1 

NIST Technical Note 1691

PERFORMANCE O F NEW AND AGED

RESIDENTIAL FIRE SMOKE ALARMS


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ii 

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1691

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1691, 106 pages (April 2011)

CODEN:NTNOEF
iii 

Technical Report to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

CPSCǦIǦ09Ǧ0024

Rohit Khanna, Fire Protection Engineer

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ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................... i

SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................................... iii

I.Objective and Background ........................................................................................................................ 1

II. Smoke Alarm Activation Principles........................................................................................................... 3

A. Combustion Products ....................................................................................................................... 3

B. Ionization Smoke Alarms .................................................................................................................. 3

C. Photoelectric Smoke Alarms............................................................................................................. 3

III. Experimental Plan ....................................................................................................................................5

A. General Formulation......................................................................................................................... 5

B. Smoke Alarm Models........................................................................................................................ 6

C. Accelerated Aging Protocol............................................................................................................... 7

IV. Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator ........................................................................................................... 9

A. General Description .......................................................................................................................... 9

B. Test Protocol...................................................................................................................................12

C. Data Reduction ............................................................................................................................... 13

V. UL 217 ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

A. Purpose...........................................................................................................................................15

B. Apparatus Description .................................................................................................................... 15

C. Test Protocol...................................................................................................................................15

D. Differences between UL 217 and the FEDE.................................................................................... 16

VI. Results and Analysis............................................................................................................................... 17

A. Limitations ......................................................................................................................................17

B. UL 217 Alarm Sensitivity Measurements........................................................................................ 18

C. FEDE Testing....................................................................................................................................19

VI. Conclusions............................................................................................................................................25

VII. Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 26

Appendix A: Overview of Statistical Methods and FEDE Data Analysis...................................................... 27

A. Exploratory Data Examination........................................................................................................ 27

B. Quantitative Analysis...................................................................................................................... 27

Appendix B: Exploratory Data Analysis for Set 1 Smoke Alarms ................................................................ 29
vi 

Appendix C: Exploratory Data Analysis for Set 2 Smoke Alarms ................................................................ 40

Appendix D: Comparative Data Analysis of Set 1 and Set 2 Smoke Alarms ............................................... 47

Appendix E: Exploratory Data Analysis for Set 3 Ionization Smoke Alarms................................................ 54

Appendix F: Exploratory Data Analysis for Set 4 Ionization Smoke Alarms................................................ 61

Appendix G: Comparative Data Analysis for Set 3 and Set 4 Ionization Smoke Alarms............................. 68

Appendix H: Exploratory Analysis for Set 3 Photoelectric Smoke Alarms.................................................. 75

Appendix I: Exploratory Data Analysis for Set 4 Photoelectric Smoke Alarms........................................... 82

Appendix J: Comparative Analysis for Set 3 and Set 4 Photoelectric Smoke Alarms................................. 89

References ..................................................................................................................................................96
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ͳǤǣȀȀǤǤȀȀ

ʹǤƬǡǤDz	

ǤdzƬͳ͸ͷͳʹǡ

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ʹ ͅǡʹͲͳͲǤ

͵ǤǡǤǡǡǤǡǤǡǡǤ
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	ǤdzǣǦ͵ͻ ͅ͸ǡ

ǡǡǡʹͲͳͲǤ

ͶǤǡǤǡ̶	


ǡ̶IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 11ǡʹʹǦ͵ͷǡ

ȋͳͻ ͅ ͅȌǤ

ͷǤ
ǡǤ
ǤǡǡǤǤǡǡǤǤDz

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