Opinion issued December 19, 2013

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

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NO. 01-13-00707-CR

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EX PARTE MICHAEL MONACO

On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 10

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 1912023

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Michael Monaco filed an application for writ of habeas corpus in the trial 

court, seeking to avoid extradition following his arrest made pursuant to a 

governor’s warrant. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.13, § 2 (Vernon

2013). Following a hearing, the trial court denied Monaco’s requested habeas 

corpus relief. Monaco timely appealed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 31.

We affirm.
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Background

On August 8, 2013, Monaco filed his “Application for Writ of Habeas 

Corpus Challenging Legality of Arrest under Governor’s Warrant” in which he 

alleged, 

Defendant is unlawfully restrained of liberty by the Sheriff of 

Harris County, Texas, having been arrested on authority of a 

governor’s warrant under the Uniform Criminal Extradition 

Act. He is currently confined in the Harris County Jail in 

Houston, Texas, awaiting hearing on this writ.

This restraint is illegal under the Uniform Criminal Extradition 

Act because defendant is not a fugitive. 

Based on the application, writ of habeas corpus issued commanding the 

sheriff to bring Monaco before the trial court on August 9, 2013 to show why 

Monaco was in custody. The sheriff’s office filed a sworn return reflecting that 

appellant was in custody by virtue of a governor’s warrant, which had commanded 

the sheriff “to take the body of [Monaco],” to “safely keep” Monaco, and to take 

him before the trial judge “to answer a charge of fugitive.” 

On August 9, the trial court signed an order, denying Monaco’s requested 

habeas relief. The order provided as follows:

Today, this Court heard applicant’s application for writ of habeas 

corpus. The writ issued by this Court has been returned and the 

applicant and an assistant district attorney representing the State of 

Texas appeared for a hearing on the application. After reviewing the 

pleadings and hearing the evidence and argument of the parties, the 

Court . . . ORDERS RELIEF DENIED, and remands applicant to the 

custody of Harris County Sheriff’s Department. 
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Also on August 9, Monaco filed a notice of appeal, signed by his retained counsel, 

who had represented Monaco in the habeas proceeding. 

Rule of Appellate Procedure 31 governs appeals from an order or judgment 

in a habeas corpus proceeding. TEX. R. APP. P. 31. Rule 31.1 requires the trial 

court clerk to prepare and certify the clerk’s record. TEX. R. APP. P. 31.1. The rule 

also requires the court reporter to prepare and certify the reporter’s record, if 

requested by the appellant. See id. The rule further requires the trial court clerk to 

send the clerk’s record and the court reporter to send the reporter’s record, if one 

has been requested, to this Court within 15 days of the filing of the notice of 

appeal. Id.

In this case, the appellate record was due by August 26, 2013. See id. The 

trial court clerk filed the clerk’s record in this Court on August 21, 2013. The 

reporter’s record, however, was not filed by the due date. On September 12, 2013, 

the court reporter sent notice to this Court indicating that “appellant has not paid or

made arrangements to pay for the record and is not appealing as indigent.”

October 24, 2013, the Clerk of this Court notified Monaco that the court 

reporter had informed the Court that he had not paid, or made arrangements to pay, 

the reporter’s fee for preparing the record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 35.3(b). The Clerk 

further notified Monaco that unless, on or before November 12, 2013, he filed 

proof that he had paid, or had made arrangements to pay, the reporter’s fee for 
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preparing the record, the Court may consider and decide those issues or points that 

do not require a reporter’s record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 37.3(c) (stating that, if 

clerk’s record has been filed, appellate court may consider and decide those issues 

or points that do not require a reporter’s record). The Clerk’s notice also informed 

Monaco that, if he believed he was exempt from paying for the reporter’s record 

due to indigence, he should inform the Court by the due date. Monaco did not 

respond. 

After he failed to respond, Monaco was notified by our Clerk that the Court 

would “consider and decide those issues or points that do not require a reporter’s 

record for a decision.” See id. Monaco was informed that the appeal had been set 

for submission without briefing, as permitted by Rule 31.1. See TEX. R. APP. P.

31.1 (indicating that appeal arising from habeas proceeding may be submitted 

without briefing). 

Analysis

In his habeas application, Monaco asserted that he had been arrested “on 

authority of a governor’s warrant under the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act” and 

was confined in jail. He argued that his restraint was illegal under the act because 

he “is not a fugitive.” The application was not supported by affidavit or other 

evidence. 
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Texas has adopted the Uniform Criminal Extradition Act, codified as Code 

of Criminal Procedure article 51.13. That article provides that “it is the duty of the 

Governor of this State to have arrested and delivered up to the Executive Authority 

of any other State of the United States any person charged in that State with 

treason, felony, or other crime, who has fled from justice and is found in this 

State.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 51.13, § 2. A habeas corpus proceeding 

challenging extradition is “intended to be limited in scope in order to facilitate a 

swift and efficient transfer of custody to the demanding state.” Ex parte Potter, 21 

S.W.3d 290, 294 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 

A writ applicant bears the burden of proving facts that would entitle him to 

relief. Ex parte Kimes, 872 S.W.2d 700, 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). When a 

governor has granted extradition, a court considering an application for writ of 

habeas corpus may only consider four issues: “(a) whether the extradition 

documents on their face are in order; (b) whether the petitioner has been charged 

with a crime in the demanding state; (c) whether the petitioner is the person named 

in the request for extradition; and (d) whether the petitioner is a fugitive.” 

Michigan v. Doran, 439 U.S. 282, 289, 99 S. Ct. 530, 535 (1978). Once the 

governor’s warrant, regular on its face, is introduced into evidence, the burden 

shifts to the accused to show the warrant was not legally issued, was not based on 

proper authority, or contains inaccurate recitals. See Ex parte Cain, 592 S.W.2d 
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359, 362 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); Ibarra v. State, 961 S.W.2d 415, 417 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). The accused opposing extradition may 

offer into evidence any of the papers that were used to support the warrant in an 

attempt to show a defect. See Cain, 592 S.W.2d at 362.

We review a trial court’s ruling on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus for an 

abuse of discretion. See Kniatt v. State, 206 S.W.3d 657, 664 (Tex. Crim. App.

2006); Washington v. State, 326 S.W.3d 701, 704 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

2010, no pet.). In conducting this review, we view the facts in the light most 

favorable to the trial court’s ruling. See Kniatt, 206 S.W.3d at 664; Washington, 

326 S.W.3d at 704. 

When seeking appellate review, an appellant has the burden to properly 

initiate the completion of a record sufficient to illustrate reversible error. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 31.1, 35.3; see also Perez v. State, 261 S.W.3d 760, 764 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d); Cheek v. State, 65 S.W.3d 728, 730 (Tex.

App.—Waco 2001, no pet.); Kent v. State, 982 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d, untimely filed). Although the court reporter is 

responsible for preparing, certifying, and timely filing the reporter’s record, that 

responsibility is conditioned on the appellant’s filing a notice of appeal, requesting 

that the reporter’s record be prepared, and paying for the reporter’s record. See 
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TEX. R. APP. P. 35.3(b); Rodriguez v. State, 970 S.W.2d 133, 134 (Tex. App.—

Amarillo 1998, pet. ref’d). 

Here, Monaco failed to request or make payment arrangements for the 

reporter’s record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 31.1, 35.3. As a result, we are left to 

determine whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Monaco’s 

request for habeas relief based solely on the clerk’s record. See Portillo v. State, 

117 S.W.3d 924, 929 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In his 

habeas application, Monaco sought habeas relief based on his bare assertion that he 

“is not a fugitive.” 

In this case, a determination of whether the trial court abused its discretion 

in denying Monaco’s habeas relief is dependent on the evidence presented during 

the hearing on Monaco’s habeas application. Such evidence would exist only in 

the reporter’s record. It is not contained in the clerk’s record. Thus, without a 

reporter’s record, Monaco cannot demonstrate that the trial court had evidence 

before it showing that Monaco was not a fugitive. It follows, then, that Monaco

has not demonstrated that the trial court’s denial of his habeas relief constituted an 

abuse of discretion. See id.
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Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court denying appellant’s request for 

habeas corpus relief.

Laura Carter Higley

Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).