### Tab l e 14 . Anulytical Procedures Unit.sof 

### Det e

ction Ge n e ral 

### use Parometer Method of a1wlysis**(refer c~** **)** meas ure lim its standard**TCin ~era** **ure** 

### /11 situ 

### deteominarion \ISin g 

## •c 0. 1• (Temp} 

### Hydrolab 404 1 or Hydrolab S urvey or II o r Yellow**g.s** 

### lnsnuments (YSI} mode 57 di=lved oxygen mere.- 

### Dissolved in situ 

### determination 

### using mg/L02 

### 0.1 m WL 

### :=: 5 mgiL 

### O

x yw:n {DO} 

### Hydrolab 404 1 or 8000 or YSJ model 

### 5 7**di~lvcd** 

### oxygen meter**Tr~arency** 

### Secchidisc inches I 

### inch 

### Total Fil tration on**~** 

### fiber mgiL TSS 

### l mWL**li~ded** 

### filter, detcrnnn.ation of solids (TSS) i ncrease in 

### weight ;con 

### dt).1ng at 

### 1 03-105 Volatile Loss in weight 

### ofTSS !liter mWJ-VSS I mWJ

### SW.'J'EO.ded upon ignition at 550"C 

### so hds(YSS) Turbidity 

### Nephelometric use of NTIJ O.lNTU (Turb) Hach 

### model 210 0A turbidimeter CondJctivily 

### YS1 model33 S..CT jlllllnfan I 

### jlllllnfan (Cool)**oonducti ~ity**  mel« 

### or electro lytic ronductivity**~set,** 

### model MCJ orH 4041 or 

### SurVeyor 

### II Alkalility 

### Titration 

### of 10 

### mL sample mgiLCaCOl I rngiL 

### (Alk ) 0.02 N**H~O to**  

### bhenolph ein 

### and

rom cresol green-melhy l 

### rod end points pH 

### Sargent-Welch model 

### PBL pH Units 0.1 units 6.5-9.0 range meter, 

### calibrated in 

### field or Hydrolab 4041 or**H~ ab** **~oeyorll** 

### Nilralo- 

### Cadmillll reduction mo:lhod tngiLN 

### 0.01 mgiL 

### Nitrite-N on Teclmicon Allt().Analyar (NC¥NOz-N)
62



### YES 008000

### Ta ble 1 4. (Conclu ded) Units of D eJ ecti on Genera/use Paramete r Method of anal ysis (reference) 

### measure**limiz.~** s tandard 

### Ammo11ia-N . Phena te meth od on T echniC<lll (NI-£ 3 

### -N) Aull)-An alyzer 

### mg/LN 0.01 mg'L 15 mg!L 

### Total Digestion at 

### 3 70"C 

### follow«! m giLN O. l 1ng/L Jgelcl a hl-N by iletennination ofammonia (TICN) 

### as above 

### TO!al Digestion t o conven all 1ng/LP 

### 0.001 rng!L 

### 0.05mg'L phosphorus 

### phosphorus 

### f<nnS lb 

### (fP) Orthophosphste 

### fO llowed 

## !lr delmninarion**~ascorbic** acid 

### reduction 

### using 

### T

edmicon A1110-Analyz.er Dissolved 

### Field filtration followed mg!L P 

### 0.001 mg/L 

### phosphorus by TP analysis as above (DI') C

h

emica l T itrimetric, low-level 

### tngiL I 

### mgiL oxyg en meiliod sampl e re6uxed 

### wid1 a 

### clenl3od (CO D) sulfuric acid; potassiwn 

### dicbromatic, mercuri c 

### sulfalc, and 

### silver sulfutc solutioo ; treated 

### with 

### s t andard ferrous ammooium

## ~yU Concentration by filtralion , I llfiL 

### extraction with 

### delmninatioo 

# 0= density and calca.tation of concentration by 

### standard foonulae

63



### VES 008001pH 

### were measured at depths I foot 

### bel ow th e sur fuce and 2 f eet 

### above th e bottom of Lakes I , 2, 

# am 3, excep t "1lel l they were tharn a lly stratified at 

### Which 

### time measu rements were made only 

### at a 

### depOJ of I foot 

### Sea:hi 

### disc tranSpartDCies were 

### •neaued using 

### an 

### &-inch dilllllder 

### S=.hi disc, 

### ; wuch**wa.~** 

### l owm:d WJtil 

### it 

### disaJllle:lllld fiom 

### view , mel the 

### depth noted. The 

### disc was 

### lo wered further and 

### slowly 

### raised unll 1 it 

### reappeared. 

### This depth was 

### also 

### noted , and the 

### average of the two depths was recorded. Site depth was measured using a weig hted line cal ibrated 

### in fee t. Samples 

### for 

### water chemistly 

### were collect ed usin g 

### a 4 . 2-liter (L) 

### pl astic 

### Kemmerer bot tle . Near-surface ( 1 

### foot below surface) water 

### samples were 

### collected 

### from all the sites

. in 

### the three 

### lakes, 

### and 

### near-bottom samples (2 

### feel above the bottom) were 

### collected Mien

the l a

kes 

### were thcnnally 

### stratified, ll'lOSt 

### oftm only a1 

### Lakes I aod 

### 2. Total alkalinity 

### and phenolphthalein 

### alkalinity were measured in the 

### field on these samples using Hach 

### alkalinit y kits . 

### Sample bottles were filkxl 

### and sent to the lEPA laboratory for additional analyses. Samples for 

### dissolved phosph orus were filta-ed 

### in the fie ld through 0.45- micrometa· (urn) pore size type 

### MF-Millipore 

### filters. AU samples 

### d'eslined fur the laboratory were 

### stored on ice during transp011 

### and kept refiigerated**~mti l**  

### processed. Vertically integrated samples fa 

### cbkropbyll and 

### ph}1op lanklon 

### were 

### collected using 

### a weighted bottle sampler with 

### a half-glllloo 

### plastic bottle . The 

### sampler 

### was IOW«ed at a coo s tant rate to a depth twice the Secchi 

### depth, or to oear the lake bottom, and 

### raised a

t a 

### constant rnle to the 

### surfuce. Ollorophyll sa mples were 

### transferred to 

### a foil-v,.rapped quart 

### sampl e bottle ax! 

### filtered 

### tbrough 

### micro6bcr filters. 

### The chlorophyll 

### filters were then 

### wrapped in 

### alun:rin..un 

### foil mel the Jillrale 

### volume measured u sing a 

### graduated cylinder . 

### Filters were 

### kept 

### fraz:m in 

### the 

### laboratory unbl 8ll8lyzed 

### For algal 

### idootification aod 

### enumeration, 380-millilit er (mL) 

### WB!er snbsamples were taken, preserved 

### wi1h 

### 20 mL of

### formalin at 

### the time ofcollection, m1d 

### stored at room tetoperaturc 

### 1mtil they could be



### . examined Also, vertically integrated 10-L sampl es 

### were collected from s ite I at each 

### of the three 

### lak es 

### for**zoo~lankton** 

### identification and enumeration. The 

### samples 'M're 

### .filtered through a Wisconsin net, 

### arxl the 

### colleded zooplankton were placed in a 250-rnL bottle

VE S 008 002

### with 10 

### mL of ethy l alcobol 

### and 1 90 

### mL o f d eionized wale!:
. In 

### t h e 

### labomtory , each 

### sample was 

### filtered 

### through a 0.45-pm filter. 

### The 

### organisms were reruspeDded in 

### 10 mL 

### of de ioni:IJod water . 

### One mL 

### of sample was 

### pi!ICEd io Sedgwick 

### Rafter Cell and 

### examined 

### u sing a**diffe~ential** 

### contrasl microscope at IOOX magnification. Organisms in 

### the five widths 

### ofthe cell were COWlted and 

### recorded . For alg<ll identification and 

### enumeration, the sample was d 'IOroughly mixed, atXl 

### a 

### 1-mL aliquot 

### was pipened 

### into 

### a Sedgwick 

### Rafter Cell 

### A differen1ial 

### interference**co ntra** **1** 

### microscope equipped with a lOX 

### or 20X eyepieoe, 20X 

### or lOOX 

### object iv

e, and 

### a Whippl e disc 

### was us ed for identification and counting 

### purposes . Five short strips were oounted. The alga.e species were 

### identified and were 

### classified into five main groups : blue-greens, 

### green s, dia!oms, .flagellates, 

### and 

### others. For enumeration, bluo-green algae were 

### coum ed by 

### trichomes. Green algae 

### were counted by 

### individual cells c:>«::ept 

### for 

### A c tinas_ti'Um, Coela str um. andPediastrum, 

### which were recorded by 

### each colony 

### observed. Each 

### cell packet of 

### Sccn edesm us was counted. Diatoms were counted as one organism regardless 

### oftheir grouping connections. For flagellates, a colony of 

### Dinobryon or a single cell 

### of 

### Ceratium 

### was reoorded as a unit. 

### Ben!hic · samples 

### b' maaoinvertebralc ccamination 

### were colleded using a petite 

### pooar dredge. 

### The samples were 

### washed in a 

### 30-mesh screen bucket, and 

### the residue was 

### preserved in glass jars containing 95 percent ethyl 

### a l cohol. In 

### the laboratory , the 

### samples wel'e washed again, and the organisms were 

### picked 

### from the bottom detritus, identified , counted, and preserved in 70 

### percent ethyl 

### alcohol Literature Rniew The literature 

### is replete with publications dealing with lak e 

### and reservoir restoration, as a result of lhe impetus 

### proviclod by 

### the Congressi onal mandate through 'the Clean Lakes 

### Program of the 

### Clean Water 

### Act. Noteworthy 

### among them are: Dunst eta/. 

### (197 4

), USEPA (1979) , Q,oke 

### arr:l 

### Kemedy (1 981), Peter90n (1981), Wekh (1981), Reckhow ll'ld 

### Chopra 

### (1983), Chapra 

### ll'ld Reckbow (1983) , Coo k-e eta/. 

### (1986), Rclicld eta/. 

### (1987) , Relield eta/. 

### (1988) , Moore and 

### Thornton (1988) , Olcm and 

### Flock (!990} , and 

### W edepobl el a/ . 

### (1990).
65



### VES 008003

### Recently, two publications on l a

ke management were released by USEPA Olem and Aock (1990) 

### updated the .Lake 

### and Reser voir Restoration Guidance Manual first prepared 

### in 

### 1988. This secood 

### edition "'aS 

### written primarily to give lake m anagers pmct ical information on how to Jlrotect, restore, 1100 manage lakes and reservoi rs. Anoth a· manual, 

### Monitoring Lak e mid Reservoir Restoration, by Wedepohl 

### eta/. ( 1990) is 

### the 

### first in 

### a**seri ~**  

### oftechnical supplements. This 

### volume included information 

### on de!. ign and impl emeolltlion 

# of a lake monitoring program during and after a lake restomtioo project. Lake restoration processes 

### are broadly 

### classiJied into those 

### limiting nutrient and 

### sediment 

### influx and in- lake trealment 

### and 

### contro l measures. The fonner include point source nu trient renwval and 

### control , nutrient diversion , and control of no n

point sources of nulrients and 

### sediment The I auer include 

### sud1 techniques as dredging, dilution 

### and di:.-persion, nutrient inactivationlprecipitation, 

### artificial 

### desttatificatioo and hypolimnetic aeration, 

### harvesting of nui.saoce organisms, and 

### biological control of nuisance organisms. Not all the restoration techniques can be**~Y** 

## awlied to all lakes; occasionally, potential negative 

### imp:lcrs do occur. 

### This study , !iJase ID post - restoration monitoring of FHSP Lakes, followed phase 

### II, a program of flow diversion and saliment 

### dredging for 

### nutrient and 

### sediment control and 

### removal 

### Hence, this l.i1eralure survey, dealt 

### with only 

### the case histories of lakes 

### 'mere dive:sioo and dredging 

### were 

### the primary 

### or 

## JlXlia- restoration techniques employed to 

### protect, preserve, 

### and e nhance the water 

### qlllllity 

### conditions and lake uses. The 

### responses ofthese lakes 

### to the**~mt** 

### techniques used 

### are summari::red here 

### to make 

### the readers 

### aware ofthe "'ide 

### variations 

### in results reported 

### in the 

### literature. 

### Di11ersion Divasioo 

### of nutrient-Deb 

### inBow streams is 

### one method 

### of re&oring 

### lakes by reducing both nitrogen 

### mx! phosphorus sources. 

### The diversion of treated wastewater efillleuts 

### or stor mwaters 

### from eutrophic lakes and reservoirs has resulted in different degrees 

### ofsuocess in reversing the eutrophication process and 

### improving water 

### quality. The 

### diversion of ten 

### tllll!licipcl wastewater treatment 

### plant 

### etlbms from Lake

66

VES 008004Wash i ngt on, WA produced a signi ficant i m

p

roveme nt i n l ake water quality (Edmond son , 1 9 6 8 , 

### 1 969 , 1 970). A similar di version program for Lake Sammamish, 

### 4 mi l es cast of Lake Washington , had little eff ect o n troph i c cond itions {E mc.ry et o l., 1973 ) . After nutrie nt d ivers i on, by which appo 'Ox imat e ly 40 p e r

cent of the I ota I ph osph oru s (TP) and 22 percent ofth e nitrate-nitrogen i npu t were diverted away fro m l saaqunh Creek, the lake ' s lartlC S t tributary , there had been n o measurable amelioration in surface water nutrient concen trati ons, a l gnl a c tivity , ligh t penetration , or hypolim neti c oxyg en defi c i t The prim ary r eason a ttributed was tha i th e amou n t ofphosphorus (I') d i verted did not res ult in the phosphorus input to the lake bel o w the critical level. Significant short-term water quality improvements were obSC<Ved in Whjte, Muskego n, 

### and M ona Lakes near Muskegon, Ml , for 

### P , nitrogen 

### (N) , hypolion nctic 

### DO , and chloropbyll 

### a after the di version o frreated wastewater fr om di schargin g d i rectly into these lakes. But th e lakes did not cxperiem:e any si&nificant improvements in Secchi disc tran sparency (Freeman and Cana le, 1 979 ) . R edu ction i n l ake 

### P concent rati ons were correlated with changes 

### in nutrient l onding. Similar correlati o n s for N were ineonclus iye , but changes in ammonia and nittate levels were explained in terros of the effect of divers i on on vari ous limnologica l p rocess es . Following diversio n of ono- lhird of the external 

### P loading of 

### La ke Sam mami sh, WA , Welch et a/ . ( 1 980) neported tlJat 

### P concentra tion decreased from 

### 33 micrograms/liter (flg/L) to 27 flg/L. Although Secchi disc and pbyloplanktoo biomass did not c hange, bluc-go 'Cen algae decreased b y SO percent. It was indicated that rapid community development ofthe shoreline might lead to an increase in P l oading, whi c h could equal ono-half of P**p~eviously** diverted in 1968. In contraSt, in the case of dilution/flushing techn ique, low-nutrient dilu tio n water add ed to M os es Lake i n 1977- 1 978 produced s i gnificant improve ments of l ake wate r quali t y (e.g., c hlorophyll a decreased 60 to 80 percent, TP 

### decreased 50 t o 60 

### percent, blue-green algae decreased fro m 96 

### pe«:ent in 1970 to 68 percent oftbe total phytoplankton in 1977
- 1 978), and resu lted in adequate control of productivity i n p ortions ofthc lake ( Welch and Pat mont, 1 980; Welch, 1981 ) .

67

V ES 0 08 005

### Lake Vesijarvi, Finland , "'as reponed t o have shown 

### rapid imp-ovement 

### m bacteriological quality 

### and 

### water quality**(Ke~o,** 

### 1982 ) 

### after the 

### diversion of muniopel wastewater that 

### had been 

### d ischarged to 

### the lake 

### fur 60 

### years. P l evd decreased 60 

### percent and 

### N level decreased 30 percent. After several years, althou gh t he recovery 

### pl'Ocess slowed, and 

### blue-green algal 

### blooms began to appear 

### during 

### summer month s, subsequent changes 

### bave indicated 

### a continuing improvemelll. Garrison and 

### Knauer (1983) evalua!ed 

### a restoration projea with 

### stonn 

### sewer divers ion, alwn 

### treatment, and 

### artificial circulation in Mirror and 

### Shadow Lakes, 

### WaupllCil, WI. Four years 

### o.fler J ake restoration , there were n o signs 

### of the lakes reverting to the pre-restoration trophic state. The J"edooion in nutrient loading 

### by diwrsion 

### to a subatctic lake in Sweden produced 

### a 75 

### pen:ent reduction in phytoplanl.10n 

### biomass (Holmgren, 1985) . 

### Mean 

### seasonal TP leve ls 

### deaeased from 168 to 

### 74 

### J.lg/L, and Secchi 

### disc transparency 

### increased fiom 

### 1.3 to 

### 2 . 1 

### m with 

### a significo.nt 

### sbift in 

### alga l species composition. To reduce P C)ICI.ing 

### WJd the 

### occunence of nuisance blooms of Osci/latoria agardhii, 

### both P loading 

### reduction (fu:m 

### 3 to 

### I g,lm2 ) 

### and 

### intensified 

### flushing with low P '"atm were 

### impii:IOOlled for 

### the restoration of

### Lake Velume, tho Nedlerlwxls (Hasper, 1985). Results indicated a reduction in algal biomass and a 75 

### perocnt reduction in 

### summer 

### TP concentrations. Wclch 

### eta/. (1986) studied the 

### decrease in 

### the release ofsediment P ood 

### oxygen deficit 

### fufiowing wastewater 

### diversion 

### from 

### Lake 

### Sammamish, W A. 

### The 

### impovemenl in water quality bas been 

### the result 

### ofa decrease 

### in 

### the 8l'laelllbic sediment 

### P release 

### rate 

### during SUJtlJllel' 

### and 

### full. 

### The rate decreastxl 

### from 

### 5.8 :t 

### 2.5 milligmms per square meter per 

### day (mg/m2 d) 

### before and aft er wastewatec 

### diversion (1964-1966 and 1971-1974) to 

### an average of2.5 ± 

### 2.5 rng!m2 

### d in the 

### early 1980s. A 

### 50 percent decrease 

### in hyp olimnetic oxygen deficit 

### rate bas 

### bca1 associated with 

### this decrease in the release rate. Total loading (including 

### inlml81 loodiDg) decreased by 

### 10 pcroent 

### following 

### the 1968 

### wastewater diven.ioo, lUI by 

### 36 p<m:n.1 

### since 1975 because of the decrease in sediment 

### release and a sligbt decrease in 

### external loading.

68



### VES 008006

### In 197 1, sewage effluents were diverted from 

### the watershed 

### of Lake 

### Mendota, WI (lathro p , 1990). P levels 

### and rommer bluc>grwi aigru blooms m the lake did not 

### decrease inunediately 

### following the effluent d h-er..ion because 

### of higll 

### phosphorus l oading &om 

### sp ring ruooft ' fi-om 1 973 to 1976. However, begjnning 

### in the l ate 1970s, P**!ev e~**  began 

### to decrease because of l ower P loadings from many years of below-nonnal spring runoff As a result, sumn11:r 

## alsaJ blooms became less 

### severe and water quality impoved , particularly from 1986 t o 1988. The lower P levels in Lake Mendota 

### also caused decreased P loadings t o doi>lnstream lakes , whidt o:xhibited a decrease 

### in P conten t s and 

### algal blooms (ibid.). Altl 1 ough improved water clarity w a s not dramatic in 

### shall owe. · lakes, Waubesa and Kegosa oontinucd 

### to 

### have algal 

### growth. The lollg4mn data 

### indicat ed that all 

### the Y ahara 

### lakes were 

### oruch more responsive to changes in external 

### P loadings 

### than 

# '''a'S tbouglll during the 1970s before diversion . These results suggest the 

### importance of control of agricultural and urban sources of 

### nonpoinl pollution to the lakes. A multivariate**~1al~** 

### focused on the 

### hnJX!Ct of 

### municipal 

### wu.o.tewater diversio11 

### (m ear l y 1979) from 

### Lake TU1Silanjarvi, Finland oo the 

### phytoplatJkton community (Varis, 

### 1990). The cooc:entnllioo oftotal 

### N appearod to 

### have been strongly infhlftUSJ b y the wastewa ter diver..ion. 

### The growth factors 

### with strongest 

### oorrelations in the canonical system were the 

### dissolved inorganic N/dissol ved inorganic P mtio 

### and temperature . Dredging Dredging 

### of sedimcnls is 

### in=asD1gly being 

### used as a metOOd foc**~ring** 

### eutrophic lakes 

### or reservoirs. Dredging has 

### boc:o shown to 

### iffiirove water 

### quality, reduce inta.nal P loadings, dcaease 

### aquatic macrophyte growth, and 

### restore lost**~tiona!** 

### amenities by physically 

### deepe>ling th e lak e, and removing oxygen demanding 

### and nutrient· ridt organic bottom materials. The mmiber of

### dredging projects bas 

### increased in 

### recent 

### years. The 

### disadvanla8e5 of dredging 

### are 

### its cost, 

### P release 

### from 

### sediment during dredging, reduction of 

### benthic food supplies, potential envirorun01tal 

### problems with 

### disposal of dredged 

### mataial, and noise (Edmondson , 1990).

69



### VES 008007

### Heavily 

### poll uted 

### li"OID 1 930 to 195 7, Lake Tnumnen, l ite 

### Netherl ands, was restored by**~'UCiion** 

### dre dging of the top layer 

### of the bottom sediments (Gronberg, 1982) . Nutrielll :; and 

### biomass levels decreased signilicantly and 

### eutrophic species of**pl )1o~lankton**  

### disapp ea

red as ol igC){ropbi c species 

### returned to this once oligotrophic lake. 

### Dunst ( 1 982) disc ussed 

### a dredging program for 

### 12 Wi.'lCOIISin lakes, inc luding the design methodology 

### and 

### in.funnarion requirements to 

### select a suiulble project. Sedim ent 

### dispos al from 12 other dredging projects 

### in W JSCOnS in was also 

### discussed. Dooris 

### eta/ . (198 2) strongly suggested that**~g** 

### ofbottom sediments fro m Sawgrass La k

e (Pinellas County , FL) was favored 

### over drawdowu as a lak e resloratioo measure. They**am~** 

### at this 

### CXJOC!usion based 

### on laboratory tests 

### after considering the probl ems ofconlllmi.natio n 

### in the l ake sediment 

### and the tutfavomb l e sediment 

### properties**{arset~ic,** 

### chlordane, polychlroinaled 

### biphenyls, high 

### organic maner and wa t er con tent, slowchying chaxacteristics, 

### etc. ). The Hyde 

### Park Lake (Niagara Falls, NY) 

### restoration project consisted ofremoving 

### polluted l ake w ater 

### and 

### the 

### dredging o flakebottom muck. and 

### day 

### (Pettit 

### er a/ ., 

### 1982). · The 

### clay was 

### usid 

### as a liner fur 

### existing secured 

### \a00.6JJs. Continuous 

### fresh water wa5 

### supplicxl by 

### a nearby reservoir .**~** 

### ard post-oonstructioo 

### studies , along 

### with severa l inv estiga tions undertaken during 

### the construction 

## period, veriticxl the improvement of water and enviroommlal quality 

### during the 

### consbuction phases. 

### Construction of a siltation ( settling) pond 

### with a 

### trash coll ector 

### and an oil boom 

### ensured the prevention of sih and trash from 

### entering the 

### lake via 

### its tributary , Gill Creek. Also, ston e riprap 

### and new vegetation 

### provided stabilization of the 

### SUlTOIIDding soil areas to help prevent erosion. Awro.ximatel y 1.6 

### millioo cubic yards of

### soft sediments were drcxlged from Lake Lansing. 

### ML, 

### from 

### May 197 8 through August 1983, 

### and 221 ,000 cubic yards of sand 

### were redistributed wi1lrin 

### the lake (Mikula, 

### 1985). Sudiloe 

### area ( 182 

### beaares or ha, 

### 450 

### ac-eS) ax! 

### maximum depth (11 

## m. 35 feet ) mnaincxl 

### the same after 

### dredging. 

### but the mcm depth increased 

### from 2.1 m (6 . 9 feet) 

### to 2.7 m ( 9 feet) . 

### lt 

### is reported that the lake exhibilcxl no appar ent change in 

### lhe extmt of

### oxygoo depletion due to drcxlging. 

### Tbete WIL'i 

### no O)(y gen near 

### the 

### bottom Stortly 

### after 

### the onset 

### of 

### Slnllifiallion (May , 

### June ). Oxygen

70



### VES 008008

### concentrations less 

### than I mg!L extended 

### upwards to the 

### 4 . 0 m depllt. Comparison of pre- 

### and po&t-dre:lging 

### data indiamxl an 

### increase in 

### transparen cy and 

### substantial reductions in in-lake P and dllorophyll 

### a. It was postulated th at the 

### increased volume of 

### Lake 

### Lansing "''Ollld have had some 

### effect on decn:a.<ing 

### the lake TP concc:ntratioos due to "dilutio n." 

### Changes in 

### nitrite 

### IWld nitrate 

### and oxygen 

### depletion 

### were not eviderJ t. nt e 

### lake improved 

### in trophic status from a 

### highly eutrophic cond itio n to a mesotrophi c condition. 

### Heavy metals,**~y** 

### amenic 

### Me! 

### mercury, were not 

### remobilized during dredging. 

### .Bellthic macroinvertebrate 

### oonmlUnities did not change i n composition, but IJJ eir individual numbers did inaea<;e 

### after dre:lging. 

### Composition of the fish 

### community was poor before 

### an:l after 

### dredging . 

### Phytoplank!on growths 

### displayed a 

### seasonal 

### diversity of types, 

### whic h varied in pattents 

### typical o f mesotrophic and/o r eutrophic lakes. A l though zooplankton populations did 

### not cbange 

### in oomposit ion, their individual nwnbers did 

### increase afll>' dredging. P rior to 

### dredging 

### in 1978 , 

### Cltara and 

### Najas \\'IO'e 

### the dominant 

### species in Lake Laming 

### (ibid.). 

### Dominant species oocurring 

### after dredging (1983, 1984) were 

### Myriophyllum sp. and 

### Cha r a. Native 

### milfuil (M. 

### exalbescens) was much more 

### abundant than Eurru.ian 

### miliDil (M. spicatum). Simi1lr 

### to**~ging,** 

### plants 

### grew to a depth of 3.0to 3.5 rn 

### Reelfoot Lake (15,500 acres atllOI'Ill8i pool 

### level) is reoowned for its 

### abundance of

### fish and 

### wildlife 

### resoun:es, and it is a;tima!ed 

### to 

### bring in a 

### recreational revenue of

### about $4 

### million amually. 

### Since the**I~** 

### this Te.mc.ssee lake has beaJ degrading as a sports 

### fishing resource. Only large-scale dredging, 

### dm'Miown, or both 

### were considered to 

### be 

### etreaive in restoring 

### this lake (l'ennessee 

### Wildlife Resources Agalcy, 

### 1985). Because dredging 

### was fuuOO to 

### be prohibitively 

### expemive ($.53.7 million), 

### drawdown 

### was selected as the rest orati on alternative. (t 

### would occur from July to 

### Decembtt when 

### fish ing activity 

### was estimatfd to be 

### at only 

### 30 f)ei'COll 

### of it'> total activity. Fishing 

### trips were expected 

### to inerease 

### from 50,000 to 

### 65,000 

### trips amually 

### as a 

### result ofthe 

### lake restoration. It is 

### reported that upstream development incr eased t he sediment 

### load entering North Park Lake 

### near Pit1sburgh, PA The ruMlp of 

### sediment 

### within the 

### Jake 

### had

71

VES 0080 09

### reduced its surfuce 

### area by 

### approximately 5 

### aacs. 

### Between April 1984 and 

### Novc:rnb« 198 6, an 

### estimated 35,500 wbic 

### yards of sediment were dredged at a cost 

### of $69,450 

### (Pennsylvania Deprutment of .Environmental Resources, 1 988). 

### The water quality a fter dredging was not reported, but c!J:edging resu h ed 

### in increased 

### la k

e sur face area, fiShing 

### places, and boating areas. 

### The appearance of the lake 

### is also 

### reported to 

### have improved. The dredging of 

### Ratoooa Ulke and 

### i ts sun:ounding park 

### in Berkeley, MO, provided 

### a much-needed 

### water-based recreational OOlity 

### for 

### residents and 

### vis. itors . 

### The p

roject began with the removal of a poni o n of an earthen dam to release water 

### fiom the 

### la

ke, followed by dredging 

### aod storage ofdr edged material on si te for dewatering (Bhasin, 19&8). Later, 

### additional sediment 

### was removed to 

### provide 

### a healthy environment for aquatic 

### life by increasing 

### the 

### lake depth , 

### and 1inally, 

### the earthen dam 

### was 

### restored.' Approll.imaldy 20,000 cubic yards 

### of sediment 

### v.-ere dredged Other 

### improvements included laOO.scaping**di~urbcd** 

### areas, retention walls of railroad 

### tics , roads, beach 

### improvements, ruld 

### lighting. The total cost ofdredging 

### and the other improvements was approximately $400,000. DiversionandDredging 

### Stonnv.'aier divamn 

### aod dredging 

### of Lake Saaljav.-ea, W A, 

### have dramalical1y 

### decreased the lake's 

### seasonal M.d 

### yearly mean N levels (Gibbs & 

### Olson, l oc., 1985). Anunonia 

### aod nitrate loadiogs were both 

### rtduced as a result o f the diversion, while dredging has 

### .taiuced 

### ammonia release 

### fit:m the 

### sodima1t during 

### stratification. The J ake's P oootau also decreased 

### due to 

### dredging. Biological productivity in the lake 

### deaeased 

### because algal 

### growth appeared 

### to be N limited. Since 198 1 , Lake Saeajawea has experienced increasing 

### S=hi disc 

### transparency and decreasing chlorophyU 

### a. Average summer dllorophyll 

### a k-'Vcls indicat ed a 

### shift fiom a eutrophic Jake 

### to a mesotrapbic lake 

### following lake restoration. 

### However, Secdli 

### disc readings 

### are still in 

### the eutrophic ranges (<80 

### inches). Nevertheless, 87 pen::tnt 

### of P was 

### oonln'buted by the 

### ground wruer. 

### Stonnwater di\.-ersion ood 

### inllow stream sedimeruatioo ponds reduced the 

### total**~ded** 

### solids (TSS) 

### load to Lake Fen wick, WA(URS Co . , 1 985). 

### The average annual total 

### N ruld 

### TP in 

### the hlkewater were 

### 0.489 ruld 

### 0.043 mgiL, 

### respectively. Wat!O'Shed

72



### VES 008010management reduced T P by 6l! percent and T SS 

## by 78 percent Ninety percent of the TSS reducMn was due to the stonnwa t er mnoff d i version, while the rernnining 10 percent was d ue to re tention in the ponds.**Sto ~nwa** **er** P l oa

d wns reduced 30 to 70 percen t , which is equivalent to an overa ll P reduction of 17 to 40 percent. Stonnwa t e •

· TSS l oa d s were reduced by 60-80 percent, wh ich is equivalent to an overall TSS reduction of54 to 70 percent. However, in
- lake nutri ent co ncentratio ns have not changed siwufJC&t lly since 1979. The lake is still rep oned to be deminated by blue-green algae in the**su~er.** Th e multipart restoration progJam for Wapato Lake (30 acres) , in Tacoma, WA, consisted of!) gradual dilution of the recreation basin**(south~** oflhe lake with nutrientpoor municipal water during the SUDl01<:r months; 2) stormwater detention 

### and ueatment in the north basin and adjacent wetland s with a bermlovertlow spillway be«ween tbe two Jake basins; 3) diversion · of most stonnwater around the lake; 4) limited dredging of storm sewer outfall areas; 5) a drastic drawdewn of lake water to conso lidate borrom sediments; and 6) an application of alum to the recreational basin in summer 1984 (Entrance Engineers, I nc., 

### 1986). Stonnwatcr divers i o n and · wetlands treatment reduced 

### P loading to the south basin by more !han 90 percent and demonstrated a successful project. However, summer blue-greeo alg& blo oms con tinued t o persist due to the unavailability of satisfactory dilution water and major cban&es in the lak e's ecological characteristics. A wide range of Sllldics have been perfonned before possible restoration of Libeny Lake , in Spokane , W A (Kennedy Consulting 

### Engineers, !985) . These SIUdjes pointed to high concentrations of phosphorus in cenain 

### inflows to the lake and within the lake sediments causing eutrophication_ Sewering of tbe developed areas ofthe lake basin was first done to eliminate the l arge source ofP . Acklitional project activities were diversion 

### of



### flood fl ows around 

### the marsh 

### at . the south 

### eod of 

### the Jak e, 

### alum treatment**orth ~**  entire lake, dredging of th e m ost enrichod sedinJell.ts from SO acres, water quality monitoring dwiug and after the in
-lake works , and a s mdy of stormwater runoff The w11ter c l arity in Uberty Lake during the S\llll1llCf and full of 1984 was better tban it 

### had been f or almost ten years. The lake revened to mcsotrophic conditions after these restoration measures, 

### based 

### on four years of monitoring. Comparison of pre- and post - restoration nutrient budgets indicated that P looding was reduced 3 4 

### percent. Sewering was primarily
73



### V E S 0080 11

### responsible for !his reduction. Even thoug)l the desired change in the phytoplankton conununities (from 

### primarily blue-green to primarily green 

### algae) was 

### n ot 

### seen, indications ore that long-temt algal 

### productivity and inci dence ofb lue- green algal blooms !tad 

### been**significan~y** 

### reduced . The Norfolk Broadi8Jld, England , 

### comprises about SO small, 

### shallow e utr ophic lakes . As 

### an experiment in lake restoration, the Alderfen Bro ad was isolated by diversion of 

### an inflow stream 

### wilhout 

### removal ofits 

### recently deposited P
- rieh 

### sediments 

### (Moss et a/

. , 1986, 1990) . In 

### four 

### yrors ( 1 979
- 1982) 

### after isol ati on of A l derfen Broad, the phy t oplankton cr op was 

### greatly decreas ed; the lakewater c leared ; and n e

t release of phosphate-phosphorus ( PQ, -P) 

### from !he sediment 

### ceased. Beca use of reduced water-

. column nnbulence caused 

### by plants and the 

### organic matter 

### supplied to the sediment



### surface 

### in their decay , the mechanism 

### for release of P04-P 

### from the sediment was 

### reactivated , which resu . ltod 

### in a l arge phytoplankton crop in spring 1984. 

### As a consequence, the aquatic plant popula tion declined . In 1985 

### there were both spring and 

### summer phytoplankt on growths . In 

### another experi:nx:DI, scdiinents were dredged from Cockshoot Broad, and 

### dams were placed 

### against the nutrient-rich River 

### Bure, but 

### t.be Broad continued to be fed 

### by 

### a small stream draining an 

### agri:culturol and 

### fen catclu:nenL A 

### reduction in 

### phytoplankton growth occurred soon after the isolation and dredging, and the 

### water c l eared . Part ofthe 

### Broad was recolo ni zed with a diverse species of aquatic plants . 

### Gorton Pond in Warwicb, Rl, 

### is used 

### fur both primary and 

### secondary contact**~ation,** 

### _ propagat ion offish, and other aquatic life and wildlife . It serves as a drainage 

### sink for its surrounding watershed, and as such receives the surface nmoff from 790 acres of urban 

### area. There 

### i s a SUlSll enclave of 

### homes without sewers, however (Keyes Asso c iates , 1982 ). Stormwat · er and 

### wastewater diversion, 

### as well 

### as dredging along 

### the inlet lllld 

### outlet areas, 

### were reconunended 

### as part 

### of the comprehensive lak.e restoration project. Between 1978 and 1 986 an estimated 276,000 ml 

### (361,000 cubic yards) of sediment was removed frorn N utting Lak:e a t Billerica, MA, by hydraulic dredging 

### (Baystate Envirorun cutnl Consu ltants, 1987) . The influence of domestic wastewater on
74

VES 008012!he lake has been elimiruncd However , !he dredging was not as successful as anticipated . Considerabl e qu antities of soft sediment r e m a

in in the lake. T he only benefi t observed was a

n inc rease i n DO l evel s Bl th e surfa ce ofthe east b asin and tJn o ughout the wes t basin of t.he l ake. Reduction ofrMCropbyte nuisance 

### m selected areas has f051ered increased l ake use for swimming and boating . Economic eva l ua ti ons ofrest ored lakes in F l ori da showed that gravit y drawdpwn was the least eJ<jlEIIsive 

### method. whereas sewage effluent divetSIOn was 10,000 times m ore expen sive in terms ofhecrares (D i er

berg and Williams, I 989). Opti ons for all lake rest o rati on or enhancement measures can be rank etl in the foll owing order (leas t expensive to moot expeosive):**(!111'~ty** drawdown < grass carp introduction < rneehanical drawdown 

### < aeration 

### < stormwmcr contro l (drnwdown and dredging) < effluent di ver sion . Within a particular restoration category, the cost spanned appro><ima tely 1-112 orders of ma8Jlihlde . Lily We in K enosha C o unty , WI, with a surface area of90 acres and a maximum depth of six feet, was dredged in 1978 and 1979 to e liminate dense weed growth , prevent 

### 6sb kill s, and in general enhance recreational usage (fishing. s wimming, boating , and wa ter s kiing). The lak e was deq>ened to a maximum depth of22 

### feet and the storage volume 

### increased from 432 acre-feet to 986 

### ac;re-feet (LLPRD , 1981) . The l ak e was monitored from 1976 to 1981. Since comp letion ofthe dredging project in Lily Lake, DO conpentrations did not drop below 7 mg/L at any depth during winter, thu s avoiding winter 

### fish kills . Prior to dredging, !h e lab had 

### low orth op bospho rus levels, 4 !'giL. Little change was noted e ither during o r after the dredging projcc.t. Likewise , chlorophyll 

### a l ev els were low in the luke. However, the co o tce.ntration incr-eased fi"Om about 3 !Jg/L to an avel' a ge value of 18
.5 )l,g/L during dredging. Chl orophyll levels dropped back to 

### 5 jlg/L after 

### dredging. . Macropbyte growth covered !he entire lakcbed prior to dredging . A diversity of plant species was 

### present but PoUJmogetoll robbln.fii dominated. In 1980, the first year after dredging, !he J alc e was fuund to be reinvaded by vegetat ion, however . Growth covered 75 percent of !he lake bottom , with CJooro and Myriophyllum as codominant species .

75



### VES 008013It 

### is repru1ed that ihe overall l ake usage in ctl!ased greatly at 

### Lily Lak e. Water skiing and sail 

### boating became common, 

### and beach usa ge rose by 

### a fac-.or o f ten. Fish habital :Uso improvcxl. Olmmenls 

### roccivcxl on the project we<e positive, 

### expressing pleas ur e wi lh revitali zed J ake conditions and usability. RESULTS AND DI SCUSS I O N Wnt cr Quality Characteristics: Ph ase 

### illMoni t oring ( 1 98&-199 1 ) 

### Phy sical Cluu·acteristics T empenture and Dissolved Oxygen. 

### Lakes 

### in 

### the tcmpente zone generally undergo seasonal variations in temperature through the**wale~"** 

### column. These variations, with their 

### accompanying phenomena, 

### are perhaps the most influential controlling factors within the lakes. The temperarure of a deep lake 

### in lhe temperate zooe 

### is about 

## 4•c during early spring. As the 

### air temperatures 

### rise, the upper layers of water 

### wann up, and 

### wind action mixes 

### lh£m wi t h the l ower layers. By 

### late spring , the differences 

### in thermal resistance cause the mixing 

### to cease, 

### !IX! the 

### lake approaches 

### the 

### thermal 

### stratification of the summer season. Shortly 

### after the temperature variation in 

### water comes the physical 

### phenomenon of 

# nx.,-easing den sity with decreasing temperature up 

### to a 

### certain point 

### These two 

### interrelated forces are capable of 

### aeating strata 

### of WBler 

### of 

### vastly differing characteristics 

### within th e Jake. During them1al stratification , the upper layer (epilimnion) is 

### isolated 

### from lhe lower layer of water (hypolimnion) by 

### a temperature grddient 

### (thermocline} . Ternperallln:S 

### in the epilimnion 

### and hypolimnion 

### are essaUially 

### mifoon 

### The thennocline 

### will typically have a !harp temper:lllure 

### drop per 

### unit 

### depth 

### from the 

### upper to 

### the l ower margin. When 

### the U1ermal strtttification is established, the Jake enters the summer stagnation period, 

### so namerl 

### because the 

### hypolinmion becomes 

### stagnant With cooler 

### air tem peratures duting the 

# mu season, !he temperature of the epilimniou decreases 

### Wltil it is 

### the same temperature as 

### the upp er margin of th e ihennocline. 

### Successive oooli:ng through 

### the thermocline to the hypolimnion 

### results in 

### a

76



### VES 008014uniform temperature through the water column. The lake men enters tb e fall circulation period (feU turnover) and is again sul:!jected to a com plete mixing 

# by wind. Declining rur temperatures m1d the t bm 1nt i on of an tee cover during the winter produce a slight inverse thennal stratification. The water co l umn is essentially unifonn in temperature a t about 3 to 4 ° C, but slightly colder temperatures ofO to 2•c prevail just bel o w the ice . With the advent of spring and gradually rising air temperatures, the ice begins to 

### disaj>pear . and the temperature of the surface water rises. The lake temperarure again becomes unifonn, 

### a.od the spring circu l ation occurs. The mo st important phase 

# · or th e thennal regime from lhe smndpo int of eutrophication is the summer stagnation**pe~iod.** The hypolimnion, by virtue of irs stagnat ion, traps sediment materials such as decaying plant and animal matter, thus decreasing the availability ofnutrients during the critical growing season. In a eutroj,hic lnke, lhe bypolinmion becomes anoxic or devoid of oxygen becaU&e of the increased content of highly oxidizable material and because ofits isolation from the atmosphere. In the absence of oxygen, the conditions for chemical reduction become favo.-able, and more nutrients are rel eased from the bottom sediments to the overlying waters. However, during the fall circulation period, the lake water becomes mixed, and the nutrient-rich hypolimnetic waters are redistnbu!OO. The nutrients that remained trapped during the . stagnation period become available during the following growing season. Tberetbre, a continual supply of plant nutrients 

### from 1he chainage basin is not 

### maitdat01y for sustained plant production. Fruh (1967) 

### and Fillos and Swanson ( 1975) state that aller an 

### initial stiiilulus, the recycling of nutrients widrin a lake might be sufficient to sustain highly productive 

### conditions fo r several years.

· Isotherma l plots for Lake I and Lake 2 in 1990 are shown in figures 1 3 and 14, respectively . Also , the vettical temperature profiles for these two lakes at selected dates in 1989 are shown in 

### figures 15 and 16, respectively. The vertical temperature profiles for lake 3 , site I for 1989 and 1990 are sbo\\11 in 

### figure 17 . Figures 13 and 14 show mat !he summer stratification begins in early April and imensifi.es progressively during 1he summer months. Lake 2 is deeper than Lake · I and exllibits a typical 

### Sll1llifteation pattem. 

### However, the thermal gmdi ent exhibited



## n

VES 00801 5

### Figure 13. Jsothennal 

### and 

### iso-dissolvtd oxy gen p loiS 

### for Lake I

### 0;0~**.0~-~~ --~--~---v-~~~~~----~----~~~-r~--~**  5 10 15



### Figure 1 4 . Jsothenual and 

### dissolved oxygen profiles 

### foo · Lake 2

78 10 12



### V E S 0 080 1 6' 21

15 0 

### ;;; .! 5

### ~ 

# ... l!l 10 7/ 13/89 15 0 I 5
- 1 0 

# - I 1015189 

### I 15 0 10 TEMPERATURE, 'C 31 11

I 5118189 1

8117189
I I 

# - 

# t

-**~** 1117189 20 0 21 I I I I I



### I 10 I I I I I I I 31 11

8{18/89

1-



# - t/14/89 0



# -

- 20 DISSOLVED OXVG£N, mgA. 21



# i I I I I I I 1 0



### Figure IS. Tem peraiUre and d issolved o xygeo 

### profiles fur 

### Lak e 1 31 I I I I I 

# ' I / /



## -



# - 20



### VES 008017

# .. TEMPERAT\JRE , 

### •c 0 ' ,..1

____ 2"'T1 T""T

_ __ 3 ..,

1 1 ,.. '-- .....,. ....,;;,.21;.._ ___ 3:.,1 1,..'--- ..-.. 2'-----n31

/ / 

# )( I I I Dlsoolvod I O><vgen I 11-... Tampenot u,.**~7/89** I I I I I / I I I I I I ti/ 18/89 

# ..**~~ ----~** **------ _.**  

# t**r------r--~-, ~** 

/ / / I I I I I I I ) 

### /' /
1!117/89 

### 1- 1- 

### 1- 

# y j I I I 

# - I I 

### I 

# - I I I 

# - I / / 

## - 9

/ 14189 11(7/89 I 

### 25**'-- --** **-,-':o,.- --2~0**  

### o 10 20**o~ --,..Lo-** **-- -.J20**  DISSOLVED OXYGEN, mg/l 

### Figure 1 6. Tempernturc and 

### dissolved oxygen profiles 

### for Lake 2

80

VES 008018Disso l ved ' o xyge n ,/ 5 

### _--::;,.-{ Temperature 4/27189**10~----~------~** 0 ,...- --,.- -r- ----,**10~-- --~------** **~** 0 r---""TT-r-- - --. 

# j %**10~ ----** **~-- ----~** 

## ~ 0 

### c : 

# / I I 5 1- I 

# - / I**~0** 10

0 I I I 5 1- 1 

# - I I I 10/9/90 

## -

5,12'190 I I I I 8113/90
.I 

### II I



# - i- 1



### I I 11 fl/90 100 10 20 0 10 20 DISSOLVED OXYG EN , mg/L 2 1



### . .,.1

I I 

# ' I 

# '
I
I I I I I

I

I I I 0 1 0



### Figure 

### 1 7. T emperalllre and 

### dissolved oxygen 

### profiles for Lake 

### 3

81 31 I I I I 

### ' 618189



# - 9 / 14189



# - 3/21/90

6{7190

9 /1 9190 20

VES 008019

### throughou t Lake 1 is as pronoun ced as t h

at fo r Lalw 

### 2. I n both t hese l akes, the 

### maximum observed 

### water temperalllre was 

### about 310C on July 

### 14, 1990. The 

### maximum temperamre differentials experienced by Lakes 1 and 

### 2 during 1989, l.O'C and 

### 13.20C, respectively, occuJred on d1e same date. TI1ereafter, tl1e i ntens i ty of stratification began to deerease. 

### Lake 3, shallowest 

### of the three lakes, experienced much less therma l gradie nt, excq>t for the 

## obsep'ation on April 

### 27, 1989, when the 

### diffemx:e between 

### surfuce Mel 

### near-bottom wa re. · temperatu res was 7 .2 °C. The reason for the ano malous observation is 

### not readi l y apparen t. Such a magn i tude 

### of t emperature gradient was observed at n o other time 

### in Lake 3 during this 

### investigation. Lake 2 

### was fOund to become 

### isolhamaJ by October 9, 1990, after 

### .full turnovcr, 

### whereas Lake 

### I was 

### isothermal by early Sql(emba 

### 1 990. The aforemenlioooi general 

### observations fer the three 

### lakes apply 

### to data gathered 

### in 1989 

### (figures 15-17) and Olher 

### po51·implernen1Btion moni!Oiing years. All the data ' 

### gathered for the 

### FHSP Lakes • physical, chemical, 

### and biologica l • have been 

### entered into 

### USEPA 's STORET system and 

### are readily 

### accessible. It 

### is oommoo knowledge 

### that the 

### impomdmenl 

### of water alters its 

### s*iysical, chemical, 

### and biological characteristics. The 

### literruure is replete with 

### detru1ed 

### reports on the 

### effects of impoundments on various water 

### quality parameterS. The physical changes in the coofiguration of the water 

### mass after impounclrnen; 

### reduce reacration rates to a smaD 

### fraction of those of .free-flowing 

### streams. Where the dcplb of impot.lldment is 

### considerable, the thermal stratification 

### acts as an effective barri er for the wind
- induced mixing 

### ofthe bypolimnetic zone. TI1e oxygen transfer to the deep waters is essentially coofined to 

### the mokx:ular diffusioo transport 

### mecbanism. During the period of SUilU1llll' 

### stagnation and increasing water temperatures, the bacteria l decomposition of the bottom Ol'gllllic 

### sediments exerts a 

### high rate of oxygen. demand on 

### the overlying waters. 

### When this 

### rate 

### of 

### demarJd Cltoeeds the 

### oxygen 

### replenishment by molecular 

### diffusioo , anaerobic cooditions begin to 

### prevail 

### in the 

### Zl)nes acljacent to 

### lhe lake 

### bottom. H >JX>limnetic zones of 

### artifici al impoWldments were also fOOnd to 

### be 

### anaerobic \vilhin 

### a 

### year of

### their 

### fOOnatioo (l<othandaraman and 

### Evans, 1975).

82

VES 008020·n 1 e DO i sop l eths for Lakes 1 and 2 for 1 990 ar e s how n in figu res 13 a nd 14, respectively. Selected verocal DO profiles for the three lakes are mcluded in figures 15- 17 . The DO profile s for Lakes 1 and 2 penain to 1989, whereas tigure 17 shows t he 0 0 profi l es fo r L a ke 3 fo r bo tl 1 19 8 9 And 1990. DO depleti on was more severe in Lake 2 compared to Lake I and began to occur during the latter pan of April. As the summer thermal stagnation mtensified, the ano x ic zone of hypolimn ctic waters in Lake 2 progress i vely increased, reaching a maximum d

uling early July. T h e ex tent of t his anaer o bic zone started dim inishing Lherea ft .

er, an d th e DO concenttation became unif<>nn in the water column in early October. Duri ng the period of peak sll"atification, Lake 2 was t otally anoxic a t depths 9 feet fro m th e 

### SUJfuee a nd below. A bout 49 acre- feel or a pproximatel y 1 4 per cent oftb e lake volume was anoxic, somewhat resuicting habi tat for des irab le fish food organisms and fish. During summer months, adequate oxygen levels did no t generally exist a t depths bel o w 6 

### f eet f r om the surface . Oxyge n dep l etion in tl1e shallow L ak es I and 3 was n ot as severe .. No anoxi c conditions were observed in Lake I during 1990; bow.--er, near-OOttom anoxic conditions were ob se•v ed there dnring 1989 (figure 15 ) and 1991. Significant ox yg en dep l eti on occ w ·red in L a ke 3 even though th e wa ter body**ex eri~** **eed** only w ea k tbertnal gradients during S\liiiiil<2" monlbs (figure 17) . Oxygen demand from lake bottom sediments durin g summer months appears to be substantial in all three lakes. T able 15 s ho ws tb e p ercent DO saturation . l e vels at the sur f nee of the FH SP La k

es. The highest aod l owes t percen t saturation v alues observed for Lake I were 172.S and 55.0 ; L ake 2, 20 1. 2 aod 4J.I; and Lake 3, I S5.8 and 45.8. For inexplicable rea3ons, tbe D

O levels wer e supersa tumted i n all three lakes f or the first ei gbt mo nths ofcalendar year 199 1 , with very f ew excepti ons. Such supersatura ted condit i<>ns di d not p rev ai l d nrin g 1990. The saturation levels in lbe lakes were _ generally higbee throughout 1991 compared to 1990. S reclti Disc ' l'rans par encies. Soocbi disc vi sib ility is a m ensw;e oftb e lake water transparency or i ts ability to allow liglrt ttansmission. Even though the Seccbi disc transparency 

### is no t an actual quantitative indicatJon of light transmission, i t serves as an
83

VES 008021Table 1 5. S urface Percent Dissolved**1, >a1** **~~** Sa turation 

### Levels In 

### Fl-ank 

### Ho l te n State ark akes Lake3 

### D

are Lake I Lake 2 Sile I 41.27/ 88 1/A 68.0 97 . 0 6107 172.5 20 1.2 122.8 7/ 12 139.9 1 42.7 85 . 6 8/23 72.4 68.0 90.7 9 121 100.2 102.4 105.0 4/27/89 147 .6 13 4 . 9 1 49 .9 5/ 18 91.8 8 1.4 102 . 0 

### 6108 12 1. 2 

# - 124 .1 7

/ 13 I 12. 2 11 4 . 0 67.0 8/17 106 . 7 126.3 80.1 

### 914 62 . 0 45.0 45.8 10/05 79.8 98.0 86 . 7 11 /07 95.6 103 : 9 97 . 9 lfl7/90 100. 5 100. 0 1103 21 14 97.3 9 8 . 2 101.2 31.2 1 95.0 95.6 98.9 4123 140,6 139.3 1 54.4 5 11 6 80 . 9 9 1.5 5124 92.9 102 .9 92 .8 6/07 83 . 9 81.0 111.9 7/09 11 7.9 137.6 185 . 8 

### 8113 81.0 86.8 89 .9 

### 9

11

9 75.9 57.6 73. 4 10/09 55 . 0 41.1 58.9 

### ll/07 85.2 80.4 85 . 1 12111 103.5 100.8 97.7 2121/91 124 . 8 117.1 133 . 9 3/19 104.1 103.2 113 .8 4/ 17 136 . 0 136.6 126.6 5/1 4 135 . 4 122.4 182.1 6/13 170.3 176.5 151.6 7/11 94.5 119 . 8 93 .3 

### 8122 143.8 158.5 147.8 9120 99.4 52 . 8 72.4 10122 94.9 98.3 87. 1 11 /19 9 5 . 1 102.3 99.1



### VES 008022

### index and a**me~m s**  

### ofcomparing si mi!ru· bod i es of water or the same body of water at differen t times. 

### Since changes in woter color and turbidity in a deep lake are go1m1ly 

### caused by 

### aquatic flora and 

### fauna, tnmspareocy 

### is o.tlm related 

### to this 

### entity. 

### The mean and range ofva l ues observed 

### tor Seccbi 

### disc readings (m inch es) fo r Lak es I , 

### 2, and 3 were, 

### respectively , 16, 5-28; 1 6, 6-28; and I 8 , 7-30. Table 16 provides these values along with a summary 

### of obselvations for other'

### physical and chcmjca) \vata 

### quality parameters . 

### The mean 

### Seochi disc 

### values for all the lakes were comparable, as were the minimum and the maximum values 

### for these lakes. No clear trend among Secdri disc readings, turllidity , and 

### suspended sediment 

### values could be discerned It is 

### somewhat sw:prising that Secchi 

### disc values were not higher 

### in Lake 2, whicb has a maximum depih of about 25 

### feet, compared to the other two shallower lakes. 

### llnpounded water bodies with maximum 

### depChs of

### abo u

t 25 

### feet are known 

### to have much 

### higher 

### mean and 

### maximum Secchi disc 

### traoSpan:neies {Kochandlnman and 

### Evans, 1983a; 1983b). Tu.rbi d ity. High lllrllidity 

### affects the aesthetic quality 

### of the water. Its origins are gcner..U.ly 

### consido-ed 

### to be 

### mll1icipal and industrial 

### wastes ; clastic moterials derived from the drainage 

### basin; roil 

### erosion resulting 

### from 

## 881icultural praaices 

### and Uiban and 

### highwdy developmaJts; 

### Jake 

### sediments stirred 

### by mnd, 

### waves, and 

### high-speed boating activities in 

### shallow lakes; and 

### detrital remains 

### of 

### algae aod aquatic 

### and t errestria l p lants and 

### animals. However , in 

### the case ofthe FHSP Lakes, some ofthese causative agents, sucb as indusnjaJ wastes and 

### higiHipeed booting 

### activities, are absent 

### The mean and 

### range of t llrbidity values for these lakes 

### were similar except for 

### one very bigh 

### value (11 0 NTU) 

### of the near-botrorn sample from 

### Lake 1 on May 6, 1990. The 

### mean value 

### foc site 3 ofLake 3, the shallowest of 

### all the saJq>ling sites in 

### the lake systan, 

### was higher 

### than 

### other sites. In 

### n earby Horseshoe 

### Lake in 

### Maruson Couniy, 

### IL, 

### an oxbow 

### lake with a meon clcplh 

### of only 3 

### feet, the mem and range of 

### turbidity 

### vah1cs were reponed 

### as 40 and 

### 22 to 66 

### Nr1.J (Rdlfekk eta/., 1992). Clarity in 

### the FHSP Lakes 

### is 

### much better than 

### thai 

### for Horseshoe Lake. The 

### mem and range of !ulbidi ty 

### values 

### in 

### Nr1.J for >wfuoe 

### samples were 8.5, 0.3 -39. 0 for 

### Lake 1; 7.1 , 0.2-15 .0 for Lak e 2; 7.4, 0 .5- 17.0: 8.0, 

### 12-19 .0; 

### and 11.9, 0.5-27.0 fur 

### sites I, 2, and 

### 3 , respectively, of Lake 3.

85



### VES 008023T able 16. Water Quality Characterisli ell of 

### f rJnk Bolten 

### Stute P ark L akes 

### l,a.ke. l l-J!k e 

### 2 Slll'(gce Ntar.bocwm Sur (gee Ncar-botto m Parameters lt / ' 1!.011 

### Range Mea11 

### Range Mean 

### Range .ill eon Rang e Secchi readings (inches) 1 6 5-28 16 6-28 Total suspended solids 24 8-76 3 1 8
- 214 

### 22 6-62 22 8-47 Volati le suspended so l ids 1 4 1-29 14 4 -3 2 1 3 2-32 12 2
-24 Turbidity (NTV) 8.5 0 . 3-39.0 11.1 0.5-110.0 7 . 1 0.2-15.0 

### 9.0 0.8-39.0 Nitratelnilrite-N 0 . 06 0.01-0 . 10 0.06 0.01-0.10 0.07 0.01
- 0.3 4 0 . 05 0 . 01-0. JO Total ammonia-N 0.11 0.01-0.37 0.15 0 . 01-0.47 0. 1 5 0.01-0.60 1.23 0.04
-7.30 Total kjebdahl
-N 1.9 0.7-3.3 1.9 0 . 8-3.0 1.7 0.4-2.7 2.6 0.8 -8 .1 Total pho."jlhnte
- P 0.18 0.08-0 .39 0.18 0.08-0.30 0.17 0.04-0.44 0 . 36 0,07-2.20 Dissolved phospbate
- P 0.05 0.00-0.28 0.06 0.00-0.17 0.05 0'.00
-0.26 0.27 0.00-1.74 Conductivity ()lnlho/cm) 373 296- 450 382 282-468 381 3 12
- 456 466 238
-747 Total alkalinity 114 20- 140 119 70-150 122 80·170 1 48 80
-260**Pbeno~hthalem** alkalinity 12 0-25 

### 6 0-20 II 0-25 3 0-20 p

H (uruts) 

## . 7 . 7-9.5 7.1-9.2 7.6-9.5 6.5 -8 .7 Cbemieal oxygen demand 37 24-49 3 6 25-47 36 26-48 33 23-44 Chlorophyll-a 91.3 33.5-158.8 90.9 4 2.2- 161.8 Chlorophy ll
-a (Corr) 91.4 32.3-173.6 9 1.1 38.3-155.4 Chlorophyll
-b 8 .2 2.0-23. 5 7.6 2.4- 14.0 Chlorophyll-c 5 .0 0.9-13.5 4.8 0.1
- 21.5 Plueophytin 12 0.0-8.3 13 0.0-1 1. 5**S.i~** 

### I [,gflt.

### ~r:..t~ S.il6. 3.

Parameterg Mean Range 

### M ean Range 

### Meu11 

### Rc111ge Secchi readiDll$**(incl~es)** 1 8 7
- 30 17 6-28 13 

### 5-25 Total suspended sotids 22 

### 5-50 

### 22 4-52 30 4-61 Volatile suspended so tids 8 2-26 8 3-23 9 2 -1 9 Turbidity {NTU) 7.4 0.5-17.0 8.0 12-19.0 11.9 0.5-27.0 N'itratelnitrite- N 0.20 0.0 1-5 .30 0.07 0.01-0.22 0.09 0.01
-0.38 T ota1 anunonia -N 0 . 11 0.01-0.60 0.09 0.01-0.38 0 . 10 0.02 -0.39 Tota l kjeldahi
- N 12 0 . 10- 2. 40 1.1 0.30-2.40 1.1 0 .1 0·2.10 Total phospbate-P 0. 1 4 0.01..0 . 31 0.14 0.03-0.28 0.!8 0.06
-0.42 Disso l ved pbosplule-P 0.05 0.01-0. 1 4 0.05 0.01-0.20 0 . 05 0.02-0 .20 Conductivity (!unholan) 573 433-714 

### 5n 443-719 580 448
- 748 Total 

### alkaliDicy 164 90-220 165 90-230 169 70
- 240 Phenolphlha l em alkalinity 4 0 -20 4 0-15 6 0-25 pH (units) 7.6-8.8 7.4 -8.8 7 . 5
- 8.8 Chemical oxyg en demand 27 19-42 26 18-37 28 20-48 Chlorophyll 

### a 56.9 21.2·120. 5 55.4 23.4-lll.S 60.4 14.6-172.2 Chlorophyll a (Corr) 56.8 18.5-120.2 55.3 23.2-117.9 60.7 1 3.1-186.9 Chlorophyll 

### h 8.7 1.1
-38.4 8.9 0.8-45.3 11.1 1.3
-58.3 Chlotphyll 

### c 3.4 0.0- I 1.5 3.3 0.0-10.4 3.3 0.0-11.0 Phneopbytin 2.0 0.0-11.7 1.6 0.0-112 

### 1.8 0 . 0-15.4 

### Note: All chlorophyll values are 

### in J.tg/L; other values are in mgiL except where noted.

VES 008024

### Chemical Characleristics pH and 

### Alkalinity. It is gcrnniJy 

### considered lbat 

### pH values above 8.0 in natural 

### waters are produced by 

### a photosynthetic me that danands more carlx:>n dioxide than the qu antiti es fumi•hOO by 

### respiration and d'IC()mpooition 

### (Mack enthun , 1%9). 

### Photosynthesis by 

### aquatic plantS uses carlxm 

### dioxide remol'ed from bicarbonates when no free carbon 

### dioxide exists 

### in the water medium. 

### Decomposition and 

### respiration tend 

### ro red u ce 

### pH and 

### increase bicarlx:>nat cs. The alkal inity of a water 

### or its capacity ro accept pro t o n s is 

### generally imparted by 

### bicarbonate, carllooate, 

### and**~xide** 

### components. The 

### species makeup 

### of aJ.kalinity is 

### a function of pH and mineral cornpositi<:n The 

### carbonate equilibrium, in which 

### cwbooate and 

### b i carbo nate i ons and carbonic ocid 

### are in 

### equilibrium, is 

### the du;m i cal system present in natural waters. 

### Delamination of the #leoolphlhalein 

### end point 

### provides a measure of the carbonate species of the toral alkalinity, \\bich 

### is ga1et3lly taken 

### ro be 

### twice the amount indicat. ed by 

### this end 

### point 

### Phenolphthalein alkalinity is 

### then the difference between the t oral 

### alkalinity and cmbonate 

### alkalinily. The pH 

### and allcalinity 

### values 

### ohserved in the lakes are 

### typical of Illinois 

### lakes. The highCSI 

### pH values 

### of9.5 

### were obsen>ed 

### in the s1.1 r face water samples from 

### Lakes I and 

### 2, indicating algpl bloom conditions. 

### Lake 3, generally turbid from 

### res-uspension ofb ottom sediments, 

### exhibitod a maximum 

### pH value of 8.8. The 

### near - bottom samples ofLake 2 bad 

### lower pH values than 

### the near-bottom samples of 

### Lake 1. 

### Lake 2, being 

### deeper than 

### Lake 1, undaw eot 

### a h ig

h

er degree of anoxic conditi ons in 

### the deeper stra ta, resulting in 

### a higher degree 

### ofatJat:robic deoomposi.tion of

### orgllnic matter. AB expected, 

### thi s**~ted** in 

### a lower 

### r.mge ofpH values and 

### a higbtt 

### r.mge oftoral alkalinity in 

### Lake 2 than in 

### Lak-e l. 

### The mean carbonate alkalini ty for the 9Jffuce 

### samples of 

### Lakes l and 

### 2 was about 25 mwL and that 

### fur Lake 

### 3 was 

### about 9 mg/L; 

### however , the mean total al.kalinity 

### for Lake 

### 3 

### was 165 

### mwL. much higher than 

### the mean values 

### fix the surface samples from 

### Lakes 1 and 

### 2. Geoerally, alb1inity 

### ofsurfaoe Wllkr in 

### Lakes 1 and 2 decreased during !OUIDD!<r 

### mooths, presumably due to 

### algal photosyn thesi s, and 

### sim ul

taneously increased iu the bottom 

### water samples.

87



### VES 008025

### Conduct h ·

ity. 

### SpeQfic C()llduclance 

### p-ovides a measure ofa w a t er's capaci1y 

### to convey e l ectric 

### ctUTent and 

### is used 

### as an estimat e o f the dissolved minenl quality 

### of w ater. 

### This property 

### i s rel ated 10 

### the total concenttation ofionized substances in 

### water 

### and the temperature at which 

### t he measurement is t11llde. 

### While specific**condu~'lwlce** 

### is 

### · affected by fact o

rs sucl1 as the nature o f**dissol~** 

### substanec:s, d1eir relati v e concentrations, 

### and the 

### ioni c sttength 

### ofthe 

### wat er**~lie ,**  

### the geocbcmisey 

### of the dnlinag e b as i n is 

### the major f a

ctor detemriuing th e 

### chemical collSiitueots in 

### the 

### waters. Pract ical 

### applicatio ns of conducti vity 

### me3Surcments include purity 

### o f distilled or deionized wat er, variations in 

### disso l ved mineral concentrations 

### in water samples, 

### and estimation of dissolved ionic matter in water samples. 

### The ocmduc:tivity 

### values for Lake 3 

### wae higher than 

### the surfuce 

### S3111P. I e values fur 

### Lakes I 

### .and 2, a phenomeoon 

### similar to that 

### ob6crved 

### for total 

### alkalinity. 

### This is primarily 

### because of the direct impact o f Han!ing DitdJ on 

### Lake 3. Also, the increasing trend of conductivity toward the lake bottom 

### follows the same pattern as 

### for alkalinity. The mean and ninge of eonductivity values (m**~em)** 

### ilr surface 

### and near-bottom S311llles, respedively, were 373 , 296-450 and 

### 382 , 282-468, 

### fur Lake 1; 381 , 3 12-456 and 

### 466 , 238- 7 47 f«Lake2 ; 

### and 5 7 3 , 433- 7 14; 5 77, 44 3-71 9; and 

### 580, 448-748 fcc Lake 3, sites 

### I, 2 , and 3, respectively. Pbospbo1.11 s. Phosphorus as p hosphate may occur in surface waters or ground waters as a result of l eaching from lllinerals or ores, naiUral processes of degradation, or agricuiiUral drainage. 

### Phosphaus is an 

### essential nutrient 

### fur planl and llllimU 

### growth and, like nitrogen, it passes 

### through cycles ofdecornpositioo 

### and 

### photosynthesis . Because phosphorus i s essential to the 

### plant growth p rocess, it 

### has 

### become the focus of attention in the entire 

### eutrophication issue. With 

### phosphorus being 

### singled out as 

### prob;Jbly the roost limiting nutrient and the 

### one most 

### easily controUed by removal techniques, various facets of phosphorus 

### cberUisl!y and biology have 

### been extensively srodied 

### in the 

### rumaJ 

### envirooment To 

### treYelll biological 

### troisance, the 

### Ulioois PoUution Control Board 

### (IPCB) (1990) stipula!es that 

### "Pbo5phoxus as P stall 

### not exceed 0 . 05 mgiL 

### in any reservoir or ll!kc with a 

### sw:fuce area of 8.1 

### hectares (20 acres) or more or in any stream 

### at the point 

### whcro 

### it**enten~** .my 

### mJCh reservoir or lake. •

VES 008026

### Unlike nitrate-nitrogen , pbosphorus applied as fertilizer . is 

### held 

### tightly to the soil . 

### M ost of

### the phosphorus carried into sneams 

### and 

### lakes from runoff 

### over cropland 

### will be 

### in r h

e particulate fonn. On t he other hand, the major portion of phospha te-phosphorus 

### emitted from munici pal 

### sew er systems is in 

### a d i ssolved 

### fom1 . Til is is 

### also true of 

### p h osphorus generated fi u m 

### Maerobic degradation o f 

### organic matte. · 

### in th e lake bottom. 

### C

onsequently , the 

### furm of phosphorus, raneiy particulate or 

### di ssolved, is 

### indicative of its 

### souxce to 

### a cer1ain 

### extent. From h is 

### experience with 

### WJSCOOSin 

### lakes, Sawyer ( 

### 1952) concluded that aquat iC blooms are likely 

### to develop in 

### lakes during 

### summer 

## monthS when concentrations of inorganic nitrogf31 

### and inorganic phosphorus 

### exceed 0.3 and 0.01 mg!L, respectively . These criricallevcls f or nitrogen and 

### pbosphorU'l <X>I!CCltrations have 

### been accepted and widely quoted in 

### scientific literature. 

### A sw1li!a)' 

### ofthe**o~** 

### fur total and dissolved 

### phosphate-phosphorus in the lakes is given in tab le 16. The mean disso . lved phosphorus levels in all the lakes varied 

### from 0.05 to 

### 0.06 m!VL, and 

### the mean total 

### plOsphorus varied 

### from 0 . 14 to 

### 0.18 mS'L 

### fur surllloe samples. Even the lowest observed total 

### phOsphorus values in 

### the Jakes were three to eigbt times 

### bigber 

### than the aitic:al 

### values suggested by Smvy a · (1952). 

### The 

### total and dissolved phosphorus mean values for 

### Lak e 2 bonom samples were 0 .36 and 

### 017 mg!L, respectively , indicating that a very high proportioo of the to t al phosphorus is i n the readily available dissolved fonu . These phosphorus values 

### are mud1 

### higher than those for the surface 

### samples. 

### Levds of dissolved oxygen play 

### a key 

### role 

### in controlling the amount of phosphorus released 

### from the sedirneniS into 

### the overlying walcr . 

### Fillos and 

### Swanson 

### ( 1975) reported 

### a 2 I

### .fuJd increase in 

### phosphorus 

### release from scdimmts during anoxic conditions as 

### opposed to 

### aerobic cooditions. The 

### total 300 dissolvod pllOSphorus data 

### for Lake 

### 2 near·bottom water samples dearly show this 

### internal regeneration ofphosphoru s during 

### periods of 

### strnlificalion. Nitrogen. Nitrogm in natural 

### waters is generally 

### fOund in 

### the fiml 

### of nitrate , 

### organic nitrogen, 

### and 

### Blllll100ia-nit Nitrntes are the md 

### product 

# of the aerobic SU!bil.ization of organic nitrogen, 

### and as 

### such they occur in 

### pol luted waters that have 

### undergone self-purification or aerobic treatmmt processes . Ni trates also occur in
89

VES 0 08027

### percolating ground waters . Ammonia-nitrogen , being a constituen t of the complex nitrogen cycle, 

### results from the docomposition of nitrogenous organic matter . Ammoni amtrogen 

### can also result 

### from municipal and industrial waste disdlarges to 

### streams 

### and rivers, however. The 

### concerns about nitrogen as a contaminrult in water bodies are tw ofold. First, 

### because of adverse 

### physiol.ogical elfeas on 

### infar¥s and because 

### the traditional water treatrocnt 

### processes have no 

### effect 0 11 the removal 

### of nitrate, eoncentrations of n itrate plus n

itrit e as nitrogen are 

### !imiied to 

### 10 mg!L in public water supplies. Second, a concentration > 03 mgiL 

### is 

### considered sufficient 

### to stimulate nuisance**alg~~l** 

### blooms .(

Sawyer, 1952) . The IPCB stipulates that anunooia-nitrogen and 

### nitrate plus nitrite 

### as nitro gen sbould not exceed 15 

### and 10.0 

### mgi.L, respectively. Nitrogen is 

### one ofthe principal 

### elemental oonstituents of 

### amino acids, 

### peptide, proteins , urea, 

### and 

### o ther 

### Ol'gi1Ilic matter. 

### Various furms of nitrogen (for examtile, dissolved organic nitrogen and 

### inorganic nitrogen 

### sucl! as ammonium, nitrate , niLrite, 

### and elemental nitrogen} caonot 

### be used t o the same extmt by 

### c:liffi:oent groups ofaquatic plants and ' atgae..**Vollct~wcider** 

### (1968) reports that in laboratory tests, as a general 

### rule, the two inorganic 

### fODIIS of nitrogen, 

### ammonia 1 ald nitrate , are 

### used by 

### planktonic algae 

### to roughly the smne extent. 

### However, Wang et al. 

### ( 1973 ) reported lbat during periods 

### of maximum 

### algal growth under laboratOI)' oonditions, arnmoniwn-nitroge;n 

### was the source ofnitrogen Jll'cferred by 

### · planktons . In the case ofhigher initial ooncentrations of ammonium salts, lower yields 

### were noted than 

### wifu equiva.len 

### oonccntratioo.s 

### of nitrates (Vollenweider, 1968). 

### This was 

### attributed to 

### the toxic 

### effects of 

### ammooium salts. The 

### use of nitro genous organic compounds 

### has been noted by several 

### investiga tors, according to. Hutclrlnson {1957). However, Vollcnw<."ider ( 1 968) ca utions that the direct use of organic nitrogen by 

### planlctons bas not been definitely establi<;hed, citing that none of 12 amino 

### acids tested with green 

### algae 

### and dill!oms was 

### a sow-ce of nitrogen when bacteri&-free 

### culiUI:CS were used. But the amino acids were oompletely 

### used up 

### after 'a 

### few days whe2l the cultures 

### were inoculated 

### with a nlilctle of 

### baderia i.<olated 

### from water. He has opined that in view ofthe 

### t8ct thai 

### there are always 

### bactErial 

# mma active 

### in narur-e, the

VES 008028question of 1be use oforgani c nitrogen so urces is of more i nterest 10 physiology tha n 10 eoo logy . The mean and r a

nge 

### o f values 

### for ammonia, ni tratel nioite, 

### and kjel dahl nitro gen 

### in the J akes are included i n l ab l e 16. The m e.m and range of va l ue s f or ammonia · N (in t ng/L) for surface and ne ar- bottom samples were 0. 1I , 0.01-0 . 37 and 0. 15, 0 . 0 1 -0.47 , respectively fo r Lake I and 0 . 0 1 -0.60 and 1. 23, 0.04-7 . 30 fo r Lake 2 . Corresponding values for Lake 3 

### SUiface sampl es at sites 1, 2, and 3 were, respecti vely, 0. 11 , 0.0 1-0. 60 ; 0.09, 0.01-0 .38; and 0 . 10, 0.02-0 . 39. The mean and range ofvalues for nitratelnioit e-N in mg/L fo r surl'ace and nearbonom samples were 0 . 06, 0.01-0.10 and 0.06, 0.0 1-0.10, respectJvely , for Lake I and 0.07, 0 . 01.0 .34 and 0.05, 0.0 1 -0.10 for Lake 2 . Corresponding values for Lake 3 surfece sam p le s at sites I , 2 , and 3 were , respectively , 0 . 20 , 0.01 -5 . 30 ; 0.07, 0 . 01·0.22, and 0.09, 0.01 ·0 . 38. The mean and r a n

ge of values for k jel dabl-N in mg/L surface a nd near-bottom samples were 1.9 , 0 . 7
- 3.3 nnd 1.9 , 0.8
-3.0, respectively, fo r Lake I an.d 1.7, 0.4-2.7 and 2.6, 0.8
-8.1 for Lake 2. Corresponding values for Lake 3 surface samp l es a t s ites I , 2, and 3 were , respecti vely , 1.2, 0. 1 0-2.40 ; 1.1 , 0.30-2.40; and 1.1 , 0.10
- 2 . !0. Mean inorgani c nitrogen (total ammonia
-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen ) f or the surface water samples was generally l ess tban the suggested critical concentration (0.3 mg/L) for nitr ogen. In Lake 2, the mcoo values for total ammonia nitrogen increased from 0. 15 mg/L at the surface to 1.23 mg/L at t he bottoiiL Kjeldabl
-nitrogen**me&~** values show ed an iocrcasing t rend toward tho bottom of the lake . These are clea r i n dications of the 

### significant anaerobic d cco m po&ition of the organic debris occurring 011 the l ake bottom.Total Suspended S olids and Vol . atllc Suspended Sol ids. Generally , the amount ofsnspended soli ds found 

### in impounded waters is small compared wid1 th e amount found in streams because solids tend 10 settl e to the bottom of the lake. In shall ow er lake s, however, tlri s aspect is greatly modified by 

### wind and wave actioo and by the type and intensity of use to wiUcb these lakes rue subjected. Also, bottom-feeding fish, particularly carp, are known ro stir up bottom sediments and increase turbidity and sediment

9 1



### VE S 0080 2 9

### concentrations 

### in the overlying waters. 

### Volan1e suspended solids (VSS) are m easures of the org anic fraction of the tOtal suspended 

### solids (TSS), and 

### thus !he difference between 

### thes e entities is 

### taken as the inorganic**~eel** 

### particul ate matter . There are no sta te wat el' quality standards for the s u spended sedimen ts in t h

e surface wa ters of illinoi s. Barring one vrsy high TSS value for a 

### Lake I bottom sample, th e mean and range o f val ues fouod 

### for the lhree 

### lakes 

### (tab le 16) are typical 

### of shallow lakes in Illinois. 

### The 

### mean and 

### range of values**o~** 

### in 

### Horseshoe Lak e, Madison County , 

### wue 49 and 

### 25 to 70 , respectively. Horseshoe Lake i s 

### mudl shnllower than 

### Lake 3 . Gemrally, the**org~mic** 

### fractions of t h

e suspended sediments in 

### t lte lake varied from 35 to 60 percent. For Horseshoe Lake, it 

### was abou t 45 percent (Rehf eldt el 

### aL, 1 992) . Chloroph y O. OtlorophyD 

### a 

### is a prirnaty photosynthetic**p~t** in 

# an oxygen

### evolving pbotosyntbeti c 

### org;misms. 

### Extraction 

### and 

### quantification 

### of chkxuphyll 

### a can 

### be used to 

### estimate the biorntiSS or standing crop 

### ofplanktonic algae present in a body 

### of 

### wa t er. Other alglll 

### pigmeniS have limited 

### distribution and 

### are consida-ed 

### accessory photosynthetic 

### pigments; pat1icularly chlorophyll 

### b and 

### c can give infonnation on the type 

### ofalgae 

### presem. Blue-green algae 

### (Cyanoph)'IS) contain 

### only chlorophyll 

### a, whil e 

### both Lbe green 

### algae (Clllorophyta) 

### and 

### the euglmoids (Eugleoopbyta) 

### contain cbJororbyll 

### a 

### and 

### c. ChkrophyD 

### a and 

### c are also present in 

### the dialoms, yellow
-green, and 

### yellow· brown algae 

### ((luysophyta), as v.-ell as the dinoflagellates (Pyrrbophyta). 

### Therefor e these accessory pigmen ts can 

### be used to 

## identifY the 

### types of algae present 

### in a lake (IEP 

### A, 1990). To obtain Jiving algal bionJa5s, chkroJilyll 

### a values are cooected 

### f<r pbaeqilytin 

## a. which is 

### produced 

### wher:t cblorophyll a 

### breaks 

### dov.n. If a large amount of pbaeophytin a 

### is 

### presen t, a str essed 

### algal 

### population o r recentd i e-ofris indicated (ibid.). Chlorop h

yll 

### values for the l akes are shown 

### in table 16. Tix: 

### mean and rang e of <tlorqjlyll 

### a values in flg/L**we"~e** 

### 91.4 and 

### 32.3-173.6 

### for Lake I ; 

### 91.1, 38.3-155.4 for 

### Lake 2; and 56.8, 18 . 5-120.2; 55.3, 23.2-117 .9; and 

### 60.7, 13.1-186 .9,**~vely,** 

### for sites I, 2, 

### and 3 of Lake 

### 3. Algal 

### biomass f<r 

### Lakes I Md 2 were comparable and 

### much lrigher t han f<r 

### Lake 3. 

### Based on cblorophyll 

### a criteria 

### for classifying 

### the trophic state ' or

92



### VES 00803 0

### lakes , all three lakes oould be categ01ized as highly 

### eutrophic. This aspect wt1 1 be subsequent l y deall with in 

### more detail. 

### Biological Characteristics Alg$C. 

### Seasonal and 

### spatial distnbutions 

### of algal 

### densities, expressed as 

### the total cx>unts per 

### milliliter (ctslmL), 

### for each of

### the t hree lakes are 

### depicted in 

### figure 

### 18. As 

### shown, algal dens i ties of the 80 water samples oollected duling tl1e 

### three years ranged from a low of22S ctslmL 

### on September 19, 1990, to a 

### high of33,300 ctsfmL on October 1 5, 1991 , 

### bod1 in Lake 

### 3. Except 

### for one 

### sample (May 16, 1992, from Lake 2), 

### all the other 53 samples collected from Lakes 1 and 2 showed alSiil densities 

### > 2000 

### ctslmL. 

### In an earlier study (Kolhandaraman 

### aod 

### Evans, 1983 a), 

## alSill densities in 

### Johnson 

### Sauk. 

### Trai l Lake, 

### IL, 

### were between 270 ctslmL and 

### 22 , 000 ctslmL 

### during a 

### period from May 1981 through September !981. In 

### Lake L<>Aqua..Na, lL, total algal count s ranged 

### from 800' ds/mL 

### to 25,000 ds/ml. 

### duling spring tluough fall 

### ofthe three**yea~'S** 

### from 1984 through 1 986 

### (ll?PA, 1990). For a period 

### from April 1990 through 

### October 1990, total algal densities 

### in Horseshoe 

### Lake , lL, runged from 180 ds/ml. 

### 10 286,000 ds/mL 

### (Rehfeldt el 

### a/., J992). Algal 

### <l>"namics is 

### a oompleJt phenomenoo, and 

### the 

## a!Sill counts in 

### a lake 

### ecosystem flucruate in 

### a w:ry wide 

### range. As 

### sho'Ml in figure 

### 18, there were e<tteme 

### tluctua!ions in 

### algal 

### derlsities in 

### each lake. Higbost 

### algal drosity 

### for each 

### lake 

### was observed in 

### July 

### for cad! 

### year. Other algal density 

### pulses occurr ed in 

## APril and CX.:tober or November. In 

### general , algal density decreased in May , Aul,'llSI, and Seplember 

### oompared to the 

### previo us months. By contrast, bigJl 

### al gal 

### counts in 

### Jolmsoo Sauk 

### Trail Lake (Kotbandaraman and 

### Evans, 1983a) occurred in 

### August and 

### Seprember 

### 1981 . The higlle& 

### algal density 

### observed in 

### Lake 

### LeAqua·Na 

### was io the 

### sample 

### ooHected on Novanber 14, 1984 ( lEPA, 1990). Figure 18 also 

### indicates that the seasonal and 

### spatial distnootion 

### of algal densities in 

### Lakes 

### I and 

### 2 are vay 

### sim.ila'. Lake 3 

### had lower algal 

### densities than Lakes 

### I and 

### 2 , especially during the summer 

### and fall 

### of 1989 and 1990. Howevec, in 

### I99 I all three 

### lakes had similar algal 

### deosity distribution 

### patterns.

VES 00803 1100, 000 La k

e 1 

## I

- -- -- Lake 2 

### I I 50

, 000 ---Lake3 

### I I 

### II I 

### I I I 

### I I 

# I I 

### I I 

### I 10 , 000 

### 1\ I I -' 

### /I '

# ~ 1 I 

# '/ J c: 

### I ::0 5000 

# '**~** 0 

## "

# ~ I 

# l 

# "' I w 

### I II 

# "'\ E 

# \V, I II (/) 

### I ' 

### z I II w 

### I Q 

### I 

### I I :;J, 

### II 

## \ 

# ,, I I I

### \ 

## g I I I I 

# : \ <

# ~ I I I I 1000 

### I I 

# ' I I I \ I 

# ' I I I



# " l I I \ I 500 

## 'I l I I I 

### 1 I II 

## u l**100~----~~----~ --** **---- ~--** **--~~------------~** 1989 1990 1991 SA M P UNG DATE Figure 18 . Total algal densities in Franlc Holten State Parle Lakes



### VES 008032Algal Sprcics Richness. Th e number of algal spec i es i n the samples nu1gcd from 6(February21 and March 1 9, 199l , inLake2,andMay 14, 1 99l , inLak e 3)to 19(July II , 1991, in lake 1) . I n the 80 water sampl es ex mnincd , 65**g~~l** species wer e found : 9 blue-greens (Cyanopbytes ) , 1 9 greens ( nonmoti l e Ch l orophytes), 19 di atoms (Bacillariophytes), 15 llagcllates (EuglenophyteS, Volvocal es ofChlorophytes) , and 3 desmids. These 

### 6S algae species and their occ urrence in the three lakes for each**yea~** are listed in tab le 1 7. In 

### this tab l e , the occ urr ence is marked as "X" o r "Y". An 11 X ' ' ind icates the occurrence of the orgnnism in any given year ofinvestigation. A 

### ·•y• indicates the organism was found in more than 50 . percent of the samples in a given year. Table 17 suggests that the occurrence of green algae and diatoms in each lake was quite frequenL The algae occurring moot freq uently in tbe tbree l akes were Aphanlzomcno11 

### jlos-oquae, CMiaJfTUm m lcropomm, 

### Crudgenia reClllngulari.s, Oocysris borg el , Scenetlesnws dlmorphus , Melosira gronr1lata. E11glena gra cili s. and 

### Trachelomonas crebea. Most of these algae are indicators of eutrophic conditions . A polluted water blue-green algae, 

### LJ1718bya diqueti, also occurred frequently and dominated in l akes I and 2 during summer OJtd full. 

### ActinOJtrum hantzsc hii occumxl frequently in th e three lakes in 1989 and in Lakes 2 and 3 in 1991 only, but 

### it was never a dominant species. CoelasfTUm microponmo was frequentl y found in Lakes I and 2 in 1989 and 1990 . Euglena 

### acus, o taste and odor flagellate, was 

### only present in Lake 3, more frequently in 1990. 

### A11abe!Ul spiraide s , 

### Pediastrum duplex, Cyclot ella 

### ocellata, and Phacus pleuro necr es also occurred 

### waD three lakes during each year of the study . A1J examination o f the data shows that algal density peaks in July or during mn were d ue to high counts of 

### bhoe-greens or green algae or a combination. o f both. The dominant algae were either A.na/xJell/1 

### spiroides, Cyanarcus 

### homiformis , Lyngbya digneti, 

### OscillaJorla chlorina, Chlorella ellipsoid ea, o r 

### Chlore lla sp. A study ofnearby Horseshoe Lake, 

### 5 mHes north ofFHSP Lakes (Rehfeldt 

### ct aL, 1992), reported that 

### A.plranizomenon jlos-aqulle , Crucigenia rectangularis, and 

### Synedra de/Joati.ssima were the most frequently observed elgal species in the l ake.



### 95

VES 008033

### T ab l e 17. Occun · e

n ce of Alga e I n 

### F 1 1m k Holt en Sta t e 

### P ark La kes**~zk.e.** 

### l**lak~** 

### 2.**dJ.At.~** 1 Algal >peau 

### 1989 1990 1991 /989 1990 1991 1989 1990 /991 Blue-green a l gae Agmenelfwn sp. X 

### X X Anabena >piroide.s X X X X X X X X X Anacys1is Jhermalls X 

### X X X X X X X X Aphanizomi!Jr on f/os-aq11ae X y y X X X X X X Cyanarc>ts homi for mis X L

yngbya dlgn e tl y X 

### X X X X X Os cill ator/a angus tissima X X X 0. chlorirr a 

### X X X Oscillatoria sp . X 

### X X X X X X G

. reenalgae Actinastrum hanrzsclrll y X X X X 

### X y X X Ankistrodesmus convolatus X X X X A.. spirnli.J X X X X X X Chlocoarc lna <'Or rsocl ata X X X Chlorelfa ellipsoldca 

### X Or/orella 

### sl'. X X X X Chloro sorcma con.vocla f<J 

### X X 

### X Coelastrrmr mlcropo rum X X 

### X X X X X 

### X X Crucig enia re cta ngularls 

### X X 

### X X X X X X X C tetrapedia X Micactin i um pruillum X Oocysris bo'jei X X X X X X y X X P¢iastntm upla X X 

### X X X X 

### X X X P. simp/e:x X X 

### X X 

### X X X X P. tetras X X X X X Scenedesmru caritl4llrs X X S. dimorphu s X X X X · 

### X X X 

### X X S . quadrictmda 

### X X ScJrroecle r la 

### sp . X Diatoms

Asterionel/a formosa X X Calonels anrphisbal!na 

### X C

yclo rel/a atom11s X X X C memghin iana X X X X 

### X X C ocelfaJa 

### X X X X X 

### X y X 

### X Cymat(}{)leura M>lta 

### X Fr

agiltJ ria crotonorsls X Gomphoneis h erc uleana X G

yrosigma mar c um X X Melosira ambi g u a X X X M. bi nde sana X 

### M. gmnulata X X X 

### X X 

### X X X X \\ \W avlc11l a cryptocephalil X 

### X X X N. gastrium X S

te

phanod i.Jars nlagarae X X
96



### VES 008034Tabl e 1 7 . (Con cl ud ed) 

### £,o.lu:. l l llk 2. 

### l.ro.k.**~** A

/gal spepi,.s 

### 1989 1990 1991 1989 1990 199/ 1989 1990 199 1 D

iatoms Survi c lla OV<Jta X X Syn crlra acus X X X 

### X X X X X S

. t

abula t a 

### X X X S

. ulna 

### X X 

### Flagellates Carl e ria mult.ifilis 

### X X Cerm ium hirwzdinel/a 

### X 

### X X 

### X 

### X X X Ch /o. nr ydomonas relnhordi X X ChrysOC<JCc u

s**n~ escerzs**  X X Dinobryo n senu a ri a 

### X X 

### X Eugle na acus X X X E

. .

gra cilis X X X X X 

### X X X X E

. oxyur is 

### X 

### X X X X 

### X E

. > <iridis X 

### X X X X X X Gl

enad iniu m s p. X X Perid i nitmt c inc tum X P/uu : us p/eurtmect e s y X y X X X 

### X X X 

### P.sp. X Platyd o rina candantm 

### X X X X Tra<·heJo m

ono.s crebea y X X X X X X X X Desmids C/osterium 

### sp. X 

### X Gl

elllxlinium barge/ 

### X Glenodinium 

### sp . X X 

### X X X No tes: X = 

### cq,anism 'VIIS 

### foorxl in 

### a givaJ year; ard 

### Y = 

### organism 

### was fuund in more than 50 percent ofthe samples in a given yeat.

97

VES 008035

### Zooplankton D ensity. The 

### tmu "pl anktoo" refers 

### to those mia-oscopic aquatic 

### forms having little 

### or n o resistance to 

### =ts and tiving fie& 

### floating 

### and suspended 

### in open or pelagic waters (American Public Health Association 

### et at.. 1992). Plankton can be d i vided 

### i nto p l anktoni c p l ants o r phytop lank1011 (microscopic algae), and 

### planktonic 

### animals, zooplankton. 

### l11e zooplankton 

### in 

### fresh water comprise princip111ly protozoans, rotifers , cladocerans, 

### and oopepods; 

### a grea1cr 

### variety ofO<gaDisms occur in 

### marine waters. Since Wiscoosin p lankton net was 

### used 

# ror colleding plankton samples, protozoans 

### w= n

ot detected . In 

### this report, protozoans are 

### not included in 

### zooplankton. 

### Totaf o bseaved 2.00] >lankton 

### densities rnnged fro m 

### 300 to 

### 7500 Cls/L, from 

### 200 to 14,300 

### cts/l.., an d from 

### <iOO to 6, 800 ClsiL 

### for Lakes I, 2, and 3, respectively. 

### The variation ofzooplankton densities 

### for each lake showed no trend with time. 

### In the three 

### lakes 

### investig;l.led, 25 zoopl!mktor1 

### species were 

### fuund. These 

### included 14 

### rotifera, 6 

### cladocua, 3 

### copepoda, and 2 

### other species
. All 

### three major 

### groups of zooplankton 

### were found during the throe-year 

### study period. 

### Howewr, Acari and 

### Cyc io cyp risforbezi 

### wa·eobserved in 

### 1991 only at Lakes I 

### aod 3. The 

### dominant zooplanktons were 

### fOOnd to · be**ei~** 

### rotifera or 

### cladoceta The 

### dominant species were 

### Chromagaster ova/is. K eratellacocltlearis, K . stipitata, Bosmen ia co r egoni, Daphnia Jaevis. and 

### Diap)omus minutus. Diaptomus minutus, Bosmenia co r ego 11i , and 

### Daphnia p11fex , 

### species occwing most 

### frequently, occurred more than 50 

### percent oft he tim e. Benthic Organi 'iiDS. 

### Benthic macroinvatcbrates are animals 

### within the aquatic systan 

### visible 10 the 

### naked eye, 

### and 

### theY can be mained 

### by a U.S. Standard No. 30 mesh 

### sieve. These coounoo, easily 

### collected organisms have 

### limited Dl0b!1ity 

### and are 

### present throughout the growing 

### season. An a bundant an d diverse community of macro invertebrat es is important as a reliable 

### fuod sow-ce fur 

### fish. Mactoinvertebrates are sensitive to cllanges 

### in the aquatic environment, C<Vria lly 00. 

### In terms of population density, 

### samples 

### from site 

### I of Lake 2 

### had the lowest 

### and highest populatioos, mngjng from 28 indivW!ls 

### per 

### square meter (July 13 , 1 989) 

### to II 

### ,481 (November 7, 

### 1989). In tenns of sample dry weight, 

### the sample at 

### the same location on 

### J ul

y 13, 

### 1989 , 

### was the lowest, with 

### 0.019 g. Again , samples from 

### this si t e
9S



### VES 008036

### showed th e widesl 

### v-.u iat ion in population**lev~ls** 

### d u e t o fluctuation in 

### C h

a.ob orus levels. Numerous factors influence the 'veiglll ofa sample, sucb as population density, species composition, and growth stage. The sample with the highest dry weight, 

### 3.921 g was icund 

### on March 21 , 1990, at the 

### sampling site in 

### Lake 2 established durina 

### the period when the 

### dredging restoration program was 

### irnplemenlfrl (historic site) . 

### 'The 

### mean values of the samples eoUected at each 

### station are presented in table 18 . Lake 

### 2, had the highest t wo stations in 

### mean population and 

### sampl e weight. Perhaps**trient** 

### and phytoplankton ab t mdancc i n

tlueoced the benthic productivity of tl1is l ake. The 100111 

### benthic 

### DO is 

### inversely rola!ed to the depth of the station. The deepest station, sit e I of Lake 2, had tbe lowest 

### mm DO levels !l1d were 

### usuaUy < 1 ppm during 

### the summer . The 

### shallow 

### stations (historical 

### sites ofLakes I 

### and 2, 

### wei site 1 

### of Lake 3) 

### all 

### bad a mtm 

### benthic 

### DO > 5 ppm. 

### The eommlD'lity composition of the 

### sampling station 

### means, show.> that the shaUower stat i ons are mainly dominated 

### by 

### 0/igochaeta and 

### Chlronomidae, while the deeper stations 

### are dominated by 

### Chacborus. Benthic maaoim'12tebrales, an importlln1 

### source of fish 

### food org<wisms, are chidly needed 

### during the 

### growing SC$011. 

### Low DO conditions make 

### the benthos in 

### the deeptr 

### areas of the lake unava:ilable during the critical wanner 

### months. 

### The produQjve volume 

### ofthe lake, in 

### terms offish 

### habitat and food, is theref01e reduced. Tropltlc Sta re

. 

### Eutrophication is n natural proce.5S 

### th . at 

### ' affects every body 

### of watel' from the time of its 

### formation. As 

### the 

# lake ages, the degree of enrichment 

### b y !Ul

t rient 

## mmm als increases. In general, 

### the Jake traps a Jl0<1 i o n of t h e nutrients originating in 

### the swrounding <h'ainage 

### basin. 

### In addition, precipitation, dry 

### fallout, and 

### ground-water inflow 

### are the 

### other eootnbuting 

### sources. The 

### literature has suggested 

### a 

### wide variety 

### of indices of trophic conditions. Indices hav e boon 

### based oo 

### Secchi disc**~.** 

### cllbophyU 4. 

### hypolimnetic oxygen depletion , nutrient 

### concentrations, !WI 

### biological pru:ametCI'S, 

### including 

### species abundance and diversity. The USEPA (1980) suggests in its 

### Glean Lakes Program Guidance

_ Manual ( tab l e 3 : 10-4) the use of fuur panuueters as trophic indicators: Secchi 

### disc

99

VES 0080 3 7Tabl e 18. Mean Ben th ic M acroin vert ebrates Va l ues i n Frau k H olten S t ate P3 r k La kes (in d . i v ldu als p e r s quo. o -e m e ter ) St4tions Lake No. I Lake No. 2 Lall eNo. 3 HisL Site Site I HisL Site Sill! I Site I Chirorzomus (bloodwonn) 50 29 4 212 235 2 Chironomidae (no n - Chironomus) 586 1 82 158 31 323 Chaoborus (phan tom midge) 194 1,321 715 4,769 273**Cerat o~gooida** **e** (biting midge ) 1 8 1 48 57 110 72 Oligoc aeta (aquatic worm) 876 475 1,835 

### 464 820 Total numbers 1 , 887 2,320 2,977 

### 5,609 1,490 Tot al dry weight, grams 0 . 789 0.815 1.182 0.901 0 .48 8 Dissolved oxygen, pa r ts per million 8 .0 3.9 7.8 2.8 5.7 Approximate deplh, feet 6 1 8 6 25 7 (Sample$ were collected on 8 13/89 , Lln/89, 3/21/90 , 7/9/90, 4/17/91, and 8/22/91)

100



### V E S 0 0 8038

### t ransparency , and 

### concentra ti ons of carllon, phosphorus , 

### and chlorophy ll 

### a. Those aiteria 

### are reproduced 

### i n table 1 9 . In add iti on, the 

### lake 

### trophic s tat e i

ndex ( TSI ) system 

### d eveloped b y 

### Carlson ( 1 977) on 

### the basi s of Secchi 

### dis c transparencies, chlorophy ll 

### a, and to tal phosphatc- P va lu es can be used 

### to evaluate a lak e's t rophic 

### state . The index 

### munber can be calcul ated 

### from Secch i disc transparency 

### (SD) in 

### meterS. chlorop h

y

ll 

### a (CHL) in 

### micrograms per liter (Jlg/L), and total 

### phospho rus (TP) 

### in 

## llt¥L as follows : 

### TSI(SD )=60
- 14.411n(SD) TS I (CHL) = 

### 9 . 81ln (CHL) 

### + 30.6 TSI (TP) = 

### 14.42 In (TP) 

### + 4. 1 5 The 

### !lU!Ilerica l index 

### rnngcs frorn 0 t o 1 00. Lak es wifh 

### TS! values <40 

### are 

### classified as oli gotrophic ( nutrient-poor or relatively unproductive, biologically 

### speaking) , and 

### those with 

### TSI 

### values > SO are classifitld llS 

### eutropliic (highly 

### productive) . Each 

### major division 

### (10, 20, 30 , 

### etc.) represents a probability 

### of a doubling 

### bi omass. Table 

### 20 

### gives the 

### mean and 

### range of

### values ofTSI b the Jake stations, 

### using tbe observed SD, TP , and 

### CHL valu es.**The~~** 

### TSI values 

## tor the lakes , based 

### on all th ree para meters , are high and in 

### the 

### 70s except f<x 

### Lake 3, 

### 'Which bas 

### a TSI mean 

### based on dlloroJ:hyU a 

### values 

### of69
. Lake 3**~bited** 

### the lo-st chlOI'Ofh yU a 

### values of

### all d 1r00 lakes. 

### However , the 

### TSI mean value was 

### li:AIId to 

### be almost 

### 70. Based on 

### the USEP A aitaia and the 

### TSJ values 

### for 

### lbe lakes, 

### it is 

### ooocludetl lhat 

### Iiley 

### are CUtTelllly bypereutropbic 

### oc highly nutrient 

### cnridled. 

### This 

### is not 

### entirdy surprising 

### because most 

### illinoi s lakes . and impoundments were 

# rotWI to be 

### nutrient enricbed 

### and even exhibited symptoms 

### of eu tro ph y right frorn 

### their llllSCenCy 

### (Kodmdaraman 

## arxl Evans, 1983a, 

### 1 983b)**~use** 

### of thei r org.n ie, rich bo tt

o m soils. Internal regeneration of nutrients under 

### anoxic conditions 

### during the 

### SUinmer stratification period 

### was determi ned to be adexjuate to 

### cause algal blooms (i bid ). Bodamer (1992) reported 

### for Lake Springfield, 

### IL, 

### "ilicll mldelwml 

### sign.iiicm dredging in the upper 

### reaches of the t ributary arms o f the lake, that dre;!ging 

### alone 

### was not 

### the solution to reducing 

### nlllricnt l evels in
. the water colwm.

10 1



### VES 008039Tabl e 1 9 . Quautita t ive Defin itions of Lake Trophic S tate

(USEI'A, 1980 ) Oligo<rophy Eutrophy Total phosp horus (winter) , Jig/L**()..1 5**  2:20-30 Chlorpbyll
-a (summer) , ftg/L <2-4 >6 -10 Seccbi disc depth ( summer ), m 2:3
- 5 

### 9.5-2 Primarv productivity Carbon (mg!m2 1yr) 30-100 300-3000 Crubon (ug!m2 /day) 7
-25 75-700

Table 20 . Carlson Trop h ic S tal e h•d ex Values f or Lake S ta tio ns 

### £

aka l lakt!Z 

### l.akf.**~** 

### Site. l 

### Parameter Mean 

### Ra11ge Mean 

### Rang e Mean Range Seccbi disc 

# n 65 -7 8 71 65 -77 71 6b-80 Tolai**p~!Jate.P** 78 67-90 76 67-92 74 65- 87 Ch!oroph_ 

### a 74 65-81 74 66-80 69 59-76



### l<U

VES 00804 0

### Macro 1 > h ytes. As 

### indicated i n table 1 3, macrophyt e surveys were conducted on seven dill'crcnt occasions during this inv e; t igati on. During the first two nip s, (JWle 

### and July 

### 1 990) the lak:ebed was examined 81 

### 15 to 

### 20 

### feet ( more than twice the 

### SeodD disc rrnnsparency) 

### from tbe**~** 

### all around each 

### lake by 

### walking, 

### searching fur 

### aquatic rooted vegctatioo . 

### It became appEU"Cflt 

### thai the lakes are 

### totally devoid of any 

### rooted submerged aquatic plants. Thi s is true not only for the dredged portions of the lakes, b u t also for t h

e two undredged areas, one each 

### in Lake I and Lake 2. Even relativel y shallow Lake 3 did not harbor any veg etation. TI>is to t al absence ofaqoat jc vegetation is 

### quite puzzling. Transparmcies in 

### the lakes are low (average Sea:hi 

### disc readings are 

### $8 iodles), which 

### is one of the 

### faaors 

### ooo1nbuting to 

### the lack 

### ofvegetation. A second factor 

### cxml be 

### the l oose, 

## ftufiY lake bottom 

### sedUnoJIS (which is true for 

### the southern portion of Lake 3, more so than 

### for 

### Lakes I and 2) from which Ill3a'ophytes 

### oould easily 

### get u

prooted by wind and wave 

### action. Also , grazing 

### pr essures 

### from wildlife populations could easily decima t e the standi n

g cmp as experienced in Peoria 

### Lak . e (Roseboom 

### eta/., 1989). As 

### is weU know n, ro oted aquatic vegetation is 

### an essential 00111pOill"llt 

### ofa well


### balancOO ecosystem Jro viding 

### fuod and shelter for desirab l e sports 

### fisheries. Ibis 

### aspect is 

### :all the more importanl 

### and relevant, 

### considering the 

## met that the 

### lakes are heavily used fir 

### fishing. 

### The remaining five 

### macrophyte surveys w'el'e made 

### from a 

### boat by probing 

### tbe l akebed with an oar at frequent 

### intervals. 

### Sediment Characteristics. The**s~** 

### of sediments in 

### the aquatic ecosystem is 

### n ot only .(t ysical in nature , but 

### also dle!llical 

### and biol ogical. In additio n to t h e dircd. l oss of storage capaci ty resulting from sediment d eposition, lake sedimro.ts p la y 

### an important 

### ro l e in intrc:dlcing 

### substancx:s 

### sud> as ph osph orus, nitrogen, 

### adsorbed trace 

### metals, aod organic oompounds to 

### the overlying waters 

### J:Micularly llllder anoxic 

### conditions during 

### periods of thermal 

### stratificalion. Also, the 

### beolhic**~** 

### are known to 

### bioaccumulate toxic substances 

### from the aquatic medi um and pass 

### them up the 

### fuod chain to 

### pot entially dangerous levels 

### for birds, 

### animals, and lnunans. The**r~ults** 

### of analyses of sediment 

### samples coll ected from the lakes on June 7 , 

### 1988, 

### are given in 

### lllble 21. Alsi:l, included 

### fur refe ceu oe are the Jlli9l 

### v alues 

### fur phosphorus , kjeldahl nitrogen; 

### and 

### a few of the 

### heavy 

### metals reported by 

### Kclly 

### aod Hite
103



### VES 008041Table 21. Frank Rolteu Stare Park Lakes Sediment Cbamcrcri st i csMean Value 

### L.aB. c l la ls.e.l**Ml~f** 

### 1. far 63 Illinois Parameter Historical Site Hi s torical Site Site I Site 2 Lake .•• Percent res i due by weight 27 . 7 29.5 21.5 24.5 Percent residue by vo lume 

### 10 .3 8.9 4.8 8 . 8**Pbo~rus** 72 691 870 985 

### 666 Kje1 nitrogen-N 3530 27 40 1660 1730 5530 Cadmium · 3 . 4 

### 2.2 3.9 5 . 0 1.0 Copper 38 24 27 28 41 Lead 91 29 47 

### 5 2 50 Mercury 0.37 0 .04 0.05 0.06 0.09 Arsenic 9 

### 6 8 12 11 Chromium 17 IJ 17 22 

### 23 Iron 16000 15000 22000 28000 28631 Manganese 4400 630 11000 1000 13 13 Zinc 180 83 108 120 II I PCB's 75.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Aldrin 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Diel drin 1.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 

### DDT Analog,s 10.0 10.0 10.0 10 .0 O'P ' · DDE 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 l"P'-DDE 1.0 1.0 1.2 3.0 O'P '- DDD 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 l"P'
- DDD 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0'1"-DDT 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 P'P'·DDT 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Chlordane tech. & met 

### 5.2 5.0 5.0 7.9 Chlordane C isomer 2.1 2.0 2.0 3.7 Chlordane T isomei 3.1 2.0 2.0 4 . 2 Endrin 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 

### Methoxychlor 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Alpba-B HC 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Gamma-BHC 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 HCB 1.0 1.0 1. 0 1.0 Heptachlor 1.0 ).0 1.0 1.0 Heptachlor epoxide 

### l.O 1 . 0 1.0 1.0 No te: Nutrients and 

### metals are expressed as mglkg of sample, and all the orSJllliCs are expressed liS**~lglkg** 

### ofsample . • J<eUy and Hire (1981).



### 104

VES 008042

### (1981 ) for sediments ooUected 

### from 63 lllinois 

### l akes during 

### summer 1 979 . P hosphoru s concentrations in 

### the FHS P 

### Lakes are componble 

### r.o the values reported for o ther Dlinoi s l ak

es, and kjeldah i
-N va lues a re mud1 

### l ess t han t be mean val \ l

e f or other l akes. The e<

ldmium 

### level i s 

### three to five times h igha · i

n FHSP 

### Lakes. The sampl ing site in 

### Lak e I exhi bited much 

### hi gher 

### le v

els oflead, mercury , and zinc than 

### the olher 

### tw o FHS P Lak es and 

### the m ean values for the 63 Dlinois 

### lakes. There 

### has been no fish 

### ad visory 

### in the recen t past 

### fur th e fish 

### caught 

### m these lakes. The IPCB has not set 

### standanls 

### for sediment quality 

### cbarJcteristics. 1h e org;uric constituents reported in tab le 2 1 are 

### in pa rts per 

### billion. Th e polychlorinated bipheny ls (PCB s) valu es 

### measured for Lak e I were 7- 1 /2 t i mes hi gher than 

### the values rneaswal 

### fur 

### the o ther l ak

es in the 6 -ysteln. 

### H owever, 

### a ll o ther reported**org~Uli c**  

### constituen ts 

### fur the three lakes 

### were the 

### same or co mparable. Co mpariwns of 

### W a ter Qu ality O.a ract c

rlstics for 

### tl\e R es toration and 

### Po st**es o~** **ation** 

### P eriods 

### Li

mnological data 

### on the pre- restorat ion conditions of t he lakes arc extremel y 

### spaxse. Hemy , Meisenheimt;r , 

### &Ge:ocJe.lnc. ( 1975) reported 

### on th e lak e condi tio ns based 

### on one sample ooUected 

### from each lake 

### on 

### October 27, 1975 . They 

### concluded thai Lakes I 8lld 2 were relmively c lear , but 

### Lak e 3 was 

### murky. Lakes 

### 2 an d 3 exhibited 

### high 

### concentra ti ons o f ni trates . 

### Ammonia level s were below detection 

### limits in 

### Lakes I 

### and 3 

### and 0. 2 mgiL 

### in Lake 2. They 

### also report ed 

### vey h igh 

### coun ts of 

### fecal oolifon n 

### in Lake 1 

### (2400 cts/ 1 00 mL ) , probab ly 

### due to 

### sewag e or oooCamina1ion by 

### waterlo wl. These o•

g1111 is m s were 

### not 

### detected in 

### the other two 

### lak es. Tabl e 22 sho ws 

### the mean and 

### range of values 

### observed in the lakes during 

### the restoration period 

### ( 1 97 7 to 1984) 

### f or. oerta in water quality parameters, 

### 'Nbich were also monitored during t h e post- restora tion monitOting period 

### ( I 

### 9 88 to I991 ) . Barring 

### th e very lo w pH 

### valueof2.4 reported 

### fur Lake 

### 3 by 

### Brigham (1984), which is 

### aoomalous, all 

### otber mean and 

### raoges of values sbown ·in**O~e** 

### tab le are typical o f Dlinois lakes. Brigham 

### indicated in tbe report 

### that 

### the cblorophyll 

### a 

### values are expessed 

### as mWL I t is 

### preromed 

### these 

### values are 

## fl lYL. which will 

### be cootmenSUnlle 

### with 

### the o bservations fur otba- 

### lllinoi s lakes.
lOS

V ES 0 0 80 4 3Table 22. Surfill't! W11ter Quality . C ha racteristics Frank Bohen S tate 

### Park Lakes during Restoration Period (1977-1984) Lake No.1 LakeNo . .2 Lake No.3 Parwneters 

### Mean Ra11ge Mean 

### Range Mean Rlluge Di sso l ved oxygen 9.0 3. 4-18.6 8.8 3.8-18.4 8 .2 l.Q-18.0 pH, units 6.3-9.4 7.2-9.3 2 .4-9.6 Tota l alkaliniry 

### 95 9-160 118 76- 166 155 6o-320 Dissolved pbospbare-P 0.05 0.0 1 .0.17 0.04 0.0 1.0.13 0.08 O.ot-0.42 Total pho sphate-P 0.17 0.04-0 . 35 0.13 0.03.0.23 0.26 0.04 .0.7 1 Total ammonia-N 0.45 0.45-1.77 0.29 0.03.0.70 0.50 0.03-2.60 Nitrate
-N 0.07 0.01.0.85 0.06 O.oJ-0.72 0.07 0 . 00.0.79 Particulate residue (18o•c) 

### 26 Q- 1 98 

### 22 1
-206 47 1- 389 Chlorophyll a 84. 5 0.1-329 35.7 0.6-259.0 94.0 0 .2-429.0 Note: Values in mg/L unless otherwise indlcated. Source : Brigham (1984) .

106



### VES 008044

### Table 23 shows 

### t he m ean**value.~** 

### of these parameters for both th e res toration and pos t- restoration peiods. I b e su:face mean DO concentrations in 311 th e lakes during these rwo periods are high !r1d 

### are oom)lW'&ble. Brigham (1984) report.ed 

### that only 8 percen1 

### of

### all t!te surfuce 

### DO 

### CJbservatioffl for the lakes wtte**~** 

### 5 mg/L, and 

### 20

_ percent more were**~** 

### 6 

## mWL The oou espollding 

### values for the current 

### investigation are 

### 5 and 6 

### percent based 

### on 282 !r1d 

### 1 06 obselvations. respectively . Bri gham (1984) opined 

### in h er report t hat 

### ''removal of 3 

### teet of accumtllnt oo sediment from each of the lakes, 

### however , sboul d improve DO concentrations by limiting 

### th e amo \lllt of po t ential oxygen-demanding materia l in 

### the sediment" Hol.'.eVer , as 

### discussed earlier, oxygen danand 

### from the Jake bot!Om sediments caused 

### oxygen depiction in 

### the bottom waters of the J ake during the wann 

### summer periods. 

### ToeaI alkalinity 

### was correspondingly higher in 

### the Jakes during the 

### post-restoration period, dissolved 

### p hoopha te-P 

### was similar, 11' was 

### l ower in Lake 

### 3, total ammonia was significan tly less, and 

### nitrate was much higher and 

### particul ate residue 

### (suspended sediments) much low er in 

### lake 3 during the post-restoration period. A statistical evaluation ofthe parameters 

### oommou to both the peiods 

### fuHows. Table 24 presents the fiequency 

### of ()('.CUlMJCe 

### oftotal and 

### di=lved**pbosphat~ ,**  

### 31llJll0nia.-N, and 

### nitrale-N 

### for all three 

### lakes 

### dtxing the restoration !lld 

### post- restoration periods. For 11' in 

### Lake I, 95 percent of 

### the observed values were S 

### 0.3 mg/L, 75 

### percent were**~.2** 

### mgiL, 50 

### p«eent**were~** 

### 0.15 m!VL, and 

### 25 

### Percent were S 0.11 mgJL d

uring the r estoration period. 

### The = · ponding values for the post-restoration 

### period in Lake 1 were 0.38, 0.22, 0.17, and 

### 0.1 3 m!VL, respectively. In 

### Lak e I , a higher r WJge of 

### CO!la!ll.trations of total and 

## <msotvOO pho..<;phorus 

### were found 

### fur fue 

### top quartile 

### of values during the 

### post-restoration period. 

### There was a**~** 

### redpction in 

### ammouia-N 

### values tluoughout the 

### post-restoration period. 

### For .nitrate-N in Lak e I, the middle two quartile values 

### were double or more during 

### the post-restoration peiod 

### than the value; finxl 

### for the restoration 

## periOd. Total and dissolved phosph o

ru s l evels were higher in Lak e 2 during postrestoration monitoring. They 

### were**o~** 

### in 

### lake 3, 

### ho wever , due to tl1e diversion of 

### Harding Ditch , resulting 

### in decreased scdilllCill inflow into the 

### lake. Ammonia·N levels in
107



### VES 008045

### Tabl e 23. Mean · water Ootalily Cha.: act c

l'i s tics of Frank Holt en S tate I' ark Lal<cs f o r R est o ration ( 19"77
- 1984) and Post-Resto r ation (1988-1991 ) Per iods Rr::s..w.caf-iQa 

### &:.t.iad. Pau.Refloratj on Perigd 

### Porame1ers LakeJ .Lake2 

### Lake 3 Lalu!/ Lake 2 

### We 3 

### 01ssolved oxygen 9 . o• 

## s.s• 

# st s.s• 9.6 8 9.6 8 Total aJkaJjnil)l 95 8 

## llsB 155 . 

### ,c 1 1 4 3 122 3 •b J64c 

## o.os• 0 .04 8 0 . 08 8 

## o.os• a 

## o.os• Dissolved ph osphaoe-P 0.05 3 0 .1 7 8 0.13 3 0.26 3 

### a 0.1 4 3 

### Total ph osphllte-P 0. 1 8b 0.17 

### Total ammoni a -N 0.45 3 0. 29a,b 

## o.soa 0 . II o.J5b O.Jib 

### Nitra. te-N 0,078 0.06 3 0.07 8 o.o6 3 

### O.o?a 0.20 Particulate residue 26 3 

### 22 8 

### 47 8 

### 24 8 

# n• 22 3 Oll.orophyU 

### a 

### 84.5a 55 . 1 8 

### 94.7 8 91.3 3 90 . 9" 56 . 9 3 Not es: 

### Cblorophyll a**ex~** 

### as Jlg/L; 

### and 

### all othu- measurements are mgl[. Mean values with 

### similar superscripts 

### are not significantly differmt by 

### Duncan's multipl e 

### range tests at 

### O.OS significan ce level . ·



### l OS

VES 008046

### T a ble 24. Fr eq ueney o f Occ mTenc e o f Ccrt n in Wat er Qu a lity P a r ame t ers in Fr ank Holten S tat e Pnrk Lakes

To ta l Dlssollwl P erce nt :S ll.h os eh o nu**e.h .t;** **rz.h fJ.r** **~~** d, mm o n ia , .. A f:i.itrnte-JV indic ated va lu e A B A B A JJ A B 

### 95 0.30 0.3 8 0 . 1 5 0 . 20 0 . 98 0.36 0.20 0.10 75 0 . 2 1 0 . 22 0.08 0 . 08 0. 62 0 .1 0 0.04 0 . 10 50 0 .1 5 0 . 17 0.04 0.03 0.3 8 0 . 1 0 0.30 0. 1 0 25 0. 11 0 .13 0 .02 0 . 02 0 .21 0.06 o : o1 0 . 01
Total D isso l »ed P erl'blf S e,hOE/!.MTU $**e.h ~s** **e.h ru** **·** Ammo niD-d Ni t rote-N in4iclzte d v a l u e A B A B .-4 B A B 

### 95 0.20 0.42 0 . 08 0.24 0.60 0.5 4 0 . 1 4 0. 18 7 5 0 .16 0.22 0 . 04 0.06 0.38 0 .1 6 0.05 0.10 50 0. 12 0 . 1 5 0 . 03 

# om 0. 29 0. 1 0 0.03 0. 1 0 25 0 . 08 0 . 11 0 ,02 0.02 0.1 5 0.09 0 . 0 1 0 .01 ake3 T

o tal D lsso /V<t d P ercl'nt S 

### e.hrzmhorus e.hoseh!!.!J£'+**An1monio~ A** **~!i tr** **e-l!f.** indiarkd \'al u e A B A B A B A B 

### 95 0 . 65 0.24 0. 1 7 0 .1 0 1.00 0. 42 0 . 30 0 . 39 75 0.35 0.17 0. 1 0 0 .06 0 . 66 0. 1 0 0.06 0 .1 0 5

0 02 1 0 .1 3 0.06 0.04 0 . 34 0.10 0,03 0.10 2 5 0 . 11 0 . 1 1 0.02 0,03 0 .25 0 . 05 0.0 1 0 . 01 

### No tes : A p 

### data 

### fa restoration period 

### (1977-1984); B = data 

### for 

### post - restoration period (I 

### 988 , 199 1 ); and all 

### values**are~ a~**  

### mg!Luoless ind icated 

### otherwise.

1 09



### VES 008047

### each quartile were lower in Lakes 2 and 

### 3 during the post -rest orat ion monitoring period. H

owever, the 

### trend was reversed in 

### tbe case ofn itrate in 

### both lakes. 

### Duncan's m ultiple range t est (Walpol e 

### and M eyers, 198S) 

### ':"11S used t o delineate the differeooes in the mea n val ues of the water q ua

li

t y charocteristics in 

### Lakes 1, 2, and 3, grouping t b.e data for these 

### l akes individually for the periods 

### covering the restoration 

### (19n to 1 984) and 

### post-restoration (1988 to 

### 1 991) . The 

### tests were carried out at the 5 

### percent si gnificance level , ond 

### the results are 

### included in 

### table 23. The statistical 

### tests indicate that 

### for several of the water qualit y charact eristics in the three lakes, no statistical 

### dilfurenoe 

### was observed between the data during the restoration and the post-restomtioo periods. TI1e Slllface 

### DO, t o t

al and 

### dissolved pho5phale- P, particulat e residue, and cl!lorqDyll 

### a 

### all 

### full under this ca tegoty . Tota l alkalinity in 

### Lake 3 

### was lllUd! higher 

### compared 

### to the 

### other two lakes for 

### both types 

### of data sets considered here . Total ammonia 

### levels were higher in 

### all lak es 

### fur the restoration period 

### compared to 

### the post-restoratioo 

### peliod. Observed data 

### funned two 

### distinct sets of data 

### with respect to amm.ooia-N. Signi.ficanlly high nitrate lev els were measured in 

### Lake 

### 3 during the post-restoration period compared 

### to the other two 

### lakes and 

### the restoration 

## period data fur 

### all three 

### Jakes. Mean values of

## nitiates in 

### Lakes I and 2 fur 

### the 

### post-restoration period 

### mel 

### the val ues 

### for aU 

### three lakes during 

### the restoratio n period 

### were s tatistically similar. Nitrato-N values for Lake 3 were significarwly 

### higher during 

### the post-restoration 

### petiod. CrcdSurvey 

### A a-eel survey 

### was conducted oo FHSP 

### Lakes .fiom 

### March 1 5 to 

### November 15 , 199 1, 

### by the INHS under 

### Fooeral Aid Project F-09--R The data for the creel survey are 

### includoo in the appeodix as tables AI 

### and A2 . For the most part, 

### the results of the creel survey were about \Waf 

### would be 

### expectoo from an Uiban 

### lak e. But exceptions were 

### fomd in 8llg!ing 

### presrure 

### and boat fishing 

### versus shore fishing. 

### The total of 248 h

oursfuae (hWac) fishing pressure 

### measured 

### is low 

### oompa1ed to 

### 666 

### hrslac at 

### Beaver 

### Darn and 850 brslac 

### at Si.IO<J.n 

### Springs. Further, shore 

### fishing accoun t ed 

### for 80 per0011 

### of the fiShing effint 

### and boats accounted 

### fur only 

### 20 

### percent. Normally, one would expect a
110

VES 008 0 48

### 60-40 

### split the other 

### way. Tite angler using FHSP l.akes traveled an average 4.6 miles to fish, 

### and 

### tl1e oVI!raU rating of the lake 

### by the anglo'S on a scale of 

### I
- 10 was 

### 2 . 7, ind icating much 

### d i ssatisfaction with t h

e fish ing. 

### A

n

gler catc h results 

### are presented 

### separately for fish caught (incl udes 

### both fis h harvested and those 

### released) w1d 

### fo r 

### fish harvested. The 

### resu lt s of the survey showed that anglers caug}!t and/or harvested nine species of fish including b lack 

### and white crappie, largemouth bass, 

### channel catfish, bluegill, drum, 

### rainbow tro u t, redear 

### smfish. and yellow bass. A misoellaneous categOrY 

### fur fish caught in too 

### low a quantity 

### to be 

### included in the SWililll'l)' statistics 

### includes yellow and 

### black bullhead, carp, 

### bigmouth 

### buffalo , bowfin, gizzanl 

### shad, green Sllllfim, 

### and 

### shonnose 

### gar. 

### In all 

### cases, the 

### catch statistics are below wbat would be expected 

### or targeted 

### for these 

### lakes. As 

### an exmnple, largemOU!h 

### bass, the 

### main predator stocked in these lakes, were 

### caught at 

### ooly 4.8 pounds/ac, but one would expect 

### the catdJ 

### rate to be 

### about 

### 20 poUlldslac. 

### Further, it 

### appears that t he anglers are keep . ing most 

### of what th ey 

### catch, ns the dilferenoe between catch 

### and harvest is not 

### great The average 

### size of 

### fish harvested was 

### small. Yellow bass, fo r instance, were less than 0.1 pound on the average. It i s difficult to envision anyone being able to catch a 

### fish that small 

### In &l!IliDafY, 

### the 

### catCh results rellea 

### the angler rating 

### ofthe lake. Anglers were catching low numbers 

### of fish 

### !hat, 

### b' the most part, 

### were smaller than expecttd 

### or desired This 

### is probably due 

### to lack 

### of maaopbytes, 

### significant reduction in 

### fish habitat 

### during the Slll'llm' 

### sbnlificalioo period, 

### poor quality 

### ax! quantity of benthos , ovcrbarvesl, and/or J?05S'b l y 

### because most 

### of the fishing was 

### from the bank, limiting 

### anglers to a relatively 

### small proportion of the l ake. ' The 

### lack of a trout stocking 

### program, which was 

### disoontiuued 

### after 1990, might 

### also acoount for 

### diminished fishing pressure. Park Attendance and User Survey Ever sinoe 

### lalre restoration 

### and the upgtade 

### of the State Par k facilities, park attendance bas steadily 

### increased. Table 25 shows the 

### estimated mnnber of visitors to 

### the Stale 

### Park 

### from 1981 through 1991 ba9ed 

### on the murber 

### of vehicles 

### entmng through the 

### main 

### entrance, counted using 

### an automatic oounte£ , 

### ax! as;uming 

### an average 

### of three

Ill



### VES 008049Tabl e 25. Estimated Visitors R cconl f o r Fra nk H olten State Par k
Month 198/ 1982 1984 /985 1989 1990 1991 llforrthly avt!rage lapuary 3,031 1,389 3.0'16 3 , 806 10,7 4 7 ' 17,334 3,574 6,138 February 2,Q62 2,640 3,001 5,82 8 5,4 12 19,625 12,704 7,325 Marc h 2,266 3,627 6,545 7,916 14, 143 22,530 25,227 1 1,751 April 2,295 5, 73 4 2,488 37,686 38,949 36,31 

# s 37, 17 5 22,949 May 1 4,524 18,456 1 7,897 27,706 43,898 45,69 1 60,165 32,620 June 14,322 15,882 22,424 29,100 43,831 44,359 49 ,283 31,314 July 18,176 20,598 27,010 25,294 46,905 45 ,458 70,959 36,343 A u gus t 1 9, 415 16, 839 20,864 29,453 34,033 39,335 88,149 35,441 September 8,502 1 3 , 685 . 1 4,807 25,975 53,05 8 39,04 3 48,7 94 29,123

· October 7,396 1 1 ,789 8,030 7 , 655 23,038 28,251 22,840 1 5,571 November 5,173 11,469 10, 182 9,320 1 9,094 22,644 14,002 13, 126 December 2,23 4 6,232 2,935 3.289 5,780 11,604 13 ,177 

### 6,464 Totals 99,396 128,340 139, 279 213,028 338,888 372,189 446,049

l l2

VES 008050

### persons 

### per vehicle. The 

### nwnber of vehicles 

### entEring the park 

### was estimated 

### upwards to account for th e vehicles 

### e ntering through another entrance for 

### Lake 3 . As 

### indicated earlier, the p ark p r ovides excellent recreationa l facilities such as picnickin g, hiking, 

### j oggi ng , baseball, basketball, 

### tis hi

ng, Wld boatin g. Figure 19 

### shows views of 

### th e attractive entrance to the park , baseball diamond , baskeiOO!l cou rt, part 

### of the golf course ad j oining Lake l , 

### and a 

### pic nic sbe ltel" . Park attendance inaeased 

### sigoi6ca11ly i n -1985 after 

### completion of th e l ake 

### restoration project 200 the upgrade of !he park 

### fucilities by 

### 1984. The park 

### shows a 

### steadily increasing 

### number of**vi~itors ~ince**  

### 1985 . This 

### is due 

### in large measure to !he 

### e1Ccellent upkeep 

### and rnanagemc:n1 

### o f 

### the park 

### facilities and 

### control 

### and 

### elimination of

### once rampant crime, trilsh, and 

### dEbris problems. The 

### authors have 

### seen lllaJ and 

### women walking, 

### jogging, 

### and exerci.'<in g 

### during early 

### momillg 

### and late evening hours. 

# ·nus woul d n

ot h ave been the case prior to 1 984. Table 25 indica t es hea vy 

### use of the park 

### fdcilities from April through September. The s it

e 

### s uperintEndent indicated that several thousand people use the park's picni c fu cilit i es during holiday weekends 

### such as Me morial Day, Fourth ofJuly, 

### and Labor Day. To elicit infunnalion about tl1 c 

### pc:a:ptions ofpark fucility 

### usa:s, a questionnaire was prepared 

### and distributed during the SUJJJIIlfJ" 

### of 199 1 

### from the on-site OOllcession · 

### stand and 

### by 

### FHSP personnel . 

### A copy 

### of the 

### questianoaire is 

### pr=tcd 

### as table 

### 26. A 5UI1llll3ly 

### ofthe results 

### ofthe 17 JeSpOnSeS 

### received 

### is gi\ 'llll 

### in table 27. Of the 17 respondents , 1 2 

### were male axl51k-ere 

### female. Most were 

### in the41-50 age 

### group, and 

### no one under 20**~ed.** The 

### surv ey indicales that 

### picnicking i s the 

### most common activity , 

### fuDowecl by fishing. The park 

### facilities are 

### used h eavily during 

### weekends, and 4Q 

### percent of th e respondents 

### used the park throughout the 

### wock . Almost all 

### ofthem 

### had visit ed the park prior t o the res toration program . Th e m!Yority arc v ery frequent users ofthe fucility a nd rate it 

### higbJy as a 

### recreational resour ce. Warer quality and 

### fishing in th e lakes are 

### peroeived 

### as having in:p"o''td 

### It wns unanimous that 

### the parl<grounds 

### have imj:roved 

### a l ot 

### and are IIIlXh 

### sa1tt 10 use. 

### Nearly**e\~ e**  

### had positive**f~** 

### about 

### the fucility 

### and iJVlicaled 

### dlat 

### they 

### used this 

### valuable resource more 

### frequently 

### afif2" the 

### restoration and cnlmament 

### of the quality 

### ofthe lakes 

### and the park.

lll



### VES 008051Att r act i ve enHance i o 1he park



### Fi

gu

re I9 . Frank Holten State Park

1 1

4



### VES 008052P icnic s heiter**.**

B as ket b all court

F i g

ure 1 9. C o n c l

uded I 1 5



### VES 008053Table 26. Fronk H o llen S tate Park Use r Surve y
I. l am a: Ma l e

_ _ Fema le

_ I am be()!leeo the ages of < 20 

### y ears o l d

_ _ 20 · 30 yea r s o l d __ 31
-40 

### years old

_ _ 4 1 · 50yearsold

_ _ SJ-60 years o ld __



### 60+ years o l d __ 2 . I usually go to FHSP to go : fishing bixd watching JOggingl walking boali!W=>oeing P.icnicking on a timilly outing biking boy scouting other o ther 3. When I visit FHSP, it is usuall y: during the week on th e weekend any day during the week 4. 

### The first time 

### I ever visited 

### FRSP was: before 1975 between 1976·1980 between 1981
- 1985 between 1986-1990 after 1990 

### 5. I go t o FHSP: 0·5 times per yea r because it ' s the only 6-10 time s per year pa rk around 11- 20 times 

### per year 21-50 times per year because i rs the best

5H times per year park atound 6. Onascaleoflto 10(1 i stheworst, IOistbebest) , howwouldyourate FHSP 

### as a recreation resource? (circle one) 2 3 4 

# s 6 7 8 9 I 0
116



### VES 008054

### rF YOU HAV£ 

### BEEN VISTITNG I'HSP SINCE BEFORE 1985, PLEASE ANSWER 

### 11-IE FOUO\\'ING QUESTIONS: 7 . Has the quali t y ofthe water in 

### the d1r7C FHSP lakes improved since . 1

985? yes, 

### a lot
8 . Hasthefishingimprove1 since 1 985? yes, a 

### li ttle 

### no, not at all


### yes, a 

### lot yes, a little 

### no, not a1 all 

### 9 . 

### Has the quality 

### ofthe park grounds 

### iln!Juwdsince before 

### 1985 (i.e., trash is 

### picked up, grass is 

### regularly mowed, 

### restrooms are clean)? yes, 

### a lot yes, 

### a linle 

### no , not at all 10. Is 

### FHSP a 

### safer place to reacute (i.e., 

### fish, jog, walk, picnic) 

### now than it 

### was before 1 985? yes, 

### a lot yes , a linle DO, not at all 

### II. Do 

### you use the park 

### llld its 

### liloilities mae row than 

### you 

### did before 1985? yes, 

### a lot yes, a little no, not at all**~why** 

### d o you use the park more? (dleck all 

### that apply)
The 

### fishing is b ett er now than 

### it was 

### The water is cleaner 

# aro more attractive The 

### park is 

### a lllllCh safer 

### place to go There is 

### more to do at 

### the park 

# Other
-- - ------ Other 

# - ------ ----

l17 

### Majoc 

### Minor 

### Reason Reason

VES 008055

### 12. Please**prov id~**  

### any commeniS you have regarding FHSP.

TIIANK YOU 1 b r llll.'>Willing 

### this questionnaire. Please return 

### your oompleted questiormaire to 

### the concessi on stand. the paik 

### offiCe, or by 

### mailing 

### it using the self -addressed, suunped oove lope 

### to:

118



### VES 008056T ab l e 27. S unu!W)' of User Survey R esponses 

### Percent of M1mb•r of responses to

responses the questiotl Response Numbel' 123 4 56789 10 II 1 2 13 1 4 

### 15 16 17 Que$ i on I



### a. mule 1 1111 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 2 70 . 6 b . foOUlle I I I I I 5 29 .4 to1Jl1 

### 1 7 100 

### age < 20 0 0.0

21
- 30 I 5. 9 31 -4 0 I I I I . I 

## s 29 . 4 41-50 1 I I I I I 

### 7 4 1 .2**51~0** 3 17 . 6 60 + I 5.9 total 1 7 100. 0 Question 2

• . fish 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 

### 10 58 .8 

### b. jog/w a lk I I I I I 

# s 29 . 4 c.**~cnic** I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I 13 76.5 d. ike I I I I 4 23.5 e . bird watch I I 

### 5.9 ( boallcaooe 0 0 . 0 g.**~mily** outing I 2 11 .8 h . boy scouting 0 0 . 0 i. other I I 3 1 7. 6 Question 3

a. ckuing the week 0 0.0 b . on the weekend I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I 10 58.8 c . my day I I 1 I I 1 7 41.2 total 1 7 1 00 . 0 Question4

a. before 197 5 I I 1 1 1 I l I I 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 6 94. 1 b. 1 976- 1980 0 0 . 0 c . 1981 -1 985 0 0.0 d. 198 6
- 1990 I 5.9 c. a fior 199 1 0 0.0 total 17 1 00.0 Quostioo 5

a. G-5 times I I I 3 1 7 .6 b. 6-10 times 0 0.0 

### c . ll -20 

### times 11 1 3 17.6 d. 2 1 -50 times I I I 4 23.5 e. 51+ times 1 I I I I I I 7 4 1.2 total 1 7 100.0 Question 6 9l010101010 810 5

a. 

### FHSP Ranking 7 7 9 10 10 10 810 total 153 100.0

(G- 10) average 9 ll9



### VES 008057T able 27. Concluded 

### Percem of N

um bo r of responses to respon.res the que.ttlon Question 7

W

a ter quali ty impr ove ? 

### n. l ots I 1 I I I II I I 1 I I 1 4 82 .4 b . little I 5 . 9 c. n o 0 0 . 0 tota l 1 5 88. 2 Question 8

Fishing improve? 

### a. lots I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 1 3 16. 5 b . little 2 11 . 8 

### c. no 0 0 . 0 to tal 15 88.2 Question 

### 9

Park grounds improve? n

. lots I 1 11 111 1 1 I I I I 1 7 1 00 . 0 b . litde 0 0.0 c . no 0 0.0 tota l 17 100. 0 Qu estion 1 0 

### Safer to 

### recreate? a. lots 11111 1 11 I I 1 1 I 1 I 17 100.0 b . litt le 0 0.0 

### c. no 0 0 . 0 total 1 7 100. 0 Ques1ion II

Use park m ore? a. lots I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 14 82.4 b . little I I I 3 17.6 e . no 0 0.0 total 17 1 00.0 

### If

ye s, a. 

### I O'lo m ore 2 ll.8 b. 25% rnore I 

### 5.9 e . 50% more I 2 11.8 d . 75%Wof0 I I 

### 5 29.4 c . 100%more I I 

### 5 29. 4 total IS 88.2 If yes ( 1 major, 2 minor) 

### a. fishing is better I I J I I 1 I I I 10 58.8 b . water is cleaner I I I 1 I I 2 I 1 I I 13 76.5 c. parltis 

## sar ... I 2 I II I I I I I I I IS 88.2 d. more to do 1 11 111 I I I I 1 I 14 82 .4 c . other I 2 11.8 

### Question 1 2 other comments I I I I I . J I I 14 82 .4 (I positive , 2 negative) 2 I 

### 5.9 1 20 total 1 5 88 .2



### VES 008058T11e overa ll i mpact . on the park of the c hange i n park · management, the implemen!lltion of th e USEPA
-assisted Clean Lakes Program, and the lake restorat ion work do n e to mit i gate routi ng ofl
-255 tb.rougb t he park has been very significant. Gone 

### are the criminals and the l and sc.ape 

### strewn wilb garbage and urb.ao trash and choked w ith uncut grass . Gone a lso are the weed · lilled, sh allow lakes overrun by**r~ugh** fish (Roberts et al., 1 988) . F

rank Holten State Pa rk is now 

### safe to visit and disp l ays a l andscape and l akes that are aesthetic a lly attractive . This ·setting regul arly attracts large number s of picnickers. The expanse o f open water is extensive enough to invite the u s e of small recreational boats . Day v i sits to the park b.ave increased significantly . For example, on Memorial Day 1979, approximately 1000 people visited the park ; o n Memorial Day 1991, that number 

### increased to nearly 17,000. Use of the 

### golf course has increased as well; women now 

### use the cours e, and tournaments are regularly held there . Park officials have observed many more families vi sit i ng 

### in recent years than during 

### the late I9?0s . 

### Family reuni on s and church picnics 

### occur regularly at 

### the park, and 

### groups now need to re serve park 

### space one year in advance . Tlte ea rly morning hours find walkers and joggers at FHSP , including group s o f women who would not have dri ven, let alone 

### walked, through 

### the park in 

### the late 1970s and early 1980s . Boy 

### Scout troops 

### use FHSP 

### fucilities each year to 

### enhance their 

### slcills during organized scouting events. Area j unior high schools also reserve the park each year for special events, and high schools hold cross-country meets there each 

### fall (ibid.). Fishing bas also increased noticeably after !DOC completed dredging the FHSP Lakes . Anglers are numerous enough to 

### support a bait shop , which opened in 

### 1988. A boat renta l conces sion als o opened t ha t same year. The extent of these positive changes a t FHSP considerably exceeded the expectations ofmost ofth e professionals involved with the park and l ake restoration**projec~** when project 

### planning began in the mid
- 1970s (ibid.). Currently, the area near the inlet of the stoun drain at Lake I i s blighted with urban 

### debris such as tires, cans, and sho pping carts. It a l so reeks ofa fuul sten ch even during win ter months. This st orm drain serves a very low-density , light nonresidential land use
12 1



### VES 008059

### for the 

### Bi state Deve l opment Agency 

### Station Garage and a school with a l ar

ge paved playground. A 

### stom1water detention basin 

### serves the station ga:rage before rainwater flows in to tlle w· ainage sy-stem. 

### Figure 5 sOO\VS 

### viem of the detention basin, the i nl et to the undergroutl d stmm drain fo r crossing the Lake Drive enst of the l ake, and the ou tlet of the drain 

### discharging into the 

### lake. These three p ipe drains 

### a l ways h ave standing, stagnant wa t er, which i s invariably septic 

### atd 

### emits a foul odor . 

### The bay area into wbi dl the stonu drain discharges has soft, black, septic bottom sediments resembling sewage sludge . Aesthetic conditions in and 

### aroun d the storm drain and bay area co uld be and 

### sho u

ld be 

### improved by increasing the water 

### circulalionfmovement patt e

ms, and 

### by e liminating anoxic conditions of the lake 

### bottom 

### sediments in and 

### around this bay 

### area Park visitors use this area e.x t ensively for 

### bank fishing. 

### F

igure 20 

### shows '<iews of Harding 

### Ditc h and 

### the dredged spoi l disposal 

### site. As 

### indicated earlier, Harding 

### Ditcl! was relocated along the 

### western edge of 

### Lake 3. However, th e hydraulic oonditi ons of llie drainage sys1em 

### are 

### such that heavy rainfall events, and 

### fiows from th e Ditdl back up 

### into the Jake through 

### the outlet in the lake. This problem is 

### furth e r oomp otmded by 

### logjams in the Ditcl! botb upstream and 

### downstream of the 

### lake ' s outlet. These logjams 

### also cause uncontrollable backup of water into Lake 3 , resulting in the in undation of 

### timberland between Lake 3 and 

### Lake 2 Since the com p letion ofdredging operations in 1984, the disposal sites have been 

### overgrown with volunteer native 

### timber and 

### vegetation.

122

V E S 0 0 8 060Hard in g Di t' Ch lade n w i t h

Figure 20 . Ha rd ing Ditch and dredged spoi l dep osal s i te 123



### VES 008061

### - i"iigh w ate r !evels in Lake 3 inund a ti ng tim ber

D red ged spoi l disposa l s i te wilh native bushes and trees

Figu re 2 0 . C onc luded 1 2 4



### VES 008062

### CONCLU S I ONS AN D 

### RECOM l li

i E N DATIO NS Co nc l us ions The overall impact 

### on U 1 e 

### parl<. of the · cbange m park management, tbe i mplCllltntat i o n oftl1e USEI'A-assisted CLean lakes Program, and 

### the completed 

### l ake restoration wor k 

### bas been 

### very significant Fr ank Holten State Park i s now safe to visit 

### and 

### displays a 

### landscape and 

### lal<.es that 

### are aesthetical l y attracti ve . A geoernl user smvey 

### carried 

### out clwing 

### the summer of 

### 199 1 reveakxl thai 

### the park fucllities 

### are ronsidered 

### safe mel 

### higbly 

### 1'll1ed 

### as a recreational resource. Gone 

### are the 

### vandals 

### and 

### criminal elements 

### ltld the lllldscape SlreWll 

### with grubage 

### and urban trash 

### and 

### choked wiib 

### uncut grass - and 

### this OCQIJTed soon after the implementation of 

### the restoration of d 1e l akes 

### and 1nanagemcrt 

### of the 

### parkgrounds in 

### lhe late 

### 1 970s. Ail;o 

### gone are the weed
-filled, 

### s h

allow lakes o v

emm by 

### ro Ugh fish. A creel survey 

### conducted in the laJres 

### from March 

### 15 to N ovem ber 15, 199 1 , reveals lhat the fisb 

### and 

### fishing opportunities are of very poor qu ality
. 

### TI1e 

### respondents, specifi cally 

### angl ers , indicaled lhat they rate the fishing opportunity at 2.7 on a scale of 

### 1
- 10. The 

### poor quality 

### of fisheries in 

### the lakes 

### can partly be 

### attributed to the total absence 

### of my 

### aquatic 

### maaopbyte 

### beds in the 

### lakes. Even the 

## undred&OO areas of Lakes I and 

### 2 are delloid of rooted 

### vegetation. The lakebeds 

### are devoid of sny 

### aquatic habitat stroc1ures 

### md resemble an aquatic desert. 

### Additionally , these 

### lakes have not hem 

### restocked with game fish periodically. 

### in recent years. • The oxyg en 

### cooditioos in 

### the l al..-e are very similar 

### to conditions at 

### Jakes 

### in other 

### parts of 

### the sta te. 

### The surface 

### DO 

### conoentratioos in 

### these Jakes were not statistically differen t 

### between the poSt-restora t ion and 

### restorati on periods. 

### Lake 2, 

### the deepest of 

### tlle 

### three lakes, 

### exhibits 

### typical summer b1rutification, 

### and the t wo 

### shallow l akes exhibit temperature gradients d u

ring summer months. The 

### oxygen conditions at depths below 

### 8 to 

### 10 feet 

### from the 

### suffilre are 

### also below SUmdard 

### during S\lltlll1(2' 

### months. 

### • AD the Jakes 

### continue 10 be**hi~** 

### eulropltic, exhibiting high 

### nutrient concentrations, low Sea:bi disc 

### visibility, higb ClX)'I!I:D 

### deplEtion during SUII1ll1tY, high 

### chlorophyU a

VES 008 0 63

### concentra tio ns, etc . Dredging di d not significant ly euhance the physi cal , chemical, and biologi cal water 

### quality characteristics in tbe 

### lakes, bul 

### the J ake 

### volume in eaeh l ake has increased and 

### excessi ve weed growtb h as been 

### brought under 

### control. • There was 

### n o statistical difference between the data observed during the restoration and po st-restoratio n periods for the fullow iug param eters : surfuce dissolved oxygen, to tal 

### and disoolved p h

osph at.e-P, total suspended sol ids , and chlorophyll a. 

### Significantly high levels o f ni tr

ate were measured in Lake 

### 3 compared to the ot her two l akes dming th e post-restoration and restoration periods. 

### Bathymetri c conditions in 

### the l akes hav e 

### been very stable since the completion of the dr

edging pro j ects.**Sedimen~n** 

### bas been very l ight, ranging f:ium 0.5 to I 

### foot. Som e of this may 

### have resuhed trom 

### sloughing of 

### bed material during the dredging p

eriod. 

### The limit ed sediment inputs to 

### the lakes further 

### support the effect i veness of rerouting Ha l'ding Di t eh in reducing sediment 

### inputs to the lakes . • Sedim ent inputs 

## trom the 

### storm drains 

### into 

### Lakes 1 and 2 were 

### miDimal for the two full 

### y ears of study 

### (l ess than 

### 50 tons eaeh 

### year) . 

### Based on the average to abo v e a

verage preci p

ilatioo fur the 

### period, these !lUlnbers 

### can be 

### considered representative of "nonnal" coudit ions. • The Harding Ditch sedimeot inputs of 1279 

### tons fur 

### Water**~ear** 

### 1 99 1 and 823 

### tons f or Water Year 1992 indicate t hat sediment input to Lake 3 is like l y to be more variable. These sedimeol 

### inputs represent in-lake sedim ent accumulatio n of 0.015 feet and 0. 01 feet, respectively . Anticipating an annual loss near the bigha- of these values, sediment 

### accumulation rates will 

### be 0 . 015 

### feet pcr year or 

### I foot every 

### 67 years. . 

### • Because of the 

### concentration of sediment input 

### from : Harding Ditch, this
. 

### aocumulation sbc>uld not 

### be expected 

### to 

### be eveoly distn'buted. 

### I nstead, it 

### sh ould 

### be expected 

### to · concentrate 

### near the Ditch 

### connection. Thi<> process may already 

### be indicated in 

### the lake by 

### a slight distortion oflake depth distribution as shown in figure 

### 12. 

### • H ydrologic conditions 

### fur tbe two-year evaluation period 

### iOOicate 

### that in general, an inflow rurplus exists 

### fur all 

### of the 

### lakes during the 

### winter 

### and spring. 

### For these
126



### VES 008064

### seasons, evaporation rates ore l ow 

### and the ground-water table is higll, 

### resulting in stable and 

### generally high l alre 

### l evel s . In 

### the summer and 

### faU, evaporati o n 

### and ground-water infiltration rates are higher, and l ake levels for Lakes 

### J and 2 "decline 

### steadily except following 

### heavy rainfall 

### periods. Levels in 

### Lak e 3 

### appear tO 

### be maintained by 

### the makeup flo w 

### provided by 

### Harding Ditch. Clearing of Hardi ng D itch tO maximize flow capacity would catainly l ower 

### Lake 3 water levels by I

### 5 tO 2 

### feet. Overall, the restOration program 

### had a vt'1)' 

### positive, aesthetically pleasing. and beneficial impact on 

### the SUllOUilding 

### urbm area The 

### lakes and park system 

### draw significantly 

### more visitors tO 

### this 

### recreatiooaJ area compared 

### to the pro-restoration ptriod. 

### Recommendations • Alleviate anoxic conditions in tl1e 

### da.-per waters of the 

### lakes . The dissolved oxygen 

### oonditioos 

### in the lake deteri orate 

### during the 

### summer months, thus limiting 

### the extent of



### fish babitaL • Carty out a detailed investigation to 

## idemi1Y and alleviate the causes ofa tOtal lack of submugtrl vegeuttion 

### in the 

### lalres, \\bicb 

### severely 

### restricts the 

### habitai 

### fur 6sb and fish 

### 8xxl organisms. This 

### may also be the ¢marY 

### reason for the poor 

### quality of fisheries 

### in the lakes 

### as revealed by 

### aeel 

### census. IMal1 artificial fish 

### cribs, brush, md 

### other 

### 6sb habitat struciUres 

### at str.Uegic locations tO improve fisheries. f\wly 

### techniques 

### fer restoring aquatic vegetation fourd 

### sucocssful by Roseboom el 

### al. (1989) 

### in Pooria 

### Lake. Remove bottom sedimcniS in and 

### around the stomJ 

### drain bay 

### area of Lake I tO alleviate anoxic conditions. As 

### an alternative, this area 

### being shallower th,'\n 

### 4 

### feet, a horizontal flow mechanical mixing and aeration device sboold 

### be considered. This 

### would alhance the oxic conditions 

### ill the water 

### and the 

### sediments, and 

### thus mitigate 

### the 

### pe.-vasive fOul smell.

127



### VES 008065

### Control stagnant 

### conditions in the storm drainpipe culverts in Lake I 

### by unproving the hydraulic circulation patterns in the culverts using a strategical l y placed ci r culating pump. Remove tl1e 

### logj am in 

### Harding Ditch, 

### which causes flow to back up int o Lake 3, 

### causing inundation probl ems. Maint ain the Ditch for maximum hydrau lic 

### flow. Complete construction of the Harding Ditch levee across outlet from Lake 3 to provide protection of lake >)'Stan 

### from 

### pollution by 

### stonnwate.-. Omside.- construcrion ofnew 

### outlet works 

### 10.. tile lake system to 

### limit bacldlow of water fit>m tbe Ditch and at the sainc time 

### aflow Ol&flows from Lake 

### 3. Stoun event 

### impoct of 

### the ditch 

### on the lakes would be reduced, 

### but makeup water 

### to 

### maintain summer lake levels shwld still be able to 

### enter the 

### lake. Omtrol water 

### level in Harding 

### Ditch to 

### back up 

### water t hrough Lake 3 to Lakes l and 

### 2 to maintain all 

### three lnk es at 

### a common level. This may n ecessitate ci£ocing of the "siphon" and 

### lowering the bEd of the interconnecting channel between Lakes 2 

### and 3.

128



### VES 008066REFERENCES American Public Health Association ( APHA), American Water Works Associ ation (A W\"1 A), and Water Polluti on Contro l Federation (WPCF) . 1 989. StMdard methods for 

### the excmunation of water 

### <md "''GStewater . APHA, Washington, D . C., 17t

h editi on. Ball ard, S . 1 992. Nalural Heritage Biologist, Illi nois Department o f Conservation, Personal Commun i ca

tions . Baystate Environmen tal Consul tants, Inc. 1987. Evaluation of the Nutting Lake dredgi11g prqgram . Baysrato E nvironmental Consultants, I nc., East Longmeadow , MA. Bhasin, V.K. 1 988. "Lake dredging boosts recreational and aesthetic environm ents." Public Works 118(8): 78
-79. -Boda. m

e

r , M.A. 1 99 2. Clean Lakes Program phase ll project report fo r Lake Sprl ng{wld. City Water, Light, and Power, Springfield, IL. Brigham, A.Q. 1 984. Water quality in Frank Holten State Park. July 1977 through June 1984. Illinois Natural History Survey , Champaign, IL. Carlson, R . E. 1977. "A trophic state index for lak es." Litwtology and Oceanography. 22(2): 36 1-369. Chapra, S . C., and K.M . Reckbow . 1983 . Engineering approaches 

### for lake manageme111, · volume 2: Mechanical11wdeling. B utterworth Publications, · Boston, MA. Cooke , G.D. , and R.H . Kennedy. 1 981. PrecipitaJ i on and inactivation of phosphorus as a lake restoration technique. EPA
- 600/3-81-012, U . S . EPA , Corvallis, OR . Cooke, O.D., E.B. Welch, SA. Peterson, and P.R. Newroth. 1986. Lake and reservoir restorat ion .**Butterw~rtb** Publications, Boston, MA . Cronberg, 0. 1982. "Changes in the phytoplankton of Lake TIUIJIIIlen induced by restoration." H ydr ob i ologia (Neth.) 86: 185 .. Dierberg, F.E., and V.P. Williams . 1989. "Lake management techniques in Florida, USA : · Costs and water quality effects. " Environnmental Management 13(6): 729-742. Dooris , P.M. , V . 

### Ley , and D.F . Martin. 1982. "Labora tory experiments as an aid to lake restoration decision malcing" Wa.ter Resources Bulletin 18 (4) : 599-603.

129



### VES 0 0 8 067Dunst, IC C. 1982. "Sed iment p rob l ems and lake res t o ration in W isco tts in ." Environme nt International 7:87 . · Dunst, R.C., S.M . Born, P.O . Uttemiark, SA. 

### Smith, SA. N i chols, 10. Peterso n , DR . Knauer, S 1.. Sems, DR. Winter, and T. L . Winh. 1974. 

### Swwy of lake rel•ah•lrtation techniques and experiences. TeclWcal Bulletin No . 75, Depanment ofNarural Resources, Madi son, WI. Edmondson , W. T. 1968 . Water qru1/ity mmwgemenl and l a

ke emrophicotion : 71te Lake Wtt.tltington Case. Water 

### Re so u rces MaiUlgement 

### and Publi c P olicy, U niversi ty 

### of Was hingt o n Press, Seaule , W A . . Edmondson, W.T . 1 969. "Eutrophication in North America." In: Eutrophicatio n: 

### Causes, Consequences, and Corrtction, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC , pp. 124-149. Edmondson, W . T. 1970. "Phosphorus, nitrogen, and algae in Lake Washington after diveni o n of sew age. " Science 169: 690·691. Edmondson , W . T. 1990 . "Lak e Wflshing ton entered a new state in 1 9 88 ." lnt er

national e Verei nigung fuer 11reoretlsche und Angewandt e Llmnologic 24(1): 428-430. Eicken, G. 1990. Frank Holten State Park lAke watershed inventory . The Association 

### ofllli nois Soil 

### and Wate.- ConselVation Districts, Springfield, 

### FL Emerry , R.M ., C. E. Moon, and E . B . Welch. 1973. "Delayed recovery of a mesotrOpbic lake after nutrient diversi on.• Journal of Water Pollu tion Control Federation 45(5): 913·925. Eutnm co Engineers, Inc . 1986. Wapato Lake restoration : A di scu.J s ion tJf design consld8J•aflons, construction te chniques and perfomumce moniUJring. 

### Entranco Engineers , Inc ., Kirkland, W A. Fillos, J., and R.W. Swanso n . 197 5. "Tbe rel ease rate ofnutrienl$ from river and lake sediments. • Journal of Water PollutiOII ControlFederation 4 7(5): 1 032-1042. FJeeman, P .L ., 

### and R . P ,**Canal~.** 1979 . "!Jq)act ofwaste diversion on water quality in l a

k

es." Journal of 

### the Environme/1/al Engi ne

eri ng Divi sion, Proc . ASCE 1 05(BES) : 867-881. Fruh , E.O. 1 967. " The overnll picllu -e o f eutrophication . " Journal of WatL'I' Pollution Comrol Federation 39(9): 144 9 -1468 .

130



### VES 008068Gamson, P . J., and D . R. Knauer. 1 983. 

### Lake res10ra1ion: Ajive-year**evt~lllalion** of/he 

### .Mirror 1111d Slwdow Lakes Projea, Waupaca, Wisconsin. .EPA-600/3-83.010 , U.S. EPA , Corvallis , OR . Gibbs & Olson, Inc. 1 985 . Lake Saco,iowea reswr ation project, Cit y q(Langview ,. Washington. Gibbs & Olson, Inc ., Longview, W A . Hasper, S.H. 1985 . " R estoration of Lake Yelume, the Netherlands, b y red uction of phosp h orus l oad ing and n usbi.ng." Water Science & Technology (G.B.) 1 7(415): 757
- 768 .**H~ .**  Meisenheimer , & Gencle, I nc . 1 975. F easib ility smdy for re/ocaJion of Harding D i tch and lake dredging m Frank Holten 

### SUlle Park CDB projecl no . I02·606- 001, Carlyle, I L H

olmgren. S. 1985 . •Phytop lankton in polluted subarctic lake before and after nutrient reduction." Water Research (G . B.) 19( 1): 63-7 1. Hutchinson, G . E. 1 9 57. A treatise on limnology, volume I: gecgraphy, physics , and chemistry. John Wiley ami Sons, Inc ., New York, NY . lllinoi s Enviro nmental Protection Agency (IEPA). 1987. Quality assurance tmd fi e ld methods manual. Planning Section, Division of Wa t er Polluti on Control , Springfield, I L . lllinois Environmental Protectio n Agcocy ( lEPA) . 1 990 . Clean Lakes**Progri111~** phase 0 p r oject, 

### report for Lake Le-Aqua
- Na, Stephenson County, 

### Jllincis . La k e and Watershed Unit, Pl8nniog 

### Secliot\ Division of Water P ollution ContrOl, Springfield, 

# a. lllinois Pollution Control Bosrd (IPCB) . 1 990 . Tille 35: En,;ronmental protectio11 subtitle C : water pollullon chapter /: Pollution Ccmrol Board, State ofIllinois, rules and regulations. Springfiel d, IL
. · Kelly, M.H., an d R. L. Hite. 1 981. Che mical analysis of surficial sediments from 63 Illinois Iaker, summer 1 979. IEPA , Monitoring Unit, Marion, lL. 

### Kennedy Consulring Engineers . I 9 85. Liberty 

### Lake restoration proje ct, compl etion 1-epart. K ennedy 

### Consulting Engineers, Spokane, W A. Ket o, J . 1982. ' Tl1 e recovery of Lake Vesijarvi fullowing sewage divc:nion." Hydrobio/Qgia (Neth.) 

### 86(112): 195-199. Key.:s Associates . 1982. Gorton Pond, Warwic/cRhotk Jslmul, lake r estorationproject. Phase 1 : diagJtostic/feaslbility study. Keyes Associates, Providence, 

### RJ . 13 1

VES 008069Kothandaraman, V., and R.L. Evans. 1 975. "Some water quauty aspects in a nascent impoundment in centr al Illinoi s." 

### n·ansactions, J71iiJOis 

### Academy of Science 68(3) : 292·303. K othandaraman, V., and 

### · RL. Evans. 1983 a. 

### Diagnostic-feasibility srudy 

### ofJohnson Sauk 

### Trail Lake. I SWS Cootl'ftct Rcpon 312, State Water Survey Divis i on, Water 

### Qualiry Section, Peoria, IL. Kotbandaraman , V ., and R.L. Evan s . 1983 b . 

### DiagMstic,( ea

sibilily study ofLake 

### Le· Aqua · Na . ISWS Contrnet Report 313 , Sta te Water 

### Survey Di visio n , Water 

### Qualiry Sect i on, Peoria, IL. Lathrop , R.C . 1 990. " Response of Lake Mendota (Wisconsin, USA) to decreased phosphorus loadings and the effect on downs tream lakes ."**lntert~Dlit>nnla** 

### Vereinigungfuer Theorerische und 

### Angewandto Limnologte 24(1): 457-463. Lily Lake Protection and Rehabili tation Oislrict (LLPRO). 1 98 1. lily Lalcs 

### Protection and Reirabilitatkm Project , Fino/ Report, De cember 1981. (US EPA Grant No. S00 5687), Wisconsin Department of Narural Resources, Madison, WI. Mackenthun, K
. M
. 1969. The 

### practice ofwa ter pollution biology . U .S . Depanment of 

### the Int erior, Federal Water 

### Pollution Cont rol Administration, Washington, DC. Mahan, B. 1992. District W'ddlife 

### Manager , Illinois Department of Cortservation, 

### P

ersonal Co!Wllurtications. Mikula, R . 1985 . Lalcs 

### Lansing dredging evaluation sntdy, 

### 1978 -1984 Michigan Department of Natwal Resoun:es , Lansing. MI. Moore, L. , , and K. Thornton. 1988. 

### Lak e. and reservoir restoration guidance manual, EPA 440/5
-88-002, USEPA , Wailhingoon , DC. Moss , B ., H. Balls, K. I rvine, and 

### J . Stansfield. 1986. "Resoorarion of tw o lowland lakes 

### by isolation from nutrient
-rich water sources w i1h and without removal of sed . iment. • 

### Journnl of Applied Ecology 23(2): 391-414. Moss, B. , 

### J. Slaosfield, and K. Irvine. 1990. "Problems in the restorati on o f a h}'pe111'0phic lake by diversion of a 

### nutrient-rich inflow. • 

### /ntemationale Verei11igu11gfuer '171eoretisclle und Angewandte Limnologie 24 ( 1): 56 8-572 . 

### Olem, 

### H., and 

### G. Flock (eds.) . 

### 1 990 . Lake and re.<ervoir restoration guidaruxt manual. Second edition. EPA 440 / 4-9(}. 006, US EPA, Washington, DC .

132



### VES 00 8 07 0

### Poonsylvaz ua Depaztment of Enviromnental**Re.~ources** (PDER). 1 98 8 . Dredging o.f North Pa rk 

### l ak e, Co zmry of Allegheny. Pennsylvania. PDER., Hamsb urg, PA . Peterson, S.A. 198 1 . Sediment rem o val as a lake resto ra tion te chnique . EPA-600/3-81
- 013, USEPA, Corvallis, OR . Pettit, CR , D.J. Jolmson, and V .R. Fr eder i ck. 1 98 2. Hyde Park Lake restoration project, Niilgara F alls , New York. New York Stat e Department of E n viro nment al 

### Conservation , Albany, NY . · Reckhow, K.M., and S.C. Cbapra. 1 983 Engineering approaches for lake management, volume I · Data analysis and empirical modeling. Butterworth Pu blieat i ons , Bost o

n, MA. Refield, 

### G. (ed . ). 

### 1987. Lake and Reservoir Management , an international j ournal , Volume Ul, N orth American Lake Management Society, Washington, DC. Refield, 

## o , ( ed.). 1988 . Lake and Reservoir Management , an international journal, Volume IV., North American Lake Management Society, Washington, DC. Rehfeldt, K.R., R.K . Raman, S.D. Lin, and RE. Broms. 1 992 . Assessment of proposed discharge of groundwater to surface waters of the American Bottoms a rea af southwestern Illinois. 

## isws Contrac t Re port 539, 

### Champaign, 

### lL . R oberts, 

### D., R. Roads, 

### l'v1 Cochran , C . Gatbing , and 

### D . 

### Sefton. 1988. C lea11 lakes and change at F rank Holten State Park (W!pllblished). Roberts , W., and J.B. Stall. 1967. Lake Evaporation in Jlli11ois . ISWS Report of Investigation 57, Champaign , IL . R

os eboom, DP., R . M .**Twai~** and T .E. Hill. 1989. Restoration of Peoria Lake Wallop



### Breaux sportftSIJ restoration project F
-55
- R. Prepared 

### for illinoi s 

### Department of Conservation. Sawyer , C.N. 1 952. "Some new aspeclli of phosphate in relation to l ake fertilizatio n .' ' Sewage mzdIndustrial Wastes, 24(6): 768 · 776. . Seals , T. 1992 . District Forester, Illinois Depar1ment of Conservation, Personal CoUlDlunications. Southwestern illinois Metropolitan and Regional Planning Commi s sion (SIMRPC). 1983. Frarzk Holten State Park WaterShed project. SWIL-MAPC 83-02, Collinsville, I L. 

### Tennessee W il

dlife ResourCes Agency (IWRA) . 1985 . Reelfoot Lake, an assessme11t for water level manag ement . 

### T\VRJ\., Nashville, TN.
133



### VES 0080 71U.S . Departinen t o f Agriculture. 1978. Soil Survey q{St. Clair County, 11/inois. Soil Conserva ti on Servi ce , U. S. Depatm 1 ent o f Agriculture. U.S. Envi ronmental Protection Agency (US E PA) . 1979 . Lake resto>·ation · Proceedings of a national conference, August, 22 · 24 , 1978, Minneapolis, lv!N, EPA-440/ 5.79 · 001, USEPA, Washington DC . U . S. Eovirowueuta l Protect i on A gen cy (USEPA). 1980. Clean lakes guidance manual. EPA
-440/5
- 81-003 , Office of Water Regulations 

### and Standards, Washin gton, DC. URS Co . 1985 . Lake Fe nwick restoration project. URS Co., Seatt l e, WA. Varis, 0 . 1990. "Development of phytoplankton 

### community in res tored eutrophic l ake · A multi variale analysis." lntemationale Vereinigung ji1er Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologle 24( 1 }: 693-697. Vollenweider, R .A . 1968. Scient!fic fundamen tals of lakes flowing waters, with parti cular reference to nitrogen. and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. DASJCSl/68.27, Organization 

### tor Economic Cooperation and Devel opment, Paris, France. Walpole, ll E., and R. H. Myers . 1985. Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists. Third edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, NY. Wang , W . C. , W.T. Sullivan, and R.L. Ev ans. 1973. A teclmiquejor evaluating algal growth potential in Illinois swface waters. ISWS Report of Investigation 72, 

### Champa.igl) , IL . Wedepohl, 

### R.E. , D.R. Knauer, 

### G.B. Wo lbert, 

### H . Olem, P.J . Garrison , an d K. Kepford. 1990. Monitoring lake a11d reservoir restoration. EPA 440 /4 -90-007, USEPA, Washington, 

### DC. Wel ch, E. B. 1981. 

### The dilution/flushing 

### teclulique in lake restoration EPA-{)00/3-8 1· 0 1 6 , US E PA, Con>allis, OR. Welch, E.B. , 

### and C.R. Patrnont 1 980
. " Lake restoration 

### by diluti on : Moses Lake, Washington." Water Research (G.B.) 14(9): 1317
- 1325. Welch, E.B., C.A . Rock, R.C. Howe, and M.A. P eddns . 1980. 

### "Lake Salllllllllllish response to wastewater diversion and increasing mbao runoff" Water Research (G.B.) 14(7): 821-828.

1 34



### VES 008072

### Welch, E. B. , D .E. Spyridakis. J.l. 

### Sinister, 8nd RR Homer. 19 86. "Declining lake sediment phosphorus 

### rel ease end OJC)Igel 

### deficit foJJo Y.ing wastewater divers ioo." 

### Journal ofWmer Pollution Comrol Federation 58(!): 92-96.

135



### VES 008073

### APP ENDIX

) 36



### VES 008074

### Table AI . Fis h Caught by 

### A.ngJers a t Frank Ho l ten Sta t e Pa rk Lak es from .March 15 

### to Novembe r 15, 

### 1 992 Ntmt.be•· Species Number/hour caught Number/acre 

### Bl

ack crappie .036 2391 15.14 

### Bluegill .328 23568 14 9 .17 Olannel catfish .064 . 2 846 24.34 

### Drum . 00 1 102 .65 

### Largemouth bass .032 1520 9.62 

### Rainbow t rout .013 1144 7.24 

### Redear sunfish .004 194 

### 1.23 White crappie .151 6069 38.4 1 

### Yellow bass . 061 · 3683 23.31 

### Miscellaneous .029 1642 10.39 

### Total .719 44159 279.49
Pounds Average weight Species Pounds / hour caught Pounds/acre (pounds) Black 

### crappie .005 348 2.202 . 1455 

### Bluegill .036 2476 15 . 668 . 1050 Channel catfish .043 1966 12.446 . 5113 Dnnn .00 1 99 .630 .9789 

### Largemouth bass .01 4 764 4.832 .5022 

### Rainbow trout .009 769 4 . 868
. 6752 

### Redear sunfish .001 39 .245 .1992 

### White crappie .029 999 6:32 1 

### .1646 Yellow Bass .002 146 .927 .0398 Miscellaneous .025 1607 10.!70 9766 Total .165 9213 58.309 .2086


### N ot es: Information provided above pertains to 

### the total num . ber 

## am wei ght of fish caught. 

### .Miscellaneous category: FL<;b caught 

### in too 

### low a quantity 

### to be included in 

### the summaty - yellow and black bullhead, 

### carp, giz;z.ard, shad, etc. · 137



### VES 008075T a bl t A2. Flsh Har vest ed at Frank Holten S ta te Pa rk La kes from March 1 5 to Nov ember 15 , 1992 Numbec Species Numbe r /h o ur harv ested Number / ac r e Black crappi e .009 

### 828 5.24 B l

uegill .214 1 47

0 6 93. 0 8 Cbarute l**catli~** . 047 

### 2738 1 7.33 Drum . 000 86 

### .55 Largemouth bass .003 

### 2? ' -4 1.4 1 Rainbow tro ut . 012 1 041 6.59 R

edeared 

### sunfish .004 133 . .84 White crappie .076 2663 . 16 . 86 Yellow bass .011 6 1 9 3.92 Mi scellaneous .0 21 1269 8.04 Total · .397 24305 1 53.84 Pmmds Average w

e ight

Species Pmotdslho u r harvested P o unds/acre {pounds} Black crappie .002 215 1 359 . 2 594 Bluegill .032 2205 13.957 .1499 

### Channel catfish .041 1856 ) 1.749 .6779 

### Drum .001 9 9 .628 1.1527 Largemouth bass .005 322 2 . 039 \.4504 Rainbow trout 

### .009 720 4.556 . 69 12 Redeared sunfish . 000 36 . 226 .2691 White crapp i e . 023 731 4 .629 . 2747 Y

ellow bass .000 

### 42 .263 .0670 Miscellaneous .023 1507 9.538 1. 1872 To tal .1 3 6 773 3 48.944 .3182


### Notes: Fish harvested represent the 

### tOOll ownber and weight 

### of fish kep t 

### (t otal fish ca

ught minus th e 

### fish rel eased back). 

### Miscellaneous categocy: Fish 

### caugbt 

### in too l ow a qua n tity to be included in the 

### swmnary - yellow and 

### black bullhead, carp, gizwd, shad, etc.
138



### VES 008 076

## '

ATI ACHMENT 7 Exterual Emai l c orresp onde nce fr o m D a n S tephenso n



### VES 008077Message----- F

rom: Ste phenson, D•n (mai lto: O an . Stephenson@Il li nois . gov] Sent: Tuesda y, October 04 , 2 011 8:05**~l** To : N cBrid e, Jane e. Cc: Knuppel, Shelly l.; Cohen, M i tchell; C ronin, F re d ; B ru ce , De bb i e Subject: Re: F ish s tocked i n Frank H olton St a t e Par k l a ke s T

he info you ment i o n ed**be .,**  and a much ntOr e has been sent to t he attorneys handling t he c ase a gainst t he i nc i nerator near l y annual l y for years t hrough**si~ply** contacting t he district biolo gist and occasiona l ly through t he FOIA. T hey have cop i es of abso lute l y eve r ything i n our fi l es (wh i c h is considerab le) and have d iscussed w i th t he bio l ogist on numerou s occ a sions . This has t aken up 

### a great de al of**t~e .**  Tha t being said, does t he bio logi st real l y ne ed to go th ro ugh a l l t h is ag ai n ? If so, F r ed C ronin i s in the Horsesho e L ake Sta te P ark of f i ce . I am a t ho me no w and don' t have a**nu~ber .**  He is sched ul ed i n the fie l d , as are nearly al l the bi o l ogists; every da y i n Oct. T hat c reates a**prob e~**  a s does the f act t hat he has be en invol ved w i t h this f rom t he get-go and has alre ady p ut a lot of time and effort in. He w i l l no do ub t be hesi t ant to go th r ough it again . Ther e really is a lot of info . How fa r b a ck do you w ant it? w e have fi l es o n F

ra nk H olton d ati ng b ac k into t he 6 0 ' s pr ob ably . p.s. Y our qu es ti on wa s regarding stock ing . Mos t speci es are native and reproduc e natura lly, t hey don' t need to be stocked. As 

### a matt er of f a ct I believe only the channel c atf i sh have been routinely stocked. J n addition, and I do n 't know i f this is · per t inent , but t he lakes a t Frank Holton are conne cted via ditc hes to the M i ss is s i ppi R iver**all~• ng**  a constant exchange of mu lt i ple species between l ake a n d r ive r. Th i s is not a stati c sys t em . There cou l d be a cla i m that the f is h tested originally came f rom the r iver and p i ck up the m et

hyl mercury elsewhere . J ust a though t. Anyway, I have cop i ed F red an d you may g et in to uch with hi m f or further info. I ju st di dn ' t want th is to De 

### a grea ter burde n tha n i t a l ready ha s been. Thanks. Fr001:**~l cBride,**  Jane 

### e. [JMcBr i de @atg . state . il.us] Sent: Tuesday, Oc t ober 04, 20 1 1 3:09 PM T

o: Stephenson, Oan Cc: K nuppel, Shelly 

### L.; Cohen, Mitchel l Subjec t: F W: F is h stocked in Frank Holton Sta te Park l a kes Dan H

ow a r e you . I trust you a re aware , but maybe not, veolia (Haz Was t e Inci nerator near abov e men t io ne d state park), has be en gr anted a DHR pe r mit t o conduct a f ish s tudy ' relevant t o their RCRA perntit . Iss ue i s 11ethyl mercury i n the water a n d mercury bio a cc ... u lat ion i n the fis h . Risk asses s me nts ·a r e d r i vi ng permi t limits on mercury feed rate an d emissions .**\~e** met ><it h Veol i a to di scuss t he first draf t of t heir propo sed methodology today. veolia is hop i ng to get the field work do ne asap . T he original effort wa s to get i t done by Oc t. 1. Obviously, t hat is no t happening .



### VES 008078I t woul d be helpfu l to have t he i nf ormation**eq ue** **ste d**  be l ow, but also any and all f is h da t a ava i la ble fo r t he state pa r k l akes - c ree l cen $ us, all stock i ng inf o (what species a re sto ck ed w hen ) a s •re ll as f i s h bi ol ogist/llanager**~<i om**  on t he l a kes. It woul d b e v ery hel pfu l f o r" the consultants t: o hea r f rom someone ";ho k

nows where t he bes t**oca o~s**  might be to get t he s pe cies t h ey are after
- w hi te crapp ie , l argemo ut h bass , c h an ne l cat, ca rp. The consultan ts in di c a t e t hey wi ll try to get th e rev is ed work p l an back to I EPA and USEPA i n two wee ks . It wou l d be ve r y hel pful f or us an d th e11 to have a n y and al l avai l ab le f i s h i nf o a s t hey pu t th i s next i t eration o f t he work p l an toget her . Could yo u ca l l m e. 217 78 2 9633 J ane McB

CONF I DEN TIAL ITY NOTE: Th i s message and a ny**attach~ents** are f r om a law**fi r~** **.** T hey are sole l y fo r the use of t he i nt e nded r e c i p i ent and may conta i n privileged, confidential or othe r legally protect ed**nfor~a ion.**  I f you are not t he i ntende d recipient , pl eas e de stroy a l l copies w it ho ut rea ding or disclosing their con tents and notify t he se n der 

### of t he e rror by reply e-ma i l T

AX DI SC LOS UR E: Th e I RS require s t hat we i nf orm you t ha t an y 

## u .s. fede ral t ax advice in this mess age (includ ing any attachments) is not i nte nd ed or writt en t o be used, and cannot be used, t o ( i ) avoid any pena l t i es**unde ~**  the I nter nal Reve nu e Code or (11 ) pr 01110t e , 11 arket or recOfllllend t o a noth e r party a ny t ransaction,
_ arra n gement o r other mat ter.



### VES 008079ATTAC HMENTS Managem ent Status R epor t : l < r ank . Holt en S tate P a r k Main Ln l < e



### VES 008080

## a e Lk .M 

## anaj?emen a u s e**~** 

## t 

## S t t 

### R 

## ort Da t e of Report: 04/03/03 Fisher ies D istr i ct: 16 Manager : Fr

ed A. Croni n Lake Name: Frank Holten Main Cou n ty : S t. Water II : 1 98 Lake C la i r Ow11ersbip (STATE , P UBC, Acr eage: 97.0 P UB O) : STATE LM STATUS REPOnTS W ILL INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING SECTIO NS: I. Listing of the Sport Fi s h Regulation s i n Effect 

### 2. Lis tin g of Fisheries Management Activities Completed 

### with Evaluatio n of Success · 

### 3. Lake Management Plan Progress Tabl e 

### 4 . Recommendations for Observed Probl em Trends
I. Listing o f t h e Snort F i sh Regulations i n Effe ct 

### A. All Fish . Two Pole and L i ne Fishing Daily. 

### B. Channel Catfish • 6 F i sh Daily Creel. 

## c. Large or Sroalhnouth Bass· 14-inch Minimum Length Limit. 

## D. Large or Sma l lmouth Bass • 6 F ish D aily Creel. E. TroU£ • Fall Season Closed. F. Trout · Spring Season C l osed . 

### 2 . Listing of the F is heries Management Activ i ties Complete<! with Ev aluation of Success A . 04 /0 4 /02 . Stocked 3,638 ten-inch rainbow trout. B. 06/26/0 2 Stocked 5,481 eight-inch CCF . 

### c. 09/03/02 • Stocked 4 ,850 four-inch LMB . D. 10 /17/02 · Population survey · 2 x 30-minute EF run • Succe ssful. 

### E. 10 / 17/02. Stocked 3,686 ten-inch rai nbow trout 3.**L~ke** Management Plan Prof!reS.< Table Largemouth Bass · 

### t.MP**Q!.!i!l~** 

### J..2ll.Z 

### 1m CPUE (#lhr) . 60 

### 68 PSD 40:70 

### 59 47



### V E S 008 08 1

### I RSD" 

### Wr YAR 20
- 30 90-11 0 

### 1
-5 37 105 0.3 32 

### 1 06 0.1

S IG NATU R ES:
DRtrlc1 Fb.IH:ritll t\bu a (r 'Rtg'o •a. l fi s llc:r i es Admln. l"'rtlf Or Dlllt. FM 4 3 .0 

### ( cootinued) 

## Lak e Ma n ae;ement 

# statu s Report Page2 

## 1 3. Lake 

### Manaaement Pl an p 'Tab l e (continued) 

## I The l argemouth bass population appears to 

### have changed little ove>" th e past three years. Numbers remain low with a CPUE (#/hf) 

### of 2 9 

### in 2002. 

### Size dis t ribution appears somewha t improved with PSD and RSD 14 

### both increasing in the 2002 

### survey. Average rel ati ve weight (Wr) of the bass collected in the 2002 

### survey was 103. 

### B lu el!ill lr

. MP l1MI< 1997 1998 1 999 2000 2001 2002 CPUE(#Ihr) 120-240 218 880 

### 648 56 166 113 

### PSD 20-40 0 1.6 1.6 0 2.1 5 

### RSD7 10-20 0 0 0 0 0 0 

### Wr 90
- 110 92 95 100 95 102 98 

### The bluegill da!a 

### present ed in this Lake Management Plan Progress Table speaks for itself. The CPUE has varied but quality is consistently poor. PSD is very 

### low and we have yet to collect a single bluegill over 7 

### inches in length. The poor bluegill quality is the result of several factors. Poor water quality , low numbers of p redator species, and high 

### numbers of competing species (buffalo, carp, 

### gizzard shad, yellow bass, and bullheads) are likely the predominant negative impacts .. 

## I Channel Ca tfish I LMP 

### Goals 1997 1 998 1999 2000 200 1 2002 

### CPUE (#l hr) 4.5-7 . 5 6 4 

### 6 0 

### 5 3 

### PSD 40 -70 50 100 50 

# - 50 0 

### Wr 90
- 110 89 101 90 

### - 97 

### 85 Ouly three channel catfi sh were collected in 2002. 

### They were between 12.5 

### and 15 . 5 

### inches in 

### length . I Wbit e Crappie I LMPGoals 1221.**!..29 ~**  1999 2000 200 1 2002



### VES 0080 82C P UE(#Ihr) None 

### 86 

### 1 4

0 86 

### 1 0 95 

### 1 06 PSD 

### 98 70 33 44 

### 19 15 RSD9 2 1 5 7 30 

### 4 4 2 1 2 RSD10 

### 7 46 26 11 I 8 Wr 

### 100 

### 92 98 96 93 

### 99

· ·-continued FM 43.0 

## Lake S tatu s

The crappie populations have not changed dramatically- over the past three years. White crapp ie is t he dominan t species. Numbers remain about the same 

### and size strucrure appears improved wiU t an increase in RSD 9 

### and RSD 1 o.lt is encouraging t o see some of these fish reachi ng q uality siu. 3

Maintaining a decent sport fishery in this lake is challenging. Tho phys i cal habitat of the l ake i s qui te poor. The l ake is sbaUow and tutbi d with no aquatic plants and little structure. The l ake also floods throu gh ditches c onnected to the Miss iss i ppi River . This cormection intrOduces undesirable species including common carp , buffalo, grass carp, b i ghead carp, gizzard shad, ye llow and buUheads. These species compete direc tly 

### and indi rectly f or the available space and l resom-ces of !he lake. Tbe water quat i ty of the lake is also impacted by urban and golfcourse run-off. I He:avy fishing and harvest p r essure is also present. All of !hese factors c ombine to make**e~::~~:::~=t~ofbalanced** and sustainable sport fishing popul ati ons unlikely. However the l c stoelcing of rainbow trout, c hannel catfish, and largemouth bass can provide some quality**an ~lin~opportunities**  at this lake . A Christmas tree habitat improvement project will be completed in of this year (2003) and should benefit the fishery and increas e angling success.



### V ES 008083

### I FM 43 . 0



### VES 008084ATIACHMENT9 C u r r iculu m Vi tae for DgJgna Owen, Franklin Enginee ri ng Group . In c.



### VES 008085EDUCATION M.S. En v l ronmenla l MCJ W?Aer Reso u rces E ng inee ring · VM<Jertll Univor91y. 1 994 BA!liOOgy B n

dgewater Colege , 1987 EXPERIENCE f!ESUME

Ms. Owen has**m~** proja<i a:ti'lilies, sche<llles , and bud g els lor regu l aiOry driven projeds sucll as MACT 

### corrPance evallations. RCRA !ria b ums alld cofll> l ia n ce**~.** ell dispers i on modelilg, ci'ea i¥ld mJii . palhway human he<lllh and**~** ris k aasessml!flts for h aza rdous was1e combUstio n faciiies , alld RCRA Pa:l A and 8 p.rmit**~ens.** She has m anaged the develo pment of HWC**C~relle slve**  Petlofmance Tests a n d Reports, 

### as**II** as the modilicalion ol taciiiy Tille V pe r mls to i ncapotale lll e r esu lts ol si/Cb lesli>g. She serves as lhe primary reg<bory CO!lSlotant on a variety of penrating i¥ld enginee nng pro

j ects under differe n t slate and US E PA reg i on aut!IO! Ity . Ms. CH.ml has ex1efiS I 'Ie expene n ce In Human Hea&h ood EcoiogO:al Risk Assessment for 1\aurdous msle coot<Js!lon · facfiies
. She managed the**~** of J\. h ouse risk assessme n t me<k>ls 1W:h provide more llexilily t h an COfmleoi:Eiy-avala ble packages. She alld h er team per1ormed tile Hum<11 Heallh and Ecdogical Risl< Assessments lor the waste prope ll an llndneralors a11he Radford Amr( Amm u niion P l an t using in- h ouse mode l s basad on the mosl current guidance avala bl e allhe line i¥ld v.llich were subject to in tense rego..Oatory agency sau1iny. The 

# "'"'*' of the rislt assessmems me l all 

### 8IJillicallle elCj)OSI.fe goide lin es, resultin g in no ad<ilional risk-based**perm~** l mi ls under RCRA. MOre recen\!y
. Ms. <Moo prep;!fed th e Screening-Leve l Humoo Heallll i¥ld Ecologic31 R iSll Assessments for the BGAO iSCWO project. T h at project 

### was COO'(IIetad on M aggressive 

## adhed.- usi ng prolocols negoliaed IWil llle regul a!ory agency . She and her leBn1 have prep ared rislt assessment protocols a nd Wlt k p!a1s and executed rislt assessments for com plex . conwnercia l waS(e incinerai'oo**faci l~** **ies** w.th**oru~** combustlcn ooils, as well as f O< capli'l8 comb ustors llU'ni1g a vaO&ty of cherrd was1es. AI of these pr ojects in\OO!ved**nt** o f assessment protoco4s, sele<ii:ln i¥ld iJstilicalion o1 Che m icals o1 Potentia l Concern (COPes), meteorolog i cal dala processirlg, and estabishitg 1 <11\d uee ctassif!Calbl Md reoepfo< grief maps. Ms. Owen served as the tasl<manager for the tria l bum repOOilg tasks compleled a1 TOCOf lor t h e 

## vx Age n t canpaig n . She 

### was reSPOnsible fO< meeting**~** and b udgets for deve l oping the !ria bum repO<ts. This included de'181oping v.al< plans lor sialf**eng ~**  ass9l ment o f tast.s , qu ality review o f the worl< product Md ullinale respoosib il ity for lhe 

### mat d eiverables. Ms . 01\en successfu i y**~M~oped** Md n egollaled CAA pennl applications Md amen <me n l s, includi ng primary reporti n g and testing dorumen talio n fo r t.llsce ll aneous Organic NESHAP (MON ) MACT com plian ce. She has d8\l!!loped Md managed llle de.efopmenl of rusiO<n dalabaoo systems kl< management of 

### raw ma1efla l usage MCJ h azardo u s**mis sions~**  necessary 

### tor conlilllng MON MACT com pliance and other repo!fng requreme nl s. She has ove r seen MON MACT p r elmi n ary Md perbmMce testing and rep011ing**for~~ req** **uire me~**  She "'.ihO<ad C l ass 3· RCRA fadlty pennl l mo dffications , Md !ria bum and rislt bum plans and reports with various state**reg~Ao;~o ry** **~enoies** Md US EPA regilnel perso nnel
. She developed re l aive**aoo.~racy** lest assessment (RATA) 

### waver requests i¥ld diMI Ioped"' le\ised al l sectio ns ol 

### runerous RCRA Part 8**perm~** awlicalions. She has de..,loped SPCC plans, SWPPP pla ns, and t.OAR plans for lacililies 'Ai h varyi n g regu l a!ory issues Md ch e l lenges Ms. Owen pariicipat.d in llle**~nl** of 51<11\dard eperallng procedures lor sevenal RCRA facilies. She has dewloped COJl1l li ance che c kfisls lor in <iJSiria boile r and incinerliol facilities and pM'o:ipaled in on-site Internal reg ul atory aulits for SIF and i ncineralor**facil~s.** 1.15. Owen 

### par1ki>afed in llle eng ln eenng cal cUalioos and aulhor&ip of several T cle V air pemits Md perm it arnerxkrents. She deYeloped IIUmeiOOS sampling and analysis plans , comp li ance testing pro1Dcols Md 0Jal ity Assurance f'nlject Plans and has suocessUy managed a l necessary subcontractors to execute air tasting plans i¥ld demo n str.e**~.** Previcusly, Ms
. Owen served as all engineEfilg cons<toot respcoSi>le for fing SARA Tille Ill Form R and Ti lle V VOC and HAP reports to lhe US E PA Md stale agencies and dem>pmen l ol dala rna'dermce systems. She assisted in**~ing** and ""'illlli19 ol remed i ation Sites u sllg biJreme<il!ion, "*Wing and other**ecooo~minalion** techniques. She**pali~ .in**  UST removal projects incb! l ng prelmlnary**co~** wl lh slale Md local olli::ials ,**on-s~** supeMsion of conlracl persome l , feld analyll:al work, and trealmeol of excava1ad materials. Ms. Owen pnwided tec hni cal support i:Jr lnduslrial hygiene, salety, Md ergonomic



### VES 008086RES U

ME De lan a W. Owen (CQ<lt ) projects f a- a \lllriety o f ind USIJies inclldlg p ri nt i ng, lea ihef frl i shin g , and m arufactumg
. She parlicipated in**..., ry**  reliew of US EPA and OSHA d e-"'lcj)ing issues
. As a sroio<' researdl associate, M s. Owe n was r e sponsille fo r t h e perlomna n ce of labOillt ory resea!dl t owa rd the removal o f h azardous oonta rnilaots in soi l , g romdwate r, and**wa st** **ewa~e r**  through bi ostirrulalioo arnd bioaugmen tali oo proced u res. She**de ~**  speciai2ed bacle rial cullures f a deg r o:Jat i on o f specific O.ga n i:s and maintail ed t rea! allily records., aa:otllis, an d datallase syst em. S he pedorme d analyll: altec h niques sum as gas dvo matography , mass spearosoopy , respro metry , surtac!Mt testi ng , TOC an d COO delermilatio n s , lefl1l ental i on . a nd microscopy . Ms. ()"""' desii"Gd and co n structed be nch -top arnd p ll ol sca le t ea!ment u n1is and deslgn ed, Implemented, an d wtele fi nal r epo r1S on**tea~ atclily**  stud i es for smnis.sion to custom EKS. As a q ua l ity oontrol\'esearch assoc iate , Ms. Owe n 

### was responsille lo r I!OaOOiolog l cal in ocu l um preparation for l arge-sca l e p<Odoction and qu ally assu rance proced u res i wolvi-q enzyme assa)'S, l ola! and se lecti ve bacis ri al en u mera!ion. moist u re testi ng, gam stain analyses , and salrnonela screerilg
. S h e**m~ d**  e n!le stocl< Clltu r e and labora!C<y lrwentory arnd ill enaced Vlith productio n per:oonne l and manage me nt in deletminillg pcoduclion sclled ul e and**g** problem 

## ....-as. CERTIACA TIONS AND TRAINING Hazardous Waste Sile Operalioos (OSHA 29 C FR 19 10
. 120(e)2) Co

nfi ned Spaoe Entry (OSHA 29 CFR 191 0.146 ) EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 1998 • Present ftriln**~** Gro141, I nc. 1994
- 1998 1994 · 1 994 1992 -1 99 3 1989 · 1992 1 988 · 1989 ORE T edlnoiogies , l nc. Serlo< En gineer Mosely & Asso ciates, I n c . E

rwironmenlal EngileerirQ Consulan t Vandelbl lt Un iversity Rasearm Assistant Novozymes Billogicals,lnc. (fo rm erly Sybron Chemicals, I nc. ) Senio< Researdl Associare Novozymes Bi®gicals, I nc. (formerly Sybron Chemicas, I nc.) Qu al ity Control/Research Assodate



### VES 008087

# VES 008088
. pdfNotification of Compliance (NOC) Report Veolla ES Technical Solut io ns, L.LC
. h ere by s ubmits the Notification of Compliance (NOC) Report i n compDance with · 40 C F R 63.1210(b) and 40 CFR 63.12070) App liCab le Rul e: 40 CFR Part 63.1200 , Subpart EEE - National Emission S!andards for Hazardous Air PoUutants for Hazardous Waste Combustor'3
. This NOC is being made in accordance with §63.9(h)
. SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION A. . If you have been issued a Title V penni!, do not complet e this form
. Submit your NOC In accordance with your Tide V pennft. [ §63.9{h)(3)) · B
. If you have not been issued a Title V p e rmit, complete the remaining portions of this . section and also complete Sections 11-V<. [§63
. 9(h)(2)(i)] C. Print 01 type the following in formation for each faci l ity for which you are making notification of compliance status : ·

She! Address 

# I #7 Mobile Ave. 

# l Sauget j i L ZIP Code 

### 162201-1069 

### Veolia ES Technical Solut i ons, LL.C. F aci!y Street Addrass [!! different than Responsible Offic:iars Street Acl<lress) Phone OPTIONAl 

### Ge nera l Mana er 618-271-2804 

# I Sauget 

### I lL 16220 1"1069 D
. I ndicat e th e relevant standard o r othe r requirement th at is the basis fo r this notification and the source's compliance date: (§63.9(b)(2)(lil)) '

. Basis for this noli!icalion relevant slandanl or other



## 40 CFR 63 . 1200

1 ' v



# .**~** 

# I

. .. 

# - . .

# ,

. · - 

## . .

.:

VES 008088SECTlON II CERTIFICATION (Note: you may et1J the text In this $OCI/on 

### a.s deemed approplfaltl) Based upon Information and belief formed after al'easonable inquiry, I, as a respoosible official of the above-mentioned facUlty , certify the Information contained in this report is accur.ite and true to the best of my knowledge. T he above-me ntioned facility has complied with the releVant Slandard or and other applicable requ i rements referenced in the relevant standard
.**[§63.9(h)(~)( )(G))**  Trtle 

### Ge n eral Manager

SECT I ON Ill Describe the methods you used to determine compliance
. [§63 . 9(h)(2)(i)(A)) RCRA Trial Bum Data from EPA approved testing as required by the RCRA Part B Rermit and using**~II** · ·: approved EPA methods were used to demonstrate compliance with all applicable emission standanls : defined in 40 CFR 63.1219 . In addition, Comprehensive Performance Testing apprOved b y USEPA, Regloil 5 on August 8, 2008 and conducted in August and September of 2008 and Comprel)ensive Performance Testing approved by USEPA, Region 5 on Novembe r 25, 2009 and conducted in Oepember, 2009
. 

### See tile attached Operating Plllll!lleters Tables and HWC MACT Emission Standards table for Units 213 and Uillt**;** that define the operating parametars estabtished dUring testing that ensures cornpiance with the · · oelforma nce Slandanls
. SECTION IV Describe the results of any performance te sts , opacity or visible emiSsion**obse~s.** continuous monilqring system (CMS) performance evaluations, and/or other monitoring procedures or methods that were conducted
. (§63.9(h)(2)(i)(B)] · See atta ched test results that 

### were used to develop th e lim its defined in the Operating Parameter**Tab~ .**  referenced in Section Ill of this report These results also include CMS Performance evaluations and · monitorina methods. · · • S E CTlONV Descobe the methods you will use 

### to detemn ine continuous comp fi ance, Including a de scription of monitoring and reporting requirements and test methods. (§63.9(h)(2)(i){C)) Continuous compfoance is based on the opera1ing parameter limits estab U Shed from connp fi ance testing, ',. defined in the attached Operating Parametars Table referenced In Section Ill of this report. These incinerator operating parameters are monitored continuously to verify compliance by. a process . monitoring and control system. The deta i ls of these systems are defined in detail in SectiOn 2.0, Incinera tor Process description refetenced in Sedlon VIII of 1his report and attached :

2
VES 008089Descrlbe t he type and quantity of hazardous air poAulants (HAP) emitted by the source (or surrogate poft u1ants if specified i n th e relevan t standard ), reported in units and avet'l!Q ing times and In accordance with the lest methods specified In the relevant standard . [§63
. 9(h}(2 )( 1 )(0)) See attached tes t results from compliance testing that was conducted to demo n strate compliance with · : • . the HAP's and other ll utants defined in 

### Sub art 

### EEE. · SECTION VII If the re levant standard applies to both major an d area sources , present an analysis demonstratin g whether the a11'ected soutce Is a major source ( using th e eml$sions dllta generated for this notifiCation. [§63 .9( h)(2)(Q(E)) This facility is a major source due 

### to its applicabiBty to the NESHAP regulations, speclficaHy Subpart Ef;& and Subpart 00
. Regardless of the lacility's emission concentrations, this facillty is 

# a major source by definition. • SECTION VIII Oesaibe t he air pollution con tr ol equipme nt (or method) for each emission**po ln** **~** in cfuding each control device (or method) for eaCh hazardous a ir po ll utant and the control efficienCy (percent) for each control device (or method). [§63.9(h X2)(i)(F) ] · See attached Saction 2
. 0, Inci nerator Process Description from 2009 Petfonnance Test Plans for Incinerators 2, 3 and 4 that describes th e air pollution control equipment for each en:tission po int. Also ,. see attached the compliance testing data defined in Section IV of this report that details the control efficiency for each control device
. · SECTIO N IX A Did you su b mit an application for construction or reconstruction under §63 . 5(d) that contained prefiminary or estimated data? [§63
. 9(h)(5)} · Yes 0
. .. 

### No 0
... Not app U cable o . (did not submhn app H cation for construction or reconstruction)
. B. If you answered yes , provid e aclual emiss ion data or other conected**informatio~** be low
.

END OF FORM. A Responsible Dmc/11/ mm 

### alan 

### rtJis fonn - See Section fl.

3
VES 008090

### Dioxin/Furan (D/F) 

### Mercury (Hg) 

### Semivolatile Metals (SVM) 

### Cadmium, Lead 

### Low Volatile Metals (L 

### VM) 

### Arsenic , Beryllium, 

### Chromium Carbon Monoxide (CO) 

## HWC MACT E mis sion Standards**~** 

### Standard (@o/o 

### 02) ngldscm 

### TEQ 0.20 (>400 deg F) 

### 0.40 (5400 deg F) 

### ugldscm 130 ug/dsem 230 ugldsem 

### 92

ppmv 100 

### ppmv 32 

### gr/dscf 0.013 M.!!thod 

### Qf**Comnljm~** 

# . ' 

### Qperating**P~e~r L~**  

### " Opcrating**Param~** 

### Limits •.. , . 

### Qperating**p~** 

### Limits . .. Qperating**P~r** 

### Limits 

### Oontinuous**~~P.IlS** 

### Monitor Operating**P~~f~!M~ter** 

## ' Limits 

# - Operating**p~~** 

### Limits '
. .

VES 008091

### UNII~ 

### 213 O PERA**TIN~** 

### rARAMETER LIMITS 1 

# I' · , <.:,i Ooc:JatiQa 

### fmmeter Units 

### Llmi.t1 Test Date Perfunnance Stapdl[ib 

## ·. Maximum Total Pumpablc Whr 3107 1m, 1993 ORE, (!IF Wutc (Hoarly Rollin& Total) Maximum Total Hazardous Lbibr Waste (Hourly Rollin& Toull) 4017 Jan, 1993 OR.E,Il/1' Maximum Stack Gas Flow Aefm 15,147 Jan, 1993 DRE,QIF, R.ole {Hourly llolliAg AVOI'li&C) Port.,SYM, 

### L

VM Minimum Primary Combustion DegF 1686 Dee,2009 ORE, O(F Chamber Iaopenbl!e (Hourly llolllllg A v=ge) Minimum Secoodory Combustion De&F 1817 Dee..2009 ORE, O!f Chamber**Tempe<a~me** (Hourly Rolling AVC"'&C) Maximum Baghouse Inlet DegF 420 Dee,2009 DIP, SVM, Temperature (Hourly R.oOing**L~** 

## €

a

..A

## VC"'&•>

# ~ Nlox.l'tunp. Low Volatile Metals Lbibr 46 Sq;,200t LVM Feedratc (12 HOlD' R.ollmg TotaQ Max. Total Low Volarile Metals Whr**F~te** (12 H<Mr Rollin& Total) 47 Scp ,200 8 LVM Maximum Semi Volatile Metals lblhr 63 Sep, 2008 

# SvM Fcecntc (12 Hour R.olllns Total) Maximum Mercury Feedralc Lblhr (12 Hour**Rolli~Jg** TotaO 0.00 1 9 Aug,2008 Rg Maximum CbJorine Fcecnm Lblhr 218 Aug. 2008 SVM,LVM (12 Hour RolllDg Total)**H~** Maximum Asb F«drate (12 617 Dec:, 2009 Plrt. Hour Rollin& Total) Mlnim.um SO<talt Foedlllle Lbllb 

# a. 1 .$7 Dee, 2009 HCVql2 {Hourly Rolling Avenlge) M"lllilllum Carrier Fluid Flowratc Oalllb CI, 1.46 Dec,2009 Hat CI2 {Hourly RoOing**Aven~g e)** **1** Opc:mill& panmeter limlt$111 table re6cet more cooservaiM value

### betwea~ Uni12 and Ullll3 test dlla.



# .....

VES 008092

### UNIT 4**Q~ERATIN~** 

### PARAMETER LIMITS 

# •·**:,. ~?$;:"**  Perfonnaou Opcrarjng Panpns::tq .!.!11m ldmiJl Tcstf>Atc Standards Maximum Total Pumpablc LM!r PCC-3291 Dec, 2009 DRE,DIF Wute (Hourly Rolling Toul) SCC
- 1176 Maxlnwm Totall:lazardous LM!r PCC-12.897 Dec, 2009 DRE,DIF Wute (Hourly RoUin& TOilll) SCC
- 1176 Maximum Stack OU Plow Actin 37,432 Dcc,2009 DRE,DIF, Rate (Howty Rolliog A verage) Part, SVM, LVM Minimum Primtry Combustion DegP 1499 Dec, 2009 DRE,D/P Chamber Tempera!Ure (Howty Rolling Avenge) Minimwn Sccoodll)' Combustion DegF 1886 Dec, 2009 ORE, DIP CbiUJibct Tempemute (Hourly Rollin& A

### v'era&e) MaxJmum Bag!louse lolet DegF 400 Dec, 2009 DIF,SVM, TemperaiW'o (Hourly Rolling LVM Avenge) Max. Pump. Low Vol>tile Metals Lblbr 4 7 Aug . ,2008 LVM

### $~ll:**ecdndo** ( 12 Hour Rollin& Total)**~~® ·~** **i.t.x.** Total Low Volarile Metals Lblbr 

### so Aug.,2008 LVM Fcedrate (12 Hour I!DIIing Total) Maxlnwm Semi VoWileM.W. Lblbr Feedrale (12 Hour RollingTo!al) 64**~.2008** SVM Maximum Mercwy Feed me Lblbr (12 Hour Rollin& Total) 0.026 Aug.,2008 Hg MaxJmum Ollorine Feed rile Lblbr 229 Dcc,2009 SVM.LVM. (12 Hour Rolling Total) HCVCI2 Maximum A.sb Feed Rale (12 LM!r 6444 Dec, 2009 Part Hour Rollin1 Total) Carboo lojccdon Fecdndo · (Howty Rolling Awn&e) Lblbr 6.2 Dcc,2009 DIF,Hs
Minimum SorbentFecdndo LbllbCJ, 2.2S Dec, 2009 BCl/Cl2 (Hourl y Rollin& A"""'3c) Minimum Cerrier Fluid Flowr8le Galllb Cl, 3.10 Dec, 2009 HCIIC12 (Hourly Rolling Awn&e)

VES 008093· . ·

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, • VES 008094

# ENSR Table 3-3 RM 29 Sampling Parameters and Emission R<tsulls- 

### w .. k of AugU$111, 2008

## ~N<)**+** 

# - ·- - - ·-· + ··**-1-·1 ..-.,** **l..oa ·--** **-1 --** **'~ i~** **·- ~**  o8 " -· - ......**l>S~Iarr "=:** **Tin :-:-** **~·--·- ··** **I.Hts =-1**  

### 1;.40 

### ' 1 1 :05 i!i'j ···- -
ln . Hg 

# ·-

I o/SeC

. , . .. ..,

....

, . 5Va4 !6:50 H:te 1 :!;_

4 AVG$

63.5 58.0

# ~ 78 . 15 SU18
1.99 1.38 89A 582

75.66

. 4928 _
2. 06 1.34 87 .9 87.0**__§7 ~**  57.9

## lDl~·=- 13

. 15 75 . 85 47 . 76 50.57 

# @[ l . 86 f.97 . 1 . 2 1 1.31 .

llll 329 . 5 3692**!~1.5** · Slaclt**,-~** :

_ No 0, lllllln>

- 228. 1

f7JX1 11.80

### 11..6~ 1 ?,;391 ' -03**~>04** 

## . 10.011 .

# ~ti: -1-+-':'0=**-Hf--?** 0 . . 0.211**~** 0 . 13**~** Q.13 I**1~** I · '.ffi**~ll&**



# --

VES 0 0 8095

## ·. Tobie 3-4 SUmmaty of HWC MACT Mmls- August 11 , 2008
Low Vola!:l l a Meta ls Emission s -**~o~glm>** 

### @ 7% 0 2 Metals Run Ibm : Run3 1e**~.** Total**VM** 58 . 1
Semi-Volatile Meal Enmslons - pglm"@ 7% 

### 0. llla1alo

P !



### .· .



# .. ·

· :

.. 

## .. . 

# . . 

# .. . . Run 1 1.38 :23) SVMn Run2 240 

### 1 .34 2C2 Runl 241 121 242 Standard = 240 pg(m" Memny Emissions 

### iJg/m"@ 

### 7% 

### 0,



## · . · 

## ·'

. 

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. ·,. 

## .

. Zl8

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## · . 

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# "·
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VES 008096

# ENSR Table 3-5 RM 29 Sampfing Paramat , rs a n d Emission Results - Week of S epte mber 8 , 2008

Run Nu
. 1 2 3 Dole 

### ' oe Sep.OB**as.s~B 't** **o~** Start Tim e Units '14:36 • 12:2l • !RM S!oo Time •**16 ~**  • 1-4:31 • 11:S3 AIIGS Barometric Pressure in. Hg • 29 .60 • 29 . 75 • 29 . 72 29 . 71 Volume Met8fed dd 

## , n:382 • 79.269 • 78 . 905 

## n .ll5!l Sample Volume dsef 75.296 78..407 78.654 n.4SJ. Moist uro %vh 41.4 41.2 41 .6 . • 41. 5 0, at Stack %dry 

## • 11 . 21 • 10.91 

# . , 11 . 35 11 . 16 

### jA>og. Stack Temp
. 'F 

## , 385 

## • 381 , :Jl-4 

# •:m Stack Flowrata ds<Vn 4,600 

## s.ms 5.2-48 5,()15 lso kinel i es % 107 11l3 • 100 104 Tahll 

# ·,,..., LVM Ouantily Colecttd 119 1 2. 16 2. 79 9 . 18 8.04 • Slack Cone
. @ 7% 

### 0..**~glm'** 8 . 16 1.74 5.98 5.29



# .· Slack Emission Rate lblhr**~** 2..40E.Q5 . B. 10E-05 6 . 85E.Q5 Qlsee 1 .266-ai 3.02E-06 1 .02E-ai a63E-OS I (Cl\- SVM Qu a lltiiy Colleded V9 2.73 274 2.20 2.55 

# ... Stacl< Cone. @ 7% 0, pglm'**1.~** 1 .71 . 1.-43 1.66 

## siack Em111oion Ra1e lblht 2.25E.Q5 2.J5E.Q5 1.94E.Q5 2.18E-05 glsee 

### 2. 1J3E.C6 2.96E.(6 2.44E.Qi 2.7SE-ai



# - SVM 0uaa1
. ay ""locted V9 

## 45.1! 13.9 39.0 32 . 84 Stack Cone. @ 7% 0,**~giro'** 31.6 8.7 25.4 21 . 6 Stack Emission Rata lblhr 3.76E-Q4 1.20 E-04 3.45E-04 2 . 80E-04 · Qlsec 4 . 74E..OS 1.5 1 E.Q5 4 .34E.{J5 3.53E-05 A>seliit:(AI)
- · Quanlhy Col lected 119 2.130 2.10 2..10 2.33

Stack Cone. @ 7.% .0, 

### 'IJ9frrt: l.BB 1.31 ' 1.37 1 .52 Sl1ick 

### Er!Jlitbn ' Rate lhlhr 

## . u1'e.f6

. 1.81E-ai 1.BSEai 1 . 99&65 olsee 

### . . 2.9tf.m :z.2llE.(E 2.34E.Qi 2.51E-ai . 

### ·'



### . m....:,;, Cl'ualliy Coliictad 119 . 0 . 20
. 0.3l · .. 021 0.3) Stad ' Cone. ·@ 7% 0, 

### 119"m"' 0..1;i . 0 . 12 

## · a. t3 0.13 

### Stack. Eriliuibn Rita · b'hr · 1.65E.(6 1:72E-11l 1 .ne.a; 1 . 7fE.(6 

# • ·

. .Qisec 2.08e.o7 2.17E'{J7 2.22E:W 2.166-07

LVIII
.**Total ~**  ualm" 10 .2 32 7 . 5 &.9 SYUTota l • ualm" 32..4 . 10.4 26.9 23.2

VES 008097Table 3-6 Summar.y of HW C MACT Metals- Septemb er 8, 2008
l o w Volatile Metals Emissions -p glm•@ 7•.4 0 2 M etals Ru n 1 · R11n 2 Run 3 Average

As . 1 .88 1.31 1 .37 Bo 0 .13 0.1 2 0.13



### . cr 82 1 . 7 6 .0 Total LVM 10. 2 3.2 7.5 6.! L

VM Raaulatorv Standard= 92 pgl ln" Se
. IIII-Vola!l le M eta l Emissions 

### -pgtm•@ 7%**~** M

elli Is Run 1 Ran 2 Run3 Averaae P.b ::0 . 6 8. 7 25...4 Cd 1.83 1 . 71 U3 Total SVlo1 32.4 10. 4 26 . 9 23.2 SVlo1 ReQulatory Standard= 23l

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VES 008098

# Aa' COM 

# !

' I

.**~** Table3· 2 RM 5/26A Sampling Patllmotera and Ernlsslon Results
- TDtaJ ChlotldeiPM Run**ld entificati~**  Ru n1 Run 2 Run3 Average Roo Date 12.()8109 12109109 

### 12110109 Start Time ' 10 : 05 9:46 1 1 : 00 StopTrne 11 : 11 10:49 12:03**Elchau~ !.211~**  

### r;go!lli!l!lli Temperatlse (deg. F} 378 383 

### 380 374

. Moisture (volume%) 44.4 4 2.9 4 3
. 2 

### 43 . 5

· Oxygen (d ry vcilume %) 1 0
. 3 10.4 9.3 

### 10 . 0 Carbon Oioxi:le (dry volume%) 8.6 8
. 2 8.1 

### 8 . 3 Volume!r!c Aow Rate 

# acrm 15 , 453 16 , 634 16 , 661 16 ,250 

### dscfm 5 , 352 5,963 5 , 921 

### 5 ,7 45 Total 

### Chlorine

_, ppmv , dry @ 7% 

### 0 2 1 3
. 4 16.0 23.5 

### 17 . 7 

# /
.. l I % of standard • 42.0% 50
. 2% 73
. 5% 

### 55 .2%

## t~ Imill Ell tt i ruate M at1er gr

/dscf@ 7% 

### 0 2 0.0013 0
. 0017 0
. 0008 

### 0. 001 3 % of Standard • 9
. 7% 1 3.2% 6.2% 

### 9 .7Y.

' HC_q. St ancto rd • 32**~~~""" ·**  cll)'0 '1% 0, • -· Mall« Emissi<>"l S.ndl rd. 0. 01 3 gJi dsd@ '1% 0,



# _ ....

VES 008099