IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs June 19, 2012

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MARCUS TERRELL CHURCH

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County

No. 2009-A-583 J. Randall Wyatt, Jr., Judge

No. M2011-01770-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 10, 2013

Defendant, Marcus Terrell Church, was indicted by a Davidson County Grand Jury for

aggravated robbery and especially aggravated kidnapping. His first trial ended in a mistrial.

At a subsequent trial, Defendant was convicted as charged. The trial court imposed

concurrent sentences of fifteen years as a Range II offender for aggravated robbery and

twenty-five years as a Range I offender for especially aggravated kidnapping. On appeal,

Defendant argues: (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress identification

evidence; (2) the trial court improperly admitted evidence that Defendant committed an

unrelated purse-snatching during the kidnapping in this case; (3) the trial court erred in

admitting hearsay testimony concerning Defendant’s nickname; and (4) the trial court

improperly sentenced Defendant. After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the

judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court. JOSEPH M TIPTON, P.J. filed a

separate concurring opinion, and JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS, J., also filed a separate

concurring opinion.

Dawn Deaner, District Public Defender;Jeffrey A. DeVasher, Assistant Public Defender, (on

appeal); and Jonathan F. Wing and Kristin Stangl, Assistant Public Defenders, (at trial),

Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Marcus Terrell Church.

Robert E. Cooper,Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clark B. Thornton, Assistant Attorney

General, Victor S. (Torry) Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Ben Ford and

Elizabeth Foy, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, the State of Tennessee.
OPINION

I. Background

Suppression Hearing

Detective Christopher Brennan of the Metropolitan Nashville (Metro) Police

Department, West Precinct Investigation Division, was assigned to investigate the

kidnapping in the present case. He developed a lead on a suspect from a fingerprint

identification that he received on April 2, 2008. The print matched that of Defendant.

Detective Brennan testified that the victim had also given information that his abductor went

by the nickname of “Rell” or “Rail.” A search of a police database matched Defendant with

the nickname of “Rell.” Detective Brennan found a “mug shot” of Defendant and put

together a photographic line-up with Defendant and five other individuals. He showed the

line-up to the victim, and the victim identified Defendant within twenty seconds of looking

at the photographs. The victim was one-hundred percent certain of his identification.

Detective Brennan testified that he then told the victim that the photograph matched the

identification from the fingerprint and that he would be obtaining a warrant against

Defendant.

On cross-examination, Detective Brennan testified that the kidnapping was alleged

to have occurred on March 31, 2008, and he received the report on April 2, 2008. He spoke

with the victim on the night of April 7, 2008, at approximately 11:40 p.m. The victim did

not know the exact length of time that he was kidnapped and held in his own car, but he gave

a time frame. Detective Brennan placed in the report that the victim was placed in the trunk

of his car at approximately 2:00 a.m. and was released sometime the following evening.

Detective Brennan testified that he called the victim before showing him the line-up,

but did not give him any information. He only advised the victim that he had put together

a photographic line-up that he needed the victim to look at. He also read instructions to the

victim before the victim viewed the line-up. Detective Brennan testified that the description

of the suspect in the police report was that of a black male, approximately 5'4" tall, 170

pounds, with black hair, and long sideburns. Detective Brennan testified that the individuals

in the line-up were bald with goatees. He said that the picture of Defendant came from a

computer database. The victim told Detective Brennan that he had not previously seen

Defendant.

Trial

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On the evening before March 31, 2008, the victim, Byron Brandon, had been at his

girlfriend’s house in North Nashville drinking beer and using cocaine. After being at the

house five or six hours, he eventually left in his light blue Jaguar. On his way back home to

Hayes Manor, the victim drove down Jefferson Street and pulled into the parking lot of

Paul’s Market because he was low on gas. He thought that he pulled in at approximately

1:00 a.m. The victim then decided not to get gas at the market because there were “too many

people for [him] to stop. [He] just didn’t feel comfortable.” As the victim was stopped

waiting for traffic to clear so he could pull out, a man approached the victim’s open window

with a gun and said, “All right, we got ya.” The man, later identified as Defendant, got in

the passenger side of the victim’s car, pointed the gun at the victim, and demanded his ATM

card. Defendant then asked about the victim’s money, and the victim told Defendant that he

had four or five dollars in his pocket; however, the victim actually had twenty-dollars that

he planned to use to buy gas.

The victim testified that Defendant then said, “Well, I want you to drive where I want

you to go.” The victim thought that he would be killed or robbed. He said that he began

driving while Defendant pointed the gun at him and said, “I got you. What you going to do.”

After the victim drove past Hadley Park, Defendant told him to drive into an alley. After he

pulled into the alley and stopped the car, Defendant directed the victim to turn the car off and

hand him the keys. He then told the victim to open the trunk and climb inside. Defendant

got back into the car and began driving around.

The victim estimated that he was in the trunk for at least four or five hours, and at

some point, he heard multiple people talking outside the car. The victim testified that he

eventually pulled an access latch in the truck and crawled into the backseat of the passenger

compartment. Defendant then ordered him back into the trunk and hit him on the head with

the gun causing him to bleed. The victim crawled back into the trunk, and Defendant

continued driving. Once the victim got back into the trunk he had no “idea” how long he was

inside, “but [he] [knew] it had to be a while because it was dark.” The victim testified that

he was able to communicate with Defendant through the trunk. He said that Defendant told

him, “you might as well do what I am telling you to do cuz [sic] it is over anyway.” The

victim attempted to pull the latch a second time but the seat had been secured with

“shoestrings” and would not fall down. The victim testified that the car eventually stopped,

and he heard a female voice. He said, “She was just kind of curious of where he got the car.”

The victim testified that the car stopped again, and Defendant finally released him from the

trunk somewhere in North Nashville and said, “All right. You can go now.” The victim

testified that Defendant walked off with his cell phone, wallet, license, money, and

“everything.”

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The victim testified that he climbed out of the trunk and drove home to his mother’s

house. He spoke with his mother and then called 911. Police arrived, and he was later taken

by ambulance to Meharry Hospital where he received three stitches for a cut on his elbow.

The victim later spoke with a detective who showed him a photographic line-up. He

identified a photograph of Defendant as the person who committed the offenses. The victim

testified that there were blood spots on the trunk, bumper, side panel, and driver’s seat of his

car that came from the cut to his elbow. The victim testified that he worked twenty-eight

years for the Ford Motor Company until he had a stroke. He had been disabled for ten years

due to the stroke, which caused him problems with walking and memory.

On cross-examination, the victim was extensively cross-examined about various

inconsistencies between his trial testimony, his testimony at the 2010 trial that ended in a

mistrial, and his statements to police. The victim admitted that he “had a struggle with

cocaine.” However, he said that it did not affect his perception on the night of the offenses.

The victim testified that he arrived at his girlfriend’s house at approximately 5:00 p.m. on

March 30, 2008, and he left at approximately 12:00 a.m. on March 31, 2008. He said that

Defendant had cocaine with him when he got into the victim’s car, and he showed it to the

victim. The victim testified that the cocaine remained in Defendant’s lap while Defendant

was holding the gun, and the victim was driving. The victim said: “I am telling the jury that

I was forced into driving where I - where he told me to drive, said that if I got here ‘I can

give you this if you want it.’” He said that Defendant offered the cocaine as a bribe, but at

the same time he was pointing the gun at the victim saying, “I got ya.” The victim admitted

that he may not have mentioned the cocaine to officers or in any of his previous testimony.

He did not recall the exact time that he stopped at Paul’s Market, but said that he arrived

home at approximately 3:00 a.m.

The victim testified that while he was in the trunk, Defendant stopped to get gas using

some of the victim’s money. He said that Defendant took money from his pocket and from

the glove compartment of the car. The victim had not previously mentioned those details to

anyone. He testified that he did not know anyone at Paul’s Market and did not know that it

was a place where people bought drugs. The victim testified that some women at the market

asked him for a ride, and he said, “No.” He said that a man then got into his car, then got out,

and handed a gun to Defendant and said, “All right. You do it.” The victim testified that he

did not mention the second man to Officer Herndon or Detective Brennan when he spoke

with them. He told Officer Herndon that Defendant approached him and said that he liked

the victim’s car and wanted to drive it. Defendant then got into the car after the victim said

that he could not drive it.

The victim testified that it was dark when he was released from the trunk; however,

he acknowledged previously testifying that it was daylight when he was released. The victim

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further testified that Defendant exited a green Cadillac at Paul’s Market, but he did not see

the car when he was released. On the date of the offenses, the victim admitted that he did

not tell medical personnel that he had been drinking alcohol or using drugs. He further did

not tell Officer Herndon or Detective Brennnan that he had used drugs or that Defendant had

showed him some cocaine.

Officer Daniel Herndon testified that he responded to a call at 712 Rowan Drive at

approximately 9:00 p.m. He spoke with the victim and the victim’s mother, Dorothy

Brandon. The victim had abrasions to his forehead and right arm, and there was a gash on

his right elbow. Officer Herndon called an ambulance due to the severity of the victim’s

injuries. He testified that the victim was coherent and seemed very exhausted. The victim

provided a physical description of the person who kidnapped him and a description of the

weapon used. Officer Herndon observed blood on the back of, and inside, the victim’s car.

On cross-examination, Officer Herndon testified that the victim told him that the

encounter began at approximately 2:00 a.m. at Paul’s Market. Officer Herndon described

Paul’s Market as a high crime area. The victim did not mention that he had been using drugs

or that Defendant showed drugs to him while in the car. The victim also did not say that

Defendant offered him drugs in exchange for a ride. Officer Herndon testified that the victim

indicated that he was released from the trunk at approximately 6:30 p.m.

According to the victim, the incident lasted eighteen hours. The victim told Officer

Herndon that one person got into the car at Paul’s Market, and there were others in the car

later. The victim described his kidnapper as being a black male, 5'4" with black hair, and

long sideburns. Officer Herndon did not recall the victim mentioning a hat. The victim said

that he was hit on the head with a gun when Defendant opened the trunk to get CDs. Officer

Herndon said that he would have made notes if the victim had mentioned multiple assaults.

The victim told him that he saw Defendant get into a green Cadillac after the victim got out

of the trunk. The victim also said that he was let out of the trunk at 21 Avenue and

st

Buchanan Street, not in an open field.

Dorothy Brandon, the victim’s mother, testified that she was at home on March 31,

2008, when the victim returned home. She said that the victim was bleeding and indicated

that someone held him with a gun at Paul’s “filling station.” Ms. Brandon testified that they

waited a few minutes and then called 911. She saw blood “all over” the victim’s car and in

the trunk. Ms. Brandon testified that the victim had been “a little slow” since suffering a

stroke.

Officer Lynette Mace, of the Metro Police Department Technical Investigation

Section ID Unit, testified that she processed the victim’s car for fingerprints. She said that

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the vehicle had a significant amount of blood in the trunk, outside of the car, and on the

driver’s seat. Officer Mace developed some latent fingerprints on the trunk lid, exterior

driver’s door, the exterior right front door, and the area behind the right rear door of the

vehicle. She also found a prescription bottle in the vehicle belonging to Anissa Watkins.

Officer Linda Wilson, of the Metro Police Department Identification Division

maintained latent print files and was an expert in fingerprint analysis. She examined the

prints lifted in the present case and testified that a right palm print from the victim’s car was

identified as belonging to Defendant. Other prints taken did not match anyone in the AFIS

System.

Anissa Watkins testified that she was at a Circle K convenience store near Tennessee

State University mid-day on March 31, 2008. Ms. Watkins had walked inside the store to

inquire about the air machine, and as she was walking out, she saw a man reaching into her

car. The man pulled her purse out, got into a light blue Jaguar, and sped away. Ms. Watkins

testified that her purse contained a prescription, ruby and diamond earrings, a credit card, and

her driver’s license. The man who took her purse appeared to be in his 20's, and she thought

there were two people on the front seat. She also testified that there could have been others

in the car.

Everett Brewer testified that he was incarcerated on a federal firearms charge. He had

signed papers for a plea agreement, but had not yet been sentenced. Mr. Brewer testified that

he faced a sentence of 180 to 200 months. As part of his plea, he agreed to cooperate on

certain other cases. Mr. Brewer testified that as a result of his cooperation, three individuals

had been arrested and convicted. Mr. Brewer testified that his testimony had to be truthful

or he would face the maximum penalty under federal law. He acknowledged that he had

several prior convictions.

Mr. Brewer testified that he met Defendant while incarcerated at the Criminal Justice

Center when Defendant was a third shift “rock man” or trustee. He and Defendant were

eventually moved into the same “pod” but they did not share a cell. Mr. Brewer testified that

he became a trustee, and he and Defendant “became even closer.” He said that they

discussed Defendant’s case. Mr. Brewer testified:

One particular night he was telling me about, well, he kept asking me, you

know, did I think that, you know, that if he could beat his charge and I told

him, you know, only he knew that, only he knew what he had done and one

night we were sitting in the little room and he got to talking to me and just kind

of telling me, he told me, you know, some specifics on that particular night.

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He told me that he had been doing powder cocaine and then when the cocaine

and the money ran out that he went to a - I want to say a convenience store gas

station that he was looking for somebody slipping, he said, that uh you know

a lot of the little drug dealers were known to come to frequent that store and

a lot of them had a tendency to pull up and get out of their cars and leave the

vehicle running and left an opportunity for him to jump in the vehicle and take

off, you know, strip the car for the rims, stereo system, whatever he could get

out of it and he told me that while he was hanging out around the store that he

ran in - he encountered an individual and he didn’t tell me, you know, how he

got [up on] the individual but he told me that he encountered the individual

and that had took him at gun point, that they had left the store, and that he had

took the individual and put him in the trunk of his car of the individual’s car

that he had taken and that they were riding around - that he was riding around,

driving around in the individual’s car and at some point after he had put the

individual in the trunk he had heard a noise or happened to look in the rearview mirror and noticed that the individual had, uh, had come from the trunk,

was coming through the backseat, that somehow he had managed to maneuver

the seat so he could come through there.

He told me that the pistol that he had laying on his lap that he kind of slowed

down turned around and pointed the gun at the individual and when he

wouldn’t get, when the individual kept trying to come back he hit him a couple

of times in the face or head area and pointed the gun at him again and made

him get back and the individual retreated back into the trunk.

Shortly after he said that he pulled over and kind of fixed the seat back and

then sometime after that that he was riding around and picked up a couple of

his homeboys is what he said and I told him that, I made the statement that he

was lucky that they didn’t call his name, you know, say his name and said that

they were calling him by his nickname which was Rell, that they never

mentioned his real name, that they only said Rell.

They had rode around for a while getting high, snorting cocaine and eventually

he dropped those two individuals off and went back to where he had his, in the

vicinity of where he had his car parked, and said that after he had got out of the

car that he had dropped the trunk where the individual was locked up at and

proceeded to walk and got in his car and he left the individual.

Mr. Brewer testified that Defendant indicated that he had been driving a Cadillac.

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Mr. Brewer testified that he did not discuss Defendant’s case with anyone else, and

Defendant had only shown him a document indicating that the victim had contradicted

himself. He said that he had helped Defendant re-write two letters to his attorney.

On cross-examination, Mr. Brewer testified that Defendant would ask him questions

about certain things because he “had been to the penitentiary and [he] had studied some law.”

Mr. Brewer testified that he and Defendant did not discuss the State’s witnesses or their

testimony, and Defendant felt that the State did not have a strong case. He said that

Defendant never showed him discovery from the case, and he did not view any police reports

or the warrant in Defendant’s case. Mr. Brewer agreed that he testified against Defendant

in order to “somewhat” help himself, and there was a possibility that the federal prosecutor

would recommend a lesser sentence in his case.

Detective Christopher Brennan of the Metro Police Department testified that he was

assigned to investigate the present case. After receiving the report of the kidnapping and

robbery, Detective Brennan called the victim to review his side of the story to see if it

matched the officer’s report. He also stopped by Paul’s Market to see if there was any video

surveillance, but the store did not have surveillance tapes. Detective Brennan testified:

Then two nights later I received an email from the latent print section saying

that they had received a fingerprint hit on the fingerprints that the crime scene

officer lifted from [the victim’s] vehicle. I was able to run that name through

our nickname database that is entered when people are arrested, if they have

a nickname it goes in a database that we keep.

The nickname that [the victim] had thought that he had heard the suspect

called while he was in the trunk of the car matched the nickname that the

defendant had used previously at one point in time, the nickname of Rell.

At that point I put together a photo line-up and called [the victim] on the, I

believe it was on the 7 and took that out and showed that to him where he

th

positively identified the defendant as the person who committed the crime

against him. At that point I took warrants out on the defendant.

Detective Brennan testified that within approximately twenty seconds after viewing

the photographic line-up, the victim identified Defendant as the person who robbed and

kidnapped him. The victim also indicated that he was one-hundred percent sure of his

identification. Detective Brennan then went to night court and obtained warrants on

Defendant.

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On cross-examination, Detective Brennan testified that it was his understanding that

the offenses began at 1800 Jefferson Street. He said that the area was a high traffic and high

crime area. Detective Brennan testified that he was familiar with the term “crack pawn.” He

explained that it was a term “generally labeled as a person doesn’t have enough cash or any

money to buy drugs so they will trade whatever they have be it jewelry, vehicles, anything

of that sort.”

Detective Brennan testified that the victim indicated that the incident began at

approximately 2:00 a.m., and he was freed from the trunk at approximately 6:30 p.m. The

victim told him that one person, not two, got into the car with him at Paul’s Market.

Detective Brennan testified that the victim described Defendant as being a 5'4" black male

with long, dark sideburns, and black hair. He said the victim indicated that he received a

head injury when Defendant opened the trunk to change the CD, not after he attempted to

crawl into the passenger compartment from the truck of the car. Detective Brennan testified

that although the victim did not mention anything about a Cadillac to him, it was listed in

Officer Herndon’s report. Officer Herndon’s report also indicated that the victim attempted

to escape from the trunk through the back seat and that the seat was pushed back and the seat

belts were buckled to prevent a further attempt at escape. The victim told Detective Brennan

that he was released from the trunk near 21 Avenue and Buchanan Streets, not in an open

st

field. Detective Brennan testified that the victim did not mention that Defendant had shown

him drugs or offered drugs in exchange for a ride.

Hugh Coleman, an investigator with the Davidson County District Attorney’s Office,

testified that he determined that Defendant had a MySpace account, and he subpoenaed the

records from the account. Mr. Coleman testified that the nickname on Defendant’s MySpace

account was “Rell.” He identified a printout of the subscriber information and user number

for Defendant’s MySpace account. Mr. Coleman also identified a message from “Rell” that

was sent from Defendant’s account, and there was a photograph posted on the page. On

cross-examination, Mr. Coleman testified that none of the pictures on Defendant’s MySpace

page showed Defendant with hair or sideburns.

Analysis

A. Motion to Suppress Identification

Defendant argues that the victim’s identification from the photographic lineup should

have been suppressed “because the identification procedures used by police deprived him of

his rights to a fair trial and due process of law, in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, sections 8 and 9 of the

Tennessee Constitution.”

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The findings of fact made by the trial court at the hearing on a motion to suppress are

binding upon the reviewing court unless the evidence in the record preponderates against the

trial court’s findings. State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001). However, the

application of the law to the facts found by the trial court are questions of law that this Court

reviews de novo. State v. Daniel, 12 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted).

“Absent a showing by the defendant that the evidence preponderates against the judgment

of the trial court, [the reviewing court] must defer to the ruling of the trial court.” State v.

Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 516 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Cribbs, 967 S.W.2d 773, 795

(Tenn. 1998)).

A pre-trial identification process may be unlawful “if, under the totality of the

circumstances, the procedure is unnecessarily suggestive.” Robinson, 146 S.W.3d at 516

(citing Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 301-02, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967)).

“Suggestive confrontations are disapproved because they increase the likelihood of

misidentification, and unnecessarily suggestive ones are condemned for the further reason

that the increased chance of misidentification is gratuitous.” Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188,

198, 93 S.Ct. 375, 382, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972).

In Biggers, the United States Supreme Court established a two-part analysis to assess

the validity of a pre-trial identification. Id., at 198-200, 93 S.Ct. at 382. This standard has

been adopted by our State’s supreme court. See Bennett v. State, 530 S.W.2d 511, 512-15

(Tenn. 1975). First, the court must determine whether the viewing process was unduly

suggestive. Biggers, 409 U.S. at 198, 93 S.Ct. at 382. A violation of due process has

occurred when there is “‘a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.’”

State v. Chapman, 724 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986)(quoting Simmons v. United

States, 390 U.S. 377, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968)).

Second, if the identification was unduly suggestive, the court must determine, under

the totality of the circumstances, whether the identification is nevertheless “reliable enough

to withstand a due process attack despite the suggestiveness of the pre-trial identification.”

Robinson, 146 S.W.3d at 516 (citations omitted). The factors which the court must consider

are: “(1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the

witness’s degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the

criminal; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5)

the time between the crime and the confrontation.” Id. at 517.

Concerning this issue, the trial court in this case held:

I think the issue is what was said before he picked out the man. He could have

just as well not told him that after that, but I don’t think that that taints the

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identification procedure at all. The Detective, as far as up to the identification

point has testified here that he did not tell the man it is number 5.

He did not tell the man anything other than he had [a] line-up that he wanted

him to look at and at the time that he made the identification, you know, he

picked out according to that that he is sure it is him and he is 100 percent sure

and I think your motion to suppress the identification will have to be

respectively overruled and denied.

We agree with the trial court that the line-up procedure was not unduly suggestive.

Detective Brennan testified that he developed Defendant as a suspect from a fingerprint

found on the victim’s car. The victim had also given an officer the name of “Rell” or “Rail”

as a possible nickname for his abductor. Detective Brennan then located a “mug shot” of

Defendant, whose nickname was “Rell,” from a police database and put together a

photographic lineup composed of Defendant and five other similar-looking individuals.

Prior to showing the line-up to the victim, Detective Brennan gave instructions to the

victim. He testified: “It [the instructions] tells them that the suspect may or may not be in

the picture to look at the photographs and, you know, don’t look at hair, look at facial

features because they don’t change, just as far as anything else.” Detective Brennan then

showed the line-up to the victim. He did not tell the victim that he had received a fingerprint

match. He also did not indicate to the victim that the suspect was in the line-up. Detective

Brennan testified that the victim identified Defendant as the person who abducted him. He

said that the victim viewed the line-up “approximately 20 seconds and he made a 100 percent

identification.” It was then that Detective Brennan told the victim that the fingerprint

matched that of Defendant and that he would be going to night court to obtain warrants on

Defendant.

We acknowledge that the victim initially described his attacker at a black male who

was 5'4" tall, weighing approximately 170 pounds, with black hair and long sideburns.

However, the photographs in the line-up were of persons who were bald with goatees that

appeared different from the description of the suspect provided by the victim. However, as

pointed out by the State, this Court has held:

[A]ny discrepancy between [a victim’s] initial description of the perpetrator

and [a defendant’s] appearance affects the weight of the evidence, not its

admissibility. Indeed differencesin [a defendant’s] height and weight from the

victim’s description of the robber’s height and weight should provide defense

counsel with fertile grounds for cross-examination at trial . . . [S]uch

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differences do not render the victim’s pretrial identification of the [defendant]

inadmissible.

State v. Jeffrey Ray Jennings, No. E1999-00848-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 274078, at *3

(Tenn. Crim. App. March 14, 2000) no perm. app. filed. Furthermore, Detective Brennan

instructed the victim to focus on the facial features of the subjects in the photographs rather

than their hair. The victim was extensively questioned during cross-examination about the

various discrepancies between the subjects in the photographs and his initial description of

the suspect. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

B. Prior Bad Act

Next, Defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing Anissa Watkins to testify

concerning an unrelated purse-snatching that was committed during the kidnapping in this

case. More specifically, Defendant argues that the testimony should have been excluded

under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b). That rule provides:

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the

character of a person in order to show action in conformity with the character

trait. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes. The conditions which

must be satisfied before allowing such evidence are:

(1) The court must upon request hold a hearing outside the

jury’s presence.

(2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other

than conduct conforming with a character trait and must upon

request state on the record the material issue, the ruling, and the

reasons for admitting the evidence;

(3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act

to be clear and convincing; and

(4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

In Tennessee, evidence of other offenses may be admissible to show (1) motive; (2)

intent; (3) guilty knowledge; (4) identity of the defendant; (5) absence of mistake or accident;

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or (6) a common scheme or plan for commission of two or more crimes so related to each

other that proof of one tends to establish the other. Id. If a trial court has substantially

complied with the procedural requirements of the rule, this court will review the trial court’s

ruling for an abuse of discretion. State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997).

Prior to Defendant’s first trial, he filed a motion in limine to “prevent the State from

introducing in its case-in-chief any evidence of a separate theft from Ms. Anissa Watkins.”

At the hearing on Defendant’s motion, Ms. Watkins testified that on March 31, 2008, at

approximately 1:30 p.m.,she stopped at a convenience store on the corner of 28 Avenue and

th

D.B. Todd Boulevard because her tire was low. She entered the store to make sure that the

air pump was working. As Ms. Watkins turned to exit the store, she saw “a black gentleman

dipping his hand in my window and was kind of rambling through my things on the

passenger side [ of the car].” Ms. Watkins told the man to get out of her car, and he took her

purse, got back into a light blue Jaguar, and “sped out of there.” She identified a picture of

the victim’s car as similar to the one that she had seen. Ms. Watkins testified that her purse

contained medicine, her driver’slicense, insurance cards, jewelry, and some money. She was

not familiar with the victim and there was no reason for her prescription bottle to be inside

his car. Ms. Watkins estimated that there were three or four black males “maybe 25 to 30

in that age range” in the blue Jaguar. She further testified that the convenience store was in

the same neighborhood as Paul’s Market.

Ms. Watkins’ testimony at Defendant’strial wassubstantially the same except thatshe

thought there were only two people in the car. She did not recall previously testifying that

were three or four people in the car, but she acknowledged that her memory would have been

better at the time of her previous testimony. Also at trial, Ms. Watkins could not “pinpoint

a time,” but said that the theft occurred in the middle of the day before 2:00 p.m.

Concerning Defendant’s motion, the trial court held:

I know she doesn’t identify [Defendant]. I recognize that, but I think her

testimony has some relevancy in showing that [the victim] was apparently not

in control of his car.

It appears circumstantially that that probably is his car that these three or four

young men were in and he wasn’t in it. He is obviously not a young man and

it would go to the fact that the car that was later recovered from [the victim]

really had a pill bottle in it that came from Ms. Watkins and I think that there

was never any implication at all that she had anything to do with this situation.

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It is pretty obvious to the Court that she did not and that she was a victim

herself at Mapco or wherever she was down the street from Paul’s, so I think

it is circumstantially evidence that is probative of Mr. - the defendant, [ ],

being in this car when he finally let the man out and this comes from Ms.

Watkins, in the same car, so I think it could be prejudicial effect to almost

anything that you have, but it doesn’t help the defendant, but I think the

probative value here circumstantially that this car and the time frame to some

extent has a bearing on my thoughts about it, within the possession of

[Defendant] when he finally let [the victim] out of the car over there and from

this pill bottle that belonged to Ms. Watkins being in the car, it came from the

area near where the car was taken, so I would probably want to fashion some

sort of jury instruction that would cover this to let the jury know that he is not

on trial here for stealing this lady’s purse.

He hasn’t been identified, but only circumstantially it could be considered

going to - to whatever it would be as an exception under 404(b) so I am going

to allow her to testify about this.

I think it is enough of a nexus between what was found in his car, the

defendant, and the whole situation that was all happened on the same day right

in that same general area within a couple of blocks of each other, so I will let

her testify and then if you have a proposed instruction you can have it or Alex

you can work on something too.

It is kind of 404(b) but it is also kind of almost evidence of what was going on

that day, so I don’t think that it is just absolutely and only 404(b) type of things

as Mr. Ben Ford is saying, but I do think that we need to have some sort of

cautionary instruction about he is not on trial for stealing this purse or this

prescription drug so if we can fit that in there some way, kind of look at that

a little bit and if Ms. Yarbro has something that she wants to suggest or offer

as a requested instruction I will be more than happy to consider it too, so I will

leave that as that is now and then deal with that in the jury instructions, but I

think that she will be able to testify, so, and I don’t know whether I need to

even give her a cautionary, whether I need to give any kind of cautionary

instruction at the time of the testimony.

I could say something about it is not alleged here that this man was charged

with stealing her purse or anything, but do you want me to go there or to just

simply just let her testify and give some instruction in my written instructions?

I mean he hasn’t been identified as stealing the purse or the drugs?

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The following exchange then took place between the trial court and defense counsel:

[Defense Counsel]: No.

THE COURT: I mean, he hasn’t been identified as stealing the purse or

the drugs.

[Defense Counsel]: Right. I, I don’t think there is any need for a cautionary

instruction to be in with her testimony - -

THE COURT: Okay.

[Defense Counsel]: - - but anything in the jury charge would work.

THE COURT: That is the way I looked at it too. So Alex be thinking

about that, okay, then bring the jury on in.

At the conclusion of Defendant’s trial, the trial court gave the following jury

instruction concerning Ms. Watkins’ testimony:

You have heard evidence in the form of the testimony of Anissa Watkins

regarding an incident that she observed relating to the theft of her personal

property. This testimony was provide - was provided as contextual

background evidence - as contextual background evidence. However, the

defendant is not charg[ed] of any crime that relates to this incident. You are

to consider this evidence only as it provides a complete story of the events and

not as evidence that the defendant would have a propensity or natural

inclination to behave in a particular way.

If from the proof you find that the defendant has committed acts other than for

that which he is on trial, you may not consider such evidence to prove his

disposition to commit the offenses for which he is on trial. Such evidence of

other acts, if considered by you for any purpose must not be considered for any

purpose other than that specifically stated.

Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting Ms. Watkins’ testimony as

contextual background evidence, and the State concedes that the trial court erred by

instructing the jury to consider the evidence as contextual background evidence. Evidence

offered to show contextual background may be admissible, even if it involves evidence of

a defendant’s prior acts, in cases where the evidence is relevant to an issue other than

-15-
criminal propensity and its probative value is not outweighed by the danger of unfair

prejudice. State v. Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tenn. 2000). The standard by which a

court determines relevance is set forth in Rule 401 of Tennessee’s Rules of Evidence

(evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable then it would

be without the evidence”). Although this threshold for admitting evidence is “relatively

lenient,” background evidence used to show the context of events may not always pass even

this low threshold of admission because it is rarely probative of an actual material issue at

trial. Id. While the standard under which background evidence involving other crimes,

wrongs, or acts will be admissible should be “narrowly drawn to avoid the negative

implications associated with criminal propensity evidence, the standard should not be so

narrow as to sacrifice the jury’s understanding of the necessary context of the case.” Id. at

272. Accordingly, our supreme court has held that, in cases where the state seeks to offer

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts that are relevant only to provide a contextual

background, the state must first establish that (1) the absence of the evidence would create

a chronological or conceptual void in its presentation of its case; (2) the void created by the

lack of such evidence would likely result in significant jury confusion as to the material

issues or evidence in the case; and (3) the probative value of the evidence is not outweighed

by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id.

We find that the testimony by Ms. Watkins was properly admitted. The evidence was

“somewhat” contextual background evidence. Officer Mace testified, without any objection

on relevance grounds, that Ms. Watkins’ prescription bottle was found in the victim’s car.

Ms. Watkins’ testimony that she saw a young black male take her purse which contained her

prescription bottle, and that he was in a light blue Jaguar similar to the victim’s car, with one

or more other young black males in it explains how the bottle got into the victim’s car. 

Ms. Watkins’ testimony also corroborates the victim’s testimony that he was not in

the passenger compartment of his car mid-day on the day of the kidnapping. This is

circumstantial evidence that he was, as he claimed, in the trunk of his car in the area where

the kidnapping and robbery occurred several hours after his initial confrontation with

Defendant.

Because this evidence corroborated the victim’stestimony, it was highly probative and

not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We conclude that the trial court did not

err in admitting this evidence.

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C. Admission of Testimony Concerning Defendant’s Nickname

Third, Defendant contends that the trial court erred in admitting testimony concerning

his nickname of “Rell.” Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion in limine asking the trial

court to prevent the State from introducing evidence of his alleged nickname. More

specifically, Defendant objected to testimony that the nickname was obtained from MySpace

or a police database. He argued that the evidence was inadmissible hearsay under Tenn. R.

Evid. 801 and 802, that the evidence in the police database was evidence that Defendant had

committed other crimes excluded by Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b), and that the MySpace web page

contained irrelevant, extraneous, and potentially prejudicial information.

The trial court held that that the State’s witnesses would be allowed to testify that

Defendant’s nickname of “Rell” was obtained from a police database and a MySpace web

page. The trial court cautioned the prosecution “to be very careful and not to be referring to

this as something that came from mug shots or different police database[sic][,]” and instead

“just say something just kind of generic that from some database or whatever it is without

indicating that he has a prior record.” Concerning the MySpace page, the trial court

cautioned the prosecution to “be very careful” and omit any references on the MySpace page

to Defendant having previously being incarcerated.

Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”

Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). In general, hearsay statements are inadmissible. Tenn. R. Evid. 802

(“Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or otherwise by law.”). “‘The

determination of whether a statement is hearsay and whether it is admissible through an

exception to the hearsay rule is left to the sound discretion of the trial court.’” State v.

Thomas, 158 S.W.3d 361, 400 (Tenn. 2005)(quoting State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689, 697

(Tenn. 2001)). This Court will not disturb a trial court’s ruling on the admission of hearsay

evidence absent a clear showing that it abused its discretion. Id. More recently, in Pylant

v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854 (Tenn. 2008), specifically discussing the admissibility of evidence

when a hearsay objection has been made, the supreme court recognized,

[Q]uestions concerning the admissibility of evidence rest within the sound

discretion of the trial court, and this Court will not interfere in the absence

of abuse appearing on the face of the record. State v. Dotson, 254 S.W.3d

378, 392 (Tenn. 2008); see State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn.

1997); State v. VanTran, 864 S.W.2d 465, 477 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Harris,

839 S.W.2d 54, 73 (Tenn. 1992).

Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 870 (emphasis added).

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In a footnote in Pylant, the supreme court repudiated the opinion of this Court in State

v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008), that review of a hearsay ruling by the

trial court must be reviewed under a de novo standard of review rather than an abuse of

discretion standard. Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 871 n.26. Gilley was filed on August 18, 2008,

and Pylant was filed approximately five weeks later on September 25, 2008. After quoting

this Court’s reasoning in Gilley, the supreme court stated, “this Court continues to believe

that questions concerning the admissibility of evidence are reviewed under an abuse of

discretion standard.” Id. Rule 4(G)(2) of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Tennessee

states, “(2) Opinions reported in the official reporter . . . shall be considered controlling

authority for all purposes unless and until such opinion is reversed or modified by a court of

competent jurisdiction.”

Concerning the standard of review on appeal on the issue of hearsay objections, there

are contradictory holdings by the supreme court and the court of criminal appeals. Since the

supreme court of Tennessee has appellate jurisdiction over the court of criminal appeals, it

is obvious that the reported decision of the supreme court, especially when it rejects the

opinion of the court of criminal appeals, must be followed.

MySpace Page

Investigator Hugh Coleman testified that he determined Defendant had a MySpace

account, and he subpoenaed the record for the account. He identified the subscriber report

for the account which showed Defendant’s name and the user number assigned to the

account. Mr. Coleman found a message on Defendant’s MySpace account that was sent

using the name “Rell.” He also identified a photograph of Defendant from the MySpace

account.

The trial court properly found that information concerning Defendant’s nickname

obtained from his MySpace account was not inadmissable hearsay. We note, as pointed out

by the State, that the hearsay rule does not exclude a party’s own statement which is offered

against that party. Tenn. R. Evid. 803(1.2)(A). “This means that any assertion a party spoke,

wrote, or did may be used against that party as an admission.” Neil P. Cohen et al.,

Tennessee Law of Evidence § 8.06[3][a](LEXIS publishing, 5 ed. 2005(footnotes omitted).

th

The evidence established that Defendant had a MySpace page on which he posted pictures

of himself and sent messages using the nickname of “Rell.” Accordingly, Defendant is not

entitled to relief on this issue.

Police Database

-18-
At trial, Detective Christopher Brennan testified concerning Defendant’s nickname

as follows:

I started the investigation by first calling [the victim] the night that I received

the report, just to go over his side of the story and make sure it matched with

what was on the report in the officer’s report. The, that evening after I talked

with him I went by the market to see if there was any surveillance video and

they don’t have any surveillance video there.

Then two nights later I received an email from the latent print section saying

that they had received a fingerprint hit on the fingerprints that the crime scene

officer lifted from [the victim’s] vehicle. I was able to run that name through

our nickname database that is entered when people are arrested, if they have

a nickname it goes in a database that we keep.

The nickname that [the victim] had thought that he had heard the suspect

called while he was in the trunk of the car matched the nickname that the

defendant had used at that point in time, the nickname of Rell.

At that point I put together a photo line-up and called [the victim] on the, I

believe it was on the 7 and took that out and showed that to him where he

th

positively identified the defendant as the person who committed the crime

against him. At that point I took warrants out on the defendant.

The State concedes, and we agree that Detective Brennan’s testimony referring to

Defendant’s nickname being on the database was hearsay, and there was no foundation for

its admissibility under any exception to the hearsay rule. However, any error in admitting

the testimony was harmless since Mr. Coleman and Everett Brewer, whose testimony was

properly admitted, both testified that Defendant’s nickname was “Rell.”

Defendant also complains that Detective Brennan’s testimony was inadmissible

evidence that he had committed another crime or bad act independent from that for which

he was charged under Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). As previously noted, Defendant included this

ground in his motion in limine, and the trial court warned the State not to refer to

Defendant’s nickname as coming from a police database. However, the State violated the

trial court’s instruction when Detective Brennan testified that, “I was able to run that name

through our nickname database that is entered when people are arrested, if they have a

nickname it goes in a database that we keep.” Although Detective Brennan’s testimony

concerning the arrest was improper, Defendant did not request a mistrial or a curative

instruction or object to the testimony concerning the arrest. The rules do not require “relief

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[to] be granted to a party responsible for an error or who failed to take whatever action was

reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P.

36(a). Therefore, the issue is waived on appeal.

D. Length of Sentence

Finally, Defendant argues that his sentence of twenty-five years at one-hundred

percent for his especially aggravated kidnapping conviction is excessive. Previously, our

review of a defendant’s challenge to the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence

was de novo with a presumption of correctness. However, our supreme court recently

adopted a new standard of review for sentencing in light of the 2005 changes in Tennessee

sentencing law. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682 (Tenn. 2012). In Bise, the Court concluded:

In summary, the 2005 amendments to the 1989 Act were intended to bring our

sentencing scheme in line with the decisions of the United States Supreme

Court in this area. Accordingly, when the 2005 amendments vested the trial

court with broad discretionary authority in the imposition of sentences, de

novo appellate review and the “presumption of correctness” ceased to be

relevant. Instead, sentences imposed by the trial court within the appropriate

statutory range are to be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard with

a “presumption of reasonableness.”

Id. at 708. Accordingly, we now review a defendant’s challenge to the sentence imposed by

the trial court under an abuse of discretion standard with a “presumption of reasonableness.”

Id.

Tennessee’s Sentencing Act provides:

(c) The court shall impose a sentence within the range of punishment,

determined by whether the defendant is a mitigated, standard, persistent,

career, or repeat violent offender. In imposing a specific sentence within the

range of punishment, the court shall consider, but is not bound by, the

following advisory sentencing guidelines:

(1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the sentence that

should be imposed, because the general assembly set the minimum length of

sentence for each felony class to reflect the relative seriousness of each

criminal offense in the felony classifications; and

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(2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as appropriate by

the presence or absence of mitigating and enhancement factors set out in §§

40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c)(1)-(2) (emphasis added).

In conducting a review of a sentence, this Court must consider (a) the evidence

adduced at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the principles

of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics

of the criminal conduct involved; (e) evidence and information offered by the parties on the

enhancement and mitigating factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-

113 and 40-35-114; (f) any statistical information provided by the Administrative Office of

the Courts as to Tennessee sentencing practices for similar offenses; and (g) any statement

the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own behalf about sentencing. T.C.A. § 40-

35-210(b); see also State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 343; State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698,

704 (Tenn. 2002).

A trial court is mandated by the Sentencing Act to “impose a sentence within the

range of punishment.” T.C.A. § 40-35-210(c). A trial court, however, “is no longer required

to begin with a presumptive sentence subject to increase and decrease on the basis of

enhancement and mitigating factors.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346. Therefore, an appellate

court is “bound by a trial court’s decision as to the length of the sentence imposed so long

as it is imposed in a manner consistent with the purposes and principles set out in sections

-102 and -103 of the Sentencing Act.” Id.

A trial court’s “fail[ure] to appropriately adjust” a sentence in light of applicable, but

merely advisory, mitigating or enhancement factors, is no longer an appropriate issue for

appellate review. Id., 254 S.W.3d at 345 (citing State v. Banks, No. W2005-02213-CCA-R3-

DD, 2007 WL 1966039, at *48 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 6, 2007) (noting that “[t]he 2005

amendment [to the Sentencing Act] deleted appellate review of the weighing of the

enhancement and mitigating factors, as it rendered the enhancement and mitigating factors

merely advisory, not binding, on the trial courts”). In Bise the Court concluded:

We hold, therefore, that a trial court’s misapplication of an enhancement or

mitigating factor does not invalidate the sentence imposed unlessthe trial court

wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005. So long as there are

other reasons consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing, as

provided by statute, a sentence imposed by the trial court within the

appropriate range should be upheld.

Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706.

-21-
Although he was convicted of aggravated robbery and especially aggravated

kidnapping, Defendant only challenges his sentence for especially aggravated kidnapping,

a Class A felony, with a sentencing range of fifteen to twenty-five years as a Range I

offender. T.C.A. §§ 39-13-305(b)(1); 40-35-112 (a)(1). The trial court applied the following

enhancement factors: the Defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or

criminal behavior, in addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; the

Defendant, before trial hasfailed to comply with conditions of a sentencing involving release

into the community; and the victim was particularly vulnerable due to physical disability.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (1), (4), and (8). The trial court also applied one mitigating

factor: that the Defendant voluntarily released the victim alive. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-

305(b)(2).

Defendant argues that the trial court erred in applying enhancement factor(4), that the

victim was particularly vulnerable due to physical disability. However, we conclude that this

precise argument is no longer proper grounds for appeal under our Supreme Court’s decision

in Bise. As previously discussed, the Court in Bise held that even if a trial court misapplies

an enhancement or mitigating factor, the sentence is not invalidated unless the trial court

“wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. In this

case, the trial court sentenced Defendant to twenty-five years for especially aggravated

kidnapping, a sentence consistent with the purposes and principles of sentencing and within

the appropriate range.

The record clearly shows that the trial court stated with specificity its reasons for

imposing the maximum sentence. The record also shows that the trial court followed the

statutory sentencing procedure, made findings of fact that are adequately supported in the

record, and gave due consideration to the principles that are relevant to sentencing. In fact,

as pointed out by the State, the trial court considered but declined to impose consecutive

sentencesin this case, noting that “the increased length of punishment within the Defendant’s

range was a consideration for not imposing consecutive sentencing.” The court furtherstated

that the twenty-five year sentence “is the minimum sentence necessary to protect society and

is the least severe measure necessary to appropriately punish the defendant.” Based on our

review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing a sentence

of twenty-five years for Defendant’s especially aggravated kidnapping conviction.

CONCLUSION

After a thorough review, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

___________________________________

THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE

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