J-A29030-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

EDITH HANNIGAN

v.

PERRY SEMELSBERGER 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 489 WDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 8, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Civil Division at No(s): 

3033-2020

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED: January 20, 2022

Perry Semelsberger (“Semelsberger”) appeals the judgment of sentence 

of six months of incarceration imposed after the trial court found him guilty of 

indirect criminal contempt of an existing protection from abuse (“PFA”) order. 

We affirm.

In 2020, Edith Hannigan (“Hannigan”), who previously lived with 

Semelsberger, filed a petition pursuant to the PFA Act against Semelsberger. 

Following a hearing, the trial court entered a final protection order. The order 

listed Semelsberger’s adult daughter, Melissa Nave (“Nave”), as a protected 

party. Pursuant to the order, Semelsberger was not permitted to have any 

contact or communication, directly or indirectly, with Nave. Final PFA Order, 

9/9/20. On January 4, 2021, the police filed a criminal complaint charging

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Semelsberger with indirect criminal contempt for violating the PFA order. The 

Commonwealth alleged that in December 2020, Semelsberger filed false 

complaints with Nave’s employer, called her cell phone, and, after Nave did 

not answer, called her daughter and left four voicemails. Following a hearing, 

the trial court found Semelsberger guilty of indirect criminal contempt for 

calling Nave and sentenced him to six months of incarceration. Semelsberger 

filed a post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied.

This timely filed appeal followed. Both Semelsberger and the trial court 

have complied with the mandates of Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Semelsberger presents 

the following issues for our review:

A. The trial court erred/abused its discretion by entering a guilty 

verdict as there was insufficient evidence to support the 

finding.

B. The trial court erred/abused its discretion in sentencing the 

Defendant without considering his rehabilitative needs as set 

forth in 42 Pa.C.S.A. 9721(b), resulting in an excessive 

sentence.

Semelsberger’s brief at 5.

In analyzing a sufficiency challenge, we must determine “whether, 

viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the 

verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable a fact-finder to find every 

element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. 

Gonzalez, 109 A.3d 711, 716 (Pa.Super. 2015) (citations omitted). “In 

applying the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our 

judgment for that of the fact-finder. Id. In addition, the evidence “need not 
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preclude every possibility of innocence.” Id. The Commonwealth may meet 

its burden by wholly circumstantial evidence and “any doubt regarding a 

defendant’s guilt may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so 

weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be 

drawn from the combined circumstances.” Id. Moreover, “in applying the 

above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all evidence actually 

received must be considered.” Id. Finally, “the trier of fact while passing 

upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, is 

free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.” Id.

The PFA Act permits a court to punish and hold in indirect criminal 

contempt a defendant who violates a PFA order. 23 Pa.C.S. § 6114(a). To 

establish indirect criminal contempt, the Commonwealth must prove: (1) the 

order was sufficiently definite, clear, and specific to the contemnor as to leave 

no doubt of the conduct prohibited; (2) the contemnor had notice of the order; 

(3) the act constituting the violation must have been volitional; and (4) the 

contemnor must have acted with wrongful intent. Commonwealth v. 

Walsh, 36 A.3d 613, 618 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citation omitted).

Semelsberger challenges the third and fourth elements. He argues that 

“[a] screenshot of a single missed telephone call from [his] number is 

insufficient to show evidence of a volitional act and wrongful intent” where no 

voice message was introduced and “there was no verbal communication 

between the two.” Semelsberger’s brief at 11-12. He denies calling Nave, 
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though he acknowledges calling her daughter, who was not a protected party. 

As such, he contends that if he did call Nave, it was accidental. Id. at 13.

In finding Semelsberger guilty of indirect criminal contempt, the trial 

court found the Commonwealth clearly proved the call from “Semelsberger’s 

cell phone to Ms. Nave’s cell phone, [which was] clearly prohibited under the 

[PFA o]rder[.]” N.T., 1/8/21, at 23. The trial court found Semelsberger’s 

testimony that he did not call Nave unbelievable. The evidence presented at 

trial indicated that Nave received a phone call from Semelsberger’s personal 

cell phone number shortly after his release from incarceration and a few days 

before he called and left voicemail messages for Nave’s daughter. Prior to the 

entry of the final PFA order, Semelsberger had called Nave from the same cell 

phone number. Accordingly, Nave had blocked the cell phone number, and 

the court noted that it is possible that Semelsberger was therefore unable to 

leave a voicemail message. Based upon this evidence, the trial court inferred 

that Semelsberger was in possession and control of his cell phone at the time 

it was used to call Nave and that the phone call was intentional. See Trial 

Court Opinion, 6/14/21, at 4-5.

As to the fourth element, the trial court “imputed wrongful intent from 

the volitional act.” Id. at 5. The court observed that “there is not a de minimis

infraction defense to a violation of a ‘no contact’ provision in a protective order 

because contact with the victim is the harm the law seeks to avoid” and that 

“a single unaccepted phone call is sufficient to violate a no contact provision 

in a protective order.” Id. at 5-6. In support, the trial court relied on 
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Commonwealth v. Cooper, 217 A.3d 401 (Pa.Super. 2019) (nonprecedential decision) for its persuasive value.1

 See Trial Court Opinion, 

6/14/21, at 6 (“[T]o accept a de minimis infraction defense would eviscerate 

the purpose of the protective order.”).

Here, the terms of the PFA order clearly delineated the conduct 

prohibited and Semelsberger does not contest his knowledge of this order. As 

to the third and fourth elements, the Commonwealth presented sufficient 

evidence to prove that Semelsberger intentionally called Nave to be in contact 

with her notwithstanding the PFA order. “[W]rongful intent can be imputed 

by virtue of the substantial certainty that by [engaging in the conduct], he 

would be in contact with her in violation of the PFA [o]rder.” Commonwealth 

v. Brumbaugh, 932 A2d 108, 111 (Pa.Super. 2007). Accordingly, when 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence 

adduced at trial established beyond a reasonable doubt that Semelsberger 

intentionally engaged in conduct that violated the terms of the PFA order. 

Semelsberger’s second issue on appeal implicates the discretionary 

aspects of sentencing. Such a challenge does not entitle an appellant to 

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1 Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 126(b), citations to a non-precedential memorandum 

of this Court filed after May 1, 2019, are permissible for its persuasive value. 

Id. Such a holding, however, does not constitute binding precedent. 

Semelsberger’s argument that the trial court erred in analogizing the facts of 

Commonwealth v. Cooper, 217 A.3d 401 (Pa.Super. 2019) (nonprecedential decision), to the instant case fails. See Semelsberger’s brief at 

13-14. Although the trial court detailed the facts of Cooper in its opinion, it 

did so only for context, and as discussed supra, instead cited Cooper in 

support of its conclusion that Semelsberger is not entitled to a de minimis

infraction defense. Trial Court Opinion, 6/14/21, at 6.
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review as of right. Rather, an appellant challenging the discretionary aspects 

of his sentence must first invoke this Court’s jurisdiction via a four-part test, 

which we have detailed as follows: 

We conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1) whether

appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 902 

and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly preserved 

at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence, 

see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has a fatal 

defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a substantial 

question that the sentence appealed from is not appropriate under 

the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(b).

Commonwealth v. Taylor, 137 A.3d 611, 618 (Pa.Super. 2016) (en banc) 

(cleaned up). If an appellant invokes our jurisdiction, we then review the 

merits of the claim and “may reverse only if the sentencing court abused 

its discretion or committed an error of law.” Commonwealth v. Cook, 941 

A.2d 7, 11 (Pa.Super. 2007) (cleaned up).

Semelsberger filed a timely notice of appeal and post-sentence motion, 

included a Rule 2119(f) statement in his brief, and raised a substantial 

question. See Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 769-70 

(Pa.Super. 2015) (en banc) (finding substantial question where appellant 

raised excessive sentencing claim with an assertion that the sentencing court 

failed to consider mitigating factors). Although Semelsberger seemingly 

complied with this four-part test, in order to satisfy the second requirement, 

the “challenges to a court’s sentencing discretion must be raised during 

sentencing or in a post-sentence motion in order for this Court to consider 

granting allowance of appeal.” Commonwealth v. Rush, 959 A.2d 945, 949 
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(Pa.Super. 2008). Indeed, “[a]bsent such efforts, an objection to a 

discretionary aspect of a sentence is waived.” Commonwealth v. Cartrette, 

83 A.3d 1030, 1042 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc). “[F]or any claim that was 

required to be preserved, this Court cannot review a legal theory in support 

of that claim unless that particular legal theory was presented to the trial 

court.” Rush, supra at 949; see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised 

in the trial court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on 

appeal.”). Therefore, even if an appellant sought to attack the discretionary 

aspects of his sentence in the trial court, he cannot support a discretionary 

sentencing claim on appeal “by advancing legal arguments different than the 

ones that were made when the claims were preserved.” Id.

On appeal, Semelsberger agues that the trial court ignored rehabilitative 

factors in sentencing him, which resulted in a manifestly excessive sentence. 

Semelsberger’s brief at 14. However, he did not raise those legal arguments 

at sentencing or in his post-sentence motion. Following the imposition of 

sentence, Appellant exclaimed that he wanted to appeal. N.T., 1/8/21, at 26. 

He did not, however, raise any specific reason. Moreover, while Semelsberger 

filed a post-sentence motion, he merely sought a lesser sentence based on 

the contact being non-violent and his need to provide care for his parents. 

See Post-Sentence Motion, 1/15/21. Since he did not raise his appellate legal 

arguments before the trial court, he has failed to preserve his discretionary 

aspects of sentencing claim. Accordingly, he is not entitled to relief.
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Even if we concluded that Semelsberger preserved his arguments, he 

would not be entitled to relief. It is evident that the trial court considered all 

relevant factors and did not impose an excessive sentence. In sentencing

Semelsberger, the trial court noted that it was “concerned about the fact that 

[Semelsberger] has a history, albeit not in this case, [of] thwarting” PFA 

orders. N.T., 1/8/21, at 26. As the court recalled, Semelsberger had 

previously received an aggregate sentence of four months of incarceration for 

three separate contempt actions, and “[o]bviously, he didn’t appreciate the 

lesson in that sentence and so [the instant] sentence has to be more 

severe[.]” Id. The court considered counsel’s trial argument that the 

violation was minimal in light of Nave not answering the phone, but concluded 

that a sentence of six months of incarceration was necessary as “it’s clear that 

he is not appreciating that no contact means no contact, regardless what that 

contact is.” Id. at 26-27. The record reveals that the trial court properly and 

adequately considered the factors included in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b). 

Accordingly, even if Semelsberger had preserved his discretionary aspects of 

sentencing claim, we would conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion.2

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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2 We also observe that a flat sentence of incarceration is permissible for 

indirect criminal contempt sanctions under the PFA, and therefore 

Semelsberger’s sentence is legal. See Commonwealth v. Marks, ___ A.3d 

___, 2021 Pa.Super. 237 (filed December 7, 2021).
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Judge Pellegrini joins this Memorandum.

P.J.E. Bender files a Dissenting Memorandum.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/20/2022