A GAP ANALYSIS OF 

TEXAS

2003 Final Report 

A GEOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO PLANNING FOR BIOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY 

U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey
THE TEXAS 

GAP ANALYSIS PROJECT 

FINAL REPORT

2003

Nick C. Parker, Kelly Allen, Keith Arnold, Robert Baker, Robert Bradley, Guy Cameron, 

Sheri Haskell, Eric Holt, Earl Zimmerman

Contract Administration Through:

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit 

Texas Tech University

Submitted by:

Nick C. Parker 

Research Performed Under:

Cooperative Agreement No. 1434-HQ-97-RU-01570 

Research Work Order No. 28

U.S. Geological Survey

Biological Resources Division 

Gap Analysis Program 

 

 

Natural Science Research Laboratory – The Museum of Texas Tech University

Texas Parks and Wildlife

Wildlife Management Institute

Texas Tech University

United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................4 

LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................5 

LIST OF MAPS ...................................................................................................................6 

DEDICATION .....................................................................................................................7 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................8 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................9 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................11 

 How this Report is Organized................................................................................11 

 The Gap Analysis Program Mission ......................................................................11 

 The Gap Analysis Concept ....................................................................................12 

 General Limitations................................................................................................14 

 The Study Area ......................................................................................................14 

CHAPTER 2: LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING.............................17 

INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................18 

 Land Cover Classification......................................................................................18 

 Methods..................................................................................................................18 

 Accuracy Assessment.............................................................................................41 

 Introduction................................................................................................41 

CHAPTER 3: PREDICTED ANIMAL SPECIES DISTRIBUTIONS AND SPECIES 

RICHNESS ............................................................................................................46 

 Introduction............................................................................................................46 

 Methods..................................................................................................................46 

 Results ....................................................................................................................64

 Species Richness....................................................................................................64 

 Accuracty Assessment ...........................................................................................72 

 Limitations and Discussion....................................................................................81 

CHAPTER 4: LAND STEWARDSHIP ............................................................................82 

 Introduction............................................................................................................82 

 Mapping Standards ................................................................................................84 

 Methods..................................................................................................................84 

 Results ....................................................................................................................85

 Limitations and Discussion....................................................................................86 

CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS BASED ON STEWARDSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 

STATUS ................................................................................................................89 

 Introduction............................................................................................................89 

 Methods..................................................................................................................90 

 Results ....................................................................................................................90

 Land Cover Analysis..................................................................................90 

 Limitations and Discussion for Land Cover Analysis ...............................92 

 Predicted Animal Species Distributions Analysis .....................................92 

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 Results........................................................................................................44 

 Methods......................................................................................................42 

Limitations and Discussion....................................................................................44 
 Limitations and Discussion........................................................................94 

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS....................95 

CHAPTER 7: PRODUCT USE AND AVAILABILITY ..................................................97 

 How to Obtain the Products...................................................................................97 

 Disclaimer..............................................................................................................97 

Metadata.................................................................................................................97 

Appropriate and Inappropriate Uses of this Data...................................................97 

CHAPTER 8: LITERATURE CITED...............................................................................98 

CHAPTER 9: GLOSSARIES ..........................................................................................107 

 Glossary of Acronymns............................................................................111 

 

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Glossary of Terms.......................................................................................107
LIST OF TABLES 

Table 2.0 A summary of the area and percent occurrence for each land cover type..........37 

Table 2.1. Accuracy assessment of vegetation classification from interpretation of 

Landsat V imagery as verified from field surveys and aerial videography........................45 

Table 3.1. GIS coverages used in the animal species modeling process. ..........................49 

Table 3.2. Experts, affiliations, and tasks by taxa used to develop distribution models for 

terrestrial vertebrate species in Texas. ...............................................................................61 

Table 3.3. Threatened (T) and endangered (E) species of Texas with EL code, scientific 

and common name.. ...........................................................................................................70 

Table 3.4. Accuracy assessment of distribution models for selected geographic areas in 

Texas. ...............................................................................................................................80 

Table 4.1. Distribution of public lands in 4 protection classes........................................86 

Table 5.1. The Gap Analysis of Texas Land Cover. Status 1 and 2 lands are considered 

conservation lands that protect biodiversity.......................................................................90 

Table 5.2. Number of species within each protection level category. ............................93 

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LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 2.1. TX-GAP land cover analysis process .............................................................19 

Figure 2.2. Use of SkyKing with Spectrum. ......................................................................23 

Figure 2.3. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent...........................................................................................................32 

Figure 2.4. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent...........................................................................................................32 

Figure 2.5. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent...........................................................................................................33 

Figure 2.6. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent...........................................................................................................33 

Figure 2.7. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. ...................................................................................................35 

Figure 2.8. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent ....................................................................................................35 

Figure 2.9. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent ....................................................................................................36 

Figure 2.10. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. ...................................................................................................36 

Figure 2.11. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. ...................................................................................................37 

Figure 3.1 Methodology for mapping predicted distributions of vertebrates. ...................48 

Figure 5.1 Range of species across five protection levels ................................................94 

Figure 5.2. Percent of species with less than 10% overlap on conservation lands. ..........94 

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Map 2.1. The 18 ecoregions of Texas (Bailey 1980).........................................................25 

Map 2.2. The path and row number of Landsat V imagery grids used to map land use and 

land cover in Texas.....................................................................................................26 

Map 2.3. Vegetation of Texas based on interpretation and classification of 47 Landsat V 

images.........................................................................................................................27 

Map 2.4. Dominant vegetation in 1,183 EMAP hexagons of about 649 km2

 each, 

populated by overlaying the hexagons over the classified Landsat imagery..............40 

Map 2.5. North-south flight lines for videography overlaying boundaries for the 254 

counties of Texas........................................................................................................42 

Map 2.6. Map of global positioning system (GPS) points collected in the field as 

reference points where field data were collected for classification of land cover and 

land use.......................................................................................................................43 

Map 3.1. Soil map for the state of Texas based on the state soil geographic (STATSGO) 

database. .....................................................................................................................50 

Map 3.2. Hydrography (lakes, rivers, and streams) for the state of Texas.........................51 

Map 3.3. Cropland of Texas as derived from classification of Landsat V satellite 

 imagery..............................................................................................................................52 

Map 3.4. County map of Texas..........................................................................................53 

Map 3.5. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Texas. Elevation in Texas ranges from sea 

level on the coast to 2660 m (8,749 ft) in the Guadalupe Mountains ........................54 

Map 3.6a. The mammal diversity of Texas. ......................................................................57 

Map 3.6b. The avian diversity of Texas.............................................................................58 

Map 3.6c.. The reptile diversity of Texas ..........................................................................59 

Map 3.6d. The amphibian diversity of Texas ....................................................................60 

Map 3.7. An example of three maps for distribution of the black-tailed prairie dog in 

Texas ..........................................................................................................................63 

Map 3.8. The vertebrate diversity of Texas. ......................................................................64 

Map 3.9. Modeled distribution of black-tailed prairie dog................................................66 

Map 3.10. Modeled distribution of lark sparrow ...............................................................67 

Map 3.11. Modeled distribution of diamondback water snake..........................................68 

Map 3.12. Modeled distribution of spotted chorus frog ....................................................68 

Map 3.13. The diversity of threatened and endangered vertebrates of Texas....................72 

Map 3.14. Areas used for the accuracy assessment of amphibian distribution maps. .......76 

Map 3.15. Areas used for accuracy assessment of reptile distribution maps were the same 

as those used for amphibians......................................................................................77 

Map 3.16. Areas used for accuracy assessment of bird distribution maps.........................78 

Map 3.17. Areas used for accuracy assessment of mammal distribution maps.................79 

Map 4.1. Geographic location of public lands in Texas. ...................................................87 

Map 4.2. Land stewardship in Texas categorized as level 1, 2, 3, or 4..............................88 

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LIST OF MAPS 
Appendix A. Vegetation crosswalk between The Nature Conservancy’s (TNC) 

 vegetation classification and Texas Parks and Wildlife’s (TPW) vegetation 

 types of Texas 

Appendix B. Landcover classification for TX-GAP crosswalked with the national 

Vegetation Classification System Code (NVCS) and the landcover description. 

Appendix C1. Stewardship conditioin, total area in the state and percent of habitat in 

Texas identified as suitable for the species for each of 628 species. 

Appendix D– List of Example GAP Applications 

Appendix F – Mammals 

Appendix G – Birds 

Appendix H – Amphibians 

Appendix I – Reptiles 

Appendix J - Common name, scientific name and EL code for vertebrate species 

analyzed for geospatial distribution as part of the Texas GAP Project 

Appendix K - TX Gap Landcover Classification - L 

Appendix C2. MajorLand Ownership

Appendix E. Habitat database table for the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans. 

LIST OF APPENDICES
DEDICATION 

Why Kevin Axton? Why is this dedication to Kevin Axton? Why is he no longer with us?

Why must we remember?

Kevin Axton was an artist―an artist taken from this world in a tragic automobile

accident on March 31, 2002. Kevin was only 32. In his short lifetime he accomplished 

much. He was an artist―a glass sculptor, a painter, and a poet. He saw beauty in the 

world around him and drew on that to create works of art. His art reflected his sense of 

space, form, and color. 

We remember Kevin in the Texas GAP Project as a talented artist, a remarkably happy

and fun individual, and a talented graphics designer. He brought his computer skills and 

artistic talents to the Texas GAP Project to prepare graphics, including posters, slides, 

maps, and the design layout. His contributions made the Texas GAP Project look much 

more professional, and his friendly, cooperative nature contributed greatly to the pleasant 

working environment in the laboratory. He worked well with students, staff, and faculty. 

Through his talents and cooperation he earned the respect of all. 

Why Kevin? We think of Kevin because he is no longer with us. His talents placed him

alone, but at the same time he was a member of a diverse multidisciplinary team. A 

project the size of Texas GAP could not be completed without the dedication and talents 

of many students from disciplines throughout the University. We acknowledge and thank 

all who made this project possible, but we can no longer speak directly to Kevin Axton. 

We can and do remember him. This report is dedicated to his memory. Kevin, we miss 

your cheery laughter, your smile and your talents. We thank you, and we remember. 

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The Texas Gap Analysis Project (TX-GAP) is part of a nationwide U.S. effort to assess 

the representation of biodiversity elements in the current mix of conservation lands. Due 

to the size of Texas and variability in environments, its vegetation is both diverse and 

complex. In addition, more than 90% of the land is privately owned, and access to the 

land for field verification procedures is limited. 

The National Gap Analysis Program (National GAP) is a nationwide effort to assess and 

document the spatial distribution of biodiversity and evaluate its conservation status 

across the U. S. The Texas Gap Analysis Project (TX-GAP) has been conducted at the 

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit (TX-CFWRU) at Texas Tech 

University (TTU) in Lubbock, Texas (Parker et al. 1998; Sarkar et al. 2000). The 

objectives of the project were: (a) to develop a map of current land cover of Texas from 

recent Landsat TM images that was at least 80% accurate in predicting the true vegetation 

types; (b) to estimate the potential distribution of Texas wildlife vertebrate species with at

least 80% accuracy; (c) to depict and map land stewardship categorized by level of 

conservation management; and (d) to combine the above data layers in a GIS and perform 

analyses of species richness patterns relative to known levels of land conservation and 

management. 

The land cover map was generated through digital classification of satellite imagery

supported by field surveys and ancillary information. Accuracy assessment involved a 

statistical comparison of subset samples from the classified scene to ground observations 

and using airborne videography. 83 land cover/land use types were mapped, 4 of which 

are not natural vegetation (water, bare soil, cropland and urban). Vertebrate distribution 

predictions were modeled from known location data and information on species-habitat 

associations (Holt 1999, Allen 2000). The distribution maps produced were verified 

through expert review, by comparing predictions with specific areas where detailed 

inventories exist, and by conducting field surveys. Land stewardship and management 

were inventoried and mapped. This information was used as reference for the analysis of 

vegetative communities and wildlife species conservation status. 

For the final analysis, all these data were combined in the GIS to evaluate how vegetation 

communities, sites with maximum number of species overlap (richness), or even single

species distributions were represented in existing managed areas. This allowed the

identification and delineation of potential “gaps” in conservation and their potential risks. 

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Thanks to Amos Eno and the staff of the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, who 

funded the early development of the GAP concept and to the originators including J.

Michael Scott, Blair Csuti, and Jack Estes and the pioneering scientists who forged the 

way. Thanks to John Mosesso and Doyle Frederick of the US Geological Survey

Biological Resource Division (BRD) Office of Inventory and Monitoring, for their 

support of the national Gap Analysis Program, especially during its transition from the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to the National Biological Service and then to the U.S. 

Geological Survey BRD. Thanks to Reid Goforth and the staff at the USGS BRD 

Cooperative Research Units for administering GAP's research and development phase 

from headquarters. Without those mentioned above, there could not have been a Gap 

Analysis Program. Thanks also to the staffs of the National Gap Analysis Program, 

Center for Biological Informatics, and Biological Resources Division headquarters. 

We acknowledge contributions to this report by Chris Cogan, Patrick Crist, Blair Csuti, 

Tom Edwards, Michael Jennings, and J. Michael Scott; as well as the previous GAP 

projects.

Over the 9-year life of this project in Texas, many individuals have contributed in many

different ways. The project was initiated under the direction of Nancy Mathews, working

with Joy Winckel, Rick Hammer, and Rodolfo Estrada at Texas Tech University. Doug

Wunneburger at Texas A&M developed the Sky King software and worked with a private 

vendor to have the 10,000 miles of videography flown within the state. 

A large number of individuals from throughout the state have contributed to Texas GAP 

through a review of materials and especially in the preparation of the database used to 

map distribution of terrestrial vertebrate species. Those individuals include Guy

Cameron, University of Houston; Robert J. Baker, Director of the Natural Science 

Research Laboratory; David J. Schmidly, President; and Robert Bradley of Texas Tech 

University for mammals; Earl Zimmerman, North Texas State University, for amphibians 

and reptiles; and Keith Arnold, Texas A&M University, for birds. Bruce Hunter provided 

advice on spatial and database issues. 

Advice on West Texas vegetation was given by Betty Alex of the Big Bend National Park 

and Dr. Russ Petite of Texas Tech University. The U.S. Corps of Engineers provided 

assistance with vegetation mapping along the Red River and the U.S. Border Patrol along

the Rio Grande. 

We thank Andrea Ernst, T. Scott Schrader, Carlos Gonzalez-Rebeles, Wade Shoop, and 

Miguel Cano for the fieldwork and classification of the Landsat V imagery to produce the 

land cover map. We thank Raymond Sims, Yonglun Lan, Jiyuan Wang, Qing Xia, and T. 

Scott Schrader for serving as systems administrators. 

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The reams of data challenged our ability and the existing software. We thank faculty

Surya Yadav, John Durrett, and Nirup Menon and students David Carlson and Junmin 

Ung, in the College of Business Administration at Texas Tech University, for assisting in 

data management. Dan Cooke, Chair, Department of Computer Sciences at Texas Tech 

University and numerous students, including Guirong Wang, provided essential technical

support, guidance, and computer programming required for this project. 

Other students at Texas Tech providing special technical support for this program include 

Stephanie DuPree, keeper of the GIS software; Eric Holt developed the vertebrate 

database structure; Raquel Leyva prepared climate data and statistical analysis; Maricruz 

Longoria, for library support and data entry; Cody Winfrey for maintaining software; 

John Griffin for supply support; Melinda Clary, Lindi Van Heuklon, and Rod Sandoval 

for Power Point presentations; Oleksiy Knyazhnitskiy for the program to assign UTM 

coordinates to classical museum voucher records; David Bennett for database 

management; Qing Xia, David Carlson, and Eric Schultz for McIntosh-based graphic 

support; Dorothy Tinkler for PC-based graphic support and statistical analysis; Tara 

Haskell and Mandy Haskell for data entry and for printing tons of maps. 

Other Texas Tech University faculty supporting Texas GAP include Clyde Jones, Curator 

of Mammals; Richard Monk, Curator of Collections in the Natural Science Research 

Laboratory; Clifford Fedler, Director, International Center for Arid and Semi-arid Land 

Studies; Tom Musiak, Chair, Department of Landscape Architecture; Charles Werth 

(deceased), Department of Biology; Caryl Heintz, Associate Dean, College of Arts and 

Sciences, for financial support; and Ken Dixon, The Institute for Environmental and 

Human Health, for technical guidance. 

At Texas Parks and Wildlife, Kim Ludeke provided vegetation analysis of state parks and 

served on an advisory committee. Craig Farquahar, David Riskand, and Gareth Rowell 

also served as part of the advisory committee.

Texas Tech University staff assigned to the Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife 

Research Unit and heavily involved with the completion of this report include Nancy

Hubbard and Jodi Martin. 

Numerous other individuals contributed in many ways to make this project possible. 

Undoubtedly, I’ve failed to remember and identify them all, but no one was intentionally

left out. I collectively thank all who contributed; it was they, and not I, who made this 

work possible. 

Nick C. Parker 

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INTRODUCTION 

How This Report Is Organized 

This report is a summation of a scientific project. While we endeavor to make it 

understandable for as general an audience as practicable, it reflects the complexity of the 

project it describes. A glossary of terms is provided to aid the reader in its understanding, 

and for those seeking a detailed understanding of the subjects, the cited literature should 

be helpful. The organization of this report follows the general chronology of project 

development, beginning with the production of the individual data layers and concluding

with analysis of the data. It diverges from standard scientific reporting by embedding

results and discussion sections within individual chapters. This was done to allow the 

individual data products to stand on their own as testable hypotheses and provide data 

users with a concise and complete report for each data and analysis product. 

We begin with an overview of the Gap Analysis Program mission, concept, and 

limitations. We then present a synopsis of how the current biodiversity condition of the 

project area came to be, followed by land cover mapping, animal species distribution 

prediction, species richness, and land stewardship mapping and categorization. Data 

development leads to the Analysis section, which reports on the status of the elements of 

biodiversity (natural community alliances and animal species), for Texas. Finally, we

describe the management implications of the analysis results and provide information on 

how to acquire and use the data. 

The Gap Analysis Program Mission 

The mission of the Gap Analysis Program is to prevent conservation crises by providing

conservation assessments of biotic elements (plant communities and native animal 

species) and to facilitate the application of this information to land management 

activities. This is accomplished through the following five objectives: 

1) map actual land cover as closely as possible to the alliance level (FGDC 1997). 

2) map the predicted distribution of those terrestrial vertebrates and selected other taxa

that spend any important part of their life history in the project area and for which 

adequate distributional habitats, associations, and mapped habitat variables are 

available. 

3) document the representation of natural vegetation communities and animal species in 

areas managed for the long-term maintenance of biodiversity. 

4) make all GAP project information available to the public and those charged with land 

use research, policy, planning, and management. 

5) build institutional cooperation in the application of this information to state and 

regional management activities. 

To meet these objectives, it is necessary that GAP be operated at the state or regional 

level but maintain consistency with national standards. Within the state, participation by a

12
wide variety of cooperators is necessary and desirable to ensure understanding and 

acceptance of the data and forge relationships that will lead to cooperative conservation 

planning. 

State objectives for GAP:

Texas is a large state with about 94.6% of the land privately owned (Schmidly et al. 

2001). Texas Parks and Wildlife (TPW) is the state agency charged with regulation and 

management of the state’s flora and fauna; to be effective, TPW works closely with

private landowners. In 1984, TPW developed a vegetation map for Texas, and the 

objective of Texas GAP was to provide an updated version of the Texas vegetation map 

with 90-meter resolution. Further objectives were to provide vertebrate distribution maps 

tied to modeled habitat at 90-meter resolution and to provide the big-picture land-cover 

and land-use patterns in the state by classification of dominant vegetation. 

This project had the final objective of providing Texas citizens, including private

landowners, teachers, and school children, with life history data for Texas vertebrates and 

links to the wealth of data in the Natural Science Research Laboratory

(http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/) of The Museum of Texas Tech University.

The Gap Analysis Concept 

The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) brings together the problem-solving capabilities of

federal, state, and private scientists to tackle the difficult issues of land cover mapping, 

animal habitat characterization, and biodiversity conservation assessment at the state, 

regional, and national levels. The program seeks to facilitate cooperative development 

and use of information. Throughout this report we use the terms "GAP" to describe the 

national program, "GAP Project" to refer to an individual state or regional project, and 

"gap analysis" to refer to the gap analysis process or methodology.

Much of the following discussion was taken verbatim from Edwards et al. 1995, Scott et 

al. 1993, and Davis et al. 1995. The gap analysis process provides an overview of the 

distribution and conservation status of several components of biodiversity. It uses the 

distribution of actual vegetation and predicted distribution of terrestrial vertebrates and, 

when available, invertebrate taxa. Digital map overlays in a GIS are used to identify

individual species, species-rich areas, and vegetation types that are unrepresented or 

underrepresented in existing management areas. It functions as a preliminary step to the 

more detailed studies needed to establish actual boundaries for planning and management 

of biological resources on the ground. These data and results are then made available to 

the public so that institutions as well as individual landowners and managers may become 

more effective stewards through more complete knowledge of the management status of 

these elements of biodiversity. GAP, by focusing on higher levels of biological 

organization, is likely to be both cheaper and more likely to succeed than conservation 

programs focused on single species or populations (Scott et al.1993). 

Biodiversity inventories can be visualized as "filters" designed to capture elements of

biodiversity at various levels of organization. The filter concept has been applied by The 

13
Nature Conservancy, which established Natural Heritage Programs in all 50 states. The

Nature Conservancy employs a fine filter of rare species inventory and protection and a

coarse filter of community inventory and protection (Jenkins 1985, Noss 1987). It is 

postulated that 85-90% of species can be protected by the coarse filter without having to 

inventory or plan reserves for those species individually. A fine filter is then applied to 

the remaining 10-15% of species to ensure their protection. Gap analysis is a coarse-filter 

method because it can be used to quickly and cheaply assess the other 85-90% of species. 

GAP is not designed to identify and aid protection of elements that are rare or of very

restricted distribution; rather it is designed to help "keep common species common" by

identifying risk far in advance of actual population decline. These concepts are further 

developed below. 

The intuitively appealing idea of conserving most biodiversity by maintaining examples

of all natural community types has never been applied, although numerous approaches to 

the spatial identification of biodiversity have been described (Kirkpatrick 1983, Margules 

et al.1988, Pressey and Nicholls 1989, Nicholls and Margules 1993). Furthermore, the 

spatial scale at which organisms use the environment differs tremendously among species 

and depends on body size, food habits, mobility, and other factors. Hence, no coarse filter 

will be a complete assessment of biodiversity protection status and needs. However,

species that fall through the pores of the coarse filter, such as narrow endemics and wideranging mammals, can be captured by the safety net of the fine filter. Community-level

(coarse-filter) protection is a complement to, not a substitute for, protection of individual 

rare species. 

Gap analysis is essentially an expanded coarse-filter approach (Noss 1987) to biodiversity

protection. The land cover types mapped in GAP serve directly as a coarse filter, the goal 

being to assure adequate representation of all native vegetation community types in 

biodiversity management areas. Landscapes with great vegetation diversity often are 

those with high edaphic variety or topographic relief. When elevational diversity is very

great, a nearly complete spectrum of vegetation types known from a biological region 

may occur within a relatively small area. Such areas provide habitat for many species, 

including those that depend on multiple habitat types to meet life history needs (Diamond 

1986, Noss 1987). By using landscape-sized samples (Forman and Godron 1986) as an 

expanded coarse filter, gap analysis searches for and identifies biological regions where

unprotected or underrepresented vegetation types and animal species occur. 

More detailed analyses were not part of this project, but are areas of research that GAP as 

a national program is pursuing. For example, a second filter could combine species 

distribution information to identify a set of areas in which all, or nearly all, mapped 

species are represented. There is a major difference between identifying the richest areas 

in a region (many of which are likely to be neighbors and share essentially the same list of 

species) and identifying areas in which all species are represented. The latter task is most 

efficiently accomplished by selecting areas whose species lists are most different or 

complementary. Areas with different environments tend to also have the most different 

species lists for a variety of taxa. As a result, a set of areas with complementary sets of

14
species for one higher taxon (e.g., mammals) often will also do a good job representing

most species of other higher taxa (e.g., trees, butterflies). Species with large home ranges, 

such as large carnivores, or species with very local distributions may require individual 

attention. Additional data layers can be used for a more holistic conservation evaluation. 

These include indicators of stress or risk (e.g., human population growth, road density, 

rate of habitat fragmentation, distribution of pollutants) and the locations of habitat 

corridors between wildlands that allow for natural movement of wide-ranging animals 

and the migration of species in response to climate change. 

General Limitations 

Limitations must be recognized so that additional studies can be implemented to 

supplement GAP. The following are general project limitations; specific limitations for 

the data are described in the respective sections: 

1. GAP data are derived from remote sensing and modeling to make general assessments 

about conservation status. Any decisions based on the data must be supported by

ground-truthing and more detailed analyses. 

2. GAP is not a substitute for threatened and endangered species listing and recovery

efforts. A primary argument in favor of gap analysis is that it is proactive: it seeks to 

recognize and manage sites of high biodiversity value for the long-term maintenance

of populations of native species and communities before they become critically rare. 

Thus, it should help to reduce the rate at which species require listing as threatened or 

endangered. Those species that are already greatly imperiled, however, still require

individual efforts to assure their recovery. 

3. GAP data products and assessments represent a snapshot in time generally

representing the date of the satellite imagery. Updates are planned on a 5-10 year

cycle, but users of the data must be aware of the static nature of the products. 

4. GAP is not a substitute for a thorough national biological inventory. As a response to 

rapid habitat loss, gap analysis provides a quick assessment of the distribution of 

vegetation and associated species before they are lost, and provides focus and 

direction for local, regional, and national efforts to maintain biodiversity. The process 

of improving knowledge in systematics, taxonomy, and species distributions is 

lengthy and expensive. That process must be continued and expedited, however, in 

order to provide the detailed information needed for a comprehensive assessment of 

our nation's biodiversity. Vegetation and species distribution maps developed for 

GAP can be used to make such surveys more cost-effective by stratifying sampling

areas according to expected variation in biological attributes. 

The Study Area 

The Great Plains, the Southwest Desert, and the Eastern Piney forest all collide in Texas. 

The 360-mile long―over 600 miles if counting the shoreline of bays and inlets 

(Cummings 1998)―Gulf Coast of Texas harbors many bays receiving the freshwater 

15
flow from the 13 major rivers and 11,247 named streams of Texas (Ramos and Plocheck 

2001). These bays attracted early explorers and, in 1519, Alonso Alvarez de Piñeda 

landed at the mouth of the Rio Grande and mapped the coast of Texas for Spain. The 

early history of Texas (Holmes 1983) is the history of Mexico and the Spanish influence 

in the New World. Spanish cattle arrived in the New World in 1521. In 1528, Alva Nuñez

Cabeza de Vaca landed in Galveston, and Nuño de Guzman was appointed by the Spanish 

crown as the first governor of Texas. In 1540, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado moved at 

least 500 cattle, plus thousands of sheep, goats, and hogs into Texas as food for his 

expedition searching for the Seven Golden Cities of Cibola. Sieur de la Salle brought a

French colonizing expedition to Matagordo Bay in 1685. The first Spanish mission was 

established in East Texas in 1690 near present-day Neches. The next year, San Antonio 

was established at the site of a Native American village, and in 1744 construction of the 

Alamo chapel began. 

By 1806, the United States was pushing into Texas and, by treaty with Spain, established 

the Sabine River as Texas’s eastern boundary. By treaty in 1819, the Red River was set as 

the northern boundary of Texas. The first Anglo-American colony was authorized in 

Texas by the permission of Spanish authorities through Spanish land grants to Stephen F.

Austin’s father, Moses Austin. Three hundred colonists arrived in 1822. By 1830, Mexico 

began restricting Anglo-American colonies and, in 1835, gave the Cherokee tribe a land 

grant in East Texas. Texas declared independence on March 2, 1836, during the Battle of 

the Alamo. Sam Houston was the first president of Texas, and Lorenzo de Zavala the first 

vice-president. Two years later, the first German town in Texas was established. By 1839, 

the Cherokees and other peaceful Native Americans were driven from the state, but the 

Comanche still ruled West Texas. Texas was annexed into the U.S. in 1845, and the 

Republic of Texas flag was lowered in Austin one year later. In 1849, angora goats were 

introduced into the Hill Country. Texas seceded from the Union in 1861 and, following

the Civil War, the longhorns were moved north in the great cattle drives. Beef was three

cents per pound in 1874 in San Marcos (Dobie 1982). By this year, the great herds of 

buffalo were gone, the Comanche were defeated at Palo Duro Canyon, and their horses 

were slain. By 1876, cattle were being stocked on the High Plains. The last Indian battle 

in Texas was with the Apaches in 1881. By 1882, more than 32 million acres had been 

given away by the railroads to encourage settlement. The cattle drives were history by

1895 as the land was fenced. A new era was established in 1894 when oil was discovered 

in Corsicana while drilling for water.

The cultural geography of Texas was well established by 1900 (Meinig 1969). South 

Texas and the far west region of Texas, were populated by Mestizo-Hispano-American 

Catholics. East Texas was predominantly African-American and Southern 

fundamentalists, and white European Catholics swept in from the coast at Galveston to 

central Texas. Anglo-Saxon Southern fundamentalists moved into West Texas 

across the Rolling Plains and on to the High Plains of the Panhandle. The white American

middle western Protestants moved south into North Texas and into the Panhandle. A 

drive across Texas today reveals the history and culture of these early Texans (Metz

1994). 

16
The eastern part of the state―rich in timber, on flat fertile soil, and with an abundance of 

rain―was attractive to the settlers from the Deep South who moved west. Austin and his 

colonists occupied the land east of The Balcones Escarpment, which effectively divides 

the state roughly along the I-35 Corridor, stretching from Dallas-Ft. Worth through 

Austin to San Antonio, into wet East Texas and arid West Texas. 

The Spanish culture and the vaqueros dominated the brushlands of South Texas, the area 

north of the Rio Grande to San Antonio, and the El Paso region. This area was the land of 

the longhorns. The German settlers and other Europeans moved into the Texas Hill 

Country and established shops and crafts, including bakeries, breweries, and butcher 

shops. Other Europeans, including the English, Irish and Germans, moved to the Great 

Plains of West Texas and established large ranches, many of which still exist today.

As Texans shaped the land, the land with its richness of flora, fauna, and mineral 

resources, shaped them. The landscape has changed dramatically since Europeans arrived. 

Changes during the past 100 years have been documented by Schmidly (2002) who 

compared the distribution of vertebrates (primarily mammals) today with that recorded by

Vernon Bailey in the Biological Survey of Texas, 1889-1905 (Bailey 1905). Texans today

care deeply about their environment and have a desire to stay in touch with the land 

(Schmidly et al. 2001). Many Texans recognize that the state’s economic well-being is 

dependent upon the high quality of the state’s natural resources, including its rich flora 

and fauna.

17
LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND 

MAPPING 

Introduction 

Mapping natural land cover requires a higher level of effort than the development of data 

for animal species, agency ownership, or land management, yet it is no more important 

for gap analysis than any other data layer. Generally, the mapping of land cover is done 

by adopting or developing a land cover classification system, delineating areas of relative

homogeneity (basic cartographic "objects"), then labeling these areas using categories 

defined by the classification system. More detailed attributes of the individual areas are 

added as more information becomes available, and a process of validating both spatial 

pattern and labels is applied for editing and revising the map. This is done in an iterative 

fashion, with the results from one step causing re-evaluation of results from another step. 

Finally, an assessment of the overall accuracy of the data is conducted. The final 

assessment of accuracy will show where improvements should be made in the next update 

(Stoms 1994). 

In its "coarse filter" approach to conservation biology (e.g., Jenkins 1985, Noss 1987), 

gap analysis relies on maps of dominant natural land cover types as the most fundamental 

spatial component of the analysis (Scott et al. 1993) for terrestrial environments. For the 

purposes of GAP, most of the land surface of interest (natural) can be characterized by its

dominant vegetation. 

Vegetation patterns are an integrated reflection of the physical and chemical factors that

shape the environment of a given land area (Whittaker 1965). They also are determinants 

for overall biological diversity patterns (Franklin 1993, Levin 1981, Noss 1990), and they

can be used as a currency for habitat types in conservation evaluations (Specht 1975, 

Austin 1991). As such, dominant vegetation types need to be recognized over their entire 

ranges of distribution (Bourgeron et al. 1994) for beta-scale analysis (sensu Whittaker

1960, 1977). These patterns cannot be acceptably mapped from any single source of 

remotely sensed imagery, therefore, ancillary data, previous maps, and field surveys are

used. The central concept is that the physiognomic and floristic characteristics of 

vegetation (and, in the absence of vegetation, other physical structures) across the land 

surface can be used to define biologically meaningful biogeographic patterns. There may

be considerable variation in the floristics of subcanopy vegetation layers (community

association) that are not resolved when mapping at the level of dominant canopy

vegetation types (alliance), and there is a need to address this part of the diversity of

nature. As information accumulates from field studies on patterns of variation in

understory layers, it can be attributed to the mapped units of alliances. 

18
Land Cover Classification 

Land cover classifications must rely on specified attributes, such as the structural features 

of plants, their floristic composition, or environmental conditions, to consistently

differentiate categories (Küchler and Zonneveld 1988). The criteria for a land cover 

classification system for GAP are:

an ability to distinguish areas of different actual dominant vegetation; 

a utility for modeling animal species habitats; 

a suitability for use within and among biogeographic regions; 

an applicability to Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery for both rendering a base

map and from which to extract basic patterns (GAP relies on a wide array of 

information sources, TM offers a convenient meso-scale base map in addition to being

one source of actual land cover information); 

a framework that can interface with classification systems used by other organizations 

and nations to the greatest extent possible; and 

a capability to fit, both categorically and spatially, with classifications of other themes

such as agricultural and built environments. 

For GAP, the system that fits best is referred to as the National Vegetation Classification 

System (NVCS) (FGDC 1997). The origin of this system was referred to as the 

UNESCO/TNC system (Lins and Kleckner 1996), because it is based on the structural 

characteristics of vegetation derived by Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg (1974), adopted 

by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO 

1973) and later modified for application to the United States by Driscoll et al. (1983, 

1984). The Nature Conservancy and the Natural Heritage Network (Grossman et al. 1994) 

have been improving upon this system in recent years with partial funding supplied by

GAP. The basic assumptions and definitions for this system have been described by

Jennings (1993). 

Methods

The Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium’s hyperclustered

Landsat Thematic Mapper (Landsat TM) imagery, together with Spectrum (Khoral

Research, Inc.) software were used to map actual land cover. The combination of these 

specially preprocessed MRLC scenes and Spectrum, a program specifically designed for 

the iterative visualization and interpretation of this type of imagery, has allowed TX-GAP 

to focus on biology, systematics, and ground-truthing rather than the technical details of 

image analysis techniques. 

TX-GAP was been one of the pioneer Gap Analysis projects to use these new 

technologies. Additionally, since the initial stages of Spectrum software development, 

TX-GAP has worked together with Khoral Research, Inc. to test and improve the 

program. Figure 2.1 shows a schematic of these technologies and the processes followed 

to create the final land cover maps. 

19
MRLC

Field Data &

Ancillary Info.

Final

Land Cover

Maps

Ecoregion

Land Cover

Maps

Refined

Draft Maps

by Scene

Interpreted

Scene

Expert

Review

Urban

Mask

Expert

Review

Validation

Decision Model

Climate

Slope, Aspect

& Elevation

Soils &

Geology

1

4

2

3

5

7

6

8

9

11 10

Figure 2.1. TX-GAP land cover analysis process 

1) MRLC hyperclustered TM scene (240 classes of clusters/scene). 

2) Location (UTM coordinates) and description of the vegetation observed in the field 

together with ancillary information (vegetation maps, literature, and expert consultation) 

are used to ground-truth the MRLC scene. 

3) Spectral patterning on the scene labeled with the different types of vegetation present in 

the area. 

4) Preliminary map by scene in raster format (printed or digital copy is submitted for expert 

review). 

5) Preliminary labeled scene exported from Spectrum and saved as a binary file for further 

spatial analysis and editing (GIS processing). 

6) USGS digital line graphs are used to create a mask of urban and other cultural features 

and facilitate the refinement (edition) of vegetation. 

7) Interpreted (labeled) scenes are run through a model that adds and eliminates classes 

from clusters. This model is developed from logical arguments based upon a class being

present or eliminated from combinations of habitat characteristics. This step checks the 

interpretation process in step 2. 

8) An edited map with land cover refined by scene is produced (vegetation descriptions 

from the field are aggregated to the level of land cover classes defined by the 

classification scheme selected). 

9) Another round of expert reviews of the models and refined products. 

10) The accuracy in predicting vegetation types is assessed in the field based on a random

sample of points. 

20
11) A final land cover layer is produced in the GIS (raster or vector format) and is ready to 

be edge-matched (within the state) and processed according to the standards required by

the National Gap Analysis Program.

- Squares represent products (images, thematic coverages, or maps). 

- Ovals represent processes performed to products. 

Mapping Standards and Data Sources

Land cover is an important thematic layer in gap analysis. Land cover represents the 

spatial distribution of current vegetation communities in the study area. Since land cover

is an indicator of habitat, it is a primary consideration in models of wildlife species

distribution. When combined, land cover and wildlife species distribution predictions are 

used to evaluate the representativeness of species, vegetation communities, and sites with 

high levels of biodiversity, within areas managed for conservation (Scott et al. 1993, 

Stoms 1996). If this spatial database of vegetation is referenced to time, it may be further 

used to analyze vegetation trends and monitor human-induced effects (Csuti 1994, Stoms 

1996). 

Land cover maps for gap analysis are based mainly on classification of satellite imagery. 

The most common images are Landsat TM. These images provide radiometric and 

spectral resolution and cartographic accuracy to map vegetation at the scale required for 

the analysis (Scott et al. 1993, Jennings 1996a). Other remote sensing products, such as 

aerial photography and airborne videography, are also used, together with ancillary

information including field surveys, existing maps, and herbarium records, to improve the 

classification and mapping process (Jennings 1996a). 

Two methods have been followed to classify satellite images: visual interpretation (hard 

copy or digital format) or computer-based classification (supervised or unsupervised) 

(Jennings 1996a, Stoms 1996). The first method is founded on photointerpretation 

principles and consists of the delineation of different areas based on differentiation of 

tone, texture, and other image characteristics recognized directly by the image-interpreter 

and supported by ancillary information (photographs, maps). The areas defined are then 

labeled according to the vegetation classification scheme selected. 

In the second method, classes are defined by clustering spectral data across the digital 

image through computer processing. In the unsupervised classification, natural groups of 

pixels are defined directly by their spectral values. Labeling the classes is based on 

ancillary information, as in visual interpretation. In the supervised method, classification 

is based on training sites or sample areas defined from maps, photos, or field surveys. 

Training sites are used to differentiate and classify those groups of pixels registered at the 

same locations, based on their specific spectral characteristics (“spectral signatures”). 

These signatures are further used to classify other unidentified pixels with the same

spectral characteristics. Both methods are also used in combination. A more detailed 

description of these procedures is presented by Scott et al. (1993), Jennings (1996a), and 

Stoms (1996). 

21
Imagery 

A significant achievement of the MRLC Consortium (1992) was the production of 

preprocessed satellite images. These images have considerably facilitated the digital 

analysis and manipulation of data by the user. Common operations performed by EROS 

Data Center to the Landsat TM multispectral data as a preparatory phase include: (a)

radiometric corrections -- debanding and destriping, and (b) geometric registration to a 

graticule of ground-control points, identified by Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

coordinates (Benjamin et al. 1996, see also: http://www.epa.gov). Additionally, images 

are preliminarily classified following a special unsupervised classification approach. The

method relies on a fast clustering algorithm or “hyperclustering,” developed by Patrick 

M. Kelly and James M. White at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This method was 

selected because of its advantages (less processing time and producing a larger number of 

clusters) over other k-means based clustering classifiers (e.g., GRASS clustering, 

PEDITOR clustering, and ISODATA) (Kelly and White 1993, Benjamin et al. 1996). 

The hyperclustering procedure selects the most significant components within the 

multispectral data, grouping sets of individual pixels with similar spectral characteristics 

across all seven bands. The processed image is compressed into one band of image data, 

where individual pixel values are representative of the mean values of the clusters 

produced across all bands. A total of 240 clusters are produced. In other words, each new 

pixel value on the hyperclustered image represent cluster indices -- 240 best pixel values 

from the original multispectral scene. These clusters are linked to a statistical code-book 

(sample number, cluster mean values, and covariance matrices), which permits 

calculations to explore spectral properties of the hyperclustered image as with the original

(raw) multispectral data. 

In summary, the hyperclustered image presents a reduced data set (one-seventh of the 

storage capacity originally required) that conveys similar information as the original 

multispectral data set by portraying only the essential elements of the image together with 

its associated statistical characteristics. This minimizes computer storage requirements, 

thus reducing time and cost of the overall analysis. An additional advantage is that this 

type of preprocessed imagery can directly be used by individuals lacking a strong

background or expertise in processing remote sensing images. 

The format of the resultant data set provides a minimum mapping unit of 30 m pixels and 

is ready to be used in a common computer display environment for further image analysis

and manipulation. A special image visualization and analysis program, Spectrum (Khoral 

Research, Inc.) was developed specifically to categorize and interactively edit these 

hyperclustered images. The Spectrum program operates on UNIX-based platforms (Kelly

and White 1993). 

Spectrum Software 

Spectrum is an interactive image classification and interpretation computer program 

developed for the analysis of TM hyperclustered images to map land cover. However, 

22
Spectrum may be utilized for many different purposes, whenever image classification and 

interpretation are required for a project. 

Spectrum is a very powerful tool for the visualization and spectral analysis of Landsat 

TM images. Its design and capabilities, combined with the special characteristics of the

TM hyperclustered (MRLC) images, provide means for the direct interpretation of the

spectral pattern presented by the image (Benjamin et al. 1996 and Myers et al. 1995b). 

Spectrum is part of a much larger and powerful system for processing, analysis, 

manipulation, and visualization known as Khoros 2.1 (Khoral Research, Inc., 

http://www.Khoral.com). 

In summary, the general process followed is a computer-assisted image interpretation 

approach. Through visual examination of the image, the analyst may identify and 

delineate different geographic areas based on their combined spectral and spatial 

characteristics (e.g., reflectance values, color, texture, associations, or context and 

location). Ancillary information, such as maps, aerial photography, airborne videography, 

and general knowledge of the region is then used to classify the geographic areas selected 

according to the landscape features they represent (e.g., land cover types). The process 

simply involves the selection and labeling of those pixels that form the area of interest 

The original TX-GAP plans for mapping vegetation were to use airborne videography to 

ground-truth satellite imagery. The Mapping Sciences Laboratory (MSL) at Texas A & M 

was contracted to produce the videography (subcontract the flight mission, perform the 

extraction of individual video-frame images together with their georectification). A 

special software (SkyKing) developed by the MSL was the application selected to

manipulate airborne videography. This program permits a view of the georeferenced

video-frame images and allows the user to query the geographic position of selected 

vegetation types portrayed on the video image. A file is produced with the location (UTM 

coordinates) and description of the different vegetation types of interest, which when 

transferred to Spectrum should automatically classify the satellite scene. 

Our initial work with Spectrum revealed that the program could not integrate external

data (e.g., output from SkyKing software or any other location type file with descriptive

data linked to geographic coordinates) and vegetation types from ground verifications. In

consequence, TX-GAP established a contract with Khoral Research, Inc. 

(August/September 1995) to develop a tool in Spectrum that allows input of external 

data. As part of this contract, TX-GAP has agreed that the enhancements paid for in our 

contract will be released to the general Khoros user community, free of charge, via

anonymous ftp over the Internet (CD or tape) or included with their full commercial 

version of the system software (Khoros 2.1, Khoral Research, Inc.). 

An enhanced version of Spectrum is now able to read SkyKing files with UTM points and 

vegetation cover descriptions. The program then correlates the cover type to all other

clusters in the hyperclustered satellite image with the same spectral value (Figure 2.2). 

23
Figure 2.2. Use of SkyKing with Spectrum. 

The capability is not restricted to SkyKing, but allows any other point location file format

from other sources (e.g., file output from a GPS unit) to be read. 

Land Cover Map Development: TX-GAP Land Cover Analysis Approach

Although TX-GAP was formally initiated in October 1993, factors such as changes in 

personnel, equipment acquisition, data compilation, building contacts with cooperators 

groups, and acquiring expertise affected the original schedule and caused delays. Work on 

land cover analysis really started in June 1994 with the initiation of formal meetings with 

the vegetation advisory board and cooperators. It was not until May 1996 that we were 

able to start with actual vegetation mapping activities. In January 1999, we completed the 

vegetation map. 

Mapping land cover for TX-GAP has presented great challenges. Texas is one of the 

largest states in the U. S., covering an area of 678,357 km2

. It includes 18 of Bailey’s 

(1980) ecoregion sections (Map 2.1). Due to its size and the variability of environmental 

conditions present (e.g., climatic, edaphic, topographic, and other biotic factors), Texas 

sustains very complex and diverse vegetation communities. These communities range

from desert shrub in the arid Transpecos in the southwest, to the forested Pineywoods 

area in the northeast, according to Gould et al. (1960) vegetational areas of Texas. An 

additional problem in Texas is that 94% of the land is privately owned, which makes 

access to areas for ground-truthing vegetation very difficult. 

24
To map land cover for Texas, we followed The Nature Conservancy (TNC) classification 

scheme (Weakley et al. 1996). This is a hierarchical system based on both vegetation 

physiognomy and floristics, and follows the standards recommended by the National Gap 

Analysis Program (Jennings 1993 and 1996b). For this purpose, we extracted all the 

vegetation communities described for Texas by TNC. Based on our fieldwork data and 

expert review, we also included additional vegetation communities present in Texas but 

not listed as such by TNC. For compatibility with local databases, we cross-walked the

TNC Alliances with the Texas Park and Wildlife (TPW) Heritage Program Series, based 

on the descriptions provided for each of the respective categories. 

As introduced above, land cover analysis for TX-GAP is based on the direct 

interpretation of spectral patterns of satellite imagery (Map 2.2) supported by field 

verification and ancillary information (e.g., vegetation maps as well as other mappable

environmental features and expert consultation). Following National GAP standards 

(Jennings 1994, Stoms 1996), the finest resolution attempted for the Texas vegetation 

map was at the alliance level (cross-walked to the TPWD “series” level). The first level 

of the vegetation was classified at the pixel level (30 x 30 m); classes were further 

aggregated (by resampling or smoothing techniques in the GIS) to 90 x 90 pixel level as 

the minimum mapping units (MMU) for modeling and other analyses (National Standards 

are 100 ha MMU for uplands and 40 ha MMU for wetlands, but may vary according to 

project needs and time restrictions). The final maps with 90 m pixels were printed in 86 x

86 cm format with a scale of 1:1,500,000 (Map 2.3).

25
Map 2.1. The 18 ecoregions of Texas (Bailey 1980). 

26
Map 2.2. The path and row number of Landsat V imagery grids used to map land use and 

land cover in Texas.

27
Map 2.3. Vegetation of Texas based on interpretation and classification of 47 Landsat V 

images.

28
29
Field Data Collection

Land cover analysis for TX-GAP was based on a direct interpretation of MRLC

hyperclustered TM scenes using Spectrum. Ground-control points were used to 

discriminate among the different pixel cluster values on the hyperclustered scene,

individually or by groups (following spectral pattern). The remaining clusters in the scene 

with the same values as the ones selected were automatically categorized by the program. 

Field verification was performed through a series of sample points selected along a 

predetermined route. Geographic location using a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit 

and the description of the vegetation on site was recorded by sample point. 

For the field survey, a tentative itinerary was planned over a small-scale map of state

highways. Using coordinates and the county limits, the approximate boundaries of the 

satellite scene (Map 2.2), including the sections of the USGS 1:100,000 topographic 

maps comprised by a scene, were drawn on the map. Routes were planned along main 

roads and using USGS maps as reference for county roads of interest. 

Itinerary delineation was supported by a visual examination of the spectral pattern present 

on the scene (e.g., texture and color) when displayed in Spectrum using true color 

simulation, as well as a vegetation map (e.g., Texas vegetation map by the TPW –

McMahan et al. 1984). We did not follow any specific sampling design. Our planned 

route was an attempt to optimize contrast among sites with different vegetation types, 

specifying priority sections where potential stops were made and avoiding areas clearly

occupied by crops. The goal was to get a representative sample of the major vegetation 

types present in the study area, as a reference to categorize the spectral pattern observed 

on the scene, and enough replication to detect potential variations in spectral patterns 

which may occur in a vegetation type across the scene. 

We did not establish a fixed sampling size. Intensity depended upon the image analyst’s 

perception of and confidence in the progress of the classification process (i.e., amount of 

pixel clusters labeled vs. unknown sites). An iterative process was followed between field 

trips and the digital analysis. As scene interpretation progressed, field surveys were

restricted to sites with a larger proportion of unclassified pixel clusters or where we were 

in doubt about the preliminary classes defined. Field trips concluded when 70 to 80% of 

the scene had been classified. As a very general approximation, a total of about 50 points 

per scene was necessary for some areas in the Texas Panhandle with extensive 

agriculture, while 100 or more points were required in the more biologically diverse 

Transpecos region. 

Sampling points were selected on site along preestablished routes where examples of 

vegetation types were observed. For their selection it was very important to consider that 

sites must be observable at the scale of satellite imagery (30 x 30 m pixels), and that there

would be an error factor introduced by the GPS (+/- 50 m). A priority was to select sites 

sufficiently large and homogeneous, which represented characteristic patterns on the 

image. In site selection we also attempted to maximize contrast among different types of

30
land cover, to assure these areas show distinct signatures or contrasting patterns in the 

satellite scene while labeling.

Large homogeneous patches with a predominant species were prime candidate sites for 

sampling, since they provided a uniform spectral signature. However, large areas 

presenting a particular mixture of species assemblages were also important, because the 

mixed signature of two or more vegetation species would produce a different spectral

signature than that for each of any of the single species. Landscape position associated 

with physiography, or any other cultural feature that would facilitate the identification and 

delineation of the target land cover type on the scene, was also considered during sample 

selection. Participation in both the field work and digital classification procedures helps 

one to get a feeling of what to look for in the field to produce quality data sets. 

Descriptive information on the site sampled and its geographic location were recorded on 

a field data-sheet. Because of the problem that Texas land ownership confers to site

accessibility, sample points were georeferenced along the roadside. Thus, in addition to 

the considerations explained above, we only selected vegetation communities which were 

clearly distinguishable within 200 m of the road. UTM coordinates were directly recorded 

into the GPS unit, and the distance and bearing to the target community were written on 

the field-sheet as well.

Land cover was described based on the dominant and codominant-dominant species

observed from the uppermost canopy cover (considering a remote sensing view 

perspective). The common and scientific names of those species (trees, shrubs, grasses, 

and other herbaceous vegetation) that comprise more than 20% of the total canopy cover 

were listed (if the species cover was less than 20% of the total surface, the one with the 

largest percentage of cover was listed). The percentage of bare ground was also recorded. 

If species names were unknown, a sample was collected for further identification. 

Other landscape characteristics were also described (e.g., soil texture and color, slope, 

aspect), together with comments on any other environmental features that might help 

provide an accurate representation of land cover characteristics for the classification, and 

any apparent signs that helped locate the target community on the scene. A video-tape or 

photographs from different directions were also shot, to provide a representative image of 

the site and vegetation. Additionally, a drawing was made to support the overall 

description. Sketch information was very important; most of the time this drawing

provided the only reference to check if the group of pixel clusters labeled on the scene 

represented a spatial pattern similar to that observed in the field. 

Classification 

As the field data were gathered, the digital classification process was developed. Based 

on the coordinates obtained with the GPS unit, we located the pixel (or pixels) in the

scene corresponding to the data-point in the field. We then attributed to that pixel (or 

pixels) the vegetation type that was observed in the field. At this stage it was very

important to watch for any unexpected effect in the image, since it sometimes happened 

31
that the chosen pixel was an atypical spot in the field. This process was continued to 

complete all the points obtained in the field. When the image had at least 70-80% of the 

area classified, the Spectrum special feature “Auto-Classify” was used to classify all

unlabelled pixels in the scene. A report of the Spectrum-classified image, including a 

printout of the classes and the reflectance values (mean vector values) corresponding to 

those classes, was produced. 

Two different situations commonly occurring during the digital classification process will 

help to illustrate and explain better the methodological approach followed with Spectrum. 

The first case refers to the situation when a spectral pattern was clearly recognizable in

the scene, and this pattern corresponds to the drawing and descriptions provided by the 

field-data. When this occurred, we used the GPS location (UTM coordinates) as a guide 

and selected one of the pixels comprised within the identified area (specific spectral

pattern) representing the target vegetation patch observed in the field. Here the “zoom 

window subform” was used to magnify a section of the scene, allowing precise selection 

of the pixels or pixel of interest. Then, we used the “Class Operation” capability of

Spectrum (create class button) to attribute to the pixel the corresponding vegetation type 

(Figure 2.3), and the “legend subform” to assign a specific color (Figure2.4). During the 

process, all other pixels with the same values as the ones selected were automatically

labeled across the scene. 

Additional pixels were then iteratively selected or deleted using the “Cluster Operation”

capability. However, sometimes an atypical pixel was selected, leading to an erroneous 

pattern (relative to our knowledge of the region or the site description recorded in the 

data-sheet) (Figure 2.5). The pixel incorrectly labeled was then eliminated from this class. 

The process was finished for the ground-control point, when the labeled pattern 

resembled the spatial pattern observed in the field (Figure 2.6). 

32
 x

Figure 2.3. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent. The “create class” was used to attribute the corresponding

vegetation type to the pixel. 

Figure 2.4. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent. The “legend subform” was used to assign a specific color. 

. 

33
Figure 2.5. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent. The “cluster operation” iteratively selected additional pixels and 

sometimes selected an atypical pixel producing an erroneous pattern. 

Figure 2.6. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was apparent. Incorrectly labeled pixels were eliminated from the class to produce 

a spatial pattern similar to that observed in the field.

34
As a second case, if no spectral pattern was apparent for interpretation on the scene 

(Figure 2.7), only one pixel was selected, based on the GPS unit location (UTM 

coordinates) and the distance and bearing recorded for the target vegetation patch 

observed on the field. The patterning produced by labeling that particular pixel was then

checked (Figure 2.8). A decision was made based on the drawing, landscape features 

described as reference, and the analyst’s knowledge of the region. When an erroneous 

patterning was produced, or when in doubt, we eliminated that particular ground-control 

point. 

When the point along with other points was used to interpret different sections across the 

scene, these points progressively outlined vegetation classes with no apparent spectral 

pattern by masking those other vegetation types as being classified (Figure 2.9). In

addition, the “Spectral Response Curve subform” was used to support the interpretation 

by comparing graphs of those pixels that potentially belonged to the same class as the one

originally selected for our target vegetation (Figure 2.10). Another tool that was also used 

was the “Display subform”, which emulates different band combinations and enhances 

particular spectral patterns. To finish, we labeled all those similar pixels identified as

potentially belonging to a particular class of interest (Figure 2.11). 

The digital classification process was iteratively performed with the field survey. As 

classification progressed we concentrated our fieldwork on sites that had not been 

interpreted on the scene or those in which we were not confident. Field trips at this stage 

also served to informally review progress and improve our confidence in the classification 

process by checking preliminarily labeled sections in the field. This process continued 

until we were satisfied with the amount of image classified (70-80%), and then we 

applied the “Auto-Classify Operation” capability. 

Finally, the interpreted image with all pixel clusters labeled for the land cover classes of

interest was produced and saved as a binary file. The file was then transferred to the GIS 

program (ARC/INFO, ESRI, Inc.) for further refinement and editing. For example, in the

Lubbock area we reassigned pixels that were incorrectly classified (juniper (Juniperus 

spp.) erroneously mapped as occurring in the High Plains, or orchards mislabeled as 

riparian). In this process we used a set of grids with elevation information, ecoregion 

areas, and a grid with buffer zones for streams. A simple decision model was created to 

transfer pixels labeled as riparian and located outside of stream buffer zones to orchards. 

The same model was used to transfer pixels labeled as juniper (Juniperus spp.) in the 

High Plains to mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) (see Figure 2.11). 

35
Figure 2.7. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. Only one pixel was selected based on the UTM coordinates and 

the distance and bearing recorded for the target vegetation patch observed in the field. 

Figure 2.8. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. Patterning produced by labeling that particular pixel was 

developed and evaluated. 

36
Figure 2.9. A series of points progressively outlined vegetation with no apparent spectral pattern. 

Figure 2.10. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. The “Spectral Response Curve subform” was used to support 

the interpretation. 

37
Figure 2.11. Hyperclustered scene interpretation process in Spectrum when a spectral 

pattern was not apparent. All similar pixels identified as belonging to a particular class 

were labeled. 

Results

See Appendix K for a summary of the National Vegetation Classification Formations and 

Alliances included in the Texas Land Cover map. 83 types were mapped, 4 of which are

not natural vegetation (water, bare soil, cropland and urban). Table 2.0 shows a summary

of the area and percent occurrence for each type. 

Table 2.0 

Total area 

in Total % 

Landcover Description state (ha) 

occurrence in 

state 

Water 1,790,516 2.57 

Bare Soil 1,602,846 2.3 

Cropland (irrigated, row, herbaceous, etc.) 9,504,358 13.65 

Urban Area 1,049,570 1.51 

Rounded-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergreen Forest 4,306,899 6.19 

 Ponderosa Pine Forest Alliance 

 Loblolly Pine Forest Alliance 

Extremely Xeromorphic Deciduous Shrubland 9,683,075 13.91 

 Catclaw Acacia 

 Whitethorn Acacia 

 Honey Mesquite Shrubland Alliance 

Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland 915,316 1.31 

 Sandsage Shrubland Alliance 

Lowland Mixed Evergreen - Drought Deciduous Shrubland 5,963,708 8.57 

 Mesquite-Juniper pinchotti 

 Mesquite-Oak (Quercus species) Brushland 

38

 Area and Percent Occurrence for each Landcover Type in Texas.
Succulent Extremely Xeromorphic Evergreen Shrubland 32,034 0.05 

 Opuntia Imbricata Shrubland Alliance 

Facultatively Deciduous Extremely Xeromorphic Subdeset Shrubland 81,808 0.12 

 Fourwing Saltbush Shrubland Alliance 

Medium-Tall Bunch Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 4,619,330 6.64 

 Tobosa Herbaceous Alliance 

 Sporobolus Flexuosus Herbaceous Alliance 

 Bluestem Grassland, including CRP

Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Shrub Layer 848,649 1.22 

Short Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Xeromorphic Shrub Layer 

 Hairy Grama - Blue Grama - Black Grama Shrub Herbaceous

Alliance

 Short Grassland with Deciduous Shrubland 

 Short Grassland with Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland 

 Short Grassland with Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 

Semipermanently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 221,081 0.32 

 Common Reed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance 

 Cane/Hardwood Bottomlands

Evergreen Extremely Xeromorphic Subdesert Shrubland 2,794,885 4.01 

 Tarbush Shrubland Alliance 

 Ocotillo Shrubland Alliance 

 Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance 

Sclerophyllous Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 298,952 0.43 

 Havard Oak Shrubland Alliance 

Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Woodland 1,584,522 2.28 

 Western Cottonwood - Willow Riverfront Forest

Short Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 9,952,847 14.3 

 Blue Grama Herbaceous Alliance 

 Burrograss Herbaceous Alliance 

Cold-Deciduous Woodland 5,152,109 7.4 

 Honey Mesquite Woodland Alliance 

 Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Woodland Alliance 

Annual Graminoid or Forb Vegetation 88,015 0.13

Wetland 108,862 0.16

Intermittently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland (e.g., Playa Lakes) 168,370 0.24 

Round-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergreen

Woodland 5,707,723 8.2

 Ashe Juniper Woodland Alliance 

 Alligator Juniper Woodland Alliance 

 One-Seed Juniper Woodland Alliance 

 Redberry Juniper Woodland Alliance 

 Pinyon Woodland Alliance 

 Juniper/Oak Species Mix

Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Woodland 1,227,578 1.76 

 Gray Oak Woodland Alliance 

 Live Oak Woodland Alliance 

Sand Flats 244,890 0.35 

Consolidated Rock Sparse Vegetation 11,809 0.02 

Temporarily Flooded Temperate Grassland With Sparse Cold-Deciduous

Trees 209,477 0.3

 Eastern Cottonwood Wooded Herbaceous Alliance 

Dunes with Sparse Herbaceous Vegetation 345,204 0.5 

Tall Sod Temperate Grassland 152,683 0.22 

39
 Sea Oats Temperate Herbaceous Alliance 

Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 77,660 0.11 

 Rhus aromatica 

Temporarily Flooded Microphyllous Shrubland 86,855 0.12 

 Tamarisk Species Temporarily Flooded Shrubland 

Low Tropical or Subtropical Perennial Forb Vegetation 68,142 0.1 

 Ipomoea pes-caprae Herbaceous Alliance 

Mixed Broad-Leaved Evergreen - Cold-Deciduous Woodland 175,647 0.25 

 Live Oak - Post Oak Woodland Alliance 

Lowland or Submontane Cold-Deciduous Forest 31,353 0.05 

 Water Oak Forest Alliance 

Planted/Cultivated Woodland 18,943 0.03 

Medium-Tall Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 195,329 0.28 

 (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids) 

 Gulf Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance 

Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Forest 297,971 0.43 

 Pecan - (Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance 

Special Feature Mapping

Data from TX-GAP have been used as part of several other studies. Zobeck et al. (2000) 

used the base map to overlay crops and soil types for two counties – Terry and Lubbock. 

These data sets were then used to model and map potential soil erosion by crop type, 

farming methodology, and soil type. 

Leyva (2000) modeled and mapped the 100-year averages for precipitation, snowfall, 

minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and average temperature. These data were 

then used to calculate average rainfall per river basin in Texas and, specifically, influence 

of climatic conditions on historical distribution of scaled quail, Callipepla squamata. 

Holt (1999) examined species diversity in Texas based on published distribution maps 

and the ecoregions of Bailey et al. (1980). 

Texas GAP data were used extensively in a major study of public opinion of Texas 

citizens regarding natural resources (Schmidly et al. 2001). In this survey, 6600 Texans 

were interviewed by phone, collectively answering about 1400 questions, and 13 focus 

groups, including hunters, boaters, anglers, Hispanics, African-Americans, urbanites, and 

landowners, expressed their concerns for natural resources. 

Analysis of Texas GAP data based on EMAP hexagons has also been included as part of 

this report. The dominant vegetation by hexagon (Map 2.4) is included here; however, a 

more thorough analysis by hexagons is found in the chapter titled “Conclusions and 

Management Implications.” 

40
Map 2.4. Dominant vegetation in 1,183 EMAP hexagons of about 649 km2

 each, 

populated by overlaying the hexagons over the classified Landsat imagery. 

41
Accuracy Assessment 

Introduction

GAP land cover maps are primarily compiled to answer the fundamental question in gap 

analysis: what is the current distribution and management status of the nation's major 

natural land cover types and wildlife habitats? Besides giving a measure of overall 

reliability of the land cover map for Gap Analysis, the assessment also identifies which 

general classes or which regions of the map do not meet the accuracy objectives for the 

Gap Analysis Program. Thus the assessment identifies where additional effort will be

required when the map is updated. We report the results of the accuracy assessment, 

believing that the map is the best map currently available for the project area. 

The purpose of accuracy assessment is to allow a potential user to determine the map's 

"fitness for use" for their application. It is impossible for the original cartographer to 

anticipate all future applications of a land cover map, so the assessment should provide 

enough information for the user to evaluate fitness for their unique purpose. This can be 

described as the degree to which the data quality characteristics collectively suit an

intended application. The information reported includes details on the database's spatial, 

thematic, and temporal characteristics and their accuracy. 

Assessment data are valuable for purposes beyond their immediate application to 

estimating accuracy of a land cover map. The reference data is therefore made available 

to other agencies and organizations for use in their own land cover characterization and 

map accuracy assessments (see Data Availability for access information). The data set 

will also serve as an important training data source for later updates. 

Even though we have reached an endpoint in the mapping process where products are 

made available to others, the gap analysis process should be considered dynamic. We

envision that maps will be refined and updated on a regular schedule. The assessment 

data will be used to refine GAP maps iteratively by identifying where the land cover map 

is inaccurate and where more effort is required to bring the maps up to accuracy

standards. In addition, the field sampling may identify new classes that were not 

identified at all during the initial mapping process.

Methods

Aerial videography was flown as north-south transects at about 48 km intervals east to 

west (Map 2.5). A total of about 15,189.5 km of videography were flown. The 

videography was produced from 42 flightlines with one video per flightline. Overlapping

images of the videography were digitized and registered on the Landsat imagery using

SkyKing software. Each video frame covered an area about 50 m north to south and 95 m 

east to west, depending upon altitude, pitch and yaw of the plane, and 

42
Map 2.5. North-south flight lines for videography overlaying boundaries for the 254 

counties of Texas. 

slope of the land. Every seventh frame was digitized to provide complete coverage of the 

flightlines. Therefore, about 303,780 digital images were used for accuracy assessment. 

Each of the 254 counties were visited by driving roads running east to west to intersect 

the north-south lines of videography. On-the-ground photographs, sketches, and field 

notes were taken from the roadside right-of-way. Data on land cover, land use, shape, 

aspect, etc. were typically collected from a 400 m diameter circle (where visibility

allowed) around the points identified by GPS coordinates (Map 2.6). 

43
Map 2.6. Map of global positioning system (GPS) points collected in the field as 

reference points where field data were collected for classification of land cover and land 

use. 

Results

Overall accuracy of the land cover map was 81.2%. For some classes, accuracy was 

100%; whereas, for others it was less than 30% (Table 2.1). 

Limitations and Discussion 

The map produced was based on 30 m pixels from Landsat V imagery, but was 

aggregated to 90 m pixel resolution to reduce storage and make the data set more 

manageable. The 47 Landsat scenes at the 30 m pixel resolution required about 14.1 

gigabytes for storage, at the aggregated 90 m resolution level they req uired only 0.08 

gigabytes, or 80 megabytes. 

44
Individual county maps were prepared at the 30 m resolution level, but were not stitched 

together as one statewide coverage. These county-level maps contain more detailed 

information than does the final 90 m pixel map, but the county-level maps also contain 

the very visible image edges where two Landsat images adjoined. 

These products cannot be used to identify distribution of vegetation by species. While the 

goal was to identify vegetation at the association level, we could typically only identify

land cover at the formation level. Grasslands and agricultural land enrolled in the

USDA’s CRP (crop reserve program) program could not be distinguished from each 

other. Similarly, canopy cover of eastern and western pine forests looked very similar and 

could only be separated by using other data sets, such as elevation, ecoregion, or 

precipitation. 

The final Texas GAP land cover map is very adequate to address statewide, countywide 

or certainly ecoregion questions, but is of restricted value for addressing local sitespecific questions. 

45
Table 2.1. Accuracy assessment of vegetation classification from interpretation of 

Landsat V imagery as verified from field surveys and aerial videography. 

Class 

Reference 

Totals 

Classified 

Totals

Number 

Correct

Producers %

Accuracy 

Users %

Accuracy

 1 985 1016 902 0.9157 0.8878

 2 639 722 509 0.7966 0.7050

 3 6 5 5 0.8333 1.0000

 4 7685 6626 5005 0.6513 0.7554

 5 610 618 472 0.7738 0.7638

 7 2765 2881 2647 0.9573 0.9188

 8 5695 6219 5399 0.9480 0.8681

 9 467 511 438 0.9379 0.8571

 10 4360 3855 3312 0.7596 0.8591

 11 2 2 2 1.0000 1.0000

 12 31 30 29 0.9355 0.9667

 13 2725 2570 2353 0.8635 0.9156

 14 600 476 435 0.7250 0.9139

 17 69 136 60 0.8696 0.4412

 18 1403 1298 1288 0.9180 0.9923

 19 51 124 49 0.9608 0.3952

 20 396 622 361 0.9116 0.5804

 21 6515 5784 5056 0.7761 0.8741

 22 2386 3315 2010 0.8424 0.6063

 24 9 20 9 1.0000 0.4500

 25 21 42 16 0.7619 0.3810

 28 93 94 74 0.7957 0.7872

 29 2417 2987 2261 0.9355 0.7569

 33 567 584 368 0.6490 0.6301

 34 79 106 59 0.7468 0.5566

 35 17 19 16 0.9412 0.8421

 36 72 84 38 0.5278 0.4524

 37 258 250 215 0.8333 0.8600

 38 32 34 23 0.7188 0.6765

 40 3 12 3 1.0000 0.2500

 42 23 25 21 0.9130 0.8400

 45 55 67 48 0.8727 0.7164

 47 81 89 60 0.7407 0.6742

 51 1 1 1 1.0000 1.0000

 55 10 8 0 0.0000 0.0000

 56 277 90 79 0.2852 0.8778

 63 83 166 79 0.9518 0.4759

Totals 41488 41488 33702 0.8121 0.7170

Overall Classification Accuracy = 81.21%

46
PREDICTED ANIMAL SPECIES 

DISTRIBUTIONS AND SPECIES 

RICHNESS 

Introduction 

All species range maps are predictions about the occurrence of those species within a 

particular area (Csuti 1994). Traditionally, the predicted occurrences of most species 

begin with samples from collections made at individual point locations. Most species 

range maps are small-scale (e.g., >1:10,000,000) and derived primarily from point data to 

construct field guides which are suitable, at best, for approximating distribution at the 

regional level or counties, for example. The purpose of the GAP vertebrate species maps 

is to provide more precise information about the current predicted distribution of 

individual native species according to actual habitat characteristics within their general

ranges and to allow calculation of predicted area of distributions and associations to 

specific habitat characteristics. 

GAP maps are produced at a nominal scale of 1:100,000 or better and are intended for 

applications at the landscape or "gamma" scale (heterogeneous areas generally covering

1,000 to 1,000,000 hectares and made up of more than one kind of natural community). 

Applications of these data to site- or stand-level analyses (site--a microhabitat, generally

10 to 100 square meters; stand--a single habitat type, generally 0.1 to 1,000 ha; Whittaker 

1977, see also Stoms and Estes 1993) will likely reveal the limitations of this process to 

incorporate differences in habitat quality (e.g., understory condition) or necessary

microhabitat features such as standing dead trees. 

Gap analysis uses the predicted distributions of animal species to evaluate their 

conservation status relative to existing land management (Scott et al. 1993). However, the 

maps of species distributions may be used to answer a wide variety of management, 

planning, and research questions relating to individual species or groups of species. In

addition to the maps, great utility may be found in the consolidated specimen collection 

records and literature that are assembled into databases used to produce the maps. 

Perhaps most importantly, as a first effort in developing such detailed distributions, they

should be viewed as testable hypotheses to be confirmed or refuted in the field. We

encourage biologists and naturalists to conduct such tests and report their findings in the 

appropriate literature and to the Gap Analysis Program such that new data may improve

future iterations. 

Previous to this effort there were no maps available, digital or otherwise, showing the 

likely present-day distribution of species by habitat type across their ranges. Because of 

this, ordinary species (i.e., those not threatened with extinction or not managed as game 

animals) are generally not given sufficient consideration in land-use decisions in the 

context of large geographic regions or in relation to their actual habitats. Their decline,

47
because of incremental habitat loss can, and does, result in one threatened or endangered 

species "surprise" after another. Frequently, the records that do exist for an ordinary

species are truncated by state boundaries. Simply creating a consistent spatial framework 

for storing, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and updating the totality of our 

knowledge about the status of each animal species is one of the most necessary and basic 

elements for preventing further erosion of biological resources. 

Methods

The modeling process for the amphibians and reptiles was contracted to Dr. Earl

Zimmerman. Dr. Keith Arnold was contracted to develop habitat profiles for the birds. 

Prior to model development a wildlife habitat profile database was created using

Microsoft Access. This database was completed by each participant based upon personal 

experience and published literature. Upon completion the databases were returned to the 

Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit where the actual modeling process 

was performed. Completion of the mammalian database was done in house at the 

Cooperative Research Unit with the assistance of Dr. Guy Cameron for the coastal 

mammals and Drs. David Schmidly, Robert Baker, Robert Bradley and Clyde Jones at 

The Natural Science Research Laboratory of the Museum of Texas Tech University. 

Figure 3.1 illustrates the strategry used to create vertebrate distribution models. 

48
 

 

Mapping Standards and Data Sources

The use of several digital data layers (Table 3.1) such as precipitation, temperature, 

elevation, soils, and vegetation are advocated by the Nevada GAP project for describing

predicted areas of occurrence of vertebrates (Edwards et al. 1995). Upon review of the 

habitat profiles for Texas mammals, it became obvious that digital data such as

precipitation, temperature, and elevation would not be necessary during the mapping

process. Little information regarding these environmental variables existed within

theliterature and, when present, the information was too general to be included within the

model. However, eight digital data sets in addition to the vegetation map produced by 

Texas Parks and Wildlife and by the GAP Project were obtained for mapping purposes: 

soils (Map 3.1), hydrography (Map 3.2), croplands (Map 3.3), mountainous areas, 

riparian areas, ecoregions, transportation corridors, and political boundaries (Map 3.4). 

49

FIGURE 3.1 METHODOLOGY FOR VERTEBRATE MAPPING
Table 3.1. GIS coverages used in the animal species modeling process. Refer to the 

metadata accompanying the digital data for more complete descriptions. 

Number Coverage Source Taxa 

Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles 

1 Vegetation TX-GAP Yes Yes Yes Yes

2 Soils STATSGO Yes Yes Yes Yes

3 Elevation USGS Yes Yes Yes Yes

4 Temperature NOAA Yes 

5 PrecipitationNOAA Yes Yes 

6 Rivers USGS Yes Yes Yes Yes

7 Watersheds TNRIS Yes Yes 

8 Counties USGS Yes Yes 

9 Ecoregions Bailey Yes Yes Yes Yes

Information about soils (Map 3.1) of the United States was developed by the United 

States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service from the State Soil 

Geographic Data Base (STATSGO). STATSGO soil maps, initially digitized in vector

format, contain a minimum mapping area of 1,500 acres on USGS maps where the scale 

is 1:250,000. Attributes that describe the various physical and chemical characteristics of 

soil types such as texture, chemical make-up, and moisture content are described in a 

separate database, the Soil Interpretations Record (SIR). The SIR is linked to the

STATSGO maps by a unique identification code (USDA 1994). The digital STATSGO 

soil map and its associated metadata were obtained through anonymous FTP from the 

Internet (http://www.tnris.state.tx.us/gispage.html). 

Mountainous areas were determined for species restricted to areas of higher elevation. A 

digital coverage representing the mountainous areas of Texas was created from a Digital 

Elevation Model (DEM) coverage obtained for the state of Texas (Map 3.5). 

50
Map 3.1. Soil map for the state of Texas based on the state soil geographic (STATSGO) database and obtained fr

www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/stat_data.html. 

51
Map 3.2. Hydrography (lakes, rivers, and streams) for the state of Texas obtained from USGS at 

www.cr.usgs.gov. 

52
Map 3.3. Cropland of Texas as derived from classification of Landsat V satellite imagery. 

53
Map 3.4. County map of Texas obtained from USGS at www.cr.usgs.gov. 

54
Map 3.5. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Texas. Elevation in Texas ranges from sea level on 

the coast to 2660 m (8,749 ft) in the Guadalupe Mountains. DEMs were prepared by the U.S. 

Geological Survey and obtained from TNRIS http://www.tnris.state.tx.us. 

55
Contour lines were created from the DEM, and those at 900 meters and greater were queried out 

to represent mountainous regions. The queried areas were used to create a coverage consisting of 

presence and absence data for areas representing mountainous regions. 

The Texas Water Development Board produced the digital coverage of Texas Lakes (Map 3.2). 

The coverage combined with metadata was acquired by anonymous FTP from the Texas General 

Land Office’s website (http://www.nri.state.tx.us/nri/) (TGLO, 1999). A digital data set 

representing riparian areas was created from the hydrography data provided by DLGs. The digital 

hydrography coverage was buffered by 100 meters and joined with the digital lake coverage to 

produce a hydrography hypercoverage (Map 3.2). 

Digital Line Graphs (DLG) are digital representations of cartographic data in vector format 

(USGS 1990). DLGs were created by the National Mapping Division of USGS and include data 

on transportation networks, hydrography, hypsography, boundaries, and the Public Land Survey

System (PLSS). The hydrography data contained within the DLGs (scale 1:100,000) were 

obtained through anonymous FTP from the Internet. 

Texas is comprised of 18 ecoregion sections (Bailey 1980) (Map 2.1). Each section represents a 

geographic area that consists of the association of similar ecosystems and is determined by areas

of uniform climate, vegetation, and topographic relief. The U.S. Forest Service and USGS 

developed the ecoregion coverage. An Arc/INFO coverage and metadata were acquired over the 

Internet (http://www.epa.gov/docs/grd/bailey/) from the United States Department of Agriculture. 

Collection Data 

Data representing mountainous regions within the state containing known collecting localities 

was obtained from the Natural Science Research Laboratory (NSRL) of Texas Tech University. 

Collection locations represent sites where a specimen, housed within the NSRL, was taken from 

the field. Prior to the development of global positioning satellites (GPS), the locality of the

specimen was recorded only as a descriptor locality referenced from a known landmark such as a 

city (e.g., 10 km southwest of Lubbock, Texas). While the descriptor localities provide relatively

accurate information regarding the location of the collection site, they can often be vague and 

misleading. Site-specific information may be lacking, and the exact point of origin from which 

the location is referenced is often unknown (Knyazhnitskiy 1999, Knyazhnitskiy et al. 2000). 

For example, a collection site that is described as “2 km south of Lubbock” can be difficult to 

locate because no knowledge is given regarding the origin. This uncertainty is further 

compounded by the dynamism of cities over time. With the advent of GPS, collection sites 

began being recorded in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system with GPS. 

Prior to 1 May 2000 the location of a collection site could be recorded instantaneously in the 

field with +/- 100 meter accuracy, and further spatial resolution was available through differential 

correction (Gilbert 1995). With the removal of Selective Availability, the intentional degradation 

of GPS signals, on 1 May 2000 the collection of UTM coordinates for specimen collection is 

now within +/- 30 meter accuracy without differential correction procedure. 

56
Collection localities consisting of 31,388 records were provided from the NSRL as a database 

containing information about the specimen’s scientific name, collection site, date, collector, and 

UTM coordinates. When UTM coordinates were not obtained from a GPS unit, an algorithm 

developed by Knyazhnitskiy (1999) and Knyazhnitskiy et al. (2000) was used by the NSRL to 

assign reference coordinates. 

Mapping Range Extent

Mammals―The most current geographic range boundaries of Texas mammals are published in 

The Mammals of Texas (Davis and Schmidly 1994). In order to use these maps in the modeling

process, they were scanned as image files (i.e., bitmap format) and imported into Arc/INFO as a

grid (raster format) (ESRI, 1992). The scale of the original maps was unknown and, as a result, 

the grids were georeferenced to a Transverse Mercator projection of the state’s boundaries. Eight 

point localities from the Transverse Mercator digital map were manually matched to their

respective grid cells on the nonreferenced geographic range maps. Georeferencing was done via 

an order polynomial equation that rotated, scaled, and transformed the unreferenced grid into

georeferenced map coordinates. Mammalian range boundaries were manually digitized using the 

computer monitor and mouse interactively within ArcScan (ESRI 1994) producing a polygon 

(vector) coverage (Map 3.6a) that digitally represented the range boundaries as they were 

published in Davis and Schmidly (1994) and was used to create a map of mammal richness in 

Texas. 

Birds―Distribution range maps were digitized from Rappole and Blacklock 1994 (Map 3.6b). 

Models were developed for species known to have bred in Texas during the past 5 years. 

Reptiles―Distribution range maps for snakes were digitized from Garret and Barker (1994) and 

from Tennant (1998) (Map 3.6c). 

Amphibians―Distribution range maps were digitized from Garret and Barker (1994) (Map

3.6d). 

Wildlife Habitat Relationships 

A Microsoft Access database was developed for the storage of mammalian wildlife habitat 

relationships. The database contained forms for forest, woodland, shrubland, herbaceous 

vegetation, other, and ecoregions. Each form contained all the habitat associations the Texas 

GAP Analysis Project would be using during the modeling process. Adjacent to each habitat

association there was a space for a “yes” or “no” response that was to be filled out for each 

individual species (see Appendix E for example output). Once the database was completed, a

copy was sent to Dr. Keith Arnold to be filled out for habitat associations of birds, and to Dr. 

Earl Zimmerman for amphibian and reptile species (Table 3.2). The database for mammalian 

species was completed in-house at Texas Tech University with guidance from Drs. Robert Baker, 

Robert Bradley, Clyde Jones, and David Schmidly. 

57
Map 3.6a. The mammal diversity of Texas. Species richness increases with increased shading.

Based on the composite range of all Texas mammals (Davis and Schmidly 1994, from Holt et al. 

2000). 

58
Map 3.6b. The avian diversity of Texas. Species richness increases with increased shading. The 

composite range extent for all resident birds of Texas (Rappole and Blacklock 1994; from Holt et 

al. 2000). 

59
Map 3.6c.. The reptile diversity of Texas. Species richness increases with increased shading. The 

composite range extent for all Texas reptiles (Garrett and Barker 1994; Tennant 1998, from Holt 

et al. 2000) 

60
Map 3.6d. The amphibian diversity of Texas. Species richness increases with increased shading.

The composite range extent for all Texas amphibians (Garret and Barker 1994; from Holt et al. 

2000). 

61
Table 3.2. Experts, affiliations, and tasks by taxa used to develop distribution models for 

terrestrial vertebrate species in Texas. 

TAXA

Expert Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians

Robert Bradley,

Ph.D. 

A, B

Robert Baker, 

Ph.D. 

A, B

Clyde Jones, 

Ph.D. 

A, B

David 

Schmidly, 

Ph.D. 

A, B

Guy Cameron, 

Ph.D. 

A

Earl 

Zimmerman, 

Ph.D. 

A, B A, B

Keith Arnold, 

Ph.D. 

A, B

Kelly Allen, 

Ph.D. 

C C C C

Eric Holt, M.S. C C C C

A Range extent attributing

B Map review 

C Model development 

As the result of a separate study, the wildlife habitat relationship models for mammals were

completed initially using a published Texas Parks and Wildlife Vegetation map. In order to 

develop the wildlife habitat relationships, it was necessary to develop a vegetation crosswalk 

between the Texas Parks and Wildlife’s vegetation scheme (Appendix A) and the National 

Vegetation Classification System (NVCS) (FGDC 1997) (Appendix B). 

62
Distribution Modeling

The digital data sets were combined within Arc/INFO, creating a unique digital hypercoverage

that represents the combined information of the original data within one spatial coverage

(Thompson et al. 1996). The habitat profiles stored within the Microsoft Access database were 

used to query the hypercoverage resulting in individual vertebrate profiles. Models initially

consisted of all habitat associated with a species throughout the entire state. In order to refine 

habitat models, habitat occurring outside of the documented geographic range extent (Map 3.7, 

A) was removed from the predicted distribution map but was retained within the GIS. The result 

was two separate mammal distribution models (Maps 3.7 B and C). The first model (B) 

represents possible breeding habitat and includes areas outside the known range extent while the 

animals modeled, common name, scientific name and TNC element code. 

Modeling techniques for birds, reptiles, and amphibians were similar to mammals. 

All vertebrates―Modeling techniques used for mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians were 

combined to produce a distribution map for all terrestrial vertebrates based on published range 

maps (Map 3.8). 

63

second model (C) maps habitat limited by the range extent Appendices F-I). Appendix J lists all 
Map 3.7. An example of three maps for distribution of the black-tailed prairie dog in Texas. (A, 

previously published range distribution digitized from an 11.5 x 11.5 cm map from Davis and 

Schmidly 1994; B, predicted habitat distribution; and C, predicted distribution truncated by the 

published range map). The dots on maps B and C represent collection sites for voucher 

specimens archived in the Natural Science Research Laboratory, the Museum of Texas Tech 

University.

64
Map 3.8. The vertebrate diversity of Texas. Species richness increases with incrased shading.

Based on the range extent of 631 vertebrate species (from Holt et al. 2000).

65
Results 

Mammals: 130 

Distribution models were developed for 130 species of mammals, such as the example for 

black-tailed prairie dog (Map 3.9). Mammals were the easiest taxa to map because 

profiles were developed locally (in-house) and access to local state experts was better. 

The records, museum voucher specimens, and expertise provided by the natural Science 

Research Laboratory and The Museum, Texas Tech University were essental to formation 

of methodology and completion of this project. 

Birds: 294 

Distribution models were developed for 294 species of birds, such as the example for the 

lark sparrow (Map 3.10). Birds were the most difficult taxa to map, primarily because of 

the large number involved, and some birds that were associated with water or a food 

supply did not always have nearby vegetation associations. Checklists provided by

counties, state and federal parks typically included species not known to breed in Texas. 

Reptiles: 145 

Distribution models were developed for 145 species of reptiles such as the example for 

the diamondback water snake (Map 3.11). Some reptiles were difficult to map due to the 

fact that they were located below the ground surface, often in caves, so habitat vegetation 

was nonexistent. 

Amphibians: 62 

Distribution models were developed for 62 species of amphibians such as the example for 

the spotted chorus frog (Map 3.12). Amphibians were fairly easy to map due to the small 

number and their association with surface water. They could be primarily associated with

water and aquatic plants. 

Species Richness 

GAP has often been associated with the mapping of species-rich areas or "hotspots."

Richness maps identify where the same numbers of elements co-occur in the same

geographic locations. (In the case of our data, where numbers of animal species are 

mapped for the same grid cells.) These are color-coded or shaded in intensity from the

highest numbers of co-occurrence (richness) to the lowest. While we continue to perform 

this useful pattern analysis, it is only one of many that may be conducted using the data. 

Richest areas may or may not indicate best conservation opportunities. They may occur in 

already protected areas or may represent mostly already protected species or those not at

risk. Still, they are often a useful starting point to examine conservation opportunities in 

combination with other analyses described in this report's Introduction and in the Analysis 

section. We also feel they may be useful for other rewarding applications such as 

identifying places of interest for wildlife observation and study. Additionally, rare and 

endangered species (Table 3.3) are mapped in total (Map 3.13). 

66
Map 3.9. Modeled distribution of black-tailed prairie dog based on habitat profiles and 

limited to range extent as depicted in Davis and Schmidly (1994). 

67
Map 3.10. Modeled distribution of lark sparrow based on habitat profiles as developed 

from the expert database.

68
Map 3.11. Modeled distribution of diamondback water snake based on habitat profiles as 

developed from the expert database and limited to range extent as depicted in Tennant 

(1998). 

69
Map 3.12. Modeled distribution of spotted chorus frog based on habitat profiles as 

developed from the expert database. 

70
Table 3.3. Threatened (T) and endangered (E) species of Texas with EL code, scientific 

and common name. 

ELCODE SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME

FEDERAL

LIST 

TEXAS

LIST 

AMPHIBIANS

AAAAD05030 Eurycea latitans Cascade Caverns salamander T 

AAAAD05070 Eurycea nana San Marcos salamander T T 

AAAAD05100 Eurycea tridentifera Comal blind salamander T 

AAAAD05170 Eurycea sosorum Barton Springs salamander E 

AAAAD05250 Eurycea rathbuni Texas blind salamander E E 

AAAAD05260 Eurycea robusta Blanco blind salamander T 

AAAAF01010 

Notophthalmus 

meridionalis black-spotted newt T 

AAABB01090 Bufo houstonensis Houston toad E E 

AAABC07010 Smilisca baudinii Mexican treefrog T 

AAABE02010 Hypopachus variolosus sheep frog T 

AAABJ01010 Rhinophrynus dorsalis Mexican burrowing toad T 

 

REPTILES 

ARAAA01010 Caretta caretta loggerhead sea turtle T T 

ARAAA02010 Chelonia mydas green sea turtle T T 

ARAAA03010 Eretmochelys imbricata Atlantic hawksbill sea turtle E E 

ARAAA04010 Lepidochelys kempii Kemp’s ridley sea turtle E E 

ARAAB02010 Macroclemys temminckii alligator snapping turtle T 

ARAAC01010 Dermochelys coriacea leatherback sea turtle E E 

ARAAE01030 Kinosternon hirtipes Chihuahuan mud turtle T 

ARAAF01020 Gopherus berlandieri Texas tortoise T 

ARACD01020 Coleonyx reticulatus reticulated gecko T 

ARACF04040 Crotaphytus reticulatus reticulate collared lizard T 

ARACF12010 Phrynosoma cornutum Texas horned lizard T 

ARADB03010 Cemophora coccinea scarlet snake T 

ARADB08010 Coniophanes imperialis black-striped snake T 

ARADB11010 Drymarchon corais indigo snake T 

ARADB12010 

Drymobius 

margaritiferus speckled racer snake T 

ARADB20010 

Leptodeira 

septentrionalis cat-eyed snake T 

ARADB22040 Nerodia harteri Brazos water snake T 

ARADB23020 Liochlorophis vernalis smooth green snake T 

ARADB26010 Pituophis ruthveni Louisiana pine snake T 

ARADB35090 Tantilla rubra Big Bend blackhead snake T 

71
ARADB37010 Trimorphodon biscutatus lyre snake T 

ARADE02040 Crotalus horridus timber rattlesnake T 

 

BIRDS

ABNFC01020 Pelecanus occidentalis brown pelican E 

ABNKC10010 Haliaeetus leucocephalus bald eagle T 

ABNKD02010 Caracara plancus crested caracara T 

ABNKD06070 Falco peregrinus peregine falcon E 

ABNYF07060 Picoides borealis red-cockaded woodpecker E 

ABPBW01120 Vireo atricapillus black-capped vireo E 

ABPBX03110 Dendroica chrysoparia golden-cheeked warbler E 

 

MAMMALS

AMACB03010 Leptonycteris nivalis greater long-nosed bat E E 

AMACC05050 Lasiurus ega southern yellow bat T 

AMACC07010 Euderma maculatum spotted bat T 

AMACC08020 Corynorhinus rafinesquii Rafinesque’s big-eared bat T 

AMAFD03120 Dipodomys elator Texas kangaroo rat T 

AMAFF01020 Oryzomys couesi Coues’ rice rat T 

AMAFF03130 Peromyscus truei pinon mouse T 

AMAJE03010 Nasua narica white-nosed coati T 

AMAJH01030 Felis pardalis ocelot E E

AMAJH01050 Felis yaguarondi jaguarundi E E 

72
Map 3.13. The diversity of threatened and endangered vertebrates of Texas. 

73
Accuracy Assessment 

Assessing the accuracy of the predicted vertebrate distributions is subject to many of the 

same problems as assessing land cover maps, as well as a host of more serious challenges 

related to both the behavioral aspects of species and the logistics of detecting them. These

are described further in the Background section of the GAP Handbook on the national 

GAP home page. It is, however, necessary to provide some measure of confidence in the 

results of the gap analysis for species collectively, if not individually or by taxonomic 

group (comparison to stewardship and management status), and to allow users to judge 

the suitability of the distribution maps for their own uses. We, therefore, feel it is 

important to provide users with a statement about the accuracy of GAP-predicted 

vertebrate distributions within the limitations of available resources and practicalities of

such an endeavor. We acknowledge that distribution maps are never finished products but 

are continually updated as new information is gathered. This reflects not only an 

improvement over the modeling process, but also the opportunity to map true changes in 

species distributions over time. However, we feel that assessing the accuracy of the 

current maps provides useful information about their reliability to potential users. 

Our goal was to produce maps that predict distribution of terrestrial vertebrates and from

that, total species richness and species content with an accuracy of 80% or higher. Failure 

to achieve this accuracy indicates the need to refine the data sets and models used for 

predicting distribution. There is a conscious effort in the GAP process, however, to err on 

the side of commission. In other words, to attribute species as possibly present when they

are not. There are two primary reasons for doing so: first, few species have systematic, 

unbiased known ranges and we believe science is best served by identifying a greater 

potential for sampling and investigation than a conservative approach that may miss such

opportunities; second, in conducting the analysis of conservation representation (see the 

Analysis section), we believe it most appropriate to identify a species that may need

additional conservation attention that is then refuted by further investigation rather than

identifying a species as sufficiently protected that is discovered not to be by its 

subsequent loss. 

The methods for validating and assessing the accuracy of the vertebrate distribution maps 

are presented below along with the results.

Methods

Predicted distribution maps for 628 species of native, terrestrial vertebrates were 

modeled. A few individual species inhabited microhabitat (i.e., caves, fencerows, and 

rock outcrops) that was assumed to occur within surrounding landscape features. The 

models developed for these species reflected this assumption. 

Ideally, predicted distributions are accuracy assessed using species occurrence data

independent from the modeling process (Thompson et al. 1996). Models of predicted 

habitat limited by the range extent or known collection localities were accuracy assessed 

using a separate collection locality database for mammals referred to as CONDOR. This 

database was obtained from David Schmidly (Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas) 

74
and represents his efforts to examine and verify voucher specimens collected in Texas but 

housed in museums outside of Texas. The CONDOR database records, obtained 

originally as locality descriptors, were georeferrenced using the algorithm developed by

Knyazhnitskiy (1999) and Knyazhnitskiy et al. (2000). The CONDOR localities were 

referenced to the 649 km2 hexagonal EMAP grid system. Omission error was calculated 

for each distribution map by concurrently examining the hexagonal coverage with the 

distribution map. 

An additional assessment was rendered through comparison of published checklists of 

selected counties in Texas for amphibians (Map 3.14) and reptiles (Map 3.15) predicted 

to occur within the geographic region. Four areas including Brewster, Bexar, Cameron 

counties and areas within a 96.6 km radius from Austin were used to assess accuracy for 

the bird distribution maps (Map 3.16). Four counties (El Paso, Crosby, Dickens, King) 

and two park areas (Palo Duro Canyon State Park, Big Bend National Park) were used to

assess accuracy of the mammal distribution maps (Map 3.17). The sources for these 

checklists are provided by taxa for each location. 

The checklists for amphibians and reptiles were obtained as follows: 

Bailey County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/BAILE009.htm

Bell County: Amphibians and Reptiles of Bell County, Bell County Audubon Society,

February 1990; http://bellnet.tamu.edu/amphib.htm

Brewster County: Amphibians and Reptiles of Brewster County, Texas (85 species), 

generated with TSNL Ecological Database Version 1.0, 1996, 2000. Austin, 

Texas. Texas System of Natural Laboratories, Inc.; 

http://home.att.net/~TSNL_INC/HerpBrewster.htm

Cameron County: Amphibians and Reptiles of Cameron County, Texas (83 species), 

generated with TSNL Ecological Database Version 1.0, 1996, 2000. Austin, 

Texas. Texas System of Natural Laboratories, Inc.; 

http://home.att.net/~TSNL_INC/HerpCameron.htm

Cochran County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/COCHR040.htm

Crosby County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/CROSB054.htm

King County: http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/c_t/a_r/KING.cfm

Lamb County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/LAMB140.htm

Motley County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/MOTLE173.htm

Travis County: Amphibians and Reptiles of Travis County (90 species), generated with 

TSNL Ecological Database Version 1.0, 1996, 2000. Austin, Texas. Texas System 

of Natural Laboratories, Inc.; http://home.att.net/~TSNL_INC/HerpTravis.htm 

Yoakum County: http://wfscnet.tamu.edu/tcwc/checklist/YOAKU251.htm

The checklists for mammals were obtained as follows: 

Brewster County: Mammal Checklists of the United States, Big Bend National Park – 

Mammal Checklist. USGS – Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/chekbird/r2/bendmam.htm 

75
Crosby County: Mammals of Crosby County, Texas (55 species);

http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/bi/mammal/ri/crosby.cfm

Dickens County: Mammals of Dickens County, Texas (55 species);

http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/bi/mammal/ri/dickens.cfm

El Paso County: Checklist of the Mammals of El Paso County, Arthur H. Harris, 

Laboratory for Environmental Biology, Centennial Musem, University of Texas at 

El Paso. Publ. No. 5. 26 March 2000. 

http://nasa.utep.edu/chih/chklist/mammals/mammp2.htm; 

http://nasa.utep.edu/chih/chklist/mammals/mammp3.htm; 

http://nasa.utep.edu/chih/chklist/mammals/mammp4.htm

Fritch, Texas: Mammal Checklists of the United States, Lake Meredith National 

Receation Area, Fritch, Texas; 

http://159.189.96.215/resource/othrdata/chekbird/r2/meremam.htm 

King County: Mammals of King County, Texas (55 species);

http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/bi/mammal/ri/king.cfm 

The checklists for birds were obtained as follows: 

Austin, Texas: Checklist and seasonal distribution: Birds of the Austin, Texas region. 8th

Edition, September 1994. Travis Audubon Society;

http://www.travisaudubon.org/hotline/hotcklst.htm 

Bastrop and Buescher State Park: Freeman, B. January 1996. Birds of Bastrop and 

Buescher State Parks, including Lake Bastrop: A field checklist. Natural Resource 

Program, Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, Texas. 

Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park: Bird Checklist, Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, 1; P.O. 

Box 988, Mission, Hidalgo County, Texas 78572; 

http://www.hiline.net/~bentsen/check.html 

Bexar County: Birds of Bexar County, Texas “A Seasonal Checklist”. 24 June 2002; 

http://pages.sbcglobal.net/whbauer/birds_of_bexar_county.htm 

Brewster County: Birds of Brewster County, Texas (378 species); generated with TSNL

Ecological Database Version 1.0, 1996, 2000. Austin, Texas. Texas System of 

Natural Laboratories, Inc.; http://home.att.net/~TSNL_INC/BirdBrewster.htm 

Cameron County: Birds of Cameron County, Texas (462 species); generated with TSNL

Ecological Database Version 1.0, 1996, 2000. Austin, Texas. Texas System of 

Natural Laboratories, Inc.; http://home.att.net/~TSNL_INC/BirdCameron.htm

Producer’s and user’s accuracy were used as measures of map accuracy (Table 3.4). 

Producer’s accuracy reflects omission error and is an indicator of the percentage of 

mammals correctly predicted to occur within the reference area. User’s accuracy reflects 

commission error and indicates the reliability of the map to predict a mammal’s 

occurrence in the reference area. Overall accuracy, or the percentage of species both 

predicted and observed within a region, was defined as 

Accuracy = Nm / (Nc + No + Nm) 

76
where Nm is the number of matches, No is the number of omission errors, and Nc is the

number of commission errors (Congalton 1991; Edwards et al. 1995). 

Map 3.14. Areas used for the accuracy assessment of amphibian distribution maps. 

77
Map 3.15. Areas used for accuracy assessment of reptile distribution maps were the same 

as those used for amphibians. 

78
Map 3.16. Areas used for accuracy assessment of bird distribution maps. 

79
Map 3.17. Areas used for accuracy assessment of mammal distribution maps. 

 

80
 Assessment Areas Matches 

Errors of 

Commission 

Errors of 

Omission 

n % n % n % 

Birds (289/294) 

Austin 60-Mile (212) 148 70 21 10 43 20

Bastrop/Buescher SP/Lake (124) 99 80 0 0 25 20

Bentsen State Park (149) 39 26 4 3 106 71

Bexar County (172) 142 83 1 1 29 17

Brewster County (233) 153 66 5 2 75 32

Cameron County (246) 163 66 3 1 80 33

 Mean 124 65 6 3 60 32

Mammals (120/130) 

Big Bend National Park (82) 72 88 7 9 3 4

Crosby County (93) 38 41 44 47 11 12

King County (59) 40 68 10 17 9 15

Lake Meredith Recreation Area (60) 55 92 1 2 4 7

El Paso County (70) 57 81 8 11 5 7

Dickens County (96) 40 42 47 49 9 9

 Mean 50 69 19.5 22.5 6.84 9

Amphibians (39/62) 

Bailey County (11) 6 55 5 45 0 0

Bell County (24) 13 54 9 38 2 8

Brewster County (18) 16 89 2 11 0 0

Cameron County (21) 16 76 3 14 2 10

Cochran County (12) 6 50 5 42 1 8

Crosby County (14) 11 79 3 21 0 0

King County (14) 9 64 5 36 0 0

Lamb County(12) 8 67 4 33 0 0

Motley County(14) 7 50 7 50 0 0

Travis County (27) 23 85 3 11 1 4

Yoakum County (10) 7 70 3 30 0 0

 Mean 11.09 67.19 4.46 30.09 .55 3.28

Reptiles (125/145) 

Bailey County (30) 13 43 16 53 1 3

Bell County (73) 52 71 19 26 2 3

Brewster County (73) 50 68 7 10 16 22

Cameron County (67) 50 75 8 12 9 13

Cochran County (31) 13 42 17 55 1 3

Crosby County (42) 36 86 5 12 1 2

King County (46) 28 61 18 39 0 0

Lamb County (36) 15 42 21 58 0 0

81

Table 3.4. Producer’s and user’s accuracy as measures of map accuracy. 
Motley County (44) 27 61 15 34 2 5

Travis County (68) 49 72 7 10 12 18

Yoakum County (31) 14 45 15 48 2 6

 Mean 31.55 60.55 13.46 32.46 4.19 6.82

Limitations and Discussion

Accuracy assessment was calculated using the predicted distribution model limited by

known localities and the range extent. Predicted habitat occurring outside the known 

range extent was intentionally removed from the models. The assessment of models 

purposely modified to reflect only known habitat within the range extent can result in 

overestimated errors of omission. 

In several cases, the distribution model failed to predict a species’ distribution. 

Numerous reasons for the failure are possible and include, but are not limited to, the

following: 

The habitat may no longer exist in the location where the voucher specimen was taken. 

This is especially probable if the collection date of the specimen was prior to when the

Landsat MSS scenes were collected for the development of the vegetation map. 

The species requires microhabitat that is too small to map, such as fencerows, small 

grassy clearings within a forest matrix, sable palms, Spanish moss, and buildings. The

use of microhabitat was particularly problematic for species such as Neotoma albigula, 

Neotoma floridana, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, and Lasiurus ega. 

A species that has experienced nomenclature changes, taxonomic confusion, or was 

incorrectly identified may result in an inaccurate accuracy assessment. For example, 

several species have experienced nomenclature changes recently due to the 

advancement of molecular techniques. Additionally, confusion regarding the proper 

placement of a species within its phylogenetic tree results in apparent model error. 

However, nomenclature changes and taxonomic confusion may or may not affect the 

modeling process. Model error would occur if habitat associations no longer valid for 

a species were used during model development. Errors would not be present within a 

model developed from current habitat association knowledge, but would appear to 

exist if incorrectly identified specimens or specimens having undergone nomenclature 

changes were used during accuracy assessment. During the modeling process 

problems due to nomenclature and taxonomic changes were apparent for the Genus 

Geomys, Peromyscus attwateri, Peromyscus boylii, Perognathus flavus, Perognathus 

merriami, and Peromyscus truei. 

Insufficient habitat information in order to model the distribution of a species will 

produce inaccurate models. 

82
The use of museum voucher specimens in the modeling or accuracy assessment 

process is problematic for a species that migrates. The specimen that represents the 

location may not necessarily reflect an association with habitat. The problem of 

possible migrant species locations is directly related to the mobility of the mammal 

and, in Texas, is illustrated by L. noctivagans (Yancey et al. 1996), and L. borealis, L. 

cinereus, and N. macrotis (Davis and Schmidly 1994). 

The location of collection localities used during modeling or accuracy assessment 

could have contained spatial error. Localities of voucher specimens were 

georeferenced using an algorithm developed by Knyazhnitskiy (1999) and 

Knyazhnitskiy et al. (2000). In order to convert written descriptions of collection sites 

to UTM coordinates, the sites identified on the voucher specimen’s tag were located 

on a map and digitized as reference localities. The placement of the reference 

localities contained spatial error when the actual collection location could not be

identified on the map or when the most detailed information conveyed was county of 

occurrence (Knyazhnitskiy 1999). 

83
LAND STEWARDSHIP 

Introduction 

To fulfill the analytical mission of GAP, it is necessary to compare the mapped 

distribution of elements of biodiversity with their representation in different categories of 

land ownership and management. As will be explained in the Analysis section, these 

comparisons do not measure viability, but are a start to assessing the likelihood of future 

threat to a biotic element through habitat conversion--the primary cause of biodiversity

decline. We use the term "stewardship" in place of "ownership" in recognition that legal 

ownership does not necessarily equate to the entity charged with management of the

resource, and that the mix of ownership and managing entities is a complex and rapidly

changing condition not suitably mapped by GAP. At the same time, it is necessary to 

distinguish between stewardship and management status in that a single category of land 

stewardship such as a national forest may contain several degrees of management for 

biodiversity. 

The purpose of comparing biotic distribution with stewardship is to provide a method by

which land stewards can assess their relative amount of responsibility for the 

management of a species or plant community and identify other stewards sharing that 

responsibility. This information can reveal opportunities for cooperative management of 

that resource, which directly supports the primary mission of GAP to provide objective, 

scientific information to decision makers and managers to make informed decisions 

regarding biodiversity. It also is not unlikely that a steward that has previously borne the 

major responsibility for managing a species may, through such analyses, identify a more 

equitable distribution of that responsibility. We emphasize, however, that GAP only

identifies private land as a homogeneous category and does not differentiate individual 

tracts or owners, unless the information was provided voluntarily to recognize a longterm commitment to biodiversity maintenance.

After comparison to stewardship, it is also necessary to compare biotic occurrence to

categories of management status. The purpose of this comparison is to identify the need

for change in management status for the distribution of individual elements or areas 

containing high degrees of diversity. Such changes can be accomplished in many ways

that do not affect the stewardship status. While it will eventually be desirable to identify

specific management practices for each tract, and whether they are beneficial or harmful

to each element, GAP currently uses a scale of 1 to 4 to denote relative degree of 

maintenance of biodiversity for each tract. A status of "1" denotes the highest, most

permanent level of maintenance, and "4" represents the lowest level of biodiversity

management, or unknown status. This is a highly subjective area, and we recognize a 

variety of limitations in our approach, although we maintain certain principles in 

assigning the status level. Our first principle is that land ownership is not the primary

determinant in assigning status. The second principle is that while data are imperfect, and 

all land is subject to changes in ownership and management, we can use the intent of a 

land steward as evidenced by legal and institutional factors to assign status. In other

84
words, if a land steward institutes a program backed by legal and institutional 

arrangements that are intended for permanent biodiversity maintenance, we use that as the 

guide for assigning status.

The characteristics used to determine status are as follows:

Permanence of protection from conversion of natural land cover to unnatural (humaninduced barren, exotic-dominated, arrested succession). 

Relative amount of the tract managed for natural cover. 

Inclusiveness of the management, i.e., single feature or species versus all biota. 

Type of management and degree that it is mandated through legal and institutional 

arrangements. 

The four status categories can generally be defined as follows (after Scott et al. 1993, 

Edwards et al. 1995, Crist et al. 1995): 

Status 1: An area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover and 

a mandated management plan in operation to maintain a natural state within which 

disturbance events (of natural type, frequency, and intensity) are allowed to proceed 

without interference or are mimicked through management. 

Status 2: An area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover and 

a mandated management plan in operation to maintain a primarily natural state, but which 

may receive use or management practices that degrade the quality of existing natural 

communities. 

Status 3: An area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover for 

the majority of the area, but subject to extractive uses of either a broad, low-intensity type

or localized intense type. It also confers protection to federally listed endangered and 

threatened species throughout the area. 

Status 4: Lack of irrevocable easement or mandate to prevent conversion of natural 

habitat types to anthropogenic habitat types. Allows for intensive use throughout the tract. 

Also includes those tracts for which the existence of such restrictions or sufficient 

information to establish a higher status is unknown. 

Mapping Standards 

Due to the variable nature of the existing source data, it was not possible to map 

stewardship data to an established accuracy standard. Many of the spatial property files 

were extracted from field maps, plat and tax maps and Digital Line Graph (DLG) where 

the input data scale ranged from 1:250,000 to 1:4,800. Where multiple boundaries 

existed, higher resolution data were used in this database. In addition, all property

features were compared to various road, hydrography, and other data layers to ensure that

property boundaries conformed to various natural and cultural features. Data entered from 

multiple map sources were manually edgematched to ensure cartographic integrity across 

85
quadrangle or other map boundaries. Attribute values, record formats and naming

conventions conformed to national GAP management status and ownership protocols.

Methods

The land stewardship map is an integral map layer to TX-GAP. Stewardship data not 

only show the geographic extent of lands owned and/or managed by particular entities 

but generally include administrative units within that extent (for example, Wildlife

Refuges within Fish and Wildlife Service lands). Land management status was assigned 

to each tract of land or administrative unit based on the written management plan (if in 

place) and general objectives and goals of the responsible entity. Analysis of biodiversity

by management status of individual stewardship polygons is described in Chapter 5 of 

this report. Map 4.1 shows the geographic locations of public land. Map 4.2 shows 

protection status of lands in Texas. 

Management Status Categorization 

Texas is a predominantly privately owned state. Based on the analysis of Schmidly et al. 

(2001), in close cooperation with Texas Parks and Wildlife and other state agencies, 

94.3% of the state is privately owned (Map 4.1). Therefore, only 5.7% of the 172 million 

acres is publicly owned. Farms and ranches comprise 76% of the state. Wildlife

Management Plans developed by TPW in cooperation with private landowners cover 

9.1% of the state. These plans are totally voluntary and can be altered or abandoned at 

will. 

Publicly owned lands, the 5.7% of the state, are portioned among federal (2.6%), state 

(3.0%), and local (0.14%) ownership. Publicly owned parks, forests and refuges comprise 

2.5% of the land in Texas (Map 4.1). 

To further emphasize who owns Texas, Schmidly et al. (2001) presented these data: 63% 

of Texans own their own homes; 0.92% own more than one acre of land and only 0.11% 

own more than 1,000 acres of land. Roughly 140,000 of the states 21 million residents 

own the state of Texas. 

Results 

About 6% of Texas is publicly owned; 2% of Texas is classified as Status 1 and 2 lands 

(Map 4.2). Status 1 and 2 lands are considered conservation lands. The following table 

presents summary statistics of area representation of stewardship and management 

categories in the state. We begin by comparing representation of various stewardship 

categories in management status categories. Table 4.1 provides information on the 

proportional make-up of management status categories by stewardship and vice-versa, so 

that land stewards can see to what degree their lands generally contribute to biodiversity

maintenance.

The Forest Service has the largest acreage in public lands (approximately 700,000 ha and 

32%) but none of its area was classified as Status 1 or 2. The National Park Service 

contributes the most towards conservation lands in the state (37%), including such 

86
features as Big Bend, Padre Island, and the Guadalupe Mountains. The National 

Grasslands and State Parks contribute the next largest area towards conservation lands. 

Table 4.1. Distribution of public lands in 4 protection classes 

% of Agency % of Agency

AGENCY STATUS 1 STATUS 2 STATUS 3 STATUS 4 TOTAL lands in contribution to

conservation conservation

Area (Ha) Area (Ha) Area (Ha) Area (Ha) Area (Ha) status lands

National Grasslands 0 229,827 0 0 229,827 100 18

Wildlife Management Area 0 0 149,387 0 149,387 0 0

National Park Service 482,636 0 2,873 2,873 488,381 99 37

State Park 2,873 244,191 0 0 247,063 100 19

National Wildlife Refuge 163,751 0 0 0 163,751 100 13

Department of Defense 0 175,243 0 0 175,243 100 13

Other 0 0 0 11,491 11,491 0 0

National Forest Service 0 0 703,844 0 703,844 0 0

TOTALS 649,260 649,260 856,104 14,364 2,168,988 100

Limitations and Discussion 

The land stewardship and management status map is a compilation of ownership maps 

provided by a variety of sources that are individually responsible for their accuracy. It was 

created solely for the purpose of conducting the analyses described in this report and is 

not suitable for locating boundaries on the ground or determining precise area 

measurements of individual tracts. 

Land ownership is constantly changing. The user should also understand that land 

management status and ownership category may change over time as parcels are bought, 

sold, and traded. This land stewardship layer should be considered a “snapshot” of the 

land management status of Texas. 

Although Texas is a large state, the bulk of the population resides east of Interstate 35 (I35), and the I-35 corridor from Dallas-Ft. Worth through Austin to San Antonio is heavily

populated. The I-35 corridor runs along and through the Blackland Prairie ecoregion. 

Based on analysis by the TX-GAP vegetation map, the cropland, urban, and 

transportation corridor maps, the Blackland Prairie ecoregion is highly fragmented. 

Removing highways, urban areas, and croplands from the GIS coverage leaves the 

vegetation layers. If these vegetation layers are considered the best native habitat of the 

Blackland prairie ecoregion, the average size, based on polygon analysis, is only 63 acres. 

If the population of Texas expands as predicted by the U.S. Census Bureau to 42 million 

by 2030, or even 2050, and the urban areas and transportation corridors expand with 

population, as they have in the recent past, Texas will lose to development an average of 

164 acres each and every day until 2030. 

We have made every effort to reduce the error associated with the combination of spatial

data from different sources and native scales. Digitizing of property boundaries from 

maps of different scales often results in “sliver” polygons when merged together. The

Texas stewardship layer was not designed to be used as a legal document or to dispute 

87
property boundaries. It was designed to answer questions related to the protection of 

ecological elements over large areas. Once these areas have been identified, larger-scale 

analyses can be conducted. These data are not a substitute for surveyed data and are not 

appropriate for analysis at a scale greater than 1:100,000. 

Map 4.1. Geographic location of public lands in Texas. 

88
Map 4.2. Land stewardship in Texas categorized as level 1, 2, 3, or 4 according to 

standards of the National Gap Analysis Program. 

89
ANALYSIS BASED ON STEWARDSHIP 

AND MANAGEMENT STATUS 

Introduction 

This chapter describes the method and results of the gap analysis as used by the Gap 

Analysis Program. As described in the general introduction to this report, the primary

objective of GAP is to provide information on the distribution and status of several 

elements of biological diversity. Although GAP "seeks to identify habitat types and 

species not adequately represented in the current network of biodiversity management 

areas" (GAP Handbook, Preface, Version 1, p. I), it is unrealistic to create a standard 

definition of "adequate representation" for either land cover types or individual species 

(Noss et al. 1995). A practical solution to this problem is to report both percentages and 

absolute area of each element in biodiversity management areas and allow the user to

determine which types are adequately represented in natural areas. There are many other 

factors that should be considered in such determinations such as historic loss or gain in 

distribution, nature of the spatial distribution, immediate versus long term risk, and 

degree of local adaptation among populations of the biotic elements that are worthy of 

individual conservation consideration. Such analyses are beyond the scope of this project, 

but we encourage their application coupled with field confirmation of the mapped 

distributions. 

Currently, land cover types and terrestrial vertebrates are the primary focus of GAP's

mapping efforts, however, other components of biodiversity, such as aquatic organisms or 

selected groups of invertebrates may be incorporated into GAP distributional data sets. 

Where appropriate, GAP data may also be analyzed to identify the location of a set of 

areas in which most or all land cover types or species are predicted to be represented. The 

use of "complementarity" analysis, that is, an approach that additively identifies a

selection of locations that may represent biodiversity rather than "hot spots of species 

richness" may prove most effective for guiding biodiversity maintenance efforts. Several 

quantitative techniques have been developed recently that facilitate this process (see 

Pressey et al. 1993, Williams et al. 1996, Csuti et al. 1997, for details). These areas 

become candidates for field validation and may be incorporated into a system of areas 

managed for the long-term maintenance of biological diversity. 

The network of Conservation Data Centers (CDCs) and Natural Heritage Programs 

(NHPs) established cooperatively by The Nature Conservancy and various state agencies 

maintain detailed databases on the locations of rare elements of biodiversity. GAP 

cooperatively uses these data to develop predicted distributions of potentially suitable 

habitat for these elements, which may be valuable for identifying research needs and 

preliminary considerations for restoration or reintroduction. Conservation of such 

elements, however, is best accomplished through the fine-filter approach of the above 

organizations as described in the introduction. It is not the role of GAP to duplicate or 

disseminate Heritage Program or CDC Element Occurrence Records. Users interested in

90
more specific information about the location, status, and ecology of populations of such 

species are directed to their state Heritage Program or CDC.

Methods

The gap analysis is accomplished by first producing maps of land cover (see Map 2.3), 

predicted distributions for selected animal species (see Map 3.9), and land stewardship 

and management status (see Maps 4.1 and 4.2). The actual gap analyis is an intersection 

of the land stewardship and management map with the distribution of each land cover 

type and vertebrate. These tables summarize the area and percent of total mapped 

distribution of each element in different land stewardship and management categories. 

Results 

The data are provided in a format that allows users to carry out inquires about the 

representation of each element in different land stewardship and management categories 

as appropriate to their own management objectives. This forms the basis of GAP's

mission to provide land owners and managers with the information necessary to conduct 

informed policy development, planning, and management for biodiversity maintenance.

Land Cover Analysis

A summary of the gap analysis for land cover types are shown below (Table 5.1). Some 

interesting results emerge. The most protected land cover type is the consolidated rock 

sparse vegetation which overlaps 80% with conservation lands. If we isolate that type, 

we find that it occurs as rocky cliffs almost exclusively in Big Bend National Park and the 

Guadalupe Mountains. Although it would appear to be very well protected, it has a very

limited distribution and only accounts for a very small portion of the total land cover of 

Texas (0.02%). Other examples of types with restricted areas and very low amounts of 

protection (i.e., < 1%) are juniper woodlands, playa lakes, wetlands, Harvard oak 

shrublands, and water oak forests. Riparian areas, hardwood bottomlands, and wetlands 

have experienced some of the most serious reductions in occurrence since human 

settlement. 

The grassland prairie types, while they may represent a much larger percentage of the 

total area (approximately 20% combined) have very little overlap with conservation lands 

(generally <10%). In some cases, they have been overgrazed to the point of creating a 

type conversion to cactus shrubland types. Despite the widespread occurrence of the 

prairie grasslands in Texas, their low representation on conservation lands is a concern. 

This analysis does not account for quality of the habitat left, how much this area may

have been reduced from historic conditions, or whether these remaining areas are at risk 

from further anthropogenic management activities. 

91
Table 5.1. The Gap Analysis of Texas Land Cover. Status 1 and 2 lands are considered 

conservation lands that protect biodiversity. 

Code Land Cover/Land Use Type 

Total area 

(ha)

Status 1 

and 2 

(ha)

% in

Status 1 

and 2 

%ofTotal 

LandCover

Area 

1 Water 1790516 68691 3.8 2.57

2 Bare Soil 1602846 20787 1.3 2.30

3 Clouds 13069 36 0.3 0.02

4 

Cropland (irrigated, row,

herbaceous, etc) 9504358 94725 1.0 13.65

5 Urban Area 1049570 18572 1.8 1.51

6 Unknown 4623 100 2.2 0.01

7 

Rounded-crowned Temperate or

Subpolar Needle-leaved Evergreen 

Forest 

4306899 238831 5.5 6.18

8 

Extremely Xeromorphic Deciduous

Shrubland 9683075 96567 1.0 13.91

9 Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland 915316 9580 1.0 1.31

10 5963708 103647 1.7 8.56

11 

Succulent Extremely Xeromorphic

Evergreen Shrubland 32034 115 0.4 0.05

12 

Facultatively Deciduous Extremely

Xeromorphic Subdesert Shrubland 81808 390 0.5 0.12

13 

Medium-Tall Bunch Temperate or

Subpolar Grassland 4619330 89963 1.9 6.63

14 

Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 

with a Sparse Shrub Layer

848649 17487 2.1 1.22

17 

Semipermanently Flooded 

Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 221081 6021 2.7 0.32

18 

Evergreen Extremely Xeromorphic

Subdesert Shrubland 2794885 298317 10.7 4.01

19 

Sclerophyllous Temperate BroadLeaved Evergreen Shrubland 298952 446 0.1 0.43

20 

Temporarily Flooded ColdDeciduous Woodland 1584522 24545 1.5 2.28

21 

Short Sod Temperate or Subpolar

Grassland 9952847 192850 1.9 14.29

22 Cold-Deciduous Woodland 5152109 75609 1.5 7.40

24 

Annual Graminoid or Forb

Vegetation 88015 1514 1.7 0.13

25 Wetland 108862 626 0.6 0.16

28 

Intermittently Flooded Temperate or

Subpolar Grassland (e.g., Playa 

Lakes)

168370 1004 0.6 0.24

Lowland Mixed Evergreen - Drought 

Deciduous Shrubland 

92
29 

Rounded-crowned Temperate or

Subpolar Needle-leaved Evergreen 

Woodland 

5707723 47779 0.8 8.20

33 

Temperate Broad-leaved Evergreen 

Woodland 1227578 26276 2.1 1.76

34 Sand Flats 244890 42459 17.3 0.35

35 

Consolidated Rock Sparse

Vegetation 11809 9508 80.5 0.02

36 

Temporarily Flooded Temperate 

Grassland with Sparse ColdDeciduous Trees209477 5787 2.8 0.30

37 

Dunes with Sparse Herbaceous

Vegetation 345204 33181 9.6 0.50

38 Tall Sod Temperate Grassland 152683 7706 5.0 0.22

40 

Temperate Broad-leaved Evergreen 

Shrubland 77660 1435 1.8 0.11

42 

Temporarily Flooded Microphyllous

Shrubland 86855 131 0.2 0.12

45 

Low Tropical or Subtropical 

Perennial Forb Vegetation 68142 7738 11.4 0.10

47 

Mixed Broad-leaved Evergreen -

Cold-deciduous Woodland 175647 3736 2.1 0.25

51 

Lowland or Submontane Colddeciduous Forest 31353 3 0.0 0.05

55 Planted/Cultivated Woodland 18943 1234 6.5 0.03

56 

Medium-Tall Sod Temperate or

Subpolar Grassland 195329 17856 9.1 0.28

63 

Temporarily Flooded Colddeciduous Forest 297971 4815 1.6 0.43

Totals 69636707 100.00

Limitations and Discussion for Land Cover Analysis

Assessing the conservation status of natural land cover is limited by several confounding

factors: 

1. GAP has typically found the accuracy of the mapped distributions of natural 

communities at the floristic (e.g., alliance) level to be substantially lower and more

variable than that of animal distributions; 

2. any aggregation of biotic units (e.g., above species) is a surrogate for species or lower 

levels of biotic organization and will underrepresent conservation need (Pressey and 

Logan 1995); and 

3. for the most part we cannot distinguish the degree of natural condition or value of the 

mapped units due to management manipulation, exotic invasion, or spatial 

configuration. Considering an aggregation of species such as we have mapped to be 

sufficiently represented in existing conservation areas cannot be determined solely by

the percentage of the community represented because the aggregation has unmapped 

93
variation in species composition that we could not measure. Until individual plant 

species distributions can be mapped, it is not possible to assure that the full range of 

vegetation biodiversity is represented, and surrogates must be used. 

Predicted Animal Species Distributions Analysis

A summary table is not provided due to the large number of species analyzed, but some 

generalizations and examples of species results by the various thresholds are provided 

below. The complete Animal Species Distributions Analysis Table found in Appendix

C.1 and C.2 provide the area in square kilometers (multiply by 100 for hectares, 247 for 

acres) of the species' mapped distribution by management status and land steward, and 

the percentage of the species' total distribution in each category. 

Table 5.2. Number of species within each protection level category. 

Protection Categories Total # 

SPECIES <1% 1-10% 10-20% 20-50% >50% Species

Amphibians 12 48 1 1 0 62 

Birds 23 237 16 10 5 291 

Mammals 8 102 12 3 5 130 

Reptiles 15 123 3 3 1 145 

The gap analysis of the vertebrate species show that most species fall into the 1-10% level 

of protection (Table 5.2, Figure 5.1). Ninety percent of the 628 species are less than 10% 

protected. Even more sobering, we do not know what the current distribution of these 

animals represents in habitat quality or what portion this is of their historic distributions. 

The majority of the animals in the category that is greater than 50% are species whose 

predicted distributions are confined to the Big Bend Park area. Three of the species have 

endangered or threatened listings: the reticulated gecko, the greater long-nosed bat, and 

the spotted bat. Their level of protection does not necessarily indicate that the 

populations are viable. However, it does suggest how very important a natural area such 

as Big Bend is to the continued conservation of these species of interest. On the other 

hand, some endangered species have very little overlap on protected lands, such as the 

Comal blind salamander (0.1%) and the Texas kangaroo rat (basically 0%). 

Figure 5.2 shows the graphical distribution of these groupings. Clearly, if the species in 

the highest level of protection are restricted to one relatively small part of Texas, then 

species that occur in the more prevalent land cover types (for example, grassland 

prairies) must be hardly represented at all on conservation lands. Some examples of 

species of interest in this group are: 

Mammals – the common porcupine (2.4%), the pronghorn (3.5%), white-tailed deer 

(2.3%), the nine-banded armadillo (1.4%), and the black-tailed prairie dog (2.2%). 

Birds – the cactus wren (2.4%), the acorn woodpecker (7.5%), field sparrow (0.5%), and 

the northern mockingbird (2.4%). 

1Amphibians – eastern spadefoot (1.6%), tiger salamander (2.2%), and the smallmouth 

salamander (2.2%). 

94
Reptiles – the Texas spiny lizard (.8%), eastern box turtle (2.7%), and the longnose 

snake (2%). For a complete gap analysis of all species see the spreadsheet in the 

vertebrate database section. 

Figure 5.1 Range of species across five protection levels 

250

200

 # 

Species

150 Amphibians

Birds 100

Mammal

Reptiles 50

0

<1% 1-10% 10-20% 20-50% >50%

Protection Categories

As stated earlier, Texas has a very small amount of land that is set aside for protection of 

biodiversity. Consequently, each taxon has 85% or more of its species that are less than 

10% protected. As a group, amphibians are least represented (Figure 5.2). 

75 80 85 90 95 100

Amphibians

Birds

Mammals

Reptiles

Taxa

% Species

Figure 5.2. Percent of species with less than 10% overlap on conservation lands. 

95
Limitations and Discussion

When applying the results of our analyses, it is critical that the following limitations are

considered: 1) the limitations described for each of the component parts (land cover 

mapping, animal species mapping, stewardship mapping) of the analyses, 2) the spatial 

and thematic map accuracy of the components, and 3) the suitability of the results for the 

intended application (see Appropriate and Inappropriate Use below). 

96
CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGEMENT 

IMPLICATIONS 

The Texas GAP Project has contributed valuable information on the status of natural 

resources not previously available in the state. The detailed spatial data for land cover, 

vertebrate distribution, and land stewardship presented here increase the capability for a 

myriad of decision makers and land managers to refine decisions for current and future 

management strategies. Gap analysis, in all the state projects, both completed and 

ongoing, has made a tremendous contribution to assessing the status of biodiversity and 

highlighting the need to consider opportunities in all sectors for enhancing of 

conservation networks. One thing is for certain: we simply do not have adequate lands 

designated to provide for any native species. 

The landscape has changed dramatically since Europeans arrived. Changes during the 

past 100 years have been documented by Schmidly (2002) who compared the distribution 

of vertebrates (primarily mammals) today with that recorded by Vernon Bailey in the 

Biological Survey of Texas, 1889-1905 (Bailey 1905). Similar to other states in the Great 

Plains, Texas has very little public land―only about 6%. This is slightly more than its 

northern counterparts (Kansas has slightly more than 1%, Cully, 2003). The predominant 

land use of private lands is ranching and farming (76%). 

As in any dry biome, the most valuable habitats are riparian forests, woodlands, and 

wetlands. The land cover analysis demonstrates that these types are not well protected at

all on any lands managed for biodiversity. Even minor modifications to protect these 

types can significantly improve habitat and improve connectivity. In contrast, the habitats 

and species most prevalent in the state are similarly not well protected. While Texas is 

fortunate to have some extraordinary conservation areas of global importance, it is 

evident that conservation areas are not adequately distributed to capture representative 

communities and species. 

Because Texas is so dominated by private lands, we clearly need to consider more 

solutions that offer economic and social incentives to landowners and encourage them to 

participate in creative management activities that would benefit our natural resources. 

Education and outreach programs should be developed and promoted throughout the 

state, and partnerships between agencies, corporations, and the private sector should be 

encouraged. 

97
PRODUCT USE AND AVAILABILITY 

How to Obtain the Products 

It is the goal of the Gap Analysis Program and the USGS Biological Resources Division 

(BRD) to make the data and associated information as widely available as possible. Use 

of the data requires specialized software called geographic information systems (GIS) and 

substantial computing power. Additional information on how to use the data or obtain 

GIS services is provided below and on the GAP home page (URL below). While a CDROM of the data will be the most convenient way to obtain the data, it may also be 

downloaded via the Internet from the national GAP home page at: 

http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/ 

The home page will also provide, over the long term, the status of our state's project, 

future updates, data availability, and contacts. Within a few months of this project's

completion, CD-ROMs of the final report and data should be available at a nominal cost--

the above home page will provide ordering information. To find information on this state 

GAP project's status and data, follow the links from the home page to "ongoing projects", 

state, and then to the particular state of interest.

Disclaimer 

Following is the official Biological Resources Division (BRD) disclaimer as of 29 

January 1996, followed by additional disclaimers from GAP. Prior to using the data, you 

should consult the GAP home page (see How to Obtain the Data, above) for the current 

disclaimer.

Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the BRD, 

no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the accuracy or utility of the data on 

any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution 

constitute any such warranty. This disclaimer applies both to individual use of the data

and aggregate use with other data. It is strongly recommended that these data are directly

acquired from a BRD server [see above for approved data providers] and not indirectly

through other sources which may have changed the data in some way. It is also strongly

recommended that careful attention be paid to the content of the metadata file associated

with these data. The Biological Resources Division shall not be held liable for improper 

or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. 

These data were compiled with regard to the following standards. Please be aware of the 

limitations of the data. These data are meant to be used at a scale of 1:100,000 or smaller 

(such as 1:250,000 or 1:500,000) for the purpose of assessing the conservation status of 

animals and vegetation types over large geographic regions. The data may or may not 

have been assessed for statistical accuracy. Data evaluation and improvement may be 

ongoing. The Biological Resources Division makes no claim as to the data's suitability for

98
other purposes. This is writable data which may have been altered from the original

product if not obtained from a designated data distributor identified above. 

Metadata 

Proper documentation of information sources and processes used to assemble GAP data

layers is central to the successful application of GAP data. Metadata documents the 

legacy of the data for new users. The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC 1994, 

1995) has published standards for metadata and NBII (<http://www.nbii.gov>) has 

updated those standards to include biological profiles. Executive Order 12906 requires 

that any spatial data sets generated with federal dollars will have FGDC-compliant 

metadata. 

Each spatial data layer submitted must be accompanied by its metadata (*.html file) in the 

same directory. You must also include an additional directory (called "meta_master')

which will include each metadata file in three forms (*.txt, *.html, and *.sgml). These are 

readily created in MetaMaker (<http://www.nbii.gov/about/factsheet/factsheet5.html>).

The redundancy in format is to provide one file for error checking (*.txt), one for 

presentation on the Internet (*.html), and one for indexing elements for the spatial data

clearinghouse (*.sgml). Remember, metadata describes the development of the spatial 

data set being documented. If there are companion files to the GIS data, use metadata to 

reference (reports, spreadsheet, another GIS layer). 

USGS personnel conduct metadata training to meet FGDC standards and to include 

biological data. See the Internet site, <http://www.nbii.gov/metadata/training/index.html>

for more information. 

Appropriate and Inappropriate Uses of this Data 

All information is created with a specific end use or uses in mind. This is especially true 

for GIS data, which is expensive to produce and must be directed to meet the immediate

program needs. For GAP, minimum standards were set (see A Handbook for Gap 

Analysis, Scott et al. 1993) to meet program objectives. These standards include: scale or 

resolution (1:100,000 or 100 hectare minimum mapping unit), accuracy (80% accurate at 

95% confidence), and format (ARC/INFO coverage tiled to the 30' x 60' USGS 

quadrangle). For complete project standards, refer to the GAP handbook 

(http://www.gap.uidaho.edu). 

Recognizing, however, that GAP would be the first, and for many years likely the only,

source of statewide biological GIS maps, the data were created with the expectation that

they would be used for other applications. Therefore, we list below both appropriate and 

inappropriate uses. This list is in no way exhaustive but should serve as a guide to assess 

whether a proposed use can or cannot be supported by GAP data. For most uses, it is 

unlikely that GAP will provide the only data needed, and for uses with a regulatory

outcome, field surveys should verify the result. In the end, it will be the responsibility of 

99
each data user to determine if GAP data can answer the question being asked, and if they

are the best tool to answer that question. 

Scale: First we must address the issue of appropriate scale to which these data may be

applied. The data were produced with an intended application at the ecoregion level, that

is, geographic areas from several hundred thousand to millions of hectares in size. The 

data provide a coarse-filter approach to analysis, meaning that not every occurrence of

every plant community or animal species habitat is mapped, only larger, more generalized

distributions. The data are also based on the USGS 1:100,000 scale of mapping in both 

detail and precision. When determining whether to apply GAP data to a particular use, 

there are two primary questions: do you want to use the data as a map for the particular 

geographic area, or do you wish to use the data to provide context for a particular area?

The distinction can be made with the following example: You could use GAP land cover 

to determine the approximate amount of oak woodland occurring in a county, or you 

could map oak woodland with aerial photography to determine the exact amount. You 

then could use GAP data to determine the approximate percentage of all oak woodland in 

the region or state that occurs in the county, and thus gain a sense of how important the 

county's distribution is to maintaining that plant community. 

Appropriate Uses: 

The above example illustrates two appropriate uses of the data: as a coarse map for a 

large area such as a county, and to provide context for finer-level maps. Specific casestudy examples are provided in Appendix D, but following is a general list of 

applications: 

Statewide biodiversity planning

Regional (Councils of Government) planning

Regional habitat conservation planning

County comprehensive planning

Large-area resource management planning

Coarse-filter evaluation of potential impacts or benefits of major projects or plan

initiatives on biodiversity, such as utility or transportation corridors, wilderness 

proposals, regional open space and recreation proposals, etc. 

Determining relative amounts of management responsibility for specific biological 

resources among land stewards to facilitate cooperative management and planning. 

Basic research on regional distributions of plants and animals and to help target both 

specific species and geographic areas for needed research. 

Environmental impact assessment for large projects or military activities. 

Estimation of potential economic impacts from loss of biological resource-based 

activities. 

Education at all levels and for both students and citizens. 

Inappropriate Uses: 

It is far easier to identify appropriate uses than inappropriate ones, however, there is a 

"fuzzy line" that is eventually crossed when the differences in resolution of the data, size

100
of geographic area being analyzed, and precision of the answer required for the question 

are no longer compatible. Examples include:

Using the data to map small areas (less than thousands of hectares), typically requiring

mapping resolution at 1:24,000 scale and using aerial photographs or ground surveys. 

Combining GAP data with other data finer than 1:100,000 scale to produce new hybrid 

maps or answer queries. 

Generating specific areal measurements from the data finer than the nearest thousand 

hectares (minimum mapping unit size and accuracy affect this precision). 

Establishing exact boundaries for regulation or acquisition. 

Establishing definite occurrence or non-occurrence of any feature for an exact 

geographic area (for land cover, the percent accuracy will provide a measure of 

probability).

Determining abundance, health, or condition of any feature. 

Establishing a measure of accuracy of any other data by comparison with GAP data. 

Altering the data in any way and redistributing them as a GAP data product. 

Using the data without acquiring and reviewing the metadata and this report. 

101
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107
GLOSSARY 

aerial videography - video images of the land surface taken from an airplane 

algorithm - a procedure to solve a problem or model a solution (In GAP typically refers to 

a GIS procedure used to model animal distributions.) 

alliance level - a land unit made up of an "alliance" of natural communities that have the

same dominant or co-dominant plant species or, in the absence of vegetation, by

the dominant land cover typically described according to the Anderson land cover 

classification (see "Natural Community Alliance" in Grossman et al. 1995) 

alpha diversity - a single within-habitat measure of species diversity regardless of internal

pattern, generally over an area of 0.1 to 1,000 hectares (see Whittaker 1960, 1977) 

Anderson Level II - the second hierarchical level in the Anderson land cover 

classification system (see Anderson et al. 1976) 

anthropogenic - caused by man 

assemblages - a group of ecologically interrelated plant and animal species band, spectral 

- a segment of the electromagnetic spectrum defined by a range of wavelengths 

(e.g. blue, green, red, near infrared, far infrared) that comprise the Landsat TM 

imagery

beta diversity - the change in species diversity among different natural communities of a

landscape; an index of between-habitat diversity (see Whittaker 1960, 1977) 

biodiversity - generally, the variety of life and its interrelated processes 

biogeographic - relating to the geographical distribution of plants and animals 

biological diversity - see biodiversity

cartographic - pertaining to the art or technique of making maps or charts 

classify - to assign objects, features, or areas on an image to spectral classes based upon 

their appearance as opposed to ‘classification’ referring to a scheme for describing

the hierarchies of vegetation or animal species for an area 

coarse filter - the general conservation activities that conserve the common elements of

the landscape matrix, as opposed to the "fine filter" conservation activities that are 

aimed at special cases such as rare elements (see Jenkins 1985) 

community - a group of interacting plants and animals 

cover type - a non-technical higher-level floristic and structural description of vegetation 

cover 

cross-walking - matching equivalent land cover categories between two or more 

classification systems 

delineate - identifying the boundaries between more or less homogenous areas on 

remotely sensed images as visible from differences in tone and texture 

delta diversity - the change in species diversity between landscapes along major climatic

or physiographic gradients (see Whittaker 1977) 

digitization - entering spatial data digitally into a Geographic Information System 

ecoregion - a large region, usually spanning several million hectares, characterized by

having similar biota, climate, and physiography (topography, hydrology, etc). 

108
ecosystem - a biological community (ranging in scale from a single cave to millions of

hectares), its physical environment, and the processes through which matter and 

energy are transferred among the components 

edge-matching - the process of connecting polygons at the boundary between two 

independently created maps, either between TM scenes or between state GAP data

sets 

element - a plant community or animal species mapped by GAP. May also be referred to

as "element of biodiversity".

error of commission - the occurrence of a species (or other map category) is erroneously

predicted in an area where it is in fact absent

error of omission - when a model fails to predict the occurrence of a species that is

actually present in an area 

exact set coverage - a basic optimization problem to determine the best method for 

identifying general areas that, when selected sequentially, would have the greatest 

positive cumulative impact on attaining adequate representation of any or all 

biotic elements of interest 

extinction - disappearance of a species throughout its entire range 

extirpation - disappearance of a species from part of its range 

fine filter - see "coarse filter" 

floristic - pertaining to the plant species that make up the vegetation of a given area. 

formation level - the level of land cover categorization between Group and Alliance 

describing the structural attributes of a land unit, for example, "Evergreen 

Coniferous Woodlands with Rounded Crowns" (see Jennings 1993b) 

gamma diversity - the species diversity of a landscape, generally covering 1,000 to 

1,000,000 hectares, made up of more than one kind of natural community (see 

Whittaker 1977) 

gap analysis - a comparison of the distribution of elements of biodiversity with that of 

areas managed for their long-term viability to identify elements with inadequate

representation 

geographic information systems - computer hardware and software for storing, retrieving, 

manipulating, and analyzing spatial data

Global Positioning System (GPS) - an instrument that utilizes satellite signals to pinpoint 

its location on the earth's surface 

greedy heuristic - an algorithm for exact set cover analysis (see Kiester et al., in press) 

ground truthing - verifying maps by checking the actual occurrence of plant and animal 

species in the field at representative sample locations 

habitat - the physical structure, vegetational composition, and physiognomy of an area, 

the characteristics of which determine its suitability for particular animal or plant 

species 

hectare - a metric unit of area of 10,000 square meters and equal to 2.47 acres 

hex/hexagon - typically refers to the EPA EMAP hexagonal grid of 635 square kilometer 

units 

hyperclustering - a efficient, interactive method for accurately analyzing and classifying

remotely-sensed data that reduces data size and computational requirements while

retaining the integrity of the original data

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lotic - flowing, e.g., water in a stream or river 

metadata - information about data, e.g., their source, lineage, content, structure, and 

availability

minimum mapping unit - the smallest area that is depicted on a map 

neotropics - the zoo-geographic region stretching southward from the tropic of Cancer 

and including southern Mexico, Central and South America, and the West Indies 

phenology - the study of periodic biological phenomena, such as flowering, breeding, and 

migration, especially as related to climate 

phenotype - the environmentally and genetically determined observable appearance of an 

organism, especially as considered with respect to all possible genetically

influenced expressions of one specific character 

physiognomic - based on physical features 

physiographic province - a region having a pattern of relief features or land forms that 

differ significantly from that of adjacent regions 

pixel - the smallest spatial unit in a raster data structure 

polygon - an area enclosed by lines in a vector-based Geographic Information System

data layer or a region of contiguous homogeneous pixels in a raster system 

preprocessing - those operations that prepare data for subsequent analysis, usually by

attempts to correct or compensate for systematic, radiometric, and geometric 

errors 

pro-active - acting in anticipation of an event as opposed to reacting after the fact 

range - the geographic limit of the species

range unit - a spatial, geographic unit to record and display species geographic range. 

reach - a stream or river segment between inflowing tributaries 

registration, spatial - matching different images to each other by finding points on the 

images that can be matched to known points on the ground 

remote sensing - deriving information about the earth's surface from images acquired at a 

distance, usually relying on measurement of electromagnetic radiation reflected or 

emitted from the feature of interest 

resolution - the ability of a remote sensing system to record and display fine detail in a

distinguishable manner or: the smallest feature that can be distinguished or 

resolved on a map or image, such as a TM pixel 

scale, map - the ratio of distance on a map to distance in the real word, expressed as a 

fraction; the smaller the denominator, the larger the scale, e.g. 1:24,000 is larger 

than 1:100,000 

sensitivity analysis - the consideration of a number of factors involved in the 

mathematical modeling of an ecosystem and its components. These include 

feedback and control, and the stability and sensitivity of the system as a whole to 

changes in some part of the system. Predictions can be made from the analysis. 

simulated annealing - an algorithm used for set coverage analysis (see Kiester et al., in

press) 

species richness - the number of species of a particular interest group found in a given 

area 

spectral cluster - a group of adjacent pixels that are uniform with respect to their 

brightness values 

110
supervised classification - the process of classifying TM pixels of unknown identity by

using samples of known identity (i.e., pixels already assigned to informational 

classes by ground truthing or registration with known land cover) as training data 

synoptic - constituting a brief statement or outline of a subject; presenting a summary

tessellation - the division of a map into areas of equal and uniform shape such as the 

EPA- EMAP hexagon 

Thematic Mapper - a sensor on LANDSAT 4 and 5 satellites that records information in 

seven spectral bands, has a spatial resolution of about 30 m x 30 m, and represents 

digital values in 256 levels of brightness per band 

transect - a transversely cut line along which physical and biological observations are 

made 

trophic structure - the various levels in a food chain, such as producers (plants), primary

consumers (herbivores), and secondary consumers (carnivores) 

Universal Transverse Mercator - one of several map projections or systems of 

transformations that enables locations on the spherical earth to be represented 

systematically on a flat map 

Universal Transverse Mercator grid - a geographic reference system used as the basis for 

worldwide locational coding of information in a GIS or on a map 

unsupervised classification - the definition, identification, labeling, and mapping of 

natural groups, or classes, of spectral values within a scene. These spectral classes 

are reasonably uniform in brightness in several spectral channels. 

vector format - a data structure that uses polygons, arcs (lines), and points as fundamental 

units for analysis and manipulation in a Geographic Information System 

virtual reality - a computer-generated simulation of reality with which users can interact

using specialized peripherals such as data gloves and head-mounted computer 

graphic displays

wildlife habitat relationship model - a method of linking patterns of known habitat use by

animal species with maps of existing vegetation, thereby identifying the spatial 

extent of important habitat features for use in conservation and management. 

 

111
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 

ACSM American Congress on Surveying and Mapping 

ADAMAS Aquatic Database Management System 

ADEM Alabama Department of Environmental Management 

AML ARC/INFO Macro Language 

ASPRS American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (satellite system) 

BEST Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends 

BLM Bureau of Land Management 

CAFF Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna 

C-CAP Coastwatch Change Analysis Program (NOAA) 

CDC Conservation Data Center 

CEC Council on Environmental Cooperation 

CENR Committee on Environment and Natural Resources 

CERES California Environmental Resources Evaluation System 

CIESIN Consortium for Internat'l Earth Science Information Network 

CODA Conservation Options and Decision Analysis (software) 

CRMP Coordinated Resource Management Plan 

CRT Cathode ray tube (?) 

CRUC Cooperative Research Unit Center 

DLG-E Digital line graph - enhanced 

DOI Department of the Interior 

EDC EROS Data Center 

ECOMAP The National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units mapping 

project of the USDA Forest Service 

EMAP Environmental Monitoring & Assessment Program 

EMAP-LC EMAP-Landscape Characterization (USEPA) 

EMSL Environmental Monitoring & Systems Laboratory (USEPA) 

EMTC Environmental Management Technical Center (NBS) 

EOS Earth Observing System 

EOSAT Earth Observation Satellite Company (the commercial operator of

the 

Landsat satellite system) 

EOSDIS EOS Data & Information System 

ERL Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis (USEPA) 

EROS Earth Resources Observation Systems (USGS) 

ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute 

ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus 

FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee 

112
FTP file transfer protocol 

FY iscal Year 

GAO General Accounting Office (Congress) 

GAP Gap Analysis Program 

GCDIS Global Change Data and Information System 

GLIS Global Land Information System (USGS) 

GLOBE Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment 

GPS Global Positioning System 

GRASS Geographic Resources Analysis Support System 

GRIS Geographic Resource Information Systems 

HRMSI High Resolution Multispectral Stereo Imager 

IALE International Association of Landscape Ecology 

IDRISI A GIS developed by Clark University 

LAPS Land Acquisition Priority System 

LC/LU Land Cover/Land Use (USGS) 

MIPS Map and Image Processing System 

MOU Memorandum of Understanding 

MMU Minimum mapping unit 

MRLC Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium 

MSS Multi-Spectral Scanner 

MTPE Mission to Planet Earth 

NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement 

NALC North American Landscape Characterization (USEPA, USGS) 

NAWQA National Water Quality Assessment (USGS) 

NBII National Biological Information Infrastructure 

NBS National Biological Service 

NCCP Natural Communities Conservation Planning program (in CA) 

NDCDB National Digital Cartographic Data Base 

NERC National Ecology Research Center (Ft. Collins, CO) 

NMD National Mapping Division 

NPS National Park Service 

NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure 

NSTC National Science and Technology Council 

NWI National Wetlands Inventory (USFWS) 

OMB Office of Management and Budget (Administration) 

OSIS Oregon Species Information System 

PARC Public Access Resource Center 

PI Principal Investigator 

SAB Science Advisory Board (USEPA) 

SCICOLL Scientific Collections Permit Database 

SDTS Spatial Data Transfer Standard 

113
SGID State Geographic Information Database 

SNEP Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project 

SOFIA Southern Forest Inventory and Analysis 

SPOT Système Pour l'Observation de la Terre 

RMSE Root mean square error 

TIGER Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing 

system 

(used for U.S. census) 

TM Thematic Mapper 

TNC The Nature Conservancy 

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural 

Organization 

URISA Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. 

URL Universal Resource Locator 

USFS US Forest Service 

USFWS US Fish & Wildlife Service 

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 

UVM University of Vermont 

WHRM Wildlife/habitat relationship model 

WISCLAND Wisconsin Initiative for Statewide Cooperation on Landscape 

Analysis 

and Data 

114
Appendix A. Vegetation crosswalk between The Nature Conservancy’s (TNC) vegetation 

classification and Texas Parks and Wildlife’s (TPW) vegetation types of Texas. 

TNC codes correspond to TX-GAP’s vegetation classification scheme found in 

the GIS layer. 

TNC 

Code 

TNC Vegetation Classification TPW Vegetation 

Types 

1 Water 47 

4 Cropland (irrigated, row, herbaceous, etc.) 44 

5 Urban Area 46 

25 Wetland 39, 43 

7 Rounded-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar NeedleLeaved Evergreen Forest 40, 41, 42 

51 Lowland or Submontane Cold-Deciduous Forest 31. 36 

63 Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Forest 38 

33 Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Woodland 23, 25, 33 

29 Round-Crowned Temperate or Subploar NeedleLeaved Evergreen Woodland 26a, 26b, 27, 29, 34 

22 Cold-Deciduous Woodland 23, 24, 30a 30b, 

30c, 34 

20 Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Woodland 37 

55 Planted or Cultivated Woodland 41 

47 Mixed Broad-Leaved Evergreen Cold-Deciduous 

Woodland 

23, 25, 30a,30b, 

30c, 33 

40 Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 8, 23, 26a, 26b, 27, 

29, 34, 41 

19 Sclerophyllous Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen 

Shrubland 21, 28 

9 Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland 10, 14, 21, 32 

42 Temporarily Flooded Microphyllous Shrubland 9, 18 

18 Evergreen Extremely Xeromorphic Subdesert 

Shrubland 5, 6, 7 

12 Facultatively Deciduous Extremely Xeromorphic 

Subdesert Shrubland 9 
TNC 

Code TNC Vegetation Classification TPW Vegetation 

Types 

11 Succulent Extremely Xeromorphic Evergreen Shrubland 9, 10. 11a, 11b, 13a, 

13b, 13c, 15, 20 

8 Extremely Xeromorphic Deciduous Shrubland 5, 6, 7, 8 

10 Lowland Mixed Evergreen Drought Deciduous 

Shrubland 

11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 

13a, 13b, 13c, 14, 

15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 

20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 

26b, 35 

38 Tall Sod Temperate Grassland 43 

56 Medium-Tall Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 43 

13 Medium-Tall Bunch Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 1, 3, 4, 45 

21 Short Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 1, 2 

28 Intermittently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 2 

17 Semipermanently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar 

Grassland 31, 36, 38 

36 Temporarily Flooded Temperate Grassland with Sparse 

Cold-Deciduous Trees 45 

14 Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Shrub 

Layer 1, 2 

45 Low Tropical or Subtropical Perennial Forb Vegetation 43 

24 Annual Graminoid or Forb Vegetation 1, 2, 3, 4, 45 

37 Dunes with Sparse Herbaceous Vegetation 43 

34 Sand Flats 43 
Appendix B. Landcover classification for TX-GAP crosswalked with the national Vegetation Classification Syst

and the landcover description. Landcover Classification NVCS Code Landcover Description

1 Water2 Bare Soil3 Cropland (irrigated, row, herbaceous, etc.) 4 Urban Area5 Wetland6 I.A.8.N.b. Rounded-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergre

 I.A.8.N.b.090. Ponderosa Pine Forest Alliance  I.A.8.N.b.160. Loblolly Pine Forest Alliance 

7 I.B.2.N.a. Lowland or Submontane Cold-Deciduous Forest 

 I.B.2.N.a.325. Water Oak Forest Alliance 

8 I.B.2.N.d. Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Forest 

 I.B.2.N.d.070. Pecan - (Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance 

9 II.A.2.N.a. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Woodland 

 II.A.2.N.a.030. Gray Oak Woodland Alliance  II.A.2.N.a.040. Live Oak Woodland Alliance 

10 II.A.4.N.a. Round-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergreen 

 II.A.4.N.a.010. Ashe Juniper Woodland Alliance  II.A.4.N.a.013. Alligator Juniper Woodland Alliance 

 II.A.4.N.a.020. One-Seed Juniper Woodland Alliance  II.A.4.N.a.030. Redberry Juniper Woodland Alliance  II.A.4.N.a.110. Pinyon Woodland Alliance 

 Juniper/Oak Species Mix 

11 II.B.2.N.a. Cold-Deciduous Woodland 

 II.B.2.N.a.050. Honey Mesquite Woodland Alliance 
Table 3.4. Continued. 

Landcover Classification NVCS Code Landcover Description

 II.B.2.N.a.160. Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Woodland Alliance 

12 II.B.2.N.b. Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Woodland 

 II.B.2.N.b.030. Western Cottonwood - Willow Riverfront Forest 

13 II.B.2.N.c. Planted/Cultivated Woodland 14 II.C.2.N.a. Mixed Broad-Leaved Evergreen - Cold-Deciduous Woodland 

 II.C.2.N.a.060. Live Oak - Post Oak Woodland Alliance 

15 III.A.2.N.a. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 

 Rhus aromatica 

16 III.A.2.N.c. Sclerophyllous Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland 

 III.A.2.N.c.020. Havard Oak Shrubland Alliance 

17 III.A.4.N.a. Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland 

 III.A.4.N.a.010. Sandsage Shrubland Alliance 

18 III.A.4.N.c. Temporarily Flooded Microphyllous Shrubland 

 III.A.4.N.c. 010. Tamarisk Species Temporarily Flooded Shrubland 

19 III.A.5.N.a. Evergreen Extremely Xeromorphic Subdesert Shrubland 

 III.A.5.N.a.005. Tarbush Shrubland Alliance 

 III.A.5.N.a.007. Ocotillo Shrubland Alliance 

 III.A.5.N.a.010. Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance 

20 III.A.5.N.b. Facultatively Deciduous Extremely Xeromorphic Subdeset Shr

 III.A.5.N.b.010. Fourwing Saltbush Shrubland Alliance 

21 III.A.5.N.c. Succulent Extremely Xeromorphic Evergreen Shrubland 

 III.A.5.N.c.012. Opuntia Imbricata Shrubland Alliance 

22 III.B.3.N.a. Extremely Xeromorphic Deciduous Shrubland 

 III.B.3.N.a. Catclaw Acacia  III.B.3.N.a. Whitethorn Acacia  III.B.3.N.a.040. Honey Mesquite Shrubland Alliance 
Table 3.4. Continued. 

Landcover Classification NVCS Code Landcover Description

 III.C.1.N.a. Mesquite-Juniper pinchotti  III.C.1.N.a. Mesquite-Oak (Quercus species) Brushland 

24 V.A.5.N.a. Tall Sod Temperate Grassland 

 V.A.5.N.a.130. Sea Oats Temperate Herbaceous Alliance 

25 V.A.5.N.c. Medium-Tall Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 

 (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids) 

 V.A.5.N.c.202. Gulf Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance 

26 V.A.5.N.d. Medium-Tall Bunch Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 

 V.A.5.N.d.011. Tobosa Herbaceous Alliance  V.A.5.N.d. Sporobolus Flexuosus Herbaceous Alliance  V.A.5.N.d. Bluestem Grassland, including CRP 

27 V.A.5.N.e. Short Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 

 V.A.5.N.e.010. Blue Grama Herbaceous Alliance  V.A.5.N.e. Burrograss Herbaceous Alliance 

28 V.A.5.N.i. Intermittently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland (e.g., Play29 V.A.5.N.l. Semipermanently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland 

 V.A.5.N.l.010. Common Reed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Allian

 V.A.5.N.l. Cane/Hardwood Bottomlands 

30 V.A.6.N.l. Temporarily Flooded Temperate Grassland With Sparse Cold-Decid

 V.A.6.N.l.020. Eastern Cottonwood Wooded Herbaceous Alliance 

31 V.A.7.N. Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Shrub Layer 32 V.A.7.N.m. Short Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Xeromorphic 

 V.A.7.N.m.010. Hairy Grama - Blue Grama - Black Grama Shrub Herbaceou V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Deciduous Shrubland 
Table 3.4. Continued. 

Landcover Classification NVCS Code Landcover Description

 V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Microphyllous Evergreen Shr V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shru

33 V.B.1.N.b. Low Tropical or Subtropical Perennial Forb Vegetation 

 V.B.1.N.b.005. Ipomoea pes-caprae Herbaceous Alliance 

34 V.D. Annual Graminoid or Forb Vegetation 35 VII.A. Consolidated Rock Sparse Vegetation 36 VII.C.1.N.a. Dunes with Sparse Herbaceous Vegetation 37 VII.C.2.N.a. Sand Flats 
APPENDIX C2 Major Land Ownership (Area km2/%)

Private/

TNC elcode Unidentified % CFIS % DOD % FISH % NFS % NG % NPS % NWR % PARK % WMA % SUM_OF_AREAS

abnca02010 17,940.000 92.990 0.113 0.001 36.280 0.188 0.000 0.000 732.760 3.798 0.000 0.000 173.230 0.898 233.870 1.212 48.276 0.250 127.790 0.662 19,292.319

abnca03030 5,589.900 97.954 0.000 0.000 36.280 0.636 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.980 0.630 25.847 0.453 0.000 0.000 18.679 0.327 0.000 0.000 5,706.686

abnfc01010 1,404.500 87.564 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 180.050 11.225 0.000 0.000 19.424 1.211 1,603.974

abnfc01020 1,404.500 87.564 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 180.050 11.225 0.000 0.000 19.424 1.211 1,603.974

abnfd01020 12,325.000 89.359 0.000 0.000 4.018 0.029 0.000 0.000 1,067.500 7.740 60.345 0.438 226.590 1.643 19.626 0.142 43.060 0.312 46.599 0.338 13,792.738

abnfd01030 18,287.000 96.094 0.113 0.001 54.967 0.289 0.000 0.000 65.489 0.344 1.863 0.010 83.730 0.440 286.070 1.503 66.744 0.351 184.280 0.968 19,030.255

abnfe01010 23,081.000 92.332 0.113 0.000 57.640 0.231 0.000 0.000 1,177.400 4.710 7.225 0.029 91.028 0.364 310.060 1.240 67.368 0.269 206.080 0.824 24,997.914

abnga02010 22,757.000 94.107 0.113 0.000 36.280 0.150 0.000 0.000 732.760 3.030 0.000 0.000 130.870 0.541 320.380 1.325 48.284 0.200 156.300 0.646 24,181.987

abnga04010 68,944.000 90.452 0.113 0.000 133.420 0.175 0.000 0.000 5,610.400 7.361 92.016 0.121 638.180 0.837 389.020 0.510 164.480 0.216 250.000 0.328 76,221.629

abnga04040 28,813.000 93.413 0.113 0.000 57.640 0.187 0.000 0.000 1,082.300 3.509 7.225 0.023 255.230 0.827 326.200 1.058 94.171 0.305 208.920 0.677 30,844.799

abnga06030 13,298.000 97.405 0.113 0.001 36.280 0.266 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 244.010 1.787 32.084 0.235 41.739 0.306 13,652.227

abnga06040 21,903.000 96.787 0.113 0.001 36.280 0.160 0.000 0.000 104.640 0.462 28.747 0.127 4.253 0.019 304.330 1.345 86.306 0.381 162.330 0.717 22,629.998

abnga06050 9,195.700 92.434 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 477.680 4.802 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 220.020 2.212 13.892 0.140 40.994 0.412 9,948.399

abnga06060 10,755.000 95.490 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.770 0.912 352.240 3.127 7.582 0.067 45.295 0.402 11,263.000

abnga07010 157,020.000 96.558 0.113 0.000 279.860 0.172 0.081 0.000 1,867.900 1.149 1,570.100 0.966 665.950 0.410 516.670 0.318 321.980 0.198 374.660 0.230 162,617.314

abnga08010 76,976.000 91.173 0.113 0.000 258.100 0.306 0.000 0.000 5,617.800 6.654 81.470 0.096 642.180 0.761 399.220 0.473 200.910 0.238 252.300 0.299 84,428.093

abnga11010 65,662.000 90.240 0.113 0.000 133.420 0.183 0.000 0.000 5,610.400 7.710 92.016 0.126 636.180 0.874 277.880 0.382 131.200 0.180 220.270 0.303 72,763.479

abnga13010 65,983.000 90.128 0.113 0.000 133.420 0.182 0.000 0.000 5,610.400 7.663 56.036 0.077 629.390 0.860 389.020 0.531 160.840 0.220 248.170 0.339 73,210.389

abnge01010 15,166.000 92.421 0.113 0.001 2.673 0.016 0.000 0.000 749.360 4.567 2.892 0.018 85.374 0.520 265.990 1.621 44.121 0.269 93.142 0.568 16,409.665

abnge02020 16,076.000 93.115 0.113 0.001 36.280 0.210 0.000 0.000 833.780 4.829 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 244.010 1.413 32.813 0.190 41.739 0.242 17,264.736

abnge05010 5,444.000 90.709 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 331.400 5.522 0.000 0.000 83.892 1.398 94.211 1.570 23.806 0.397 24.300 0.405 6,001.609

abnjb01010 11,414.000 97.771 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 197.110 1.688 31.590 0.271 31.574 0.270 11,674.274

abnjb01040 6,738.200 96.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.320 1.182 130.050 1.867 11.194 0.161 4.868 0.070 6,966.633

abnjb09010 140,280.000 97.504 0.113 0.000 525.750 0.365 0.000 0.000 917.190 0.638 257.520 0.179 357.110 0.248 458.400 0.319 774.980 0.539 300.080 0.209 143,871.143

abnjb10050 15,536.000 92.427 0.113 0.001 2.535 0.015 0.000 0.000 763.380 4.541 4.577 0.027 82.320 0.490 279.540 1.663 50.625 0.301 89.934 0.535 16,809.025

abnjb10060 57,740.000 89.451 0.113 0.000 114.730 0.178 0.000 0.000 5,570.600 8.630 28.747 0.045 490.030 0.759 304.520 0.472 122.180 0.189 178.480 0.277 64,549.400

abnjb10110 15,659.000 95.935 0.113 0.001 51.929 0.318 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55.574 0.340 154.300 0.945 230.720 1.414 41.796 0.256 129.150 0.791 16,322.583

abnjb10130 14,141.000 90.760 0.113 0.001 4.018 0.026 0.000 0.000 1,067.500 6.851 3.726 0.024 0.032 0.000 237.010 1.521 54.886 0.352 72.284 0.464 15,580.569

abnjb10140 2,647.700 93.951 0.000 0.000 51.929 1.843 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 19.594 0.695 71.977 2.554 17.221 0.611 9.752 0.346 0.000 0.000 2,818.173

abnjb10150 11,193.000 96.452 0.113 0.001 51.929 0.447 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55.574 0.479 71.977 0.620 187.270 1.614 25.466 0.219 19.367 0.167 11,604.697

abnjb10160 17,951.000 91.769 0.113 0.001 4.018 0.021 0.000 0.000 1,067.500 5.457 60.345 0.308 72.009 0.368 254.230 1.300 61.592 0.315 90.202 0.461 19,561.009

abnjb10180 18,136.000 92.011 0.113 0.001 4.018 0.020 0.000 0.000 1,067.500 5.416 24.365 0.124 72.009 0.365 254.230 1.290 62.176 0.315 90.202 0.458 19,710.612

abnjb11030 5,657.700 97.292 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 55.574 0.956 71.977 1.238 17.221 0.296 12.709 0.219 0.000 0.000 5,815.180

abnjb20010 13,538.000 94.269 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 512.930 3.572 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 244.010 1.699 24.405 0.170 41.513 0.289 14,360.971

abnjb22010 8,291.100 94.663 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 255.080 2.912 35.980 0.411 105.920 1.209 61.925 0.707 8.149 0.093 0.421 0.005 8,758.575

abnjb22020 8,215.400 96.380 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.320 0.966 198.120 2.324 8.311 0.097 19.740 0.232 8,524.004

abnka01010 492,560.000 97.205 0.000 0.000 905.050 0.179 0.081 0.000 6,183.000 1.220 2,009.700 0.397 2,241.500 0.442 583.610 0.115 1,451.700 0.286 790.350 0.156 506,724.991

abnka02010 331,480.000 96.848 0.113 0.000 965.700 0.282 0.081 0.000 2,024.000 0.591 1,955.500 0.571 2,679.200 0.783 1,058.800 0.309 1,165.300 0.340 940.720 0.275 342,269.414

abnkc01010 55,474.000 91.635 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.130 0.000 0.000 4,455.400 7.360 0.000 0.000 245.570 0.406 73.127 0.121 32.975 0.054 178.470 0.295 60,537.990

abnkc03010 1,570.200 99.239 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.903 0.689 0.000 0.000 1.142 0.072 1,582.245

abnkc04010 911.410 97.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 23.984 2.562 0.000 0.000 0.745 0.080 936.139

abnkc06010 128,870.000 95.946 0.000 0.000 514.510 0.383 0.000 0.000 4,054.300 3.019 66.185 0.049 261.720 0.195 204.400 0.152 145.500 0.108 198.410 0.148 134,315.025

abnkc09010 168,110.000 95.864 0.000 0.000 646.140 0.368 0.000 0.000 4,084.500 2.329 313.400 0.179 926.580 0.528 161.370 0.092 903.260 0.515 217.540 0.124 175,362.790

abnkc10010 107,450.000 93.647 0.113 0.000 115.110 0.100 0.000 0.000 5,693.600 4.962 288.590 0.252 317.430 0.277 465.500 0.406 179.030 0.156 229.870 0.200 114,739.243

abnkc12020 206,690.000 96.240 0.000 0.000 659.030 0.307 0.000 0.000 4,196.400 1.954 318.280 0.148 1,523.200 0.709 66.606 0.031 956.640 0.445 354.250 0.165 214,764.406

abnkc12040 134,170.000 95.404 0.000 0.000 607.220 0.432 0.000 0.000 4,174.000 2.968 36.798 0.026 411.770 0.293 179.780 0.128 814.180 0.579 239.270 0.170 140,633.018

abnkc15010 55.193 42.051 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 75.419 57.461 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.640 0.488 131.252

abnkc16010 116,110.000 98.042 0.000 0.000 15.333 0.013 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,303.200 1.100 124.670 0.105 685.030 0.578 190.930 0.161 118,429.163

abnkc19010 2,743.000 98.485 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.334 31.266 1.123 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.058 2,785.201

abnkc19030 167,430.000 96.005 0.000 0.000 609.660 0.350 0.000 0.000 5,025.500 2.882 286.340 0.164 353.620 0.203 218.340 0.125 284.120 0.163 190.050 0.109 174,397.630

abnkc19050 121,010.000 94.813 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.445 0.000 0.000 4,921.200 3.856 286.270 0.224 318.180 0.249 185.320 0.145 198.980 0.156 142.800 0.112 127,630.680

abnkc19070 306,830.000 97.479 0.000 0.000 434.300 0.138 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,705.300 0.542 3,501.000 1.112 374.210 0.119 1,173.500 0.373 745.390 0.237 314,763.781
abnkc19080 30,918.000 98.541 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 44.979 0.143 350.850 1.118 11.713 0.037 50.252 0.160 31,375.875

abnkc19090 19,145.000 95.876 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 192.550 0.964 0.000 0.000 565.030 2.830 65.894 0.330 19,968.474

abnkc19110 309,610.000 96.370 0.000 0.000 811.510 0.253 0.081 0.000 6,056.300 1.885 1,856.400 0.578 955.940 0.298 448.210 0.140 1,072.200 0.334 459.940 0.143 321,270.581

abnkc22010 12,245.000 90.259 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.471 0.018 683.160 5.036 4.982 0.037 537.050 3.959 93.806 0.691 13,566.468

abnkd02010 125,870.000 97.868 0.000 0.000 126.370 0.098 0.000 0.000 98.674 0.077 0.000 0.000 1,332.800 1.036 216.380 0.168 726.130 0.565 241.230 0.188 128,611.584

abnkd06020 82,622.000 98.121 0.000 0.000 2.438 0.003 0.000 0.000 111.930 0.133 286.340 0.340 192.340 0.228 66.606 0.079 755.670 0.897 167.210 0.199 84,204.534

abnkd06070 32,318.000 92.169 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.958 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.514 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.770 206.720 0.590 35,063.830

abnkd06090 73,719.000 95.840 0.000 0.000 204.380 0.266 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,411.100 1.835 604.260 0.786 34.960 0.045 736.480 0.957 208.680 0.271 76,918.860

abnlb01020 3,164.000 96.730 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.285 96.009 2.935 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.050 3,270.944

abnlc13010 2,249.400 93.284 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 132.390 5.490 0.842 0.035 28.715 1.191 2,411.347

abnlc13020 20,360.000 96.540 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 683.980 3.243 0.988 0.005 33.202 0.157 0.000 0.000 11.470 0.054 21,089.640

abnlc14010 284,500.000 97.489 0.000 0.000 604.410 0.207 0.000 0.000 4,943.600 1.694 450.170 0.154 398.800 0.137 235.690 0.081 386.320 0.132 308.890 0.106 291,827.880

abnlc19010 36,924.000 92.988 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.846 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.103 0.000 0.000 998.690 2.515 217.920 0.549 39,708.450

abnlc21020 302,140.000 96.931 0.000 0.000 154.130 0.049 0.081 0.000 5,995.400 1.923 1,861.100 0.597 449.600 0.144 478.840 0.154 252.640 0.081 374.160 0.120 311,705.951

abnlc23010 164,900.000 97.210 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.091 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.500 0.060 3,006.300 1.772 57.794 0.034 884.800 0.522 526.210 0.310 169,632.554

abnlc23030 1,277.600 67.798 0.000 0.000 20.825 1.105 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 491.910 26.104 0.000 0.000 93.369 4.955 0.721 0.038 1,884.425

abnme05010 9,738.100 95.945 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 80.069 0.789 264.340 2.604 23.401 0.231 43.659 0.430 10,149.682

abnme05020 11,246.000 93.517 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 331.400 2.756 1.264 0.011 83.892 0.698 265.170 2.205 34.830 0.290 62.905 0.523 12,025.573

abnme05030 10,391.000 94.314 0.113 0.001 38.580 0.350 0.000 0.000 257.460 2.337 35.980 0.327 12.587 0.114 222.040 2.015 17.472 0.159 42.258 0.384 11,017.491

abnme08020 26,151.000 95.554 0.113 0.000 54.383 0.199 0.000 0.000 331.400 1.211 63.852 0.233 168.180 0.615 317.110 1.159 84.799 0.310 196.850 0.719 27,367.688

abnme12010 8,639.800 96.480 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.896 0.044 84.977 0.949 145.630 1.626 38.637 0.431 42.112 0.470 8,955.052

abnme13010 25,171.000 93.875 0.113 0.000 56.919 0.212 0.000 0.000 747.690 2.788 65.124 0.243 169.660 0.633 317.570 1.184 80.506 0.300 204.780 0.764 26,813.362

abnme14020 25,801.000 95.953 0.113 0.000 54.383 0.202 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 65.124 0.242 368.250 1.370 317.570 1.181 89.165 0.332 193.500 0.720 26,889.106

abnnb03030 15,751.000 95.096 0.000 0.000 182.060 1.099 0.000 0.000 259.560 1.567 35.980 0.217 170.910 1.032 111.130 0.671 39.066 0.236 13.519 0.082 16,563.225

abnnb03040 12,155.000 94.317 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.264 486.830 3.778 29.614 0.230 52.885 0.410 12,887.362

abnnb03090 105,740.000 97.112 0.000 0.000 130.430 0.120 0.081 0.000 1,135.100 1.042 946.740 0.869 422.530 0.388 116.770 0.107 212.240 0.195 180.330 0.166 108,884.221

abnnc01010 12,178.000 94.327 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.262 486.830 3.771 29.614 0.229 52.885 0.410 12,910.362

abnnd01010 25,482.000 91.280 0.113 0.000 55.242 0.198 0.000 0.000 1,064.200 3.812 59.057 0.212 478.880 1.715 488.980 1.752 87.512 0.313 200.180 0.717 27,916.165

abnnd02010 22,063.000 94.865 0.113 0.000 201.420 0.866 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 58.093 0.250 244.960 1.053 539.130 2.318 71.410 0.307 79.218 0.341 23,257.344

abnnf02010 12,889.000 92.753 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 255.080 1.836 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.172 486.830 3.503 33.186 0.239 68.980 0.496 13,896.109

abnnf19020 58,414.000 91.017 0.000 0.000 79.688 0.124 0.000 0.000 4,917.300 7.662 28.820 0.045 329.570 0.514 181.240 0.282 82.004 0.128 146.650 0.229 64,179.272

abnnm03010 22,382.000 95.880 0.113 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 0.698 649.760 2.783 64.776 0.277 84.200 0.361 23,343.769

abnnm08010 12,178.000 94.327 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.262 486.830 3.771 29.614 0.229 52.885 0.410 12,910.362

abnnm08020 12,887.000 94.123 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.190 520.150 3.799 45.498 0.332 75.954 0.555 13,691.635

abnnm08030 12,162.000 94.320 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.263 486.830 3.776 29.614 0.230 52.885 0.410 12,894.362

abnnm08050 12,178.000 94.327 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.262 486.830 3.771 29.614 0.229 52.885 0.410 12,910.362

abnnm08090 12,628.000 94.493 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.219 486.830 3.643 33.186 0.248 52.885 0.396 13,363.934

abnnm08100 23,630.000 91.571 0.113 0.000 3.402 0.013 0.000 0.000 1,079.100 4.182 1.458 0.006 424.350 1.644 458.950 1.779 96.026 0.372 111.850 0.433 25,805.249

abnnm08150 11,180.000 94.625 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.379 420.930 3.563 15.682 0.133 35.446 0.300 11,815.091

abnnm14010 11,329.000 94.675 0.113 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.920 1.362 423.010 3.535 15.682 0.131 35.446 0.296 11,966.171

abnpb01060 998.070 96.392 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.900 26.900 2.598 0.000 0.000 1.142 0.110 1,035.427

abnpb01080 31,935.000 92.083 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.968 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.553 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.801 206.720 0.596 34,680.830

abnpb04010 72,782.000 97.082 0.000 0.000 35.543 0.047 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,048.700 1.399 233.560 0.312 694.380 0.926 175.300 0.234 74,969.483

abnpb04040 337,090.000 98.062 0.000 0.000 420.280 0.122 0.081 0.000 1,164.900 0.339 1,821.800 0.530 1,774.900 0.516 374.590 0.109 557.320 0.162 547.720 0.159 343,751.591

abnpb06010 128,970.000 98.467 0.000 0.000 159.350 0.122 0.000 0.000 29.776 0.023 61.398 0.047 1,263.100 0.964 102.650 0.078 210.830 0.161 181.380 0.138 130,978.484

abnpb06020 116,370.000 96.157 0.000 0.000 189.170 0.156 0.000 0.000 21.141 0.017 0.000 0.000 3,013.000 2.490 102.640 0.085 850.350 0.703 474.550 0.392 121,020.851

abnpb08010 16,206.000 99.225 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.136 102.640 0.628 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.010 16,332.535

abnrb02020 344,200.000 97.164 0.000 0.000 680.810 0.192 0.000 0.000 5,055.300 1.427 450.240 0.127 1,797.700 0.507 390.170 0.110 1,164.600 0.329 506.870 0.143 354,245.690

abnrb09020 206,660.000 96.247 0.000 0.000 130.260 0.061 0.000 0.000 4,799.600 2.235 98.375 0.046 1,618.900 0.754 239.960 0.112 812.330 0.378 358.680 0.167 214,718.105

abnrb11030 35,109.000 99.162 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 110.240 0.311 102.640 0.290 7.889 0.022 75.816 0.214 35,405.585

abnsa01010 422,130.000 98.235 0.000 0.000 474.310 0.110 0.081 0.000 1,306.200 0.304 2,058.000 0.479 1,843.700 0.429 615.830 0.143 605.610 0.141 680.850 0.158 429,714.581

abnsb01020 29,719.000 91.836 0.000 0.000 335.740 1.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,128.200 3.486 0.000 0.000 971.270 3.001 206.590 0.638 32,360.800

abnsb01030 168,250.000 95.596 0.000 0.000 692.830 0.394 0.000 0.000 4,928.600 2.800 311.700 0.177 520.170 0.296 259.210 0.147 822.510 0.467 216.170 0.123 176,001.190

abnsb01040 22,013.000 83.664 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.589 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,029.800 11.515 0.000 0.000 728.200 2.768 385.350 1.465 26,311.300

abnsb05010 174,130.000 95.626 0.000 0.000 609.660 0.335 0.000 0.000 5,025.500 2.760 286.340 0.157 581.030 0.319 282.540 0.155 920.810 0.506 259.080 0.142 182,094.960
abnsb08040 4,675.300 97.146 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.194 124.670 2.590 0.000 0.000 3.362 0.070 4,812.647

abnsb09010 21,758.000 83.437 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.594 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,029.800 11.619 0.000 0.000 728.200 2.792 406.120 1.557 26,077.070

abnsb10010 110,450.000 98.122 0.000 0.000 91.230 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,139.800 1.013 467.570 0.415 64.662 0.057 194.710 0.173 156.130 0.139 112,564.103

abnsb12010 1,496.800 74.962 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 9.266 0.000 0.000 296.140 14.831 18.800 0.942 1,996.750

abnsb12020 126,550.000 95.032 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.426 0.000 0.000 4,921.200 3.696 286.270 0.215 319.370 0.240 185.320 0.139 192.660 0.145 142.800 0.107 133,165.550

abnsb15020 31,689.000 92.677 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.982 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,228.300 3.592 0.000 0.000 769.000 2.249 170.830 0.500 34,192.870

abnta02010 164,720.000 96.568 0.000 0.000 359.330 0.211 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,440.600 2.017 334.640 0.196 1,063.700 0.624 655.820 0.384 170,574.171

abnta02020 410,840.000 98.127 0.000 0.000 909.770 0.217 0.081 0.000 1,200.700 0.287 2,038.000 0.487 1,923.000 0.459 418.830 0.100 743.690 0.178 607.680 0.145 418,681.751

abnta03010 23,995.000 99.418 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.092 102.640 0.425 0.097 0.000 15.512 0.064 24,135.524

abnta04010 171,840.000 97.261 0.000 0.000 191.430 0.108 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 163.900 0.093 3,009.800 1.704 41.950 0.024 905.560 0.513 525.960 0.298 176,678.600

abnta07010 109,240.000 94.324 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.490 0.000 0.000 4,921.200 4.249 286.270 0.247 319.370 0.276 167.050 0.144 167.410 0.145 143.800 0.124 115,813.030

abnta07070 31,971.000 92.091 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.967 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.549 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.798 206.720 0.595 34,716.830

abnua03010 7,833.300 97.890 0.000 0.000 99.136 1.239 0.000 0.000 7.363 0.092 25.434 0.318 18.986 0.237 0.000 0.000 15.609 0.195 2.357 0.029 8,002.185

abnua06010 22,792.000 91.229 0.000 0.000 52.399 0.210 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,212.400 4.853 0.000 0.000 766.370 3.068 160.150 0.641 24,983.319

abnuc19020 83.487 5.702 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,380.100 94.253 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.664 0.045 1,464.251

abnuc29130 7,449.000 98.361 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.294 100.250 1.324 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.021 7,573.145

abnuc34040 179.540 18.489 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 791.500 81.511 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 971.040

abnuc37010 30,669.000 91.798 0.000 0.000 335.740 1.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.688 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.907 201.290 0.602 33,409.400

abnuc44010 29,425.000 91.777 0.000 0.000 335.740 1.047 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,128.200 3.519 0.000 0.000 971.270 3.029 201.290 0.628 32,061.500

abnuc45010 104,940.000 98.637 0.000 0.000 590.610 0.555 0.000 0.000 90.769 0.085 282.960 0.266 17.844 0.017 188.570 0.177 160.010 0.150 119.390 0.112 106,390.153

abnuc45020 197,850.000 97.149 0.000 0.000 684.750 0.336 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 236.490 0.116 3,168.800 1.556 102.640 0.050 1,099.600 0.540 513.610 0.252 203,655.890

abnuc51010 31,717.000 91.955 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.973 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,244.900 3.609 16.305 0.047 971.270 2.816 206.530 0.599 34,491.745

abnxd01010 21.684 85.746 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.248 12.844 0.211 0.833 0.146 0.577 25.288

abnxd01020 245,360.000 96.224 0.113 0.000 683.260 0.268 0.000 0.000 5,774.700 2.265 373.250 0.146 1,334.000 0.523 469.350 0.184 538.500 0.211 455.960 0.179 254,989.133

abnxd02020 74,574.000 96.933 0.000 0.000 15.544 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,294.700 1.683 190.420 0.248 696.840 0.906 162.320 0.211 76,933.824

abnyf04040 122,600.000 95.497 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.442 0.000 0.000 4,143.400 3.227 286.270 0.223 236.390 0.184 185.320 0.144 218.760 0.170 142.800 0.111 128,380.870

abnyf04050 33,262.000 92.307 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.932 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,247.300 3.461 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.695 217.790 0.604 36,034.100

abnyf04160 148,830.000 99.556 0.000 0.000 5.346 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 127.190 0.085 124.670 0.083 240.500 0.161 166.580 0.111 149,494.286

abnyf04170 84,638.000 93.330 0.000 0.000 113.900 0.126 0.000 0.000 5,025.500 5.542 111.250 0.123 316.800 0.349 168.820 0.186 112.640 0.124 199.790 0.220 90,686.700

abnyf05040 5,176.400 94.811 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 242.500 4.442 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 40.800 0.747 5,459.700

abnyf07010 237,690.000 98.647 0.000 0.000 545.130 0.226 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 338.990 0.141 1,444.600 0.600 107.620 0.045 545.490 0.226 278.180 0.115 240,950.010

abnyf07030 146,560.000 95.474 0.000 0.000 609.660 0.397 0.000 0.000 5,025.500 3.274 286.340 0.187 320.180 0.209 256.270 0.167 247.780 0.161 202.400 0.132 153,508.130

abnyf07040 123,200.000 94.787 0.000 0.000 504.080 0.388 0.000 0.000 4,914.100 3.781 153.990 0.118 590.210 0.454 145.260 0.112 333.640 0.257 134.570 0.104 129,975.850

abnyf07060 21,971.000 84.088 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.300 0.000 0.000 3,808.100 14.574 0.000 0.000 233.010 0.892 0.000 0.000 23.944 0.092 14.151 0.054 26,128.653

abnyf10020 98,210.000 94.752 0.000 0.000 116.340 0.112 0.000 0.000 4,174.000 4.027 286.340 0.276 281.510 0.272 256.270 0.247 133.630 0.129 191.200 0.184 103,649.290

abnyf12020 70,895.000 93.409 0.000 0.000 112.670 0.148 0.000 0.000 4,143.400 5.459 111.180 0.146 235.010 0.310 145.480 0.192 108.810 0.143 145.940 0.192 75,897.490

abpae04010 3,567.500 98.065 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.256 59.470 1.635 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.045 3,637.905

abpae32010 32,318.000 92.169 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.958 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.100 3.514 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.770 206.720 0.590 35,063.830

abpae32050 34,989.000 97.332 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 177.560 0.494 0.000 0.000 715.550 1.991 65.894 0.183 35,948.004

abpae32060 130,670.000 95.706 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.416 0.000 0.000 4,143.400 3.035 286.270 0.210 238.790 0.175 208.930 0.153 260.600 0.191 156.390 0.115 136,532.310

abpae33020 88,173.000 93.248 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.601 0.000 0.000 4,921.200 5.204 66.185 0.070 316.800 0.335 193.480 0.205 162.090 0.171 156.390 0.165 94,557.075

abpae35020 83,071.000 98.917 0.000 0.000 181.650 0.216 0.000 0.000 175.590 0.209 266.620 0.317 93.191 0.111 80.579 0.096 30.181 0.036 81.964 0.098 83,980.774

abpae35030 181,870.000 97.232 0.000 0.000 556.320 0.297 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.789 0.006 3,045.800 1.628 110.860 0.059 924.520 0.494 529.730 0.283 187,048.019

abpae36010 241,490.000 97.647 0.000 0.000 644.250 0.261 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 281.820 0.114 3,150.900 1.274 79.898 0.032 1,089.700 0.441 573.660 0.232 247,310.228

abpae43050 167,110.000 97.183 0.000 0.000 181.820 0.106 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.500 0.060 3,032.000 1.763 107.620 0.063 894.450 0.520 526.300 0.306 171,954.690

abpae43070 159,780.000 95.857 0.000 0.000 609.660 0.366 0.000 0.000 5,025.300 3.015 286.340 0.172 339.800 0.204 234.700 0.141 220.800 0.132 190.050 0.114 166,686.650

abpae43080 42,155.000 99.526 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.053 102.640 0.242 0.162 0.000 75.816 0.179 42,355.893

abpae45020 14,866.000 99.529 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.062 59.470 0.398 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.011 14,936.405

abpae52010 35.875 99.977 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.023 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.883

abpae52020 24,214.000 99.480 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.092 102.640 0.422 0.032 0.000 1.620 0.007 24,340.567

abpae52030 66,604.000 96.525 0.000 0.000 204.380 0.296 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,344.900 1.949 440.100 0.638 34.960 0.051 233.540 0.338 139.770 0.203 69,001.650

abpae52050 337,430.000 97.775 0.000 0.000 800.240 0.232 0.000 0.000 7.298 0.002 720.880 0.209 3,304.200 0.957 293.200 0.085 1,794.100 0.520 758.610 0.220 345,108.528

abpae52060 63,967.000 98.101 0.000 0.000 441.300 0.677 0.000 0.000 151.790 0.233 220.150 0.338 26.204 0.040 154.350 0.237 74.277 0.114 169.920 0.261 65,204.991

abpae52100 361,500.000 97.280 0.000 0.000 435.010 0.117 0.081 0.000 1,197.900 0.322 1,832.300 0.493 3,560.900 0.958 460.270 0.124 1,708.900 0.460 910.520 0.245 371,605.881

abpae53070 1,408.100 97.092 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.642 31.242 2.154 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.112 1,450.277
abpat02010 209,470.000 96.639 0.000 0.000 433.330 0.200 0.081 0.000 1,135.100 0.524 923.690 0.426 2,944.100 1.358 162.640 0.075 1,059.100 0.489 626.180 0.289 216,754.221

abpau01010 10,475.000 98.118 0.000 0.000 124.890 1.170 0.000 0.000 7.363 0.069 25.434 0.238 19.294 0.181 0.016 0.000 21.554 0.202 2.357 0.022 10,675.909

abpau03040 31,479.000 92.001 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.981 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,223.400 3.576 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.839 206.620 0.604 34,216.030

abpau07010 192,990.000 98.336 0.000 0.000 635.750 0.324 0.000 0.000 65.391 0.033 318.920 0.163 1,419.600 0.723 160.160 0.082 369.360 0.188 295.800 0.151 196,254.981

abpau08010 49,312.000 98.645 0.000 0.000 547.290 1.095 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.973 0.010 5.727 0.011 106.610 0.213 12.944 0.026 49,989.544

abpau09010 257,810.000 97.893 0.000 0.000 422.500 0.160 0.081 0.000 1,283.800 0.487 1,930.100 0.733 581.330 0.221 524.440 0.199 366.090 0.139 441.280 0.168 263,359.621

abpau09020 56,991.000 98.148 0.000 0.000 204.380 0.352 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 435.630 0.750 0.000 0.000 231.210 0.398 204.060 0.351 58,066.280

abpau09030 258,360.000 97.881 0.000 0.000 422.500 0.160 0.081 0.000 1,283.800 0.486 1,930.100 0.731 583.560 0.221 565.840 0.214 366.090 0.139 441.830 0.167 263,953.801

abpav02010 1,690.400 77.175 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 8.447 0.000 0.000 296.140 13.520 18.800 0.858 2,190.350

abpav02020 149,620.000 95.577 0.000 0.000 669.070 0.427 0.000 0.000 4,928.400 3.148 311.700 0.199 321.870 0.206 218.850 0.140 304.380 0.194 169.330 0.108 156,543.600

abpav04030 23,449.000 99.309 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.049 0.148 124.670 0.528 0.000 0.000 3.362 0.014 23,612.080

abpav04040 1,050.200 96.687 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.858 25.758 2.371 0.000 0.000 0.907 0.084 1,086.180

abpav06020 217.660 20.402 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 835.090 78.275 0.000 0.000 14.118 1.323 0.000 0.000 1,066.868

abpav06040 59,151.000 97.512 0.000 0.000 15.333 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,220.300 2.012 0.000 0.000 178.740 0.295 94.754 0.156 60,660.127

abpav10010 189,740.000 96.381 0.000 0.000 703.550 0.357 0.000 0.000 4,950.800 2.515 375.570 0.191 337.320 0.171 213.910 0.109 345.080 0.175 198.530 0.101 196,864.760

abpav10080 137.220 83.800 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.082 9.211 0.000 0.000 8.513 5.199 1.669 1.019 0.761 0.465 0.502 0.307 163.748

abpav10100 274,860.000 97.334 0.000 0.000 359.330 0.127 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,560.100 0.552 3,460.900 1.226 242.190 0.086 1,144.300 0.405 762.370 0.270 282,389.271

abpav10110 29,508.000 95.718 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 693.720 2.250 0.000 0.000 511.930 1.661 114.310 0.371 30,827.960

abpaw01020 144,420.000 95.457 0.000 0.000 669.070 0.442 0.000 0.000 4,928.400 3.258 311.700 0.206 321.870 0.213 232.920 0.154 240.800 0.159 168.090 0.111 151,292.850

abpaw01040 723.970 82.758 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 150.570 17.212 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.030 874.799

abpaw01110 216,560.000 96.586 0.000 0.000 255.150 0.114 0.000 0.000 4,867.400 2.171 218.080 0.097 1,596.700 0.712 131.620 0.059 315.880 0.141 269.240 0.120 224,214.070

abpax01010 195,420.000 97.464 0.000 0.000 160.610 0.080 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,156.000 1.574 107.620 0.054 1,067.900 0.533 592.430 0.295 200,504.560

abpay01010 127,640.000 96.432 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.117 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 94.268 0.071 3,058.700 2.311 4.982 0.004 972.210 0.735 437.660 0.331 132,362.769

abpaz01020 110,230.000 93.877 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.484 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 4.191 286.270 0.244 530.810 0.452 43.497 0.037 670.870 0.571 168.810 0.144 117,419.187

abpaz01030 2,658.300 78.183 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 188.770 5.552 0.000 0.000 498.420 14.659 54.626 1.607 3,400.116

abpaz01040 30,699.000 85.939 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.220 0.000 0.000 4,502.700 12.605 0.000 0.000 316.800 0.887 46.648 0.131 46.194 0.129 31.987 0.090 35,721.778

abpba01010 1,013.500 87.695 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 141.950 12.283 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.022 1,155.709

abpbg02090 205,350.000 97.433 0.000 0.000 556.790 0.264 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 213.740 0.101 3,055.900 1.450 107.620 0.051 944.100 0.448 532.600 0.253 210,760.750

abpbg03010 59,570.000 94.298 0.000 0.000 33.923 0.054 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.337 0.002 2,511.900 3.976 0.000 0.000 683.620 1.082 371.240 0.588 63,172.019

abpbg04010 65,533.000 95.027 0.000 0.000 266.640 0.387 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,985.300 2.879 0.000 0.000 792.470 1.149 385.030 0.558 68,962.440

abpbg06130 128,290.000 98.803 0.000 0.000 590.610 0.455 0.000 0.000 90.769 0.070 282.960 0.218 37.041 0.029 188.570 0.145 244.730 0.188 119.390 0.092 129,844.070

abpbg07010 168,610.000 98.578 0.000 0.000 57.299 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 437.850 0.256 1,297.700 0.759 107.620 0.063 276.700 0.162 255.000 0.149 171,042.169

abpbg09010 5,075.200 86.671 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 188.770 3.224 0.000 0.000 537.050 9.171 54.691 0.934 5,855.711

abpbg10020 6,661.100 99.198 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.980 0.536 0.000 0.000 16.216 0.241 1.620 0.024 0.065 0.001 6,714.981

abpbj08010 153,580.000 95.203 0.000 0.000 609.660 0.378 0.000 0.000 5,025.300 3.115 286.340 0.177 506.330 0.314 234.700 0.145 831.340 0.515 244.740 0.152 161,318.410

abpbj08030 46,067.000 91.376 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.307 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2,986.300 5.923 5.427 0.011 780.150 1.547 420.860 0.835 50,414.687

abpbj15010 313,410.000 96.979 0.000 0.000 625.230 0.193 0.000 0.000 4,943.400 1.530 724.120 0.224 1,672.700 0.518 307.280 0.095 1,003.600 0.311 485.780 0.150 323,172.110

abpbj15020 11,491.000 95.785 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 1.542 0.000 0.000 301.820 2.516 18.800 0.157 11,996.630

abpbj18110 3,309.700 81.689 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 188.770 4.659 0.000 0.000 498.420 12.302 54.691 1.350 4,051.581

abpbj19010 69,489.000 92.369 0.000 0.000 112.670 0.150 0.000 0.000 4,885.200 6.494 66.185 0.088 314.800 0.418 141.820 0.189 91.036 0.121 129.410 0.172 75,230.121

abpbj20170 69,784.000 97.723 0.000 0.000 524.480 0.734 0.000 0.000 54.910 0.077 157.720 0.221 60.143 0.084 125.770 0.176 578.410 0.810 124.290 0.174 71,409.722

abpbk01010 92,215.000 93.455 0.000 0.000 577.180 0.585 0.000 0.000 4,892.600 4.958 186.460 0.189 316.800 0.321 177.660 0.180 162.580 0.165 145.360 0.147 98,673.640

abpbk03010 377,280.000 96.647 0.000 0.000 926.000 0.237 0.000 0.000 5,055.100 1.295 475.670 0.122 3,585.900 0.919 390.170 0.100 1,851.600 0.474 804.710 0.206 390,369.150

abpbk06010 98,416.000 98.672 0.000 0.000 489.470 0.491 0.000 0.000 83.406 0.084 257.520 0.258 3.378 0.003 161.330 0.162 214.540 0.215 115.040 0.115 99,740.683

abpbk06020 43,764.000 99.358 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 103.970 0.236 102.640 0.233 0.162 0.000 75.816 0.172 44,046.588

abpbk06070 174,600.000 97.312 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.086 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 102.500 0.057 3,032.000 1.690 107.620 0.060 899.040 0.501 526.300 0.293 179,422.410

abpbk06090 26,684.000 95.019 0.000 0.000 15.333 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,205.400 4.292 0.000 0.000 103.690 0.369 74.277 0.264 28,082.700

abpbp03010 81,252.000 94.809 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.181 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2,996.600 3.497 59.470 0.069 792.000 0.924 445.640 0.520 85,700.660

abpbr01030 348,910.000 97.392 0.000 0.000 435.010 0.121 0.081 0.000 1,157.500 0.323 1,832.300 0.511 3,525.200 0.984 374.210 0.104 1,201.700 0.335 818.280 0.228 358,254.281

abpbw01020 132,550.000 99.498 0.000 0.000 36.474 0.027 0.000 0.000 22.405 0.017 61.398 0.046 126.340 0.095 102.640 0.077 157.310 0.118 162.010 0.122 133,218.577

abpbw01110 168,390.000 98.776 0.000 0.000 51.808 0.030 0.000 0.000 22.405 0.013 163.900 0.096 1,262.600 0.741 107.620 0.063 239.680 0.141 239.130 0.140 170,477.142

abpbw01120 32,274.000 98.753 0.000 0.000 46.397 0.142 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 125.240 0.383 75.257 0.230 3.224 0.010 110.190 0.337 47.093 0.144 32,681.401

abpbw01140 1,013.500 87.695 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 141.950 12.283 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.022 1,155.709

abpbw01170 122,400.000 95.059 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.441 0.000 0.000 4,820.000 3.743 286.270 0.222 318.180 0.247 43.497 0.034 212.100 0.165 114.120 0.089 128,762.097

abpbw01190 1,555.000 75.671 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 9.003 0.000 0.000 296.140 14.411 18.800 0.915 2,054.950
abpbw01210 83,928.000 93.371 0.000 0.000 115.110 0.128 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 5.475 286.270 0.318 361.290 0.402 43.497 0.048 136.700 0.152 94.325 0.105 89,886.192

abpbw01240 134,170.000 95.289 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.403 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 3.495 286.270 0.203 319.370 0.227 195.230 0.139 199.050 0.141 144.790 0.103 140,803.640

abpbw01280 1,831.700 78.558 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 7.935 0.000 0.000 296.140 12.701 18.800 0.806 2,331.650

abpbx01070 30,210.000 92.346 0.000 0.000 335.740 1.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,228.300 3.755 0.000 0.000 769.000 2.351 170.830 0.522 32,713.870

abpbx01080 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 67.740 100.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 67.740

abpbx01090 296.520 83.813 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 57.267 16.187 0.000 0.000 353.787

abpbx02010 51,443.000 97.299 0.000 0.000 0.794 0.002 0.000 0.000 889.580 1.683 121.100 0.229 81.786 0.155 154.050 0.291 67.449 0.128 113.300 0.214 52,871.058

abpbx03060 1,013.500 87.695 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 141.950 12.283 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.022 1,155.709

abpbx03110 26,680.000 99.279 0.000 0.000 89.894 0.335 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.378 0.013 0.000 0.000 89.408 0.333 11.202 0.042 26,873.882

abpbx03130 39,136.000 87.779 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.176 0.000 0.000 4,837.600 10.850 20.858 0.047 316.800 0.711 70.632 0.158 73.904 0.166 50.682 0.114 44,584.924

abpbx03140 803.030 84.955 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 141.950 15.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.259 0.027 945.239

abpbx03170 26,287.000 85.656 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.256 0.000 0.000 3,920.100 12.774 20.477 0.067 235.010 0.766 46.648 0.152 61.584 0.201 39.690 0.129 30,688.958

abpbx03190 28,539.000 84.727 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.233 0.000 0.000 4,708.100 13.978 0.000 0.000 314.800 0.935 0.000 0.000 26.997 0.080 15.998 0.047 33,683.343

abpbx05010 110,290.000 94.500 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.487 0.000 0.000 4,880.600 4.182 286.270 0.245 318.180 0.273 96.269 0.082 176.560 0.151 93.539 0.080 116,709.347

abpbx06010 29,458.000 84.976 0.000 0.000 112.670 0.325 0.000 0.000 4,733.000 13.653 0.000 0.000 314.800 0.908 0.956 0.003 30.869 0.089 16.111 0.046 34,666.406

abpbx07010 38,991.000 87.716 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.176 0.000 0.000 4,849.300 10.909 21.222 0.048 317.360 0.714 73.564 0.165 75.460 0.170 44.834 0.101 44,451.188

abpbx08010 778.980 81.415 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 168.820 17.644 0.000 0.000 8.173 0.854 0.000 0.000 0.049 0.005 0.778 0.081 956.799

abpbx09010 64,513.000 92.969 0.000 0.000 112.670 0.162 0.000 0.000 4,107.500 5.919 66.185 0.095 233.010 0.336 141.820 0.204 88.047 0.127 129.410 0.186 69,391.642

abpbx10030 31,940.000 85.849 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.211 0.000 0.000 4,744.700 12.753 28.731 0.077 315.360 0.848 24.268 0.065 46.121 0.124 27.111 0.073 37,204.739

abpbx11010 77,122.000 92.927 0.000 0.000 112.670 0.136 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 5.929 111.180 0.134 314.800 0.379 185.320 0.223 93.312 0.112 131.600 0.159 82,991.882

abpbx12010 6,882.300 98.870 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.980 0.517 0.000 0.000 16.581 0.238 3.345 0.048 22.761 0.327 6,960.967

abpbx16010 37,804.000 87.535 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.182 0.000 0.000 4,849.300 11.229 29.338 0.068 315.360 0.730 25.094 0.058 55.372 0.128 30.367 0.070 43,187.279

abpbx19010 3,126.000 79.659 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 694.500 17.698 100.390 2.558 0.000 0.000 3.362 0.086 3,924.252

abpbx24010 931.780 95.573 0.000 0.000 1.571 0.161 0.000 0.000 16.257 1.667 1.320 0.135 14.977 1.536 2.292 0.235 3.345 0.343 3.394 0.348 974.937

abpbx45020 1,526.600 75.330 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 9.129 0.000 0.000 296.140 14.613 18.800 0.928 2,026.550

abpbx45030 143,040.000 95.059 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.377 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 3.270 286.270 0.190 498.680 0.331 211.590 0.141 750.120 0.499 199.480 0.133 150,475.070

abpbx45050 3,262.900 81.885 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 168.720 4.234 0.000 0.000 498.420 12.508 54.691 1.373 3,984.731

abpbx60010 325,020.000 97.118 0.000 0.000 619.740 0.185 0.000 0.000 4,943.400 1.477 450.170 0.135 1,763.300 0.527 366.810 0.110 1,040.600 0.311 461.540 0.138 334,665.560

abpbx60020 123,950.000 96.430 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.121 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,013.000 2.344 102.640 0.080 851.540 0.662 466.110 0.363 128,538.240

abpbx61040 3,310.000 81.212 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 212.630 5.217 0.000 0.000 498.420 12.229 54.691 1.342 4,075.741

abpbx63010 405,420.000 97.486 0.000 0.000 876.310 0.211 0.081 0.000 1,268.900 0.305 1,923.900 0.463 3,612.400 0.869 465.260 0.112 1,382.800 0.333 925.640 0.223 415,875.291

abpbx64030 269,220.000 98.442 0.000 0.000 541.280 0.198 0.000 0.000 206.830 0.076 421.420 0.154 1,445.100 0.528 285.250 0.104 951.220 0.348 408.860 0.150 273,479.960

abpbx64040 23,957.000 91.788 0.000 0.000 15.333 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,391.100 5.330 41.731 0.160 562.740 2.156 132.330 0.507 26,100.235

abpbx64060 191,220.000 97.457 0.000 0.000 191.430 0.098 0.000 0.000 22.405 0.011 163.900 0.084 3,061.600 1.560 107.620 0.055 907.800 0.463 534.670 0.272 196,209.425

abpbx65010 160,690.000 97.303 0.000 0.000 243.580 0.147 0.081 0.000 1,135.100 0.687 1,668.400 1.010 495.300 0.300 308.350 0.187 296.230 0.179 306.290 0.185 165,143.331

abpbx72010 62,816.000 99.299 0.000 0.000 36.474 0.058 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 113.840 0.180 102.640 0.162 94.478 0.149 96.293 0.152 63,259.726

abpbx74040 84,197.000 94.831 0.000 0.000 162.530 0.183 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,077.400 3.466 0.000 0.000 912.210 1.027 437.660 0.493 88,786.800

abpbx74080 32,319.000 92.129 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.957 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,247.300 3.556 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.769 206.720 0.589 35,080.030

abpbx76030 136.290 92.197 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 2.252 1.523 7.136 4.827 2.147 1.452 0.000 0.000 147.824

abpbx91050 28,061.000 84.857 0.000 0.000 78.449 0.237 0.000 0.000 4,571.300 13.824 0.000 0.000 314.800 0.952 0.000 0.000 26.997 0.082 15.998 0.048 33,068.543

abpbx91060 798.270 95.461 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.704 2.715 13.608 1.627 1.644 0.197 0.000 0.000 836.227

abpbx91070 124,300.000 97.731 0.000 0.000 204.380 0.161 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,581.200 1.243 469.240 0.369 134.570 0.106 263.240 0.207 233.070 0.183 127,185.781

abpbx91090 179,600.000 97.024 0.000 0.000 304.560 0.165 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 719.090 0.388 2,969.900 1.604 6.739 0.004 985.230 0.532 523.380 0.283 185,108.899

abpbx94020 129,700.000 94.691 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.415 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 3.593 286.270 0.209 486.710 0.355 91.101 0.067 743.800 0.543 174.560 0.127 136,971.371

abpbx94050 136,270.000 99.401 0.000 0.000 36.474 0.027 0.000 0.000 22.405 0.016 333.090 0.243 44.307 0.032 64.452 0.047 116.030 0.085 204.960 0.150 137,091.718

abpbx94070 31,741.000 92.038 0.000 0.000 335.740 0.974 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,232.000 3.572 0.000 0.000 971.270 2.816 206.720 0.599 34,486.730

abpbx96010 160,680.000 97.206 0.000 0.000 391.510 0.237 0.081 0.000 1,135.100 0.687 1,632.400 0.988 493.070 0.298 332.850 0.201 310.160 0.188 323.720 0.196 165,298.891

abpbx97010 287,380.000 97.505 0.000 0.000 428.810 0.145 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,372.600 0.466 3,443.500 1.168 242.190 0.082 1,128.000 0.383 738.130 0.250 294,733.311

abpbx98010 116,240.000 97.707 0.000 0.000 242.870 0.204 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,421.600 1.195 446.540 0.375 120.960 0.102 259.550 0.218 236.060 0.198 118,967.661

abpbxa0020 157,630.000 97.340 0.000 0.000 243.580 0.150 0.081 0.000 1,049.000 0.648 1,668.400 1.030 477.710 0.295 266.950 0.165 295.200 0.182 306.290 0.189 161,937.211

abpbxa0060 1,965.300 80.907 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 162.860 6.705 253.040 10.417 15.682 0.646 32.214 1.326 2,429.095

abpbxa5020 1,831.700 78.558 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 185.010 7.935 0.000 0.000 296.140 12.701 18.800 0.806 2,331.650

abpbxb0010 34,966.000 93.270 0.113 0.000 57.024 0.152 0.000 0.000 1,079.500 2.880 162.450 0.433 398.580 1.063 448.580 1.197 97.046 0.259 279.600 0.746 37,488.894

abpbxb2020 232,240.000 97.938 0.000 0.000 320.120 0.135 0.081 0.000 1,283.800 0.541 1,795.800 0.757 369.430 0.156 508.220 0.214 295.820 0.125 317.290 0.134 237,130.561

abpbxb2030 79,337.000 97.691 0.000 0.000 129.720 0.160 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 917.970 1.130 399.050 0.491 103.160 0.127 186.540 0.230 138.960 0.171 81,212.481
abpbxb6050 168,290.000 98.727 0.000 0.000 176.700 0.104 0.000 0.000 29.776 0.017 95.062 0.056 1,265.700 0.743 107.630 0.063 254.310 0.149 241.490 0.142 170,460.667

abpbxb6060 905.150 88.873 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 74.909 7.355 6.205 0.609 32.214 3.163 1,018.477

abpbxb6070 124,420.000 94.986 0.000 0.000 567.930 0.434 0.000 0.000 4,921.000 3.757 286.270 0.219 318.180 0.243 97.662 0.075 237.550 0.181 139.250 0.106 130,987.842

abpbxb7020 75,036.000 97.560 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,337.100 1.738 130.470 0.170 197.660 0.257 211.550 0.275 76,912.780

abpbxb7030 528,980.000 98.325 0.000 0.000 963.810 0.179 0.081 0.000 1,349.200 0.251 2,351.500 0.437 2,020.800 0.376 729.530 0.136 811.980 0.151 782.870 0.146 537,989.771

abpbxb9070 274,500.000 98.673 0.000 0.000 546.770 0.197 0.000 0.000 65.391 0.024 601.110 0.216 1,456.000 0.523 179.900 0.065 478.290 0.172 365.300 0.131 278,192.761

abpbxb9080 26,035.000 94.773 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1,227.600 4.469 102.640 0.374 7.517 0.027 98.123 0.357 27,470.880

abpbxb9170 1,597.400 97.132 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 9.315 0.566 36.231 2.203 0.000 0.000 1.620 0.099 1,644.566

abpbxb9180 24,651.000 99.285 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.275 0.090 102.640 0.413 0.000 0.000 52.618 0.212 24,828.533

abpbxb9190 27,569.000 99.067 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.851 0.129 125.240 0.450 0.000 0.000 31.274 0.112 65.027 0.234 2.187 0.008 27,828.579

abpbxb9200 62,392.000 93.332 0.000 0.000 154.950 0.232 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3,035.700 4.541 0.000 0.000 860.500 1.287 406.650 0.608 66,849.800

abpbxb9220 279,620.000 97.821 0.000 0.000 687.190 0.240 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 385.070 0.135 3,214.000 1.124 146.170 0.051 1,216.700 0.426 579.960 0.203 285,849.090

abpby04040 319,790.000 98.819 0.000 0.000 445.540 0.138 0.000 0.000 214.360 0.066 576.190 0.178 1,504.300 0.465 224.650 0.069 455.240 0.141 402.350 0.124 323,612.630

abpby06090 237,060.000 97.581 0.000 0.000 684.750 0.282 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 54.707 0.023 3,253.700 1.339 111.850 0.046 1,174.500 0.483 596.900 0.246 242,936.407

bunkn01 106.900 99.992 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.908

bunkn02 106.900 99.992 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 106.908

bunkn03 118.870 100.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 118.870

bunkn06 99.031 45.739 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 117.270 54.163 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.211 0.097 216.511
1APPENDIX C.1 

Appendix 4. Stewardship condition (Status 1 and Status 2), total area in the state (total km2) and percent of habitaas suitable for the species for each of 628 species listed by ELCODE, common name and scientific name. ELCODE COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME TOTAL km2 STATE % STATUS 1 km2 STATUS 1 % STATAAAAA01090 Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum 160.3 0.02 0.0 0.00 AAAAA01100 Marbled Salamander Ambystoma opacum 48037.2 6.90 1915.2 3.99 AAAAA01120 Mole Salamander Ambystoma talpoideum 16025.3 2.30 295.9 1.85 AAAAA01130 Smallmouth Salamander Ambystoma texanum 150748.5 21.65 3315.7 2.20 AAAAA01140 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum 417769.1 60.00 5266.1 1.26 AAAAB01030 Three-Toed Amphiuma Amphiuma tridactylum 12675.5 1.82 387.2 3.05 AAAAD03020 Southern Dusky Salamander Desmognathus auriculat 5741.2 0.82 48.5 0.84 AAAAD05030 Cascade Caverns Salamander Eurycea latitans 29.3 0.00 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05070 San Marcos Salamander Eurycea nana 13.9 0.00 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05080 Texas Salamander Eurycea neotenes 3363.4 0.48 20.3 0.60 AAAAD05090 Dwarf Salamander Eurycea quadridigitata 68706.5 9.87 2438.7 3.55 AAAAD05100 Comal Blind Salamander Eurycea tridentifera 997.2 0.14 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05110 Valdina Farms Sinkhole Salamander Eurycea troglodytes 1212.2 0.17 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05170 Barton Springs Salamander Eurycea sosorum 213.1 0.03 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05250 Texas Blind Salamander Eurycea rathbuni 36.8 0.01 0.0 0.00 AAAAD05260 Blanco Blind Salamander Eurycea robusta 16.8 0.00 0.0 0.00 AAAAD12070 Western Slimy Salamander Plethodon albagula 4908.3 0.70 0.0 0.00 AAAAD12160 Southern Redback Salamander Plethodon serratus 814.7 0.12 0.0 0.00 AAAAE01020 Gulf Coast Waterdog Necturus beyeri 2969.0 0.43 55.9 1.88 AAAAF01010 Black-Spotted Newt Notophthalmus meridion 25163.5 3.61 600.0 2.38 AAAAF01030 Eastern Newt Notophthalmus viridesc 14090.5 2.02 352.4 2.50 AAAAG02010 Lesser Siren Siren intermedia 162560.0 23.34 1809.2 1.11 AAABB01020 American Toad Bufo americanus 26084.4 3.75 54.6 0.21 AAABB01050 Great Plains Toad Bufo cognatus 65545.3 9.41 81.7 0.12 AAABB01060 Green Toad Bufo debilis 287055.3 41.22 4169.7 1.45 AAABB01090 Houston Toad Bufo houstonensis 7304.1 1.05 40.7 0.56 AAABB01100 Giant Toad Bufo marinus 5519.9 0.79 87.8 1.59 AAABB01120 Red-Spotted Toad Bufo punctatus 254435.4 36.54 3578.5 1.41 1
AAABB01150 Texas Toad Bufo speciosus 168632.9 24.22 1071.6 0.64 

AAABB01170 Gulf Coast Toad Bufo valliceps 161082.1 23.13 1615.4 1.00 AAABB01180 Woodhouse's Toad Bufo woodhousii 521399.9 74.88 7630.6 1.46 AAABC01010 Northern Cricket Frog Acris crepitans 572101.8 82.16 8448.8 1.48 AAABC02020 Canyon Treefrog Hyla arenicolor 7299.7 1.05 99.6 1.36 AAABC02050 Cope's Gray Treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis 155688.1 22.36 3081.5 1.98 AAABC02060 Green Treefrog Hyla cinerea 82675.5 11.87 891.3 1.08 AAABC02120 Squirrel Treefrog Hyla squirella 31428.1 4.51 873.9 2.78 AAABC02130 Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor 154270.3 22.15 3081.5 2.00 AAABC05030 Spotted Chorus Frog Pseudacris clarkii 250819.0 36.02 1215.3 0.48 AAABC05060 Strecker's Chorus Frog Pseudacris streckeri 138918.2 19.95 1060.2 0.76 AAABC05070 Western Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata 63484.2 9.12 898.3 1.42 AAABC05090 Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer 44894.8 6.45 2497.6 5.56 AAABC07010 Mexican Treefrog Smilisca baudinii 1793.4 0.26 89.6 5.00 AAABD03010 Rio Grande Chirping Frog Syrrhophus cystignatho 2587.2 0.37 127.1 4.91 AAABD03020 Spotted Chirping Frog Syrrhophus guttilatus 4955.4 0.71 698.1 14.09 AAABD03030 Cliff Chirping Frog Syrrhophus marnockii 39489.4 5.67 224.5 0.57 AAABD04170 Barking Frog Eleutherodactylus augu 39738.1 5.71 333.5 0.84 AAABE01010 Eastern Narrowmouth Toad Gastrophryne carolinen 80977.8 11.63 913.7 1.13 AAABE01020 Great Plains Narrowmouth Gastrophryne olivacea 540036.0 77.55 7783.6 1.44 AAABE02010 Sheep Frog Hypopachus variolosus 32155.1 4.62 544.0 1.69 AAABF01010 Plains Spadefoot Scaphiopus bombifrons 86235.9 12.38 619.0 0.72 AAABF01020 Couch's Spadefoot Scaphiopus couchii 213963.4 30.73 3773.8 1.76 AAABF01040 Eastern Spadefoot Scaphiopus hurterii 84233.7 12.10 871.3 1.03 AAABF01060 New Mexico Spadefoot Scaphiopus multiplicat 151550.1 21.76 3352.8 2.21 AAABH01010 Crawfish Frog Rana areolata 46480.8 6.68 875.9 1.88 AAABH01030 Rio Grande Frog Rana berlandieri 348208.9 50.01 5217.1 1.50 AAABH01040 Plains Leopard Frog Rana blairi 212775.4 30.56 219.4 0.10 AAABH01070 Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana 628543.6 90.26 5750.7 0.91 AAABH01090 Green Frog Rana clamitans 58932.6 8.46 634.8 1.08 AAABH01110 Pig Frog Rana grylio 524.7 0.08 52.6 10.02 AAABH01160 Pickerel Frog Rana palustris 87064.3 12.50 2712.9 3.12 AAABH01220 Southern Leopard Frog Rana sphenocephala 96261.0 13.82 1231.8 1.28 AAABJ01010 Mexican Burrowing Toad Rhinophrynus dorsalis 2485.9 0.36 6.8 0.27 ABNCA01010 Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus 5748.6 0.83 322.6 5.61 ABNCA02010 Pied-Billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps 19328.1 2.78 700.4 3.62 ABNCA03030 Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 5715.0 0.82 25.8 0.45 ABNFC01010 American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 1605.5 0.23 209.4 13.04 
ABNFC01020 Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis 1605.5 0.23 209.4 13.04 

ABNFD01020 Double-Crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus 14042.5 2.02 252.3 1.80 ABNFD01030 Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus 22862.2 3.28 698.6 3.06 ABNFE01010 Anhinga Anhinga anhinga 29141.2 4.18 792.5 2.72 ABNGA02010 Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis 24212.5 3.48 776.5 3.21 ABNGA04010 Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias 83725.7 12.02 3196.0 3.82 ABNGA04040 Great Egret Casmerodius albus 37843.1 5.43 1044.3 2.76 ABNGA06030 Snowy Egret Egretta thula 13675.6 1.96 338.4 2.47 ABNGA06040 Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea 22670.2 3.26 446.5 1.97 ABNGA06050 Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor 9964.9 1.43 302.2 3.03 ABNGA06060 Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens 11271.1 1.62 786.5 6.98 ABNGA07010 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 162960.4 23.40 1926.3 1.18 ABNGA08010 Green Heron Butorides virescens 91881.1 13.19 3282.8 3.57 ABNGA11010 Black-Crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 80234.0 11.52 3032.4 3.78 ABNGA13010 Yellow-Crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea 79977.9 11.49 3124.4 3.91 ABNGE01010 White Ibis Eudocimus albus 18785.6 2.70 713.4 3.80 ABNGE02020 White-Faced Ibis Plegadis chihi 17306.7 2.49 338.4 1.96 ABNGE05010 Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja 6250.4 0.90 411.7 6.59 ABNJB01010 Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor 11694.2 1.68 292.9 2.50 ABNJB01040 Black-Bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 6980.3 1.00 463.4 6.64 ABNJB09010 Wood Duck Aix sponsa 143934.2 20.67 1312.0 0.91 ABNJB10050 Mottled Duck Anas fulvigula 16723.7 2.40 652.0 3.90 ABNJB10060 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 64941.0 9.33 2849.9 4.39 ABNJB10110 Northern Pintail Anas acuta 16449.1 2.36 681.6 4.14 ABNJB10130 Blue-Winged Teal Anas discors 15820.4 2.27 323.7 2.05 ABNJB10140 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera 2880.2 0.41 94.0 3.26 ABNJB10150 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata 11714.3 1.68 343.3 2.93 ABNJB10160 Gadwall Anas strepera 19808.1 2.84 417.7 2.11 ABNJB10180 American Wigeon Anas americana 19984.5 2.87 417.7 2.09 ABNJB11030 Redhead Aythya americana 5899.5 0.85 94.0 1.59 ABNJB20010 Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 14384.2 2.07 338.4 2.35 ABNJB22010 Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis 8783.8 1.26 384.2 4.37 ABNJB22020 Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus 8550.0 1.23 571.7 6.69 ABNKA01010 Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 507483.8 72.88 5265.0 1.04 ABNKA02010 Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 343018.2 49.26 5002.8 1.46 ABNKC01010 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 60622.8 8.71 1807.3 2.98 ABNKC03010 Hook-Billed Kite Chondrohierax uncinatus 1580.1 0.23 11.6 0.73 ABNKC04010 Swallow-Tailed Kite Elanoides forficatus 934.5 0.13 36.1 3.87 
ABNKC06010 White-Tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 134423.1 19.30 2180.1 1.62 

ABNKC09010 Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis 175471.4 25.20 2752.9 1.57 ABNKC10010 Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 116656.6 16.75 2748.0 2.36 ABNKC12020 Sharp-Shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus 214926.2 30.87 3166.3 1.47 ABNKC12040 Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii 140792.5 20.22 2268.6 1.61 ABNKC15010 Common Black-Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus 328.7 0.05 130.8 39.80 ABNKC16010 Harris' Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus 118473.3 17.01 1602.6 1.35 ABNKC19010 Gray Hawk Asturina nitida 2785.0 0.40 41.5 1.49 ABNKC19030 Red-Shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus 174761.2 25.10 2466.5 1.41 ABNKC19050 Broad-Winged Hawk Buteo platypterus 127995.5 18.38 2358.7 1.84 ABNKC19070 Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni 315264.2 45.27 4221.1 1.34 ABNKC19080 White-Tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus 31355.1 4.50 478.0 1.52 ABNKC19090 Zone-Tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus 19964.8 2.87 202.4 1.01 ABNKC19110 Red-Tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis 321946.2 46.23 3678.1 1.14 ABNKC22010 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos 13597.0 1.95 697.2 5.13 ABNKD02010 Crested Caracara Polyborus plancus 128615.8 18.47 1719.6 1.34 ABNKD06020 American Kestrel Falco sparverius 84268.8 12.10 270.6 0.32 ABNKD06070 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 35336.0 5.07 1395.9 3.95 ABNKD06090 Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus 77192.3 11.09 745.4 0.97 ABNLB01020 Plain Chachalaca Ortalis vetula 3270.0 0.47 110.9 3.39 ABNLC13010 Greater Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus cupido 2412.0 0.35 147.2 6.10 ABNLC13020 Lesser Prairie-Chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 21110.7 3.03 34.4 0.16 ABNLC14010 Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 292166.1 41.96 2513.1 0.86 ABNLC19010 Montezuma Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae 39963.7 5.74 1395.9 3.49 ABNLC21020 Northern Bobwhite Colinus virginianus 312140.7 44.83 3110.3 1.00 ABNLC23010 Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata 169893.3 24.40 3211.7 1.89 ABNLC23030 Gambel's Quail Callipepla gambelii 1933.5 0.28 493.7 25.53 ABNME05010 Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris 10421.9 1.50 648.7 6.22 ABNME05020 King Rail Rallus elegans 13441.4 1.93 666.0 4.95 ABNME05030 Virginia Rail Rallus limicola 14261.3 2.05 407.3 2.86 ABNME08020 Sora Porzana carolina 33083.5 4.75 875.0 2.64 ABNME12010 Purple Gallinule Porphyrula martinica 9676.4 1.39 496.1 5.13 ABNME13010 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 32651.3 4.69 912.0 2.79 ABNME14020 American Coot Fulica americana 33749.7 4.85 1081.4 3.20 ABNNB03030 Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 16702.1 2.40 630.2 3.77 ABNNB03040 Wilson`S Plover Charadrius wilsonia 13039.5 1.87 1114.1 8.54 ABNNB03090 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus 109105.2 15.67 909.2 0.83 ABNNC01010 American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus 13063.3 1.88 1114.1 8.53 
ABNND01010 Black-Necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 27926.1 4.01 1437.9 5.15 

ABNND02010 American Avocet Recurvirostra americana 27177.7 3.90 1327.2 4.88 ABNNF02010 Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus 14064.0 2.02 1114.1 7.92 ABNNF19020 American Woodcock Scolopax minor 64567.5 9.27 2348.5 3.64 ABNNM03010 Laughing Gull Larus atricilla 23496.3 3.37 1373.0 5.84 ABNNM08010 Gull-Billed Tern Sterna nilotica 13063.3 1.88 1114.1 8.53 ABNNM08020 Caspian Tern Sterna caspia 13825.9 1.99 1145.9 8.29 ABNNM08030 Royal Tern Sterna maxima 13046.9 1.87 1114.1 8.54 ABNNM08050 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 13063.3 1.88 1114.1 8.53 ABNNM08090 Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri 13521.2 1.94 0.0 0.00 ABNNM08100 Least Tern Sterna antillarum 29849.5 4.29 1510.4 5.06 ABNNM08150 Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata 11981.3 1.72 1046.2 8.73 ABNNM14010 Black Skimmer Rynchops niger 12130.3 1.74 1048.4 8.64 ABNPB01060 Red-Billed Pigeon Columba flavirostris 1036.4 0.15 37.0 3.57 ABNPB01080 Band-Tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata 34952.5 5.02 1395.9 3.99 ABNPB04010 White-Winged Dove Zenaida asiatica 74998.0 10.77 1468.1 1.96 ABNPB04040 Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura 344137.7 49.42 2785.1 0.81 ABNPB06010 Inca Dove Scardafella inca 131059.8 18.82 1481.6 1.13 ABNPB06020 Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina 121263.1 17.41 3290.5 2.71 ABNPB08010 White-Tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi 16309.2 2.34 152.4 0.93 ABNRB02020 Yellow-Billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus 354711.8 50.94 4359.1 1.23 ABNRB09020 Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus 215147.3 30.90 3771.6 1.75 ABNRB11030 Groove-Billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris 35392.6 5.08 241.8 0.68 ABNSA01010 Barn Owl Tyto alba 430138.3 61.77 3180.8 0.74 ABNSB01020 Flammulated Owl Otus flammeolus 32619.2 4.68 1288.4 3.95 ABNSB01030 Eastern Screech-Owl Otus asio 176413.8 25.33 2805.5 1.59 ABNSB01040 Western Screech-Owl Otus kennicottii 26532.8 3.81 3106.2 11.71 ABNSB05010 Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus 182495.6 26.21 2857.5 1.57 ABNSB08040 Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum 4809.8 0.69 175.6 3.65 ABNSB09010 Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi 26302.0 3.78 3106.2 11.81 ABNSB10010 Burrowing Owl Speotyto cunicularia 112770.0 16.19 613.0 0.54 ABNSB12010 Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis 1999.8 0.29 193.1 9.65 ABNSB12020 Barred Owl Strix varia 133524.8 19.18 2339.3 1.75 ABNSB15020 Northern Saw-Whet Owl Aegolius acadicus 34457.5 4.95 1392.0 4.04 ABNTA02010 Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis 171034.6 24.56 4125.3 2.41 ABNTA02020 Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor 419029.2 60.18 3098.6 0.74 ABNTA03010 Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis 24123.7 3.46 152.4 0.63 ABNTA04010 Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 176927.9 25.41 3199.8 1.81 
ABNTA07010 Chuck-Will`S-Widow Caprimulgus carolinensis 116177.2 16.68 2329.5 2.01 

ABNTA07070 Whip-Poor-Will Caprimulgus vociferus 34988.6 5.02 1395.9 3.99 ABNUA03010 Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica 8008.8 1.15 92.2 1.15 ABNUA06010 White-Throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis 25177.5 3.62 1373.5 5.46 ABNUC19020 Broad-Billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris 1471.0 0.21 1386.0 94.22 ABNUC29130 Buff-Bellied Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis 7573.1 1.09 150.0 1.98 ABNUC34040 Blue-Throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae 974.6 0.14 794.2 81.50 ABNUC37010 Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 33676.0 4.84 1395.9 4.15 ABNUC44010 Lucifer Hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 32319.8 4.64 1288.4 3.99 ABNUC45010 Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris 106400.8 15.28 462.3 0.43 ABNUC45020 Black-Chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri 203877.9 29.28 3496.8 1.72 ABNUC51010 Broad-Tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus 34759.5 4.99 1470.0 4.23 ABNXD01010 Ringed Kingfisher Ceryle torquata 222.8 0.03 12.0 5.40 ABNXD01020 Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 260037.4 37.34 4109.9 1.58 ABNXD02020 Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana 77868.6 11.18 1710.2 2.20 ABNYF04040 Red-Headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 128505.2 18.45 2036.7 1.58 ABNYF04050 Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus 36295.5 5.21 1411.6 3.89 ABNYF04160 Golden-Fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons 149438.0 21.46 386.7 0.26 ABNYF04170 Red-Bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus 91101.3 13.08 2358.4 2.59 ABNYF05040 Red-Naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis 5492.6 0.79 246.2 4.48 ABNYF07010 Ladder-Backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris 240970.5 34.61 1711.7 0.71 ABNYF07030 Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens 153884.5 22.10 2486.6 1.62 ABNYF07040 Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus 130532.8 18.75 2633.7 2.02 ABNYF07060 Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis 26216.3 3.76 1719.7 6.56 ABNYF10020 Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus 103824.7 14.91 2214.8 2.13 ABNYF12020 Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus 76054.1 10.92 2003.7 2.63 ABPAE04010 Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet Camptostoma imberbe 3636.5 0.52 69.8 1.92 ABPAE32010 Olive-Sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 35336.0 5.07 1395.9 3.95 ABPAE32050 Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus 35953.0 5.16 212.6 0.59 ABPAE32060 Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens 136662.3 19.63 2118.4 1.55 ABPAE33020 Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens 94943.4 13.63 2398.9 2.53 ABPAE35020 Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe 89391.0 12.84 2022.9 2.26 ABPAE35030 Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya 190008.0 27.29 1184.5 0.62 ABPAE36010 Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus 247529.2 35.55 1119.6 0.45 ABPAE43050 Ash-Throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens 172241.1 24.74 0.0 0.00 ABPAE43070 Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 167059.5 23.99 3996.8 2.39 ABPAE43080 Brown-Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus 42332.8 6.08 171.5 0.41 ABPAE45020 Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus 14926.2 2.14 1315.3 8.81 
ABPAE52010 Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus 36.0 0.01 653.9 1816.27 

ABPAE52020 Couch's Kingbird Tyrannus couchii 24327.6 3.49 2727.5 11.21 ABPAE52030 Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans 69263.5 9.95 2727.5 3.94 ABPAE52050 Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis 345481.6 49.61 297.2 0.09 ABPAE52060 Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 65255.3 9.37 14.1 0.02 ABPAE52100 Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus 372190.7 53.45 3075.5 0.83 ABPAE53070 Rose-Throated Becard Pachyramphus aglaiae 1450.3 0.21 514.6 35.48 ABPAT02010 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris 217248.6 31.20 123.7 0.06 ABPAU01010 Purple Martin Progne subis 10709.5 1.54 37.8 0.35 ABPAU03040 Violet-Green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina 34485.8 4.95 1733.6 5.03 ABPAU07010 Northern Rough-Winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 196357.1 28.20 2356.8 1.20 ABPAU08010 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 49958.7 7.17 302.8 0.61 ABPAU09010 Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 263728.1 37.87 501.3 0.19 ABPAU09020 Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva 58253.5 8.37 268.7 0.46 ABPAU09030 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica 264321.6 37.96 3265.8 1.24 ABPAV02010 Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri 2200.6 0.32 962.0 43.72 ABPAV02020 Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata 156903.5 22.53 3481.6 2.22 ABPAV04030 Green Jay Cyanocorax yncas 23593.1 3.39 255.0 1.08 ABPAV04040 Brown Jay Cyanocorax morio 1084.6 0.16 455.1 41.96 ABPAV06020 Mexican Jay Aphelocoma ultramarina 1070.8 0.15 283.1 26.44 ABPAV06040 Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica 60722.6 8.72 1065.2 1.75 ABPAV10010 American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos 197208.9 28.32 297.2 0.15 ABPAV10080 Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus 730.1 0.10 537.4 73.61 ABPAV10100 Chihuahuan Raven Corvus cryptoleucus 282903.3 40.63 1052.2 0.37 ABPAV10110 Common Raven Corvus corax 30850.4 4.43 297.2 0.96 ABPAW01020 Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis 151658.6 21.78 528.1 0.35 ABPAW01040 Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli 880.2 0.13 0.2 0.02 ABPAW01110 Tufted Titmouse Parus bicolor 224656.0 32.26 1789.4 0.80 ABPAX01010 Verdin Auriparus flaviceps 200806.9 28.84 3332.0 1.66 ABPAY01010 Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus 132640.7 19.05 735.4 0.55 ABPAZ01020 White-Breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis 117787.8 16.92 2426.2 2.06 ABPAZ01030 Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea 3420.0 0.49 1325.0 38.74 ABPAZ01040 Brown-Headed Nuthatch Sitta pusilla 36063.7 5.18 3.5 0.01 ABPBA01010 Brown Creeper Certhia americana 1160.7 0.17 194.4 16.75 ABPBG02090 Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus 211003.6 30.30 1423.1 0.67 ABPBG03010 Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus 63264.0 9.09 4.0 0.01 ABPBG04010 Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus 69072.6 9.92 1219.9 1.77 ABPBG06130 Carolina Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus 129862.1 18.65 787.3 0.61 
ABPBG07010 Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii 171159.7 24.58 1235.8 0.72 

ABPBG09010 House Wren Troglodytes aedon 5878.9 0.84 1228.0 20.89 ABPBG10020 Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris 6721.2 0.97 1719.0 25.58 ABPBJ08010 Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea 161728.6 23.23 720.7 0.45 ABPBJ08030 Black-Tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura 50658.8 7.28 1065.1 2.10 ABPBJ15010 Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis 323642.1 46.48 1121.5 0.35 ABPBJ15020 Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana 11999.5 1.72 772.4 6.44 ABPBJ18110 Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus 4071.5 0.58 540.3 13.27 ABPBJ19010 Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina 75617.9 10.86 0.0 0.00 ABPBJ20170 American Robin Turdus migratorius 71471.5 10.26 1266.0 1.77 ABPBK01010 Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis 99068.1 14.23 923.5 0.93 ABPBK03010 Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 391074.4 56.16 0.2 0.00 ABPBK06010 Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum 99752.8 14.33 1161.9 1.16 ABPBK06020 Long-Billed Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre 44022.9 6.32 119.7 0.27 ABPBK06070 Curve-Billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre 179697.9 25.81 953.3 0.53 ABPBK06090 Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale 28143.1 4.04 440.4 1.56 ABPBP03010 Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens 85962.2 12.34 1283.8 1.49 ABPBR01030 Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus 358821.3 51.53 1526.9 0.43 ABPBW01020 White-Eyed Vireo Vireo griseus 133212.9 19.13 501.3 0.38 ABPBW01110 Bell's Vireo Vireo bellii 170537.6 24.49 1534.0 0.90 ABPBW01120 Black-Capped Vireo Vireo atricapillus 32660.6 4.69 1111.1 3.40 ABPBW01140 Gray Vireo Vireo vicinior 1160.7 0.17 57.5 4.95 ABPBW01170 Yellow-Throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons 129097.5 18.54 172.5 0.13 ABPBW01190 Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni 2065.5 0.30 159.5 7.72 ABPBW01210 Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus 90260.6 12.96 1029.6 1.14 ABPBW01240 Red-Eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 141159.9 20.27 142.1 0.10 ABPBW01280 Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus 2341.8 0.34 316.3 13.51 ABPBX01070 Virginia's Warbler Vermivora virginiae 32973.0 4.74 40.9 0.12 ABPBX01080 Colima Warbler Vermivora crissalis 68.1 0.01 31.6 46.41 ABPBX01090 Lucy's Warbler Vermivora luciae 354.8 0.05 297.2 83.75 ABPBX02010 Northern Parula Parula americana 53161.0 7.63 1610.3 3.03 ABPBX03060 Yellow-Rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata 1160.7 0.17 501.3 43.19 ABPBX03110 Golden-Cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia 26842.6 3.85 2116.9 7.89 ABPBX03130 Yellow-Throated Warbler Dendroica dominica 44942.0 6.45 1012.8 2.25 ABPBX03140 Grace's Warbler Dendroica graciae 951.0 0.14 501.3 52.71 ABPBX03170 Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus 30792.2 4.42 4196.7 13.63 ABPBX03190 Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor 34014.1 4.88 1920.5 5.65 ABPBX05010 Black-And-White Warbler Mniotilta varia 117063.3 16.81 1268.8 1.08 
ABPBX06010 American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla 35000.5 5.03 2216.6 6.33 

ABPBX07010 Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea 46787.8 6.72 2.1 0.00 ABPBX08010 Worm-Eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorus 1667.3 0.24 103.9 6.23 ABPBX09010 Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii 69541.4 9.99 1600.8 2.30 ABPBX10030 Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla 38772.6 5.57 485.8 1.25 ABPBX11010 Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus 83384.8 11.97 2343.5 2.81 ABPBX12010 Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 6968.0 1.00 2215.5 31.80 ABPBX16010 Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina 45459.6 6.53 18.3 0.04 ABPBX19010 Painted Redstart Myioborus pictus 3930.8 0.56 297.2 7.56 ABPBX24010 Yellow-Breasted Chat Icteria virens 5025.9 0.72 393.8 7.84 ABPBX45020 Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava 2037.8 0.29 2418.5 118.68 ABPBX45030 Summer Tanager Piranga rubra 150863.7 21.67 1238.4 0.82 ABPBX45050 Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana 4004.1 0.58 526.2 13.14 ABPBX60010 Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis 335107.2 48.12 1090.9 0.33 ABPBX60020 Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus 128799.8 18.50 4136.6 3.21 ABPBX61040 Black-Headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus 4096.0 0.59 1628.3 39.75 ABPBX63010 Blue Grosbeak Guiraca caerulea 416458.4 59.81 1477.6 0.35 ABPBX64030 Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea 273570.4 39.29 1921.5 0.70 ABPBX64040 Varied Bunting Passerina versicolor 26159.2 3.76 190.4 0.73 ABPBX64060 Painted Bunting Passerina ciris 196478.0 28.22 180.0 0.09 ABPBX65010 Dickcissel Spiza americana 165437.6 23.76 1.6 0.00 ABPBX72010 Olive Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus 63264.6 9.09 265.5 0.42 ABPBX74040 Canyon Towhee Pipilo fuscus 89022.6 12.78 1081.4 1.21 ABPBX74080 Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus 35352.0 5.08 2942.4 8.32 ABPBX76030 White-Collared Seedeater Sporophila torqueola 149.1 0.02 1930.3 1294.53 ABPBX91050 Bachman's Sparrow Aimophila aestivalis 33395.8 4.80 198.0 0.59 ABPBX91060 Botteri's Sparrow Aimophila botterii 832.7 0.12 7.2 0.86 ABPBX91070 Cassin's Sparrow Aimophila cassinii 127425.1 18.30 191.2 0.15 ABPBX91090 Rufous-Crowned Sparrow Aimophila ruficeps 185445.3 26.63 1022.0 0.55 ABPBX94020 Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 137334.4 19.72 2296.1 1.67 ABPBX94050 Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla 137084.4 19.69 183.0 0.13 ABPBX94070 Black-Chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis 34756.8 4.99 585.4 1.68 ABPBX96010 Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus 165607.2 23.78 130.7 0.08 ABPBX97010 Black-Throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata 295160.0 42.39 1315.3 0.45 ABPBX98010 Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 119210.4 17.12 2.2 0.00 ABPBXA0020 Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum 162218.2 23.30 2057.3 1.27 ABPBXA0060 Seaside Sparrow Ammodramus maritimus 2699.6 0.39 1315.3 48.72 ABPBXA5020 Dark-Eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 2341.8 0.34 103.9 4.44 
ABPBXB0010 Red-Winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 44885.2 6.45 3.5 0.01 

ABPBXB2020 Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella magna 237383.8 34.09 157.9 0.07 ABPBXB2030 Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta 81375.1 11.69 169.7 0.21 ABPBXB6050 Great-Tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 170546.0 24.49 2017.3 1.18 ABPBXB6060 Boat-Tailed Grackle Quiscalus major 1156.6 0.17 7.7 0.67 ABPBXB6070 Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula 131348.5 18.86 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB7020 Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus 76920.5 11.05 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB7030 Brown-Headed Cowbird Molothrus ater 538413.2 77.32 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9070 Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius 278288.4 39.96 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9080 Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus 27458.0 3.94 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9170 Altamira Oriole Icterus gularis 1643.4 0.24 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9180 Audubon's Oriole Icterus graduacauda 24805.5 3.56 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9190 Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula 27825.2 4.00 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9200 Scott's Oriole Icterus parisorum 67120.0 9.64 0.0 0.00 ABPBXB9220 Bullock's Oriole Icterus bullockii 286082.5 41.08 0.0 0.00 ABPBY04040 House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus 323741.2 46.49 0.0 0.00 ABPBY06090 Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria 243183.8 34.92 0.0 0.00 BUNKN01 Red-Crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis 107.6 0.02 0.0 0.00 BUNKN02 Green Parakeet Aratinga holochlora 107.6 0.02 0.0 0.00 BUNKN03 Muscovy Duck Cairina mochata 119.3 0.02 0.0 0.00 BUNKN06 Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi 218.3 0.03 0.0 0.00 AMAAA01010 Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana 406800.4 58.42 4683.9 1.15 AMABA03020 Southern Short-Tailed Shr Blarina carolinensis 65769.2 9.44 2273.7 3.46 AMABA03030 Short-Tailed Shrew Blarina hylophaga 2000.9 0.29 64.7 3.23 AMABA04010 Least Shrew Cryptotis parva 397079.6 57.02 3977.2 1.00 AMABA05010 Desert Shrew Notiosorex crawfordi 200554.9 28.80 3582.3 1.79 AMABB04010 Eastern Mole Scalopus aquaticus 318250.5 45.70 3797.4 1.19 AMACA01010 Ghost-Faced Bat Mormoops megalophylla 47985.9 6.89 3106.9 6.47 AMACB03010 Greater Long-Nosed Bat Leptonycteris nivalis 1155.9 0.17 643.7 55.69 AMACC01010 Little Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus 9167.7 1.32 98.3 1.07 AMACC01020 Yuma Myotis Myotis yumanensis 46707.1 6.71 3052.7 6.54 AMACC01030 Southeastern Myotis Myotis austroriparius 31027.7 4.46 2182.7 7.03 AMACC01050 Cave Myotis Myotis velifer 149290.8 21.44 3423.5 2.29 AMACC01090 Fringed Myotis Myotis thysanodes 43373.0 6.23 3146.8 7.26 AMACC01110 Long-Legged Myotis Myotis volans 20255.5 2.91 2786.2 13.76 AMACC01120 California Myotis Myotis californicus 34586.0 4.97 3128.4 9.05 AMACC01140 Western Small-Footed Myot Myotis ciliolabrum 28821.9 4.14 2744.9 9.52 AMACC02010 Silver-Haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivag 260895.8 37.47 2689.8 1.03 
AMACC03010 Western Pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus 109444.4 15.72 3403.1 3.11 

AMACC03020 Eastern Pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus 207189.6 29.75 2744.0 1.32 AMACC04010 Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus 296530.2 42.58 6462.3 2.18 AMACC05010 Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus borealis 271779.0 39.03 4100.4 1.51 AMACC05020 Seminole Bat Lasiurus seminolus 46020.8 6.61 2326.1 5.05 AMACC05030 Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus 382771.4 54.97 6198.2 1.62 AMACC05040 Northern Yellow Bat Lasiurus intermedius 85635.0 12.30 2591.4 3.03 AMACC05050 Southern Yellow Bat Lasiurus ega 1205.5 0.17 79.9 6.63 AMACC05060 Western Red Bat Lasiurus blossevillii 1124.0 0.16 24.2 2.15 AMACC06010 Evening Bat Nycticeius humeralis 191303.7 27.47 2714.4 1.42 AMACC07010 Spotted Bat Euderma maculatum 2417.7 0.35 2128.3 88.03 AMACC08010 Townsend's Big-Eared Bat Corynorhinus townsendi 96769.5 13.90 3366.3 3.48 AMACC08020 Rafinesque`S Big-Eared Ba Corynorhinus rafinesqu 34184.4 4.91 2183.7 6.39 AMACC10010 Pallid Bat Antrozous pallidus 100635.5 14.45 3395.3 3.37 AMACD01010 Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis 678210.9 97.40 8659.9 1.28 AMACD02010 Western Mastiff Bat Eumops perotis 14709.6 2.11 2857.2 19.42 AMACD04010 Pocketed Free-Tailed Bat Nyctinomops femorosacc 2874.5 0.41 2538.5 88.31 AMACD04020 Big Free-Tailed Bat Nyctinomops macrotis 91473.1 13.14 3388.7 3.70 AMADA01010 Nine-Banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus 354015.4 50.84 3181.0 0.90 AMAEB01040 Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus 678210.4 97.40 8659.9 1.28 AMAEB01070 Desert Cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii 366987.1 52.70 4391.8 1.20 AMAEB01080 Swamp Rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus 117003.4 16.80 2864.3 2.45 AMAEB03050 Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit Lepus californicus 591424.0 84.93 5219.3 0.88 AMAFB02150 Gray-Footed Chipmunk Tamias canipes 40.9 0.01 28.5 69.64 AMAFB04030 Texas Antelope Squirrel Ammospermophilus inter 59478.3 8.54 3079.3 5.18 AMAFB05090 Thirteen-Lined Ground Squ Spermophilus trideceml 80119.3 11.51 155.4 0.19 AMAFB05100 Mexican Ground Squirrel Spermophilus mexicanus 345309.8 49.59 4190.8 1.21 AMAFB05110 Spotted Ground Squirrel Spermophilus spilosoma 320411.1 46.01 4370.8 1.36 AMAFB05130 Rock Squirrel Spermophilus variegatu 115690.3 16.61 3369.9 2.91 AMAFB06010 Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Cynomys ludovicianus 343899.7 49.39 3861.0 1.12 AMAFB07010 Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis 90181.6 12.95 2776.0 3.08 AMAFB07040 Eastern Fox Squirrel Sciurus niger 311541.9 44.74 3220.8 1.03 AMAFB09010 Southern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans 81376.3 11.69 2245.5 2.76 AMAFC01020 Botta's Pocket Gopher Thomomys bottae 131484.5 18.88 3850.9 2.93 AMAFC02010 Plains Pocket Gopher Geomys bursarius 50917.5 7.31 30.1 0.06 AMAFC02020 Desert Pocket Gopher Geomys arenarius 800.7 0.11 0.0 0.00 AMAFC02030 Texas Pocket Gopher Geomys personatus 39066.9 5.61 290.1 0.74 AMAFC02050 Attwater's Pocket Gopher Geomys attwateri 28803.5 4.14 308.9 1.07 
AMAFC02060 Baird's Pocket Gopher Geomys breviceps 303.9 0.04 1660.7 546.42 

AMAFC02070 Jones' Pocket Gopher Geomys knoxjonesi 15177.6 2.18 0.0 0.00 AMAFC02080 Llano Pocket Gopher Geomys texensis 6981.8 1.00 0.0 0.00 AMAFC03010 Yellow-Faced Pocket Gophe Cratogeomys castanops 232032.9 33.32 4179.0 1.80 AMAFD01020 Plains Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavescens 29895.8 4.29 3.3 0.01 AMAFD01030 Silky Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavus 45461.5 6.53 3017.4 6.64 AMAFD01190 Merriam`S Pocket Mouse Perognathus merriami 116963.2 16.80 2803.1 2.40 AMAFD03010 Ord's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii 99101.6 14.23 361.9 0.37 AMAFD03110 Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Ra Dipodomys spectabilis 26630.3 3.82 63.3 0.24 AMAFD03120 Texas Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys elator 7130.4 1.02 0.0 0.00 AMAFD03140 Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami 123459.3 17.73 3815.6 3.09 AMAFD03160 Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys compactus 14332.4 2.06 250.6 1.75 AMAFD04010 Mexican Spiny Pocket Mous Liomys irroratus 730.3 0.10 22.0 3.01 AMAFD05050 Hispid Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus hispidus 226279.1 32.50 636.5 0.28 AMAFD05060 Rock Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus intermediu 44738.2 6.42 3128.4 6.99 AMAFD05070 Nelson's Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus nelsoni 55435.0 7.96 3052.7 5.51 AMAFD05080 Desert Pocket Mouse Chaetodipus penicillat 17555.0 2.52 194.0 1.10 AMAFE01010 American Beaver Castor canadensis 25754.1 3.70 879.3 3.41 AMAFF01010 Marsh Rice Rat Oryzomys palustris 14746.4 2.12 433.4 2.94 AMAFF01020 Coues' Rice Rat Oryzomys couesi 567.9 0.08 21.3 3.75 AMAFF02010 Plains Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys montan 158793.5 22.80 311.1 0.20 AMAFF02020 Eastern Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys humuli 63160.9 9.07 2270.9 3.60 AMAFF02030 Western Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys megalo 106525.6 15.30 482.5 0.45 AMAFF02050 Fulvous Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys fulves 389953.4 56.00 7482.1 1.92 AMAFF03010 Cactus Mouse Peromyscus eremicus 36030.3 5.17 2792.1 7.75 AMAFF03040 Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 622978.6 89.46 7501.9 1.20 AMAFF03070 White-Footed Mouse Peromyscus leucopus 332146.5 47.70 2065.9 0.62 AMAFF03080 Cotton Mouse Peromyscus gossypinus 54930.2 7.89 2169.5 3.95 AMAFF03100 Brush Mouse Peromyscus boylii 18741.2 2.69 1630.1 8.70 AMAFF03110 Texas Mouse Peromyscus attwateri 112444.5 16.15 50.9 0.05 AMAFF03120 White-Ankled Mouse Peromyscus pectoralis 130773.0 18.78 3325.3 2.54 AMAFF03130 Pinon Mouse Peromyscus truei 3547.6 0.51 62.0 1.75 AMAFF03140 Rock Mouse Peromyscus nasutus 35616.0 5.11 3128.4 8.78 AMAFF04010 Golden Mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli 48087.3 6.91 2112.2 4.39 AMAFF05010 Northern Pygmy Mouse Baiomys taylori 318467.3 45.73 3440.1 1.08 AMAFF06010 Northern Grasshopper Mous Onychomys leucogaster 106618.5 15.31 383.8 0.36 AMAFF06030 Mearns' Grasshopper Mouse Onychomys arenicola 23623.5 3.39 2072.4 8.77 AMAFF07010 Hispid Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus 678210.4 97.40 8659.9 1.28 
AMAFF07030 Tawny-Bellied Cotton Rat Sigmodon fulviventer 57.4 0.01 1.6 2.72 

AMAFF07040 Yellow-Nosed Cotton Rat Sigmodon ochrognathus 6246.9 0.90 1109.5 17.76 AMAFF08010 Eastern Woodrat Neotoma floridana 18915.4 2.72 0.0 0.00 AMAFF08020 Southern Plains Woodrat Neotoma micropus 224260.4 32.21 3698.1 1.65 AMAFF08030 White-Throated Woodrat Neotoma albigula 107906.4 15.50 3400.6 3.15 AMAFF08070 Mexican Woodrat Neotoma mexicana 6884.9 0.99 806.9 11.72 AMAFF11080 Mexican Vole Microtus mexicanus 142.2 0.02 105.3 74.06 AMAFF11140 Prairie Vole Microtus ochrogaster 3140.3 0.45 0.0 0.00 AMAFF11150 Woodland Vole Microtus pinetorum 101224.0 14.54 95.6 0.09 AMAFF15010 Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus 13047.7 1.87 193.4 1.48 AMAFJ01010 Common Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum 250776.8 36.01 3499.0 1.40 AMAJA01010 Coyote Canis latrans 678210.4 97.40 8659.9 1.28 AMAJA03030 Swift Fox Vulpes velox 232708.7 33.42 3904.4 1.68 AMAJA04010 Common Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargente 488993.1 70.22 6782.8 1.39 AMAJB01010 Black Bear Ursus americanus 4813.2 0.69 573.1 11.91 AMAJE01010 Ringtail Bassariscus astutus 678210.4 97.40 8659.9 1.28 AMAJE02010 Common Raccoon Procyon lotor 678210.4 97.40 8659.9 1.28 AMAJE03010 White-Nosed Coati Nasua narica 27765.3 3.99 2627.1 9.46 AMAJF02030 Long-Tailed Weasel Mustela frenata 578483.3 83.07 7700.1 1.33 AMAJF02050 Mink Mustela vison 18676.7 2.68 383.1 2.05 AMAJF04010 American Badger Taxidea taxus 211903.1 30.43 895.1 0.42 AMAJF05010 Eastern Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius 392914.2 56.43 3846.1 0.98 AMAJF05020 Western Spotted Skunk Spilogale gracilis 209844.9 30.14 3445.9 1.64 AMAJF06010 Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis 696338.9 100.00 9360.7 1.34 AMAJF06020 Hooded Skunk Mephitis macroura 22389.9 3.22 2582.8 11.54 AMAJF07010 Common Hog-Nosed Skunk Conepatus mesoleucus 165538.4 23.77 1417.3 0.86 AMAJF07020 Eastern Hog-Nosed Skunk Conepatus leuconotus 1108.5 0.16 34.7 3.13 AMAJF08010 Northern River Otter Lutra canadensis 25718.8 3.69 734.7 2.86 AMAJH01020 Mountain Lion Felis concolor 166504.8 23.91 3572.0 2.15 AMAJH01030 Ocelot Felis pardalis 62214.8 8.93 3174.6 5.10 AMAJH01050 Jaguarundi Felis yaguarondi 4372.2 0.63 113.4 2.59 AMAJH03020 Bobcat Lynx rufus 696338.9 100.00 9360.7 1.34 AMALB01010 Collared Peccary Tayassu tajacu 128024.0 18.39 3432.1 2.68 AMALC01010 Wapiti Or Elk Cervus elaphus 33920.0 4.87 1395.9 4.12 AMALC02010 Mule Or Black-Tailed Deer Odocoileus hemionus 107848.9 15.49 3666.0 3.40 AMALC02020 White-Tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus 546613.7 78.50 7236.7 1.32 AMALD01010 Pronghorn Antilocapra americana 57453.1 8.25 544.2 0.95 ARAAA01010 Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta 12519.7 1.80 968.4 7.73 
ARAAA02010 Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas 12519.7 1.80 968.4 7.73 

ARAAA03010 Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Tu Eretmochelys imbricata 12404.3 1.78 968.3 7.81 ARAAA04010 Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle Lepidochelys kempii 12404.3 1.78 968.3 7.81 ARAAB01010 Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina 22942.1 3.29 563.2 2.45 ARAAB02010 Alligator Snapping Turtle Macroclemys temminckii 25820.5 3.71 330.1 1.28 ARAAC01010 Leatherback Sea Turtle Dermochelys coriacea 12404.3 1.78 968.3 7.81 ARAAD01010 Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta 552.2 0.08 0.0 0.00 ARAAD03010 Chicken Turtle Deirochelys reticulari 13551.9 1.95 237.5 1.75 ARAAD05020 Cagle's Map Turtle Graptemys caglei 389.0 0.06 0.7 0.17 ARAAD05080 False Map Turtle Graptemys pseudogeogra 14102.7 2.03 228.0 1.62 ARAAD05100 Texas Map Turtle Graptemys versa 2093.8 0.30 0.3 0.02 ARAAD05110 Ouachita Map Turtle Graptemys ouachitensis 3147.1 0.45 56.6 1.80 ARAAD06010 Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys terrapin 9824.9 1.41 618.0 6.29 ARAAD07020 River Cooter Pseudemys concinna 36952.6 5.31 668.8 1.81 ARAAD07080 Texas River Cooter Pseudemys texana 56006.5 8.04 216.2 0.39 ARAAD08010 Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene carolina 127263.8 18.28 2903.8 2.28 ARAAD08020 Western Box Turtle Terrapene ornata 532134.2 76.42 5509.8 1.04 ARAAD09010 Slider Trachemys scripta 32199.8 4.62 821.9 2.55 ARAAD09020 Big Bend Slider Trachemys gaigeae 10442.8 1.50 3158.1 30.24 ARAAE01020 Yellow Mud Turtle Kinosternon flavescens 24371.3 3.50 682.0 2.80 ARAAE01030 Chihuahuan Mud Turtle Kinosternon hirtipes 92.9 0.01 0.0 0.00 ARAAE01050 Eastern Mud Turtle Kinosternon subrubrum 85172.6 12.23 1192.6 1.40 ARAAE02010 Razorback Musk Turtle Sternotherus carinatus 57071.4 8.20 754.1 1.32 ARAAE02040 Common Musk Turtle Sternotherus odoratus 121331.1 17.42 851.8 0.70 ARAAF01020 Texas Tortoise Gopherus berlandieri 71289.72609 10.24 517.2 0.73 ARAAG01020 Smooth Softshell Apalone mutica 60580.1 8.70 560.0 0.92 ARAAG01030 Spiny Softshell Apalone spinifera 25538.9 3.67 745.1 2.92 ARABA01010 American Alligator Alligator mississippie 18881.7 2.71 639.0 3.38 ARACB02010 Slender Glass Lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus 282666.1 40.59 3695.8 1.31 ARACB04020 Texas Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus infernalis 38887.1 5.58 1117.6 2.87 ARACD01010 Texas Banded Gecko Coleonyx brevis 64411.4 9.25 3082.0 4.78 ARACD01020 Reticulated Gecko Coleonyx reticulatus 6515.6 0.94 2705.5 41.52 ARACF01010 Green Anole Anolis carolinensis 183035.3 26.29 3637.8 1.99 ARACF03010 Greater Earless Lizard Cophosaurus texanus 171987.4 24.70 3477.9 2.02 ARACF04020 Collared Lizard Crotaphytus collaris 171456.0 24.62 3311.2 1.93 ARACF04040 Reticulate Collared Lizar Crotaphytus reticulatu 27249.3 3.91 46.1 0.17 ARACF07020 Longnose Leopard Lizard Gambelia wislizenii 43532.1 6.25 3055.3 7.02 ARACF08010 Spot-Tailed Earless Lizar Holbrookia lacerata 99087.4 14.23 240.9 0.24 
ARACF08020 Lesser Earless Lizard Holbrookia maculata 99087.4 14.23 412.5 0.42 

ARACF08030 Keeled Earless Lizard Holbrookia propinqua 31607.8 4.54 500.9 1.58 ARACF12010 Texas Horned Lizard Phrynosoma cornutum 366405.2 52.62 4263.6 1.16 ARACF12030 Short-Horned Lizard Phrynosoma douglasi 2816.5 0.40 34.0 1.21 ARACF12050 Roundtail Horned Lizard Phrynosoma modestum 149428.6 21.46 3316.6 2.22 ARACF14020 Blue Spiny Lizard Sceloporus serrifer 28462.3 4.09 17.5 0.06 ARACF14030 Sagebrush Lizard Sceloporus graciosus 5181.5 0.74 0.0 0.00 ARACF14040 Mesquite Lizard Sceloporus grammicus 6421.2 0.92 189.1 2.94 ARACF14060 Desert Spiny Lizard Sceloporus magister 18596.4 2.67 2075.7 11.16 ARACF14070 Canyon Lizard Sceloporus merriami 22239.1 3.19 2818.8 12.67 ARACF14090 Texas Spiny Lizard Sceloporus olivaceus 225112.4 32.33 610.6 0.27 ARACF14110 Crevice Spiny Lizard Sceloporus poinsettii 168112.6 24.14 3970.3 2.36 ARACF14130 Fence/Prairie/Plateau Liz Sceloporus undulatus 583575.7 83.81 5443.1 0.93 ARACF14140 Rosebelly Lizard Sceloporus variabilis 80436.4 11.55 343.4 0.43 ARACF16030 Tree Lizard Urosaurus ornatus 189687.1 27.24 4015.7 2.12 ARACF17010 Side-Blotched Lizard Uta stansburiana 120733.3 17.34 3565.4 2.95 ARACH01010 Coal Skink Eumeces anthracinus 28708.3 4.12 176.6 0.62 ARACH01050 Five-Lined Skink Eumeces fasciatus 295602.8 42.45 3199.6 1.08 ARACH01080 Broadhead Skink Eumeces laticeps 113490.9 16.30 2909.8 2.56 ARACH01090 Many-Lined Skink Eumeces multivirgatus 26412.8 3.79 96.4 0.37 ARACH01100 Prairie Skink Eumeces septentrionali 116814.1 16.78 563.1 0.48 ARACH01120 Four-Lined Skink Eumeces tetragrammus 221428.7 31.80 4617.6 2.09 ARACH01130 Great Plains Skink Eumeces obsoletus 471713.3 67.74 3211.2 0.68 ARACH03010 Ground Skink Scincella lateralis 387260.0 55.61 4757.2 1.23 ARACJ02020 Gray-Checkered Whiptail Cnemidophorus dixoni 11935.0 1.71 134.1 1.12 ARACJ02030 Chihuahuan Spotted Whipta Cnemidophorus exsangui 36449.7 5.23 334.7 0.92 ARACJ02050 Texas Spotted Whiptail Cnemidophorus gularis 560716.6 80.52 4977.3 0.89 ARACJ02070 Little Striped Whiptail Cnemidophorus inornatu 51983.6 7.47 2814.0 5.41 ARACJ02080 Laredo Striped Whiptail Cnemidophorus laredoensis 4481.6 0.64 0.0 0.00 ARACJ02090 New Mexico Whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus 1464.0 0.21 0.0 0.00 ARACJ02110 Six-Lined Racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlinea 336251.309 48.29 1333.7 0.40 ARACJ02130 Colorado Checkered Whipta Cnemidophorus tesselat 74427.1 10.69 3150.8 4.23 ARACJ02140 Western Whiptail Cnemidophorus tigris 117362.8 16.85 3907.2 3.33 ARACJ02150 Desert Grassland Whiptail Cnemidophorus uniparen 1761.6 0.25 0.2 0.01 ARACJ02170 Plateau Spotted Whiptail Cnemidophorus septemvi 13952.7 2.00 2402.2 17.22 ARADB01010 Glossy Snake Arizona elegans 212708.0 30.55 3652.0 1.72 ARADB02010 Worm Snake Carphophis amoenus 3287.2 0.47 1.5 0.04 ARADB03010 Scarlet Snake Cemophora coccinea 38885.0 5.58 1831.4 4.71 
ARADB07010 Racer Coluber constrictor 464171.7 66.66 3591.9 0.77 

ARADB08010 Black-Striped Snake Coniophanes imperialis 4631.5 0.67 165.3 3.57 ARADB10010 Ringneck Snake Diadophis punctatus 374916.2 53.84 2388.0 0.64 ARADB11010 Indigo Snake Drymarchon corais 101393.9 14.56 1104.4 1.09 ARADB12010 Speckled Racer Drymobius margaritifer 1826.7 0.26 92.6 5.07 ARADB13010 Bairds Rat Snake Elaphe bairdi 43129.3 6.19 1244.5 2.89 ARADB13020 Great Plains Rat Snake Elaphe guttata 582367.8 83.63 5357.6 0.92 ARADB13030 Texas Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta 401111.9 57.60 4864.1 1.21 ARADB13040 Trans-Pecos Rat Snake Elaphe subocularis 43051.1 6.18 2616.3 6.08 ARADB14010 Mud Snake Farancia abacura 61955.5 8.90 926.3 1.50 ARADB15010 Mexican Hooknose Snake Ficimia streckeri 54294.9 7.80 306.3 0.56 ARADB16010 Western Hooknose Snake Gyalopion canum 117102.4 16.82 3538.9 3.02 ARADB17010 Western Hognose Snake Heterodon nasicus 189245.8 27.18 2008.7 1.06 ARADB17020 Eastern Hognose Snake Heterodon platirhinos 440659.3 63.28 4455.9 1.01 ARADB18010 Night Snake Hypsiglena torquata 273042.4 39.21 4029.1 1.48 ARADB19010 Prairie Kingsnake Lampropeltis calligast 244997.3 35.18 1675.4 0.68 ARADB19020 Common Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula 554031.4 79.56 5692.0 1.03 ARADB19030 Gray-Banded Kingsnake Lampropeltis alterna 25063.1 3.60 1132.8 4.52 ARADB19050 Milk Snake Lampropeltis triangulu 643838.5 92.46 8374.9 1.30 ARADB20010 Cat-Eyed Snake Leptodeira septentrion 18505.1 2.66 510.9 2.76 ARADB21020 Coachwhip Masticophis flagellum 624777.1 89.72 6546.9 1.05 ARADB21040 Striped Whipsnake Masticophis taeniatus 211045.7 30.31 4307.8 2.04 ARADB21050 Schott's Whipsnake Masticophis schotti 29880.3 4.29 49.3 0.16 ARADB22010 Green Water Snake Nerodia cyclopion 25873.0 3.72 890.7 3.44 ARADB22020 Plainbelly/Yellowbelly Wa Nerodia erythrogaster 247591.8 35.56 2109.4 0.85 ARADB22030 Southern Water Snake Nerodia fasciata 96364.8 13.84 1408.8 1.46 ARADB22040 Brazos Water Snake Nerodia harteri 1679.1 0.24 0.0 0.00 ARADB22050 Diamondback Water Snake Nerodia rhombifer 235753.1 33.86 2377.7 1.01 ARADB22060 Northern Water Snake Nerodia sipedon 1630.7 0.23 45.8 2.81 ARADB22090 Salt Marsh Snake Nerodia clarkii 5665.7 0.81 96.3 1.70 ARADB23010 Rough Green Snake Opheodrys aestivus 315471.3 45.30 3411.9 1.08 ARADB23020 Smooth Green Snake Opheodrys vernalis 934.7 0.13 60.9 6.52 ARADB26010 Pine Or Gopher Snake Pituophis melanoleucus 626145.9 89.92 7597.9 1.21 ARADB27020 Grahams Crayfish Snake Regina grahamii 13793.0 1.98 302.6 2.19 ARADB27030 Glossy Crayfish Snake Regina rigida 80235.9 11.52 2835.1 3.53 ARADB29010 Longnose Snake Rhinocheilus lecontei 485666.6 69.75 4772.5 0.98 ARADB30010 Big Bend Patchnose Snake Salvadora deserticola 38855.5 5.58 3417.8 8.80 ARADB30020 Mountain Patchnose Snake Salvadora grahamiae 116464.2 16.73 3372.5 2.90 
ARADB32010 Ground Snake Sonora semiannulata 515972.7 74.10 4752.8 0.92 

ARADB34010 Brown Snake Storeria dekayi 329628.9 47.34 2133.0 0.65 ARADB34030 Redbelly Snake Storeria occipitomacul 45542.5 6.54 2437.0 5.35 ARADB35010 Mexican Blackhead Snake Tantilla atriceps 9566.8 1.37 87.9 0.92 ARADB35040 Flathead Snake Tantilla gracilis 372643.0 53.51 4745.1 1.27 ARADB35050 Plains Blackhead Snake Tantilla nigriceps 489796.9 70.34 5417.1 1.11 ARADB35090 Big Bend Blackhead Snake Tantilla rubra 57101.7 8.20 3567.5 6.25 ARADB35140 Southwestern Blackhead Sn Tantilla hobartsmithi 138251.1 19.85 3696.4 2.67 ARADB36040 Blackneck Garter Snake Thamnophis cyrtopsis 106642.1 15.31 1674.0 1.57 ARADB36070 Checkered Garter Snake Thamnophis marcianus 547853.8 78.68 5535.1 1.01 ARADB36090 Western Ribbon Snake Thamnophis proximus 31746.3 4.56 892.2 2.81 ARADB36100 Plains Garter Snake Thamnophis radix 9044.9 1.30 118.0 1.30 ARADB36130 Common Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis 83764.2 12.03 959.1 1.15 ARADB37010 Lyre Snake Trimorphodon biscutatu 18318.4 2.63 1041.7 5.69 ARADB38010 Lined Snake Tropidoclonion lineatu 173950.3 24.98 184.8 0.11 ARADB39010 Rough Earth Snake Virginia striatula 318275.3 45.71 4018.6 1.26 ARADB39020 Smooth Earth Snake Virginia valeriae 71115.6 10.21 62.0 0.09 ARADC02010 Eastern Coral Snake Micrurus fulvius 259368.3 37.25 3331.6 1.28 ARADD01010 Texas Blind Snake Leptotyphlops dulcis 439114.3 63.06 2782.3 0.63 ARADD01020 Western Blind Snake Leptotyphlops humilis 71982.8 10.34 3427.8 4.76 ARADE01010 Copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix 323726.2 46.49 4348.9 1.34 ARADE01020 Cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus 157476.7 22.61 1241.9 0.79 ARADE02020 Western Diamondback Rattl Crotalus atrox 547485.8 78.62 5853.1 1.07 ARADE02040 Timber Rattlesnake Crotalus horridus 136221.5 19.56 2807.6 2.06 ARADE02050 Rock Rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus 85569.2 12.29 3375.0 3.94 ARADE02070 Blacktail Rattlesnake Crotalus molossus 109912.0 15.78 3343.9 3.04 ARADE02100 Mojave Rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus 46866.7 6.73 3393.6 7.24 ARADE02120 Western Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis 219473.1 31.52 3150.7 1.44 ARADE03010 Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus 277210.2 39.81 1679.2 0.61 ARADE03020 Pigmy Rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius 113715.8 16.33 2825.0 2.48 
APPENDIX D– LIST OF EXAMPLE GAP APPLICATIONS 

Businesses and Non-government Organizations 

The following are some examples of applications of GAP data by the private sector: 

The Wyoming Natural Heritage Program (a private non-government organization) 

transformed the endangered and sensitive species database into a spatially referenced 

digital geographic information system using the GAP digital base map and other GAP 

spatial data. 

Hughes Corp. is experimenting with the Utah and Nevada GAP digital base maps, 

simulating images to aid the development of new space-based remote sensing devices. 

The Nature Conservancy used the Wyoming GAP data to develop a map of ecoregions of 

Wyoming. 

Weyerhaeuser Corp. is using the Arkansas GAP data in managing their lands in 

Arkansas. 

IBM Corp. is funding a project at the University of California-Santa Barbara that, in part, 

uses GAP data in the development of visualization software. 

NM-GAP vegetation data is being used for an environmental assessment of a proposed 

spaceport, a state/private venture. 

County and City Planning 

Some other examples of the use of GAP by local governments are: 

CA-GAP biological data were combined with the Southern California Association of 

Governments (SCAG) land ownership data to show which ownerships and jurisdictions 

were needed for joint conservation planning and management of a particular natural 

community or species, maximizing efficiency and minimizing the potential for yet 

another conservation crisis. 

In California, county and city planners of several jurisdictions, wildlife agencies, 

developers of the 4S Ranch property, and the state Natural Communities Conservation 

Planning program used the GAP regional data, as well as more detailed information, to 

conserve 1,640 acres of habitat within a 2,900-acre planned development. 

Day-to-day county planning operations in Piute, Grande, and Washington counties, Utah. 

County planners in Piute County, Utah, used GAP data to optimize the siting of a 

proposed sawmill for aspen with respect to the distribution of aspen stands. 

Missoula County, Montana, used the GAP land cover map of the area as a base map for 

its comprehensive long-range plan. 

Snohomish County, Washington, used the GAP land cover map in meeting state 

requirements for a growth management plan. 

The City of Bainbridge Island, Washington, used GAP data to assist them in development 

of a watershed planning project. 

 

State Uses 

The following are some examples of uses of GAP data by state agencies. 
The GAP database of species habitats was used by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources 

Agency (TWRA) to update its book "Species in Need of Management." 

Images of land cover derived from GAP TM data are used by TWRA for locating 

particular habitat types. Information on the locations of these habitat types is provided by 

TWRA to the public for a wide variety of public service functions, from education to 

cooperative resource management. 

Early GAP data developed by TWRA were used to help identify an extremely important 

area of the state with high biodiversity that was subsequently purchased by the state for 

conservation. 

Preliminary findings from GAP were used by TWRA to develop three resource 

management initiatives. 

The Tennessee GAP project, which is being carried out primarily by TWRA, is the 

foundation of a multi-agency, long-term biodiversity program for Tennessee. 

GAP data have been used by the Tennessee Forestry Stewardship Program to help 

develop a district program for nine conservation planning districts, outlining Best 

Management Practices (BMPs) for biological conservation on private lands. 

GAP data are being used extensively by TWRA in the preparation of project proposals to 

the North American Waterfowl Conservation Program. These proposals require that 

biodiversity issues are addressed in specific detail. The use of GAP data on occurrence of 

land cover types and terrestrial vertebrates has made this possible. 

The Wyoming Department of Fish and Game used GAP data to assist them in 

transforming the Wildlife Observation System database into a spatially referenced 

geographic information system. 

The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and the Bear River Water Conservancy District 

used the Utah GAP land cover map in a resource management assessment for mitigating 

conflicts between a proposed groundwater withdrawal project and the maintenance of an 

elk calving area in the Uinta Mountains. 

The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, and 

Sheik Safari International used the Utah GAP land cover map to identify critical elk 

habitat. The environmental profile of these areas was then used to identify other similar 

areas for elk habitat enhancement. 

The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources used the Utah GAP land cover map for a rapid 

ecological assessment of the Echo Henefer Wildlife Management Area. 

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife used GAP data to develop a breeding 

bird atlas and an atlas of mammals of Washington State. 

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife uses GAP data to operate an integrated 

landscape management program. 

The Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife uses GAP data from Eastern 

Washington to assist with an innovative program that brings the forest products industry, 

state agency biologists, non-government organizations, and tribal biologists together in 

the field to jointly determine the appropriate management practices for any particular site 

of concern (Timber, Fish & Wildlife Program). 

The Idaho Department of Fish and Game used GAP data to evaluate the impact from 

expanded military training activities on public lands in Southern Idaho. 

The Idaho Department of Fish and Game uses GAP data for regional planning efforts on 

a regular basis. 
Statewide Planning 

Biodiversity planning programs or projects are now under way in Arizona, California, Colorado, 

Maine, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, and Tennessee. It is likely that similar efforts will develop in 

other states. These activities were the subject of the State Biodiversity Programs meeting 

discussed on page _ in this report. In some cases, these efforts grew out of the state GAP project, 

however, in most cases, the GAP data are being used to meet a previously defined need. In all 

cases, GAP data are central to their development and operations. The goals of each of these 

programs or projects are presented briefly below. 

Federal Agency Applications 

Some examples of applications of GAP data by federal agencies follow: 

GAP data are being supplied to all military installations in the Great Basin ecoregion for 

integrated management of the natural resources. These installations constitute a very 

large amount of land area. Much of it is of high value for native species. 

The Ouachita National Forest used the Arkansas GAP data to help them develop an 

ecosystem management plan. 

The Wyoming GAP data were used by NASA to calibrate a model that predicts 

vegetation types based on climate and soil variables. 

The potential contributions to biodiversity conservation of four different options 

proposed for new wilderness designation in Idaho were quantified by the Idaho 

Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit in cooperation with the Park Studies Unit. 

The potential contributions to biodiversity conservation of four different options 

proposed for new national park designation in Idaho were quantified by the Idaho 

Cooperative Park Studies Unit. 

The U.S. Forest Service in Booneville, Arkansas, used the Arkansas GAP data land cover 

maps in a 3-dimensional presentation to provide the public with a visual representation of 

the region and to enhance the public's involvement with the National Forest planning 

process. 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regularly uses the GAP data for Southern California 

for habitat evaluation and management. 

The U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and National Park Service are 

using the GAP data for a wide variety of natural resource management operations in 

Utah. For example, the entire Utah GAP database is directly linked with existing National 

Park Service databases for use by National Parks. 

The Bureau of Land Management uses the Wyoming GAP data for managing the Buffalo 

Resource Area. 

The U.S. Forest Service used the Utah GAP data to help assist them in evaluating humaninduced impacts to forested lands surrounding ski resorts in central Utah. 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Delaware used GAP data to help identify potential 

habitat for the federally endangered Delmarva fox squirrel. These maps were displayed 

and served as a catalyst for bringing together people with a stake in the issue. 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service used the Indiana GAP data as part of a biological 

assessment for the base closure of the Jefferson Proving Grounds and its conversion to a 
National Wildlife Refuge. This 58,000-acre installation has restricted human access due 

to unexploded ordinance and contains some of the highest-quality natural habitat in 

Indiana. 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Louisiana used GAP data to avoid conflict over the 

designation of critical habitat of the federally endangered Louisiana black bear. 

The NOAA Coastal Marine Sanctuary in Washington State uses GAP data for an 

educational display. 

In Washington and New Mexico, digital land cover maps have been distributed to all 

National Forests. 

The U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in New Mexico is using a 

GAP clustered imagery as a base for their land cover mapping activities.

The Department of Defense is funding the development of an electronic environmental 

information system for the Mojave ecoregion, which would use GAP data as a foundation 

or base layer of information. The system will link 29 DoD installations to a common 

source of environmental information.
Appendix E.. Habitat database table for the northern cricket frog, Acris crepitans. 

NORTHERN CRICKET FROG Page 1 AAABC0101Acris crepitans Amphibia100000 Forest: Y 121300 Temporarily flooded: Y

110000 Evergreen forest: Y 121301 Acer negundo : Y

111000 Trop/sub broad-leaved Y 121302 Betula nigra-(Platanus Y

111100 Lowland: Y 121303 Carya Y111101 Pithecellobium ebano: Y 121304 Fagus grandifolia : Y111200 Temporarily flooded: Y 121305 Fraxinus Y111201 Sabal mexicana: Y 121306 Liquidambar Y

112000 Temp. broad-leaved Y 121307 Platanus Y

112100 Lowland: Y 121308 Populus deltoides : Y112101 Quercus virginiana: Y 121309 Populus Y112200 Temporarily flooded: Y 121310 Populus Y112201 Quercus virginiana: Y 121311 Quercus laurifolia : Y

113000 Trop/subtrop N 121312 Quercus (michauxii, Y

113100 Tidally flooded: 121313 Quercus nigra-Quercus Y113101 Avicennia germinans: 121314 Quercus (phellos, Y

114000 Temp/subpolar: Y 121315 Salix nigra: Y

114100 Rounded-crowned: Y 121316 Taxodium Y114101 Pinus echinata: Y 121400 Seasonally flooded: Y114102 Pinus palustris-Pinus Y 121401 Acer rubrum var. Y114103 Pinus palustris-Pinus Y 121402 Crataegus opaca: Y114104 Pinus ponderosa var. Y 121403 Nyssa biflora : Y114105 Pinus ponderosa var. Y 121404 Planera aquatica : Y114106 Pinus taeda: Y 121405 Quercus lyrata : Y114107 Pinus taeda-Pinus Y 121406 Quercus (lyrata, Y114200 Saturated: Y 121407 Quercus phellos : Y114201 Pinus elliottii var. 121408 Quercus texana : Y114202 Pinus elliottii var. 121409 Salix nigra : Y114300 Planted/cultivated: 121410 Sapium sebiferum : Y114301 Pinus elliottii var. Y 121411 Taxodium Y114302 Pinus palustris: 121500 Semipermanently Y114303 Pinus taeda: 121501 Nyssa Y

120000 Deciduous forest: Y 121502 Nyssa biflora : Y

121000 Cold-deciduous forest: Y 121503 Salix nigra : Y

121100 Lowland or submontane: Y 121504 Taxodium distichum : Y
121101 Acer grandidentatum: 130000 Mixed evergreen deciduous 

forest:

Y

121102 Carya myristiciformis 131000 Mixed broad-leaved evergreen: Y121103 Fagus grandifolia: 131100 Mixed broad-leaved Y121104 Fagus 131101 Fagus Y121105 Liriodendron 131102 Quercus Y121106 Quercus alba-Carya 131103 Quercus Y121107 Quercus alba-Quercus 131104 Quercus Y121108 Quercus 131200 Seasonally flooded: Y121109 Quercus 131201 Magnolia Y121110 Quercus 132000 Mixed needle-leaved: Y

121200 Montane or boreal: N 132100 Mixed needle-leaved: Y

121201 Populus tremuloides: 132101 Juniperus virginiana Y

132102 Pinus echinata-Quercus Y132103 Pinus echinata-Quercus Y132104 Pinus (echinata, Y132105 Pinus palustris-Pinus Y132106 Pinus Y132107 Pinus taeda-Quercus Y132108 Pinus taeda-Quercus Y132200 Temporarily flooded: Y

OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT 

132201 Pinus taeda-Quercus Y

STANDING WATER AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH FLOWING WATER 

132300 Seasonally flooded: Y

PERSONAL OBSERVATION, 2,3,4,6 132301 Pinus Y

NORTHERN CRICKET FROG Page 1 AAABC0101

Acris crepitans Amphibia

200000 Woodland: Y

210000 Evergreen: Y

211000 Temperate broad-leaved: Y

211100 Temperate broad-leaved: Y

211101 Quercus emoryi: N211102 Quercus fusiformis: Y

211103 Quercus grisea: Y

211104 Quercus virginiana: Y

211200 Saturated: Y

211201 Magnolia virginiana: Y

212000 Temp/subpolar needle-leaved: Y

212100 Rounded-crowned: Y
212101 Juniperus ashei: N

212102 Juniperus monosperma: N212103 Juniperus pinchotii: N212104 Juniperus scopulorum: N212105 Pinus cembroides: N212106 Pinus echinata: Y212107 Pinus palustris: Y

212108 Pinus palustris/Quercus spp.: Y

212109 Pinus palustris-Pinus (echinata, taeda): Y

212110 Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum: N

212111 Pinus remota: Y212112 Pinus-taeda echinata: Y

212200 Conical-crowned: Y

212201 Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana: Y

212300 Saturated: Y

212301 Pinus palustris: Y

212400 Planted/cultivated, Plantation: Y

212401 Pinus elliottii var. elliottii-Pinus 

(taeda):

Y

220000 Deciduous: Y

221000 Cold-deciduous woodland: Y

221100 Cold: Y

221101 Prosopis glandulosa: Y221102 Quercus buckleyi: Y221103 Quercus incana: Y221104 Quercus laceyi: Y

221105 Quercus stellata-Quercus maralindica: Y

221200 Temporarily flooded: Y

221201 Populus fremontii: Y221202 Salix gooddingii: Y

221300 Planted/cultivated: Y

221301 Carya illinoinensis: Y

230000 Mixed evergreen-deciduous: Y

231000 Mixed broad-leaved evergreen: Y

231100 Mixed broad-leaved evergreen: Y

231101 Quercus fusiformis-Celtis laevigata 

var.:

Y

Quercus hemisphaerica-Quercus

marg.:

231102 U

Quercus virginiana-Carya

illinoinensis:

231103 Y

231104 Quercus virginiana-Celtis laevigata: Y231105 Quercus virginiana-Quercus stellata: Y
232000 Mixed needle-leaved evergreen: Y

232100 Mixed needle-leaved evergreen: Y

232101 Pinus echinata-Quercus (alba, 

stellata):

Y

Y 

232102 Pinus echinata-Quercus stellataQuercus: Y

OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT 

STANDING WATER AND IN

ASSOCIATION WITH FLOWING WATER

2,3,4,6 AND PERSONAL OBS.

NORTHERN CRICKET FROG Page 1 AAABC0101

Acris crepitans ans Amphibia

300000 Shrubland:

310000 Evergreen: Y

311000 Tropical or subtropical broad-leaved: Y

311100 Sclerophyllous: Y

311101 Pithecellobium ebano-Phauloth: Y

312000 Temperate broad-leaved: Y

312100 Sclerophyllous: Y

312101 Quercus havardii: Y

312102 Quercus mohriana: Y

312103 Quercus pungens var. pungen: N

312200 Saturated: Y

312201 Cyrilla racemiflora: Y

313000 Microphyllous: Y

313100 Microphyllous: Y

313101 Artemisia filifolia: Y313102 Leucophyllum frutecens: Y

314000 Extremely xeromorphic: Y

314100 Evergreen subdesert shrubland: Y

314101 Larrea tridentata: Y

320000 Deciduous: Y

321000 Drought-deciduous: Y

321100 Lowland: Y

321101 Acacia berlandieri: Y321102 Acacia rigidula: Y321103 Fallugia paradoxa: Y321104 Prosopis glandulosa: Y

322000 Cold-deciduous: Y
322100

Y 

Temporarily flooded: Y

322101 Salix nigra: Y

322200 Semipermanently flooded: Y

322201 Cephalanthus occidentalis: Y

322300 Tidally flooded: N

322301 Borrichia frutescens: N

323400 Planted/cultivated, fruit/nut shrub: Y

323401 Vitis vinifera: Y

330000 Mixed evergreen-deciduous: Y

331000 Mixed evergreen-deciduous: Y

331100 Lowland: Y

331101 Acacia smallii - Opuntia Y

331102 Prosopis Y331103 Prosopis Y

400000 Dwarf-shrubland: Y

410000 Evergreen dwarf-shrubland: N

411000 Extremely xeromorphic:

411100 Tidally flooded:

411101 Batis maritima:

420000 Mixed evergreen-deciduous: Y

421000 Extremely xeromorphic: Y

421100 Deciduous subdesert with succulent: Y

421101 Tiquilia hispidissima: Y

OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT OR STANDING WATER AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH FLOWING WATER; 2,3,4,6 AND PERSONAL OBS. 

NORTHERN CRICKET 

FROG 

Page 1 

Acris crepitans Amphibia

500000 Herbaceous vegetation: 

510000 Perennial graminoid: Y 513000 Temp/subpolar grassla

trees: 

511000 Trop/subtrop grassland: N 513100 Tall: 511100 Tidally flooded: 513101 Panicum virgatum: 511101 Monanthochloe littoralis: 513200 Temporarily flooded: 

512000 Temp/subpolar grassland: Y 513201 Celtis laevigata var. re

512100 Tall sod: Y 513300 Saturated: 
512101 Andropogon gerardii-(Sorghastrum): 

Y 513301 Ctenium aromaticum-

exp: 

512102 Andropogon hallii:

Y 514000 Temp/su

512103 Schizachyrium scoparium-Paspalum:

Y with sparse s

512104 Schizachyrium scoparium-Paspalum

pl: 

Y 514100 Short with spa

512105 Schizachyrium scopariumSorghastru: 

Y 514101 Bouteloua h

512106 Tripsacum dactyloides - Panicum 

virga: 

Y 514200 Satu

512107 Uniola paniculata: 

Y broad-leaved ev

512200 Medium-tall sod: 

Y 514201 Muhlenbergia expansa

512201 Bothriochloa barbinodis:

Y 520000 

512202 Bouteloua curtipendula-Bouteloua 

(erio): 

Y 521000 Tempe

512203 Hilaria belangeri-Bouteloua

curtipendul: 

Y 521100 

512204 Panicum obtusum: 

Y 521101 Bi

512205 Schizachyrium cirratum:

Y 530000 Hydro

512206 Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua

c.: 

Y 531000

512207 Schizachyrium scopariumLesquerella: 

Y 531100 Topic

512208 Schizachyrium scopariumSchizachyri: 

Y Permanen

512209 Sporobolus flexuosus: 

Y 531101 Cymo

512210 Sporobolus silveanus: 

Y 531102 Halo

512300 Short sod: 

Y 531103 Tha

512301 Bouteloua gracilis: 

Y 532000 Tempe

512302 Bouteloua hirsuta: 

Y 532100 Perm

512303 Hilaria mutica: 

Y 532101 Hete

512400 Intermittently flooded:

Y 540000 Annual gr

512401 Pascopyrum smithii: 

Y 541000 Tempe

512500 Temporarily flooded: 

Y 541100 Planted/culti

512501 Arundo donax: 

Y 541101 Ph

512502 Distichlis spicata: 

Y 541102 Ph

512503 Juncus effusus: 

Y 541103 

512504 Phragmites australis: 

Y 541104 Solan

512600 Seasonally flooded: 

Y 541105 Solan

512601 Phragmites australis: 

Y 541106 Sorg

512602 Spartina spartinae: 

U 541107 Trifoli

512700 Semipermanently flooded: 

Y 541108 Vig

512701 Phragmites australis: 

Y 541109 

512702 Scirpus americanus: 

Y 541200 Planted/cultiv
512703 Typha latifolia: Y 541201 

512800 Saturated: Y 541202 H

512801 Muhlenbergia expansa: Y 541203 

512802 Rhynchospora (gracilenta,

oligantha): 

Y 541204 

512900 Totally flooded: N 541205 Tri

512901 Distichlis spicata:512902 Juncus roemerianus:512903 Spartina alterniflora: OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS 

TEMPORARY OR 

512904 Spartina patens: PERMANENT STANDING WATER;512905 Spartina spartinae: 2,3,4,6 AND PERSONAL OBSERVATION

NORTHERN CRICKET FROG 

Acris crepitans A

600000 Sparse veg

610000 Consolidat

611000 Pa

611100 Vascular veg

611101 Sedum nutta

620000 Unconsolidated m

621000 Sa621100 Intermittently 

621101 Cakile con

700000 Other asso

in

701101 Minimum Tempera

701102 Maximum Temperat

701201 Minimum Preci

701202 Maximum Preci

701301 Minimum Humid

701302 Maximum Humid

701401 Minimum Slo

701402 Maximum Slo

701501 Minimum Aspect (

701502 Maximum Aspect (
704400 

701601 Minimum E

(

701602 Maximum E

(

702100 Restricted to p

mountai

702200 Restricted to p

wa

702300 Restricted to partic703100 Associa

stream

ALL SIZES

703102 Maximum dis

asso

ALWAYS IN ASSOCIATION WITH WATER WHERE 

THEY REPRODUCE AND FEED

703200 Associated with lake

ANY SIZE

703202 Maximum dis

asso

ALWAYS IN ASSOCIATION WITH WATER WHERE 

THEY REPRODUCE

703300 Associated Associa

transportation co

703202 Maximum dis

asso

703400 Associated with urba

ALL SIZES; ANYWHERE THERE IS WATER

703500 Associated with agr

ALL SIZES; ANYWHERE THERE IS WATER

704100 Home range data in

704101 Minimum Home Ran704102 Maximum Home Ran

704103 Average Home Ran

704300 Is the animal native to 

Does the animal 

OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT 

STANDING WATER AND IN ASSOCIATION
WITH FLOWING WATER.

NORTHERN 

CRICKET FROG 

Page 1 

Acris crepitans Amphibia

800000 Ecoregion data 

820000 Humid Temperat

820300 Subtropica

820310 Southeastern mixed forest 

820315 Mid coastal plai

820316 Eastern gulf prairies and marsh

820320 Outer coastal plain mixed forest 

820325 Louisiana coast prairies and marsh820326 Coastal plains and flatwoo

820500 Prairie 

820550 Prairie parkland (subtropical) 

820551 Cross timbers and prairi

820552 Blackland prairi

820553 Oak woods and prairi

820554 Central gulf prairies and marsh

830000 Dr

830100 Tropical/Subtropical Steppe 

830110 Great plains steppe and shrub 

830111 Redbed Plai

830150 Southwest plateau and plains dry 

shrub 

830152 Texas high plai

830153 Rolling plai

830154 Edwards platea830155 Rio Grande pla830156 Southern gulf prairies and marsh

830200 Tropical/Subtropical Deser

830210 Chihuahuan semidesert 

830211 Basin and rang

830212 Stockton platea

830300 Temperate Steppe 
830310 Great Plains-Palouse dry steppe 

830312 Southern high plai

831100 Tropical/Subtropical Regime 

831130 AZ-NM Mountains semidesert-o

coniferous forest-alpine meadow 

831132 Sacramento-Monzano mounta

899998 ECOREGION COM

OCCURS ANYWHERE THERE IS TEMPORARY OR 

PERMANENT STANDING WATER AND IN 

ASSOCIATION 

WITH FLOWING WATER

899999 ECOREGION REFERENCE
APPENDIX F - MAMMALS

The Virginia Opossum, Didelphis virginiana, AMAAA01010, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species is 

associated with rivers and streams in the western part of its range. In the Trans-Pecos, it 

is found only in riparian habitats along the Rio Grande. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Southern Short-Tailed Shrew, Blarina carolinensis, AMABA03020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Short-Tailed Shrew, Blarina hylophaga, AMABA03030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species has only been found in 

Aransas, Montague, and Bastrop Counties. In Aransas County, this shrew is associated 

with sandy soils and live oaks. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Least Shrew, Cryptotis parva, AMABA04010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semi-permanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is found in grasslands, seldom 

in forests, but occasionally in moist forest areas. It prefers dense herbaceous ground 

cover such as bluestem, Bermuda grass, and Johnson grass. It can be found within 

grassy, weedy fields, vacant lots, fencerows, hedgerows, and briar thickets. Simpson & 

Maxwell (1989) and Dowler and Boyd (1996) suggest the Least Shrew may inhabit Coke 

and Tom Green Counties. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range

Section and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Desert Shrew, Notiosorex crawfordi, AMABA05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Mole, Scalopus aquaticus, AMABB04010, habitat is limited to moist soils 

containing sand or loam only because there were no vegetation associations given in the 

literature. This species avoids deep, dry sands and heavy clays, but prefers moist, loose,

sandy or loamy soils. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Ghost-Faced Bat, Mormoops megalophylla, AMACA01010, habitat was limited to 

rocky outcrops, caves, and crevices in association with rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy 

grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, 

and urban areas. This species is found in lowland areas especially where desert scrub and 

riverine habitats occur, in caves, crevices, and abandoned mine tunnels. It inhabits 

rugged country and has been captured in the mountains (Apache, Chisos, Chinati, and 

Sierra Vieja). It is associated with the southern escarpment of the Edwards Plateau and 

extreme South Texas. Caves that it is known to inhabit are Frio Cave (Uvalde), Webb 

Cave (Kinney), Haby Cave (Bexar), and Valdina Farms Sinkhole (Medina). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Greater Long-Nosed Bat, Leptonycteris nivalis, AMACB03010, habitat is limited to 

soils containing gravel, stone, cobble, and weathered bedrock, in association with 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), and extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub). This bat is 

known only from Brewster and Presidio Counties where it inhabits deep caverns. The 

only known colony is from Mt. Emory in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National 

Park. It has a close association with agave. Sometimes it is found in desert scrub at 

lower elevations; however, it prefers pine-oak habitat in the mountains (elevations 

between 1500 to 23,000 meters). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
No vegetation association was identified for the Little Brown Myotis, Myotis lucifugus, 

AMACC01010. This species roosts in attics and migrates between summer and winter 

ranges, where it actually breeds. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Yuma Myotis, Myotis yumanensis, AMACC01020, habitat is limited to soils 

containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

urban areas. This species roosts in caves, abandoned buildings, mines, and tunnels. It

has a close association with water and is found along the Rio Grande because of this 

association with water. Bradley states that its occurrence within the Southern Rio Grande 

region may be due to migrants. In the Trans-Pecos, it has been found in both lowland 

and upland habitats; however, it prefers lower elevations. In Big Bend it is most common 

in riparian and desert scrub habitat along the Rio Grande. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Southeastern Myotis, Myotis austroriparius, AMACC01030, is closely associated 

with caves and rock crevices. The habitat is limited to soils containing cobble, stone, 

gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands), and urban areas. This 

species is closely associated with water. It roosts in caves and human habitats. It has 

been known to roost under bridge crevices, in drainpipes, in boathouses, barns, attics, and 

hollow trees. Vegetation associations include stream floodplain forests, lower-slope 

hardwood pine, flatland hardwoods, and upper-slope pine-oak. Walker et al. (1996) 

recorded the Southeastern Myotis in Freestone, Leon, and Walker Counties, which is 

outside of the range extent depicted in Davis & Schmidly (1994). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Cave Myotis, Myotis velifer, AMACC01050, is closely associated with caves and 

rock crevices. Associations include cobble, gravel, stone, and weathered bedrock soil 

types in association with wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous 

forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species inhabits caves and rock crevices. In the Panhandle, it hibernates in 

gypsum caves. It will roost under bridges, will inhabit old buildings and carports, and 

often frequents watercourses. In the Trans-Pecos it inhabits desert, grassland, and cliffs 

with pinyon pine, juniper and a few yellow pine. In Big Bend, it has been seen in willow. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 

The Fringed Myotis, Myotis thysanodes, AMACC01090, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species roosts in mine tunnels and 

rock crevices, and is found only in the mountain ranges of the Trans-Pecos, except for 

Crosby County. However, this is believed to be a result of migrants. It will roost in old 

buildings, inhabits habitats ranging from desert scrub to mountainous pine, oak, and 

pinyon-juniper. It prefers grassland areas at intermediate elevations. In Big Bend, the 

Fringed Myotis has been taken at elevations ranging from 7,200 to 1,800 feet. In the 

Sierra Vieja, it has been collected in catclaw-grama associations. In the Guadalupe 

Mountains, collections were taken in dense woodlands at high elevations. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Long-Legged Myotis, Myotis volans, AMACC01110, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ black grama), and 

urban areas. This species is found mostly in the Trans-Pecos, but one record was found 

in Knox County, which was believed to be a migrant. It inhabits forests and prefers high, 

open woods and mountainous terrain. It will roost in buildings, cliff crevices, and hollow 

trees. It forages over water and forest clearings. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The California Myotis, Myotis californicus, AMACC01120, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species inhabits wooded canyons 

and areas, open deciduous and coniferous forests, and brushy hillsides. It has also been 

associated with desert, grassland and wooded areas. It will roost in caves, cliffs, and 

houses. This bat is primarily found only in the Trans-Pecos; however, a resident colony

occurs in Randall County in association with Palo Duro Canyon (Choate and Killebrew, 

1991). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Small-Footed Myotis, Myotis ciliolabrum, AMACC01140, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is found primarily in the 

Trans-Pecos, but does occur in Randall and Armstrong Counties. It roosts in cracks, 

crevices, canyon walls, caves, loose tree bark, within abandoned houses, and mine 

tunnels. Habitat associations are typically described as desert, semi-desert, and desert 

mountain areas. Captures are primarily from wooded mountain areas although a few 

have been collected in scrub habitat and grassland. Note: this species was once 

considered a subspecies of Myotis leibii. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Silver-Haired Bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans, AMACC02010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), facultatively deciduous 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands), 

and urban areas. This species is a migratory bat whose migration patterns are still not 

fully understood (Davis & Schmidly, 1994). It is possible that this bat migrates to New 

Mexico in the winter (Bradley, Pers. comm.). Statewide collection records are perhaps 

more of a reflection of its ability to migrate and may not necessarily reflect associations 

with habitat (Bradley, Pers. comm.). However, Davis and Schmidly (1994) and Bradley

(Pers. comm.) suggest a resident population may exist in the montane region of the 

Guadalupe Mountains. Foraging behavior has been noted in coniferous forest or mixed 

deciduous forests near water. 

The range for this bat is the entire state, with the exception of the Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Western Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus hesperus, AMACC03010, habitat is limited to soils 

containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly 

pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. The primary habitat of this species 

is rocky outcrops along waterways. It has been known to roost in cracks, or crevices of 

canyon walls or cliffs, and under loose rocks or in caves. In the Trans-Pecos, habitat 

includes rocky canyons and desert scrub flats. It has not been recorded from Reeves or 

Pecos Counties. Its elevational range is from the Rio Grand to 6,800 feet in the Chisos 

Mountains. Collections have also been taken from the High Plains, Rolling Plains, and 

the northern and western edges of the Edwards Plateau. Bradley (Pers. comm.) states that 

the records in the High Plains region are likely a result of an association with the caprock 

escarpment. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling 

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 

The Eastern Pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus, AMACC03020, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), and urban areas. This species roosts within caves, crevices, 

buildings, and trees that contain Spanish moss. It is associated with woodlands and 

waterways. Foraging is generally not done in deep woods or open fields unless trees are 

nearby. The caves along the Balcones Escarpment provide adequate roosting habitat and 

it is abundant in this region. Collections of this bat species are also common from 

bottomland streams and forests. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Big Brown Bat, Eptesicus fuscus, AMACC04010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This bat is found in both East and 

West Texas as two subspecies. In the eastern portion of the state, it is associated with 

pine-oak, and longleaf pine. In the western portion of its range, it is associated with 

wooded and montane regions, caves, and canyons. Captures have been made in 

association with cottonwoods and desert scrub vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Red Bat, Lasiurus borealis, AMACC05010, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. This bat is found statewide, however, it is 

considered rare in the Trans-Pecos. This bat is considered to be a forest-dwelling species. 

In the Trans-Pecos, this bat has been found in catclaw-grama (Sierra Vieja), oak-juniper 

(Davis Mountains), and elm trees (Rio Grand Valley-El Paso). 

The range for this bat is the entire state. 
The Seminole Bat, Lasiurus seminolus, AMACC05020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), planted/ cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species is found in East Texas. It is associated 

with oak-hickory, pine-oak, and long-leaf- pine forest. It tends to roost with Spanish 

moss and is less common in the oak-hickory vegetation associations. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus, AMACC05030, habitat includes wetlands, roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak) in the Basin and Range Section only, rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands). This bat is a statewide 

migratory species. It inhabits wooded and forested areas. In the Trans-Pecos, this bat is 

restricted to wooded areas in the mountains. 

The range for this bat is the entire state. 
The Northern Yellow Bat, Lasiurus intermedius, AMACC05040, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This 

species roosts where Spanish moss and palm trees are present. It has been found in 

association with the large live oaks of eastern Texas (Bradley, Pers. comm). Foraging

behavior has been noted over pastures, lake ridges, golf courses, and forest edges. It has 

been found in the Piney Woods, Post Oak Savannah, Blackland Prairies, and Edwards 

Plateau regions. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Southern Yellow Bat, Lasiurus ega, AMACC05050, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This 

species is reported to prefer palm trees (Sabal texana). Because Davis and Schmidly

(1994) stated that it could be increasing its range as a result of increased usage of palm 

trees in landscaping, urban areas have been included in the modeling process. The 

relationship of palms with this bat reflects a microhabitat association that makes it 

difficult to model. This bat was once thought to belong to Lasiurus ega xanthinus. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Western Red Bat, Lasiurus blossevillii, AMACC05060, habitat includes temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands). This species is known from 

only one specimen in Texas that was collected in the Sierra Vieja (Presidio County) of 

the Trans-Pecos. It prefers riparian vegetation and has been collected in association with 

cottonwoods, oaks, sycamores, and walnuts in New Mexico. In Mexico, it was collected 

in desert scrub adjacent to water. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Evening Bat, Nycticeius humeralis, AMACC06010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and urban areas. This 

species is found in forested areas, bottomlands near man-made ponds, and along

waterways. It will roost in human structures and hollow trees. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Bat, Euderma maculatum, AMACC07010, habitat is limited to soils 

containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub). 

The model for this species was restricted to soil types containing cobble, gravel, stone, 

and weathered bedrock since it has been found within the presence of cliffs, caves, and 

broken canyon country. Some captures have also been made within montane pine forests 

(2,400 meters). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat, Corynorhinus townsendii, AMACC08010, habitat is 

limited to soils containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association 

with lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species has been found in desert scrub 

to pinyon-juniper woodland, and in rocky situations, caves, and abandoned mines. 

Collecting localities are located in the High Plains, Rolling Plains, Edwards Plateau, and 

the Trans-Pecos. It does not have a preference for a particular plant type. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling 

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 

The Rafinesque’s Big-Eared Bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, AMACC08020, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), and urban areas. This species reaches its distributional limits in East 

Texas. It is found in forested regions and specimens have been collected in pine-oak, 

long-leaf pine, and eastern red juniper. It roosts in hollow trees, bark crevices, and under 

dry leaves. In the northern portion of its range, it will roost in caves and mines. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Pallid Bat, Antrozous pallidus, AMACC10010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and urban areas. In the Trans-Pecos region, this species is restricted to 

soils containing cobble, gravel, stony, unweathered bedrock, and weathered bedrock in 

order to represent its association with rocky outcrops, rocky crevices, caves and mine 

tunnels. In the Panhandle, it is restricted to the Canadian breaks and tributaries. Along

the Red River, it is found in the cedar breaks. It will roost in attics of houses, eaves of 

barns, signs, hollow trees, and abandoned buildings. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, AMACD01010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

and sand flats. This species is found in all vegetation associations, with the exception of 

water. It will roost in hollow trees, caves, and almost any man-made structure such as 

mine tunnels, buildings, and beneath bridges. This bat tends to utilize the caves located 

along the Balcones Escarpment; however, Davis and Schmidly (1994) state that any town 

located within the range of this bat will contain inhabitants. 

The range of this bat is the entire state. 

The Western Mastiff Bat, Eumops perotis, AMACD02010, habitat is limited to soils 

containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species roosts in cracks or crevices that are near or within vertical cliffs. 

Specifically, it needs to have a 3-meter vertical drop that is unobstructed. It has been 

collected from Val Verde, Brewster, and Presidio Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section, 

ecoregions. 
The Pocketed Free-Tailed Bat, Nyctinomops fermorosaccus, AMACD04010, habitat is 

limited to soils containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association 

with lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This species is known only from 

Big Bend National Park in Brewster County. It inhabits caves and cliff crevices, semiarid desert, and will roost in rugged outcrops. It was once considered within the genus 

Taderida. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Big Free-Tailed Bat, Nyctinomops macrotis, AMACD04020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species is found in rugged, rocky country in 

lowland and upland habitat. It is recorded primarily from the Trans-Pecos region. 

Nursery colonies are known to exist in the Chisos Mountains and McKittrick Canyon of 

the Guadalupe Mountains. This bat has been recorded from the High Plains, Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes and Post-Oak Savannah regions; however, these records may be a 

result of migratory activity and not habitat associations. 

The range for this bat is the entire state, with the exception of the Louisiana Coast

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, and Redbed Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Nine-Banded Armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, AMADA01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), and croplands. In the Trans-Pecos, it is mostly associated with 

friable soils in the live oak association. It tends to avoid hard, rocky desert soils. In the 

Stockton Plateau, it is a likely inhabitant of alluvial bottoms. In the West, it is found in 

riparian habitat and limestone cliffs near surface water. In the East, it is found in 

deciduous woodlands, marshes, prairies, and farmlands. It is most common in the Piney

Woods followed by (in decreasing order) Post-Oak Woods, Coastal Prairies, and 

Blackland Prairies. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Eastern Cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus, AMAEB01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly 

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This rabbit is associated with brush and is often 

found in pastures and cultivated fields that are edged with or contain brush. In addition, 

it inhabits well-drained stream-sides but, at times, can be found sharing the poorly 

drained bottomlands with swamp rabbits. It can be seen along country roads and will live 

along town edges. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state. 

The Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii, AMAEB01070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and croplands. This species has a tendency to inhabit brush areas but is 

found with a variety of vegetation associations. Acacia, mesquite, and althorn have been 

associated with it in the Trans-Pecos region. Records for this species have been recorded 

from elevations of 1,800 feet at the Rio Grande to greater than 5,100 feet in the Davis 

Mountains. In open areas, it may be found using prairie dog or banner-tailed kangaroo 

rat mounds for protection. It is common along the base cliffs, canyons, and gulches. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus, AMAEB01080, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquitejuniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), low tropical or subtropical 

perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. This species can be found in poorly drained river 

bottoms, cane thickets, second-growth timber, and coastal marshes. It is restricted to 

floodplains of rivers and streams and the associated tangles of shrubs, trees, and vines. 

Other associations include second-growth timber. In the Post-Oak Woodlands region, it 

inhabits fields of grass interspersed with scrub-oak. In the Blackland Prairies region, it is 

restricted to floodplains of rivers. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit, Lepus californicus, AMAEB03050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is found throughout the state except in the 

Big Thicket Region. It inhabits hot, dry desert scrubland in the West and may even be 

found at elevations greater than 2,500 meters. Habitat includes pinyon pine, juniper, oakhickory and pine-oak vegetation, pastures, crops, and cleared or open areas. It feeds on 

crops, cactus, sandsage, mesquite, grasses, and herbs. 

The range for this rabbit is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section and Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Gray-Footed Chipmunk, Tamias canipes, AMAFB02150, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica). This species is found only in the Sierra Diablo 

and Guadalupe Mountains. It prefers to live in brushy hillsides where rocky crevices act 

as shelter for predators. Vegetation associations include coniferous forest, where it is 

most abundant, and dense stands of mixed timber (oak, pine, and firs). It prefers to live 

in downed logs at the edge of clearings or on brush hillsides where rocky crevices occur.

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Antelope Squirrel, Ammospermophilus interpres, AMAFB04030, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is associated with crevices, rocks, 

gravelly washes, or rocky hill slopes. It is not found on sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Thirteen-Lined Grown Squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, AMAFB05090, 

habitat includes cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species’ 

preference seems to be for sandy soils. It is found in both short-grass and tall-grass 

prairie. It tends to be associated with pastures and fencerows, but golf courses, 

cemeteries, and parks serve as suitable habitat. It has been recorded from clearings in

oak-hickory associations. It does not inhabit the Piney Woods or the Big Thicket regions. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Grown Squirrel, Spermophilus mexicanus, AMAFB05100, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species is generally found in brushy or grassy areas. It is also associated with mesquite 

and cactus flats in the South and creosote bush, mesquite-huisache, mesquite-cholla, 

mesquite-creosote, gardens, and grain fields in the Trans Pecos. It prefers sandy or 

gravelly soils, but is not restricted to them, and will avoid rocky areas. It is does not 

occur in El Paso or Hudspeth Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus spilosoma, AMAFB05110, habitat includes 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and croplands. In general, this species prefers 

dry, sandy areas where parks or open areas exist, although, it is sometimes found with 

rocky mesas and sometimes with brush. In the Big Bend region, it is abundant on hard 

clay and calcareous soils with creosote and less abundant on sandy soils. In El Paso and 

Culberson Counties, preference is for sandy soils, while in Jeff Davis County, it inhabits 

lava soils. On Mustang Island, it inhabits sandy dunes. Along the Red River, it is 

restricted to sandy soils. Vegetation associations include mesquite, buckthorn, creosote 

bush, and sandsage. It has also been taken on sand hills with yucca and other desert 

scrub. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling 

Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 

The Rock Squirrel, Spermophilus variegates, AMAFB05130, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ 

black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species’ habitat consists of 

rocky areas such as canyons, cliffs, talus slopes, and boulder piles. However, it can climb 

trees and is associated with agaves, junipers, mesquite, saltbush, cactus, pine nuts, 

walnuts, and sumac. In the Trans-Pecos, it is found between 1,800 to 7,800 feet, but it is 

most abundant between 6,000 and 4,000 feet where pinyon pine and juniper pine occurs. 

On the Stockton Plateau, it is restricted to persimmon-shin-oak. In El Paso, it is most 

common within the creosote-lechuguilla associations. The boulder-less areas of 

Culberson, Reeves, and Pecos Counties do not seem to support this species.

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, AMAFB06010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, AMAFB07010, habitat includes 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed 

- cane/hardwood bottomlands), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and urban areas. This species is an 

inhabitant of dense hammocks in eastern Texas where vegetation associations include 

live oak, water oak, cypress, blackgum, magnolia, sweetgum, and holly. Although 

preference is for the dense hammocks, it can also be found within pine, evergreen, overcup oaks, elms, bitter pecan, blackgum, cypress, and ash in poorly drained areas. In the 

well-drained areas, it is even less abundant where post oak, red oak, hackberries, and 

pecan is found. It avoids areas of upland forests. There are populations in West Texas, 

but they are considered introduced populations and were not modeled as habitat. Instead, 

the occurrence of this species on the High Plains reflects its introduction to the city and 

surrounding areas of Lubbock and Amarillo, Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger, AMAFB07040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen 

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. In

the western part of their range, it is restricted to river valleys with pecans, walnuts and 

oaks, or other riparian woodlands. The primary habitat of this species is mature

deciduous forest and pine-oak woodlands. It will inhabit open upland areas with mature 

oak-hickory, pine, elm, beech, pecan, and maple. 

The range is about two-thirds of the state. Almost all of the Trans Pecos is void of this 

species. 
The Southern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys volans, AMAFB09010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands). This species prefers hammocks with Spanish moss, and 

suitable trees along rivers and streams will do. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Botta’s Pocket Gopher, Thomomys bottae, AMAFC01020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. In the Guadalupe and Chisos Mountains and the Sierra Vieja, this species is 

restricted to poor, thin soils on the dry, rocky flats and lower slopes of the mountains. It

is absent from the deeper soils at the base of these mountains. On the Stockton Plateau, it 

is found with the rim rocks below the tops of limestone mesas in the cedar-ocotillo plant 

association. As exhibited by its presence in the Trans Pecos and the Stockton Plateau, it 

can be found with a wide range of soil types. In the Trans-Pecos, it is absent from the 

Pecos Plain and the Culverson Plateau. Vegetation associations include lechuguilla, 

yucca, sotol, catclaw, and cacti. In the Davis Mountains, it prefers ash-cottonwood 

associations of the floodplain. In general, it is found with vegetative zones ranging from 

dry desert to montane meadows. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Plains Pocket Gopher, Geomys bursarius, AMAFC02010, habitat is limited to soils 

containing sand, in association with water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is found on sandy soils and fine 

sand loams where the topsoil is typically greater than 10cm in depth. It is associated with 

Miles fine sandy loam in all but Coke, Jones, Nolan, and Runnels Counties, and 

calcareous clays and clay loams are unsuitable. It is often found on either side of access 

roads, with golf courses, parks, or cemeteries. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Desert Pocket Gopher, Geomys arenarius, AMAFC02020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. This species has a preference for loose, sandy soils and is often found near 

riverbanks, open water, ponds, and irrigation canals. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Pocket Gopher, Geomys personatus, AMAFC02030, habitat is limited to soils 

containing sand, in association with dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand 

flats. This species is found on deep sandy, soils. It is absent from silts, loams, gravels, 

stony, or clay soils. It is found on Padre and Mustang Islands, and is associated with 

Bermuda grass. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Attwater’s Pocket Gopher, Geomys attwateri, AMAFC02050, habitat is limited to 

soils containing sand, in association with wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species prefers sandy, fine soils and loams. It is not associated with 

calcareous or clay soils. It is found between the Brazos River and the San Antonio River. 

Its habitat is similar to Geomys bursarius and Geomys breviceps. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 

The Baird’s Pocket Gopher, Geomys breviceps, AMAFC02060, habitat is limited to soils 

containing sand, in association with wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane 

cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey 

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species is found on sandy soils where the topsoil is about 10 cm in depth. It is 

associated with fine, sandy loams, and oak trees are found above burrows. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 

The Jones’ Pocket Gopher, Geomys knoxjonesi, AMAFC02070, habitat is limited to soils 

containing sand, in association with temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and croplands. This species prefers sandy soils and fine sandy loams and 

will not be found with calcareous clays or clay loams. NOTE: Geomys bursaries were 

divided into several species with the Geomys bursaries profile. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
The Llano Pocket Gopher, Geomys texensis, AMAFC02080, habitat is limited to soils 

containing sand, in association with wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane 

cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey 

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species prefers deep sandy loams or gravelly sandy loams and is isolated 

from other species of Geomys by shallow, stony to gravelly soil. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio 

Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 

The Yellow-Faced Pocket Gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, AMAFC03010, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is found 

on gravelly, sandy to clayey loams with conspicuous calcareous content, and loamy to 

gravelly substrates. It is associated with the Amarillo Series soils, loamy alluvium and 

eolian materials formed over caliche, and also, Olton-Roton association (in Borden, 

Dawson, and Scurry Counties) with deep clay to loam over clay. It is partial to mellow 

soil relatively free of rocks; and where Geomys are not found, it inhabits sandy soils. 

Xeric soils favor Cratogeomys. Along the Rio Grande, it can be found in sandy loam. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Plains Pocket Mouse, Perognathus flavescens, AMAFD01020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation. This species prefers fine sand through fine sandy loam. This species has 

been identified in the literature to be associated with mesquite and grassland, but not 

areas with large mesquites and thick grass. In Hale County, it is associated with 

sandsage, skunkbush, yucca, sunflower, grasses, and weeds. In Lamb County, it is 

associated with sandsage, yucca, skunkbush, and midgrasses. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Silky Pocket Mouse, Perognathus flavus, AMAFD01030, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is found in 

association with a variety of soil types. In some areas, rocky situations with hard, stony, 

or sandy soils are preferred. In most areas, the mellow soils of valley bottoms provides 

adequate habitat. It should be noted that Pasaturo et al. (1990) state this species is not 

found on fine, sandy soils; however, Choate (1992) states it is associated with sandy

soils. In the Trans-Pecos, it is most common on desert erosion pavement soils where 

there is at least 50 percent rock. Vegetation associations include cottonwood-willow (El 

Paso), short grass-mesquite, grama-bluestem (Davis Mountains), catclaw-tobosa, 

blackbrush-creosote (Sierra Vieja), creosote-ocotillo-mesquite, tobosa-tarbush (Chisos 

Mountains), short grass-yucca, juniper-sacahuiste (Glass Mountains), mesquite-huisache, 

and mesquite-creosote. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Merriam’s Pocket Mouse, Perognathus merriami, AMAFD01190, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

transportation corridors. This species is found with sparse vegetative cover on sandy

soils. In the Trans-Pecos, stony, gravelly soils with sparse vegetation are suitable. Other 

associations include the shoulders of highways and the base of cacti. Food associations 

include grass, weed seeds, and juniper seeds. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Ord’s Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys ordii, AMAFD03010, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and croplands. This species is found on shifting

sand dunes, and typically avoids hard, gravelly soils. It is associated with mesquitegrassland, yucca, sandsage, junipers, creosote, Opuntia, and several grass species. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys spectabilis, AMAFD03110, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species is found with brush cover including creosote, acacia, and mesquite. 

Preference is given for slight hills with elevations ranging between 1,200-1,500 meters. 

Vegetation and soil associations include needle grass, grama grass, caliche soils, and hard 

to moderately gravelly soils. Sandy soils are avoided. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys elator, AMAFD03120, habitat includes 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

and croplands. This species prefers clay soils. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

and Rolling Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys merriami, AMAFD03140, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is found on sandy, clays, gravels, and 

rocky soils; however, wherever Dipodomys orrdi is found (i.e., in the Trans-Pecos), it 

inhabits the clayey or stony soils. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat, Dipodomys compactus, AMAFD03160, habitat includes 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/ 

live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen 

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/ bluestem grass), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. 

This species prefers deep, sandy soils and on Mustang and Padre Islands, it is found with 

shifting sand dunes. 

The range is restricted to the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse, Liomys irroratus, AMAFD04010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species’ geographic range is limited to South Texas where it can be found in dense 

brush either along the residual banks of the Rio Grande, or adjacent to oxbows, and the 

scattered remains of subtropical palm forests. It is associated with prickly pear, and its 

food associations include hackberry seeds and mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Hispid Pocket Mouse, Chaetodipus hispidus, AMAFD05050, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, and croplands. This species prefers to avoid areas of dense grass or 

brush and, instead, will inhabit moderately brushy areas of sand or other friable soils. 

Grasslands with mesquite also provide adequate habitat. 

The range for this mouse is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Rock Pocket Mouse, Chaetodipus intermedius, AMAFD05060, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species is found with rocky situations, boulders (large and jumbled), rocky canyons, 

and pebbly soils. It is rare on silts, loess alluvial, and windborne sands. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Nelson’s Pocket Mouse, Chaetodipus nelsoni, AMAFD05070 habitat is limited to 

soils containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. This species prefers rocky areas with sparse vegetative cover including Chino 

grass, sotol, beargrass and candelilla. It is not found with sandy washes. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Desert Pocket Mouse, Chaetodipus penicillatus, AMAFD05080, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species avoids gravelly or rocky soils and instead prefers areas of sand, silt, or 

friable soil that are covered with herbaceous vegetation or desert scrub. It has been found 

within riparian habitat including the willow-mesquite habitat along the Rio Grande. 

Other noted vegetation associations include catclaw-creosote bush, mesquite-creosote, 

creosote-tasajillo, yucca, agave, and juniper grassland. NOTE: a nomenclature change

has reclassified Peromyscus penicillatus to Chaetodipus penicillatus. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The American Beaver, Castor canadensis, AMAFE01010, habitat includes water in the 

form of lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, and wetlands. Vegetation associations that the 

beaver has been associated with include salt cedar, willow, and grasses along the banks of

rivers (Schmidly, 1977). In the Trans Pecos, the Pecos River and the Rio Grande serve as 

suitable habitat; while in East Texas, preference is given to smaller bodies of water such 

as creeks and tributaries. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Marsh Rice Rat, Oryzomys palustris, AMAFF01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine) only in association with streams, lowland or submontane 

cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak) only in 

association with streams, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. This species is 

found primarily in vegetation associated with marshes, swamps, bayous, ditches, ponds, 

roadways, old fields, and canals. In the coastal region, Schmidly (1983) references it 

within pine-savanna wetlands, bottomland forests, baygall habitats, and briar thickets. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Coues’ Rice Rat, Oryzomys couesi, AMAFF01020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), low tropical or subtropical 

perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. In

Texas this species is associated with cattail-brush marshes and aquatic grasses near 

oxbow lakes within Cameron and Hidalgo Counties. It is believed that riparian woodland 

and brush habitats are avoided.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Plains Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys montanus, AMAFF02010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation. This species prefers well-drained grassland but has been collected in 

vegetation associations including yucca-grassland, grama-bluestem, shortgrass-acahuiste, 

riparian oak, and pinyon-juniper grassland. In the Trans-Pecos, it is found on grasslands 

with sandy soils at lower elevations (2,500 to 6,700 feet). In the Blackland Prairie 

region, it is common in old fields with bluestem, dark prairie soils, and along fencerows. 

It can also be associated with railways and along highways. In other parts of West Texas, 

it has been collected with dense and sparse mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Eastern Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys humulis, AMAFF02020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquitejuniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This mouse is found with 

herbaceous vegetation associated with abandoned fields, ditches, and briar thickets. 

Specific vegetation associations indicated in the literature include fescue, Johnson grass, 

honeysuckle, goldenrod, and pine savanna wetlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Western Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, AMAFF02030, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/ 

live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ 

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. In the Trans-Pecos, 

this species is found at lower elevations on grasslands with sandy soil. In other areas of 

the state, it can be found in meadows, marshes, or along irrigation ditches and fencerows. 

Vegetation associations include yucca-grassland, grama-bluestem, riparian oak, 

shortgrass-sacahuiste, mesquite, pinyon-juniper grasslands, sandsage and coniferous 

forests. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Fulvous Harvest Mouse, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, AMAFF02050, habitat 

includes wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest 

(water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. 

This mouse inhabits areas where sparse shrubs are separated by grass, along creek 

bottoms, and within the grass-deciduous or grass-coniferous ecotones. In the Piney 

Woods region, the pine-grass ecotone and grass-brush habitat serves as suitable habitat; 

whereas in the Big Thicket area, pine savanna wetland, pine plantation grassland, low 

slopes of hardwood pine habitats, and post-oak areas are suitable. However, it is absent 

from pure pine areas. Additional vegetation associations include marshy areas with 

blackberry brush. In the Blackland Prairies ecoregion, it is rare because Reithrodontomys 

montanus is prevalent. 

The range for this mouse is the entire state, with the exception of the Southern High 

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 

The Cactus Mouse, Peromyscus eremicus, AMAFF03010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

Suitable habitat for this mouse is limited to desert areas with rocky outcrops. In the

Trans-Pecos, its vegetation associations include creosote bush, grama-lechuguilla, and 

prickly pear at elevations ranging from 1,800 to 3,500 feet. In the Chisos Mountains, it is 

found up to 4,500 feet. In El Paso County around the foothills of the Franklin Mountains, 

it has been collected with rocky soils and prickly pear-lechuguilla vegetation. In the 

Davis Mountains, it has been found in a pinyon-oak-juniper association at 6,500 feet. It

is also known to be associated with mesquite and hackberry. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Deer Mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, AMAFF03040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly 

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is found throughout the state in 

habitats that range from forests to grasslands. However, fencerows or washes with dense 

weeds or grass cover is preferred. In general, desert scrub and grasslands are suitable 

habitat in the Trans Pecos. In the Davis Mountains, it is associated with short grass and 

yucca, bear grass, althorn, or ephedra with rock-free soils; whereas in El Paso, it is 

known only from the yucca-ephedra association. In the Big Bend region, areas of 

moderate grass cover, combined with high soil moisture between 1,850 and 3,500 feet, 

have yielded the greatest numbers of collections. 

The range for this mouse is the entire state. 

The White-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, AMAFF03070, habitat includes 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and urban areas. 

This mouse inhabits a variety of habitat types throughout the state. However, it can be 

classified as primarily inhabiting woodlands. In the Trans-Pecos, it has been found to 

inhabit sandy soils in riparian areas along the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers as well as 

brushy and weedy grasslands. In this region, it is not found in areas consisting of desert 

pavement, tight clay soils, or rocks. In the Big Bend region, it is confined to an elevation 

range of 1,850 to 2,850 feet and short grass, mesquite-cholla, cottonwood, huishachem, 

juniper-ocotillo, and riparian oak are the preferred habitat. In East-Central Texas, 

bottomland areas followed by post oak woodlands serve as suitable habitat; whereas in 

the Blackland Prairies and Coastal Prairie regions, it is limited to riparian vegetation. In 

the Panhandle, it has been collected with mesquite brush and rocky outcrops. Other 

vegetation associations include cottonwood, willow, false willow, salt cedar, and grasses. 

It is not found in heavy agricultural areas or the pine hardwoods of the Big Thicket 

Region. 

The range for this mouse is the entire state. 

The Cotton Mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus, AMAFF03080, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. The average 

minimum home range for this mouse is .5 acre. The average maximum home range is 1.5 

acres. It is associated with rivers, streams, and other lowland areas. The western limit 

approximates along the Brazos and Navasota Rivers and extends north to the Red River. 

This species can be found in bottomland hardwood forests, woodlands, hammocks, 

palmetto thickets, swamps, and along streams or open fields. At times it is found in 

upland forested regions that are adjacent to the bottomland areas. The western portion of 

its geographic range oak-hickory vegetation associations along with lowland areas 

provides habitat. Preference is given to flatland hardwood, flatland hardwood-pine, and 

lower-slope hardwood-pine forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section 

ecoregions. 
The Brush Mouse, Peromyscus boylii, AMAFF03100, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush) in mountain areas only, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is associated with brush, vegetation along streams, rock walls, 

and tallus slopes. In the Trans-Pecos, oak, juniper, pinyon, and brush located above 

4,500 feet in rocky areas serves as suitable habitat; whereas in the Chisos Mountains, it is 

found from 4,800 to 7,800 feet. In the Davis Mountains, it is most common in the 

ponderosa pine-juniper association at approximately 6,500 to 7,000 feet, however it can 

be found at elevations down to 4,800 feet. In the Guadalupe Mountains, it is associated 

with open pine-oak-fir at approximately 7,800 feet; while in El Paso County, hoptree or 

oak with rocky outcrops in the Franklin Mountains provides habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Mouse, Peromyscus attwateri, AMAFF03110, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). On the Edwards Plateau, 

West Timbers, Rolling Plains, and Llano Escarpment, this species is found with cliffs, 

and rocky outcrops dominated by juniper vegetation or open grassy areas with scattered 

rock cover. This mouse was once thought to be a subspecies of Peromyscus boylii. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The White-Ankled Mouse, Peromyscus pectoralis, AMAFF03120, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

The primary determinant of suitable habitat for this species is the presence of rocks, 

boulders, talus slopes, or rocky outcrops. In the mountains of the Trans-Pecos, oakjuniper and grama-bluestem vegetation associations in conjunction with the rocky areas 

provides habitat. In Kerr County, it has been collected within rocky riparian areas. Food 

associations are juniper berries, seeds, hackberries, and acorns. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pinon Mouse, Peromyscus truei, AMAFF03130, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This is species is rare in Texas, with populations 

restricted to rocky areas with juniper-mesquite or juniper-pinyon pine vegetation along

the escarpment between the Texas High Plains and the Rolling Plains ecoregions. It is 

also believed that a population of this mouse, restricted to rocky outcrops, exists in the 

Guadalupe Mountains. There have been a variety of nomenclature changes for this 

species of mouse in Texas. At one time Peromyscus truei was labeled Peromyscus 

comanche, Peromyscus nasutus, and Peromyscus difficilis. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Rock Mouse, Peromyscus nasutis, AMAFF03140, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is found with sparse 

vegetation, boulders, talus slopes, and rocky outcrops in mountainous regions of the 

Trans-Pecos. In the Franklin Mountains, Texas madrone, and oak associations provide 

suitable habitat as long as some form of rocky outcrop exists.

 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Golden Mouse, Ochrotomys nuttalli, AMAFF04010, habitat includes wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), and semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands). This species is found 

in brushy areas, woodlands, floodplains, thickets bordering swamps and dense woods, 

pine-oak, and pine forest regions. It prefers tangles of trees, vines and brush. It has been 

trapped in bottomlands, hammock, and old pastures overgrown with blackberry and wild 

grape. It is not found in coastal prairie and oak-hickory forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Pygmy Mouse, Baiomys taylori, AMAFF05010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and croplands. This 

rodent has been found to be associated with a variety of habitats including oak-hickory, 

pine-oak forests, marshy flats, and deciduous swamps. In addition, it has been taken 

where prickly pear, bluestem, and mesquite brush vegetation occurs. It prefers areas of 

grass and areas such as pastures, old fields, railroads, and road rights-of-way are all 

suitable habitat. 

The range for this mouse is the entire state, with the exception of the Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 

The Northern Grasshopper Mouse, Onychomys leucogaster, AMAFF06010, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is 

found with sandy soils in association with grasslands, open brushlands, mesquite 

grasslands, and creosote. Schmidly (1977) states that it is found only within El Paso, 

Hudspeth, and Terrell Counties within the Trans-Pecos region. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mearns’ Grasshopper Mouse, Onychomys arenicola, AMAFF06030, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is found on arid, sandy soils or gravel desert. It was previously

known as Onychomys torridus, but the species in Texas is now considered a separate 

species. It is restricted to the Trans-Pecos and Guadalupe Mountain regions where 

vegetation associations include desert with creosote, mesquite, yucca, lechuguilla, cholla, 

huisache, and condalia. It is considered to be very rare in the Big Bend region and no 

collections have been taken on the Stockton Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Hispid Cotton Rat, Sigmodon hispidus, AMAFF07010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly 

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands and urban areas. This species is found statewide in tall grasses such 

as bluestem, cordgrass, or sedges and will inhabit fields, meadows, prairies, road and 

railroad rights-of-way, stream banks, and fencerows. In East Texas, preferred habitat has 

been described as well-drained areas where broomsedge, bluestem, Johnson grass, or 

Bermuda grass is present. In the Big Thicket Region, clear-cut areas or areas of pine that 

provide grass habitat will be inhabited. It is uncommon along coastal marshes. In West 

Texas, it can be found in agricultural fields, mesquite, cane, or false willow growing 

along river bottoms. 

The range for this rat is the entire state. 

The Tawny-Bellied Cotton Rat, Sigmodon fulviventer, AMAFF07030, habitat includes 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. This species was first discovered in Texas in 1991 and is known only from 

Jeff Davis County. Vegetation associations for Texas include heavily grazed areas with 

mesquite and catclaw along fencerows. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Yellow-Nosed Cotton Rat, Sigmodon ochrognathus, AMAFF07040, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), and extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub). This species is 

limited to the Trans Pecos area where it is isolated at high elevations of the Chisos and 

Davis Mountains. In the Davis Mountains, it is found at 5,000 feet in riparian-oak, 

grama-bluestem. In Big Bend, it is most abundant between 5,000 and 7,000 feet with 

loam soils in meadows, where needlegrass, grama, bluestem, pinyon, juniper, and 

pondersoa pine vegetation types may be present. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Woodrat, Neotoma floridana, AMAFF08010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), lowland mixed evergreen 

- drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands). This species is associated with rocky outcrops, canyons, 

boulders, and crevices in upland regions where vegetation associations include post oak, 

oak-hickory, and pine-oak. In lowland areas, it is associated with woodlands or brush 

that can border streams, roads, or fields. Along the Mississippi River, mixed hammock 

serves as suitable habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Southern Plains Woodrat, Neotoma micropus, AMAFF08020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

inhabits area characterized as being semi-desert, or brushy. Vegetation associations 

include cactus, lotebush, mesquite, thornbush, yucca, Opuntia, cholla, prickly pear, and 

agaves. In addition, it has been collected within regions containing mesquite grasslands 

and thorny desert shrubs. In the Trans-Pecos, it is found in desert scrub at lower 

elevations where creosote-bush-blackbush, prickly pear-cholla, shortgrass-mesquite, 

creosote bush-lechuguilla, and brush thickets along the Rio Grande serve as suitable

habitat. Abandoned buildings can also be utilized as nesting sites, and in North Texas it 

has been collected in association with rocky outcrops. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Mid Coastal 

Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The White-Throated Woodrat, Neotoma albigula, AMAFF08030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. In the southwestern desert 

regions this species associates with brush, prickly pear, cholla cactus, mesquite, sotol,

lechuguilla, and creosote. Occasionally, it is found in open and sparse vegetation. In the 

Guadalupe Mountains, it has been trapped in riparian washes with open grasslands at 

approximately 1,905 meters, and woodlands with chaparral, grassland, and riparian 

species at approximately 1,920 meters. In the Llano Estacado and along the Canadian 

Breaks, this species is found with rocky outcrops, cracks, and crevices that tend to limit 

its distribution. In this region yucca, juniper, mountain mahogany, skunkbrush, and 

sumac serve as vegetative associations whereas, mesquite grasslands are not inhabited. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Woodrat, Neotoma mexicana, AMAFF08070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is restricted to the 

Chinati, Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains where it inhabits rocky outcrops, rock 

piles, canyon walls, and rimrocks. Vegetation associations include chaparral, mixed oak, 

and coniferous forests. It is generally found above 2,000 meters; and in the mountains of 

Brewster, Culberson, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, and Presidio Counties, it is primarily located 

at elevations above which cactus no longer grows. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Vole, Microtus mexicanus, AMAFF11080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation. The distributional limits of this species are restricted to the Guadalupe 

Mountains in Culberson County, where vegetation associations include open areas of 

grass within the yellow pine forest and ridges that contain shinnery oak. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Prairie Vole, Microtus ochrogaster, AMAFF11140, habitat includes evergreen 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

tall sod temperate grassland, medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), and croplands. This species has been 

collected only from Hardin, Hansford, and Lipscomb Counties; however, it is now 

believed to be extirpated from Hardin County.

The range is restricted to the Southern High Plains Section ecoregion. 
The Woodland Vole, Microtus pinetorum, AMAFF11150, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquitejuniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is associated with ground 

cover such as leaf litter, weeds, and grasses. As such, it can be found in orchards, 

deciduous woodlands, grassy fields containing some brush, along fencerows, and within 

older fields with a prevalence of weeds and grasses. It is considered to be more sparse 

west of the 100th Meridian. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus, AMAFF15010, habitat includes water, wetlands, and 

croplands. Drainage ditches associated with agricultural areas. This species is a marsh 

dweller but will inhabit drainage ditches associated with agricultural areas, creeks, rivers, 

lakes, and canals. Its association with cropland in the modeling process reflects its ability

to inhabit rice fields. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Common Porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum, AMAFJ01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is 

found mostly west of the 100th meridian in areas where trees occur. Along the Texas 

Panhandle and Canadian Breaks, preference is given to rocky canyons and ridges. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Coyote, Canis latrans, AMAJA01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate 

or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/ burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands and urban areas. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state.
The Swift Fox, Vulpex velox, AMAJA03030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ black grama), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is associated with open 

deserts, grasslands, and areas of sparse vegetation on sloping hilltops and plains. Rough 

and broken country along with the short-grass prairie of the Llano Estacado tends to be 

avoided. It has a secondary association with soft soils as a result of the preference for its 

prey to prefer these soils. This fox may also utilize pastures, fencerows, and plowed

fields. 

This fox was once separated into two species, Vulpes velox and Vulpes macrotis but is 

now grouped into one species (Vulpes velox) with two separate subspecies Vulpes vulpes 

velox and Vulpes vulpes macrotis. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Common Gray Fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, AMAJA04010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), croplands, and urban areas. This species inhabits 

woody, mixed hardwood forests. Upland and bottomland communities containing the 

oak-hickory vegetation association serve as suitable habitat. In the Trans-Pecos, open 

grasslands that lack rocky outcrops or junipers are not inhabited. 

The range for this fox is the entire state. 
The Black Bear, Ursus americanus, AMAJB01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), and extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub). In Texas, the black bear 

has become restricted to the mountain ranges found within the Trans Pecos region. In

this region, thickets along waterways, woodlands, or forested areas offer suitable habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus, AMAJE01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state. 

The Common Raccoon, Procyon lotor, AMAJE02010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species can be found in a variety of habitats 

statewide. In Southeast Texas, the broadleaf woodlands, hardwood-timbered areas, and 

mixed-pine forests offer suitable habitat. In addition, they inhabit bottomland swamps, 

marshes, farmlands, and urban areas. In the West, water plays a very important role in its 

distribution and dens are found in locations characterized by cracks, crevices, and rocky 

bluffs. In the Guadalupe Mountains National Park, it has been collected along riparian 

areas on the eastern and northern slopes of the mountains. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state. 

The White-Nosed Coati, Nasua narica, AMAJE03010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This is primarily a 

woodland species but it can be found to occur in rocky canyons. At one time this 

mammal was known as Nasua nasua but has been recognized as a distinct species by

Davis and Schmidly (1994). In the western portion of its geographic range, only one 

record exists for a location in Brewster County.

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Long-Tailed Weasel, Mustela frenata, AMAJF02030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species inhabits a 

variety of habitat including oak-hickory, pine-oak, and bottom hardwood vegetation 

associations. Agricultural areas, fencerows, and urban areas also provide suitable habitat. 

In West Texas near El Paso, this species is known to occur near permanent water.

 

The range for this mammal is the entire state.
The Mink, Mustela vison, AMAJF02050, habitat includes water and wetlands. This 

species is associated with water bodies such as streams, lakes, and marshes. Preference is 

given to small streams during the winter season when flooding can occur along the larger 

waterways. According to Davis and Schmidly (1994), the occurrence of the mink in the 

southern high plains is within Hansford County.

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Badger, Taxidea taxus, AMAJF04010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and croplands. The distribution of this species 

is virtually statewide and, for this reason, it can be found with a variety of habitats. In the 

West, it occurs in riparian washes where vegetation associations include prosopis, acacia, 

brickellia, yucca, agave, parhinium, and viguiera. Preference is given to grassland and 

desert habitat or habitat that includes loose, sandy soils. Rocky soils are avoided. In 

mountainous regions, the badger has been collected above 3,000 meters. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal 

Plains and Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 

The Eastern Spotted Skunk, Spilogale putorius, AMAJF05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), lowland mixed

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer 

or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is associated with 

farmyards, open fields, croplands, and fencerows. It is associated with man and has been 

known to den near buildings. Habitat includes tall and short grass prairies, wooded areas, 

and rocky canyons and outcrops. 

The range for this skunk is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Spotted Skunk, Spilogale gracilis, AMAJF05020, habitat includes water, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ black grama), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is associated with 

brush-bordered canyon streams, deserts, grasslands, montane areas, and has a close 

association with man. In the Trans Pecos region, it is found with rocky areas and is 

abundant in agricultural areas. It was once placed under Spilogale putorius by Richard 

Van Gelder. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis, AMAJF06010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This skunk is associated with wooded or brushy 

areas, farmlands, forest edges, and urban areas. It favors rocky outcrops in the eastern 

portion of its range but not within the Trans-Pecos region where it inhabits desert, 

grassland, and montane areas. It is most common in post-oak, and oak-hickory 

vegetation and is rare in pine. 

The range for this skunk is the entire state. 

The Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura, AMAJF06020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/ 

oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands). This species is found 

along the rocky ledges and banks of washes or streams. It is rare above 6,000 feet. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Hog-Nosed Skunk, Conepatus mesoleucus, AMAJF07010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing

saltbush), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation. In the Edwards Plateau and mountainous regions, this species inhabits 

rocky, sparsely timbered areas or rugged canyons. Vegetation associations include pine, 

oak, juniper, coniferous woodland, and juniper grassland. It has been collected within the 

elevation range of 1,850 to 7,200 feet. A subspecies that lived in East Texas is now 

believed to be extirpated. 

The range for this skunk is the entire state, with the exception of the Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Hog-Nosed Skunk, Conepatus leuconotus, AMAJF07020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). A very rare 

mammal in Texas, this species is limited to the Gulf Coastal Plains including Aransas, 

Brooks, Cameron, Kleberg, Nueces, San Patricio, and Webb Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Northern River Otter, Lutra canadensis, AMAJF08010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, freshwater swamps, marshes, and permanent streams and tributaries. Otter 

dens can be found with rock piles, logs, within thickets, near cypress trees, and tupelo 

gums. Schmidly (1994) states that it is probably extirpated in the Panhandle. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Mountain Lion, Felis concolor, AMAJH01020, habitat is restricted to soils 

containing cobble, stone, gravel, and weathered bedrock, in association with water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, consolidated 

rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, 

bare ground, and urban areas. This species is found with escarpments, rimrocks, and 

rocky canyons. Davis and Schmidly (1994) state that this once statewide-species is now 

restricted to the desert mountain ranges of the Trans-Pecos. 

The range for this lion is the entire state. 

The Ocelot, Felis pardalis, AMAJH01030, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland 

(Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). The Ocelot is an endangered species 

that has been associated with mesquite, acacia, condalia, catella, granjeno, cenzia, and 

whitebrush. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Jaguarundi, Felis yaguarondi, AMAJH01050, habitat includes succulent extremely

xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species is found in association with cacti, mesquite, granjeno, and spine-studded 

vegetation in South Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Bobcat, Lynx rufus, AMAJH03020, habitat includes water, wetlands, roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly 

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, and croplands. This species is distributed statewide and is associated with a 

variety of habitats. Preference is given to rocky canyons and outcrops, but in areas where 

rocks do not exist, dense thickets are inhabited. Pinyon pine, juniper, oak, pine forests, 

wooded uplands, bottomland forests, swamps, open farmlands, and chaparral also provide 

suitable habitat. It is known to inhabit the desert lowlands up to 8,200 feet in the 

Guadalupe Mountains and salt cedar thickets along the Rio Grande. Wooded uplands, 

bottomland forest, brushy areas, swamps, and partially open farmlands are habitat. 

The range for this mammal is the entire state. 

The Collared Peccary, Tayassu tajacu, AMALB01010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). Vegetation associations include chaparral, scrub 

oak, guajillo, catclaw, mesquite, sotol, creosote-bush, persimmon, cedar-oak, cedarocotillo, and prickly pear. It occurs in rocky canyons and brushy semi-desert areas. The

Collared Peccary is listed as Dicotyles tajacu in Schmidly's The Mammals of the Trans 

Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Wapiti or Elk, Cervus elaphus, AMALC01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica). The native elk (Cervus merriami) was extirpated in the late

1800's. This species is restricted to the Guadalupe (Culberson County), Glass (Brewster 

County), and Wylie Mountains (Hudspeth County). Cervus merriami, the native elk of 

Texas, has gone extinct. In 1928 Cervus elaphus was introduced in 1928 by Judge J. C. 

Hunter in the Guadalupe Mountains (McKittrick Canyon) (Davis and Schmidly, 1994). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mule or Black-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, AMALC02010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

The Mule Deer inhabit arid, open grassland areas or areas where sagebrush, juniper, 

pinyon pine, yellow pine, bitter brush, lechuguilla, sotol and mountain mahogany

vegetation can be found. In addition, they are associated with rocky areas, canyons, or 

hillsides such as those found in the Canadian Breaks. In the Guadalupe Mountains, it has 

been recorded with riparian washes, open grasslands, woodland with chaparral, canyon 

woodlands, juniper grassland, open coniferous woodland, and succulent desert slopes. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, AMALC02020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species is associated with hardwoods. The 

pine/hardwood mix and pine vegetation stands located in Southeast Texas are also 

inhabited as well as canyons or slopes with pinyons, junipers, and oaks in the Chisos 

Mountains, and mesquite-creosote brush in the Stockton Plateau. Unlike other areas of 

Texas, the White-Tailed Deer inhabits mountain areas of the Trans-Pecos while the Mule 

Deer inhabits the lower elevations. It no longer occurs in the Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range for this deer is the entire state. 

The Pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, AMALD01010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland 

(Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation. This species prefers grasslands, plains, and rangeland. In the TransPecos, they prefer grasslands on hillsides that are south-facing. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
APPENDIX G - BIRDS

The Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus, ABNCA01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Pied-Billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps, ANBCA02010, habitat includes wherever 

sufficient water exists, near lakes and ponds. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eared-Grebe, Podiceps nigricollis, ABNCA03030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. It is an irregular breeder, but most recent successes 

have been in the Basin and Range and Texas High Plains Sections. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, ABNFC01010, habitat 

includes dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation and sand flats. One known colony is 

on the coast in Nueces County.

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, ABNFC01020, habitat includes dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, and sand flats. It

breeds on sparsely vegetated islands. 

The range is restricted to the Gulf Coast regions, including Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Double-Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, ABNFD01020, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, ABNFD01030 (previously known 

as the Olivaceous Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceous), habitat includes water and 

wetlands, particularly on major rivers in the eastern third of Texas. Impoundments on 

these major rivers have allowed this coastal species to move inland as far northwest as

Lake Arrowhead, and impoundments with standing dead trees have provided nest sites as 

well as a nearby food source. The majority of the breeding colonies center along the Gulf 

Coast, and occur in mixed colonies with several species of herons and egrets. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga, ABNFE01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, and 

woods bordering water needed for nesting and open water needed for foraging, lowland 

or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). It is associated with rivers and streams, particularly

major river systems in the eastern third of Texas and along the Gulf Coast. The Anhinga 

breeds in colonies in swamps, sloughs, oxbows, and other wooded habitats associated 

with the river systems. Colonies are formed where sufficient woody vegetation over or 

emerging from water permits. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Least Bittern, Ixobrychus exilis, ABNGA02010, habitat includes wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, medium-tall sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and in El Paso County and the Big Bend region of the 

Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, ABNGA04010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

Nesting may occur over or away from lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams, but water must 

be nearby for feeding. It often feeds along shorelines or in shallow waters, and may build 

colonies nearby. This is perhaps the most widespread heron/egret in Texas as a breeding

bird. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Great Egret, Casmerodius albus, ABNGA04040, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It nests over 

water, but needs nearby shallow, open water for feeding. It often feeds in shallow waters

or along shorelines, and may breed in colonies along or near lakes. It breeds in multispecies colonies along the Gulf Coast and in the eastern third of Texas, as far northwest 

as Lake Arrowhead. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Snowy Egret, Egretta thula, ABNGA06030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams, along the Gulf Coast and major rivers of the eastern third of Texas, and near 

El Paso and the Rio Grande. It feeds in shallow waters or along shorelines, and may

breed nearby in multi-species colonies in nearby wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, ABNGA06040, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry) located along the Gulf Coast and in 

association with major river systems of eastern and central Texas. It feeds in shallow 

waters or along shorelines, and breeds in multi-species colonies near or over rivers and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor, ABNGA06050, habitat includes water and 

wetlands, but generally not found at small ponds. It may feed in shallow waters or along

open shorelines, and may breed in multi-species colonies near or over the water or in 

nearby wooded habitat, especially along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Reddish Egret, Egretta rufescens, ABNGA06060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. The only heron/egret restricted to breeding

along the Gulf Coast. It breeds in multi-species colonies over or on brackish or salt 

water. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, ABNGA07010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. The species first appeared in Texas 

in 1957 as part of its invasion of the U.S. It is now perhaps the most numerous ardeid in 

Texas. The breeding colonies are single or multi-species, often placed at or near a lake, 

pond, river, or stream; and some feeding may occur along shorelines. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Green Heron, Butorides virescens, ABNGA08010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams, and urban 

areas. It may feed along shorelines or in shallow waters, and may establish a breeding

colony at or near the land/pond or river/stream in wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Crowned Night-Heron, Nycticorx nycticorax, ABNGA11010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It feeds along shorelines or in 

shallow waters, and may breed in multi-species colonies or as single pairs or small unispecies colonies in nearby wooded habitat. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Crowned Night-Heron, Nyctanassa violacea, ABNGA13010, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous 

forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams. It prefers swamps, and is less likely to breed in brackish/saltwater habitats. 

It feeds along shorelines or in shallow waters, and will nest in nearby wooded habitat. It

almost always breeds as single pairs or small uni-species colonies in wooded swamps. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White Ibis, Eudocimus albus, ABNGE01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, and 

near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It may feed along open shorelines or in shallow 

water, and often breeds in multi-species colonies in wooded habitat near or over water 

source. The vast majority of the populations of this species breed along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The White-Faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi, ABNGE02020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near lakes and ponds. It nests in flooded 

woods, but needs marshes and open water for feeding.

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, ABNGE05010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

breeds only in multi-species colonies along the Gulf Coast; and like make other longlegged waders, the species is known for post-breeding wandering inland. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Fulvous Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna bicolor, ABNJB01010, habitat includes 

wetlands and agricultural lands, mainly rice fields which are the major area for foraging, 

and it may nest in these fields. It breeds in the Gulf Coast freshwater marshes, but has 

recently expanded inland. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Bellied Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis, ABNJB01040, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

near lakes and ponds. The wooded habitats near or over lakes and ponds serve as 

breeding sites for these cavity-nesting birds. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Wood Duck, Aix sponsa, ABNJB09010, habitat includes water, lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

round-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of Redbed Plains Section, Southern High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mottled Duck, Anas fulvigula, ABNJB10050, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and near lakes and ponds. It

needs ponds or slow waters near the nesting site. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, ABNJB10060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). The “Mexican” Duck, 

considered a separate species by some, occurs only in the Basin and range section. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Pintail, Anas acuta, ABNJB10110, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

prefers mostly small- to medium-sized bodies of water from the South Plains north into 

the Panhandle of Texas, and nesting can occur in the shoreline vegetation. It occurs 

irregularly outside the Texas High Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Winged Teal, Anas discors, ABNJB10130, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It nests 

in shoreline vegetation of bodies of water, including marshes. However, regular breeding

has been reported from many parts of the state. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera, ABNJB10140, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

and near lakes and ponds. It feeds at and nests in shoreline vegetation of smaller bodies 

of water. It is a regular, but uncommon nester in the South Plains and Panhandle, but has 

been reported in El Paso, Bexar, and Colorado counties. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata, ABNJB10150, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is a rare breeding

species in the western half of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, only El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Gadwall, Anas strepera, ABNJB10160, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is rare at playas in 

the Panhandle, and very rare in north-central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The American Wigeon, Anas americana, ABNJB10180, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is rare in the 

Panhandle, and occasionally found elsewhere. 

The range is restricted to Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Basin 

and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Redhead, Aythya americana, ABNJB11030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds in and nests near deeper bodies of water. It breeds in the Panhandle and El Paso 

County.

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, only El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus, ABNJB20010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This cavity nesting species breeds in 

backwaters and swamps associated with rivers in northeast Texas. It nests in flooded 

woodlands and needs deeper waters for feeding. This species is currently expanding in 

northeast Texas; the first nest has been found in Fort Bend County on the coastal plains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, ABNJB22010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It may

breed on various-sized bodies of water, but needs deeper water for feeding. It is reported 

as a rare and irregular breeder in many part of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions 
The Masked Duck, Nomonyx dominicus, ABNJB22020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. This 

sporadic breeder usually occurs in ponds within the coastal prairies and in the Lower Rio 

Grande Valley.

The range is restricted to the Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus, ABNKA01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species prefers 

open woodlands for nesting, but needs open country adjacent to the woods for food 

source. It will co-exist with the Turkey Vulture, although it may occupy more wooded 

areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura, ABNKA02010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/ cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species avoids heavily wooded areas, and needs open areas for foraging. 

It uses woodlands for nesting, but less so than the Black Vulture. It is almost “catholics” 

in its use of habitats. As long as suitable nesting sites and areas to search for carrion are 

available, this bird will even use desert-like habitats. 

The range of this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, ABNKC01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species breeds on wooded reservoirs and large rivers. It feeds on fish taken from the 

body of water and nests in trees in the water. It has been found breeding at Toledo Bend 

Reservoir in Nacogdoches County and possibly on Falcon Reservoir. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Rio Grande Section 

ecoregions. 
The Hook-Billed Kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus, ABNKC03010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to Hidalgo and Starr Counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley,

Rio Grande Section ecoregion. 
The Swallow-Tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus, ABNKC04010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). 

The range is restricted to Liberty and Hardin Counties and the Mid Coastal Plains 

Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tailed Kite, Elanus leucurus, ABNKC06010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). It is found mostly

in brushlands, especially in south Texas and the coastal plain, and also uses brush along

rivers and fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mississippi Kite, Ictinia mississippiensis, ABNKC09010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is 

common in some parts of west Texas, and is rare in the eastern third of the state. It nests 

in riparian woodlands, and may form colonies in proper habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas 

High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, ABNKC10010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and near lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. This species prefers more open forest for nesting, and nests in 

wooded areas around lakes and reservoirs and along larger rivers. It breeds in large trees 

at or near the shoreline and feeds on the lakes. It has been found near larger rivers in east 

Texas and the coastal plains south to the vicinity of Corpus Christi. This large raptor has 

continued to re-occupy its former breeding range in Texas. The building of reservoirs 

has undoubtedly helped the species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Sharp-Shinned Hawk, Accipiter striatus, ABNKC12020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). The broad habitat use of this species precludes designation of plant 

associations. It is restricted to the eastern half and in the Trans Pecos Mountains of 

Texas, and it prefers more open woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, and has been recorded only in the Chisos Mountains in the Basin and Range 

Section ecoregions. 
The Cooper’s Hawk, Accipiter coperii, ABNKC12040, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is 

irregularly distributed. Although it has similar needs as the Sharp-Shinned Hawk, the 

two species usually do not occur in the same woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Common Black-Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus, ABNKC15010, habitat includes 

water, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and near lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. This species nests in wooded canyons, riverine woodlands, and large 

trees along a river/stream. It nests along Lympia Creek in the Davis Mountains, and 

recent nesting has been reported from Val Verde and Lubbock Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Harris’ Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus, ABNKC16010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species occurs mostly in mesquite woodlands of south and west Texas, south Texas 

mesquite brushlands, similar habitats in west and north Texas, and cacti are usually found 

there. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Hawk, Asturina nitida, ABNKC19010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus, ABNKC19030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is a common buteo. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Broad-Winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus, ABNKC19050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is most common in 

the eastern third of Texas, and less common west onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Swainson’s Hawk, Buteu swainsoni, ABNKC19070, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This 

species occurs mostly in open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairie Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus, ABNKC19080, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species haunts the 

coastal prairies with sufficient brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Zone-Tailed Hawk, Buteo Albonotatus, ABNKC19090, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). It nests in the Trans Pecos Mountains 

to western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis, ABNKC19110, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species nests in wooded areas, but 

prefers open lands for hunting. This species has been replaced in more open lands by

Swainson’s Hawk, especially in the High Plains and Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, ABNKC22010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species has been found in the mountains 

and canyons of west Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Crested Caracara, Polyborus plancus, ABNKD02010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

prefers shrubland with open spaces and cacti. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland 

Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, the Big Bend area in the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Kestrel, Falco sparverius, ABNKD06020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is found mostly in the eastern 

half of Texas at the edges of woodlands, and it forages over open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Section, Cross 

Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, ABNKD06070, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and in the Chisos and Guadalupe Mountain areas. This species 

breeds in the canyons of these mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Prairie Falcon, Falco mexicanus, ABNKD06090, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Plain Chachalaca, Ortalis vetula, ABNLB01020, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is found in riverine forests and 

brushlands of tropical south Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Greater Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus cupido, ABNLC13010, habitat includes tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. Only the coastal 

subspecies, attwateri, continues to exist today; even now, it is perilously close to 

extinction. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Lesser Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, ABNLC13020, habitat includes 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss) and intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, ABNLC14010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species has been extirpated from much of

its range, and reintroduced in parts of the former habitat, especially in east Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Montezuma Quail, Cyrtonyx montezumae, ABNLC19010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak) and rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species largest population is in the Davis Mountains. It is 

also found in other parts of the Trans Pecos and the western edge of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, ABNLC21020, rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation. This species needs open spaces with grass and 

herbaceous plants/brush for cover. It is another nearly ubiquitous species, but has been 

replaced in drier climates by the Scaled Quail. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Scaled Quail, Callipepla squamata, ABNLC23010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species rarely survives in an area receiving

more than 75 centimeters of rain. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Gambel’s Quail, Callipepla gambelii, ABNLC23030, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris, ABNME05010, habitat includes salt or brackish 

water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland along the Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The King Rail, Rallus elegans, ABNME05020, habitat includes fresh-water wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola, ABNME05030, habitat includes water, wetlands, tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, 

ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Sora, Porzana carolina, ABNME08020, habitat includes wetlands, tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Purple Gallinule, Porphyrula martinica, ABNME12010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, low 

tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus, ABNME13010, habitat includes wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American Coot, Fulica americana, ABNME14020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Snowy Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus, ABNNB03030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds and coastal areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Wilson’s Plover, Charadrius wilsonia, ABNNB03040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Killdeer, Charadrius vociferous, ABNNB03090, habitat includes short sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and also bare ground such as parking lots. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregion. 
The American Oystercatcher, Haematopus palliates, ABNNC01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, and sand flats along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black-Necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus, ABNND01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, near urban areas in El Paso and Hudspeth Counties only, and near 

lakes, ponds, and coastal areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American Avocet, Recurvirostra americana, ABNND02010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and coastal 

areas. This species breeds along the Texas Gulf Coast and around non-vegetated playas 

in west Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains 

and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, only in El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, ABNNF02010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This species nests in salt marshes and on dunes with beach grasses and sea oats. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The American Woodcock, Scolopax minor, ABNNF19020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). This species is a sporadic breeder and requires wooded areas close to open 

fields and marshes for feeding.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla, ABNNM03010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

croplands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This gull breeds in colonies on sandy beaches and spoil islands, often with terns along the 

Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Gull-Billed Tern, Sterna nilotica, ABNNM08010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species nests on beaches and spoil 

islands, often in multi-species colonies, along the Texas Gulf Coast. A small population 

also breeds on Falcon Reservoir. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia, ABNNM08020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, and coastal areas. This species prefers to 

nest on shell beaches or spoil islands along the Texas Gulf Coast.

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Royal Tern, Sterna maxima, ABNNM08030, habitat includes water, wetlands, dunes 

with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species breeds 

on beaches and spoil islands along the Texas Gulf Coast.

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Sandwich Tern, Sterna sandvicensis, ABNNM08050, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This species breeds on beaches and spoil islands, often in close proximity to Royal Tern 

colonies, along the Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Forester’s Tern, Sterna forsteri, ABNNM08090, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species 

breeds on islands with more grass than the areas used by the other terns. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Least Tern, Sterna antillarum, ABNNM08100, habitat includes water, wetlands, bare 

ground, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Two 

populations occur in Texas; the larger population breeds on beaches, spoil islands, and 

similar habitats along the Gulf Coast, and the second population breeds inland on sand. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains 

and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Sooty Tern, Sterna fuscata, ABNNM08150, habitat includes water, wetlands, sand 

flats, and near coastal areas. This species is an uncommon and irregular breeder on spoil 

and other islands along the Gulf Coast, especially in the central region. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black Skimmer, Rynchops niger, ABNNM14010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

bare ground, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This colonial nester uses both sand and 

shell Gulf beaches. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Billed Pigeon, Columba flavirostris, ABNPB01060, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is generally restricted to woodlands and shrublands along the 

lower Rio Grande Valley, up river to at least Webb County.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Band-Tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, ABNPB01080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix) in higher elevations of the Chisos, Davis, 

and Guadalupe Mountains, and perhaps in other Trans Pecos mountains with sufficient 

elevation. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica, ABNPB04010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), cropland, and urban areas. This species has 

dramatically spread northward through suburban and urban habitats. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura, ABNPB04040, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. 

This is a ubiquitous species that occurs in virtually every habitat, except those under 

water. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Inca Dove, Scardafella inca, ABNPB06010, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

urban areas. This species prefers more open habitat around humans. Even though the 

species has healthy populations in “natural” environs, the Inca Dove seems to be 

expanding through its “invasions” of towns and cities. It is a rapidly expanding species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Common Ground-Dove, Columbina passerina, ABNPB06020, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

occupies a variety of shrub habitats, but has been displaced in some areas, especially in

more open habitats, by the Inca Dove. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi, ABNPB08010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species is restricted to the riparian woodlands of the lower Rio Grande Valley and 

adjacent south Texas brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, ABNRB02020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This species is extremely

adaptable and frequents suburban and urban areas with sufficient wooded habitat. It is 

found mostly in woodlands, but also uses shrublands. This species is restricted to cities 

in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties in the lower Rio Grande Valley. It nests and forages 

in urban environments. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Greater Roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus, ABNRB09020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species prefers open shrublands, but is found in a wide variety of habitats. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Groove-Billed Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris, ABNRB11030, habitat includes 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers thick brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Barn Owl, Tyto alba, ABNSA01010, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and cropland areas. 

This species needs open brushlands for hunting. This widespread owl will use any open 

habitat that provides hunting opportunities not too distant from the breeding site. It will 

even use moist grasslands. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Flammulated Owl, Otus flammeolus, ABNSB01020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix) in the high altitudes of the Trans 

Pecos mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Eastern Screech-Owl, Otus asio, ABNSB01030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

and urban areas. The western limits of this species are poorly known. This species is 

highly adaptable as long as nesting cavities are available.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Western Screech-Owl, Otus kennicottii, ABNSB01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species occupies drier habitats than its eastern relative, especially on 

hillsides. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, ABNSB05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), planted/ cultivated woodland, and mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is 

found in a wide diversity of wooded habitats and altitudes. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains 

Section and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium brasilianum, ABNSB08040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers oak motts. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Elf Owl, Micrathene whitneyi, ABNSB09010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush). This species uses vacated nest cavities of woodpeckers; therefore, 

the habitat must include woody vegetation of sufficient size to accommodate this need. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Burrowing Owl, Speotyto cunicularia, ABNSB10010, habitat includes short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and cropland areas. 

This species does best as a breeder at prairie dog towns, but has been recorded breeding

in many different parts of the state where suitable grasslands or open lands exist. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis, ABNSB12010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This rare or threatened owl has a 

limited distribution found only in the wooded canyons of the Guadalupe and Davis 

Mountains, and possibly in the Franklin Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Barred Owl, Strix varia, ABNSB12020, habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate 

or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak). This species is found in all wooded habitat from the eastern Panhandle southward. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio 

Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Saw-Whet Owl, Aegolius acadicus, ABNSB15020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (Ponderosa pine/ 

Loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix) in the Guadalupe 

and Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Lesser Nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis, ABNTA02010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation. This species has similar needs as the Common Nighthawk, but is restricted in 

Texas to the south Texas brushlands and the lower elevations of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Common Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor, ABNTA02020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus 

/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species 

occupies any open brushland, grassland, or similar habitat that offers cleared spaces for 

the nest site. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed 

Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis, ABNTA03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is restricted to south Texas 

brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, ABNTA04010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species needs 

open space; habitats differ somewhat in south Texas brushlands and west Texas arid

lands. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Chuck-Will’s-Widow, Caprimulgus carolinensis, ABNTA07010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oakblackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Whip-Poor-Will, Caprimulgus vociferus, ABNTA07070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species breeds in the 

mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Chimney Swift, Chaetura pelagica, ABNUA03010, habitat includes urban areas. 

This species breeds and roosts in chimneys (or artificial chimneys), and is not known to 

breed in Texas outside of this artificial habitat. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Rio Grande Plain Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Throated Swift, Aeronautes saxatalis, ABNUA06010, habitat includes cliff 

sides and rocky soils. This species nests on cliffs in the Trans Pecos Mountains and in 

canyons in Val Verde County; and forages over open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Broad-Billed Hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris, ABNUC19020, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species frequents springs and streams with mesquite and sycamores and with 

blooming plants; and is found near desert streams in Brewster County. The current 

breeding status is questionable. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Buff-Bellied Hummingbird, Amazilia yucatanensis, ABNUC29130, habitat includes 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This 

species is restricted to coastal lowland shrubs from the lower Rio Grande Valley to the

coastal bend as a breeding bird. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Throated Hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae, ABNUC34040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). 

This species is confined as a breeder to the Chisos Mountains, and is rare in the 

Guadalupe and Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Magnificent Hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens, ABNUC37010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species is 

confined as a breeder to the Chisos, Guadalupe, and Davis Mountains, although nesting

has been documented only for the Davis Mountains. It inhabits the fir-pine-juniper-oak 

woodlands of the higher Trans Pecos Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Lucifer Hummingbird, Calothorax Lucifer, ABNUC44010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species is 

confined as a breeder to the Chisos Mountains, and possibly the Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, ABNUC45010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species 

breeds mostly in the eastern half of the state, and has been replaced in the western half of 

the state by the Black-Chinned Hummingbird. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black-Chinned Hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri, ABNUC45020, habitat 

includes lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/ willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers more arid and open 

woodlands than does the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Black-Chinned 

Hummingbird, like many avian species, includes a variety of shrublands within its habitat 

usage; but this species has been replaced in the moister woodlands of eastern Texas by

the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Broad-Tailed Hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus, ABNUC51010, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/ one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Ringed Kingfisher, Ceryle torquata, ABNXD01010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and vegetation 

associated with rivers and streams. This species feeds on rivers and streams, and breeds 

on banks along rivers and streams. It is restricted to the Rio Grande and several streams 

from the Edwards Plateau; but it seems to be expanding its distribution in Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Belted Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon, ABNXD01020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), near 

lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. This species needs rivers, streams and other bodies of 

water to penetrate into heavily wooded areas. It feeds in the rivers and streams, and nests 

on the banks of these rivers and streams. Breeding away from a river or stream is rare;

and it is not usually found around the smaller ponds. This species is the most widespread 

of the three kingfishers in Texas. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Green Kingfisher, Chloroceryl americana, ABNXD02020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), and near rivers and streams. This species feeds in rivers and 

streams, and it nests on the banks of those rivers and streams. It is found throughout 

south Texas, on to the Edwards Plateau, and up the Rio Grande River into the Trans 

Pecos region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, ABNYF04040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is often associated with flooded woodlands, 

and prefers more open woodlands or groves of trees, especially near water. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus, ABNYF04050, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species occurs mostly in pine-oak in the Chisos, 

Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. Besides the mountain populations, 

small breeding populations of this woodpecker exist in juniper-oak in Kerr and Real 

counties of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Golden-Fronted Woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons, ABNYF04160, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species is the arid-land replacement for the Red-Bellied Woodpecker of moist 

eastern woodlands of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Bellied Woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus, ABNYF04170, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is often associated with urban/suburban situations, and also prefers more open 

woodlands. This is the common “medium-sized” woodpecker of the eastern third of 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Naped Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus nuchalis, ABNYF05040, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (Ponderosa pine/ 

Loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in 

the Guadalupe and perhaps other Trans Pecos mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Ladder-Backed Woodpecker, Picoides scalaris, ABNYF07010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers open woodlands, especially mesquite, and is the common small 

woodpecker of Texas shrublands. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens, ABNYF07030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species tolerates a wide variety of forested or wooded habitats, including many

suburban/urban situations. This is a common small woodpecker in the woodlands of the 

eastern two-thirds of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides villosus, ABNYF07040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is widespread in the eastern third of Texas, in 

the Canadian River drainage and the Guadalupe Mountains. This woodpecker has a 

similar distribution as the Downy Woodpecker, but also breeds in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides borealis, ABNYF07060, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This is an 

endangered species that prefers old stands of long-leaf pines with little understory; but 

usually nests in trees with red-heart disease. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus, ABNYF10020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). The species 

prefers open forests and woodlands. It breeds mostly in the eastern half of Texas and 

along the Red River and onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Pileated Woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus, ABNYF12020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers heavier 

forested lands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet, Camptostoma imberbe, ABPAE04010, habitat 

includes cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Olive-Sided Flycatcher, Contopus cooperi, ABPAE32010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is confined to pine-fir-oak 

forests in the Guadalupe and possibly Davis Mountains. It breeds at higher elevations in 

the Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Western Wood-Pewee, Contopus sordidulus, ABPAE32050, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers more arid woodlands than its eastern 

counterpart. It is found mostly in the Trans Pecos Mountains, and also reaches a few 

places in the western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Wood-Pewee, Contopus virens, ABPAE32060, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers more open woodland areas of the 

eastern half of Texas and onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Acadian Flycatcher, Empidonax virescens, ABPAE33020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is often encountered in flooded areas, and prefers oak woodlands and cypress 

swamps. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 

 
The Eastern Phoebe, Sayornis phoebe, ABPAE35020, habitat includes croplands and 

near rivers and streams. This species builds nests near streams, often under a bridge or in 

a culvert. It is found near human habitations on farms and ranches, with available water; 

and it will build nests on the buildings. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Say’s Phoebe, Sayornis saya, ABPAE35030, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and near rivers and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Vermilion Flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus, ABPAE36010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers 

juniper-oak-pine associations. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Ash-Throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens, ABPAE43050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus, ABPAE43070, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers openings in forests, and is found 

throughout the eastern two-thirds of Texas. This bird also uses isolated groves of 

deciduous trees in the western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus, ABPAE43080, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers dense brush, especially along watercourses. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, ABPAE45020, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species breeds along the Rio Grande to at least Val Verde County and along the 

coast to at least Kleberg County, and inland to Jim Wells and Live Oak Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Tropical Kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, ABPAE52010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry) and urban areas. This 

species is restricted to the Lower Rio Grande watershed. Several of the known breeding

populations exist in suburban environments. While most of the known breeding pairs are 

in suburban environments, two or three pairs have nested in more natural habitats. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
The Couch’s Kingbird, Tyrannus couchii, ABPAE52020, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This south Texas 

bird inhabits groves and wooded areas near water and brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and only along the Rio 

Grande in the Basin and Range Section and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

 
The Cassin’s Kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans, ABPAE52030, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species breeds in

the highlands of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis, ABPAE52050, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and urban areas. This 

species has expanded eastward, especially along power transmission lines. It now 

broadly overlaps the Eastern Kingbird in central and southeastern Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus, ABPAE52060, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). This species breeds in many open habitats, as long

as a tree is available for a nest site. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus, ABPAE52100, habitat includes 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Rose-Throated Becard, Pachyramphus agaiae, ABPAE53070, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This sporadic 

breeding species is restricted to the lower Rio Grande Valley.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Horned Lark, Eremophila alpestris, ABPAT02010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Purple Martin, Progne subis, ABPAU01010, habitat includes urban areas. This 

species breeds in artificial sites provided around human environments. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Violet-Green Swallow, Tachycineta thalassina, ABPAU03040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). While this swallow nests in coniferous and 

mixed woodlands at higher elevations of the Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains, it 

forages over open spaces, as do all swallows. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Northern Rough-Winged Swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, ABPAU07010, 

habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), and bare soil. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bank Swallow, Riparia riparia, ABPAU08010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

bare soil, and along rivers and streams. This species often builds colonies in the cut of a 

river or stream bank. The most active colonies are found along the Rio Grande or its 

tributaries. One colony was discovered in a gravel pit in Wimberly. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, ABPAU09010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is similar to the Cave 

Swallow. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Cave Swallow, Petrochelidon fulva, ABPAU09020, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species forages over any open 

vegetated area and has increased its breeding distribution dramatically since the late

1960s because of highway construction. It builds nests in highway culverts or under 

overpasses. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, ABPAU09030, habitat includes tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, and croplands. This species needs suitable nest sites, and often builds nests 

around human habitations, especially in rural settings. It has been known to nest in 

culverts or under overpasses. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Steller’s Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri, ABPAV02010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). While more of a forest bird, this species 

prefers the high coniferous forests and uses pine-oak woodlands at higher elevations of 

the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. The breeding populations are restricted to the 

Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata, ABPAV02020, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species has moved into urban/suburban 

habitats, expanding westward. While now more of an urban bird, this bird occupies a 

wide range of woodland types, and is locally common in the Davis and Guadalupe 

Mountains of the Trans Pecos region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Green Jay, Cyanocorax yncas, ABPAV04030, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This tropical species 

replaces the Blue Jay in South Texas, where it prefers the tall groves of tropical trees and 

brush. Basically a bird of South Texas brushlands, the Green Jay prefers thick brush and 

broken woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio, ABPAV04040, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species occurs in the tropical brush along the Rio Grande, mostly in 

Starr County.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina, ABPAV06020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species lives and breeds in the juniper-pine-oak 

woodlands only in the Chisos Mountains of Brewster County.

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica, ABPAV06040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
 The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, ABPAV10010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquitejuniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This species ranges along rivers into more 

open parts of the Panhandle and uses a wide variety of woodlands. This crow was 

replaced in the southern Trans Pecos and brushlands of south Texas by the two ravens. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and 

Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus, ABPAV10080, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. This species is restricted to along

the Sabine and Neches River basins in southeast Texas, the Red and Sulphur River basins 

in extreme northeast Texas, and also Caddo Lake. This crow frequents river-bottom 

woodlands along larger rivers in easternmost Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Chihuahuan Raven, Corvus cryptoleucus, ABPAV10100, habitat includes 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Raven, Corvus corax, ABPAV10110, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species has a wide range of habitats, both wooded and open and is found mostly in the 

southern Trans Pecos Mountains and western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Carolina Chickadee, Poecile carolinensis, ABPAW01020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and urban areas. 

This species is often found in open areas, including urban/suburban habitats. It is 

widespread in the eastern half of the state and into the eastern Panhandle. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mountain Chickadee, Poecile gambeli, ABPAW01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis 

and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Tufted Titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor, ABPAW01110, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. The 

western populations may be classified as a separate species, P. atricristatus. This species 

has wide habitat usage. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps, ABPAX01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species’ habitat

preferences change with topography: arid hills and arroyos in the Trans Pecos, brushy

gulches and ravines in the western Edwards Plateau, and mesquite flatlands in south 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bushtit, Psaltriparus minimus, ABPAY01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, ABPAZ01020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species breeds in Texas only in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains in the Basin and Range Section and the forested eastern one-third of the state. 

It seems to have returned to its former range in east-central Texas and the Edwards 

Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pygmy Nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea, ABPAZ01030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis and 

Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla, ABPAZ01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This 

species breeds almost exclusively in the pinewoods of the East Texas Piney Woods 

region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Creeper, Certhia americana, ABPBA01010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the higher elevations of the Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Cactus Wren, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, ABPBG02090, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species breeds 

from south Texas brushlands, north through the western Edwards Plateau into southern 

South Plains, and west through the arid lowlands of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Rock Wren, Salpinctes obsoletus, ABPBG03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

inhabits open shrublands on rocky exposures, preferring rough, rocky places in arid or 

semiarid regions, talus slopes, gulches, washes, and cliffs, etc. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Canyon Wren, Catherpes mexicanus, ABPBG04010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush) in rocky

soils. This species is found on canyon walls and cliffs. This species lives on canyon 

walls and steep cliffs in the Trans Pecos and Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Carolina Wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus, ABPBG06130, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), and urban areas. This species is confined mostly to the eastern 

two-thirds of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Bewick’s Wren, Thryomanes bewickii, ABPBG07010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species does best

in semiarid brushlands and disappears quickly with excessive urbanization. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The House Wren, Troglodytes aedon, ABPBG09010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the Guadalupe (and 

probably Davis) Mountains in the Basin and Range Section. Outside the Trans Pecos 

Mountains, this species is found mostly in riparian woodlands in the Panhandle and North 

Central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Marsh Wren, Cistothorus palustris, ABPBG10020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species breeds in marshlands 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea, ABPBJ08010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak). This species uses a wide variety of wooded habitats. It is found throughout 

much of the state, but is absent as a breeding bird from the High and Rolling Plains and 

the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Tailed Gnatcatcher, Polioptila melanura, ABPBJ08030, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is the 

arid-land equivalent of the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. It occurs throughout the desert 

lowlands of the Trans Pecos and down the Rio Grande to the lower valley, where it is 

much less common. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Bluebird, Sialia sialis, ABPBJ15010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species prefers 

open woodlands and shrublands, edges and clearings. This bird needs a few trees or large 

shrubs with cavity excavations by woodpeckers for nest sites. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Western Bluebird, Sialia mexicana, ABPBJ15020, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted as a breeder to the Davis and 

Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos and Basin and Range Section. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Hermit Thrush, Catharus guttatus, ABPBJ18110, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Wood Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, ABPBJ19010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is an uncommon summer resident in the forested eastern third of Texas, 

particularly in moist thickets in lowland stream bottoms. It prefers moist woodlands, 

even swamps of east Texas; and it does not use coniferous woods unless heavily mixed 

with deciduous trees. 

The range is restricted to the Mixed Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Robin, Turdus migratorius, ABPBJ20170, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), and urban areas. This species has an incredible range 

of habitats, except, perhaps, the deepest of forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis, ABPBK01010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species is a rare to locally common summer resident 

in the eastern quarter of Texas, and is often found near human habitation. It prefers edges 

of woodlands with thicket undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Northern Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos, ABPBK03010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

urban areas. This is one of the most ubiquitous breeding birds in Texas. This species 

avoids only the deep forests and treeless plains. Like the American Robin, this species 

uses a wide variety of habitats; and like the Gray Catbird, it prefers woodland edges and 

openings within thickets. Shrub habitats make up a large portion of, but not exclusively,

habitat usage by this species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufum, ABPBK06010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers thickets at the edges or in woodland 

openings. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Long-Billed Thrasher, Toxostoma longirostre, ABPBK06020, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

Although basically found in south Texas brushlands, this species has spread up into the 

Pecos River valley as far as Midland County.

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Curve-Billed Thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre, ABPBK06070, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland 

(Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers semiarid shrub 

with cacti, yucca, and mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Crissal Thrasher, Toxostoma dorsale, ABPBK06090, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species prefers thickets along desert streams, and has been recorded 

breeding on the western edge of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens, ABPBP03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is 

resident in the Trans Pecos, and rare in the South Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Loggerhead Strike, Lanius ludovicianus, ABPBR01030, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama). This species uses a wide variety of habitats. It needs trees, shrubs, hedgerows, 

etc., both for perching sites and nesting sites in open country. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Eyed Vireo, Vireo griseus, ABPBW01020, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers tangled thickets near water, but uses a wide variety of dense 

shrublands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bell’s Vireo, Vireo bellii, ABPBW01110, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers thickets of mesquite, willows, or scrub oaks. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus, ABPBW01120, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Vireo, Vireo vicinior, ABPBW01140, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species inhabits arid foothills with thorn shrubs, 

junipers, and small oaks. It is restricted to the Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains 

of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Throated Vireo, Vireo flavifrons, ABPBW01170, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak). This species inhabits areas with tall shade trees in deciduous or 

mixed woodlands, and prefers river bottoms. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Hutton’s Vireo, Vireo huttoni, ABPBW01190, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo). This species is 

restricted to Brewster County Mountains, Jeff Davis and Presidio County Mountains. It

was found breeding once in Real County of the southern Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano, 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Warbling Vireo, Vireo gilvus, ABPBW01210, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This 

species prefers broad-leaved trees in open woodlands, and will inhabit orchards and parks 

in towns. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, ABPBW01240, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species prefers broadleaved woodlands, but usually nests along streams. It requires tall trees in open 

woodlands for breeding.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Plumbeous Vireo, Vireo plumbeus, ABPBW01280, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted to the Trans 

Pecos Mountains, and prefers scrubby, mixed woodlands above 1,800 meters for 

breeding. This species is also known as the Solitary Vireo. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Virginia’s Warbler, Vermivora virginiae, ABPBX01070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis 

and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis, ABPBX01080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Brewster County.

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Lucy’s Warbler, Vermivora luciae, ABPBX01090, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species breeds 

along the Rio Grande, up river from Big Bend. It breeds only in Brewster, Hudspeth, and 

Presidio Counties of the Trans Pecos. It uses mesquite, willow, and cottonwood thickets 

along desert streams. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Northern Parula, Parula americana, ABPBX02010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak). This species breeds both in upland and in bottomlands, but seems to prefer 

the latter. Breeding is determined by presence/absence of Spanish moss. 

The range is restricted to the Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
 The Yellow-Rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata, ABPBX03060, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This 

species is restricted to and breeds only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains of the 

Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Golden-Cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia, ABPBX03110, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species is the only

endemic breeding bird for Texas, confined to the ashe-juniper/oaks woodlands of the 

canyons of central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica, ABPBX03130, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species prefers open 

pine forests and woodlands along rivers and bayous. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Grace’s Warbler, Dendroica graciae, ABPBX03140, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus, ABPBX03170, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine). 

This species is restricted to the piney woods of east Texas and the “Lost Pines” area of 

Bastrop County.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor, ABPBX03190, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species seeks out cut-over or burned 

woodlands, and often second-growth pines. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Black-and-White Warbler, Mniotilta varia, ABPBX05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species breeds in parts of the Edwards 

Plateau and the east Texas piney woods. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, ABPBX06010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species prefers bottomland forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Prothonotary Warbler, Protonotaria citrea, ABPBX07010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near rivers and 

streams, usually with slow-moving water. This species prefers bottomland forests; and 

nests in vegetation, often at bases of trees, along stream or riverbanks. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Worm-Eating Warbler, Helmitheros vermivorus, ABPBX08010, habitat includes 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak). This species prefers moist situations in deciduous forests, bushy bogs in 

deciduous woodlands, and low, wet spots on hillsides. It can be found near streams and 

ravines. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Swainson’s Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii, ABPBX09010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). This species inhabits damp areas with thick undergrowths of cane, briars, 

and bushes. It prefers bottomland forests and thickets of cane or similar vegetation along

rivers and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Louisiana Waterthrust, Seiurus motacilla, ABPBX10030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near rivers and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus, ABPBX11010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak). This species prefers damp, deciduous bottomlands with heavy undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas, ABPBX12010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands). This species breeds in marshes and swamps. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina, ABPBX16010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species breeds in thickets in forested river and 

stream valleys. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Painted Redstart, Myioborus pictus, ABPBX19010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and urban areas. This species is 

found in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, often in urban environments, specifically

Cameron and Hidalgo Counties. This species is also known as Clay-Colored Robin, 

Turdus grayi, ABPBJ20110. 

The range is restricted to Cameron and Hidalgo Counties in the Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Breasted Chat, Icteria virens, ABPBX24010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is another warbler that prefers thickets, often along

watercourses. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Hepatic Tanager, Piranga flava, ABPBX45020, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the dry pine-oak 

woods of the Chisos, Davis and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra, ABPBX45030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species uses a wide variety of woodlands. It is replaced at higher elevations in the Trans 

Pecos by the Hepatic Tanager. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Western Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana, ABPBX45050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the Chisos, 

Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, ABPBX60010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species uses a wide variety of habitats, but prefers more open forests 

and woodlands with thick undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus, ABPBX60020, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), and extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub). This species is sympatric with its relative, the Northern Cardinal, 

throughout its Texas range, and occupies the denser brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Headed Grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus, ABPBX61040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species is mostly in the high altitudes of the

Trans Pecos Mountains, but will descend into the foothills along streams with poplars and 

willows. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Blue Grosbeak, Guiraca caerulea, ABPBX63010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species inhabits semi-open country with scattered trees and shrubs. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea, ABPBX64030, habitat includes lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush). This species is attracted to 

bottomlands, particularly in cut-over forests and river bottoms. The numbers breeding

vary greatly from year to year. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Varied Bunting, Passerina versicolor, ABPBX64040, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is found along the Rio Grande and 

in the Trans Pecos. This bunting prefers dense thorn brush, arid or semi-arid climates, 

and hills. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Painted Bunting, Passerina ciris, ABPBX64060, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers semi-open brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Dickcissel, Spiza americana, ABPBX65010, habitat includes tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species needs taller vegetation in the fields/grasslands from which to sing. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Olive Sparrow, Arremonops rufivirgatus, ABPBX72010, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is a south Texas “specialty,” and requires dense brush. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus, ABPBX74040, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Towhee, Pipilo maculatus, ABPBX74080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species breeds prefers in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. It prefers open woodlands of forest edges, and rocky environments in 

semiarid habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola, ABPBX76030, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, and intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Bachman’s Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis, ABPBX91050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species uses 

open pinelands, but is now more restricted in distribution. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Botteri’s Sparrow, Aimophila botterii, ABPBX91060, habitat includes medium-tall 

sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). This 

species is restricted to bunchgrass fields in the south Texas brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Cassin’s Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii, ABPBX91070, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species uses 

a much broader range of herbaceous vegetation than Botteri's Sparrow. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Rufous-Crowned Sparrow, Aimophila ruficeps, ABPBX91090, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Chipping Sparrow, Spizella passerina, ABPBX94020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers 

more open forests, usually park-like situations in hills and mountains. It inhabits 

woodlands, including orchards in the Trans Pecos, and breeds in the higher pine-oak 

woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau 

Section ecoregions. 
The Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla, ABPBX94050, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. This species, often referred to as "Old field" sparrow, prefers 

semi-open shrublands with scattered patches of brush, and areas such as abandoned fields 

where trees and shrubs have invaded, but plenty of grass and open space remains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Chinned Sparrow, Spizella atrogularis, ABPBX94070, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted to the mountain 

ranges of the Trans Pecos region that exceed 5,000 feet elevation. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grammacus, ABPBX96010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. This species, like the Grasshopper Sparrow and Dickcissel, 

prefers some taller vegetation for song posts. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Throated Sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata, ABPBX97010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss). This sparrow inhabits arid shrublands with a variety of vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Lark Bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys, ABPBX98010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

This species is not a common or regular breeder in Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum, ABPBXA0020, habitat includes 

tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama). This species will use any grassland with appropriate vegetation for song posts. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Seaside Sparrow, Ammodramus maritimus, ABPBXA0060, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands). This permanent resident prefers 

the salt marshes, especially the tidal marshes. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Dark-Eyed Junco, Junco hyemalis, ABPBXA5020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, ABPBXB0010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and annual graminoid 

or forb vegetation. This species usually breeds in emergent vegetation of freshwater 

marshes; in other parts of the country, this blackbird has nested in hay fields and similar 

croplands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna, ABPBXB2020, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species may represent 

a distinct species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in the higher 

elevations of the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta, ABPBXB2030, habitat includes short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), and temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great-Tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus, ABPBXB6050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. 

Although this species prefers tall trees and open areas for nesting, it will use shrubby

thickets, especially mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Boat-Tailed Grackle, Quiscalus major, ABPBXB6060, habitat includes water, 

coastal wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), and medium-tall sod temperate

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass). 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Common Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula, ABPBXB6070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak). This species is particularly prevalent in the pinewoods and Big

Thicket regions, but is expanding south and west. It flourishes in wooded areas of east 

Texas, including human habitations in the absence of the Great-Tailed Grackle. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Bronzed Cowbird, Molothrus aeneus, ABPBXB7020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers more open 

shrublands, with scattered clumps of brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, ABPBXB7030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurious, ABPBXB9070, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with 

sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama). This species occupies more open shrublands, especially with mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Oriole, Icterus cucullatus, ABPBXB9080, habitat includes temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Altamira Oriole, Icterus gularis, ABPBXB9170, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species is confined to the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Audubon’s Oriole, Icterus graduacauda, ABPBXB9180, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species distribution is along the Rio Grande and north into the South Texas Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula, ABPBXB9190, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica). This species currently breeds mostly in 

riverine woodlands of the eastern Panhandle. It formerly bred in north-central and 

southeastern Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Texas High Plains Section, and Rolling Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Scott’s Oriole, Icterus parisorum, ABPBXB9200, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bullock’s Oriole, Icterus bullockii, ABPBXB9220, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species prefers open woodlands, including pecan orchards. It inhabits 

more arid lands than does the similar Baltimore Oriole, and it breeds in open shrublands, 

especially mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus, ABPBY04040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), croplands, and urban areas. This species uses a 

wide variety of habitats, including shrublands. It recently has expanded its range 

northward and eastward into more mesic habitats. The recent expansions have come

almost exclusively through invasion of urban environments. This finch breeds around 

farm/ranch buildings. Grain crops and livestock feeding supply a ready source of food. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria, ABPBY06090, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Crowned Parrot, Amazona viridigenalis, BUNKN01, habitat includes planted/ 

cultivated woodland, and urban areas. This species breeds in residential areas of towns 

and cities in the lower Rio Grande Valley. The origin of populations is probably a 

combination of escaped cage birds or immigrants from Mexico. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Green Parakeet, Aratinga holochlora, BUNKN02, habitat includes planted/cultivated 

woodland, and urban areas. This species breeds in towns and cities in the lower Rio 

Grande Valley. The origin of populations is in question, but probably from escaped cage 

birds or immigrants from Mexico. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Muscovy Duck, Cairina mochata, BUNKN03, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), and near lakes, 

ponds, rivers, and streams. This species only occurs in woodlands along the lower Rio 

Grande associated resacas. It feeds and breeds along the river. This cavity nester needs 

wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to only the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Juniper Titmouse, Baeolophus ridgwayi, BUNKN06, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species recently split in Texas from 

the Tufted Titmouse. This bird is confined to the Guadalupe and Delaware Mountains in 

the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 

 
APPENDIX G - BIRDS

The Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus, ABNCA01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Pied-Billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps, ANBCA02010, habitat includes wherever 

sufficient water exists, near lakes and ponds. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eared-Grebe, Podiceps nigricollis, ABNCA03030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. It is an irregular breeder, but most recent successes 

have been in the Basin and Range and Texas High Plains Sections. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, ABNFC01010, habitat 

includes dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation and sand flats. One known colony is 

on the coast in Nueces County.

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, ABNFC01020, habitat includes dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, and sand flats. It

breeds on sparsely vegetated islands. 

The range is restricted to the Gulf Coast regions, including Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Double-Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, ABNFD01020, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, ABNFD01030 (previously known 

as the Olivaceous Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceous), habitat includes water and 

wetlands, particularly on major rivers in the eastern third of Texas. Impoundments on 

these major rivers have allowed this coastal species to move inland as far northwest as

Lake Arrowhead, and impoundments with standing dead trees have provided nest sites as 

well as a nearby food source. The majority of the breeding colonies center along the Gulf 

Coast, and occur in mixed colonies with several species of herons and egrets. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga, ABNFE01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, and 

woods bordering water needed for nesting and open water needed for foraging, lowland 

or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). It is associated with rivers and streams, particularly

major river systems in the eastern third of Texas and along the Gulf Coast. The Anhinga 

breeds in colonies in swamps, sloughs, oxbows, and other wooded habitats associated 

with the river systems. Colonies are formed where sufficient woody vegetation over or 

emerging from water permits. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Least Bittern, Ixobrychus exilis, ABNGA02010, habitat includes wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, medium-tall sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and in El Paso County and the Big Bend region of the 

Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Great Blue Heron, Ardea herodias, ABNGA04010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

Nesting may occur over or away from lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams, but water must 

be nearby for feeding. It often feeds along shorelines or in shallow waters, and may build 

colonies nearby. This is perhaps the most widespread heron/egret in Texas as a breeding

bird. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Great Egret, Casmerodius albus, ABNGA04040, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It nests over 

water, but needs nearby shallow, open water for feeding. It often feeds in shallow waters

or along shorelines, and may breed in colonies along or near lakes. It breeds in multispecies colonies along the Gulf Coast and in the eastern third of Texas, as far northwest 

as Lake Arrowhead. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Snowy Egret, Egretta thula, ABNGA06030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams, along the Gulf Coast and major rivers of the eastern third of Texas, and near 

El Paso and the Rio Grande. It feeds in shallow waters or along shorelines, and may

breed nearby in multi-species colonies in nearby wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, ABNGA06040, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry) located along the Gulf Coast and in 

association with major river systems of eastern and central Texas. It feeds in shallow 

waters or along shorelines, and breeds in multi-species colonies near or over rivers and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor, ABNGA06050, habitat includes water and 

wetlands, but generally not found at small ponds. It may feed in shallow waters or along

open shorelines, and may breed in multi-species colonies near or over the water or in 

nearby wooded habitat, especially along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Reddish Egret, Egretta rufescens, ABNGA06060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. The only heron/egret restricted to breeding

along the Gulf Coast. It breeds in multi-species colonies over or on brackish or salt 

water. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, ABNGA07010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. The species first appeared in Texas 

in 1957 as part of its invasion of the U.S. It is now perhaps the most numerous ardeid in 

Texas. The breeding colonies are single or multi-species, often placed at or near a lake, 

pond, river, or stream; and some feeding may occur along shorelines. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Green Heron, Butorides virescens, ABNGA08010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams, and urban 

areas. It may feed along shorelines or in shallow waters, and may establish a breeding

colony at or near the land/pond or river/stream in wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Crowned Night-Heron, Nycticorx nycticorax, ABNGA11010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It feeds along shorelines or in 

shallow waters, and may breed in multi-species colonies or as single pairs or small unispecies colonies in nearby wooded habitat. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Crowned Night-Heron, Nyctanassa violacea, ABNGA13010, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous 

forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams. It prefers swamps, and is less likely to breed in brackish/saltwater habitats. 

It feeds along shorelines or in shallow waters, and will nest in nearby wooded habitat. It

almost always breeds as single pairs or small uni-species colonies in wooded swamps. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Basin and Range Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White Ibis, Eudocimus albus, ABNGE01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, and 

near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. It may feed along open shorelines or in shallow 

water, and often breeds in multi-species colonies in wooded habitat near or over water 

source. The vast majority of the populations of this species breed along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The White-Faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi, ABNGE02020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near lakes and ponds. It nests in flooded 

woods, but needs marshes and open water for feeding.

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Roseate Spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja, ABNGE05010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

breeds only in multi-species colonies along the Gulf Coast; and like make other longlegged waders, the species is known for post-breeding wandering inland. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Fulvous Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna bicolor, ABNJB01010, habitat includes 

wetlands and agricultural lands, mainly rice fields which are the major area for foraging, 

and it may nest in these fields. It breeds in the Gulf Coast freshwater marshes, but has 

recently expanded inland. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Bellied Whistling-Duck, Dendrocygna autumnalis, ABNJB01040, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

near lakes and ponds. The wooded habitats near or over lakes and ponds serve as 

breeding sites for these cavity-nesting birds. 

The range is restricted to Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Wood Duck, Aix sponsa, ABNJB09010, habitat includes water, lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

round-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of Redbed Plains Section, Southern High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mottled Duck, Anas fulvigula, ABNJB10050, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and near lakes and ponds. It

needs ponds or slow waters near the nesting site. 

The range is restricted to Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos, ABNJB10060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). The “Mexican” Duck, 

considered a separate species by some, occurs only in the Basin and range section. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Pintail, Anas acuta, ABNJB10110, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

prefers mostly small- to medium-sized bodies of water from the South Plains north into 

the Panhandle of Texas, and nesting can occur in the shoreline vegetation. It occurs 

irregularly outside the Texas High Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Winged Teal, Anas discors, ABNJB10130, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It nests 

in shoreline vegetation of bodies of water, including marshes. However, regular breeding

has been reported from many parts of the state. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Cinnamon Teal, Anas cyanoptera, ABNJB10140, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

and near lakes and ponds. It feeds at and nests in shoreline vegetation of smaller bodies 

of water. It is a regular, but uncommon nester in the South Plains and Panhandle, but has 

been reported in El Paso, Bexar, and Colorado counties. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata, ABNJB10150, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is a rare breeding

species in the western half of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, only El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Gadwall, Anas strepera, ABNJB10160, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is rare at playas in 

the Panhandle, and very rare in north-central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The American Wigeon, Anas americana, ABNJB10180, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds on and breeds in shoreline vegetation of these bodies of water. It is rare in the 

Panhandle, and occasionally found elsewhere. 

The range is restricted to Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Basin 

and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Redhead, Aythya americana, ABNJB11030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It

feeds in and nests near deeper bodies of water. It breeds in the Panhandle and El Paso 

County.

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, only El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Merganser, Lophodytes cucullatus, ABNJB20010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This cavity nesting species breeds in 

backwaters and swamps associated with rivers in northeast Texas. It nests in flooded 

woodlands and needs deeper waters for feeding. This species is currently expanding in 

northeast Texas; the first nest has been found in Fort Bend County on the coastal plains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Ruddy Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, ABNJB22010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. It may

breed on various-sized bodies of water, but needs deeper water for feeding. It is reported 

as a rare and irregular breeder in many part of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions 
The Masked Duck, Nomonyx dominicus, ABNJB22020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes and ponds. This 

sporadic breeder usually occurs in ponds within the coastal prairies and in the Lower Rio 

Grande Valley.

The range is restricted to the Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus, ABNKA01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species prefers 

open woodlands for nesting, but needs open country adjacent to the woods for food 

source. It will co-exist with the Turkey Vulture, although it may occupy more wooded 

areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura, ABNKA02010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/ cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species avoids heavily wooded areas, and needs open areas for foraging. 

It uses woodlands for nesting, but less so than the Black Vulture. It is almost “catholics” 

in its use of habitats. As long as suitable nesting sites and areas to search for carrion are 

available, this bird will even use desert-like habitats. 

The range of this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, ABNKC01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species breeds on wooded reservoirs and large rivers. It feeds on fish taken from the 

body of water and nests in trees in the water. It has been found breeding at Toledo Bend 

Reservoir in Nacogdoches County and possibly on Falcon Reservoir. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Rio Grande Section 

ecoregions. 
The Hook-Billed Kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus, ABNKC03010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to Hidalgo and Starr Counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley,

Rio Grande Section ecoregion. 
The Swallow-Tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus, ABNKC04010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). 

The range is restricted to Liberty and Hardin Counties and the Mid Coastal Plains 

Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tailed Kite, Elanus leucurus, ABNKC06010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). It is found mostly

in brushlands, especially in south Texas and the coastal plain, and also uses brush along

rivers and fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mississippi Kite, Ictinia mississippiensis, ABNKC09010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is 

common in some parts of west Texas, and is rare in the eastern third of the state. It nests 

in riparian woodlands, and may form colonies in proper habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas 

High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, ABNKC10010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and near lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. This species prefers more open forest for nesting, and nests in 

wooded areas around lakes and reservoirs and along larger rivers. It breeds in large trees 

at or near the shoreline and feeds on the lakes. It has been found near larger rivers in east 

Texas and the coastal plains south to the vicinity of Corpus Christi. This large raptor has 

continued to re-occupy its former breeding range in Texas. The building of reservoirs 

has undoubtedly helped the species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Sharp-Shinned Hawk, Accipiter striatus, ABNKC12020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). The broad habitat use of this species precludes designation of plant 

associations. It is restricted to the eastern half and in the Trans Pecos Mountains of 

Texas, and it prefers more open woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, and has been recorded only in the Chisos Mountains in the Basin and Range 

Section ecoregions. 
The Cooper’s Hawk, Accipiter coperii, ABNKC12040, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is 

irregularly distributed. Although it has similar needs as the Sharp-Shinned Hawk, the 

two species usually do not occur in the same woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Common Black-Hawk, Buteogallus anthracinus, ABNKC15010, habitat includes 

water, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and near lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. This species nests in wooded canyons, riverine woodlands, and large 

trees along a river/stream. It nests along Lympia Creek in the Davis Mountains, and 

recent nesting has been reported from Val Verde and Lubbock Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Harris’ Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus, ABNKC16010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species occurs mostly in mesquite woodlands of south and west Texas, south Texas 

mesquite brushlands, similar habitats in west and north Texas, and cacti are usually found 

there. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Hawk, Asturina nitida, ABNKC19010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Shouldered Hawk, Buteo lineatus, ABNKC19030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is a common buteo. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Broad-Winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus, ABNKC19050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is most common in 

the eastern third of Texas, and less common west onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Swainson’s Hawk, Buteu swainsoni, ABNKC19070, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This 

species occurs mostly in open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairie Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus, ABNKC19080, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species haunts the 

coastal prairies with sufficient brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Zone-Tailed Hawk, Buteo Albonotatus, ABNKC19090, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). It nests in the Trans Pecos Mountains 

to western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis, ABNKC19110, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species nests in wooded areas, but 

prefers open lands for hunting. This species has been replaced in more open lands by

Swainson’s Hawk, especially in the High Plains and Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, ABNKC22010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species has been found in the mountains 

and canyons of west Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Crested Caracara, Polyborus plancus, ABNKD02010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

prefers shrubland with open spaces and cacti. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland 

Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, the Big Bend area in the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Kestrel, Falco sparverius, ABNKD06020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is found mostly in the eastern 

half of Texas at the edges of woodlands, and it forages over open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Section, Cross 

Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, ABNKD06070, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and in the Chisos and Guadalupe Mountain areas. This species 

breeds in the canyons of these mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Prairie Falcon, Falco mexicanus, ABNKD06090, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Plain Chachalaca, Ortalis vetula, ABNLB01020, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is found in riverine forests and 

brushlands of tropical south Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Greater Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus cupido, ABNLC13010, habitat includes tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. Only the coastal 

subspecies, attwateri, continues to exist today; even now, it is perilously close to 

extinction. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Lesser Prairie-Chicken, Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, ABNLC13020, habitat includes 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss) and intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, ABNLC14010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species has been extirpated from much of

its range, and reintroduced in parts of the former habitat, especially in east Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Montezuma Quail, Cyrtonyx montezumae, ABNLC19010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak) and rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species largest population is in the Davis Mountains. It is 

also found in other parts of the Trans Pecos and the western edge of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus, ABNLC21020, rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), semipermanently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation. This species needs open spaces with grass and 

herbaceous plants/brush for cover. It is another nearly ubiquitous species, but has been 

replaced in drier climates by the Scaled Quail. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Scaled Quail, Callipepla squamata, ABNLC23010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species rarely survives in an area receiving

more than 75 centimeters of rain. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Gambel’s Quail, Callipepla gambelii, ABNLC23030, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris, ABNME05010, habitat includes salt or brackish 

water, wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland along the Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The King Rail, Rallus elegans, ABNME05020, habitat includes fresh-water wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola, ABNME05030, habitat includes water, wetlands, tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, 

ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Sora, Porzana carolina, ABNME08020, habitat includes wetlands, tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, 

and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Purple Gallinule, Porphyrula martinica, ABNME12010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, low 

tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus, ABNME13010, habitat includes wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American Coot, Fulica americana, ABNME14020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Snowy Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus, ABNNB03030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds and coastal areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Wilson’s Plover, Charadrius wilsonia, ABNNB03040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Killdeer, Charadrius vociferous, ABNNB03090, habitat includes short sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and also bare ground such as parking lots. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregion. 
The American Oystercatcher, Haematopus palliates, ABNNC01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, and sand flats along the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black-Necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus, ABNND01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, consolidated rock with sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, near urban areas in El Paso and Hudspeth Counties only, and near 

lakes, ponds, and coastal areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The American Avocet, Recurvirostra americana, ABNND02010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and coastal 

areas. This species breeds along the Texas Gulf Coast and around non-vegetated playas 

in west Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains 

and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, only in El Paso County in the Basin and Range Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, ABNNF02010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This species nests in salt marshes and on dunes with beach grasses and sea oats. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The American Woodcock, Scolopax minor, ABNNF19020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). This species is a sporadic breeder and requires wooded areas close to open 

fields and marshes for feeding.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla, ABNNM03010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

croplands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This gull breeds in colonies on sandy beaches and spoil islands, often with terns along the 

Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Gull-Billed Tern, Sterna nilotica, ABNNM08010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species nests on beaches and spoil 

islands, often in multi-species colonies, along the Texas Gulf Coast. A small population 

also breeds on Falcon Reservoir. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia, ABNNM08020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, and coastal areas. This species prefers to 

nest on shell beaches or spoil islands along the Texas Gulf Coast.

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Royal Tern, Sterna maxima, ABNNM08030, habitat includes water, wetlands, dunes 

with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species breeds 

on beaches and spoil islands along the Texas Gulf Coast.

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Sandwich Tern, Sterna sandvicensis, ABNNM08050, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. 

This species breeds on beaches and spoil islands, often in close proximity to Royal Tern 

colonies, along the Texas Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Forester’s Tern, Sterna forsteri, ABNNM08090, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This species 

breeds on islands with more grass than the areas used by the other terns. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Least Tern, Sterna antillarum, ABNNM08100, habitat includes water, wetlands, bare 

ground, sand flats, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Two 

populations occur in Texas; the larger population breeds on beaches, spoil islands, and 

similar habitats along the Gulf Coast, and the second population breeds inland on sand. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains 

and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Sooty Tern, Sterna fuscata, ABNNM08150, habitat includes water, wetlands, sand 

flats, and near coastal areas. This species is an uncommon and irregular breeder on spoil 

and other islands along the Gulf Coast, especially in the central region. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black Skimmer, Rynchops niger, ABNNM14010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

bare ground, sand flats, and near coastal areas. This colonial nester uses both sand and 

shell Gulf beaches. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Billed Pigeon, Columba flavirostris, ABNPB01060, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is generally restricted to woodlands and shrublands along the 

lower Rio Grande Valley, up river to at least Webb County.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Band-Tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, ABNPB01080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix) in higher elevations of the Chisos, Davis, 

and Guadalupe Mountains, and perhaps in other Trans Pecos mountains with sufficient 

elevation. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica, ABNPB04010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), cropland, and urban areas. This species has 

dramatically spread northward through suburban and urban habitats. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Mourning Dove, Zenaida macroura, ABNPB04040, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. 

This is a ubiquitous species that occurs in virtually every habitat, except those under 

water. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Inca Dove, Scardafella inca, ABNPB06010, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

urban areas. This species prefers more open habitat around humans. Even though the 

species has healthy populations in “natural” environs, the Inca Dove seems to be 

expanding through its “invasions” of towns and cities. It is a rapidly expanding species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Common Ground-Dove, Columbina passerina, ABNPB06020, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

occupies a variety of shrub habitats, but has been displaced in some areas, especially in

more open habitats, by the Inca Dove. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The White-Tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi, ABNPB08010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species is restricted to the riparian woodlands of the lower Rio Grande Valley and 

adjacent south Texas brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Billed Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, ABNRB02020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This species is extremely

adaptable and frequents suburban and urban areas with sufficient wooded habitat. It is 

found mostly in woodlands, but also uses shrublands. This species is restricted to cities 

in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties in the lower Rio Grande Valley. It nests and forages 

in urban environments. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Greater Roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus, ABNRB09020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species prefers open shrublands, but is found in a wide variety of habitats. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Groove-Billed Ani, Crotophaga sulcirostris, ABNRB11030, habitat includes 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers thick brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Barn Owl, Tyto alba, ABNSA01010, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and cropland areas. 

This species needs open brushlands for hunting. This widespread owl will use any open 

habitat that provides hunting opportunities not too distant from the breeding site. It will 

even use moist grasslands. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Flammulated Owl, Otus flammeolus, ABNSB01020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix) in the high altitudes of the Trans 

Pecos mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Eastern Screech-Owl, Otus asio, ABNSB01030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

and urban areas. The western limits of this species are poorly known. This species is 

highly adaptable as long as nesting cavities are available.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Western Screech-Owl, Otus kennicottii, ABNSB01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species occupies drier habitats than its eastern relative, especially on 

hillsides. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great Horned Owl, Bubo virginianus, ABNSB05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), planted/ cultivated woodland, and mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is 

found in a wide diversity of wooded habitats and altitudes. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the Redbed Plains 

Section and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl, Glaucidium brasilianum, ABNSB08040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers oak motts. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Elf Owl, Micrathene whitneyi, ABNSB09010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush). This species uses vacated nest cavities of woodpeckers; therefore, 

the habitat must include woody vegetation of sufficient size to accommodate this need. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Burrowing Owl, Speotyto cunicularia, ABNSB10010, habitat includes short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and cropland areas. 

This species does best as a breeder at prairie dog towns, but has been recorded breeding

in many different parts of the state where suitable grasslands or open lands exist. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis, ABNSB12010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This rare or threatened owl has a 

limited distribution found only in the wooded canyons of the Guadalupe and Davis 

Mountains, and possibly in the Franklin Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Barred Owl, Strix varia, ABNSB12020, habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate 

or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest 

(pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak). This species is found in all wooded habitat from the eastern Panhandle southward. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio 

Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Saw-Whet Owl, Aegolius acadicus, ABNSB15020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (Ponderosa pine/ 

Loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix) in the Guadalupe 

and Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Lesser Nighthawk, Chordeiles acutipennis, ABNTA02010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation. This species has similar needs as the Common Nighthawk, but is restricted in 

Texas to the south Texas brushlands and the lower elevations of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Common Nighthawk, Chordeiles minor, ABNTA02020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus 

/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and urban areas. This species 

occupies any open brushland, grassland, or similar habitat that offers cleared spaces for 

the nest site. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed 

Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Pauraque, Nyctidromus albicollis, ABNTA03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is restricted to south Texas 

brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, ABNTA04010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species needs 

open space; habitats differ somewhat in south Texas brushlands and west Texas arid

lands. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Chuck-Will’s-Widow, Caprimulgus carolinensis, ABNTA07010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oakblackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Whip-Poor-Will, Caprimulgus vociferus, ABNTA07070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species breeds in the 

mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Chimney Swift, Chaetura pelagica, ABNUA03010, habitat includes urban areas. 

This species breeds and roosts in chimneys (or artificial chimneys), and is not known to 

breed in Texas outside of this artificial habitat. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Rio Grande Plain Section and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Throated Swift, Aeronautes saxatalis, ABNUA06010, habitat includes cliff 

sides and rocky soils. This species nests on cliffs in the Trans Pecos Mountains and in 

canyons in Val Verde County; and forages over open lands. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Broad-Billed Hummingbird, Cynanthus latirostris, ABNUC19020, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species frequents springs and streams with mesquite and sycamores and with 

blooming plants; and is found near desert streams in Brewster County. The current 

breeding status is questionable. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Buff-Bellied Hummingbird, Amazilia yucatanensis, ABNUC29130, habitat includes 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This 

species is restricted to coastal lowland shrubs from the lower Rio Grande Valley to the

coastal bend as a breeding bird. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Throated Hummingbird, Lampornis clemenciae, ABNUC34040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). 

This species is confined as a breeder to the Chisos Mountains, and is rare in the 

Guadalupe and Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Magnificent Hummingbird, Eugenes fulgens, ABNUC37010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species is 

confined as a breeder to the Chisos, Guadalupe, and Davis Mountains, although nesting

has been documented only for the Davis Mountains. It inhabits the fir-pine-juniper-oak 

woodlands of the higher Trans Pecos Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Lucifer Hummingbird, Calothorax Lucifer, ABNUC44010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). This species is 

confined as a breeder to the Chisos Mountains, and possibly the Davis Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Ruby-Throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, ABNUC45010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species 

breeds mostly in the eastern half of the state, and has been replaced in the western half of 

the state by the Black-Chinned Hummingbird. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Black-Chinned Hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri, ABNUC45020, habitat 

includes lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/ willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers more arid and open 

woodlands than does the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. The Black-Chinned 

Hummingbird, like many avian species, includes a variety of shrublands within its habitat 

usage; but this species has been replaced in the moister woodlands of eastern Texas by

the Ruby-Throated Hummingbird. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Broad-Tailed Hummingbird, Selasphorus platycercus, ABNUC51010, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/ one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix). 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Ringed Kingfisher, Ceryle torquata, ABNXD01010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and vegetation 

associated with rivers and streams. This species feeds on rivers and streams, and breeds 

on banks along rivers and streams. It is restricted to the Rio Grande and several streams 

from the Edwards Plateau; but it seems to be expanding its distribution in Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Belted Kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon, ABNXD01020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), near 

lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. This species needs rivers, streams and other bodies of 

water to penetrate into heavily wooded areas. It feeds in the rivers and streams, and nests 

on the banks of these rivers and streams. Breeding away from a river or stream is rare;

and it is not usually found around the smaller ponds. This species is the most widespread 

of the three kingfishers in Texas. 

The range for this species is the entire state, with the exception of the SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Green Kingfisher, Chloroceryl americana, ABNXD02020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak species mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), and near rivers and streams. This species feeds in rivers and 

streams, and it nests on the banks of those rivers and streams. It is found throughout 

south Texas, on to the Edwards Plateau, and up the Rio Grande River into the Trans 

Pecos region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, ABNYF04040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is often associated with flooded woodlands, 

and prefers more open woodlands or groves of trees, especially near water. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Acorn Woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorus, ABNYF04050, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species occurs mostly in pine-oak in the Chisos, 

Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. Besides the mountain populations, 

small breeding populations of this woodpecker exist in juniper-oak in Kerr and Real 

counties of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Golden-Fronted Woodpecker, Melanerpes aurifrons, ABNYF04160, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species is the arid-land replacement for the Red-Bellied Woodpecker of moist 

eastern woodlands of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Bellied Woodpecker, Melanerpes carolinus, ABNYF04170, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is often associated with urban/suburban situations, and also prefers more open 

woodlands. This is the common “medium-sized” woodpecker of the eastern third of 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Naped Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus nuchalis, ABNYF05040, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (Ponderosa pine/ 

Loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in 

the Guadalupe and perhaps other Trans Pecos mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Ladder-Backed Woodpecker, Picoides scalaris, ABNYF07010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers open woodlands, especially mesquite, and is the common small 

woodpecker of Texas shrublands. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens, ABNYF07030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species tolerates a wide variety of forested or wooded habitats, including many

suburban/urban situations. This is a common small woodpecker in the woodlands of the 

eastern two-thirds of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides villosus, ABNYF07040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species is widespread in the eastern third of Texas, in 

the Canadian River drainage and the Guadalupe Mountains. This woodpecker has a 

similar distribution as the Downy Woodpecker, but also breeds in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides borealis, ABNYF07060, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This is an 

endangered species that prefers old stands of long-leaf pines with little understory; but 

usually nests in trees with red-heart disease. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Flicker, Colaptes auratus, ABNYF10020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). The species 

prefers open forests and woodlands. It breeds mostly in the eastern half of Texas and 

along the Red River and onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Pileated Woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus, ABNYF12020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers heavier 

forested lands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet, Camptostoma imberbe, ABPAE04010, habitat 

includes cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Olive-Sided Flycatcher, Contopus cooperi, ABPAE32010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is confined to pine-fir-oak 

forests in the Guadalupe and possibly Davis Mountains. It breeds at higher elevations in 

the Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Western Wood-Pewee, Contopus sordidulus, ABPAE32050, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/oneseed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers more arid woodlands than its eastern 

counterpart. It is found mostly in the Trans Pecos Mountains, and also reaches a few 

places in the western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Wood-Pewee, Contopus virens, ABPAE32060, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers more open woodland areas of the 

eastern half of Texas and onto the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Acadian Flycatcher, Empidonax virescens, ABPAE33020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is often encountered in flooded areas, and prefers oak woodlands and cypress 

swamps. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 

 
The Eastern Phoebe, Sayornis phoebe, ABPAE35020, habitat includes croplands and 

near rivers and streams. This species builds nests near streams, often under a bridge or in 

a culvert. It is found near human habitations on farms and ranches, with available water; 

and it will build nests on the buildings. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Say’s Phoebe, Sayornis saya, ABPAE35030, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and near rivers and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Vermilion Flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus, ABPAE36010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers 

juniper-oak-pine associations. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Ash-Throated Flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens, ABPAE43050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus, ABPAE43070, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers openings in forests, and is found 

throughout the eastern two-thirds of Texas. This bird also uses isolated groves of 

deciduous trees in the western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus tyrannulus, ABPAE43080, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers dense brush, especially along watercourses. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, ABPAE45020, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species breeds along the Rio Grande to at least Val Verde County and along the 

coast to at least Kleberg County, and inland to Jim Wells and Live Oak Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Tropical Kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, ABPAE52010, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry) and urban areas. This 

species is restricted to the Lower Rio Grande watershed. Several of the known breeding

populations exist in suburban environments. While most of the known breeding pairs are 

in suburban environments, two or three pairs have nested in more natural habitats. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Basin and Range Section 

ecoregions. 
The Couch’s Kingbird, Tyrannus couchii, ABPAE52020, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This south Texas 

bird inhabits groves and wooded areas near water and brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and only along the Rio 

Grande in the Basin and Range Section and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

 
The Cassin’s Kingbird, Tyrannus vociferans, ABPAE52030, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species breeds in

the highlands of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis, ABPAE52050, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and urban areas. This 

species has expanded eastward, especially along power transmission lines. It now 

broadly overlaps the Eastern Kingbird in central and southeastern Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus, ABPAE52060, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). This species breeds in many open habitats, as long

as a tree is available for a nest site. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Scissor-Tailed Flycatcher, Tyrannus forficatus, ABPAE52100, habitat includes 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Rose-Throated Becard, Pachyramphus agaiae, ABPAE53070, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This sporadic 

breeding species is restricted to the lower Rio Grande Valley.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Horned Lark, Eremophila alpestris, ABPAT02010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Purple Martin, Progne subis, ABPAU01010, habitat includes urban areas. This 

species breeds in artificial sites provided around human environments. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Violet-Green Swallow, Tachycineta thalassina, ABPAU03040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). While this swallow nests in coniferous and 

mixed woodlands at higher elevations of the Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains, it 

forages over open spaces, as do all swallows. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Northern Rough-Winged Swallow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, ABPAU07010, 

habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), and bare soil. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bank Swallow, Riparia riparia, ABPAU08010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

bare soil, and along rivers and streams. This species often builds colonies in the cut of a 

river or stream bank. The most active colonies are found along the Rio Grande or its 

tributaries. One colony was discovered in a gravel pit in Wimberly. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Cliff Swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, ABPAU09010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is similar to the Cave 

Swallow. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Cave Swallow, Petrochelidon fulva, ABPAU09020, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species forages over any open 

vegetated area and has increased its breeding distribution dramatically since the late

1960s because of highway construction. It builds nests in highway culverts or under 

overpasses. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Barn Swallow, Hirundo rustica, ABPAU09030, habitat includes tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, and croplands. This species needs suitable nest sites, and often builds nests 

around human habitations, especially in rural settings. It has been known to nest in 

culverts or under overpasses. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Steller’s Jay, Cyanocitta stelleri, ABPAV02010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). While more of a forest bird, this species 

prefers the high coniferous forests and uses pine-oak woodlands at higher elevations of 

the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. The breeding populations are restricted to the 

Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Blue Jay, Cyanocitta cristata, ABPAV02020, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species has moved into urban/suburban 

habitats, expanding westward. While now more of an urban bird, this bird occupies a 

wide range of woodland types, and is locally common in the Davis and Guadalupe 

Mountains of the Trans Pecos region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Green Jay, Cyanocorax yncas, ABPAV04030, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This tropical species 

replaces the Blue Jay in South Texas, where it prefers the tall groves of tropical trees and 

brush. Basically a bird of South Texas brushlands, the Green Jay prefers thick brush and 

broken woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Jay, Cyanocorax morio, ABPAV04040, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species occurs in the tropical brush along the Rio Grande, mostly in 

Starr County.

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina, ABPAV06020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species lives and breeds in the juniper-pine-oak 

woodlands only in the Chisos Mountains of Brewster County.

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica, ABPAV06040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
 The American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos, ABPAV10010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquitejuniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. This species ranges along rivers into more 

open parts of the Panhandle and uses a wide variety of woodlands. This crow was 

replaced in the southern Trans Pecos and brushlands of south Texas by the two ravens. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and 

Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Fish Crow, Corvus ossifragus, ABPAV10080, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. This species is restricted to along

the Sabine and Neches River basins in southeast Texas, the Red and Sulphur River basins 

in extreme northeast Texas, and also Caddo Lake. This crow frequents river-bottom 

woodlands along larger rivers in easternmost Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Chihuahuan Raven, Corvus cryptoleucus, ABPAV10100, habitat includes 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Raven, Corvus corax, ABPAV10110, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species has a wide range of habitats, both wooded and open and is found mostly in the 

southern Trans Pecos Mountains and western Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Carolina Chickadee, Poecile carolinensis, ABPAW01020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and urban areas. 

This species is often found in open areas, including urban/suburban habitats. It is 

widespread in the eastern half of the state and into the eastern Panhandle. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mountain Chickadee, Poecile gambeli, ABPAW01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis 

and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Tufted Titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor, ABPAW01110, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. The 

western populations may be classified as a separate species, P. atricristatus. This species 

has wide habitat usage. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps, ABPAX01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species’ habitat

preferences change with topography: arid hills and arroyos in the Trans Pecos, brushy

gulches and ravines in the western Edwards Plateau, and mesquite flatlands in south 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bushtit, Psaltriparus minimus, ABPAY01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Breasted Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, ABPAZ01020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species breeds in Texas only in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains in the Basin and Range Section and the forested eastern one-third of the state. 

It seems to have returned to its former range in east-central Texas and the Edwards 

Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pygmy Nuthatch, Sitta pygmaea, ABPAZ01030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis and 

Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla, ABPAZ01040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This 

species breeds almost exclusively in the pinewoods of the East Texas Piney Woods 

region. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Creeper, Certhia americana, ABPBA01010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the higher elevations of the Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Cactus Wren, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, ABPBG02090, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species breeds 

from south Texas brushlands, north through the western Edwards Plateau into southern 

South Plains, and west through the arid lowlands of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Rock Wren, Salpinctes obsoletus, ABPBG03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species 

inhabits open shrublands on rocky exposures, preferring rough, rocky places in arid or 

semiarid regions, talus slopes, gulches, washes, and cliffs, etc. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Canyon Wren, Catherpes mexicanus, ABPBG04010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush) in rocky

soils. This species is found on canyon walls and cliffs. This species lives on canyon 

walls and steep cliffs in the Trans Pecos and Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern 

High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Carolina Wren, Thryothorus ludovicianus, ABPBG06130, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), and urban areas. This species is confined mostly to the eastern 

two-thirds of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Bewick’s Wren, Thryomanes bewickii, ABPBG07010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species does best

in semiarid brushlands and disappears quickly with excessive urbanization. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The House Wren, Troglodytes aedon, ABPBG09010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the Guadalupe (and 

probably Davis) Mountains in the Basin and Range Section. Outside the Trans Pecos 

Mountains, this species is found mostly in riparian woodlands in the Panhandle and North 

Central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Marsh Wren, Cistothorus palustris, ABPBG10020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This species breeds in marshlands 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher, Polioptila caerulea, ABPBJ08010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak). This species uses a wide variety of wooded habitats. It is found throughout 

much of the state, but is absent as a breeding bird from the High and Rolling Plains and 

the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Tailed Gnatcatcher, Polioptila melanura, ABPBJ08030, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is the 

arid-land equivalent of the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher. It occurs throughout the desert 

lowlands of the Trans Pecos and down the Rio Grande to the lower valley, where it is 

much less common. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Bluebird, Sialia sialis, ABPBJ15010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species prefers 

open woodlands and shrublands, edges and clearings. This bird needs a few trees or large 

shrubs with cavity excavations by woodpeckers for nest sites. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Western Bluebird, Sialia mexicana, ABPBJ15020, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted as a breeder to the Davis and 

Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos and Basin and Range Section. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Hermit Thrush, Catharus guttatus, ABPBJ18110, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Wood Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, ABPBJ19010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species is an uncommon summer resident in the forested eastern third of Texas, 

particularly in moist thickets in lowland stream bottoms. It prefers moist woodlands, 

even swamps of east Texas; and it does not use coniferous woods unless heavily mixed 

with deciduous trees. 

The range is restricted to the Mixed Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Robin, Turdus migratorius, ABPBJ20170, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), and urban areas. This species has an incredible range 

of habitats, except, perhaps, the deepest of forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis, ABPBK01010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), and urban areas. This species is a rare to locally common summer resident 

in the eastern quarter of Texas, and is often found near human habitation. It prefers edges 

of woodlands with thicket undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Northern Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos, ABPBK03010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

urban areas. This is one of the most ubiquitous breeding birds in Texas. This species 

avoids only the deep forests and treeless plains. Like the American Robin, this species 

uses a wide variety of habitats; and like the Gray Catbird, it prefers woodland edges and 

openings within thickets. Shrub habitats make up a large portion of, but not exclusively,

habitat usage by this species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufum, ABPBK06010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers thickets at the edges or in woodland 

openings. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Long-Billed Thrasher, Toxostoma longirostre, ABPBK06020, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

Although basically found in south Texas brushlands, this species has spread up into the 

Pecos River valley as far as Midland County.

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Curve-Billed Thrasher, Toxostoma curvirostre, ABPBK06070, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland 

(Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers semiarid shrub 

with cacti, yucca, and mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Crissal Thrasher, Toxostoma dorsale, ABPBK06090, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species prefers thickets along desert streams, and has been recorded 

breeding on the western edge of the Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Phainopepla, Phainopepla nitens, ABPBP03010, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is 

resident in the Trans Pecos, and rare in the South Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Loggerhead Strike, Lanius ludovicianus, ABPBR01030, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama). This species uses a wide variety of habitats. It needs trees, shrubs, hedgerows, 

etc., both for perching sites and nesting sites in open country. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The White-Eyed Vireo, Vireo griseus, ABPBW01020, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers tangled thickets near water, but uses a wide variety of dense 

shrublands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bell’s Vireo, Vireo bellii, ABPBW01110, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species prefers thickets of mesquite, willows, or scrub oaks. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Capped Vireo, Vireo atricapillus, ABPBW01120, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Vireo, Vireo vicinior, ABPBW01140, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species inhabits arid foothills with thorn shrubs, 

junipers, and small oaks. It is restricted to the Chisos, Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains 

of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Throated Vireo, Vireo flavifrons, ABPBW01170, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak). This species inhabits areas with tall shade trees in deciduous or 

mixed woodlands, and prefers river bottoms. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Hutton’s Vireo, Vireo huttoni, ABPBW01190, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo). This species is 

restricted to Brewster County Mountains, Jeff Davis and Presidio County Mountains. It

was found breeding once in Real County of the southern Edwards Plateau. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano, 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Warbling Vireo, Vireo gilvus, ABPBW01210, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This 

species prefers broad-leaved trees in open woodlands, and will inhabit orchards and parks 

in towns. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, ABPBW01240, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species prefers broadleaved woodlands, but usually nests along streams. It requires tall trees in open 

woodlands for breeding.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Plumbeous Vireo, Vireo plumbeus, ABPBW01280, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted to the Trans 

Pecos Mountains, and prefers scrubby, mixed woodlands above 1,800 meters for 

breeding. This species is also known as the Solitary Vireo. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Virginia’s Warbler, Vermivora virginiae, ABPBX01070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Davis 

and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Colima Warbler, Vermivora crissalis, ABPBX01080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Brewster County.

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Lucy’s Warbler, Vermivora luciae, ABPBX01090, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species breeds 

along the Rio Grande, up river from Big Bend. It breeds only in Brewster, Hudspeth, and 

Presidio Counties of the Trans Pecos. It uses mesquite, willow, and cottonwood thickets 

along desert streams. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Northern Parula, Parula americana, ABPBX02010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), and sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak). This species breeds both in upland and in bottomlands, but seems to prefer 

the latter. Breeding is determined by presence/absence of Spanish moss. 

The range is restricted to the Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
 The Yellow-Rumped Warbler, Dendroica coronata, ABPBX03060, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This 

species is restricted to and breeds only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains of the 

Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregion. 
The Golden-Cheeked Warbler, Dendroica chrysoparia, ABPBX03110, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak). This species is the only

endemic breeding bird for Texas, confined to the ashe-juniper/oaks woodlands of the 

canyons of central Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Throated Warbler, Dendroica dominica, ABPBX03130, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa 

pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species prefers open 

pine forests and woodlands along rivers and bayous. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Grace’s Warbler, Dendroica graciae, ABPBX03140, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds 

only in the Davis and Guadalupe Mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus, ABPBX03170, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine). 

This species is restricted to the piney woods of east Texas and the “Lost Pines” area of 

Bastrop County.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor, ABPBX03190, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species seeks out cut-over or burned 

woodlands, and often second-growth pines. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Black-and-White Warbler, Mniotilta varia, ABPBX05010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species breeds in parts of the Edwards 

Plateau and the east Texas piney woods. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla, ABPBX06010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species prefers bottomland forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Prothonotary Warbler, Protonotaria citrea, ABPBX07010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near rivers and 

streams, usually with slow-moving water. This species prefers bottomland forests; and 

nests in vegetation, often at bases of trees, along stream or riverbanks. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Worm-Eating Warbler, Helmitheros vermivorus, ABPBX08010, habitat includes 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak). This species prefers moist situations in deciduous forests, bushy bogs in 

deciduous woodlands, and low, wet spots on hillsides. It can be found near streams and 

ravines. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Swainson’s Warbler, Limnothlypis swainsonii, ABPBX09010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak). This species inhabits damp areas with thick undergrowths of cane, briars, 

and bushes. It prefers bottomland forests and thickets of cane or similar vegetation along

rivers and streams. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Louisiana Waterthrust, Seiurus motacilla, ABPBX10030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), and near rivers and 

streams. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus, ABPBX11010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, and mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post 

oak). This species prefers damp, deciduous bottomlands with heavy undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Yellowthroat, Geothlypis trichas, ABPBX12010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands). This species breeds in marshes and swamps. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina, ABPBX16010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry). This species breeds in thickets in forested river and 

stream valleys. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Painted Redstart, Myioborus pictus, ABPBX19010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and urban areas. This species is 

found in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, often in urban environments, specifically

Cameron and Hidalgo Counties. This species is also known as Clay-Colored Robin, 

Turdus grayi, ABPBJ20110. 

The range is restricted to Cameron and Hidalgo Counties in the Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Yellow-Breasted Chat, Icteria virens, ABPBX24010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is another warbler that prefers thickets, often along

watercourses. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Hepatic Tanager, Piranga flava, ABPBX45020, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the dry pine-oak 

woods of the Chisos, Davis and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra, ABPBX45030, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, and 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This 

species uses a wide variety of woodlands. It is replaced at higher elevations in the Trans 

Pecos by the Hepatic Tanager. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Western Tanager, Piranga ludoviciana, ABPBX45050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds in the Chisos, 

Davis, and Guadalupe Mountains in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, ABPBX60010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species uses a wide variety of habitats, but prefers more open forests 

and woodlands with thick undergrowth. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Pyrrhuloxia, Cardinalis sinuatus, ABPBX60020, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), and extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub). This species is sympatric with its relative, the Northern Cardinal, 

throughout its Texas range, and occupies the denser brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Headed Grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus, ABPBX61040, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species is mostly in the high altitudes of the

Trans Pecos Mountains, but will descend into the foothills along streams with poplars and 

willows. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Blue Grosbeak, Guiraca caerulea, ABPBX63010, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species inhabits semi-open country with scattered trees and shrubs. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea, ABPBX64030, habitat includes lowland or 

submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ mesquite-oak brush). This species is attracted to 

bottomlands, particularly in cut-over forests and river bottoms. The numbers breeding

vary greatly from year to year. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Varied Bunting, Passerina versicolor, ABPBX64040, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species is found along the Rio Grande and 

in the Trans Pecos. This bunting prefers dense thorn brush, arid or semi-arid climates, 

and hills. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Painted Bunting, Passerina ciris, ABPBX64060, habitat includes microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers semi-open brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Dickcissel, Spiza americana, ABPBX65010, habitat includes tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. 

This species needs taller vegetation in the fields/grasslands from which to sing. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Olive Sparrow, Arremonops rufivirgatus, ABPBX72010, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species is a south Texas “specialty,” and requires dense brush. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Canyon Towhee, Pipilo fuscus, ABPBX74040, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Towhee, Pipilo maculatus, ABPBX74080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), and cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak). This species breeds prefers in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. It prefers open woodlands of forest edges, and rocky environments in 

semiarid habitat. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The White-Collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola, ABPBX76030, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, and intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Bachman’s Sparrow, Aimophila aestivalis, ABPBX91050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), and rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species uses 

open pinelands, but is now more restricted in distribution. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Botteri’s Sparrow, Aimophila botterii, ABPBX91060, habitat includes medium-tall 

sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). This 

species is restricted to bunchgrass fields in the south Texas brushlands. 

The range is restricted to the Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Cassin’s Sparrow, Aimophila cassinii, ABPBX91070, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). This species uses 

a much broader range of herbaceous vegetation than Botteri's Sparrow. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Rufous-Crowned Sparrow, Aimophila ruficeps, ABPBX91090, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Chipping Sparrow, Spizella passerina, ABPBX94020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak). This species prefers 

more open forests, usually park-like situations in hills and mountains. It inhabits 

woodlands, including orchards in the Trans Pecos, and breeds in the higher pine-oak 

woodlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau 

Section ecoregions. 
The Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla, ABPBX94050, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. This species, often referred to as "Old field" sparrow, prefers 

semi-open shrublands with scattered patches of brush, and areas such as abandoned fields 

where trees and shrubs have invaded, but plenty of grass and open space remains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Chinned Sparrow, Spizella atrogularis, ABPBX94070, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species is restricted to the mountain 

ranges of the Trans Pecos region that exceed 5,000 feet elevation. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grammacus, ABPBX96010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation. This species, like the Grasshopper Sparrow and Dickcissel, 

prefers some taller vegetation for song posts. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Throated Sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata, ABPBX97010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss). This sparrow inhabits arid shrublands with a variety of vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Lark Bunting, Calamospiza melanocorys, ABPBX98010, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama). 

This species is not a common or regular breeder in Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus savannarum, ABPBXA0020, habitat includes 

tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama). This species will use any grassland with appropriate vegetation for song posts. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Seaside Sparrow, Ammodramus maritimus, ABPBXA0060, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands). This permanent resident prefers 

the salt marshes, especially the tidal marshes. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Dark-Eyed Junco, Junco hyemalis, ABPBXA5020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species breeds only in the Trans Pecos 

Mountains. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Red-Winged Blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, ABPBXB0010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and annual graminoid 

or forb vegetation. This species usually breeds in emergent vegetation of freshwater 

marshes; in other parts of the country, this blackbird has nested in hay fields and similar 

croplands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna, ABPBXB2020, habitat includes tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species may represent 

a distinct species. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in the higher 

elevations of the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Western Meadowlark, Sturnella neglecta, ABPBXB2030, habitat includes short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), and temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama). 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High

Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Great-Tailed Grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus, ABPBXB6050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and urban areas. 

Although this species prefers tall trees and open areas for nesting, it will use shrubby

thickets, especially mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Boat-Tailed Grackle, Quiscalus major, ABPBXB6060, habitat includes water, 

coastal wetlands, tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), and medium-tall sod temperate

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass). 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Common Grackle, Quiscalus quiscula, ABPBXB6070, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak). This species is particularly prevalent in the pinewoods and Big

Thicket regions, but is expanding south and west. It flourishes in wooded areas of east 

Texas, including human habitations in the absence of the Great-Tailed Grackle. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Bronzed Cowbird, Molothrus aeneus, ABPBXB7020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This species prefers more open 

shrublands, with scattered clumps of brush. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Brown-Headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, ABPBXB7030, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate 

grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and 

croplands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Orchard Oriole, Icterus spurious, ABPBXB9070, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with 

sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama). This species occupies more open shrublands, especially with mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Hooded Oriole, Icterus cucullatus, ABPBXB9080, habitat includes temporarily

flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Altamira Oriole, Icterus gularis, ABPBXB9170, habitat includes cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). This 

species is confined to the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Audubon’s Oriole, Icterus graduacauda, ABPBXB9180, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species distribution is along the Rio Grande and north into the South Texas Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula, ABPBXB9190, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica). This species currently breeds mostly in 

riverine woodlands of the eastern Panhandle. It formerly bred in north-central and 

southeastern Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Texas High Plains Section, and Rolling Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Scott’s Oriole, Icterus parisorum, ABPBXB9200, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Bullock’s Oriole, Icterus bullockii, ABPBXB9220, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

and lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquiteoak brush). This species prefers open woodlands, including pecan orchards. It inhabits 

more arid lands than does the similar Baltimore Oriole, and it breeds in open shrublands, 

especially mesquite. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains 

Section ecoregions. 
The House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus, ABPBY04040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), croplands, and urban areas. This species uses a 

wide variety of habitats, including shrublands. It recently has expanded its range 

northward and eastward into more mesic habitats. The recent expansions have come

almost exclusively through invasion of urban environments. This finch breeds around 

farm/ranch buildings. Grain crops and livestock feeding supply a ready source of food. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Lesser Goldfinch, Carduelis psaltria, ABPBY06090, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), evergreen extremely xeromorphic 

subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - 

drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood). 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Red-Crowned Parrot, Amazona viridigenalis, BUNKN01, habitat includes planted/ 

cultivated woodland, and urban areas. This species breeds in residential areas of towns 

and cities in the lower Rio Grande Valley. The origin of populations is probably a 

combination of escaped cage birds or immigrants from Mexico. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Green Parakeet, Aratinga holochlora, BUNKN02, habitat includes planted/cultivated 

woodland, and urban areas. This species breeds in towns and cities in the lower Rio 

Grande Valley. The origin of populations is in question, but probably from escaped cage 

birds or immigrants from Mexico. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Muscovy Duck, Cairina mochata, BUNKN03, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), and near lakes, 

ponds, rivers, and streams. This species only occurs in woodlands along the lower Rio 

Grande associated resacas. It feeds and breeds along the river. This cavity nester needs 

wooded habitat. 

The range is restricted to only the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Juniper Titmouse, Baeolophus ridgwayi, BUNKN06, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), and roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix). This species recently split in Texas from 

the Tufted Titmouse. This bird is confined to the Guadalupe and Delaware Mountains in 

the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 

 
APPENDIX H - AMPHIBIANS

The Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum, AAAAA01090, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), urban areas, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and 

streams. This species occurs only in Northeast Texas in hardwood forests in association 

with moist soils and water, and all sizes and types of slow moving streams. 

 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section ecoregion. 
The Marbled Salamander, Ambystoa opacum, AAAAA01100, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post 

oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/ 

willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, urban areas, and near lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. This species occurs only in Northeast Texas in association with

moist soils and water, where it goes to reproduce. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

and only in Galveston and Harris Counties in the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Mole Salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, AAAAA01120, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), croplands, urban areas, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and 

streams. This species occurs only in East Texas in lowland forests in association with 

moist soils and water, where it goes to reproduce. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section ecoregions. 
The Smallmouth Salamander, Ambystoma texanum, AAAAA01130, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, 

croplands, urban areas, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. This common 

salamander occurs in bottomland forests in association with water but is not restricted; it 

can occur in cultivated areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Flatwoods Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, AAAAA01140, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, urban areas, and near lakes, ponds, rivers and 

streams. This species is restricted to sandy or loamy soils that are deep, with temporary

or permanent water nearby, but prefers standing water only in xeric areas of shrubland. 

This salamander needs water for reproduction. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Three-Toed Amphium, Amphiuma tridactylum, AAAAB01030, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, flooded rice field 

croplands, and urban areas. This totally aquatic salamander occurs in muddy waters of 

ponds, lakes, bayous, and drainage ditches along roadways. This species also occurs in 

bottomland forests in association with water, and it can occur in cultivated areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Southern Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus auriculatus, AAAAD03020, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/ willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. This species is an 

inhabitant of slow moving water or adjacent terrestrial areas. It occurs commonly in

swamps, stagnant ponds, river floodplains, and moist woods. This salamander is 

considered a subspecies of Desmognathus fuscus by earlier authors, and Dundee and 

Rossman (Ref. 10) have a discussion of morphological variation that has confounded the 

taxonomic status. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
There is no vegetation habitat for the Cascade Caverns Salamander, Eurycea latitans,

AAAAD05030. This species occurs only in subterranean water of Cascade Caverns in 

Kendall County. This salamander is listed as threatened. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section ecoregion. 
The San Marcos Salamander, Eurycea nana, AAAAD05070, occurs only in Hays County

in spring-fed pools under San Marcos as a source of the San Marcos River. This species 

is listed as threatened. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Salamander, Eurycea neotenes, AAAAD05080, habitat includes water, bare 

soil, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and rangelands. This 

species occurs in small subterranean streams and spring seepages and headwaters of 

small creeks along the Balcones Escarpment from Williamson County west-southwest to 

Val Verde County.

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Dwarf Salamander, Eurycea quadridigitata, AAAAD05090, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and croplands, particularly all sizes 

of pine plantations. This species is common in forested areas, stream bottomlands, 

including pines and hardwoods, and occurs near slow-moving water and ponds. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section ecoregions. 
The Comal Blind Salamander, Eurycea tridentifera, AAAAD05100, is found in the 

underground waters of limestone caves, and underground waters of Honey Creek and 

Elm Springs Caves in the vicinity of Cibolo Creek, a tributary of the San Antonio River 

in Comal and Bexar Counties. Its potential habitat includes rounded-crowned temperate 

or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine, roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss). This salamander is listed as threatened. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section ecoregion. 
Valdina Farms Sinkhole Salamander, Eurycea troglodytes, AAAAD05110, potential 

habitat includes cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), and cropland. 

This species is found in subterranean pools and streams of Valdina farms Sinkhole in 

northwest Medina County of Medina River drainage. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section ecoregion. 
The Barton Springs Salamander, Eurycea sosorum, AAAAD05170, potential habitat 

includes water, wetlands, bare soil, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

urban areas, and croplands. This species prefers woodlands and shrublands near water; 

and it is isolated to Barton Springs in Austin, Travis County. This salamander is listed as 

threatened. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Blind Salamander, Eurycea rathbuni, AAAAD05250, habitat includes urban 

areas. This totally subterranean species occurs under the City of San Marcos in pools and 

streams of the Purgatory Creek system of the San Marcos River system. This salamander 

is listed as endangered. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section ecoregion. 
The Blanco Blind Salamander, Eurycea robusta, AAAAD05260, habitat is located in the 

Balcones Aquifer to the north and east of the Blanco River in Hays, Comal, and Blanco 

Counties. This species is listed as endangered. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section ecoregion. 
The Western Slimy Salamander, Plethodon albagula, AAAAD12070, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oakblackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall 

sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

croplands. This species occurs only in Upshur County in northeast Texas and on the 

Edwards Plateau in moist forests and woodlands along canyons or ravines, floodplains, 

and at entrances to caves. It can also occur in floodplains or ravines of small streams. 

This salamander is considered by Dixon (1987) as a subspecies of Plethodon glutinosis; 

the source of recognition as a full species is unknown and should be determined in order 

to consider designation as valid. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Southern Redback Salamander, Plethodon serratus, AAAAD12160, potential habitat 

includes wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest 

(water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation. This species is 

not well known but has been found in Nacogdoches County. It is strictly terrestrial, and 

is at home in the moist leaf litter and woodland debris of coniferous and hardwood 

forests. In dry weather it burrows underground. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section ecoregion. 
The Gulf Coast Waterdog, Necturus beyeri, AAAAE01020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and croplands. This completely aquatic 

salamander occurs in larger clear streams and rivers of east Texas in the hardwood or 

pine/hardwood forested areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Spotted Newt, Notophthalmus meridionalis, AAAAF01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. This species is locally restricted to ponds, 

clear streams, or standing fresh water in shrubland habitats of the Rio Grande Valley.

The range is restricted to the southern Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, AAAAF01030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semi-permanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb 

vegetation, and urban areas. This species is a common inhabitant of east Texas hardwood 

forests. The adults are restricted to water, while juveniles, called an rft, are terrestrial and 

occur in moist forests only.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 

 
The Lesser Siren, Siren intermedia, AAAAG02010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, 

ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland 

(Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

totally aquatic species occurs in the eastern third of the state in shallow pools, ponds, 

drainage or roadside ditches, irrigated fields, rice fields, and streams or rivers. It can live 

in drying pools for up to two months by burrowing into the mud. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairie 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The American Toad, Bufo americanus, AAABB01020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This species is a 

common inhabitant of forests and farmlands, including replanted pine. It occurs 

generally close to water, both temporary and permanent, including roadside ditches, 

ponds, lakes, and streams. This toad is known only from Grayson, Fannin, Red River, 

Bowie, Wood, Harrison, Camp, and Henderson Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section ecoregions. 
The Great Plains Toad, Bufo cognatus, AAABB01050, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, 

croplands, and urban areas where deep sandy soils occur and water is available during 

breeding season. This species avoids forested areas; usually occurs only in association 

with deep sandy soils and mesquite, but also along drainages with temporary or 

permanent water. This toad requires deep, sandy soils for burrowing and water for 

reproduction, and will even utilize temporary pools. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section only in 

the northern portion, Basin and Range Section at lower elevations, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 

The Green Toad, Bufo debilis, AAABB01060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species does not occur in forests, 

but requires deep, sandy soils with grasses in association with temporary or permanent 

pools of standing water. This toad requires water for reproduction and utilizes small 

standing pools. It breeds anytime during spring and summer months after rains, and may 

emerge only for a short period. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Houston Toad, Bufo houstonensis, AAABB01090, potential habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(loblolly pine), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (juniper/oak mix), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This species 

is listed as endangered in Texas and Federally and occurs primarily in pine forests on 

sandy soils in Houston, Colorado, Bastrop, and Burleson Counties; however, the species 

is much more rare in recent years. This toad can be found in smaller ponds in association 

with pine and sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Flatwoods Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Giant Toad, Bufo marinus, AAABB01100, habitat includes water, wetlands, colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs only along the 

Rio Grande in association with pools, ponds, and arroyos. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Red-Spotted Toad, Bufo punctatus, AAABB01120, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, croplands, 

and urban areas. This species occurs in open areas in deep sandy soils, near sources of 

water, and primarily in open woodland areas; but can also occur in rocky canyons. This 

toad can be found in small pools, stock tanks, ponds, playa lakes, and utilizes sandy soils 

and temporary or permanent water for reproduction. It commonly breeds from April to 

September most often after rains. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Texas Toad, Bufo speciosus, AAABB01150, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs in open woodland to desert in association with standing water 

or irrigation ditches and sandy soils. This toad can also be found in small streams with 

low flow, and utilizes standing water for reproduction. Older literature refers to this 

species as Bufo compactilis. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Gulf Coast Toad, Bufo valliceps, AAABB01170, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oakblackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/ 

willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and 

urban areas. This species occurs in association with grasses and sparse distribution of 

shrubs or riparian vegetation, with permanent or temporary standing water, in association 

with sandy soils, and areas where minimum temperatures do not fall below 30 C. This 

toad utilizes flooded areas for reproduction, and will also breed in ditches along railroads 

or highways. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in 

Brewster and Terrell Counties of the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau 

Section ecoregions. 

The Woodhouse’s Toad, Bufo woodhousii, AAABB01180, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This species is ubiquitous in most forest types and in association with high 

soil moisture or permanent or temporary standing water. This toad utilizes ditches along 

roads and railroads for reproduction. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 

The Northern Cricket Frog, Acris crepitans, AAABC01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs 

anywhere there is temporary or permanent standing water and in association with flowing 

water, where they reproduce and feed. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Canyon Treefrog, Hyla arenicolor, AAABC02020, potential habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation. This species is found only in association with 

shrublands of canyons with running or standing water or in mountain streams with 

riparian habitats in higher elevations. Very little is known about the herbaceous 

associations for this frog. This species is restricted to the Davis and Chisos Mountains of 

the Trans-Pecos, and prefers higher elevation, above 1200 meters, rocky canyons with 

seeps and natural springs for feeding and reproduction. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Cope’s Gray Treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, AAABC02050, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, cropland, and urban area. This is a complex of two 

species that are common in areas close to water in woodlands, shrublands, and 

bottomland forest. Both Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor occur together, are 

indistinguishable on the basis of morphology and size, and records have not been 

separated in collections. This species may utilize roadside ditches, and near grazing areas

close to lakes, ponds, rivers, or streams and swamplands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Green Treefrog, Hyla cinerea, AAABC02060, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/ whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species is common in areas close 

to water in woodlands, shrublands, and bottomland forest, and is limited to areas where 

minimum precipitation is 20 inches annually and maximum precipitation is 30 inches 

annually. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Squirrel Treefrog, Hyla squirella, AAABC02120, includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and is associated with urban areas of all sizes with water 

nearby and in wooded lawns and gardens. This common frog occurs in trees near water 

in east Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Gray Treefrog, Hyla versicolor, AAABC02130, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (loblolly pine), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/ whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This is a complex of two species that 

are common in areas close to water in woodlands, shrublands, and bottomland forest. 

Both Hyla chrysoscelis and Hyla versicolor occur together, are indistinguishable on the 

basis of morphology and size. This species may utilize roadside ditches, and grazes close 

to ponds, lakes, rivers, or streams and swamplands 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Chorus Frog, Pseudacris clarkii, AAABC05030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This is a common species associated with prairies of Texas, 

and is active after rains in grassy areas near lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. This frog

can also be found in roadside ditches and in vacant areas with grasses and water nearby. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Strecker’s Chorus Frog, Pseudacris streckeri, AAABC05060, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, urban areas, and is limited to areas with minimum 

precipitation of 25 inches annually and maximum precipitation of 30 inches annually. 

This species is a common inhabitant of forests, woodlands, and grasslands in close 

association with lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. This frog may also be found in 

roadside ditches and near grazing areas and rice fields of all sizes. It is common in the 

eastern half of Texas, and east of the Rolling Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Chorus Frog, Pseudacris triseriata, AAABC05070, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. 

This species is common in forests and grasslands and in association with lakes, ponds, 

rivers, and streams. It can be found primarily in grazing lands of all sizes, but can also be 

associated with rice fields. This frog is distributed east of the Rolling Plains, but occurs

in Wichita County of this ecoregion. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Spring Peeper, Pseudacris crucifer, AAABC05090, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, urban areas, and is limited to areas with minimum precipitation 

of 40 inches annually and maximum precipitation of 45 inches annually. This is a 

common frog in any habitat with standing or flowing water, even if only temporary, in 

the eastern part of Texas. This species can be found in drainage ditches along roadways

when flooded with heavy spring rains. Older literature considers this species in genus

Hyla (see Dundee and Rossman for thorough discussion of the taxonomic ambiguity). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Treefrog, Smilisca baudinii, AAABC07010, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), and lowland 

mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush). 

This species occurs only in the vicinity of Brownsville in shrubland and woodland, and 

occurs only in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Rio Grande Chirping Frog, Syrrhophus cystignathoides, AAABD03010, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands, 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs 

anywhere there is water, including moist palm groves and shrublands. It is also found in 

gardens and lawns in urban areas, and near grazing areas and rice fields. Dixon shows 

records out of the known rage in Bexar and Harris Counties that are introductions. 

Garrett and barker indicate the species occurs only in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties, as 

does Dixon. This species does not range into Mexico. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Spotted Chirping Frog, Syrrhophus guttilatus, AAABD03020, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/ 

live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), and extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub). This species occurs in rocky, moist 

canyons and around seeps and springs or temporary pools, probably in association with 

high elevation vegetation. It has been found in the Chisos Mountains in Brewster County

and the Bofecillos Mountains in Presidio County. This frog prefers small temporary or 

permanent pools, primarily for reproduction. This species is restricted to rocky soil 

types. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Cliff Chirping Frog, Syrrhophus marnockii, AAABD03030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in rocky ravines, near cave 

entrances wherever seeps and streams or standing pools occur, and utilizes water sources 

for reproduction and maintaining moisture balance. This species is restricted to rocky 

soil types. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 

The Barking Frog, Eleutherodactylus augusti, AAABD04170, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, and urban areas. This species occurs only in association with 

limestone outcrops and seeps or springs along the Balcones Escarpment and on the

Stockton Plateau along the Pecos River. It requires water for reproduction, and is present 

only during wet periods. This frog also occurs in the northeastern portion only of the 

Trans Pecos, east of the Pecos River. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, AAABE01010, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species prefers forest and woodlands of the eastern third of the state and is 

always associated with water. It can also occur in brackish or slow-moving water along

the Gulf Coast. This toad utilizes roadside ditches for breeding if wooded cover is 

present. It is found in areas with minimum precipitation of 30 inches annually and 

maximum precipitation of 35 inches annually. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. Note that on the Edwards Plateau, the species is recorded 

only from Kerr and Comal Counties. 
The Great Plains Narrowmouth Toad, Gastrophryne olivacea, AAABE01020, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous 

forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, croplands, 

and urban areas. This is a widespread species requiring water in the form of moist soil or 

permanent or temporary standing water where it reproduces, and is generally found in 

areas with minimum precipitation at 25 inches annually. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High 

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Sheep Frog, Hypopachus variolosus, AAABE02010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs 

near ponds or pools and emerges in moist areas only after rains. 

The range is restricted to only Hidalgo, Starr, Brooks, Duval, Jim Wells, Live Oak, and 

Bee Counties of the Rio Grande Plain Section, and occurs in much of the Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Plains Spadefoot, Scaphiopus bombifrons, AAABF01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ 

black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in sparsely wooded areas, 

grassland, and desert where sandy soils occur of the Plains and Trans Pecos. It requires 

deep, sandy soils for burrowing, and generally prefers small streams. Although the 

species will live in floodplains of larger rivers, it returns to slow moving water or 

standing water for reproduction. It can also be found in grazing areas. This species has 

been found in Starr, Hidalgo, Willacy, Jim Hogg, Brooks, Kenedy, Duval, Jim Wells, and 

Neuces Counties of southeast Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 

The Couch’s Spadefoot, Scaphiopus couchii, AAABF01020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and vacant urban areas where water is close. This 

species does not occur in forested areas but is most common in sparsely wooded areas, 

grassland, and desert where sandy or rocky soils occur. It requires sandy soils for 

burrowing, and gravel and cobble soils in the Stockton Plateau. It prefers small, low 

flowing streams and floodplains of larger rivers, and utilizes water for reproduction. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Eastern Spadefoot, Scaphiopus hurterii, AAABF01040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently 

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, 

and urban areas. This species is a common inhabitant of sandy soils in open woodlands, 

shrublands, grasslands, and cultivated areas. It prefers soils with high sand content for 

burrowing, may utilize drainage ditches or open areas in parks, and may be found in 

grazing areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 

The New Mexico Spadefoot, Scaphiopus multiplicatus, AAABF01060, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs on prairies, 

grasslands, or desert in sandy or rocky soils. It can be found in association with 

temporary or permanent pools of water, and requires water for reproduction, but may 

come above ground only during rains for breeding and then burrows in sand. This 

species was formerly referred to as Scaphiophus hammondi in older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Crawfish Frog, Rana areolata, AAABH01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is rarely seen and uses burrows 

of crayfish but emerges for breeding in late winter. It occurs in the eastern quarter of the 

state in forests, meadows, and floodplains. It utilizes roadside ditches with standing

water, river bottoms, or urban parks if water is available. This frog can be found near 

gazing areas and rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, only Grayson County in the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, 

Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Rio Grande Frog, Rana berlandieri, AAABH01030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in drier areas with permanent 

or temporary standing water for reproduction. It can also be found in ditches with 

standing water. This frog is part of the Rana pipiens complex and considered as Rana 

pipiens in older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau 

Section ecoregions. 

The Plains Leopard Frog, Rana blairi, AAABH01040, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray 

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs primarily in grasslands, but as far east as the Cross Timbers 

and calcareous soils of north central Texas. It is only associated with streams, ponds, or 

other sources of fairly permanent water, which it requires for reproduction and water 

balance. This frog is part of the old Rana pipiens complex. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 

The Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, AAABH01070, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely 

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively 

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is 

widespread in association with permanent or temporary standing water, which is required 

for water regulation and reproduction. 

This species is found all over Texas, except in the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregion. 

The Green Frog, Rana clamitans, AAABH01090, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs in the eastern quarter of Texas, primarily in or close to water. 

It occurs in ponds, along wooded shorelines of lakes, and slow moving streams. This 

frog may utilize drainage ditches, and can occur near grazing areas and bottomlands. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies Section 

ecoregions. 
The Pig Frog, Rana grylio, AAABH01110, habitat includes water, wetlands, temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, and semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland 

(common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands). This species is the most aquatic of the 

Texas frogs. It prefers streams, ponds, or swamps where it can remain very near or in the 

water. It is restricted in Texas to the Sabine River and its tributaries. This frog occurs 

only in Newton, Jefferson, and Hardin Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section and Coastal

Plains and Flatwoods Section ecoregions. 
The Pickerel Frog, Rana palustris, AAABH01160, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and croplands. This species is common in forests or open grasslands, 

primarily near water.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and only Harris County in the 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Southern Leopard Frog, Rana sphenocephala, AAABH01220, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This is a common species 

in the eastern third of the state and occurs anywhere near water. This frog is known to 

tolerate brackish waters along the Gulf Coast, may utilize roadside ditches, and is often 

seen crossing roads on rainy nights. This species is part of the Rana pipiens complex and 

was split out as the Southern Leopard Frog. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in Bexar 

and Kendall Counties of the Edwards Plateau Section, and only in San Patricio County of 

the Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Burrowing Toad, Rhinophrynus dorsalis, AAABJ01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species is highly restricted, and needs 

sandy or loamy soils for burrowing. It prefers lowland areas near ponds or streams, and 

occurs only in Zapata and Starr Counties. This toad may utilize roadside ditches for

breeding and near agriculture lands where there are loose, sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
APPENDIX I - REPTILES 

The Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Caretta caretta, ARAAA01010, habitat includes shoreline 

areas of the Gulf Coast in association with wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen 

shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), low tropical or subtropical perennial 

forb vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, and urban areas in sandy soils only. This species reproduces along 

Gulf Coast beaches in Jefferson, Harris, Galveston, Brazoria, Matagorda, Calhoun, 

Aransas, Refugio, San Patricio, Nueces, Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy, and Cameron 

Counties. It deposits eggs in the sand along beaches and returns to do so in the same area 

as turtle was hatched. It is only found in saline streams that empty into the Gulf. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 

The Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas, ARAAA02010, habitat includes shoreline areas 

of the Gulf Coast associated with wetlands, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), semipermanently flooded temperate 

or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand 

flats, and urban areas in sandy soils only. This species occurs along gulf beaches in

Jefferson, Calhoun, Nueces, Kleberg, and Kenedy Counties. This species occurs along

Gulf beaches in Jefferson, Calhoun, Nueces, Kleberg, and Kenedy Counties. It may

occur in saline coastal areas where rivers empty into the Gulf. It breeds along sandy

beaches of the Gulf Coast where it deposits eggs in the sand. It returns to the birth site 

for depositing eggs. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata, ARAAA03010, habitat 

includes shoreline areas of the Gulf Coast associated with wetlands, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, and sand flats. This marine species occurs along Gulf Coast waters offshore 

from Harris, Calhoun, Refugio, Nueces, Kleberg, Willacy, and Cameron Counties. This 

marine species is endangered in Texas and Federally. It occurs along the Gulf Coast in 

waters offshore from Harris, Calhoun, Refugio, Nueces, Kleberg, Willacy, and Cameron 

Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, ARAAA04010, habitat includes 

shoreline areas of the Gulf Coast associated with wetlands, extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), dunes with 

sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand flats. This marine species is endangered both state 

and federally and occurs along Gulf Coast waters offshore from all coastal counties, 

except Chambers County. This turtle occurs only in sandy soil areas. This marine 

species is listed as endangered both by Texas and federally. It occurs along the Gulf 

Coast in waters offshore from all coastal counties except Chambers County. It uses 

sandy beaches for reproduction. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Snapping Turtle, Chelydra serpentina, ARAAB01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. 

This species occurs only in Reeves and Pecos Counties of the Trans Pecos. This aquatic

turtle prefers slow-moving water in rivers, streams, and reservoirs and overhanging

vegetation, muddy banks, and bottoms. It has been found in stock ponds and playas with 

slow-moving water. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macrolemys temminckii, ARAAB02010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), and temporarily flooded temperate grassland with 

sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood. This species is listed as threatened and 

a high priority species by Texas Parks and Wildlife. It occurs in East Texas in fresh 

water streams and rivers, preferring clear water. It is permanently aquatic and uses its 

long worm-like tongue to lure small fish into its gaping mouth. This turtle is placed in

Genus macrochelys by previous authors. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Leatherback Sea Turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, ARAAC01010, habitat includes 

shoreline areas of the Gulf Coast associated with wetlands, extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), low tropical or 

subtropical perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and sand 

flats. This marine species is listed as endangered both by Texas and Federally. It occurs 

only in sandy soils along the Gulf Coast in waters offshore from Jefferson, Galveston, 

Brazoria, Aransas, Nueces, and Kleberg Counties. It breeds along sandy beaches of the 

Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta, ARAAD01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), semipermanently flooded temperate 

or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, and croplands. 

This aquatic species is restricted to slow-moving, permanent water. It occurs in Harrison, 

Marion, and Shelby Counties in East Texas, and El Paso and Culberson Counties of the 

Trans Pecos. A subspecies, Chrysemys picta dorsalis, was recorded in East Texas, and a 

Chrysemys picta belli was recorded in the Trans Pecos. However, the Trans Pecos 

subspecies may no longer occur in that region. There are no recent records, and it may be 

extirpated in that area. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Chicken Turtle, Deirochelys reticularia, ARAAD03010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic species occurs in the

eastern third of Texas only in still water, and rarely, if ever, in streams or rivers. This 

turtle prefers sloughs, bayous, ponds, small lakes, and roadside ditches. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Edwards 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Cagle’s Map Turtle, Graptemys caglei, ARAAD05020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey

mesquite shrub), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This strictly aquatic 

species of turtle occurs only in the drainage of the Guadalupe River in Lavaca, Dewitt, 

Gonzales, Bexar, Hays, Kendall and Kerr Counties. This species was not named until 

1974; and therefore, is not mentioned in earlier literature. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The False Map Turtle, Graptemys pseudogeographica, ARAAD05080, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This strictly aquatic species of turtle occurs in 

slow-moving rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. This species contains a complex of forms 

recognized as species or subspecies. Dixon recognizes Graptemys kohni as a subspecies 

of Graptemys pseudogeographica by some authorities. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Shackelford and 

Throckmorton Counties only in the Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Texas Map Turtle, Graptemys versa, ARAAD05100, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This strictly aquatic species occurs 

in slow-moving waters of the Colorado River drainage of the Edwards Plateau and very

southern counties of the Blackland Prairie. It has been found in small ponds and stock 

tanks 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section ecoregions. 
The Ouachita Map Turtle, Graptemys ouachitensis, ARAAD05110, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/ hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This strictly

aquatic species occurs only in the Red River and its tributaries or associated ponds in 

Bowie, Red River, Lamar, Fannin, Grayson, Cooke, and Montague Counties, or in the 

Sabine River drainage in the Mid Coastal Plain. This species is considered a subspecies 

of Graptemys pseudogeographica by some, and was elevated to species level by some

workers (see good discussion in Ref. 10). 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Diamondback Terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin, ARAAD06010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb 

vegetation, and annual graminoid or forb vegetation. This strictly aquatic species basks 

on mud flats of streams and rivers with brackish waters along the Gulf Coast and along

coastal navigational canals. Along the Southern Gulf Prairies, it is found only in San 

Patricio and Nueces Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The River Cooter, Pseudemys concinna, ARAAD07020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic turtle occurs in permanent bodies 

of water, large canals, swamps, marshes, large rivers and their tributaries of areas east of 

a line from Dallas to Houston and along the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers and their 

tributaries. This species can also be found anywhere there is permanent water in 

association with urban areas. It is referred to as Chrysemys concinna in older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Texas River Cooter, Pseudemys texana, ARAAD07080, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This strictly aquatic species occurs in 

tributaries of the Brazos, Guadalupe, and Colorado River drainages. It prefers slowmoving rivers, streams and reservoirs and adjacent ponds. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, and Edwards Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina, ARAAD08010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey

mesquite shrub), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, 

croplands, and urban areas. This common terrestrial turtle occurs in nearly every habitat 

in the eastern third of Texas, but prefers forest or woodland with cover. This species is 

often seen crossing roads after rains, and is common along roadsides. It occurs in all 

sizes and types of agricultural lands, except flooded rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Western Box Turtle, Terrapene ornata, ARAAD08020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This ubiquitous species is a 

terrestrial turtle preferring grasslands, pastures, and arid shrublands. This turtle can occur 

anywhere there are open areas of grasslands or herbaceous shrubs. 

The range includes much of Texas in the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal 

Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Slider, Trachemys scripta, ARAAD09010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/ 

willow), planted/ cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This aquatic turtle occurs everywhere there is semipermanent to permanent slowmoving water, and in streams, ponds, and reservoirs. This species prefers slow-moving

water with muddy bottom and dense, submerged vegetation, and can be found anywhere 

there is permanent water or temporary water in association with urban areas. It was 

considered as Chrysemys scripta in older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Big Bend Slider, Trachemys gaigeae, ARAAD09020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), and croplands. This species occurs only in riparian 

habitats of Brewster, Presidio, and Hudspeth Counties. It can also occur in rivers, 

streams, stock tanks, ditches and canals with permanent water. It does not live in forested 

regions. In older literature, this species is a subspecies of Pseudemys scripta (Trachemys 

scripta). 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Yellow Mud Turtle, Kinosternon flavescens, ARAAE01020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

aquatic species prefers slow moving and especially standing water of lakes, ponds, cattle 

tanks, irrigation canals, and ditches with permanent water. This is probably a prairie 

species occurring in prairie relicts in the eastern part of its range. It is found only in 

Harrison, Greco, Polk, and Montgomery Counties in the Mid Coastal Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Chihuahuan Mud Turtle, Kinosternon hirtipes, ARAAE01030, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/ 

willow), planted/ cultivated woodland, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands). 

This species occurs only in sandy soils in the western Chisos Mountains in Presidio 

County along the Rio Grande in flowing water, backwater areas, and adjacent ponds. It

does not occur in forested areas. It probably breeds only in localized areas, little is 

known about its biology.

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Eastern Mud Turtle, Kinosternon subrubrum, ARAAE01050, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic species prefers slowmoving water, ponds, roadside ditches, bayous, and swamps. It can also be found in 

brackish water. This turtle occurs in the eastern third of the state on the Rio Grande Plain 

and is recorded only from Duval County.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Razorback Musk Turtle, Kinosternon carinatus, ARAAE02010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic species prefers slow-moving

streams and rivers in forested areas of East Texas, and occurs in lakes or ponds only if 

streams are associated. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Common Musk Turtle, Kinosternon odoratus, ARAAE02040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic species 

prefers slow-moving streams and rivers or lakes or ponds with muddy bottoms, and 

occurs in forested areas of East Texas and shrublands of the Edwards Plateau. It is found 

in Presidio County along the Rio Grande. This species is most often placed in the genus

Sternotherus in the older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Tortoise, Gopherus berlandieri, ARAAF01020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short 

sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers sandy

soils of the shrublands of arid regions of South Texas, and occurs in vacant areas of 

suburban areas. 

The range is restricted to Lavaca County in the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, only in 

Matagorda and Refugio Counties in the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, and only in Val Verde and Kinney Counties in the Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Smooth Softshell, Apalone mutica, ARAAG01020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This fully aquatic 

species prefers flowing water, and occurs rarely in ponds or lakes. In the Rio Grande 

Plains this species is known only from Maverick County. This turtle is probably more 

widespread in flowing water in the state than Dixon’s map would indicate. In most 

sources, this species is in the genus Trionyx and is also listed as Trionyxmuticus. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Spiny Softshell, Apalone spinifera, ARAAG01030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This ubiquitous species is fully aquatic, prefers moving, flowing water, and will 

occur in larger reservoirs. It can occur in urban areas in association with larger reservoirs 

and moving water. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, ARABA01010, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species was once 

listed federally as endangered, and is now listed as threatened; and taking of alligators is 

permitted in some areas after an amazing comeback. This aquatic species uses

streamside or lakeside vegetated areas and shorelines for reproduction, and occurs in the 

eastern half of the state east and south of the Balcones fault. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Slender Glass Lizard, Ophisaurus attenuatus, ARACB02010, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This species occurs in dry forests, river bottoms, and tall woodlands with 

ample cover. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in Wichita 

and Archer Counties in the Rolling Plains Section, only in Travis, Hays, Bandera, and 

Kendall Counties in the Edwards Plateau Section, only in Hidalgo and Jim Wells 

Counties in the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Alligator Lizard, Gerrhonotus infernalis, ARACB04020, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This species occurs in rocky areas with forested vegetation, sparse woodlands 

with rocks, and in grasses associated with rocky habitats and loose soils in oak, oakjuniper, pinyon, and ponderosa pine on the Edwards Plateau. This lizard occurs in 

Fayette County of the Oak Woods and Prairies, and is known only from Brewster County

of the Trans Pecos. This species is referred to by some sources as Gerrhonotus 

liocephalus. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Banded Gecko, Coleonyx brevis, ARACD01010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

sand flats, and croplands. This species occurs in xeric habitats at lower elevations in 

rocky and sometimes sandy soils. It does not occur in forested areas or woodland 

vegetation types, and occurrence in grassy areas is only in association with rocks and 

sand with sparse vegetation. It occurs in rocky areas, using rocks as cover or for dens. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Reticulated Gecko, Coleonyx reticulatus, ARACD01020, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), and croplands. 

This species does not occur in forested areas, but occurs where rocky soils are 

accompanied by xeric vegetation that provides cover and den sites. This species occurs 

only in Brewster and Presidio Counties in the southern reaches of Texas at lower 

elevations in rocky habitats. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Green Anole, Anolis carolinensis, ARACF01010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This common 

species lives mostly in trees or on smaller shrubs in a variety of habitats. It occurs 

commonly along rivers or in moist areas in dry provinces, and especially in arid parts of 

its range. It can occur along shorelines with sufficient trees for climbing. It is common 

in most urban areas, living under eaves of houses. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Greater Earless Lizard, Cophosaurus texanus, ARACF03010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs in desert or semi-arid regions in open areas in association with 

rocks and dry streambeds. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Collared Lizard, Crotaphytus collaris, ARACF04020, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus /bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. 

This species occurs in arid to semi-arid areas in association with rocks and rock outcrops. 

It utilizes these rock outcrops in grazed land. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Reticulate Collared Lizard, Crotaphytus reticulatus, ARACF04040, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), and croplands. This species occurs in rock piles, along rocky arroyos, 

along escarpments, and brushlands along the Rio Grande. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Longnose Leopard Lizard, Gambelia wislizenii, ARACF07020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This species occurs at lower elevations 

in sandy, rocky, or gravelly soils only in the Trans Pecos. This lizard occurs in sparse 

vegetation and where shrubs are widely spaced in sandy soils. It occurs in grazing areas, 

and cultivation has restricted its former distribution. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Spot-Tailed Earless Lizard, Holbrookia lacerata, ARACF08010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species prefers sandy soils with sparse vegetation, low shrubs, and dispersed short grasses 

The range is restricted to only in the southernmost tier of the Blackland Prairies Section, 

only in Howard, Glasscock, and Midland Counties in the Texas High Plains Section, only

in the southernmost tier of the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in Ward County

in the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Lesser Earless Lizard, Holbrookia maculata, ARACF08020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and 

urban areas. This species prefers sandy and loamy soils and is associated with shifting

sand dunes and dry riverbeds. It can also occur in fine gravel and in vacant urban areas. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Keeled Earless Lizard, Holbrookia propinqua, ARACF08030, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species requires sand, sparse vegetation, and short grasses, and is common on sand dunes 

of barrier islands. It also occurs in vacant urban areas. 

The range is restricted to the southern tier of the Blackland Prairies Section, the southern 

tier of the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum, ARACF12010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This species is listed as threatened in Texas. The numbers of this species 

have declined in recent years. This once ubiquitous species prefers sandy and loamy

soils with sparse plant cover. It utilizes dry riverbeds and sandy soils associated with 

floodplains. It also prefers grazing lands and can utilize cultivated areas with sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Short-Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma douglasi, ARACF12030, habitat includes 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), medium-tall sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf 

cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

species occurs at higher and mid-elevations in the Davis, Guadalupe, and Hueco 

Mountains in oak, juniper, pinyon woodlands, and associated grasslands. It utilizes 

grassy areas or open woodlands where cattle can be grazed. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section and Sacramento-Monzano 

Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Roundtail Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma modestum, ARACF12050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers sandy, rocky, or loamy soils in dry

streambeds, small loose gravel, and sparse vegetation. It will utilize roadsides with 

sparse vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, only in Zapata County of the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Blue Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus serrifer, ARACF14020, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in rocky habitats, including

rubble from human activities in the Rio Grande Plain, Kinney, Maverick, Dimmitt, 

McMullen, Webb, Duval, Jim Wells, Zapata, Jim Hogg, and Starr Counties. This species 

is considered Sceloporus cyanogenys in most references. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The Sagebrush Lizard, Sceloporus graciosus, ARACF14030, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous 

trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and croplands. This species occurs only on sandy soils 

and sand dunes with sparse vegetation in Andrews County of the High Plains Region. It

also occurs in mid- and short-grasses at elevations below 1200 meters in rocky or 

gravelly soils. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, and Kermit, Ward, and Crane 

Counties of the Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Mesquite Lizard, Sceloporus grammicus, ARACF14040, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This arboreal 

species occurs in six counties in far south Texas, including Kleberg, Cameron, Hidalgo, 

Starr, and Zapata Counties. This lizard prefers mesquite trees. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Desert Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus magister, ARACF14060, habitat includes colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous 

trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and 

urban areas. This species occurs throughout the Basin and Range Region below 1200 

meters in shrubland habitats on gravelly and rocky soils. It does not occur in forested 

areas, but may utilize disturbed areas in urban settings and on grazed grasslands with 

shrubs. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Canyon Lizard, Sceloporus merriami, ARACF14070, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

species occurs in rocky soils, preferring canyon walls and outcrops with sparse vegetation 

in Winkler, Reeves, Jeff Davis, Pecos, Terrell, Brewster, Presidio, Val Verde, Edwards, 

Sutton, and Crockett Counties. It occurs in small dry riverbeds and canyons. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus olivaceus, ARACF14090, habitat includes lowland 

or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse 

herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, and urban areas. This arboreal species prefers open 

woodlands with mesquite and oaks. It often occurs in trees in urban areas. In the Trans 

Pecos, this lizard occurs only in Brewster and Terrell Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Crevice Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus poinsettii, ARACF14110, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs at elevations up to 

2500 meters in open, rocky ravines, canyons, and on outcrops in shrublands up to 

montane forest. It does not occur in forested areas, but can be found in urban areas 

wherever suitable habitat occurs. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Fence/Prairie/Plateau Lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, ARACF14130, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This ubiquitous species prefers sandy soils for burrowing

and living near rocks, downed logs, and along fencerows. This lizard occurs from low 

elevations and into pinyon juniper woodlands. It can also occur along mowed roadways

and in sparsely vegetated urban areas. 

The range of the Fence/Prairie/Plateau Lizard is the entire State of Texas. 
The Rosebelly Lizard, Sceloporus variabilis, ARACF14140, habitat includes planted/ 

cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs primarily in scrub 

vegetation with short grasses and cactus and avoids rock. 

The range is restricted to Comal and Hayes Counties in the Blackland Prairies Section, in 

Guadalupe County in the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, in Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, 

and Bexar Counties in the Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Tree Lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, ARACF16030, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk, facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing

saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This predominantly arboreal species prefers woodland and shrubby habitats and 

can occur in rocky areas. It occurs in urban areas associated with woodland vegetation 

and anywhere there are trees or shrubs in association with grazing areas. It occurs only in 

counties along the Rio Grande River in the Rio Grande Plain but is widespread on the 

Edwards Plateau, Stockton Plateau, Trans Pecos, and Guadalupe. 

The range is restricted to the southern quarter of the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Side-Blotched Lizard, Uta stansburiana, ARACF17010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short 

sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, 

croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers loose sandy soils, sparse vegetation, and 

can occur in association with rocks. It occurs in open desert or sparse grasslands and in 

sparsely vegetated areas with shrubs or rocks and boulders. It can occur in vacant urban 

areas with sparse vegetation and on grazed lands. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Basin 

and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Coal Skink, Eumeces anthracinus, ARACH01010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), and urban areas. This species occurs in damp, wooded areas in 

association with streams and creeks of the Mid Coastal Plains and Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods. It can occur in urban areas if suitable habitat of forest is present. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section ecoregions. 
The Five-Lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus, ARACH01050, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species is common on the forest floor in all varieties of hard and soft wood forests, and 

prefers moist areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Broadhead Skink, Eumeces laticeps, ARACH01080, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species prefers forested areas of hardwoods or mixed hardwood/pine. It is 

common in urban areas, and prefers moist areas. It occurs in association with rivers and 

streams near bottomland forests and in association with lakes and ponds with forested 

shorelines. It occurs in urban areas with large trees and urban woods. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Many-Lined Skink, Eumeces multivirgatus, ARACH01090, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs in grassy, open woodlands at mid- to high elevations only in 

Hudspeth, Culberson, Pecos, Reagan, Lamb, Hale, Lubbock, and Crosby Counties. It

does not occur in forested regions, but does occur in riparian, chaparral, oak-pinyonjuniper, and montane areas. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Prairie Skink, Eumeces septentrionalis, ARACH01100, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This prairie species prefers open woodlands or grasslands, high soil 

moisture, and leaf litter. It occurs in urban areas with open areas of grassland or

shrubland, and there is one report of occurrence in a cornfield in Louisiana. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, only

Bexar, Wilson, and Atascosa Counties in the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Four-Lined Skink, Eumeces tetragrammus, ARACH01120, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in arid regions at 

the bases of rocky slopes in woody vegetation, in leaf litter, and in forested areas along

streams or rivers. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton 

Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Great Plains Skink, Eumeces obsoletus, ARACH01130, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This ground-dwelling species prefers grasslands with sparse trees and water 

nearby. It is associated, but not restricted to, small streams. It occurs in arid regions, 

grassland areas or urban areas, always near water 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, only in Milam County

in the Blackland Prairies Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, 

Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Ground Skink, Scincella lateralis, ARACH03010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This extremely common species occurs in moist areas of forest, woodlands, and 

shrublands, and is common in urban areas. It occurs in association with rivers and 

streams with shoreline cover. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Gray-Checkered Whiptail, Cnemidophorus dixoni, ARACJ02020, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and croplands. This species prefers sandy, gravelly, or rocky soils, and occurs in 

low desert in creosote bush, mesquite, and ocotillo only in Presidio County. It also 

occurs in streambeds with gravelly or sandy soils. This species was recently described as 

an all-female, parthenogenetic species restricted to Presidio County, and “reproduces” in 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail, Cnemidophorus exsanguis, ARACJ02030, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

species occurs from mesquite grassland, through the narrow chaparral zone, to pinyon 

juniper along canyon bottoms, dry washes, and rocky hillsides. This species is an allfemale, parthenogenetic species that reproduces in Texas. 

The range is restricted to all the counties of the Trans Pecos west of the Pecos River in

the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Texas Spotted Whiptail, Cnemidophorus gularis, ARACJ02050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers rocky canyons, but will occur on open 

prairies. It is usually found in the vicinity of watercourses. This species has been found 

in Cass, Morris, and Harrison Counties, but other sources do not list this species in the 

Mid Coastal Plains. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Little Striped Whiptail, Cnemidophorus inornatus, ARACJ02070, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), and 

croplands. This species occurs at lower elevations in riparian habitats and open 

shrublands. It does not occur in forest regions, but is found in sparsely vegetated areas 

with little ground cover. It prefers rocky slopes and sandy soils. It utilizes open areas 

associated with grazing.

The range is restricted to only Ector, Midland, and Howard Counties of the Texas High

Plains Section, lower elevations in the Basin and Range Section, and lower elevations in 

the Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Laredo Striped Whiptail, Cnemidophorus laredoensis, ARACJ02080, habitat 

includes microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This ground-dwelling species prefers dry

streambeds and bases of hills. It prefers gravelly to sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to a five-county area, including Hidalgo, Starr, Zapata, Webb, and 

La Salle Counties in the Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregion. 
The New Mexico Whiptail, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, ARACJ02090, habitat 

includes cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs from low desert to mesquite grassland zones up to 2000 

meters in El Paso and Hudspeth Counties. It prefers mostly rocky soils or outcrops and 

areas disturbed by human activity, and wherever desert vegetation occurs. This is an allfemale, parthenogenetic species that reproduces in Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Six-Lined Racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, ARACJ02110, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This widespread species prefers sandy to loamy soils in open areas, rocky

hillsides, floodplains, and forest edges. It can occur in sandy soils in floodplains of 

rivers, along barren roadways, in agriculture field edges, and areas of urban development. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Colorado Checkered Whiptail, Cnemidophorus tesselatus, ARACJ02130, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This species is always associated with rocky areas on hillsides and in canyons 

with sparse woody vegetation. It prefers rocky outcrops and utilizes rocky zones along

temporary or permanent streams. It can occur in riparian zones with rocky bluffs 

associated. 

The range is restricted to the Texas High Plains Section, only in Kent County in the 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Whiptail, Cnemidophorus tigris, ARACJ02140, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, annual graminoid or forb 

vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, 

and sand flats. This species prefers sandy soils with sparse vegetation and occasional

shrubs. It occurs in arid areas and in sandy floodplains and washes. It can occur near 

sparsely vegetated roadsides. This species was formerly considered a subspecies of 

Cnemidophorus marmoratus. 

The range is restricted to only Dawson and Lynn Counties in the Texas High Plains 

Section, only Scurry County in the Rolling Plains Section, only Webb County in the Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Desert Grassland Whiptail, Cnemidophorus uniparens, ARACJ02150, habitat 

includes microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs at low elevations in deserts, semi-arid 

deserts, and river valleys and along the Rio Grande River. It can occur along barren 

roadways, in vacant urban lots with desert vegetation, and in grazing areas along edges of 

irrigated fields. It is known in Texas only from far west El Paso County in the vicinity of 

El Paso. This is a parthenogenetic species that “reproduces” in the El Paso area. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Plateau Spotted Whiptail, Cnemidophorus septemvittatus, ARACJ02170, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/oneseed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey

mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus 

aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

species prefers rocky soils and canyons, and occurs at mid elevations in mesquite

grassland, chaparral, and pinyon juniper. It is known only from Presidio and Brewster 

Counties. This species was once considered a subspecies of Cnemidophorus gularis. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Glossy Snake, Arizona elegans, ARADB01010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species is common in South Texas and somewhat more rare in the remainder of the range. 

It prefers sandy soils in arid regions with shrubs or grasses. This snake occurs in sparse 

vegetation and sandy soils in urban areas with vacant tracts of land, and in grazing and 

row crops tolerant of sandy soils. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. In the Mid Coastal 

Plains, the species occurs only in Smith County. 
The Worm Snake, Carphophis amoenus, ARADB02010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate grasslands with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, and 

urban areas. This forest species prefers moist lowland habitats, preferring bottomland 

forest, and occurs only in Bowie and Red River Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, and Oak Woods and Prairies 

Section ecoregions. 
The Scarlet Snake, Cemophora coccinea, ARADB03010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban 

areas. This species is more common in the northern part of its range in northeast Texas. 

It occurs in moist woods of pine or mixed pine/hardwood in river bottoms, and prefers 

sandy or deep loamy soils. In the southern part of its range, it occurs almost exclusively

in thickets along the Gulf Coast. It can occur in bottomland forests or along wooded 

shorelines with sandy soils. It can also occur in urban areas with undisturbed wooded 

areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Racer, Coluber constrictor, ARADB07010, habitat includes temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species prefers open grasslands or grassland with shrubs. It generally avoids forests, 

except one subspecies occurring in the Coastal Prairies and Flatwoods Region. This 

common species occurs in grassy or herbaceous roadsides, under boards and other debris 

around buildings or in vacant lots. The Trans Pecos subspecies, Coluber constrictor 

mormon, is considered by some to be a species. This species is widespread throughout 

the eastern two-thirds of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

sparsely distributed in the Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section, Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Black-Striped Snake, Coniophanes imperialis, ARADB08010, habitat includes 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), croplands, and urban areas. This 

species prefers sandy soils in shrublands and palm forests. It is found in urban areas 

under debris, and occurs only in Willacy, Hidalgo, and Cameron Counties in far south 

Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Ringneck Snake, Diadophis punctatus, ARADB10010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers 

open areas with woodland and shrubs and often occurs in riparian associations with 

sparse canopy. It also prefers areas with grasses and other herbaceous vegetation and 

sparse trees. It occurs only in mesquite grasslands up through pinyon juniper in the Trans 

Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, only in Matagorda 

County in the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, 

Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Indigo Snake, Drymarchon corais, ARADB11010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species is listed as endangered both in Texas and federally. Populations of 

this species have declined with human activity. This species prefers thick shrublands, 

wooded riparian corridors, and mesquite grasslands but also occurs in coastal sand hills. 

It also occurs in urban areas with suitable habitat in undeveloped areas. 

The range is restricted to only Real and Edwards Counties in the Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and only

in Val Verde and Kinney Counties in the Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Speckled Racer, Drymobius margaritiferus, ARADB12010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands only if water is 

available, and urban areas if habitat is present. This species occurs only in Cameron and 

Hidalgo Counties, near streams or lakes with ample cover, and in the sabal palm forests. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Baird’s Rat Snake, Elaphe bairdi, ARADB13010, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or 

mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar 

grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub 

layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This is an uncommon species occurring in limestone bluffs and canyons of

the western edge of the Edwards Plateau, portions of the Stockton Plateau, and portions 

of the Trans Pecos. It will occur in rocky or limestone canyons associated with grazing

land. Until 1977, this species was considered as a subspecies of Elaphe obsoleta. 

The range is restricted to the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Great Plains Rat Snake, Elaphe guttata, ARADB13020, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/ 

gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus 

flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/ 

burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This widespread species occurs in open woodlands, grasslands, and riparian 

habitats statewide. It will occur in riparian areas of river or stream bottomlands with 

open canopy. It will occur in agricultural lands, with the exception of rice fields. It

occurs up through the mesquite grassland zone of the mountains of the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods 

Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and 

Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, 

Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Rat Snake, Elaphe obsoleta, ARADB13030, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved 

evergreen woodland (ashe/ alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, 

mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, consolidated rock sparse vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in just about every

available habitat from forests, woodlands, shrublands, agricultural fields, and grasslands 

across its range. It occurs in bottomland forests or streamside thickets, and transportation 

corridors with dense roadside cover. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Trans-Pecos Rat Snake, Elaphe subocularis, ARADB13040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), croplands, and urban areas. This species does not occur in forested areas, 

woodland areas, or grassland areas. It occurs at lower elevations and prefers limestone 

outcrops or rocky substrates of limestone. It utilizes limestone for refuges and as a

source of food. This species is placed in the genus Bogertophis by some authors. 

The range is restricted to only Zavala County in the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and 

Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Mud Snake, Farancia abacura, ARADB14010, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban 

areas. This entirely aquatic species occurs in forests, woodlands, and shrublands of 

eastern Texas. It occurs near larger bayous, lakes, rivers, and streams, and in grazing

areas and flooded rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and only in Nueces County in the Southern Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Hooknose Snake, Ficimia streckeri, ARADB15010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands and urban areas with ample water, and in 

association with lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams in dense vegetation. This species 

occurs in dense thickets near water. 

The range is restricted to the central and southern counties of the Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and only Cameron and Willacy Counties in the Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Western Hooknose Snake, Gyalopion canum, ARADB16010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This species prefers open, sparsely

vegetated short grass prairie between 700 and 2000 meters. This species was formerly

placed in the genus Ficimia and is referred to as a member of his genus in older literature. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and 

Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Western Hognose Snake, Heterodon nasicus, ARADB17010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/ 

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This 

species prefers sandy soils with short grasses with few trees, and can occur in thorn scrub 

areas. It may occur with gravel, and may utilize short grass with sandy soils along

roadsides. It can occur anywhere grazing or farming occurs in association with sandy

soils. In the Trans Pecos, this species occurs at elevations between 1500 to 2000 meters. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Louisiana Coast Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Eastern Hognose Snake, Heterodon platirhinos, ARADB17020, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species is common in forests in both upland and 

bottomland, and near lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams with ample cover along the shore. 

It also occurs in association with transportation corridors with sufficient cover along the 

roadside. In the western portion of its range, it occurs with stands of trees. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Night Snake, Hypsiglena torquata, ARADB18010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland 

(live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), mediumtall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous 

trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and 

urban areas. This species prefers dry, sandy or gravelly soils with flat rocks or logs in 

open areas of grassland or open shrubland/woodland or exposed rock outcrops, and road 

cuts through rocky ravines. It can occur in open urban areas with sparse vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, only Henderson and 

Anderson Counties in the Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High

Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. It has been 

found in Smith County in the Mid Coastal Plains. 
The Prairie Kingsnake, Lampropeltis calligaster, ARADB19010, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This prairie species 

occurs primarily in grasslands or savannah, and occasionally in bottomland woodlands. 

It occurs in association with transportation corridors with tall grass roadsides, and in 

agricultural lands with the exception of rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, only in Hutchison County in the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and only in Lipscomb County in the Southern High Plains Section 

ecoregions. 
The Common Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula, ARADB19020, habitat includes lowland 

or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live 

oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This widespread species 

occurs in grassland, open canopy forest, and riparian habitats. It occurs in desert riparian 

and mesquite vegetation zones in the Trans Pecos. It is found in driftwood piles in 

bottomland forests in association with rivers and streams, and can occur in brush piles 

along roadsides. It can occur in urban areas in a variety of habitats from vacant lots to 

forested areas and in park preserves with undisturbed vegetation. 

The range is the entire state. 
The Gray-Banded Kingsnake, Lampropeltis alterna, ARADB19030, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous 

shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and croplands. This species has been considered for listing by both Federal and 

state agencies, but is not currently considered as threatened or endangered. This species 

occurs on rocky slopes of luchiguilla, sotol, and acacia at elevations of 1700 to 2200 

meters in the Trans Pecos and Stockton Plateau. It prefers rocky soils with large rocks 

for dens. This species is considered as a subspecies of Lampropeltis mexicana in older 

literature. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Milk Snake, Lampropeltis triangulum, ARADB19050, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily 

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely 

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in a wide range of habitats from forest 

areas of East Texas, to short and mid-grasslands, up to pinyon juniper in the Trans Pecos. 

It prefers riparian zones in the eastern portion of its range, and can occur in woody debris 

of tidal areas along the coast. It utilizes brush piles associated with flooding and along 

shorelines. It can occur in vacant urban areas with brush and debris for cover, and 

utilizes any suitable habitat wherever grazing occurs. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 

The Cat-Eyed Snake, Leptodeira septentrionalis, ARADB20010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands, 

and urban areas. This species occurs in thick thorn thickets near water and only in 

Kleberg, Kenedy, Willacy, Cameron and Hidalgo Counties. It occurs in urban areas with 

ample standing or flowing water. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Coachwhip, Masticophis flagellum, ARADB21020, habitat includes water, wetlands, 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This widespread species occurs statewide in dry habitats

with sparse woodland canopy and grasslands to desert. It may utilize debris along

bottomland riparian areas where open canopy occurs, and in grassy or brushy areas along

roads. 

The range is the entire state. 
The Striped Whipsnake, Masticophis taeniatus, ARADB21040, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers open desert and open woodlands up 

through pinyon juniper zones in the Trans Pecos. It can occur in riparian areas with open 

canopy along all sizes of streams, and utilizes rocky areas or large woody debris along

streams or rivers. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Schott’s Whipsnake, Masticophis schotti, ARADB21050, habitat includes evergreen 

extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic 

shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Green Water Snake, Nerodia cyclopion, ARADB22010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), annual 

graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This fully aquatic species 

occurs primarily in slow-moving streams and rivers, bayous, and lakes or ponds. It

occurs in urban areas and agricultural lands with permanent standing or flowing water, 

especially rice fields. It occurs in far East Texas, the lower Sabine River, and the 

northern two-thirds of the Gulf Coast. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Plainbelly/Yellowbelly Water Snake, Nerodia erythrogaster, ARADB22020, habitat 

includes water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This is a widespread 

species in Texas occurring near streams, rivers, and standing bodies of water in all 

habitats. It occurs close to water and feeds along shore, and can occur in urban ponds or 

lakes and along drainage ditches or creeks. It occurs in association with agricultural

lands, but mostly grazing lands or rice fields. It is listed in the genus Natrix in older 

literature. 

The range includes all ecoregions of the state. 
The Southern Water Snake, Nerodia fasciata, ARADB22030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, 

annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous vegetation, sand flats, 

croplands, and urban areas with permanent water bodies. This fully aquatic species 

occurs primarily in slow moving streams and rivers, bayous, and lakes or ponds, but also 

along coastal tide pools. It occurs in association with grazing lands with sufficient 

permanent water and rice fields. It is considered by some to be conspecific with Nerodia 

sipedon; however, recent evidence supports its species status. Populations of this species 

isolated in Cameron County are actually a Florida subspecies introduced in the 1930s by

a live-animal dealer who used the species as food. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Southern 

Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Brazos Water Snake, Nerodia harteri, ARADB22040, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey

mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood 

bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This entirely aquatic species requires fastflowing water and riffles. The species occurs as two distinct populations, one in the 

upper Brazos River and the other in the headwaters of the Concho and Colorado Rivers. 

The Concho and Colorado populations are considered to be the subspecies Nerodia 

harteri paucimaculata, while those from the Brazos are Nerodia harteri harteri. The 

Concho populations are considered threatened by Texas Parks and Wildlife due to 

construction of large reservoirs that have flooded riffle habitat. 

The range is restricted to only in Johnson, Somervell, Hood, Bosque, and Palo Pinto 

Counties in the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section; only in Mills, Lampasas, and San 

Saba Counties in the Edwards Plateau Section; and only in Haskell, Throckmorton, 

Young, McCulloch, Concho, Tom Green, Runnels, Coleman and Coke Counties in the 

Rolling Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Diamondback Water Snake, Nerodia rhombifer, ARADB22050, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - 

cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This species is widespread in the eastern two-thirds of the state, occurring

along or near any streams, rivers, ponds, or lakes. It forages far from water, and is not 

found in urban areas. It occurs in grazing areas and rice fields. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

ecoregion. In the Texas High Plains Section, it occurs only in Hutchison, Hemphill, and 

Wheeler Counties. In the Basin and Range Section, it occurs only in Pecos and Brewster 

Counties. 
The Northern Water Snake, Nerodia sipedon, ARADB22060, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), croplands, and urban areas. This 

aquatic species occurs only in bottomland forests in Texas from a single locality

represented by two specimens from Grayson County. It occurs in small creeks with 

permanent water to large rivers. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section ecoregion. 
The Salt Marsh Snake, Nerodia clarkii, ARADB22090, habitat includes extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb vegetation, 

croplands, and urban areas. This aquatic species is restricted to saline marshes and tidal

pools or mudflats along the Gulf Coast. This snake was formerly a subspecies of Nerodia 

fasciata, and is now considered to be a distinct species restricted to salt marshes. 

The range is restricted to the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregion. 
The Rough Green Snake, Ophoedrys aestivus, ARADB23010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), croplands, and urban areas. This arboreal snake occurs in open canopy forests 

and shrublands, and can occur along waterways. It can also occur in open canopy parks 

or near residential areas with trees, in grazing lands, and along edges of pine plantations. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in 

Pecos County in the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Smooth Green Snake, Liochlorophis vernalis, ARADB23020, habitat includes tall 

sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), and medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass). This 

grassland species is restricted to undisturbed native grasslands. It is known only from 

Chambers, Harris, Austin, and Matagorda Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Pine/Gopher/Louisiana Pine Snake, Pituophis melanoleucus, ARADB26010, habitat 

includes rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species is widespread in the state, and occurs in open 

areas except for one subspecies occurring in East Texas, the Louisiana Pine Snake, which 

occurs in pine and hardwood forests. It can also occur in any open fields associated with 

urban development. It occurs in grazing areas, and the East Texas subspecies may occur 

in mature pine plantations. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregion. 
The Graham’s Crayfish Snake, Regina grahamii, ARADB27020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently

flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

and temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood). This species inhabits sloughs, rice field irrigation ditches, and places where 

crayfish are common, muddy bottomland pastures. It is also found in aquifer-fed 

headwaters of rivers emanating from the Balcones Fault. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and 

Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Glossy Crayfish Snake, Regina rigida, ARADB27030, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, 

sugarberry), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temperate 

or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, croplands, and 

urban areas. This species is restricted to water or near water in forested areas of East 

Texas. It occurs near lakes and ponds with forested shorelines, in association with urban 

areas with permanent water, and in association with rice fields and grazing lands in forest 

areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and only

in Galveston and Matagorda Counties in the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Longnose Snake, Rhinocheilus lecontei, ARADB29010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar 

grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall 

bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), 

short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded 

temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This species prefers open grasslands or 

desert regions with sparse woodlands. It can occur in grassy areas along rivers or 

streams, and prefers gravelly soils. It may occur in gravelly areas along dry washes, in

open grasslands with gravelly soils along roadsides, and in grazing areas. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, only in Calhoun, Aransas, and Refugio 

Counties in the Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas 

High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Big Bend Patchnose Snake, Salvadora deserticola, ARADB30010, habitat includes 

cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

species occurs at low elevations in rocky habitats, shrub desert, broken upland terrain, 

desert regions, mesquite grassland, and sparsely vegetated areas. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Mountain Patchnose Snake, Salvadora grahamiae, ARADB30020, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live 

oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and croplands. This is a species of western arid habitat that occurs from 

low desert in grassland and shrub vegetation up to montane forest. It prefers gravelly to 

rocky soils. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain 

Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Ground Snake, Sonora semiannulata, ARADB32010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in arid regions in wellvegetated habitats with sandy soils or loose rocks. It seeks refuge under rocks and debris, 

and occurs often in urban areas in disturbed habitats. It prefers sandy soils, but can occur 

in gravelly soils with exposed rocks. It occurs in association with transportation 

roadsides with suitable habitat 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio 

Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range 

Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section 

ecoregions. 
The Brown Snake, Storeria dekayi, ARADB34010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, dunes with sparse herbaceous 

vegetation, sand flats, croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers open grasslands 

and woodlands, and occurs in debris washed up along the Gulf Coast. It is known as the 

common garden snake. It occurs in association with rivers and streams mostly in the

Edwards Plateau portion of its range. It is found in association with grassy roadsides, 

grazing areas, and along margins of rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in Hemphill 

and Wheeler Counties in the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes 

Section ecoregions. 
The Redbelly Snake, Storeria occipitomaculata, ARADB34030, habitat includes 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/ 

loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), and croplands. 

This forest species occurs in moist deciduous forests in far East Texas, and in agricultural 

grazing lands in forests. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Mexican Blackhead Snake, Tantilla atriceps, ARADB35010, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), and croplands. This burrowing species prefers 

grassland and brushland habitats, and rarely comes to the surface. It prefers soils with

high moisture levels and exposed rock. This snake was recently recognized as a species, 

older literature recognizes the more widespread Tantilla nigriceps as Tantilla atriceps. 

The range is restricted to the Rio Grande Plain Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Flathead Snake, Tantilla gracilis, ARADB35040, habitat includes rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray

oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland 

(ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous 

woodland (live oak/post oak), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/ 

whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous 

shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in moist forests and 

brushlands, and high soil moisture is a requirement. It prefers loose, deep soils with high

water content, and is associated with rivers and streams, except those with high salinity. 

It occurs in wet soils along shorelines under debris washed up along shore, and can occur 

in forested areas or shrubland within urban areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, only along the Llano Estacado in Randall, Lamb, and Hale 

Counties in the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only in 

Brewster County in the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Plains Blackhead Snake, Tantilla nigriceps, ARADB35050, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This burrowing species prefers grassland and brushland habitats, and rarely comes 

to the surface. It often occurs under logs and woody debris washed along stream or 

riverbanks and shorelines. It also occurs under debris in vacant lots or yards. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, only in Aransas and San Patricio Counties in the Central Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau 

Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin 

and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Big Bend Blackhead Snake, Tantilla rubra, ARADB35090, habitat includes 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), 

sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous 

evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland 

(tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, 

creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland 

(fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia 

imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, 

honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland 

(mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch 

temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod 

temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), and croplands. 

The range is restricted to the Rolling Plains Section and Stockton Plateau Sections 

ecoregions, and occurs from low to mid-elevations up to 1500 meters in the Basin and 

Range Section ecoregion. 
The Southwestern Blackhead Snake, Tantilla hobartsmithi, ARADB35140, habitat 

includes temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and 

croplands. This burrowing species prefers grassland and brushland habitats, and rarely

comes to the surface. 

The range is restricted to only Coke and Reagan Counties in the Rolling Plains Section, 

only Webb County in the Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton 

Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Blackneck Garter Snake, Thamnophis cyrtopsis, ARADB36040, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs near water or in moist 

canyons. In the Trans Pecos, it occurs above 1500 meters into montane forests and is 

absent from lower desert regions. It can occur under debris along shorelines. 

The range is restricted to the Blackland Prairies Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Checkered Garter Snake, Thamnophis marcianus, ARDB36070, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), 

rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/ 

alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland 

(honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland 

(western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This species occurs close to water in riparian zones in north and central Texas and 

in thorn scrub up through mesquite grassland in the Trans Pecos. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Western Ribbon Snake, Thamnophis proximus, ARADB36090, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/ willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb 

vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs near water in nearly all 

regions of the state where it feeds on frogs and toads. In the Trans Pecos, this species 

occurs only in Brewster, Pecos, and Reeves Counties. 

The range is the entire state, with the exception of the Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregion. 
The Plains Garter Snake, Thamnophis radix, ARADB36100, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded 

temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), and croplands. This prairie species occurs near water in northern prairies of 

the Panhandle of the state where it feeds on frogs and toads. It occurs in association with

small stock tanks and playa lakes. 

The range is restricted to only Dallam, Sherman, Hartley, Hutchison, and Hemphill 

Counties in the Texas High Plains Section and Southern High Plains Section ecoregions. 
The Common Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, ARADB36130, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn 

acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), low tropical or subtropical perennial forb 

vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This grassland/shrubland species occurs near 

water where it feeds on frogs and toads. The species’ distribution is restricted to the 

eastern half of the state, the northern Panhandle, and the El Paso region. In the Trans 

Pecos, the species occurs only in El Paso County.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Texas High

Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Basin and Range Section ecoregions. 
The Lyre Snake, Trimorphodon biscutatus, ARADB37010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and croplands. This species occurs from low deserts to mid-elevations with oak 

and pinyon juniper, in lower elevation desert habitats and mesquite grasslands. It prefers 

low desert with rocky outcrops and exposed rock. 

The range is restricted to only El Paso, Hudspeth, Presidio, and Brewster Counties in the 

Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Lined Snake, Tropidoclonion lineatum, ARADB38010, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), and croplands. This grassland species occurs in tall grass and along grass/ 

woodland interface. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, only Sherman, 

Moore, Potter, and Hartley Counties in the Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Rio Grande Plain Section ecoregions. 
The Rough Earth Snake, Virginia striatula, ARADB39010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest 

(ponderosa pine/loblolly pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen 

cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This species prefers forested areas in East Texas and 

woodlands elsewhere. This is an extremely common snake occurring under debris 

around agricultural areas, in urban areas, along wooded shorelines and roadsides. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, and Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section 

ecoregions. 
The Smooth Earth Snake, Virginia valeriae, ARADB39020, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), and 

croplands. This species prefers woodlands, wooded hillsides, and oak/juniper areas. 

Unlike its close relative, Virginia stratula, this species does not occur in urban areas. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, and Edwards Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Eastern Coral Snake, Micrurus fulvius, ARADC02010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broad-leaved 

evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen 

shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This is a 

common species in eastern and southern Texas, preferring dry wooded or partially

wooded habitats, and often occurring in urban areas. The Texas subspecies, Micrurus 

fulviustenere, is considered a full species by a few authorities In the Trans Pecos, it 

occurs only in Pecos and Terrell Counties. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, 

Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Texas Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, ARADD01010, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/ 

cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/ 

post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite 

shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/ 

mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate 

or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), 

medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/ 

bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban 

areas. This secretive species burrows, and occurs above ground only with sufficient soil 

moisture in leaf litter and under logs. It is widespread in most areas of Texas. It will 

occur in association with canyons and washes with crevices for retreating from predators. 

This snake prefers sandy or loamy soils with sufficient surface moisture and can occur in

rocky canyons or arroyos. It may utilize preferred habitat where cattle are grazing.

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande 

Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, and 

Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Western Blind Snake, Leptotyphlops humilis, ARADD01020, habitat includes 

lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post 

oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/ 

willow), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily

flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), 

temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub 

layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This species occurs in

association with rocky canyons and high soil moisture, in rocky areas along small 

streams, and in sparse shrubland where soil moisture is high and rocks occur. It prefers 

higher soil moisture, but is not restricted to this association. 

The range is restricted to the Basin and Range Section, and Stockton Plateau Section 

ecoregions. 
The Copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix, ARADE01010, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily

flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated 

woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland 

(sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common reed - cane/ 

hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse colddeciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse 

shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), 

croplands, and urban areas. This widespread, common species prefers oak/pine woods 

and upland forests in East Texas, and riparian habitats and shrublands in southern and 

West Texas. It utilizes roadsides if suitable habitat is available.

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Rolling Plains 

Section, Edwards Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Basin and Range Section, 

and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Cottonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus, ARADE01020, habitat includes water, 

wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), cold-deciduous 

woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous 

woodland (western cottonwood/willow), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), intermittently flooded temperate or 

subpolar grassland, semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland (common 

reed - cane/hardwood bottomlands), temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse 

cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), annual graminoid or forb vegetation, 

croplands, and urban areas. This semi-aquatic species occurs along river bottoms and 

lake and pond shorelines where there is sufficient cover of trees and grasses. It occurs in 

association with transportation corridors with permanent water in roadsides and urban 

areas with permanent water. It occurs in association with agricultural lands used for

grazing and rice fields. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak 

Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains 

Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards Plateau Section, 

only in Atascosa, Karnes, Wilson, Bexar, Medina and Uvalde Counties in the Rio Grande 

Plain Section, only in San Patricio and Nueces Counties in the Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, and Stockton Plateau Section ecoregions. 
The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox, ARADE02020, habitat includes 

water, wetlands, temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned 

temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ 

redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ 

post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western 

cottonwood/willow), planted/cultivated woodland, mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland 

(Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard 

oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), tall sod temperate grassland 

(sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, 

temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern 

cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), annual graminoid or 

forb vegetation, croplands, and urban areas. This is a common species throughout Texas 

occurring in nearly all habitats, except forest. It can occur in any suitable vegetation 

types utilizing roads for warming on cooler nights. It occurs in association with 

agricultural lands, except rice fields, and prefers grazing lands more often than recently

disturbed cultivated fields. 

The range is restricted to the Cross Timbers and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies 

Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling Plains Section, Edwards 

Plateau Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, 

Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain 

Section ecoregions. 
The Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus, ARADE02040, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needleleaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak 

mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), mixed broadleaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), croplands, and urban 

areas. This forest species requires dense cover occurring in deciduous, as well as pine, 

forests and woodlands. It is not common in urban areas, unless highly forested. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and Flatwoods Section, Cross Timbers and Prairies 

Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, Central Gulf 

Prairies and Marshes Section, and only San Patricio County in the Southern Gulf Prairies 

and Marshes Section ecoregions. 
The Rock Rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus, ARADE02050, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous 

temperate broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen 

shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), 

evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), 

facultatively deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), 

succulent extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely

xeromorphic deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), 

lowland mixed evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak 

brush), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sodbunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland 

(tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland 

(blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or 

sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and 

urban areas. This species is restricted to arid habitats of woodlands and brushlands with 

sparse vegetation. It prefers rocky soils or canyons, and can occur in arid, rocky habitats 

in urban areas with vacant land with suitable habitat or parks (El Paso). 

The range is restricted to only Uvalde, Medina, Bandera, Real, Edwards, and Kerr 

Counties in the Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau 

Section, and Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Blacktail Rattlesnake, Crotalus molossus, ARADE02070, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or 

subpolar needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, 

pinyon, juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack 

oak), temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed 

broad-leaved evergreen cold-deciduous woodland (live oak/post oak), temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broad-leaved 

evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), 

temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch 

graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or subpolar grassland (tobosa/ 

Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or subpolar grassland (blue 

grama/burrograss), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temperate or 

subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy

grama/blue grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in arid

areas, preferring rocky canyons on the Edwards Plateau, in riparian habitats, or up 

through pinyon juniper in the Trans Pecos. It prefers rocky soils and rocky canyons. 

The range is restricted to only Upton and Coke Counties in the Rolling Plains Section, 

Edwards Plateau Section, Basin and Range Section, Stockton Plateau Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Mojave Rattlensnake, Crotalus scutulatus, ARADE02100, habitat includes 

microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/cenizo), temporarily flooded 

microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely xeromorphic subdesert 

shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively deciduous extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent extremely xeromorphic 

evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic deciduous shrubland 

(catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed evergreen - drought 

deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temperate or subpolar grassland with a 

sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black 

grama), and croplands. This species occurs from low elevations to chaparral in a variety

of habitats, and prefers low desert with exposed rock and sparse vegetation and shrubs. 

The range is restricted to only El Paso, Hudspeth, Culberson, Jeff Davis, Presidio, 

Brewster, and Pecos Counties in the Basin and Range Section ecoregion. 
The Western Rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis, ARADE02120, habitat includes temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), tall sod 

temperate grassland (sea oats), medium-tall sod temperate or subpolar grassland (includes 

sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids/gulf cordgrass), medium-tall bunch temperate or 

subpolar grassland (tobosa/Sporobolus flexuosus/bluestem grass), short sod temperate or 

subpolar grassland (blue grama/burrograss), temporarily flooded temperate grassland 

with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland 

with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/

black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in prairies and rocky

grasslands or shrublands in the western third of Texas. 

The range is restricted to the Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains Section, Rolling

Plains Section, Basin and Range Section, Southern High Plains Section, and SacramentoMonzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Massasauga, Sistrurus catenatus, ARADE03010, habitat includes temperate broadleaved evergreen woodland (gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar 

needle-leaved evergreen woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/redberry juniper, pinyon, 

juniper/oak mix), cold-deciduous woodland (honey mesquite/post oak-blackjack oak), 

temporarily flooded cold-deciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), temperate 

broad-leaved evergreen shrubland (Rhus aromatica), sclerophyllous temperate broadleaved evergreen shrubland (havard oak), microphyllous evergreen shrubland (sandsage/ 

cenizo), temporarily flooded microphyllous shrubland (tamarisk), evergreen extremely

xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (tarbush, ocotillo, creosotebush), facultatively

deciduous extremely xeromorphic subdesert shrubland (fourwing saltbush), succulent 

extremely xeromorphic evergreen shrubland (Opuntia imbricata), extremely xeromorphic 

deciduous shrubland (catclaw/whitethorn acacia, honey mesquite shrub), lowland mixed 

evergreen - drought deciduous shrubland (mesquite-juniper/mesquite-oak brush), 

intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland, temporarily flooded temperate 

grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees (eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar 

grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue 

grama/black grama), croplands, and urban areas. This species occurs in short grass 

prairie in western Texas or open thorn brush savannah in southern Texas. It can occur in 

desert riparian habitats in the Trans Pecos and riparian habitats associated with grasslands 

along lake shorelines. 

 

The range is restricted to the Eastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Cross Timbers 

and Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section, Redbed Plains Section, Texas High Plains 

Section, Rolling Plains Section, Rio Grande Plain Section, Southern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Basin and Range Section, Southern High Plains Section, and 

Sacramento-Monzano Mountain Section ecoregions. 
The Pigmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius, ARADE03020, habitat includes roundedcrowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen forest (ponderosa pine/loblolly

pine), lowland or submontane cold-deciduous forest (water oak), temporarily flooded 

cold-deciduous forest (pecan, sugarberry), temperate broad-leaved evergreen woodland 

(gray oak/live oak), rounded-crowned temperate or subpolar needle-leaved evergreen 

woodland (ashe/alligator/one-seed/ redberry juniper, pinyon, juniper/oak mix), colddeciduous woodland (honey mesquite/ post oak-blackjack oak), temporarily flooded colddeciduous woodland (western cottonwood/willow), mixed broad-leaved evergreen colddeciduous woodland (live oak/ post oak), intermittently flooded temperate or subpolar 

grassland, temporarily flooded temperate grassland with sparse cold-deciduous trees 

(eastern cottonwood), temperate or subpolar grassland with a sparse shrub layer or sparse 

xeromorphic shrub layer (hairy grama/blue grama/black grama), and croplands. This 

forest species occurs in East Texas in loblolly pine, hardwoods, wire grass/palmetto, and 

riparian corridors. It occurs in association with rivers and streams, particularly in coastal 

areas and the Red River portion of its range. 

The range is restricted to the Mid Coastal Plains Section, Eastern Gulf Prairies and 

Marshes Section, Louisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section, Coastal Plains and 

Flatwoods Section, only Cooke, Wise, and Dallas Counties in the Cross Timbers and 

Prairies Section, Blackland Prairies Section, Oak Woods and Prairies Section, and 

Central Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section ecoregions. 

 
APPENDIX J 

Common name, scientific name and EL code for vertebrate species analyzed for geospatial 

distribution as part of the Texas GAP Project. 

ELCODE COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 

 AAAAA01090 spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum 

 AAAAA01100 marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum 

 AAAAA01120 mole salamander Ambystoma talpoideum 

 AAAAA01130 smallmouth salamander Ambystoma texanum 

 AAAAA01140 tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum 

 AAAAB01030 three-toed amphiuma Amphiuma tridactylum 

 AAAAD03020 southern dusky salamander Desmognathus auriculatus 

 AAAAD05030 Cascade Caverns salamander Eurycea latitans 

 AAAAD05070 San Marcos Salamander Eurycea nana 

 AAAAD05080 Texas salamander Eurycea neotenes 

 AAAAD05090 dwarf salamander Eurycea quadridigitata 

 AAAAD05100 Comal blind salamander Eurycea tridentifera 

 AAAAD05110 Valdina Farms sinkhole salamander Eurycea troglodytes 

 AAAAD05170 Barton Springs salamander Eurycea sosorum 

 AAAAD05250 Texas blind salamander Eurycea rathbuni 

 AAAAD05260 Blanco blind salamander Eurycea robusta 

 AAAAD12070 western slimy salamander Plethodon albagula 

 AAAAD12160 southern redback salamander Plethodon serratus 

 AAAAE01020 Gulf Coast waterdog Necturus beyeri 

 AAAAF01010 black-spotted newt Notophthalmus meridionalis 

 AAAAF01030 eastern newt Notophthalmus viridescens 

 AAAAG02010 lesser siren Siren intermedia 

 AAABB01020 American toad Bufo americanus 

 AAABB01050 Great Plains toad Bufo cognatus 

 AAABB01060 green toad Bufo debilis 

 AAABB01090 Houston toad Bufo houstonensis 

 AAABB01100 giant toad Bufo marinus 

 AAABB01120 red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus 

 AAABB01150 Texas toad Bufo speciosus 

 AAABB01170 Gulf Coast taod Bufo valliceps 

 AAABB01180 Woodhouse’s toad Bufo woodhousii 

 AAABC01010 northern cricket frog Acris crepitans 

 AAABC02020 canyon treefrog Hyla arenicolor 

 AAABC02050 Cope’s gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis 

 AAABC02060 green treefrog Hyla cinerea 

 AAABC02120 squirrel treefrog Hyla squirella 

 AAABC02130 gray treefrog Hyla versicolor 

 AAABC05030 spotted chorus frog Pseudacris clarkii 
 AAABC05060 Strecker’s chorus frog Pseudacris streckeri 

 AAABC05070 western chorus frog Pseudacris triseriata 

 AAABC05090 spring peeper Pseudacris crucifer 

 AAABC07010 Mexican treefrog Smilisca baudinii 

 AAABD03010 Rio Grande chirping frog Syrrhophus cystignathoides 

 AAABD03020 spotted chirping frog Syrrhophus guttilatus 

 AAABD03030 cliff chirping frog Syrrhophus marnockii 

 AAABD04170 barking frog Eleutherodactylus augusti 

 AAABE01010 eastern narrowmouth toad Gastrophryne carolinensis 

 AAABE01020 Great Plains narrowmouth toad Gastrophryne olivacea 

 AAABE02010 sheep frog Hypopachus variolosus 

 AAABF01010 plains spadefoot Scaphiopus bombifrons 

 AAABF01020 Couch’s spadefoot Scaphiopus couchii 

 AAABF01040 eastern spadefoot Scaphiopus hurterii 

 AAABF01060 New Mexico spadefoot Scaphiopus multiplicatus 

 AAABH01010 crawfish frog Rana areolata 

 AAABH01030 Rio Grande frog Rana berlandieri 

 AAABH01040 plains leopard frog Rana blairi 

 AAABH01070 bullfrog Rana catesbeiana 

 AAABH01090 green frog Rana clamitans 

 AAABH01110 pig frog Rana grylio 

 AAABH01160 pickerel frog Rana palustris 

 AAABH01220 southern leopard frog Rana sphenocephala 

 AAABJ01010 Mexican burrowing toad Rhinophrynus dorsalis 

 ABNCA01010 least grebe Tachybaptus dominicus 

 ABNCA02010 pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps 

 ABNCA03030 eared grebe Podiceps nigricollis 

 ABNFC01010 American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 

 ABNFC01020 brown pelican Pelecanus occidentalis 

 ABNFD01020 double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus 

 ABNFD01030 neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus 

 ABNFE01010 anhinga Anhinga anhinga 

 ABNGA02010 least bittern Ixobrychus exilis 

 ABNGA04010 great blue heron Ardea herodias 

 ABNGA04040 great egret Casmerodius albus 

 ABNGA06030 snow egret Egretta thula 

 ABNGA06040 little blue heron Egretta caerulea 

 ABNGA06050 tricolored heron Egretta tricolor 

 ABNGA06060 reddish egret Egretta rufescens 

 ABNGA07010 cattle egret Bubulcus ibis 

 ABNGA08010 green heron Butorides virescens 

 ABNGA11010 black-crowned night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax 

 ABNGA13010 yellow-crowned night-heron Nyctanassa violacea 

 ABNGE01010 white ibis Eudocimus albus 
 ABNGE02020 white-faced ibis Plegadis chihi 

 ABNGE05010 roseate spoonbill Ajaia ajaja 

 ABNJB01010 fulvous whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor 

 ABNJB01040 black-bellied whistling-duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 

 ABNJB09010 wood duck Aix sponsa 

 ABNJB10050 mottled duck Anas fulvigula 

 ABNJB10060 mallard Anas platyrhynchos 

 ABNJB10110 northern pintail Anas acuta 

 ABNJB10130 blue-winged teal Anas discors 

 ABNJB10140 cinnamon teal Anas cyanoptera 

 ABNJB10150 northern shoveler Anas clypeata 

 ABNJB10160 gadwall Anas strepera 

 ABNJB10180 American wigeon Anas americana 

 ABNJB11030 rehead Aythya americana 

 ABNJB20010 hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 

 ABNJB22010 ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis 

 ABNJB22020 masked duck Nomonyx dominicus 

 ABNKA01010 black vulture Coragyps atratus 

 ABNKA02010 turkey vulture Cathartes aura 

 ABNKC01010 osprey Pandion haliaetus 

 ABNKC03010 hook-billed kite Chondrohierax uncinatus 

 ABNKC04010 swallow-tailed kite Elanoides forficatus 

 ABNKC06010 white-tailed kite Elanus leucurus 

 ABNKC09010 Mississippi kite Ictinia mississippiensis 

 ABNKC10010 bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 

 ABNKC12020 sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus 

 ABNKC12040 Cooper’s hawk Accipiter cooperii 

 ABNKC15010 common black-hawk Buteogallus anthracinus 

 ABNKC16010 Harris’ hawk Parabuteo unicinctus 

 ABNKC19010 gray hawk Asturina nitida 

 ABNKC19030 red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus 

 ABNKC19050 broad-winged hawk Buteo platypterus 

 ABNKC19070 Swainson’s hawk Buteo swainsoni 

 ABNKC19080 white-tailed hawk Buteo albicaudatus 

 ABNKC19090 zone-tailed hawk Buteo albonotatus 

 ABNKC19110 red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis 

 ABNKC22010 golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos 

 ABNKD02010 crested caracara Polyborus plancus 

 ABNKD06020 American kestrel Falco sparverius 

 ABNKD06070 peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus 

 ABNKD06090 prairie falcon Falco mexicanus 

 ABNLB01020 plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula 

 ABNLC13010 greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido 

 ABNLC13020 lesser prairie-chicken Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 
 ABNLC14010 wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo 

 ABNLC19010 Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae 

 ABNLC21020 northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus 

 ABNLC23010 scaled quail Callipepla squamata 

 ABNLC23030 Gambel’s quail Callipepla gambelii 

 ABNME05010 clapper rail Rallus longirostris 

 ABNME05020 king rail Rallus elegans 

 ABNME05030 Virginia rail Rallus limicola 

 ABNME08020 sora Porzana carolina 

 ABNME12010 purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica 

 ABNME13010 common moorhen Gallinula chloropus 

 ABNME14020 American coot Fulica americana 

 ABNNB03030 snowy plover Charadrius alexandrinus 

 ABNNB03040 Wilson’s plover Charadrius wilsonia 

 ABNNB03090 killdeer Charadrius vociferus 

 ABNNC01010 American oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus 

 ABNND01010 black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus 

 ABNND02010 American avocet Recurvirostra americana 

 ABNNF02010 willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus 

 ABNNF19020 American woodcock Scolopax minor 

 ABNNM03010 laughing gull Larus atricilla 

 ABNNM08010 gull-billed tern Sterna nilotica 

 ABNNM08020 Caspian tern Sterna caspia 

 ABNNM08030 royal tern Sterna maxima 

 ABNNM08050 sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis 

 ABNNM08090 Forster’s tern Sterna forsteri 

 ABNNM08100 least tern Sterna antillarum 

 ABNNM08150 sooty tern Sterna fuscata 

 ABNNM14010 black skimmer Rynchops niger 

 ABNPB01060 red-billed pigeon Columba flavirostris 

 ABNPB01080 band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata 

 ABNPB04010 white-winged dove Zenaida asiatica 

 ABNPB04040 mourning dove Zenaida macroura 

 ABNPB06010 Inca dove Scardafella inca 

 ABNPB06020 common ground-dove Columbina passerina 

 ABNPB08010 white-tipped dove Leptotila verreauxi 

 ABNRB02020 yellow-billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus 

 ABNRB09020 greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus 

 ABNRB11030 groove-billed ani Crotophaga sulcirostris 

 ABNSA01010 barn owl Tyto alba 

 ABNSB01020 flammulated owl Otus flammeolus 

 ABNSB01030 eastern screech-owl Otus asio 

 ABNSB01040 western screech-owl Otus kennicottii 

 ABNSB05010 great horned owl Bubo virginianus 
 ABNSB08040 ferruginous pygmy-owl Glaucidium brasilianum 

 ABNSB09010 elf owl Micrathene whitneyi 

 ABNSB10010 burrowing owl Speotyto cunicularia 

 ABNSB12010 spotted owl Strix occidentalis 

 ABNSB12020 barred owl Strix varia 

 ABNSB15020 northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus 

 ABNTA02010 lesser nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis 

 ABNTA02020 common nighthawk Chordeiles minor 

 ABNTA03010 pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis 

 ABNTA04010 common poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii 

 ABNTA07010 chuck-will’s widow Caprimulgus carolinensis 

 ABNTA07070 whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus 

 ABNUA03010 chimney swift Chaetura pelagica 

 ABNUA06010 white-throated swift Aeronautes saxatalis 

 ABNUC19020 broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris 

 ABNUC29130 buff-bellied hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis 

 ABNUC34040 blue-throated hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae 

 ABNUC37010 magnificent hummingbird Eugenes fulgens 

 ABNUC44010 Lucifer hummingbird Calothorax lucifer 

 ABNUC45010 ruby-throated hummingbird Archilochus colubris 

 ABNUC45020 black-chinned hummingbird Archilochus alexandri 

 ABNUC51010 broad-tailed hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus 

 ABNXD01010 ringed kingfisher Ceryle torquata 

 ABNXD01020 belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon 

 ABNXD02020 green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana 

 ABNYF04040 red-headed woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus 

 ABNYF04050 acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus 

 ABNYF04160 golden-fronted woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons 

 ABNYF04170 red-bellied woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus 

 ABNYF05040 red-naped sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis 

 ABNYF07010 ladder-backed woodpecker Picoides scalaris 

 ABNYF07030 downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens 

 ABNYF07040 hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus 

 ABNYF07060 red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis 

 ABNYF10020 northern flicker Colaptes auratus 

 ABNYF12020 pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus 

 ABPAE04010 northern beardless-tyrannulet Camptostoma imberbe 

 ABPAE32010 olive-sided flycatcher Contopus cooperi 

 ABPAE32050 western wood-peewee Contopus sordidulus 

 ABPAE32060 eastern wood-peewee Contopus virens 

 ABPAE33020 Acadian flycatcher Empidonax virescens 

 ABPAE33100 gray flycatcher Empidonax wrightii 

 ABPAE33160 cordilleran flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis 

 ABPAE35010 black phoebe Sayornis nigricans 
 ABPAE35020 eastern phoebe Sayornis phoebe 

 ABPAE35030 Say’s phoebe Sayornis saya 

 ABPAE36010 vermillion flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus 

 ABPAE43050 ash-throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens 

 ABPAE43070 great crested flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus 

 ABPAE43080 brown-crested flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus 

 ABPAE45020 great kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus 

 ABPAE52010 tropical kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus 

 ABPAE52020 Couch’s kingbird Tyrannus couchii 

 ABPAE52030 Cassin’s kingbird Tyrannus vociferans 

 ABPAE52050 western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis 

 ABPAE52060 eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 

 ABPAE52100 scissor-tailed flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus 

 ABPAE53070 rose-throated becard Pachyramphus aglaiae 

 ABPAT02010 horned lark Eremophila alpestris 

 ABPAU01010 purple martin Progne subis 

 ABPAU03040 violet-green swallow Tachycineta thalassina 

 ABPAU07010 northen rough-winger swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis 

 ABPAU08010 bank swallow Riparia riparia 

 ABPAU09010 cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 

 ABPAU09020 cave swallow Petrochelidon fulva 

 ABPAU09030 barn swallow Hirundo rustica 

 ABPAV02010 Steller’s jay Cyanocitta stelleri 

 ABPAV02020 blue jay Cyanocitta cristata 

 ABPAV04030 green jay Cyanocorax yncas 

 ABPAV04040 brown jay Cyanocorax morio 

 ABPAV06020 Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina 

 ABPAV06040 western scrub-jay Aphelocoma californica 

 ABPAV10010 American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos 

 ABPAV10080 fish crow Corvus ossifragus 

 ABPAV10100 Chihuahuan raven Corvus cryptoleucus 

 ABPAV10110 common raven Corvus corax 

 ABPAW01020 Carolina chickadee Poecile carolinensis 

 ABPAW01040 mountain chickadee Poecile gambeli 

 ABPAW01110 tufted titmouse Parus bicolor 

 ABPAX01010 verdin Auriparus flaviceps 

 ABPAY01010 bushtit Psaltriparus minimus 

 ABPAZ01020 white-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis 

 ABPAZ01030 pygmy nuthatch Sitta pygmaea 

 ABPAZ01040 brown-headed nuthatch Sitta pusilla 

 ABPBA01010 brown creeper Certhia americana 

 ABPBG02090 cactus wren 

Campylorhynchus 

brunneicapillus 

 ABPBG03010 rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus 
 ABPBG04010 canyon wren Catherpes mexicanus 

 ABPBG06130 Carolina wren Thryothorus ludovicianus 

 ABPBG07010 Bewick’s wren Thryomanes bewickii 

 ABPBG09010 house wren Troglodytes aedon 

 ABPBG10020 marsh wren Cistothorus palustris 

 ABPBJ08010 blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea 

 ABPBJ08030 black-tailed gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura 

 ABPBJ15010 eastern bluebird Sialia sialis 

 ABPBJ15020 western bluebird Sialia mexicana 

 ABPBJ18110 hermit thrush Catharus guttatus 

 ABPBJ19010 wood thrush Hylocichla mustelina 

 ABPBJ20170 American robin Turdus migratorius 

 ABPBK01010 gray catbird Dumetella carolinensis 

 ABPBK03010 northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 

 ABPBK06010 brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum 

 ABPBK06020 long-billed thrasher Toxostoma longirostre 

 ABPBK06070 curve-billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre 

 ABPBK06090 crissal thrasher Toxostoma crissale 

 ABPBP03010 phainopepla Phainopepla nitens 

 ABPBR01030 loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus 

 ABPBW01020 white-eyed vireo Vireo griseus 

 ABPBW01110 Bell’s vireo Vireo bellii 

 ABPBW01120 black-capped vireo Vireo atricapillus 

 ABPBW01140 gray vireo Vireo vicinior 

 ABPBW01170 yellow-throated vireo Vireo flavifrons 

 ABPBW01190 Hutton’s vireo Vireo huttoni 

 ABPBW01210 warbling vireo Vireo gilvus 

 ABPBW01240 red-eyed vireo Vireo olivaceus 

 ABPBW01280 plumbeous vireo Vireo plumbeus 

 ABPBX01070 Virginia’s warbler Vermivora virginiae 

 ABPBX01080 Colima warbler Vermivora crissalis 

 ABPBX01090 Lucy’s warbler Vermivora luciae 

 ABPBX02010 northern parula Parula americana 

 ABPBX03060 yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata 

 ABPBX03110 golden-cheeked warbler Dendroica chrysoparia 

 ABPBX03130 Yellow-throated warbler Dendroica dominica 

 ABPBX03140 Grace’s warbler Dendroica graciae 

 ABPBX03170 pine warbler Dendroica pinus 

 ABPBX03190 prairie warbler Dendroica discolor 

 ABPBX05010 black-and-white warbler Mniotilta varia 

 ABPBX06010 American redstart Setophaga ruticilla 

 ABPBX07010 prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea 

 ABPBX08010 worm-eating warbler Helmitheros vermivorus 

 ABPBX09010 Swainson’s warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii 
 ABPBX10030 Louisiana waterthrush Seiurus motacilla 

 ABPBX11010 Kentucky warbler Oporornis formosus 

 ABPBX12010 common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 

 ABPBX16010 hooded warbler Wilsonia citrina 

 ABPBX19010 painted redstart Myioborus pictus 

 ABPBX24010 yellow-breasted chat Icteria virens 

 ABPBX45020 hepatic tanager Piranga flava 

 ABPBX45030 summer tanager Piranga rubra 

 ABPBX45050 western tanager Piranga ludoviciana 

 ABPBX60010 northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis 

 ABPBX60020 pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus 

 ABPBX61040 black-headed grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus 

 ABPBX63010 blue grosbeak Guiraca caerulea 

 ABPBX64030 indigo bunting Passerina cyanea 

 ABPBX64040 varied bunting Passerina versicolor 

 ABPBX64060 painted bunting Passerina ciris 

 ABPBX65010 dickcissel Spiza americana 

 ABPBX72010 olive sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus 

 ABPBX74040 canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus 

 ABPBX74080 spotted towhee Pipilo maculatus 

 ABPBX76030 white-collared seedeater Sporophila torqueola 

 ABPBX91050 Bachman’s sparrow Aimophila aestivalis 

 ABPBX91060 Botteri’s sparrow Aimophila botterii 

 ABPBX91070 Cassin’s sparrow Aimophila cassinii 

 ABPBX91090 rufous-crowned sparrow Aimophila ruficeps 

 ABPBX94020 chipping sparrow Spizella passerina 

 ABPBX94050 field sparrow Spizella pusilla 

 ABPBX94070 black-chinned sparrow Spizella atrogularis 

 ABPBX96010 lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus 

 ABPBX97010 black-throated sparrow Amphispiza bilineata 

 ABPBX98010 lark bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 

 ABPBXA0020 grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum 

 ABPBXA0060 seaside sparrow Ammodramus maritimus 

 ABPBXA5020 dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis 

 ABPBXB0010 red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 

 ABPBXB2020 eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna 

 ABPBXB2030 western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta 

 ABPBXB6050 great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 

 ABPBXB6060 boat-tailed grackle Quiscalus major 

 ABPBXB6070 common grackle Quiscalus quiscula 

 ABPBXB7020 bronzed cowbird Molothrus aeneus 

 ABPBXB7030 brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater 

 ABPBXB9070 orchard oriole Icterus spurius 

 ABPBXB9080 hooded oriole Icterus cucullatus 
 ABPBXB9170 Altamira oriole Icterus gularis 

 ABPBXB9180 Audubon’s oriole Icterus graduacauda 

 ABPBXB9190 Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula 

 ABPBXB9200 Scott’s oriole Icterus parisorum 

 ABPBXB9220 Bullock’s oriole Icterus bullockii 

 ABPBY04040 house finch Carpodacus mexicanus 

 ABPBY06090 lesser goldfinch Carduelis psaltria 

 BUNKN01 red-crowned parrot Amazona viridigenalis 

 BUNKN02 green parakeet Aratinga holochlora 

 BUNKN03 muscovy duck Cairina mochata 

 BUNKN06 juniper titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi 

 AMAAA01010 Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana 

 AMABA03020 southern short-tailed shrew Blarina carolinensis 

 AMABA03030 short-tailed shrew Blarina hylophaga 

 AMABA04010 least shrew Cryptotis parva 

 AMABA05010 desert shrew Notiosorex crawfordi 

 AMABB04010 eastern mole Scalopus aquaticus 

 AMACA01010 ghost-faced bat Mormoops megalophylla 

 AMACB03010 greater long-nosed bat Leptonycteris nivalis 

 AMACC01010 little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus 

 AMACC01020 Yuma myotis Myotis yumanensis 

 AMACC01030 southeastern myotis Myotis austroriparius 

 AMACC01050 cave myotis Myotis velifer 

 AMACC01090 fringed myotis Myotis thysanodes 

 AMACC01110 long-legged myotis Myotis volans 

 AMACC01120 California myotis Myotis californicus 

 AMACC01140 western small-footed myotis Myotis ciliolabrum 

 AMACC02010 silver-haired bat Lasionycteris noctivagans 

 AMACC03010 western pipistrelle Pipistrellus hesperus 

 AMACC03020 eastern pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus 

 AMACC04010 big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus 

 AMACC05010 eastern red bat Lasiurus borealis 

 AMACC05020 Seminole bat Lasiurus seminolus 

 AMACC05030 hoary bat Lasiurus cinereus 

 AMACC05040 northern yellow bat Lasiurus intermedius 

 AMACC05050 southern yellow bat Lasiurus ega 

 AMACC05060 western red bat Lasiurus blossevillii 

 AMACC06010 evening bat Nycticeius humeralis 

 AMACC07010 spotted bat Euderma maculatum 

 AMACC08010 Townsend’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii 

 AMACC08020 Rafinesque’s big-eared bat Corynorhinus rafinesquii 

 AMACC10010 pallid bat Antrozous pallidus 

 AMACD01010 Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis 

 AMACD02010 western mastiff bat Eumops perotis 
 AMACD04010 pocketed free-tailed bat Nyctinomops femorosaccus 

 AMACD04020 big free-tailed bat Nyctinomops macrotis 

 AMADA01010 nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus 

 AMAEB01040 eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus 

 AMAEB01070 desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii 

 AMAEB01080 swamp rabbit Sylvilagus aquaticus 

 AMAEB03050 black-tailed jack rabbit Lepus californicus 

 AMAFB02150 gray-footed chipmunk Tamias canipes 

 AMAFB04030 Texas antelope squirrel Ammospermophilus interpres 

 AMAFB05090 thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

 AMAFB05100 Mexican ground squirrel Spermophilus mexicanus 

 AMAFB05110 spotted ground squirrel Spermophilus spilosoma 

 AMAFB05130 rock squirrel Spermophilus variegatus 

 AMAFB06010 black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus 

 AMAFB07010 eastern gray squirrel Sciurus carolinensis 

 AMAFB07040 eastern fox squirrel Sciurus niger 

 AMAFB09010 southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans 

 AMAFC01020 Botta’s pocket gopher Thomomys bottae 

 AMAFC02010 plains pocket gopher Geomys bursarius 

 AMAFC02020 desert pocket gopher Geomys arenarius 

 AMAFC02030 Texas pocket gopher Geomys personatus 

 AMAFC02050 Attwater’s pocket gopher Geomys attwateri 

 AMAFC02060 Baird’s pocket gopher Geomys breviceps 

 AMAFC02070 Jones’ pocket gopher Geomys knoxjonesi 

 AMAFC02080 Llano pocket gopher Geomys texensis 

 AMAFC03010 yellow-faced pocket gopher Cratogeomys castanops 

 AMAFD01020 plains pocket mouse Perognathus flavescens 

 AMAFD01030 silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus 

 AMAFD01190 Merriam’s pocket mouse Perognathus merriami 

 AMAFD03010 Ord’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii 

 AMAFD03110 banner-tailed kangaroo rat Dipodomys spectabilis 

 AMAFD03120 Texas kangaroo rat Dipodomys elator 

 AMAFD03140 Merriam’s kangaroo rat Dipodomys merriami 

 AMAFD03160 Gulf Coast kangaroo rat Dipodomys compactus 

 AMAFD04010 Mexican spiny pocket mouse Liomys irroratus 

 AMAFD05050 hispid pocket mouse Chaetodipus hispidus 

 AMAFD05060 rock pocket mouse Chaetodipus intermedius 

 AMAFD05070 Nelson’s pocket mouse Chaetodipus nelsoni 

 AMAFD05080 desert pocket mouse Chaetodipus penicillatus 

 AMAFE01010 American beaver Castor canadensis 

 AMAFF01010 marsh rice rat Oryzomys palustris 

 AMAFF01020 Coue’s rice rat Oryzomys couesi 

 AMAFF02010 plains harvest mouse Reithrodontomys montanus 

 AMAFF02020 eastern harvest mouse Reithrodontomys humulis 
 AMAFF02030 western harvest mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis 

 AMAFF02050 fulvous harvest mouse Reithrodontomys fulvescens 

 AMAFF03010 cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus 

 AMAFF03040 deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 

 AMAFF03070 white-footed mouse Peromyscus leucopus 

 AMAFF03080 cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus 

 AMAFF03100 brush mouse Peromyscus boylii 

 AMAFF03110 Texas mouse Peromyscus attwateri 

 AMAFF03120 white-ankled mouse Peromyscus pectoralis 

 AMAFF03130 pinon mouse Peromyscus truei 

 AMAFF03140 rock mouse Peromyscus nasutus 

 AMAFF04010 golden mouse Ochrotomys nuttalli 

 AMAFF05010 northern pygmy mouse Baiomys taylori 

 AMAFF06010 northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster 

 AMAFF06030 Mearn’s grasshopper mouse Onychomys arenicola 

 AMAFF07010 hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus 

 AMAFF07030 tawny-bellied cotton rat Sigmodon fulviventer 

 AMAFF07040 yellow-nosed cotton rat Sigmodon ochrognathus 

 AMAFF08010 eastern woodrat Neotoma floridana 

 AMAFF08020 soutern plains woodrat Neotoma micropus 

 AMAFF08030 white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula 

 AMAFF08070 Mexican woodrat Neotoma mexicana 

 AMAFF11080 Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus 

 AMAFF11140 prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster 

 AMAFF11150 woodland vole Microtus pinetorum 

 AMAFF15010 muskrat Ondatra zibethicus 

 AMAFJ01010 common porcupine Erethizon dorsatum 

 AMAJA01010 coyote Canis latrans 

 AMAJA03030 swift fox Vulpes velox 

 AMAJA04010 common gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus 

 AMAJB01010 black bear Ursus americanus 

 AMAJE01010 ringtail Bassariscus astutus 

 AMAJE02010 common raccoon Procyon lotor 

 AMAJE03010 white-nosed coati Nasua narica 

 AMAJF02030 long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata 

 AMAJF02050 mink Mustela vison 

 AMAJF04010 American badger Taxidea taxus 

 AMAJF05010 eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius 

 AMAJF05020 western spotted skunk Spilogale gracilis 

 AMAJF06010 striped skunk Mephitis mephitis 

 AMAJF06020 hooded skunk Mephitis macroura 

 AMAJF07010 common hog-nosed skunk Conepatus mesoleucus 

 AMAJF07020 eastern hog-nosed skunk Conepatus leuconotus 

 AMAJF08010 northern river otter Lutra canadensis 
 AMAJH01020 mountain lion Felis concolor 

 AMAJH01030 ocelot Felis pardalis 

 AMAJH01050 jaguarondi Felis yaguarondi 

 AMAJH03020 bobcat Lynx rufus 

 AMALB01010 collared peccary Tayassu tajacu 

 AMALC01010 wapiti or elk Cervus elaphus 

 AMALC02010 mule or black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus 

 AMALC02020 white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus 

 AMALD01010 pronghorn Antilocapra americana 

 ARAAA01010 loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta 

 ARAAA02010 green sea turtle Chelonia mydas 

 ARAAA03010 Atlantic hawksbill sea turtle Eretmochelys imbricata 

 ARAAA04010 Kemp’s ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys kempii 

 ARAAB01010 snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina 

 ARAAB02010 alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii 

 ARAAC01010 leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea 

 ARAAD01010 painted turtle Chrysemys picta 

 ARAAD03010 chicken turtle Deirochelys reticularia 

 ARAAD05020 Cagle’s map turtle Graptemys caglei 

 ARAAD05080 false map turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica

 ARAAD05100 Texas map turtle Graptemys versa 

 ARAAD05110 Ouachita map turtle Graptemys ouachitensis 

 ARAAD06010 diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin 

 ARAAD07020 river cooter Pseudemys concinna 

 ARAAD07080 Texas river cooter Pseudemys texana 

 ARAAD08010 eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina 

 ARAAD08020 western box turtle Terrapene ornata 

 ARAAD09010 slider Trachemys scripta 

 ARAAD09020 Big Bend slider Trachemys gaigeae 

 ARAAE01020 yellow mud turtle Kinosternon flavescens 

 ARAAE01030 Chihuahuan mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes 

 ARAAE01050 eastern mud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum 

 ARAAE02010 razorback musk turtle Sternotherus carinatus 

 ARAAE02040 common musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus 

 ARAAF01020 Texas tortoise Gopherus berlandieri 

 ARAAG01020 smooth softshell Apalone mutica 

 ARAAG01030 spiny softshell Apalone spinifera 

 ARABA01010 American alligator Alligator mississippiensis 

 ARACB02010 slender glass lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus 

 ARACB04020 Texas alligator lizard Gerrhonotus infernalis 

 ARACD01010 Texas banded gecko Coleonyx brevis 

 ARACD01020 reticulated gecko Coleonyx reticulatus 

 ARACF01010 green anole anileeeeeAnolis carolinensis 

 ARACF03010 greater earless lizard Cophosaurus texanus 
 ARACF04020 collared lizard Crotaphytus collaris 

 ARACF04040 reticulate collared lizard Crotaphytus reticulatus 

 ARACF07020 longnose leopard lizard Gambelia wislizenii 

 ARACF08010 spot-tailed earless lizard Holbrookia lacerata 

 ARACF08020 lesser earless lizard Holbrookia maculata 

 ARACF08030 keeled earless lizard Holbrookia propinqua 

 ARACF12010 Texas horned lizard Phrynosoma cornutum 

 ARACF12030 short-horned lizard Phrynosoma douglasi 

 ARACF12050 roundtail horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum 

 ARACF14020 blue spiny lizard Sceloporus serrifer 

 ARACF14030 sagebrush lizard Sceloporus graciosus 

 ARACF14040 mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus 

 ARACF14060 desert spiny lizard Sceloporus magister 

 ARACF14070 canyon lizard Sceloporus merriami 

 ARACF14090 Texas spiny lizard Sceloporus olivaceus 

 ARACF14110 crevice spiny lizard Sceloporus poinsettii 

 ARACF14130 fence/prairie/plateau lizard Sceloporus undulatus 

 ARACF14140 rosebelly lizard Sceloporus variabilis 

 ARACF16030 tree lizard Urosaurus ornatus 

 ARACF17010 side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana 

 ARACH01010 coal skink Eumeces anthracinus 

 ARACH01050 five-lined skink Eumeces fasciatus 

 ARACH01080 broadhead skink Eumeces laticeps 

 ARACH01090 many-lined skink Eumeces multivirgatus 

 ARACH01100 prairie skink Eumeces septentrionalis 

 ARACH01120 four-lined skink Eumeces tetragrammus 

 ARACH01130 Great Plains skink Eumeces obsoletus 

 ARACH03010 ground skink Scincella lateralis 

 ARACJ02020 gray-checkered whiptail Cnemidophorus dixoni 

 ARACJ02030 Chihuahuan spotted whiptail Cnemidophorus exsanguis 

 ARACJ02050 Texas spotted whiptail Cnemidophorus gularis 

 ARACJ02070 little striped whiptail Cnemidophorus inornatus 

 ARACJ02080 Laredo striped whiptail Cnemidophorus laredoensis 

 ARACJ02090 New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus

 ARACJ02110 six-lined racerunner Cnemidophorus sexlineatus 

 ARACJ02130 Colorado checkered whiptail Cnemidophorus tesselatus 

 ARACJ02140 western whiptail Cnemidophorus tigris 

 ARACJ02150 desert grassland whiptail Cnemidophorus uniparens 

 ARACJ02170 plateau spotted whiptail Cnemidophorus septemvittatus

 ARADB01010 glossy snake Arizona elegans 

 ARADB02010 worm snake Carphophis amoenus 

 ARADB03010 scarlet snake Cemophora coccinea 

 ARADB07010 racer Coluber constrictor 

 ARADB08010 black-striped snake Coniophanes imperialis 
 ARADB10010 ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus 

 ARADB11010 indigo snake Drymarchon corais 

 ARADB12010 speckled racer Drymobius margaritiferus 

 ARADB13010 Baird’s rat snake Elaphe bairdi 

 ARADB13020 Great Plains rat snake Elaphe guttata 

 ARADB13030 Texas rat snake Elaphe obsoleta 

 ARADB13040 Trans-Pecos rat snake Elaphe subocularis 

 ARADB14010 mud snake Farancia abacura 

 ARADB15010 Mexican hooknose snake Ficimia streckeri 

 ARADB16010 western hooknose snake Gyalopion canum 

 ARADB17010 western hognose snake Heterodon nasicus 

 ARADB17020 eastern hognose snake Heterodon platirhinos 

 ARADB18010 night snake Hypsiglena torquata 

 ARADB19010 prairie kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster 

 ARADB19020 common kingsnake Lampropeltis getula 

 ARADB19030 gray-banded kinksnake Lampropeltis alterna 

 ARADB19050 milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum 

 ARADB20010 cat-eyed snake Leptodeira septentrionalis 

 ARADB21020 coachwhip Masticophis flagellum 

 ARADB21040 striped whipsnake Masticophis taeniatus 

 ARADB21050 Schott’s whipsnake Masticophis schotti 

 ARADB22010 green water snake Nerodia cyclopion 

 ARADB22020 plainbelly/yellowbelly water snake Nerodia erythrogaster 

 ARADB22030 southern water snake Nerodia fasciata 

 ARADB22040 Brazos water snake Nerodia harteri 

 ARADB22050 diamondback water snake Nerodia rhombifer 

 ARADB22060 northern water snake Nerodia sipedon 

 ARADB22090 salt marsh snake Nerodia clarkii 

 ARADB23010 rough green snake Opheodrys aestivus 

 ARADB23020 smooth green snake Opheodrys vernalis 

 ARADB26010 pine or gopher snake Pituophis melanoleucus 

 ARADB27020 Graham’s crayfish snake Regina grahamii 

 ARADB27030 glossy crayfish snake Regina rigida 

 ARADB29010 longnose snake Rhinocheilus lecontei 

 ARADB30010 Big Bend patchnose snake Salvadora deserticola 

 ARADB30020 mountain patchnose snake Salvadora grahamiae 

 ARADB32010 ground snake Sonora semiannulata 

 ARADB34010 brown snake Storeria dekayi 

 ARADB34030 redbelly snake Storeria occipitomaculata 

 ARADB35010 Mexican blackhead snake Tantilla atriceps 

 ARADB35040 flathead snake Tantilla gracilis 

 ARADB35050 Plains blackhead snake Tantilla nigriceps 

 ARADB35090 Big Bend blackhead snake Tantilla rubra 

 ARADB35140 southwestern blackhead snake Tantilla hobartsmithi 
 ARADB36040 blackneck garter snake Thamnophis cyrtopsis 

 ARADB36070 checkered garter snake Thamnophis marcianus 

 ARADB36090 western ribbon snake Thamnophis proximus 

 ARADB36100 Plains garter snake Thamnophis radix 

 ARADB36130 common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis 

 ARADB37010 lyre snake Trimorphodon biscutatus 

 ARADB38010 lined snake Tropidoclonion lineatum 

 ARADB39010 rough earth snake Virginia striatula 

 ARADB39020 smooth earth snake Virginia valeriae 

 ARADC02010 eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius 

 ARADD01010 Texas blind snake Leptotyphlops dulcis 

 ARADD01020 western blind snake Leptotyphlops humilis 

 ARADE01010 copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix 

 ARADE01020 cottonmouth Agkistrodon piscivorus 

 ARADE02020 western diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus atrox 

 ARADE02040 timber rattlesnake Crotalus horridus 

 ARADE02050 rock rattlesnake Crotalus lepidus 

 ARADE02070 blacktail rattlesnake Crotalus molossus 

 ARADE02100 Mojave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus 

 ARADE02120 western rattlesnake Crotalus viridis 

 ARADE03010 massasauga Sistrurus catenatus 

 ARADE03020 pigmy rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius 
APPENDIX K

TX Gap Landcover NVCS 

Classification TNC Code Landcover Description

1 Water2 Bare Soil4 Cropland (irrigated, row, herbaceous, etc.)5 Urban Area7 I.A.8.N.b. Rounded-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergreen Forest 7 I.A.8.N.b.090. Ponderosa Pine Forest Alliance7 I.A.8.N.b.160. Loblolly Pine Forest Alliance8 III.B.3.N.a. Extremely Xeromorphic Deciduous Shrubland8 III.B.3.N.a. Catclaw Acacia8 III.B.3.N.a. Whitethorn Acacia8 III.B.3.N.a.040. Honey Mesquite Shrubland Alliance9 III.A.4.N.a. Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland9 III.A.4.N.a.010. Sandsage Shrubland Alliance

10 III.C.1.N.a. Lowland Mixed Evergreen - Drought Deciduous Shrubland10 III.C.1.N.a. Mesquite-Juniper pinchotti10 III.C.1.N.a. Mesquite-Oak (Quercus species) Brushland

11 III.A.5.N.c. Succulent Extremely Xeromorphic Evergreen Shrubland11 III.A.5.N.c.012. Opuntia Imbricata Shrubland Alliance12 III.A.5.N.b. Facultatively Deciduous Extremely Xeromorphic Subdeset Shrubland

12 III.A.5.N.b.010. Fourwing Saltbush Shrubland Alliance13 V.A.5.N.d. Medium-Tall Bunch Temperate or Subpolar Grassland13 V.A.5.N.d.011. Tobosa Herbaceous Alliance13 V.A.5.N.d. Sporobolus Flexuosus Herbaceous Alliance13 V.A.5.N.d. Bluestem Grassland, including CRP14 V.A.7.N. Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Shrub Layer14 V.A.7.N.m. Short Temperate or Subpolar Grassland with a Sparse Xeromorphic Shrub Layer 14 V.A.7.N.m.010. Hairy Grama - Blue Grama - Black Grama Shrub Herbaceous Alliance14 V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Deciduous Shrubland14 V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Microphyllous Evergreen Shrubland14 V.A.7.N.m. Short Grassland with Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland17 V.A.5.N.l. Semipermanently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland17 V.A.5.N.l.010. Common Reed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance17 V.A.5.N.l. Cane/Hardwood Bottomlands18 III.A.5.N.a. Evergreen Extremely Xeromorphic Subdesert Shrubland18 III.A.5.N.a.005. Tarbush Shrubland Alliance
TX Gap Landcover NVCS 

Classification TNC Code Landcover Description

18 III.A.5.N.a.007. Ocotillo Shrubland Alliance18 III.A.5.N.a.010. Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance19 III.A.2.N.c. Sclerophyllous Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland19 III.A.2.N.c.020. Havard Oak Shrubland Alliance20 II.B.2.N.b. Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Woodland20 II.B.2.N.b.030. Western Cottonwood - Willow Riverfront Forest21 V.A.5.N.e. Short Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland21 V.A.5.N.e.010. Blue Grama Herbaceous Alliance21 V.A.5.N.e. Burrograss Herbaceous Alliance22 II.B.2.N.a. Cold-Deciduous Woodland 22 II.B.2.N.a.050. Honey Mesquite Woodland Alliance22 II.B.2.N.a.160. Post Oak-Blackjack Oak Woodland Alliance24 V.D. Annual Graminoid or Forb Vegetation25 Wetland28 V.A.5.N.i. Intermittently Flooded Temperate or Subpolar Grassland (e.g., Playa Lakes)29 II.A.4.N.a. Round-Crowned Temperate or Subpolar Needle-Leaved Evergreen Woodland29 II.A.4.N.a.010. Ashe Juniper Woodland Alliance29 II.A.4.N.a.013. Alligator Juniper Woodland Alliance29 II.A.4.N.a.020. One-Seed Juniper Woodland Alliance29 II.A.4.N.a.030. Redberry Juniper Woodland Alliance29 II.A.4.N.a.110. Pinyon Woodland Alliance29 Juniper/Oak Species Mix33 II.A.2.N.a. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Woodland33 II.A.2.N.a.030. Gray Oak Woodland Alliance33 II.A.2.N.a.040. Live Oak Woodland Alliance34 VII.C.2.N.a. Sand Flats35 VII.A. Consolidated Rock Sparse Vegetation36 V.A.6.N.l. Temporarily Flooded Temperate Grassland With Sparse Cold-Deciduous Trees36 V.A.6.N.l.020. Eastern Cottonwood Wooded Herbaceous Alliance3637 VII.C.1.N.a. Dunes with Sparse Herbaceous Vegetation38 V.A.5.N.a. Tall Sod Temperate Grassland 38 V.A.5.N.a.130. Sea Oats Temperate Herbaceous Alliance40 III.A.2.N.a. Temperate Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubland40 Rhus aromatica42 III.A.4.N.c. Temporarily Flooded Microphyllous Shrubland
TX Gap Landcover NVCS 

Classification TNC Code Landcover Description

42 III.A.4.N.c. 010. Tamarisk Species Temporarily Flooded Shrubland45 V.B.1.N.b. Low Tropical or Subtropical Perennial Forb Vegetation45 V.B.1.N.b.005. Ipomoea pes-caprae Herbaceous Alliance47 II.C.2.N.a. Mixed Broad-Leaved Evergreen - Cold-Deciduous Woodland47 II.C.2.N.a.060. Live Oak - Post Oak Woodland Alliance51 I.B.2.N.a. Lowland or Submontane Cold-Deciduous Forest51 I.B.2.N.a.325. Water Oak Forest Alliance55 II.B.2.N.c. Planted/Cultivated Woodland56 V.A.5.N.c. Medium-Tall Sod Temperate or Subpolar Grassland56 (includes sod or mixed sod-bunch graminoids)56 V.A.5.N.c.202. Gulf Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance63 I.B.2.N.d. Temporarily Flooded Cold-Deciduous Forest63 I.B.2.N.d.070. Pecan - (Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance