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**Please note:** The Library of Congress does not provide search capabilities on codes for countries that have their own assignment agency.  Other assignment agencies are:
*Canada organization code agency* (**Library and Archives Canada**) Search for Canadian MARC Organization CodesUnited Kingdom organization code agency (**British Library**) Search for United Kingdom MARC Organization CodesGermany organization code agency (**Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin**) Search for German MARC Organization CodesEstonian organization code agency (**Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu)**) Search for Estonian MARC Organization Codey wody
[ Introduction and Scope  | ISIL Codes | History | Recent Developments | Code Structure | Searching Help | Requesting New Codes ] 
Introduction
The MARC Code List for Organizations containsshort alphabetic codes used to represent names of libraries andother kinds of organizations that need to be identified in thebibliographic environment.  This code list is an essentialreference tool for those dealing with MARC records, for systemsreporting library holdings, for many interlibrary loan systems, andfor those who may be organizing cooperative projects on a regional,national, or international scale.  There are a number of dataelements in the MARC formats that call for institutionalidentifiers, the chief ones being those that identify theorganization assigning the record control number, the agencyresponsible for creating or modifying a record, and the agencyholding a copy of the item.  In particular, it is a key to codesfor holding institutions represented in the Library of Congress National Union Catalog (NUC) and other unionlist publications which contain holdings for reportinginstitutions.

This code list for organizations is the latest update to thelist, previously published under the title USMARC Code List for Organizations (1996edition).  It includes new codes assigned since the lastedition.  A small number of existing codes have been changed ormade obsolete.  In all cases, previously valid codes are given asreferences.  The large number of new codes can be attributed tocontinuing expansion of the use of standard identifiers, nationallyby school libraries (particularly for statewide projects) andinternationally as information is shared globally via theInternet.
Scope
This new edition contains over 37,000 codes, of which approximately 33,000 are valid identifiers for general use.  The list also includes references from invalid codes, nearly 3,000 of which are references fromcodes taken from other published lists which are mentioned in the"Historical Developments" section below.

The codes listed in this publication are used to designateUnited States and, to a lesser extent, non-U.S. libraries and otherinstitutions.  While organizations are free to employ these codesfor their own purposes, the primary use of them by the librariesand other organizations is still for bibliographic applications. The list is augmented through applications for new codes, not asthe result of unsolicited assignment.

**ISIL CODES**

The *International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations (ISIL)*, ISO 15511, assigns unique identifiers to libraries and related organisations, such as archives and museums. The ISIL version of the MARC codes can  be used in the same bibliographic and holdings fields that are populated by MARC organization codes. The Danish Agency for Culture is                  the Registration Authority and maitenance agency for ISO 15511. The Library	of	Congress serves as the ISIL National Registration Allocation Agency for the United States. The ISIL standard specifies that a country code identifies the country in which the library or related  			organization is located at the time the ISIL is assigned. As such the Library of Congress only assigns ISIL codes   for organizations located within the United States.  The country  			code shall consist of two uppercase letters in accordance with the  			codes specified in ISO 3166-1. The ISO 3166-1 code for the United States is **US**.  ISIL codes assigned by the Library of Congress assume the following structure illustrated below, with the **US** prefix added to the MARC organization code (*see below for further information about how a MARC organization code is structured*):

ISIL code structure for organizations within the United States:

**US-**[MARC organization Code]

e.g. ISIL code for the Library of Congress:

**US-DLC**

For more information about ISIL codes visit the ISIL Registration Authority website.

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History
The MARC Code List for Organizations grew out of the need for standard   institutional codes to serve various bibliographic projects in the early 20th   century. The first of these came into existence in the early part of the last   century, when Charles Evans wanted to report that a certain library held one   of the titles listed in his American Bibliography (published 1903-1959).   He assumed that the abbreviation "BPL" would be identified immediately as   representing the Boston Public Library, or that "HC" could only mean   Harvard College to the reader. Prior to Evans developing his list of library codes,   Joseph Sabin had   used codes of his own to identify libraries in his Dictionary of Books Relating   to America (published 1867-1936). He had used "B" and "H"   to represent Boston   Public Library and Harvard College, respectively. Others used codes such as   "BoP" and "Har", or "B.P." and "CH".   As bibliographies appeared one after another,   it became incumbent upon each editor to include an explanation of the codes   used to identify libraries and other institutions. Over the years, when one   library wished to refer to other libraries, it adopted abbreviations used by   respected reference works or it invented new abbreviations of its own.

In 1916, the discovery that the Universities of Illinois,Minnesota, Nebraska, and Wisconsin were all about to publish listsof their serial holdings, independently of one another, gave riseto a cooperative movement on a national scale which eventuallyproduced the first Union List of Serials (ULS) (which was firstpublished in 1927).  The scope of this project necessitated thecreation of many new identifiers for libraries.  Since reportinginstitutions were to be found in every state, Frank Peterson, ofthe University of Nebraska, worked out a mnemonic system of codesthat identified a library's location by theuse of geographic prefixes.  His geographic prefixes predated thefamiliar U.S. state and Canadian provincial abbreviations used bypostal services and in many other applications.

Peterson's scheme was of special interest to the Library ofCongress, which had greatly expanded its Union Catalog by "Project B", an effortfinanced by a Rockefeller Foundation grant in 1926.  By April 1932,at the conclusion of the Rockefeller project, a modest pamphletentitled Key to Symbols in Union Catalogs waspublished by the Library of Congress.  That publication identifiedthe 367 libraries represented in the Union Catalog at that time and is consideredthe first edition of what would eventually become this MARC list. A slightly enlarged second edition appeared in January 1933.  Amore substantial Key to Symbols used in the Union Catalog,containing 685 entries, was issued in August 1936 as the third edition of thelist.

As additional libraries began to send reports to the Union Catalog the Library of Congressassigned them unique identifiers composed of letters of thealphabet, usually including a geographic prefix.  Eventually someof the codes assigned for the Union List of Serials began to conflict withthose needed for new contributions to the Union Catalog.  For many years there wereattempts to harmonize LC codes with those of the Union List of Serials, or, conversely, toharmonize the ULS forms with those of LC.  The situation wasexacerbated in 1937 with the appearance of Winifred Gregory's American Newspapers, 1821-1936, whichassigned codes from Peterson's scheme without securing concurrencewith the Union Catalog.

These problems were given a new dimension in October 1939 whenDouglas McMurtrie published Location Symbols for Libraries in the UnitedStates.  His list was prepared "for the use of ... the staffof the American Imprints Inventory of the Historical Records SurveyProgram".  It contained 12,000 identifiers representing everypublic, college, and university library in the United States. Unfortunately, most of these libraries did not report to the Union Catalog.  Years later a regionalcooperative project, all in good faith, adopted the McMurtrie codesfor its own use without consulting the National Union Catalog, only to learn that LChad shortened the seven-letter McMurtrie codes to three letters inthe interim.

In 1941, McMurtrie published the Proposed List of Location Symbols for Libraries inAll Countries of the World Except the United States.  Inthis list he divided the world by continents, countries, and cities(e.g., Eu-Fr-P for Paris, France; An-C-T for Toronto, Canada in"America, North").  Although this proposal did not survive themassive revision of boundaries and geographic names resulting fromthe Second World War, some of its Canadian codes were put into usebefore the creation of the national Canadian scheme.  Some of thesecodes are still found in Canadian reference sources.

Symbols Used in the Union Catalog of the Library ofCongress appeared in 1942 as the fourth edition of the Key to Symbols.  The title changed slightlywith the fifth edition, published in 1953.  Its title, Symbols Used in the National Union Catalog of theLibrary of Congress, was kept through the ninth edition,published in 1965.  The publication of the sixth edition in 1954coincided with the inauguration of New Serial Titles and the conversion ofCanadian codes from the McMurtrie format to a new system sponsoredand maintained by the National Library of Canada.  To keep the sizeof the list within reasonable bounds, organizations were dropped inlater editions if they had not reported to the Union Catalog since the previous edition. One of the principal values of the list was negated by thiseditorial decision.  The assignment of duplicate codes becamealmost inevitable unless each of the previous editions wasconsulted.  Fortunately, most of the organizations that weredropped did not begin reporting again later.  Some of the morecomplicated problems encountered in assigning codes arose becausethe absence of cumulative records of the codes that had beenassigned.

As the Library of Congress continued to issue new editions ofits code list it gradually became apparent that the National Union Catalog was the one nationwideproject that outlived the publication of individual bibliographiesor specific bibliographic projects.  In the absence of any otherorganized effort on such a large scale, it fell upon the Library ofCongress to assign new codes to organizations even if they were tobe involved only in regional projects of some kind.  For thisreason, beginning with the tenth edition published in 1969, thelist of institutional identifiers came to be known by the title, Symbols of American Libraries, a title itcarried for another quarter of a century.  Beginning in the early1970's, it became common for cooperating institutions to secure aunique identifier before participating in any bibliographic projectthat required one.  The responsibility for assigning codes toorganizations was held by various divisions within the Library ofCongress, including the Catalog Publication Division, itssuccessors, the Catalog Management and Publications Division, andEnhanced Cataloging Division.  In 1994 the Network Development andMARC Standards Office (NDMSO) assumed the task of assigning newcodes, maintaining the list, and making it available.  Since inrecent years the codes in the list are used most heavily in MARCrecords, it is here that the work of Frank Peterson, DouglasMcMurtrie, the compilers of the Union List of Serials, and many others founda new home.

The 1996 edition of the list (the 15th since its inception) waspublished under the title USMARC Code List for Organizations.  Thetitle of the 2000 Edition of the list was changed to MARC Code List for Organizations in recognition of the harmonization of USMARC and CanMARC to form the new MARC 21 format family, and the expanded useof these codes in other MARC formats.

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Recent Developments
With the development in the late 1960's of the MARC formats formachine-readable data, uses other than identifying holdinginstitutions emerged for organization codes.  In themachine-readable records, organization codes identify catalogingagencies, record creators, inputting institutions, updatinginstitutions, agencies assigning the record control number, andother institution-specific data, in addition to holdings.  In thelast decade, the use of institutional identifiers from the MARC Code List for Organizations hasincreased internationally, with many foreign requests for codes fornational libraries and major university libraries that participatein American-based projects.  The list now includes nearly 6,000codes for non-U.S. organizations, nearly 19% of the total. The advent of cooperative cataloging projects, which allowinstitutions to share machine-readable bibliographic information,has put even more emphasis on the importance of a single system oforganization codes.  In addition interlibrary loan systems useorganization codes extensively.  An International Standard fororganization codes (ISO 15511--*International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations (ISIL)*) embraces many of thefeatures of the codes in this MARC list.  ISO 15511 was published in 2011.The Library	of	Congress currently serves as the ISIL National Registration Allocation Agency for the United States. For more information about ISIL codes, see above.
Structure of the MARC Codes 
The MARC organization codes are structured and employ mnemonicsto assist in visual location and identification of the institutionsrepresented.  The ULS system of mnemonic codes based ongeographical location was adopted by the Library of Congress formany institution codes, particularly libraries.  While city, state,national, and university libraries do not tend to change location,commercial firms do move occasionally from city to city and stateto state.  Therefore, identifiers created for them in the earlyyears of the list are usually based on the name of the organizationalone rather than a combination of a geographical and nameelements.  In recent years, a more consistent assignment policy hasbeen implemented which allows for all new codes to begin with ageographic prefix.

For ISIL code information, see above.
General Structure
The following general principles are used for code assignment.
- Character set  - Codes are composed of basicLatin alphabetic characters and the dash ( - ).  Parentheses occurin some obsolete codes but are avoided in newly assigned codes. Dashes are counted in determining the maximum length of a code, butare ignored in sorting and in determining uniqueness.
- Case  - Codes generally consist of acombination of upper and lowercase alphabetic characters, althoughthey may consist of all upper or all lowercase letters.  The use ofupper and lowercase letters helps to improve the readability of thecodes.  Case is ignored in sorting and in determining uniqueness.
- Length  - Codes are variable in length butshould not generally exceed ten characters.  The dash ( - ) that is used insome codes is included in the character count.  Beginning in 1989,codes found to contain more than ten characters were eithershortened or made obsolete in favor of a newly-assigned (shorter)code conform to a new policy agreed upon by various MARCusers.
Structure of Subunits
Each code consists of from one to four subunits.  The firstsubunit usually represents a higher-level geographicaljurisdiction.  Subsequent subunits generally represent thenext-lower jurisdictions and/or the name of the organizationitself.  The initial character of each subunit is an uppercaseletter, although the institutional subunit, the final one, mayconsist of multiple uppercase letters.
- First Subunit  - For institutions in theUnited States, the first subunit is usually for a state orterritory.  For non-U.S. organizations, the first subunit indicatesthe country. This geographic unit is usually one or two alphabeticcharacters.  U.S. states that were most active bibliographically atthe time the system was developed were given a single-letterdesignation (for example: codes for some organizations in New York stateuse the geographic prefix "N" as the initial unit of the MARCcode).  Other jurisdictions in the United States are identified by a modified two-letter US Pstal Service abbreviation, where the second letter of the abbreviation is lowercase (for example: "Nc" for North Carolina). Earlier codes for organizations in jurisdictions outside the US generally used a two-letter uppercase/lowercase prefix corresponding to codes in the  MARC Code List for Countries  (for example "Ag-" for Argentina).. Currently, first subunit is from the ISO 3166-1 country code list (for example "AG-" for Argentina).
- Second Subunit  - In most cases, the subunitfor a highest-level jurisdiction is followed by a second subunitrepresenting a geographic entity, such as a city or town.  Thissubunit begins with an uppercase letter and is composed of one ormore alphabetic characters.  Subunits for cities and towns areusually one or two characters (for example: "TxDa" for Dallas,Texas), although others are longer (for example: "NNopo" forNorthport, New York, and "MStoc" for Stockbridge, Massachusetts).The current policy is to prefer two-character prefixes for cities. This has resulted in the "retirement" of some three andfour-character geographic prefixes for certain cities, and theexpansion of some one-character city prefixes to twocharacters.
- Third Subunit  - The third subunit usuallyrepresents the name of the institution.  This unit also begins withan uppercase letter and is composed of one or more upper orlowercase letters.  The letters are taken from words in theorganization's name, usually initial letters but conflicts withexisting codes may require some other choice.  Examples include:"MSaE" for Essex Institute in Salem, Mass., "MSaP" for the PeabodyMuseum in the same city, "PPiUSM" for the U.S. Bureau of Mines inPittsburgh, Pa., "PPiUS" for the U.S. Steel corporation, also inPittsburgh, and "FrPURD" for the Université RenéDescartes in Paris, France.
- Fourth Subunit (Dashes)  - A fourth subunit is sometimes added to a code to identify a subdivision of a larger organization. If the base code is not already seven (7) characters long, it may be separated from the preceding subunits by a dash ( - ), for example, "ICU-L" for the Law Library of the University of Chicago; "DN-Ob" for the Naval Observatory, a division of the U.S. Department of the Navy in Washington, D.C. The fourth subunit also begins with an uppercase letter and is composed of one or more upper or lowercase letters. The letters are taken from words in the name of the subdivision. The dash is counted as one of the characters toward the maximum of eight characters. The code string, without the dash must be unique against the other valid codes in the list.
Exceptions to Standard Structure
The judgment and work of many persons has gone into the creationand maintenance of the institutional identifiers over a number ofyears. The following special conventions were used in the earlyassignment of codes for simplicity.  While no longer applied tonewly-assigned codes, familiarity with these older practices helpsto understand why a particular combination of letters was assignedto an organization.
- Official U.S. state libraries are often identified by thestate code alone, e.g., "Mo".
- U.S. state universities are identified by an uppercaseletter "U" following the code for the state, e.g., "TxU","InU".
- U.S. city, state, and Canadian provincial historicalsocieties are represented by the unit "Hi" added to the appropriategeographic unit, e.g., "WHi", "MnHi".
- A small number of libraries which participated in theearliest bibliographic projects have retained codes that wereassigned to them before the standard structure was established,e.g., "MH" for Harvard and "CtY" for Yale (city subunits omittedfor both).
- Older codes assigned to the public libraries of U.S. andCanadian cities and towns often consist of the subunit for the U.S.state (or Canadian province) and city alone.  Codes assigned after1992 do not follow this practice and routinely include a subunitrepresenting the name of the organization, even if the name issimply "public library" (represented as "PL").
- For commercial enterprises, older codes consist of a codebased on the firm's name alone, e.g., "BMI" for Bay Microfilms,Inc., "UnM" for University Microfilms, and "EpG" for the EP Groupof Companies.  These identifiers are considered a single subunit,that for the institution, which for most other codes is the thirdunit.  Although some of these older codes lacking geographicprefixes are harder to decipher, they have been retained withoutchange as much as possible.
- In most cases, the code for an organization is changedwhen its location or name is changed.  In a few instances,organizations prefer to retain an older code, to minimize confusion(for example: some state universities retain letters reminiscent ofearlier names or status such as "T" for "Teacher" or "C" for "College").
Usage Guidelines
The organization codes in this list are designed to be usedwherever the recording of the full name of an organization is notpossible or desirable.  There is no restriction on their useoutside the MARC or bibliographic environment.  Because the codesare unique regardless of capitalization and hyphenation, they canbe recorded as all lower case letters or all upper case letters,with or without hyphens.  The MARC 21 formats prescribe the use ofcodes from this list in a number of data elements (for example,field 040 (Cataloging Source)).  It is recommended that thecapitalization and hyphenation shown in this list be followed, asmuch as possible, to facilitate the legibility and intelligibilityof these codes.

Although use of obsolete codes is permitted in the MARC records, their use innewly-created records is discouraged, as obsolete codes are often non-unique orin some way less desirable than the valid codes for organizations.  References from obsoletecodes to the valid MARC organization codes are included in this list.

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Codes for Organizations Outside the U.S.
Codes for organizations outside the U.S. are generallystructured like U.S. codes except that the first subunit is for thecountry.  As stated previously, the first subunit of the code is from the ISO 3166-1 country code list followed by a hyphen (for example"FR-" for France).  The second subunit represents the localjurisdiction, usually city or town.  The final unit represents theactual name of the organization and may be absent in some cases, ashas been described already.  For Canada, the subunit for thecountry is followed by a subunit representing the province, and athird subunit which represents the city or town.  The fourthsubunit represents the name of the organization.  The Library and Archives Canada currently assigns codes for Canadian organizations.
Names and Addresses 
Names and addresses of organizations listed in this publication are intended to be complete enough for mailing purposes. Since most local, state, college, and university libraries can be located without a street address, often only the city, state, postal code are given for these entities. An effort has been made to include street addresses if they were available at the time this publication was sent to press. For foreign organizations, the name of the country is given in all cases.
Searching Help 
**»****Search the MARC Organization Codes Database**

The web siteprovides access to the MARC CodeList for Organizations by code and organization name. The database addresshas changed as of 24 April2007. 

**Please note:**The Library of Congress does not provide search capabilities on codes for countries that have their own assignment agency. [Library and Archives Canada; The British Library; Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin;Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu].
Code Searches
Searches by MARC organization code can be done using both validand invalid codes.  Since a normalized version of the valid MARCcode without hyphens or capitalization is provided, it is not necessaryto key in the correct combination of upper and lowercase letterswhen searching.  Valid and invalid codes are clearly marked in theMARC organization code database.
Name Searches
It is also possible to search the MARC organization code list byname of organization.  Both keyword and phrase searches are supported.It is not necessary to use uppercase letters or diacritical marks insearching.  Multiple name entries are provided for organizationswith variant names, or foreign organizations whose names appear inother languages.  In all cases, names are represented using theLatin alphabet only.  Beginning with the 2000 Edition of the MARC Code List for Organizations names entries for for Chinese organizations use Pinyin romanization  This enhancement coincides with the adoption, by Americanlibraries, of Pinyin as the preferred romanization scheme forChinese.  The transliteration of names in other non-roman scriptsgenerally follows the guidelines in the widely used ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Requesting New Codes
Search the online Organization Codes databasefirst to be sure a code has not already been assigned. If you don't find a code for yourorganization, click on one of these links to jump to an easy-to-use onlinerequest form in the language of your choice. *(Database address has changed as of 24 April2007.)*
-  ENGLISH
-  ESPAÑOL
-  PORTUGUÊS

Once you have applied for a new code, it generally takes up to 15 working days for processing.  The MARC Code List for Organizations is verydynamic.  New  codes are added on a regular basis.  Since informationin the requests must be verified and massaged into the MARC OrganizationCodes database, a short delay between time of request and appearance of anewly-assigned code in the database should be expected.

 Names and  addresses are revised when changes are reported to us.  You can use the online  request form to request a code for one organization. If you need codes for more  than one organization, you can fill out the Web form for each organization or  send   a request via email including a list of the organization names, their addresses  (including street, city, state, postal code, and country), and  contact information to the following email address:   [email protected]

NOTE: For security reasons, attachments to email messages(such as MS Word files) are not accepted.

Requests for the assignment of new codes or changes involvingorganizations in Canada, United Kingdom, or Germany are processed by Library and Archives Canada, The British Library, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, and Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu respectively.

Requests for the assignment of new MARC organization codes orfor changes to existing names, and/or addresses, can also besent via FAX to: +1-202-707-0115 or by surface mail to:Library of CongressNetwork Development and MARC Standards Office101 Independence Avenue, S.E.Washington, D.C. 20540-4402, U.S.A.

Please note that requests received by surface mail will take longer to process than those received via email or FAX.

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