AFFIRM and Opinion Filed March 26, 2013

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-12-00817-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF T.A.D., A MINOR CHILD

On Appeal from the 254th Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 08-20368-R

OPINION

Before Chief Justice Wright and Justices Lang and Evans 

Opinion by Chief Justice Wright

Mother appeals from a decree of termination of her parental rights to her son, T.A.D. In 

three issues, Mother contends generally that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to 

support the trial court’s findings that she committed acts justifying termination and that 

termination of her parental rights was in T.A.D.’s best interest. We overrule Mother’s issues and 

affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Background

T.A.D. was born in a federal prison on February 22, 2006. Mother was in prison for 

possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute. Mother voluntarily placed the child 

with Christ Haven for Children. Ronald and Johnnie Tripp became T.A.D.’s foster parents. 

T.A.D. lived with the Tripps for two and one-half years. When Mother was released from 

prison, she stayed in a halfway house in Tyler, Texas for approximately nine months. In August 
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of 2008, Mother moved to Irving, Texas and took custody of T.A.D. With the Tripp’s help, 

Mother participated in the Brighter Tomorrows program designed to help single mothers with 

housing and getting a job. She found a job at Burger Street. The Tripps, who also live in Irving, 

continued to provide free childcare for T.A.D. 

Mr. Tripp testified to three incidents in 2008 that caused him concern for the child. First, 

on the day before Thanksgiving, Mother dropped T.A.D. off at their house three hours before her 

shift began. When she failed to pick the child up on time, Mr. Tripp sent her a text asking where 

she was. Mother responded by text message, “Who’s this?” Mother eventually texted that she 

was “somewhere” and could not pick the child up at that time. Mother picked the child up the 

following morning but did not give any explanation as to why she did not pick him up as 

scheduled. Second, in mid-December, Mr. Tripp bailed Mother out of a municipal jail in Grand 

Prairie. She had been charged with public intoxication. Third, on Christmas Eve, Mother did 

not pick up the child after work. Mr. Tripp went to her apartment and knocked on her door. 

When she did not answer, he looked in the window. Mr. Tripp said she was lying face down on 

her bed and appeared to be passed out. 

A condition of the Brighter Tomorrows program was that participants not consume 

alcohol. In March of 2009, Mother was dismissed from the program. Around this time, 

T.A.D.’s Father moved in with Mother and the child. They were living in a duplex in Irving. In 

May of 2009, Father was involved in a car accident and was suspected of driving under the 

influence. T.A.D. was in the car with Father at the time of the accident. As a result of the car 

accident, the Texas Department of Family Protective Services (TDFPS) investigated the family. 

Father had a prior DUI. He was charged with a third DUI in 2011. Father was also charged with 

assault in March 2010 after he assaulted Mother. He said at the time of the assault, T.A.D. was 
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either asleep or at the Tripps. At the time of trial, Father was serving a three-year sentence for 

“DWI third, DWI with child state jail, and domestic violence enhanced.” Father testified that he 

is an alcoholic.

On November 13, 2010, TDFPS received a referral for neglectful supervision of T.A.D. 

Mother and Father had gone to a clinic at Irving Bible Church for IV treatment for drug use. 

They brought T.A.D. with them. On the intake form, Mother and Father reported that they were 

IV drug abusers and admitted the same to a physician. 

The referral was reassigned to Jessica Brown, an investigator with TDFPS. After failing 

to meet with Ms. Brown at two scheduled appointments, Mother finally met with her on March 

18, 2011. At this meeting, Mother admitted that she and Father went to the clinic for help to get 

off heroin. Mother told Ms. Brown that she was given suboxone to help with her addiction but 

that she no longer takes that medication. She stated she was no longer using drugs. When asked 

to submit to a drug test, Mother admitted to taking hydrocodone and said she would test positive 

for opiates. Mother was unable to provide the prescription or the pill bottle for the hydrocodone. 

Mother refused to take a drug test and asked Ms. Brown to leave. Ms. Brown called the police. 

T.A.D. was taken from the home and allowed to go home with Johnnie Tripp. 

Mother and Ms. Brown signed a child safety evaluation and plan wherein Mother agreed 

to submit to a hair follicle drug test. Mother failed to submit to the agreed-to drug test. 

Subsequently, Mother submitted to a drug test through her probation officer. The test was 

positive for heroin. At the time of trial, Mother was back in prison for probation violation 

resulting from the failed drug test.
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At trial, Mother testified that T.A.D. was living with her when she began using heroin in 

October or November of 2010. She testified that when she was using heroin, T.A.D. was either 

asleep or at the Tripps. Mother also admitted that she used heroin from 2003 to 2005.

Mother testified that there had been some domestic violence between her and Father. She 

acknowledged that it was dangerous to T.A.D.’s emotional well-being to be exposed to domestic 

violence. There were two other instances when Mother called the Tripps to come get T.A.D. 

because of violence in the home. On one occasion, Father had torn up the front yard and broken 

things inside the home. On the other occasion, Father had assaulted Mother.

While in prison, Mother said she was completing a 500 hour drug abuse program. She 

completed the same program when she was in prison before. She was also enrolled in several 

parenting classes. She testified that she has done everything she can in prison to meet her service 

plan goals. She now feels that she has more control over her thoughts which will enable her to 

have control over her issues with substance abuse. 

Mother testified that she stopped all drugs and alcohol when she found out she was 

pregnant with T.A.D. because she wanted him to be healthy. Mother testified that she has a 

twelve year old son who lives with her mother in Pennsylvania. Late in 2008, Mother became 

pregnant again. When she learned she was pregnant, she stopped drinking alcohol. The baby 

was born in August of 2009. Mother gave that baby up for adoption.

Mother is very appreciative of the Tripps for caring for T.A.D. She wants to work her 

way back into his life. If anyone were to adopt T.A.D., she would want it to be the Tripps. 

However, she is concerned that if the Tripps adopt T.A.D., she would have very limited contact 

with him. 
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The Tripps have four biological children and one adopted son. Two of their biological 

children are away at college. The Tripps live in a four bedroom house with a converted attic. 

Mr. Tripp works as an assistant controller for a professional services firm. Mr. Tripp testified 

that he and his wife have the financial means to care for all the children. The Tripps want to 

adopt T.A.D. The child is doing well in school and he attends counseling once a week. They

would allow Mother to have supervised visits. 

Mr. Tripp testified that T.A.D.’s parents tried to have a good relationship with the child 

but the child was not their top priority. After observing Mother and Father for over two years, 

Mr. Tripp said they are not willing to make the sacrifices necessary to provide a safe 

environment for the child. Mrs. Tripp testified that if T.A.D. returns to live with Mother, he will 

be at risk. She does not think Mother can ever be an effective parent for T.A.D. 

Constance Powell, a caseworker for TDFPS, visits with T.A.D. on a monthly basis. She 

testified that he is doing very well at the Tripp’s home and in school. On two occasions, T.A.D. 

has expressed to her that he wants to live with the Tripps.

Standard of Review

The termination of parental rights is a matter that implicates fundamental constitutional 

rights. In re S.N., 287 S.W.3d 183, 186 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). To 

terminate parental rights, the trial court must find, by clear and convincing evidence, that the 

parent has committed one of the acts prohibited under section 161.001(1) of the Texas Family 

Code and that termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(1), (2) (West Supp. 2012); In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009). Clear and 

convincing evidence is “proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or 
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conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 

101.007 (West 2008).

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental termination case, we must 

consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a 

reasonable fact finder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true. In 

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume that the 

fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable fact finder could do so, 

and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved. Id.

In reviewing termination findings for factual sufficiency of the evidence, we consider and 

weigh all of the evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. But 

we give due deference to the fact finder’s resolution of factual questions. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 

17, 27 (Tex. 2002). We then determine whether the evidence is such that a fact finder could 

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the allegations against the parent. 

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

Statutory Grounds for Termination

In her first two issues, Mother contends that the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support the finding that she met the statutory grounds for termination. TDFPS 

moved for termination pursuant to subsections (D) & (E) of section 161.001 of the family code. 

Those subsections provide for terminating parental rights if a parent:

(D) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in 

conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional wellbeing of the child; or

(E) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who 

engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being 

of the child.
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TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D) & (E) (West Supp. 2012). To terminate parental rights 

under subsection D, the environment must endanger the child’s physical or emotional well-being. 

Under subsection E, the parent must have engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with 

persons who engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s physical or emotional well-being. 

The parent’s conduct, either by acts or omissions, must endanger the child. In the Interest of 

S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 85 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.). “Endanger” means to 

expose to loss or injury. In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 1996). Although endanger 

means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal 

family environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child 

actually suffer injury. Id.

If the evidence shows a course of conduct that has the effect of endangering the child’s 

physical or emotional well-being, then a finding under section 161.001(1)(E) is supportable. In 

re J.C., 151 S.W.3d 284, 288 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.). Conduct that subjects a 

child to a life of uncertainty and instability may endanger the physical and emotional well-being 

of the child. Id. Furthermore, drug use and its effect on a parent’s life and ability to parent may 

establish an endangering course of conduct. Walker v. Tex. Dep't of Family and Protective 

Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 618 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied), (“Because 

[drug use] exposes the child to the possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned, 

illegal drug use may support termination under section 161.001(1)(E).”)

Because the evidence relating to subsections 161.001(D) and (E) are interrelated, we 

conduct a consolidated review. See In re M.C.T., 250 S.W.3d 161, 169 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2008, no pet.). The evidence presented at trial shows that Mother began drinking soon after she 

regained custody of T.A.D. and she was arrested for public intoxication within four months. 
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Because of her drinking, Mother was dismissed from the Brighter Tomorrows program and lost 

her free housing. Thereafter, she began living with Father who is an alcoholic. He was arrested 

for DUI while the child was with him. 

There were several instances of family violence between Mother and Father. Mother 

testified that when Father became violent, the child was either asleep or at the Tripps. On two

occasions when Father became violent, Mother called the Tripps to pick up the child. However, 

Mother admitted at trial that being around violence endangered T.A.D.’s emotional well-being. 

In her brief, Mother implies that her calling the Tripps showed good parental judgment. It was 

also around this time that Mrs. Tripp observed T.A.D. demonstrating angry and aggressive 

behavior. When T.A.D. returned to live with them, they got counseling for the child to address 

these issues.

Mother again began abusing drugs while T.A.D. was living with her. Mother testified 

that when she was injecting heroin the child would be asleep. Mother was frequently physically 

and mentally impaired from drug abuse while the child was in her care. As a toddler, T.A.D. 

was totally dependent on her for his care. In her impaired state, her ability to meet the needs of 

her child was also impaired. Mother’s drug use ultimately led to the child’s removal from her 

home and her return to prison. 

The evidence shows that Mother was subjecting the child to a life of instability and 

uncertainty. As the trial judge stated, “I can’t in good conscience roll the dice on this child one 

more time, so . . . .”

Based on the record before us, we conclude a reasonable fact finder could have formed a 

firm belief or conviction that Mother allowed the child to remain in surroundings that 

endangered T.A.D. We also conclude that a reasonable fact finder could have formed a firm 
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belief that she engaged in conduct and knowingly placed the child with a person who engaged in 

conduct that endangered the physical and emotional well-being of T.A.D. Thus, we hold that the 

evidence supporting termination under section 161.001(1) (D) & (E) of the family code is legally 

and factually sufficient. We overrule Mother’s first two issues.

Best Interests of the Child

Before terminating a parent’s rights, the fact finder must find, in addition to one of the 

statutory grounds, that terminating the parent’s rights is also in the child’s best interest. See TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(2) (West Supp. 2012). In determining whether terminating the 

parent-child relationship is in a child’s best interest, we must consider the following factors:

1. the child’s desires;

2. the child’s present and future emotional and physical needs;

3. the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child;

4. the parenting abilities of the persons seeking custody;

5. the programs available to the persons seeking custody to help promote the best interest 

of the child;

6. the plans for the child by those persons seeking custody;

7. the stability of the home or proposed placement;

8. the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child 

relationship is not a proper one; and

9. any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).

At the time of trial, Mother was in prison due to her illegal drug use. Although she was 

taking a drug abuse program while in prison, she took the same program when she was in prison 
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the first time. During the two and one-half years that Mother had custody of T.A.D., she began 

drinking excessively, abusing drugs, and she allowed herself to stay in an abusive relationship. 

Mother testified at trial that she wants to work her way back into T.A.D.’s life. However, she 

did not offer any plans for how she would be able to meet her needs or those of her son. On the 

record before this Court, only uncertainty awaits T.A.D. if he were returned to Mother’s custody.

By contrast, the Tripps provided T.A.D. with a stable environment for the first two and 

one-half years of his life. They continued to provide childcare for T.A.D. even after Mother 

regained custody. The Tripps have been a continual presence in the child’s life since they 

brought him home from the hospital when he was two days old. T.A.D. has lived in their home 

for most of his life. The Tripps want to adopt T.A.D. and they have the financial means to care 

for him along with their other children. They have T.A.D. in counseling to address issues that 

arose while he was in Mother’s custody. It is not surprising that T.A.D. expressed to his 

caseworker on more than one occasion that he wants to live with the Tripps.

Based on the record before this Court, we conclude the evidence is legally and factually 

sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in 

T.A.D.’s best interest. We overrule Mother’s third issue.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

120817F.P05

/Carolyn Wright/

CAROLYN WRIGHT

CHIEF JUSTICE
11

Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

IN THE INTEREST OF T.A.D., A MINOR 

CHILD

No. 05-12-00817-CV 

On Appeal from the 254th Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 08-20368-R.

Opinion delivered by Chief Justice Wright. 

Justices Lang and Evans participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED.

It is ORDERED that appellee, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 

recover its costs of this appeal from appellant, Julie Receskey.

Judgment entered March 26, 2013.

/Carolyn Wright/

CAROLYN WRIGHT

CHIEF JUSTICE