IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 16-0015

Filed October 12, 2016

RYAN E. MCRILL,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

RAELENE E. NEEDHAM-DELORENZO,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, Timothy J. Finn, 

Judge.

Appeal from decree modifying physical care and child support. 

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, REMANDED.

Michael E. Marquess of Hinshaw, Danielson & Marquess, P.C., 

Marshalltown, for appellant.

Melissa A. Nine of Nine Law Office, Marshalltown, for appellee.

Considered by Potterfield, P.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, Judge.

Ryan McRill and Raelene Needham-Delorenzo are the never-married 

parents of K.M., born in 2012. In 2014, the parties stipulated to joint custody and 

shared care of the child. Later in the same year, Raelene filed this modification 

action, requesting physical care of the child and adjusted child support. Ryan 

cross-petitioned, requesting physical care of the child and child support. The 

district court awarded Raelene physical care of the child, awarded Ryan 

visitation, and ordered Ryan to pay child support. Ryan appeals, challenging the 

award of physical care and the amount of child support.

Our review of cases in equity is de novo. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. We 

review the entire record and decide anew the factual and legal issues presented. 

See In re Marriage of Williams, 589 N.W.2d 759, 761 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998). Prior 

cases have little precedential value; the court must make its determination based 

on the unique facts and circumstances of each case. In re Marriage of Kleist, 

538 N.W.2d 273, 276 (Iowa 1995); In re Marriage of Snowden, No. 14-1920, 

2015 WL 4233449, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jul. 9, 2015) (“All happy families are 

alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (quoting Leo Tolstoy, 

Anna Karenina 1 (1873))). Although we exercise de novo review, we do afford 

the district court some deference. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Wood, No. 15-

2204, 2016 WL 4384407, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 17, 2016) (“We do give some 

deference to the decision of the district court where specific, non-generalized 

findings and conclusions have been made.”); see also Kleist, 538 N.W.2d at 278 

(“[W]e give considerable weight to the sound judgment of the trial court who has 

had the benefit of hearing and observing the parties firsthand.”). 
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Physical care is defined as “the right and responsibility to maintain a 

home for the minor child and provide for the routine care of the child.” Iowa Code 

§ 598.1(7) (2013). In making the physical care determination, we look to the 

factors set forth in Iowa Code section 598.41(3) and our case law. See Iowa 

Code § 598.41(3); Iowa Code § 600B.40 (“In determining the visitation or custody 

arrangements of a child born out of wedlock, if a judgment of paternity is entered 

and the mother of the child has not been awarded sole custody, section 598.41 

shall apply to the determination, as applicable, and the court shall consider the 

factors specified in section 598.41, subsection 3, including but not limited to the 

factor related to a parent’s history of domestic abuse.”); In re Marriage of Winter, 

223 N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974). “Each factor, however, does not 

necessarily impact the decision with equal force.” In re Marriage of Daniels, 568 

N.W.2d 51, 54 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). In considering the factors, our ultimate 

objective “is to place the child[ren] in the environment most likely to bring [them] 

to healthy mental, physical, and social maturity.” McKee v. Dicus, 785 N.W.2d 

733, 737 (Iowa Ct. App. 2010). Our court will “ultimately decide[ ] by determining 

under the whole record which parent can minister more effectively to the longrange best interests of the children.” In re Marriage of Bowen, 219 N.W.2d 683, 

687–88 (Iowa 1974). The controlling consideration is the children’s best 

interests. See In re Marriage of Kunkel, 555 N.W.2d 250, 253 (Iowa Ct. App. 

1996). 

We need not address whether Raelene established a substantial change 

in circumstances as a prerequisite to modification of the physical care 

arrangement. The parties agreed shared care is not workable. This is evidenced 
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by the considerable discord between the parties subsequent to the entry of the 

original order. See, e.g., Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 

2002) (“Both parents appear to agree joint physical care is not working. Discord 

between parents that has a disruptive effect on children’s lives has been held to 

be a substantial change of circumstance that warrants a modification of the 

decree to designate a primary physical caregiver if it appears that the children, by 

having a primary physical caregiver, will have superior care.”); In re Marriage of 

Finch, No. 07-1327, 2008 WL 2513827, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 25, 2008)

(holding there was a substantial change of circumstances where the parents 

agreed shared care was not working and there was “considerable discord 

between the parents that has had a disruptive effect on their children’s lives”). 

We reject Ryan’s argument he proved Raelene had a history of domestic 

abuse that should serve to preclude Raelene from having physical care of the 

child. See Iowa Code § 598.41(1), (3)(j). In interpreting what is sufficient to 

constitute a “history of domestic abuse,” the supreme court has held a “history” is 

not necessarily established by a single documented incident. See In re Marriage

of Forbes, 570 N.W.2d 757, 760 (Iowa 1997). Nor does more than one minor 

incident automatically establish a “history of domestic abuse.” Id. It is for the 

court to weigh the evidence of domestic abuse, its nature, severity, repetition, 

and to whom directed, not just to be a counter of numbers. See id. In this case, 

Ryan obtained a domestic abuse protective order against Raelene following an 

incident in which he alleged she yelled at him and beat on his truck during an 

exchange of the child. Raelene consented to the protective order, but she now 

contends she did not understand to what she consented. We find Raelene 
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credible on the issue. Regardless, even accepting the underlying facts as true, 

we conclude this single incident does not amount to a “history of domestic abuse” 

within the meaning of the statute.

Ryan also contends the mother has physically abused the child or has 

been so negligent in her supervision of the child that the child has suffered 

physical injuries. On multiple occasions Ryan has taken the child to see medical 

providers to document injuries Ryan believed were caused by physical abuse of 

the child. Mandatory reporters engaged the department of human services. 

None of the reports have been founded. Photographs of the injuries show they 

were relatively minor and not inconsistent with what one might expect from a

toddler. Ryan admitted the child is active and something of a klutz. Also not 

inconsistent with what one might expect from a toddler. The district court 

interpreted Ryan’s repeated medical referrals for the child as an attempt to 

undermine Raelene’s care of this child. We do not go so far; Ryan may have had 

genuine concern regarding the child’s safety. We conclude this factor is in 

equipoise. 

On de novo review, we see no reason to disturb the district court’s 

physical care determination. Both parents are healthy, employed, and capable of 

meeting the physical needs of the child. Ryan is twenty-five years old. He lives 

in Albion with his fiancée. Ryan is employed full-time as a mechanic at 

Marshalltown Company, where he works 7:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. and makes 

$24.70 per hour. Raelene is twenty-five years old and works as a certified 

nursing assistant. She earns $11.50 per hour and works 30–40 hours per week. 

She lives in Marshalltown with her fiancé and their child J.B., who was born in 
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November 2014. As a general rule, there is a presumption in favor of keeping 

siblings together. See In re Marriage of Will, 489 N.W.2d 394, 398 (Iowa 1992). 

That presumption extends to half-siblings as well. See In re Marriage of Orte, 

389 N.W.2d 373, 374 (Iowa 1986). Like the district court, we conclude this factor 

favors granting physical care to Raelene under the circumstances presented. 

On de novo review, we agree with Ryan that the district court erred in 

calculating child support. This matter should be remanded for recalculation of 

child support based on the existing record. Further, to the extent Ryan has 

overpaid child support, he is entitled to a credit for overpayment under the 

circumstances presented. See In re Marriage of Pals, 714 N.W.2d 644, 651 

(Iowa 2006) (citing cases where credit was given for involuntary overpayment of 

support); Griess v. Griess, 608 N.W.2d 217, 225 (Neb. 2000) (granting equitable 

credit where father overpaid support due to “erroneous child support 

calculation”).

Raelene requests appellate attorney fees. Appellate attorney fees are not 

a matter of right, but instead rest in the court’s discretion. In re Marriage of 

Sullins, 715 N.W.2d 242, 255 (Iowa 2006). Factors we consider upon such a 

request include the needs of the party seeking the award, the ability of the other 

party to pay, and the relative merits of the appeal. Id. We have considered 

those factors and decline to grant appellate attorney fees.

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.