture in the United States, the abovementioned research on Hispanic/Latino cultural 

beliefs and HIV risk behaviors does not apply to 

all individuals or groups of Hispanic/Latino origin.

Socioeconomic Issues

More than 1 in 5 (21.9%) Hispanics/Latinos live 

in poverty [27]. Various socioeconomic problems 

associated with poverty, including a lack of formal 

education, unemployment, inadequate health 

insurance, and limited access to high-quality health 

care, can directly or indirectly increase the risk for 

HIV infection. Hispanics/Latinos are more likely 

than whites (not Hispanic/Latino) to be given a 

diagnosis during the late stages of HIV infection, 

or when they already have AIDS, suggesting 

that they are not accessing testing or health care 

services through which HIV infection could be 

diagnosed at an earlier stage [28, 29].

The migration patterns, social structure, language 

barriers, and lack of access to regular health care 

among transient Hispanic/Latino immigrants can 

affect awareness and hinder access to HIV/AIDS 

prevention and care [30, 31]. Recent immigrants 

face additional challenges, such as social isolation 

and lack of information about HIV/AIDS, which 

can further increase their risk for exposure to HIV 

[15]. Thus, transient and recent Hispanic/Latino 

immigrants need linguistically and culturally 

appropriate HIV prevention services.
5

H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

Prevention

Populations of minority races and ethnicities 

continue to be disproportionately affected by the 

HIV epidemic. To reduce the incidence of HIV, 

CDC released Revised Recommendations for 

HIV Testing of Adults Adolescents, and Pregnant 

Women in Health-Care Settings in 2006. These 

new recommendations advise routine HIV 

screening for adults, adolescents, and pregnant 

women in health care settings in the United States. 

They also recommend reducing barriers to HIV 

testing.

In 2003, CDC announced an initiative, Advancing 

HIV Prevention. This initiative comprises 4 

strategies: making HIV testing a routine part 

of medical care, implementing new models 

for diagnosing HIV infections outside medical 

settings, preventing new infections by working 

with HIV-infected persons and their partners, and 

further decreasing perinatal HIV transmission.

It is important to evaluate the effectiveness of 

HIV prevention interventions for the US Hispanic/

Latino population. Research shows that HIV 

prevention efforts can reduce risk behaviors and 

increase protective behaviors among Hispanics/

Latinos at risk for HIV infection. One systematic 

review found that HIV prevention interventions for 

Hispanics/Latinos increased the use of condoms 

and reduced the number of acts of unprotected 

sex, the number of sex partners, the frequency 

of injection drug use, and the acquisition of STD 

infections [32].

CDC is engaged in a wide range of activities to 

decrease the incidence of HIV/AIDS in Hispanics/

Latinos. For example, CDC

•	Conducts epidemiologic and behavioral 

research focused on Hispanics/Latinos, 

including

◦ Brothers y Hermanos, a study of African 

American and Hispanic/Latino MSM 

conducted in Los Angeles, New York, 

and Philadelphia that aims to identify and 

understand risk-promoting and risk-reducing 

sexual behaviors

◦ Women’s Study, a study of African 

American and Hispanic/Latina women in 

the southeastern United States that examines 

relationship, cultural, psychosocial, and 

behavioral factors associated with HIV 

infection

•	 Supports, through the Minority AIDS 

Initiative, efforts to reduce the health 

disparities experienced in the communities of 

minority races and ethnicities at high risk for 

HIV infection. These funds are used to address 

the high-priority HIV prevention needs of such 

communities, including funding communitybased organizations (CBOs) to provide 

services to Hispanics/Latinos.

•	 Provides effective, scientifically based

interventions to organizations serving 

Hispanic/Latino populations. The following 

are examples of interventions that have been 

validated for English-speaking populations 

and that have been translated or adapted for 

Hispanic/Latinos.

◦ VOICES/VOCES (Video Opportunities for 

Innovative Condom Education & Safer Sex/

Video oportunidades acerca de condom 

educación y sexo seguro) is a group-level, 

single-session video-based intervention 

designed to increase condom use among 

heterosexual African American and Hispanic/

Latino men and women who visit STD 

clinics.

◦ Safety Counts is an HIV prevention 

intervention for out-of-treatment users of 

injection or noninjection drugs that includes 

structured and unstructured educational 

activities. The intervention is delivered in 

group and individual settings to reduce highrisk drug use and sexual behaviors.

◦ Community Peers Reaching Out and 

Modeling Intervention Strategies 

(PROMISE) uses peer advocates (including 

men who do not identify themselves as 
6

H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

◦ ¡Cuídate! a 6-session intervention that 

presents sexual abstinence and condom use 

as culturally accepted ways for Latino youth 

to reduce their risk for STDs, including HIV 

infection

◦ PICUSS (Projecto de Intervención, Cuídado 

y Utilización de Servicios de Salud), a 6-

session intervention in which motivational 

interviewing strategies are used to engage 

Latino injection drug users in behavior 

change

•	Builds the capacity of programs that serve 

Hispanics/Latinos through partnerships with 

national, regional, and nongovernmental 

organizations. These capacity-building 

activities include 12 federally funded programs 

in health departments and CBOs that provide 

culturally appropriate capacity-building 

assistance.

In 2005, CDC provided 36 awards to CBOs in 

the United States and Puerto Rico that focus 

on Hispanics/Latinos. CDC also provides 

funding through state, territorial, and local 

health departments to organizations serving 

this population. The following are examples of 

CDC-funded programs focused on Hispanics/

Latinos: 

◦ An organization in Chicago assists persons 

with disabilities and their families (including 

those affected by HIV/AIDS) by assessing 

their needs and designing a plan to best meet 

those needs.

◦ An organization with many locations in 

California uses outreach teams to provide 

hard-to-reach populations with information 

on health screenings and linkages to services.

◦ An organization in southern California 

provides services to multiethnic and 

Hispanic/Latino MSM in medically 

underserved communities.

◦ In Puerto Rico, 9 organizations are funded to 

provide individual-, group-, or communitylevel interventions, comprehensive risk 

counseling services, or counseling and 

testing services.

gay) to help people reduce or eliminate risk 

factors for HIV infection.

◦ Partnerships for Health is a brief, medical 

provider–delivered counseling program for 

individual men and women living with HIV/

AIDS.

•	 Has translated the following effective 

interventions for use with Hispanic/Latino 

populations:

◦ Healthy Relationships, a 5-session, smallgroup intervention that helps people living 

with HIV/AIDS to develop self-efficacy

and skills in disclosing HIV serostatus and 

negotiating safer sexual behaviors

◦ Many Men, Many Voices (3MV), a group 

STD/HIV prevention intervention for gay 

men of color and men who have sex with 

other men but do not identify themselves as 

gay or bisexual

◦ POL (Popular Opinion Leader), which 

identifies, enlists, and trains key opinion

leaders to encourage safer sexual norms 

and behaviors within their social networks 

(adapted for young migrant Hispanic/Latino 

MSM [33])

◦ Street Smart, an 8-session HIV/AIDS and 

STD prevention program for small groups of 

runaway and homeless youth

◦ Together Learning Choices (TLC), which 

focuses on young people (aged 13–29) living 

with HIV/AIDS and is delivered through 

small-group sessions

•	Is adapting other effective behavioral 

interventions for at-risk Hispanic/Latino 

populations

•	Is packaging additional effective behavioral 

interventions for Hispanics/Latinos (available 

for use soon):

◦ Connect, a 5-session HIV/STD prevention 

intervention delivered to heterosexual 

couples or women alone that emphasizes the 

importance of communication, negotiating 

safer sex, and problem-solving skills
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H IV/A IDS among H ispan ics/LAT INOS

In addition, CDC provides training for researchers 

of minority races/ethnicities through a program 

called Research Fellowships in HIV Prevention 

in Communities of Color. Recognizing the 

importance of conducting culturally competent 

research and programs, CDC also established the 

Minority HIV/AIDS Research Initiative (MARI) 

in 2002 to create partnerships between CDC 

epidemiologists and researchers who are members 

of minority races/ethnicities and who work in 

communities of color. MARI funds epidemiologic 

and preventive studies of HIV in communities of 

color and encourages the career development of 

young investigators. CDC invests $2 million per 

year in the program and since 2003 has funded 13 

junior investigators at 12 sites across the country 

[34].

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AIDS surveillance: Through a uniform system, CDC 

receives reports of AIDS cases from all US states and 

dependent areas. Since the beginning of the epidemic, 

these data have been used to monitor trends. The data 

are statistically adjusted for reporting delays and for 

the redistribution of cases initially reported without risk 

factors. As treatment has become more available, trends 

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persons who are tested late in the course of HIV 

infection, who have limited access to care, or in whom 

treatment has failed.

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Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 

Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, 

Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New 

York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, 

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Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) 

have collected these data for at least 5 years, providing 

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For more information . . . 

CDC HIV/AIDS

http://www.cdc.gov/hiv

CDC HIV/AIDS resources

CDC-INFO

1-800-232-4636

Information about personal risk and where to 

get an HIV test

CDC National HIV Testing Resources

http://www.hivtest.org

Location of HIV testing sites

CDC National Prevention Information 

Network (NPIN)

1-800-458-5231

http://www.cdcnpin.org

CDC resources, technical assistance, and 

publications

AIDSinfo

1-800-448-0440

http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov

Resources on HIV/AIDS treatment and 

clinical trials