BOEN HARDWOOD FLOORING, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

Slip Op. 03-4

United States Court of International Trade

Before: Pogue, Judge

Court No. 96-08-02006

[Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment denied. Defendant’s

cross-motion for summary judgment granted. Judgment entered for

Defendant.]

 Decided: January 7, 2003

Galvin & Mlawski (John J. Galvin), Attorney, for Plaintiff. 

Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General, John J. Mahon,

Acting Attorney in Charge, International Trade Field Office,

Barbara S. Williams, Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil

Division, U.S. Department of Justice; Yelena Slepak, Of Counsel,

Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation,

U.S. Customs Service, for Defendant.

OPINION

Pogue, Judge: Plaintiff Boen Hardwood Flooring, Inc. (“Plaintiff”

or “Boen”) challenges the denial of its protest, filed in

accordance with section 514 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended,

19 U.S.C. § 1514 (1994), against the liquidation of the subject
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 2

1 Liquidation constitutes the final appraisal of the value of

imported merchandise and determination of the appropriate

classification and rate of duty. See 19 U.S.C. § 1500; 19 C.F.R.

§ 159.1 (2001). 

merchandise.1 Defendant United States Customs Service (“Defendant”

or “Customs”) classified Plaintiff’s merchandise under heading 4412

of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (1995)

(“HTSUS”), as “[p]lywood, veneered panels, and similar laminated

wood.” Plaintiff contends that the subject merchandise should be

liquidated under subheading 4409.20.25, HTSUS, as “[n]onconiferous

[w]ood flooring.” See Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in

Issue at 2 (“Pl.’s Statement of Facts”).

Jurisdiction lies under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (1994). This

action is before the Court on cross motions for summary judgment

made by Plaintiff and Defendant pursuant to USCIT Rule 56. For the

reasons discussed below, the Court finds that the subject

merchandise is properly classified under heading 4412.29.50, HTSUS,

as a “veneered panel” and grants summary judgment for the

defendant. 

Undisputed Facts

The subject merchandise consists of hardwood flooring made up

of three layers of wood in which the grain of the middle layer is

perpendicular to the grain of the two outer layers. See Pl.’s

Statement of Facts at 4-5; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of
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2 “Laminate” means “[t]o bond together two or more pieces of

wood to make a single piece, using adhesive and pressure.” 

Random Lengths Publ’ns, Terms of the Trade 192-93 (4th ed. 2000). 

See also Webster’s II New Riverside University Dictionary 674

(1988) (“Webster’s”) (defining “laminate” as “[t]o make by

uniting several layers”). 

Material Facts ¶¶ 18-21 (“Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of

Facts”). The three layers of the flooring are glued together. See

Def.’s Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 3; Pl.’s Statement of Facts

at 6. Without acknowledging it by explicit agreement, both parties

to this action do agree that the subject merchandise has been

“laminated.”2 See Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 6 (stating that the

layered stock from which the merchandise is produced is “glu[ed]

under pressure”); Def.’s Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 3 (stating

that the top and bottom layers of the flooring are glued to the

middle layer); Def.’s Mem. Supp. Cross Mot. Summ. J. and Opp’n

Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. at 14-15 (“Def.’s Mem.”) (arguing that the

merchandise meets the definition of “laminated” and therefore is

properly classifiable as “similar laminated wood”), 18 (arguing

that the subject merchandise is “highly processed . . . by

lamination”); see also Dep. of Thomas L. Goss at 29 (stating that

a hydraulic press is used to “put[] pressure and heat down on the

[flooring layers] to press [them] together and to get the glue to

bond”); Boen Marketing Material, Transform Your World with Boen

Hardwood, Collective Ex. A at Specification Suggestions - Materials

(stating that “Boen Longstrip shall be laminated construction”);
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 4

3 The parties disagree as to the thickness of the subject

merchandise. Plaintiff asserts that it measures 5/8 (or 20/32)

inch thick, see Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 4, while defendant

asserts that the flooring measures 19/32 inch, a difference of

1/32 inch. Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 17. The

two sample pieces presented to the Court measure approximately

9/16 (or 18/32) and 19/32 inch thick. These discrepancies in the

total thickness of the samples do not present a material issue of

fact in this action. 

4 Plaintiff indicates that the top layer of the flooring is

made of hardwoods “such as oak, ash, maple, or merbau.” Pl.’s

Statement of Facts at 5. Botanically, hardwoods are angiosperms,

which means that “the seeds are encased in the ovary of the

flower.” U.S. Dep’t of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest

Prods. Laboratory, Wood Handbook ch.1 at 2 (1999) (“Wood

Handbook”); see also The American Heritage Dictionary of the

English Language 71 (3rd ed. 1996). Coniferous woods, by

contrast, are gymnosperms, meaning that the seeds of the tree are

not encased within an ovary. Wood Handbook, ch.1 at 2; American

Heritage Dictionary at 808. Spruce is a coniferous wood. See,

e.g., American Heritage Dictionary at 1745. Both parties to this

action implicitly acknowledge that the hardwood layer of the

subject merchandise is non-coniferous. See Pl.’s Statement of

Facts at 2-3 (asserting that the subject merchandise is properly

classified as “nonconiferous wood flooring”); Def.’s Resp. to

Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 3 (asserting that the subject

Boen Hardwood Flooring Floating Floor System Installation Guide,

Def.’s Ex. 1, (describing the merchandise as “three ply laminate”).

The flooring is continuously shaped with tongue and groove

along its edges and ends, see Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 7; Def.’s

Mem. at 2, and comes in a standard size of 5 1/2 inches wide, 7

feet 2 5/8 inches long, and approximately 5/8 inch thick.3 See

Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of

Facts ¶ 17. The top layer of the flooring is composed of strips of

hardwood measuring approximately 1/8 inch thick and 2 3/4 inches

wide.4 See Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 5; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s
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merchandise may be classified as plywood with at least one outer

ply of non-coniferous wood).

5 The Court by order of February 25, 2002, Slip Op. 02-21,

originally granted Defendant’s motion for summary judgment and

denied Plaintiff’s cross-motion. By order of July 30, 2002, the

Court granted Defendant’s motion for rehearing and Plaintiff’s

cross-motion for rehearing, and withdrew and vacated Slip Op. 02-

21. By order of November 18, 2002, the Court resolved the

parties cross-motions for an order specifying that no substantial

controversy appears to exist as to the composition and design of

the core layer of the subject imported flooring. 

Statement of Facts ¶ 21. The center layer consists of spruce slats

or strips measuring approximately 5/16 inch thick, 1 1/16 inch

wide, and 5 9/16 inch long. The slats or strips are laid

lengthwise with minor but visible spacing between each piece and

with their grain running perpendicular to the grain of the wood

comprising the top and bottom layers. Order of Nov. 18, 2002.5 The

bottom layer of the flooring is composed of spruce strips, 1/8 inch

thick and 2 1/4 to 2 3/4 inches wide. See Pl.’s Statement of Facts

at 4; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 19. The grain of

the bottom layer is perpendicular to the grain of the center layer

and parallel to the grain of the top hardwood layer. See Pl.’s

Statement of Facts at 5; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Statement of Facts

¶ 20. 

Parties’ Arguments

Plaintiff argues that the imported hardwood flooring in

question should be classified within heading 4409, HTSUS, “[w]ood

(including strips and friezes for parquet flooring, not assembled)
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continuously shaped (tongued, grooved, rebated, chamfered, Vjointed, beaded, molded, rounded or the like) along any of its

edges or faces, whether or not planed, sanded or finger-jointed,”

and further, under subheading 4409.20.25, HTSUS, “[n]onconiferous

[w]ood flooring.” Plaintiff contends that the subject merchandise

is properly classifiable under heading 4409, HTSUS, because under

prior tariff acts, both wooden flooring and laminated wood, when

produced in dimensions found in nature, were classified as lumber

products not further manufactured than sawed, planed, tongued, and

grooved, rather than as more advanced items. See Pl.’s Mem. at 14.

Plaintiff asserts that the subject merchandise is not classifiable

as plywood, veneered panels, or laminated wood because it does not

meet the definitions of these items. See Pl.’s Reply to Def.’s

Resp. Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. and Resp. Opp’n Def.’s Cross Mot.

Summ. J. at 4-13 (“Pl.’s Reply”). Further, Plaintiff argues that

even if the subject merchandise were plywood, veneered panels, or

similar laminated wood, it would have the essential character of an

item of heading 4409, HTSUS, and be classifiable thereunder

according to the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System

Explanatory Notes (1st ed. 1986) (“Explanatory Notes”) for heading

4412, HTSUS. See Pl.’s Reply at 13-18. 

Defendant asserts that the flooring is properly classified

under heading 4412, HTSUS, which describes “[p]lywood, veneered

panels and similar laminated wood,” and argues that the flooring
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 7

meets the definition of plywood. Defendant argues in the

alternative that even if the flooring is not plywood it is still

classifiable as “veneered panels” or “similar laminated wood.”

Def.’s Mem. at 5. Defendant asserts that the flooring is excluded

from heading 4409, HTSUS, by the terms of the headings and the

Explanatory Notes, id. at 15-17; that cases decided under the TSUS

and earlier Tariff Acts are not controlling due to the change in

statutory language and legislative intent, id. at 18-20; and that

the cases do not support the classification of the subject

merchandise under heading 4409, HTSUS. Id. at 21-26. 

Standard of Review

Customs’ classification is subject to de novo review by

this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2640. The Court employs a

two-step process in analyzing a customs classification. “[F]irst,

[it] construe[s] the relevant classification headings; and

second, [it] determine[s] under which of the properly construed

tariff terms the merchandise at issue falls.” Bausch & Lomb,

Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1998)

(citing Universal Elecs., Inc. v. United States, 112 F.3d 488,

491 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). Interpretation of the tariff

classification terms is a question of law, while application of

the terms to the merchandise at issue is a question of fact. Id.

Summary judgment is appropriate where there exists no
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 8

genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. See USCIT Rule 56(d); Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); Celotex Corp.

v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). A dispute is genuine “if

the evidence is such that [the trier of fact] could return a

verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 

In a challenge to a tariff classification, summary judgment is

appropriate when the dispute involves only the proper

classification of the subject merchandise, not the nature of the

merchandise itself. Bausch & Lomb, Inc., 148 F.3d at 1365-66. 

Where there is a dispute about the nature of the subject

merchandise, there exists a genuine issue of material fact and a

trial is warranted. 

In the instant case, the parties agree that the subject

merchandise is flooring consisting of a hardwood layer and two

softwood layers, glued together with the grains of the pieces

forming the center layer laid perpendicular to the grains of the

pieces forming the two outer layers. As the parties agree to the

essential nature and material characteristics of the merchandise,

and disagree only as to its proper classification under the

HTSUS, summary judgment of the classification issue is

appropriate.

Discussion

The HTSUS consists of (1) the General Notes; (2) the General
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 9

Rules of Interpretation (“GRI”); (3) the Additional U.S. Rules of

Interpretation; (4) sections I through XXII (encompassing chapters

1 through 99, including all section and chapter notes, article

provisions, and tariff and other treatment accorded thereto); and

(5) the Chemical Appendix. Classification of goods under the HTSUS

is governed by the General Rules of Interpretation (“GRI”). See

Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States, 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir.

1999); Orlando Food Corp. v. United States, 140 F.3d 1437, 1439

(Fed. Cir. 1998). GRI 1 states that “for legal purposes,

classification shall be determined according to the terms of the

headings and any relative section or chapter notes.” GRI 1; see

also Orlando Food Corp., 140 F.3d at 1440. Goods that cannot be

classified solely by reference to GRI 1 must be classified by

reference to the succeeding GRIs in numerical order. Furthermore,

“[a]bsent contrary legislative intent, HTSUS terms are to be

construed according to their common and commercial meanings, which

are presumed to be the same.” Carl Zeiss, Inc., 195 F.3d at 1379

(internal citation omitted). 

The Court may also refer to the Explanatory Notes, which

constitute the World Customs Organization’s official interpretation

of the HTSUS. See Baxter Healthcare Corp. of Puerto Rico v. United

States, 22 CIT 82, 89 n.4, 998 F. Supp. 1133, 1140 n.4 (1998).

Although the Explanatory Notes are not legally binding, they are

useful in ascertaining the correct classification of the
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 10

merchandise in question. See Rollerblade, Inc. v. United States,

112 F.3d 481, 486 n. 3 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (stating that the

Explanatory Notes are “intended to clarify the scope of HTSUS

subheadings and to offer guidance in interpreting its subheadings”)

(citing Mita Copystar Am. v. United States, 21 F.3d 1079, 1082

(Fed. Cir. 1994)); Lonza, Inc. v. United States, 46 F.3d 1098, 1109

(Fed. Cir. 1995) (“While the Explanatory Notes do not constitute

controlling legislative history, they do offer guidance in

interpreting the HTS[US] subheadings.”). 

Determining which heading provides the most appropriate

classification of merchandise requires close textual analysis of

the language of the headings and the accompanying explanatory

notes. The General Explanatory Notes to Chapter 44, HTSUS,

indicate that the chapter covers “unmanufactured wood, semifinished products of wood and, in general, articles of wood.”

Explanatory Notes at 622. The headings of Chapter 44 are arranged

so that less processed items appear earlier in the chapter, while

items that have been subjected to further manufacturing appear

later. See generally Chapter 44, HTSUS; see also U.S. Customs

Service Headquarters Ruling (“HQ”) 963396 (Mar. 28, 2000) (“Chapter

44, HTSUS . . . is structured so that less processed wood appears

at the beginning of the chapter followed by more advanced wood in

later headings within the same chapter.”); HQ 963655 (Feb. 3,

2000); HQ 961208 (June 1, 1999); HQ 962715 (June 1, 1999). The
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6 The four general categories listed in the General

Explanatory Notes to Chapter 44 read as follows: 

(1) Wood in the rough (as felled, split, roughly

squared, debarked, etc.) and fuel wood, wood waste

and scrap, sawdust, wood in chips or particles;

hoopwood, poles, piles, pickets, stakes, etc.;

wood charcoal; wood wool and wood flour; railway

or tramway sleepers (generally headings 44.01 to

44.06). However, the Chapter excludes wood, in

chips, in shavings, crushed, ground, or powdered,

of a kind used primarily in perfumery, in

pharmacy, or for insecticidal, fungicidal, or

similar purposes (heading 12.11) and wood, in

chips, in shavings, ground or powdered, of a kind

used primarily in dyeing or in tanning (heading

14.04). 

(2) Sawn, chipped, sliced, peeled, planed, sanded,

end-jointed, e.g., finger-jointed (i.e., jointed

by a process whereby shorter pieces of wood are

glued together end to end, with joints resembling

interlaced fingers, in order to obtain a greater

length of wood) and continuously shaped wood

(headings 44.07 to 44.09).

(3) Particle board and similar board, fibreboard,

laminated wood and densified wood (headings 44.10

to 44.13).

(4) Articles of wood (except certain kinds specified

in Note 1 to this Chapter and which, together with

others, are referred to in the Explanatory Notes

to particular headings below) (headings 44.14 to

44.21). 

General Explanatory Notes explain that items covered by Chapter 44

may be “grouped broadly” in four general categories, including “(2)

[s]awn, chipped, sliced, peeled, planed, sanded, end-jointed, e.g.,

finger-jointed . . . and continuously shaped wood (headings 44.07

to 44.09),” and “(3) [p]article board and similar board,

fibreboard, laminated wood and densified wood (headings 44.10 to

44.13).”6 Explanatory Notes at 622. These broad categories
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 12

Explanatory Notes at 622. 

separate laminated products from products that are merely shaped.

I. Heading 4409, HTSUS

As noted, heading 4409, HTSUS, covers “[w]ood (including

strips and friezes for parquet flooring, not assembled)

continuously shaped (tongued, grooved, rebated, chamfered, Vjointed, beaded, molded, rounded, or the like) along any of its

edges or faces, whether or not planed, sanded, or finger-jointed.”

The Explanatory Note for heading 4409, HTSUS, states that 

[t]his heading covers timber, particularly in

the form of boards, planks, etc., which, after

sawing or squaring, has been continuously

shaped along any of its edges or faces either

to facilitate subsequent assembly or to obtain

the mouldings or beadings described in Item

(4) below, whether or not planed, sanded or

end-jointed, e.g. finger-jointed. 

Explanatory Notes at 629. 

The subject merchandise fits the description in heading 4409,

HTSUS, of “[w]ood . . . continuously shaped . . . along any of its

edges or faces, whether or not planed [or] sanded.” It is shaped

along its edges and ends, and is fitted with tongue and groove in

order to facilitate its assembly as flooring. See Dep. of Thomas

L. Goss at 35; Pl.’s Statement of Facts at 4, 7; Def.’s Resp. to

Pl.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 17; Def.’s Mem. at 2. The initial terms
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 13

7 Lumber is defined as “[t]imber sawed into standardized

structural members, as boards or planks,” Webster’s at 708; “[a]

wood product manufactured from logs by sawing, resawing and,

usually, planing, with all four sides sawn. (‘Timber’ is used in

place of ‘lumber’ in many countries.),” Terms of the Trade at

205; “[l]ogs that have been sawed and prepared for market,”

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms 1177

(Sybil P. Parker ed., 5th ed. 1994); “a collective term for wood

that has been sawed into appropriate sizes for building and other

uses,” Harcourt Academic Press Dictionary of Science and

Technology, available at http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary

(“Harcourt”); “[a]n American term for converted wood; also for

felled trees prepared for the sawmill. Timber split or sawn for

use in building.” Thomas Corkhill, The Complete Dictionary of

Wood 317 (1979). 

used by the Explanatory Note, however, “timber, particularly in the

form of boards, planks, etc.,” indicate that heading 4409, HTSUS,

contemplates wood material that is less processed than the subject

merchandise. Explanatory Notes at 629. 

“Timber” is defined in relevant part as “[w]ood as a building

material: lumber”7 or “[a] dressed piece of wood, esp. a beam in a

structure,” Webster’s at 1210; “[w]ood used for building,

carpentry, or joinery,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and

Technical Terms at 2033; “wood, whether growing or cut, especially

when suitable for use in construction and carpentry,” Harcourt;

see also Terms of the Trade at 342 (defining timber as “[a] size

classification of lumber that includes pieces that are at least

five inches in their smallest dimension”); Corkhill, The Complete

Dictionary of Wood at 583-84 (defining timber as “[w]ood suitable

for building and structural purposes . . . . The term is generally

used in a wider sense and includes all kinds and forms of wood,
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 14

especially when in bulk. . . . Usually the term implies stuff of

large section.”)

“Board” is defined as “[a] piece of lumber whose dimensions

are less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) thick and between 4 and 12

inches (10 and 30 centimeters) wide,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of

Scientific and Technical Terms at 246; “[a] long flat slab of sawed

lumber: plank” or “[a] flat piece of rigid material, as wood

adapted for a special use,” Webster’s at 185; “[a]pplied to

converted softwoods over 4 in. wide and less than 2 in. thick, and

to hardwoods of any width and up to 1 1⁄4 in. thick.” Corkhill, The

Complete Dictionary of Wood at 50. But cf. Terms of the Trade at

36-37 (defining “board” as “[a] piece of lumber less than two

inches in nominal thickness and one inch or more in width,” but

also as “[a] generic term used to describe various composite panels

such as oriented strand board, waferboard, fiberboard, etc.,” and

as “[p]aperboard”); Harcourt (defining “board” as “a long, flat,

rectangular piece of cut wood that is relatively wide in comparison

to its thickness,” but also as “a composition material fabricated

in large sheets; for example, plasterboard or fiberboard”). 

Finally, “plank” is defined as “[a] heavy board with thickness

of 2-4 inches (5-10 centimeters) and a width of at least 8 inches

(20 centimeters),” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and

Technical Terms at 1520; “1. a long, flat piece of wood that is

thicker than a board. 2. lumber formed into such pieces,”
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Harcourt; “[a] piece of lumber two or more inches thick and six or

more inches wide, designed to be laid flat as part of a loadbearing surface, such as a bridge deck,” Terms of the Trade at 250;

“[a] piece of lumber cut thicker than a board,” Webster’s at 899;

“[s]quare sawn softwood 2 to 6 in. thick and 11 in. or more in

width. There is considerable difference in the limits in different

markets. A plank in hardwood is from 1 1⁄2 in. x 9 in. and 8 ft.

upwards in length.” Corkhill, The Complete Dictionary of Wood at

412. 

While two definitions of the term “board” recognize a more

general meaning, see Terms of the Trade at 37; Harcourt, the other

definitions of “timber,” “lumber,” “board,” and “plank” strongly

suggest that these terms refer to relatively unprocessed singlelayer wood pieces, cut and shaped by the sawmill for use in

carpentry and construction, rather than to composite panels. The

subject merchandise is distinct from such wood products, as it has

been not only sawn and shaped, but layered, laminated, and finished

into a final product.

Plaintiff relies on cases decided under the TSUS and prior

Tariff Acts to argue that continuously shaped wooden flooring and

glued stock, or wooden boards or planks made by gluing pieces of

wood together, have been consistently treated as if they had been

shaped only. In these cases, the court found that the lamination

and assembly operations performed on the boards at issue did not
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 16

constitute a further manufacturing process or result in a product

that was further advanced than boards which had been only shaped,

such as planed, tongued, grooved. Under the present tariff

schedules, such treatment would allow laminated products to be

classified under heading 4409, HTSUS. 

Plaintiff’s reliance on these cases, however, is misplaced.

The cases indicate that glued stock was treatable as lumber, not

further manufactured or advanced than sawed, planed, and tongued

and grooved, when (1) the laminated piece was of a size obtainable

in nature as one piece in the same species of wood, and (2) the

gluing operations were performed in order to obtain a larger piece

of wood from smaller pieces.

In B.A. McKenzie & Co., Inc. v. United States, 39 Cust. Ct.

52 (1957), wood intended for making drawer sides was available in

one-piece stock, which was a solid piece of wood, and in two-piece

stock, which was a piece of wood made by dovetailing and gluing

together two smaller pieces. Both the one-piece and two-piece

stock were of the same size. The court decided that the two-piece

or glued stock was not further manufactured or advanced than the

one-piece stock. The dovetailing and gluing operations simply

created a larger piece of wood from smaller pieces, and did not

change the character of the wood as lumber, or a material from

which to make finished articles. The Treasury Department later

promulgated a notice adopting the principle of the McKenzie
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 17

decision by stating that glued stock of a size obtainable in nature

was to be treated as lumber. T.D. 54595, 93 Treas. Dec. 204, 205

(1958) (stating that “glued stock, including jointed and glued

stock” may be recognized as lumber if “of a length, width, and

thickness which is recognized in the trade as lumber if of onepiece material”). 

In Border Brokerage Co. v. United States, 52 Cust. Ct. 204

(1964), as in McKenzie, the court concluded that one-piece and twopiece wood stock of the same size and intended for the same purpose

were both classifiable as not further manufactured than planed,

tongued and grooved. The two-piece stock was assembled through

lamination and bullnosing (a planing process) from smaller pieces

of wood for the purpose of creating a larger piece. Similarly, the

court in D.B. Frampton & Co. v. United States, 60 Cust. Ct. 4

(1968), held that laminated or assembled wood planks which were of

a size obtainable in nature as a solid piece of wood of the same

species were classifiable as having not been further manufactured

than planed, tongued, and grooved. Laminating or assembling

operations could be performed without being held to advance the

condition of the wood when the purpose of the lamination or

assembly was to obtain a larger piece of wood, but one of a size

that still could be obtained by cutting a natural log. See also

C.B. Smith Co. v. United States, 64 Cust. Ct. 278 (1970) (Glued

hardwood, whether edge-glued, end-glued, or face-glued, was
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 18

classifiable as lumber if it met the size requirements of the

tariff code. The size specifications were adopted in an effort to

classify glued stock that is similar to lumber in use and

performance separately from dimension stock, which has different

applications than lumber.); Pacific Hardwood Sales Co. v. United

States, 64 Cust. Ct. 68 (1970) (Wood for making drawer sides,

produced by edge-gluing numerous smaller strips of wood, was

dimension stock not classifiable as lumber because it did not meet

the size requirements of the tariff code for classification as

lumber. The court acknowledged that the adoption of the size

requirements was rooted in the similarity of glued stock of certain

dimensions to lumber in its performance and use.); cf. Clarence S.

Holmes, A/C Best Products Mfg. Co. v. United States, 44 Cust. Ct.

111 (1960) (Maple boards wider than 9 inches, produced by edgegluing narrower maple pieces, were held not classifiable under the

same tariff heading as solid maple lumber pieces because solid

maple pieces are not produced in widths over nine inches. The

glued maple lumber was classified under a heading covering wood

that had been further manufactured than lumber but was not yet a

finished article.); P.W. Drittler v. United States, 52 Cust. Ct.

227, Abstract No. 68213 (1964) (Boards measuring 24 inches wide and

eight feet long, made by edge-gluing ten strips of yellow birch,

were further manufactured than sawed, planed, and tongued and

grooved. The court declined to follow McKenzie on the grounds that
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 19

the boards in question were of a size not normally obtainable in

nature. The court classified them under a heading covering wood

that had been further manufactured than lumber but was not yet a

finished article.). 

The holdings of these cases rested on the principle that the

glued stock was “no different in essential character and use from

the 1-piece material, which was classifiable as sawed lumber, not

further manufactured than planed, and tongued, and grooved.”

Clarence S. Holmes, A/C Best Products Mfg. Co., 44 Cust. Ct. at

113. These cases involved neither layered products nor gluing

operations intended to create a product of greater strength or

durability. In the instant case, the purpose of assembling and

gluing together separate pieces of wood is not merely to obtain a

board of a different size that is otherwise similar in performance

and use to a solid board. Rather, the purpose is to obtain a wood

flooring product that is superior in strength, durability, and

resistance to warping to flooring made of single-layer shaped

boards. See Dep. of Thomas L. Goss at 36-38 (stating that the use

of hardwood for the top layer of the flooring provides durability,

while the layered construction and placement of the grains at right

angles provides stability, resistance to warping, and strength in

the flooring); Def.’s Statement of Facts ¶ 5; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s

Statement of Undisputed Facts ¶ 5. This purpose is not

contemplated within the reasoning of the cases that treated
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 20

assembled and laminated wood products as no more advanced than

shaped wood. 

In an alternative argument, Plaintiff asserts that the

Explanatory Note for heading 4412, HTSUS, and Chapter Note 4,

Chapter 44, HTSUS, require the subject merchandise to be classified

under heading 4409, HTSUS. Explanatory Note 44.12 states that 

the products of this heading may be worked to

form the shapes provided for in heading 44.09,

curved, corrugated, perforated, cut or formed

to shapes other than square or rectangular or

submitted to any other operation provided it

does not give them the character of articles

of other headings.

Explanatory Notes at 633. 

Chapter Note 4 states that

[p]roducts of heading 4410, 4411 or 4412 may

be worked to form the shapes provided for in

respect of the goods of heading 4409, curved,

corrugated, perforated, cut or formed to

shapes other than square or rectangular or

submitted to any other operation provided it

does not give them the character of articles

of other headings. 

Chapter Note 4, Chapter 44, HTSUS. 

Plaintiff argues that even if the five-layer stock from which

the subject merchandise is produced were classifiable under heading

4412, HTSUS, the subject merchandise itself “has been so far

advanced as to dedicate it solely for use as flooring.” Pl.’s

Reply at 16. Plaintiff appears to suggest that because the

merchandise is fully manufactured into wood flooring and is usable

only for that purpose, it has the character of an article of
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 21

another heading, namely heading 4409, HTSUS, which contains a

subheading listing “[w]ood flooring.” Plaintiff claims, therefore,

that under the Explanatory Note and Chapter Note 4, classification

under heading 4412, HTSUS, is precluded. 

This approach is flawed, however, because it characterizes the

merchandise as an article of another heading by referring to the

subheadings. The Chapter Note and the Explanatory Note speak of

“articles of other headings.” Chapter Note 4, Chapter 44, HTSUS;

Explanatory Notes at 633 (emphasis supplied). The suggested

characterization, “wood flooring,” does not appear in heading 4409,

HTSUS; rather, it is a subheading listed under heading 4409.

Heading 4409, HTSUS, mentions only shaping operations, and it is

clear from the Chapter Note and Explanatory Note that merchandise

falling under heading 4412, HTSUS, may have been subjected to any

of these shaping operations. 

Finally, heading 4409, HTSUS, addresses only shaping and

planing operations, while heading 4412, HTSUS, encompasses products

which have been subjected to lamination operations as well as

shaping processes. Heading 4409, HTSUS, therefore does not provide

a complete and accurate description of the subject merchandise. 

II. Heading 4412, HTSUS.

As noted earlier, heading 4412, HTSUS, covers “[p]lywood,

veneered panels and similar laminated wood,” and the General
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 22

Explanatory Notes to Chapter 44 indicate that items covered by

heading 4412, HTSUS, may have been subjected also to the processes

that characterize the items of heading 4409, HTSUS. Explanatory

Notes at 621. This is reiterated in Explanatory Note 44.12, which

states that “[t]he products of this heading may be worked to form

the shapes provided for in heading 44.09 . . . provided it does not

give them the character of articles of other headings.” Id. at 633

(emphasis supplied). Therefore, items falling within heading 4412,

HTSUS, may have been continuously shaped or otherwise worked

according to heading 4409, HTSUS, in addition to having been

laminated or glued in accordance with heading 4412, HTSUS. 

A. The Subject Merchandise is Not Plywood

“Plywood” is defined as “[a] flat panel made up of a number

of thin sheets, or veneers, of wood in which the grain direction of

each ply, or layer, is at right angles to the one adjacent to it.

The veneer sheets are united, under pressure, by a bonding agent,”

Terms of the Trade at 252; “[a] structural material consisting of

layers of wood glued tightly together, [usually] with the grains of

adjoining layers at right angles to each other,” Webster’s at 906;

“[a] material composed of thin sheets of wood glued together, with

the grains of adjacent sheets oriented at right angles to each

other,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms at

1531; “thin sheets of wood glued together, with the grain of each

consecutive piece positioned at a right angle to the preceding one
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 23

to give strength and prevent warping; widely used in construction,”

Harcourt; “manufactured board composed of an odd number of thin

sheets of wood glued together under pressure with grains of the

successive layers at right angles,” The Columbia Encyclopedia at

2173; a “composite wood panel made of three or more layers glued

together with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles to each

other. Thin panels are built up of veneer (thin sheet wood)

exclusively. For thicker panels, sawed lumber often is used as the

centre ply, or core, the product being called lumber-core plywood.”

The New Encyclopedia Britannica vol. 9 at 532 (1986). 

As “plywood” tends to be defined in terms of “veneers” or

“sheets,” definition of those terms is also necessary. Definitions

of “veneer” include “[w]ood peeled, sawn, or sliced into sheets of

a given constant thickness and combined with glue to produce

plywood or laminated-veneer lumber,” Terms of the Trade at 360; “1.

A thin layer of material, as wood or plastic, bonded to and used

for covering a [usually] inferior material. 2. Any of the thin

layers glued together in manufacturing plywood,” Webster’s at 1280;

“[a] thin sheet of wood of uniform thickness used for facing

furniture or, when bonded, used to make plywood,” McGraw-Hill

Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms at 2126; “1. a thin

layer of material, especially a thin sheet of expensive wood laid

over a base of cheaper wood in order to improve the outward

appearance of the cheaper wood. . . . 3. any of the layers that
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 24

8 “Film” is defined as “[a] flat section of material that is

extremely thin in comparison to its other dimensions and has a

nominal maximum thickness of about 250 micrometers and a lower

limit of thickness of about 25 micrometers.” McGraw-Hill

Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms at 753.

compose a sheet of plywood,” Harcourt; “thin leaf of wood applied

with glue to a panel or frame of solid wood. . . . [T]he modern

machine-cut sheets are rarely thicker than 1/32 in. . . . Plywood

and beams or planks of compounded woods are developed by a

veneering process.” The Columbia Encyclopedia 2870 (5th ed. 1993).

“Sheet” is defined as “1. The same as a panel; ‘a sheet of

particleboard.’ 2. A sheet of paper,” Terms of the Trade at 298

(See pp. 26-27, infra, for definitions of “panel.”); “[a] material

in a configuration similar to a film except that its thickness is

greater than 0.25 millimeter. . . . A portion of a surface such

that it is possible to travel continuously between any two points

on it without leaving the surface,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of

Scientific and Technical Terms at 1809;8 “2. A broad, thin,

[usually] rectangular piece of material, as paper, metal, glass, or

wood. 3. A broad, flat, continuous surface or expanse <a sheet of

ice>,” Webster’s at 1073; “Textiles. [A] large, rectangular piece

of cotton, linen, or other material used as a bed covering.

Materials. [A] similar broad, thin piece of some other material,

such as paper, glass, or metal.” Harcourt. 

The definitions indicate that “plywood” is composed of thin

sheets of wood glued together with the grains of adjacent layers at
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 25

right angles. The definitions of “veneer” and “sheet” indicate

that the layers forming plywood are “continuous expanses” of

material of a constant thickness. According to the Explanatory

Note for heading 4408, HTSUS, both veneer sheets and plywood sheets

“may be spliced (i.e., taped, stitched or glued together edge to

edge to make larger sheets for use in plywood and similar laminated

wood.).”

The subject merchandise consists of layers of wood glued

together with the grains of adjoining layers at right angles. The

center layer of the flooring, however, is comprised of slats or

strips with “minor but visible spacing between each piece.” Order

of Nov. 18, 2002. The separate slats cannot constitute a “sheet”

because they do not form a continuous surface or expanse. As the

center layer does not meet the definition of a “sheet,” the

flooring cannot be considered plywood.

B. The Subject Merchandise Is A Veneered Panel

The Explanatory Note for heading 4412, HTSUS, defines

“veneered panels” as “panels consisting of a thin veneer of wood

affixed to a base, usually of inferior wood, by glueing under

pressure.” Explanatory Notes at 633. The definitions cited above

indicate that a “veneer” is a thin layer of wood (or other

material) having a continuous surface and a uniform thickness, and

which is extremely thin in relation to its breadth. See
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 26

definitions of “veneer” and “sheet,” supra pp. 23-24. Under the

HTSUS, veneer is no thicker than 6 mm., see heading 4408, HTSUS,

and veneer sheets and plywood sheets “may be spliced (i.e., taped,

stitched or glued together edge to edge to make larger sheets for

use in plywood and similar laminated wood).” Explanatory Notes at

628. 

“Panel” is defined as “[a] flat, usually rectangular piece

forming a raised, recessed, or framed part of the surface in which

it is set,” American Heritage Dictionary at 1307; “[a] flat,

[usually] rectangular piece forming a part of a surface in which it

is set and being raised, recessed, or framed,” Webster’s at 849;

“2. A sheet of material held in a frame. 3. A distinct, usually

rectangular, raised or sunken part of a construction surface or a

material,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical

Terms at 1437; “Building Engineering. 1. [A] distinct section or

portion of a wall, ceiling, door, or other construction surface,

usually a flat, rectangular area that is raised above or sunk below

the surrounding area. . . . Materials. [A] manufactured sheet of

wood-based product that is available in standard sizes,” Harcourt;

“(1) a thin usually rectangular board set in a frame (as in a door)

(2) a usually sunken or raised section of a surface set off by a

margin (3) a flat usually rectangular piece of construction

material (as plywood or precast masonry) made to form part of a

surface,” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, available at

http://www.m-w.com; “[a] sheet of plywood, [oriented strand board],
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 27

particleboard, or other similar product, usually of a standard

size, such as 4x8 feet.” Terms of the Trade at 239.

“Base” is defined as “1. The lowest or bottom part. 2. A

supporting layer or part: foundation,” Webster’s at 155;

“[f]oundation or part upon which an object or instrument rests,”

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms at 195;

“Engineering. [T]he lower part of a structure, especially one upon

which an instrument rests or to which it is attached. Building

Engineering. [T]he lowermost part of a wall or other building

member,” Harcourt; “[t]he lowest member of anything,” Corkhill, The

Complete Dictionary of Wood at 30. 

Applying the definitions and the Explanatory Notes for

headings 4412 and 4408, HTSUS, a veneered panel consists of a layer

of wood of uniform thickness of 6 mm. or less, which may be spliced

or otherwise attached at the edges to make a larger piece,

laminated onto a foundation of an inferior wood (or other

material), and manufactured in flat, rectangular, distinct

sections, most likely of a standardized size. 

In the instant case, the hardwood top layer of the flooring

meets the definition of veneer. The hardwood layer is made up of

separate pieces of wood bonded together at the edges to form a

continuous surface and has a constant thickness of approximately

3.175 mm. The veneer is bonded to a base of inferior softwood,
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 28

9 “Inferior” is a relative term, since different woods are

suitable for different purposes. See generally Wood Handbook Ch.

1. Generally, softwoods offer less hardness and durability than

hardwoods. See id. at 1-2; see also Dep. of Thomas L. Goss at

35-36. As hardness and durability are desirable qualities in

flooring, softwoods may be considered inferior to hardwoods in

the manufacture of flooring. See, e.g., Dep. of Thomas L. Goss

at 35-36 (stating that a benefit of using hardwood as the top

layer of flooring is its greater durability); World Floor

Covering Association, at http://www.wfca.org (indicating in

comparisons of different floor coverings that greater durability

is a desirable quality).

10 The Court does not decide whether flooring or any other

wood product is raised, recessed, or framed. Rather, the Court

decides only that the term “panel” may be used to refer to

materials that are not necessarily raised, recessed, or framed in

their final applications. 

which forms the foundation of the flooring.9 See Pl.’s Mem. at 1-

3; Dep. of Thomas L. Goss at 35-36; Def.’s Mem. at 13-14.

Determining whether the pieces of flooring constitute “panels”

requires further analysis. The flooring pieces fit those

definitions that describe a “panel” as a standardized, wood-based

product used as a construction material. See Harcourt; Terms of

the Trade at 239; Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. The

flooring pieces also meet the more general definitions of “panel”

in that they are flat, rectangular, manufactured in distinct

sections of a standard size, and form parts of a larger surface

into which they are set. However, the flooring may not meet the

element found in some definitions that suggests that panels are

raised, recessed, or framed.10 

The term “panel” as used in the HTSUS, however, does not

necessarily refer to “raised, recessed, or framed” portions of a
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 29

11 The Explanatory Note for heading 4412, HTSUS, states that

in the case of plywood, placing the successive layers at right

angles “gives the panels greater strength and . . . reduces

warping.” Explanatory Notes at 632. In discussing veneered

panels, the Explanatory Note uses the term “panel” almost

interchangeably with the term “base” in stating that “[w]ood

veneered on to a base other than wood (e.g. panels of plastics)

is also classified here . . . .” Id. at 633. Finally, in

discussing similar laminated wood, the Explanatory Note describes

blockboard, laminboard, and battenboard as having a thick core

surfaced with outer plies, and states that “[p]anels of this kind

are very rigid and strong and can be used without framing or

backing.” Id. Thus the term “panel” is used here to refer to

construction materials that need not be “raised, recessed, or

framed.” 

surface. The General Explanatory Notes to Chapter 44 discuss the

classification of “building panels” used as “structural element[s]

in roofing, wall or floor applications.” Explanatory Notes at 622.

The Explanatory Notes to heading 4418, HTSUS, explain that

“cellular wood panels” are similar to blockboard and battenboard

and are used in partitions, doors, and sometimes in furniture;

these Explanatory Notes also discuss “parquet strips, etc.,

assembled into panels or tiles,” which may be tongued and grooved

to facilitate assembly. Id. at 637. The Explanatory Notes for

heading 4412, HTSUS, use the term “panel” to discuss plywood,

veneered panels, blockboard, laminboard, battenboard, and parquet

flooring.11 Id. at 632-33. Plywood, blockboard, laminboard, and

battenboard are commonly produced in distinct, standardized

sections for use in carpentry and as structural materials in

construction. See, e.g., Caleb Hornbostel, Construction Materials:

Types, Uses and Applications 955-61 (2d ed. 1991) (discussing the
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 30

characteristics and uses of various types of plywood, including

“construction and industrial plywood” used in structural

applications. The book refers to these products in terms of

“panels.”); Encyclopedia Brittanica, vol. 9 at 532 (stating that

“[w]herever a material is required to cover large areas with a

light but strong and rigid sheeting, plywood may be used; for

example in cabinetmaking, for [furniture], in housebuilding, for

walls, ceilings, floors, . . . in coachbuilding, for trucks, vans,

and trailers, in shipbuilding . . . for shipping and storage chests

and cases”); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations, Unasylva: World Consultation on the Use of Wood in

Housing: An International Review of Forestry and Forest Products,

vol. 25, § 3, “Wood Products and Their Use in Construction,”

available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/c3848e/c3848e05.htm (stating

that laminboard and blockboard are “used the same way in

construction as thick plywood” and that “[t]heir major uses are in

structural flooring, shelving, free-standing partitions and doors

or sides in cabinets”). Many of these wood products would not be

“raised, recessed, or framed” in the surfaces in which they are

set. Similarly, parquet flooring pieces are set together to form

a floor, and need not be individually raised, recessed, or framed

in relation to each other. 

Finally, government, wood industry, and building sources and

publications also indicate that the term “panel” may refer to

building components that are not necessarily raised, recessed, or
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 31

framed in their ultimate use. See, e.g. Wood Handbook at 1-3 (“The

most vigorously growing wood-based industries are those that . . .

produce various types of engineered panels such as plywood,

particleboard, strandboard, veneer lumber, paper, paperboard, and

fiberboard products.”), 10-1 (discussing use of wood composites in

“structural and nonstructural applications in product lines ranging

from panels for interior covering purposes to panels for exterior

uses and in furniture and support structures in many different

types of buildings”), 10-5 (listing plywood, oriented strandboard,

particleboard, and other items as “frequently used panel products”

and stating that certain “wood-based panels can be used for

construction applications such as sheathing for roofs, subflooring,

and walls”), 10-6 (describing plywood, usable as a construction

material, as “a flat panel”); APA, The Engineered Wood Association,

Performance Rated Panels, at http://www.apawood.org (discussing

performance standards for wood-based products such as plywood and

oriented strandboard, referred to as “panels,” in various

construction applications); Francis D. K. Ching, Building

Construction Illustrated 4.11, 12.5 (1991) (discussing

characteristics and structural uses of “plywood panels” and other

“wood panel products”); Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations, Yearbook of Forest Products, Definitions, available

at http://www.fao.org/waicent/faostat/forestry/products.htm

(categorizing plywood, including “core plywood” such as blockboard,

laminboard, and battenboard, as “wood based panels”); United
COURT NO. 96-08-02006 PAGE 32

Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Timber Database, Forest and

Forest Industries Country Fact Sheets, available at

http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/tim-fact.htm (categorizing

plywood, including core plywood such as blockboard, laminboard, and

battenboard, as “wood based panels”).

Thus, the term “panel” as used in heading 4412, HTSUS, and in

the additional sources cited refers to engineered wood products

manufactured in standardized sections for use as building and

carpentry material. Such panels would not necessarily be “raised,

recessed, or framed.”

Accordingly, we conclude that the subject merchandise is a

“panel” as the term is used in the HTSUS. Each piece of flooring

is manufactured in a standardized size and designed to be set into

the larger surface as a section of a complete floor. See Boen

Marketing Brochure, Bring the Beauty of Wood Inside, Collective Ex.

A (describing each layer of Boen hardwood flooring as “5 1/2" wide

and approximately 7' 2 5/8" long”); Boen Marketing Material,

Transform Your World With Boen Hardwood, Collective Ex. A (stating

that “[e]ach Boen Longstrip is 5 1/2" wide and approximately 7' 2

5/8" long” and that the standardized measurements, as well as the

tonguing and grooving along the edges, result in easier

installation). 

Thus, the subject merchandise is a “veneered panel” within the

meaning of heading 4412, HTSUS. As the hardwood top layer of the

flooring panels provides an outer layer of non-coniferous wood, see
supra note 4, the merchandise is properly classified under heading

4412.29.50, “Other, with at least one outer ply of non-coniferous

wood: Other.” 

________________________

Donald C. Pogue 

 Judge

Dated: January 7, 2003

 New York, New York