NASA/TM--2000-209891, Vol. 126

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffre)" A. Ne_4,comel; Editors

Volume 126

BOREAS TE-1 CH 4 Flux Data

over the SSA-OA

Dal_,in Anderson, Universit 3, of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Andrea Papagno, Raytheon ITSS, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centel,

Green#elt, Maryland

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

October 2000

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BOREAS TE-1 CH4 Flux Data over the SSA-OA

Darwin Anderson, Andrea Papagno

Summary

The BOREAS TE- l team collected various data to characterize the soil-plant systems in the BOREAS

SSA. Particular emphasis was placed on nutrient biochemistry, the stores and transfers of organic

carbon, and how the characteristics were related to measured methane fluxes. The overall transect in

the Prince Albert National Park (Saskatchewan, Canada) included the major plant communities and

related soils that occurred in that section of the boreal forest. Soil physical, chemical, and biological

measurements along the transect were used to characterize the static environment, which allowed them

to be related to methane fluxes. Chamber techniques were used to provide a measure of methane

production/uptake. Chamber measurements coupled with flask sampling were used to determine the

seasonality of methane fluxes. This particular data set contains methane flux and soil profile methane

concentration values from the SSA-OA site. The data were collected from 29-May to 17-Sep-1994.

The data are stored in tabular ASCII files.

Table of Contents

l) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS TE-01 CH4 Flux Data over the SSA-OA

1.2 Data Set Introduction

This data set contains methane flux and soil profile methane concentration measurements taken at

the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Southern Study Area (SSA) Old Aspen (OA)

flux tower site. Chamber techniques were used to provide a measure of methane production/uptake.

Chamber measurements coupled with flask sampling were used to determine the seasonality of

methane fluxes.

Page 1
1.3 Objective/Purpose

The objective of the research was to characterize the various soil-plant systems along a transect in

one of the ecosystems selected for study at the SSA.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

The main parameters are soil methane fluxes and concentrations.

1.5 Discussion

None given.

1.6 Related Data Sets

BOREAS TGB-01 CH4 Tower flux data over NSA

BOREAS TGB-01 CO2 and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA

BOREAS TGB-01/TGB-03 NEE Data over the NSA Fen

BOREAS TGB-03 CO2 and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA

BOREAS TGB-05 CO, CO2, and CH4 Chamber Flux data over the NSA

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

Dr. Darwin Anderson

Research Professor

University of Saskatchewan

2.2 Title of Investigation

Stores and Dynamics of Organic Matter in Boreal Ecosystems

2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

Dr. Darwin Anderson

Department of Soil Science

University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

S7NOW0

(306) 966-6827

(306) 966-6881 (tax)

Contact 2:

Andrea Papagno

Raytheon ITSS

NASA GSFC

Code 923

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-3134

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Andrea.Papagno@gsfc.nasa.gov

None given.

3. Theory of Measurements

Page 2
4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Methane fluxes were measured during all ambient environmental conditions at the sites.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Ground.

4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

The mission objective was to determine the methane fluxes at the SSA-OA.

4.1.4 Key Variables

The key variables measured were the methane fluxes.

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

None given.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

None given.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

None given.

4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

None given.

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

None given.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

None given.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

None given.

None given.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

6.1 Data Notes

None given.

6.2 Field Notes

None given.

6. Observations

Page 3
7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) coordinates of the SSA-OA flux tower (site id

C3BTT), close to where the measurements were taken, are 53.62889 ° N Lat, 106.19779 ° W Long,

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 13, N: 5,942,899.9, E: 420,790.5.

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

Not available.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

These are point source measurements along a transect near the given location.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The data were collected from 29-May to 17-Sep-1994.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not available.

7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

Measurements were taken on a daily basis. Three methane flux measurements, one obtained from

each of the closed chambers, were averaged every 2 days from 29-May to 17-Sep-1994.

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SiTE

DATE OBS

MEAN CH4 FLUX

SDEV £H4 FLUX

MEDIAN CH4 FLUX

FIRST QUARTILE

FOURTH QUARTILE

CH4 CONC 5CM

CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CM

CH4 CONC 31CM

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM

CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM

CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM

Page 4
CRTFCNCODE

REVISIONDATE

7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

MEAN CH4 FLUX

SDEV CH4 FLUX

MEDIAN CH4 FLUX

FIRST QUARTILE

FOURTH QUARTILE

CH4 CONC 5CM

CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CM

CH4 CONC 31CM

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM

CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM

CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS, in

the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument, e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

Mean of all daily methane flux measurements.

The standard deviation of all daily methane flux

measurements.

Median of all daily methane flux measurements.

IST quartile of all daily methane flux

measurements.

4TH quartile of all daily methane flux

measurements.

Methane concentration in the peat at 5 cm depth.

Methane concentration in the peat at 9-16 cm

depth.

Methane concentration in the peat at 31 cm depth.

Methane concentration in the peat at 26-28 cm

depth.

Methane concentration in the peat at 43-46 cm

depth.

Methane concentration in the peat at 79-93 cm

depth.

The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

Page 5
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

................................

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

MEAN CH4 FLUX

SDEV CH4 FLUX

MEDIAN CH4 FLUX

FIRST QUARTILE

FOURTH QUARTILE

CH4 CONC 5CM

CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CM

CH4 CONC 31CM

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM

CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM

CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[micromoles]

[micromoles]

[micromoles]

[micromoles]

[micromoles]

Units

meter^-2] [second^-l]

meter^-2] [second^-l]

meter^-2] [second^-l]

meter^-2][second^-l]

meter^-2] [second^-l]

[parts per million]

[parts per million]

[parts per million]

[parts per million]

[parts per million]

[parts per million]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

..............................

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

MEAN CH4 FLUX

SDEV CH4 FLUX

MEDIAN CH4 FLUX

FIRST QUARTILE

FOURTH QUARTILE

CH4 CONC 5CM

CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CM

CH4 CONC 31CM

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM

CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM

CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

Data Source

[BORIS Designation]

[BORIS Designation]

[Human Observer

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equipmentl

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equlpmenr]

[Laboratory Equlpment]

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equipment]

[Laboratory Equlpment]

[Laboratory Equipment]

[BORIS Designation]

[BORIS Designation]

7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the data files on the

CD-ROM.

Hinimum Maximum Missng Unrel

Data Data Data Data

Column Name Value Value Value Value

................................................................

SITE NAME SSA-9OA-FLXTR SSA-9OA-FLXTR None None

SUB SITE 9TEOI-FLX01 9TEOI-FLX01 None None

DATE OBS 29-MAY-94 17-SEP-94 None None

Below Data

Detect Not

Limit Cllctd

None None

None None

None None

Page 6
MEAN CH4 FLUX 0

SDEV CH4 FLUX 0

MEDIAN CH4 FLUX 0

FIRST QUARTILE 0

FOURTH QUARTILE 0

CH4 CONC 5CM 1.043

CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CN .535

CH4 CONC 31CM .253

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM .307

CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM 0

CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM 0

CRTFCN CODE CPI

REVISION DATE 12-NOV-96

.00042824 None None None None

.00074074 -999 None None None

.00040509 None None None None

.00619213 None None None None

.0084375 None None None None

1.282 -999 None None None

1.584 -999 None None None

.483 -999 None None None

.917 -999 None None None

.524 -999 None None None

.359 -999 None None None

CPI None None None None

12-NOV-96 None None None None

Minimum Data Value --

Maximum Data Value --

Missng Data Value --

Unrel Data Value --

Below Detect Limit --

Data Not Cllctd --

The minimum value found in the column.

The maximum value found in the column.

The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

................................................................................

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of data record from a sample data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,MEAN CH4 FLUX, SDEV CH4 FLUX,MEDIAN CH4 FLUX,

FIRST QUARTILE,FOURTH QUARTILE,CH4 CONC 5CM, CH4 CONC 9 TO 16CM, CH4 CONC 31CM,

CH4 CONC 26 TO 28CM, CH4 CONC 43 TO 46CM, CH4 CONC 79 TO 93CM, CRTFCN CODE,

REVISION DATE

'SSA-9OA-FLXTR', '9TE01-FLX01',29-MAY-94, .00016204, .00008102, .00016204, .00217593,

.00347222,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0, 'CPI',I2-NOV-96

'SSA-9OA-FLXTR', '9TEOI-FLXOI',29-MAY-94, .0000463,-999.0, .0000463, .00069444,

.00069444,-999.@,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0,-999.0, 'CPI',I2-NOV-96

Page 7
8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data tracked by the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) was the data

collected at a given site on a given date.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

None given.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

None given.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None given.

9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

None given.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

None given.

9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10.1 Sources of Error

None given.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10. Errors

Page 8
10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

None given.

10.2.2 Confidence Level/Accuracy Judgment

None given.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

None given.

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

None given.

10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

Data were examined for general consistency and clarity.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

None given.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

None given.

11.3 Usage Guidance

None given.

ll.4 Other Relevant Information

None given.

12. Application of the Data Set

None given.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

This data set is in its final format.

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

None given.

14.2 Software Access

None given.

Page 9
15. Data Access

The CH4 flux data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System

(EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC).

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornidaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos,nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemicai Dynamics

http ://www-eosdis.ornl.gov /.

15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl,gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

Page 10
17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

None.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1997. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1996

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, H. Margolis, B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi, G. den Hartog, J. Cihlar, M.G. Ryan, B.

Goodison, P. Crill, K.J. Ranson, D. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Wickland. 1995. The boreal

ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): an overview and early results from the 1994 field year.

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 76(9): 1549-1577.

Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M.

Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T.

Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin. 1997. BOREAS

in 1997: Experiment Overview, Scientific Results and Future Directions. Journal of Geophysical

Research 102(D24): 28,731-28,770.

17.3 Archive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

None.

18. Glossary of Terms

AES

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

BP

CD-ROM

CMDL

DAAC

ECD

19. List of Acronyms

- Atmospheric Environment Services

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Beaver Pond

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Electron Capture Detector

Page 11
EOS

EOSDIS

FID

GC

GIS

GSFC

HTML

NAD83

NASA

NSA

OBS

ORNL

PANP

SSA

TCD

TE

TGB

URL

UTM

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Flame Ionization Detector

- Gas Chromatograph

- Geographic Information System

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Hypertext Markup Language

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Old Black Spruce

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Southern Study Area

- Thermal Conductivity Detector

- Terrestrial Ecology

- Trace Gas Biogeochemistry

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Universal Transverse Mercator

20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 07-Aug- 1998

Last Updated: 18-Aug- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 01-Dec-1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please contact the individuals listed in Section 2.3 as well as citing relevant

papers in Section 17.2.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

Anderson, D., "Stores and Dynamics of Organic Matter in Boreal Ecosystems." In Collected Data

of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K.

Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F.

Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A, Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 12

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October 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS TE-I CH 4 Flux Data over the SSA-OA

6. AUTHOR(S)

Darwin Anderson and Andrea Papagno

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9.SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)AND ADDRESS(ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

923

RTOP: 923-462-33-01

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING /MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-20989 l

Vol. 126

i

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

D. Anderson: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; A. Papagno and J.A. Newcomer:

Raytheon ITSS, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATE_IENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified-Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

712 ! Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301 ) 621-0390.

II I

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The BOREAS TE-1 team collected various data to characterize the soil-plant systems in the BOREAS

SSA. Particular emphasis was placed on nutrient biochemistry, the stores and transfers of organic

carbon, and how the characteristics were related to measured methane fluxes. The overall transect in

the Prince Albert National Park (Saskatchewan, Canada) included the major plant communities and

related soils that occurred in that section of the boreal forest. Soil physical, chemical, and biological

measurements along the transect were used to characterize the static environment, which allowed them

to be related to methane fluxes. Chamber techniques were used to provide a measure of methane

production/uptake. Chamber measurements coupled with flask sampling were used to determine the

seasonality of methane fluxes. This particular data set contains methane flux and soil profile methane

concentration values from the SSA-OA site. The data were collected from 29-May to 17-Sep-1994.

The data are stored in tabular ASCII files.

14.SUBJECTERMS

BOREAS, terrestrial ecology, soil-plant systems.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

12

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

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