## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

1 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref Amos (FF) WV NA NA Ohio River Perforated pipe intakes, 43.3 mgd Noted in 1980 report on Philip Sporn 36 Anclote (F ) FL 1,100 4,400 cfs Anclote Sound (estuary) 11/95 study specifically evaluated

entrainment mortality Overall average entrainment mortality of 31.8%, temperature dependant; used as measure to use dilution pumps rather than natural draft cooling towers; c ondenser/combined with dilution pump survival: acartia tonsa (66%/63%); am phiphode (29/58), chaetonethe (28/35), crab larvae (74/80), carideen shrimp (45/66), isopode (70/78), pisces larvae (8/47), Pensold shrimp (63/71), shrimp larvae (61/60) and pisces juvenile (56/62); from EPRI report (1995 testing), fish larvae, total survival 62%, fish juveniles (70%), amphipods (73%), chaetognaths (72%), caridean shrimp (81%) and penaeid shrimp (75%) Facility was required to em ploy a combination of cooling towers an d dilution pumps during certain periods of the year tied to biology (occurred in 1970s); significant long
- term controversey 15, 37

Arkansas 1 (N) AK NA NA Dardanelle Reservoir Air bubble curtain 1974
- 75 data: no effects with air curtain, 9.5 million imp inged, of which 5.1 million with air curtain (38 species) in the spring which represents a higher impingement rate with an air curtain. 5 Arthur Kill (Con Ed) NY 875 (2 units: 20 and 30) 28.6 m3/s Arthur Kill strait, across from mouth of Rahway River Sound system for bay anchovy,

blueback herring, alewife , American shad, and Atlantic herring; dual flow traveling screens, 2 of 8 screens modified (to Ristoph) as a result of Consent Order, required these 2 to have fish collection troughs, low pressure spray wash, fish flap seals, and separate fish collection sluices, 2 screens had 0.32 cm x11.3 cm and 0.64 cmx1.3cm vs 0.32x0.32 on unmodified, velocity range 0.18

– 0.4 m/s, seasonal operation in 1991/1992 Cage tests: Al ewife and American shad showed consist ent avoidance to high frequencies (similar to Fitzpatrick); bay anchovy showed no response; the full scale: sharp reductions for impingements, similar but lower affects for alewife, American shad even less but still 3 times lower than with system off; no effect on impingement of gizzard shad (t?), Atlantic herring, and bay anchovy 1999 EPRI Report: 1991/92 testing (continuous rotation during testing), most abundant species during summer and early fall (73% of total), Atlantic herring (14%) abundant in spring, and blueback herring (9%) during late fall, winter, and early spring; survival calculated after 24 hours; unmodified screen had average survival of 15%, modified screens had 79 and 92%, marked differences in survival observed for alewife, Atlantic herring, Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, blueback herring, and weakfish; no difference in survival (99%) for blue crabs. Specific studies made to determine if handling/holding tank or collection sluice effect survival

– found significant for bay anchovy, blueback herring, and Atlantic herring. Larger volume tanks appeared to improve survival; fish sluice system had higher survival than debris sluice except for Atlantic herring Cited in application for repowering of East River Station in 1999; saying overall survivability for modified screens 83%. Indicated would review further 21, 32

Bailly Generation Station (F) IN 615 1165 m3/min Lake

Michigan Leaky dam, cooling water intake

well 1985 EPRI Report, test for alewife (egg
- adult), gizzard shad (yearling
- adult), spottail shiner (larvae
- adult), and yellow perch (larvae

– adult) 6 Barney Davis Corpus

Christi TX 700 1,870 m3/min Laguna

Madre, coastal lagoon, 30
- 50 ppt salinity Shovel type lip, single entry,

double exit traveling screen (Passavant), continu ous rotation 0.5 mm fine mesh, high pressure spray, approach velocities 0.5 m/s to 0.9 m/s High survival for crustaceans, variable for juveniles, no larval estimates; high level of marine grass. Testing for bay anchovy, menhaden, atlantic croaker, killfis h, spot, silverside, and shrimp

– juvenile and adult (EPRI report), high survival 0.6
- 1.2 inch bay anchovy and gulf menhaden from fine mesh (ASCE report); overall initial survival for all individuals 86% (no larvae), lowest% mortality for mendahen during February also most prevalent specie during that Used extensively in Europe 5, 6, 20,32

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

2 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref month; bay anchovy were 74% of catch in June and had highest mortality 98%, bay anchovy mortality may be due to large numbers of jellyfish . BC Cobb MI NA NA Lake Michi gan Barrier net, velocities about 0.3 fps Reduced impingement by 50%, some biofouling Similar write
- ups for Kyger Creek Station and Tanner Creek 49 Belle River MI 1695 41.7 m3/s St. Clair River Through flow 9.5 mm angled

screens (20 degrees) with lateral fish passage (18 inch guided vanes); orientation of the intake structure and trash racks function as louver system, lateral current function as wash system, approach velocity about 0.15 m/s 1980s studies, total of only 679 fish collected from screens, initial survival rates of impinged fish high, might be lower than expected because still kept in nets for 24 hrs. None of alosa (alewives and gizzard shad) survived. Groups of darters, centrarchids, sculpins, and catfish exhibited 60% survival 32

Bergum Power Netherlan

ds 640 1,667 m3/min Netherlands

Lake NA 1976 study, smelt larvae and juveniles, total survival 10
- 41%, increased as function of size; percidae 39
- 82%, also increased as function of size. 33 Big Bend 3 and 4 (ff) FL 1,335, Units 1
- 3 45.6 m3/s Tampa Bay Intake canal, Units 3 and 4
- fine mesh (0.5 mm); Ristoph, low pressure spray and troughs, initial test then installed on 4, also evaluated different approach velocities and screen rotational speeds, 9.5 fps 1985 data: total invertebrate mortality: 10
- 35%; bay anchovy: initial (42
- 84%), latent (32
- 35%); bay anchovy, Atlantic tomcod, and Atlantic silverside total mortality of 72.4%; mortality for yolk
- sac larvae of mummichog, Atlantic silverside, Atlantic tomcod, white perch, and winter f lounder: 62
- 100%, except winter flounder at 11
- 62% mortality; 36
- 100% mortality for larvae all species; comparable results to pilot tests. Fine mesh (0.5 mm) screen performance has consistently improved at Big Bend units 3 and 4 with better surveillance and maintenance, including bi
- weekly cleaning of screens to prevent biofouling. 1988 reported efficiency in screening fish eggs (primarily drums and bay anchovy) exceeding 95% and fish larvae (primarily drums bay anchovies, blennies, and gobies) about 86% . Latent survival for fish eggs has improved to 65

– 80% for drum and to 66

– 93% for bay anchovy. 1981 studies found approach velocity not significant factor in survival. Biweekly cleaning of screens to prevent biofouling 1, 9, 32

Big Sandy (F) KY 10 60 49.9 m3/min Big Sandy

River Natural draft cooling, cylindrical

intake screens fitted with wedge wire 0.38 x 1.91 cm, screen located in deeper river channel, velocity limited to 0.05 m/s 1985 EPRI Report, no biological tests done High loadings of sand and silt but easy to clean because of shallow depth 6

Bowline Point NY 1200 (2 units) 2,900

m3/min Hudson River 3.0 mm barrier net studies in mid 90s; previously deployed 9.5 mm Mid 90s data: absence of fish abundance made unable to determine effectiveness; some clogging and bio fouling; silt caused net to sink; later fouled by algae. Different from Surry in that not modi fied screens (i.e., 8, 20, 27, 32

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

3 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

barrier net during Oct.
- May, also continuously operated screens, data from mid
- 70s, based on early studies. Added air bubbler to help with ice, debris boom, facility has low and high pressure wash systems, approach velocity 0.76 fps Mid 70s data showed initial survival of YOY 81
- 98% (white perch) and 89
- 98% striped bass which dropped to 55
- 56% perch and 52
- 81% for striped bass, (apparently similar trends at Roseton and Danskammer), apparently significant issue for fragile gizzard shad and Alosa; net placed in v
- neck position around intake. 1976
- 85 data, net effectively reduces with perch and striped bass impingement, clogging has not been a problem; not generally stagnant water

– low approach velocity, impingement 91% lower than without net. In April 1982 of 230,000 yearling white perch and striped bass only 1.6% impinged. In 1976 conducted studies of various screen operational modes and screenwash pressures on survival, looke d at: (1) continuous screen rotation with continuous wash, 2
- hour hold with 20 minutes wash and rotation every 2 hours, and (3) 4
- hour hold; also considered high pressure alone compared to high and low pressure together. Results of tests showed initial survival high (96
- 98%) for YOY white perch during all modes; highest for continuous operation 96
- 98% for initial; and 55
- 56% survival for 96
-hour; 2
- hour (90 and 29), 4
-hour 69
- 75 and 19. Little difference between low and high pressure systems. Authors th ought this could be due to inability of low pressure to pull of screens. Also looked at continuous low and high pressure white perch survival in 1997 and saw 87% survival (low pressure) and 81% survival (high). Also studied entrainment survival in 1978 , total survival striped bass: yolk sac larvae 84.1 and post yolk sac 100%, white perch: post yolk larvae 31%, Atlantic tomcod (100

– post), gammarus sp. 92.3 and nemysis Americana 70.5; similar results 75, 77, and 78 buckets), rough sluiceways, some exposure to high pressure screens, early nets no useful for eggs and larvae because have to have reasonable opening size to prevent clogging

Braidwood IL 2240 189 m3/min (make
- up) must be closed loop Kankakee

River 1988 study of entrainment survival; only lepomis sp. larvae collected in sufficient numbers to consider initial survival, calculated as 100% considering control (80% w/o adjustment to control) 33

Brayton Point 4 MA 1600 total , Units 1
- 4 984

m3/min Lee River for

Unit 4 (Estuary) and Taunton River for 1
- 3 Angled traveling screens on Unit

4, and vertical traveling screens on 1
- 3 leading to fish bypass. Each screen has fish bucket. Unit 4 originally had fine mesh, which was lat er removed; Unit 4 was also closed cycle until 1984 with 0.3 1984
- 1986 impingement survival data for Unit 4 showed 25% survival of fragile (bay anchovy [0%] and Atlantic Silverside) fish and >65% survival of hardy group (winter flounder and northern pipefish). Diversio n efficiency for all species was 76% but increased to 90% when YOY bay anchovy was excluded. Initial survival, post diversion, was 58% (83% w/o bay anchovy, which had only 5.7% initial survival); latent survival was 63% (0% for bay anchovy); higher extend ed numbers due to differences in numbers of fish. Bay anchovy greatly reduced survival rates 1, 6, 9, 32

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

4 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

m/s approach velocity; plant also conducted a porous dike test facility (presumably in 70s). Since 1997, screens on Units 1
- 3 have been rotated continuously, and the plant uses piggyback operati on where Units 1
- 3 supply cooling water for 4. 1993 document: fine mesh only led to 6.5% reduction in winter flounder entrainment, were apparently removed later on; considered wedgewire but lower volumes. With porous dike, larval densities used as mea sure of avoidance; with 8
- inch stones, density of bay anchovy reduced by 94
- 99%, for winter flounder 23
- 87%. Differences in flounder densities increased as season progressed Complete entrainment avoidance by juvenile and adult finfish. 1996 annual letter indicates that, pre
- continuous rotation impingement survival for Units 1
- 3 was 58% and Unit 4 was 80%; and that continuous rotation would increase survival for 1
- 3 by 7% (although says 62% vs. 58%?); piggybacking was projected to eliminate impingement f rom Unit 4 (by eliminating intake) and thereby increase survival by 80%; subsequent document show as much as 29% for piggybacking (reduced flow); PCS data for discharge flows; Phil Caruso
- may have started piggybacking before 94; TAC encouraged, 93 permit has flow limit but no requirement, 97 MOA made it official, conversation 12/4; new flow limits Brown Ferry (N) TN NA Fresh water Fish pump 27% improved savings of fish Probably little success for larvae 5 Brunswick (N) NC 1642 4080 m3/min Cape Fear

River (Estuary) Traveling screens, intake located

11.7 km upriver from facility, flows to plant thru canal, v
- shaped diversion at canal entrance with ni
cu screens (9.5 mm); 1mm screens on 2 of 4 traveling screens, only run when temperatures <18 degrees C, copper alloy screens to limit biofouling 1985 EPRI Report, testing for menhaden, spot, croaker, weakfish, anchovies, and shrimp (larvae
-

juvenile); blue crab (juvenile
- adult), Impingement study showed th at juvenile and adult mendhaden, spot and croaker were diverted by barrier, not bay anchovy. Comparative studies in 1984/85, total rate of impingement ranged from 6.6 million per day mid
- January to 22,000 in mid
-November; total reduction of fish entrained by the fine mesh vs. conventional screens was 84%; study of impingement survival for juvenile and adult fish and invertebrates on screens as well, with slow and fast screen speeds showed bay anchovy survival at 0% and menhaden survival at16%. 1979 EPA report indicates loss of 3
- 4 billion larvae and post
- larvae of spot, croaker, menhaden, sea trout, blue crab, shrimp, flounder, and mullet a figure that translates to 20 million finfish and shellfish, modeling showed 15
- 35% of population. EPA cited coolin g towers would provide 95% reduction, whereas the facility proposed load reductions that would reduce impact by 26
- 32% Note in EPRI Report that biological monitoring likely condition of renewed NPDES permit, conducted larval impingement counts but not survivability studies, intake in “estuarine nursery area” according to EPA, estimated cost of cooling towers $108 million (1979 dollars), estimated maximum capacity loss of 70 MW 6, 32, 45

Buck Steam NC 475 NA Fresh water Location Lower impingement due to intake “flush” with river bank 5 Calvert Cliffs (N) MD 1650 151m3/s Chesapeake Bay Intake canal, 12 traveling screens

rotated for 10 minutes every hour or when sensors detect pressure Total impingement finfish ranged from 79,081 (1992) to 9.6 million (1984), average 1.3 million ; blue crab 219,110 (1992) to 1.88 million (84), 99% survival rate for crabs. Total survival 73%, including 99% for crabs. Large database from Royce screens (smaller mesh) tested in 1981, increased impingement, not 16, 22 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

5 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

difference, 10 mm mesh. Original conventional replaced with dual flow screens. High pressure wash leads to return to Chesapeake Bay. Facility has learned to anticipate episodic impingement and also maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels in the intake canal. 21 years of impingement monitoring. Installed barrier net, intake velocity about 0.3 m/s, high pressure wash (with differential pressure sensors which also leads to immediate rotation) and return to bay through drain system 21 years of monitoring. Most abundant species include anchoa mitchilli (68%). Comparison of dual flow versus co nventional screens showed: atlantic menhaden mean survival (impinged) dual/conventional (7.8/5%), spot (41.2%/70.4%) oyster toadfish (100/95.4%), northern searobin (44.4/48.5%), bay anchovy (6.3/18.3%), winter flounder (78.8/46.3%), monitoring for 21 year s. Also evaluated entrainment survival in 1978
- 80: bay anchovy larvae/juveniles extended survival 3
- 5%, naked goby larvae 88
- 98%, blenny larvae 37
- 79% spot juveniles 100%; studies behavioral barriers with no effects used, added differential pressure sensors trigger wash and rotate, significant improvement, also improve DO levels, found ways to predict episodic impingement, coincides with warm weather, thermal stratification in the bay and w to sw wind effect DO pattern and fish escape
Cape Canaveral FL 735 791 mgd Indian River, brackish tidal lagoons Conventional traveling screens

(9.5 mm), 2.0 fps intake velocity 1983 Region IV evaluation of intake alternatives, significant effect to Canaveral Pool, i.e. 73% of water in pool used by this and Indian River; estimated larvae and post
- larvae entrainment for forage species such as anchovies and gobies 6.9
- 9.9 billion, sport and commercial taxa: drum (1058 million) and sole and flounder (105 million). EPA determined variable speed pumps would reduce entrainment by 20% with minimal expected benefit for impingement. Fine mesh was eliminated because considered experimental from experience at Big Bend, i.e., fragile fish larvae

– c ould be updated based on enhancements, sea water cooling towers expected to require only 11% of once through flow. Kaplan concluded everything was too costly and/or ineffective 38

Cardinal (F) OH 1180 Units 1 and 2 1,152 mgd

(Units 1 and 2), 600 MW Ohio River Vertical traveling screens average intake velocity < 0.4 fps, screens normally rotated once per 8 hours, unit 3 is a closed cycle unit 10.2 mgd Conducted technology alternative evaluation circa 1980, estimated 163,593 fish impinged annually, gizzard shad (65%), emerald shiner (14%), and channel catfish (5%); estimated 79 million eggs and larvae entrained annually (April through August), 52% minnows, during this period plant circulated 2.4
- 11.1% of river flow, modified Ristoph <$2.2 million, $1.6 milli on for Passavant screens; barrier net during key impingement periods suggested, problem of winter conditions, only about $10,000 for the net $20 million estimate for wedgewire at Muskingum, similar, no performance numbers 49

Cayuga IN 1,000 2014 m3/min Wabash River 1979 study of entrainment survival, initial and 48 hour survival, catastmodiae ysl 87% and pysl 94%, cyprinadae ysl 41 (temp. variation) and pysl 81%, percidae, ysl 50 (highly temp dependant). 33 Cedar Bayou (F) TX 2295 NA Cedar Bayou Comparison of impingement and impingement survival between dual flow and conventional screens

- dual flow initially 3.2 mm No difference in impingement between dual flow and conv entional screens; no data on mortality. Need actual data 22

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

6/29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

(changed to 9.5 same as conventional due to clogging by ctenophores and jellyfish) Chalk Point (F) MD 1880 2862 m3/min Patuxent

River (Estuary) Drawn thru canal, conventional

vertical traveling screens, .95 cm, approach velocity 0.5 m/s. 2 barrier nets installed 1981 to reduc e crab impingement. Wedgewire screens with slot sizes of 1, 2, and 3 mm studied by State of MD in 1982
- 83 1985 EPRI Report, testing for menhaden, spot, bay anchovy (juvenile
- adult), croaker and weakfish (juvenile), hogchoker (larvae
- juvenile); blue crab (juvenile
adult), white perch (egg thru adult); wedgewire studied with slot sizes of 1, 2, 3 mm. 1 mm led to 80% exclusion of all species from entrainment; and for fish greater than 10 mm, entrainment was eliminated. 2 and 3 mm not as effective, primary lower slot size benefit to larger fish for entrainment (mostly because neither was effective in catching fish below (5 mm), also tested velocity effects ranging from 9.5

– 40 cm/s; four fold increase in approach velocity had significant impacts on naked g obies, but not for bay anchovies, no effects from screen diameter. Barrier net reduced impingement liability for all species from over $2 million to less than $140,000. In 1982
- 83, State of Maryland conducting small
scale wedgewire test, similar to previous work at “Oyster Pt ;” 31 ref cites barrier net technology unworkable at Morgantown

– works at Chalk Point because of shallow wide entry; production losses attributable to the facility ranged from 4
- 20%, also some studies show some level of silverside survival through entrainment 6, 9, 29, 35

Clifty Creek (F) OH 1305 960,000 gpm Ohio River Vertical traveling screens 1980 Report indicated that going to 1 pump would reduce intake velocity by 42%, not considered further because said to be already below EP A’s guidance of <1.0 fps; some energy penalty, over 175,000 fish impinged, 85% gizzard shad 36 Columbia Generating (F) WI 1054 1514 m3/min Wisconsin

River (Fresh Water) Drawn thru 1,000 m channel, then

to cooling pond and Ristroph screens, velocity 0.3 4 m/s 1985 EPRI Report, testing for Black bullhead, Bluegill sunfish, walleye, and white sucker (adult only). One year test on fish conservation traveling screens, limited by low fish abundance 6 Connecticut Yankee (N) CT 660 1500 m3/min Connecticut

River NA Early 70s studies of entrainment survival, initial only, no species info except 98% were pysl of clupeids (herring and alewife), 0
- 30% survival, temp dependent 33 Contra Costa (PGE) CA 1260 2718 m3/min San Joaquin

River Fish removal system added to

traveling screens 98% survival when fish removal system was added to travelling screens; also studied entrainment survival in 1976. Initial survival for striped bass larvae was 0
- 95%
- highly variable, authors indicated threshold for increasing mortality at 30
- 32 degree C range. New Unit 8 approval conditioned on study/use of Gunderboom system. Probably little success for larvae 5, 33
Cope Station Unit 1 SC 385 0.3 m3/s South Fork Edisto River Caisson water intake, 2 wedgewire

screens Striped bass, wh ite perch, bay anchovy species of concern, engineering and modeling done to show reduced I&E w/screens; no data provided in EPRI report Need for cross current, all current work in fresh water 32 Crystal River (F and N

– unit 3) FL 1800, Units 1
- 3; 1500 MW , Units 4

– 5 2,936 cfs

(1
- 3 only) Crystal Bay,

estuarine nursery Units 4

– 5: natural draft; Units 1
-

3: once through. Waters for once through pass through intake canal; 1
- 3 have traveling screens with 9.5 mm mesh, rotated once per 8 hours Cooling Tower Sy stem : 10% blowdown and 80% reduction in water needs using salt w ater make up; Kaplan noted that the Crystal Bay region is a spawning area for numerous species of fish and shell fish, that impingement took 23 tons annually, including 3.4 tons of shrimp and 14.3 tons of blue crab. Estimated entrainment/impingement loss of Kaplan found 316(b) demonstration for 1
- 3 inadequate in 1986; FPL demonstration (1985) did not evaluate technologies, FPL estimated $20.1 million to 1, 39, 40, 41

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

7/29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref over 20 million/88,000adult equivalent bay anchovy, 84,000/15,000 pinfish, over 700,000/28,000 spot, 30,000/641,000 pink shrimp, blue crab 2/640,000. No return system, annual entrainment in the billions of fish eggs and larvae, anchovies and crustaceans. Region 4 determined that cost was excessive for cooling towers (Kaplan mentions $150 million, presumably provided by FPL); helper cooling towers proposed by FPL would lower the thermal discharge but not reduce intake requirement; fine mesh screens were eliminated due to the potential for siltation. FPL notes that 50% reduction in entrainment of shrimp, pinfish, and bay anchovy possible with fine mesh screens; therefore, the only requirement in renewed 1988 permit for Units 1
- 3 was to reduce flows during Nov.

– April by 15%, as well as comprehensive mitigation program. New units 94 and 5) were required to install cooling towers. 1982 study of fine mesh screens by retrofitting one screen on Unit 2 with 0.5 mm screen. Result: screen operated at 10 ft/min except when coal barge traffic (cause of siltation) was high, then it operated at 20ft/min and experienced severe plugging. (ASSUME THIS IS UNIQUE CONDITION) retrofit with fine mesh screens

D.C. Cook MI 2200 6.3 million m3/min Lake

Michigan Currently has 9.5 mm traveling

screens, washed with jet spray to larger baskets Annual impingement losses from 1975
- 82 ranged from 53,000
- 2.3 million. Peak impingement in June and July and often secondary peak in April
- May; alewife 68%, spottail shiner 10%, yellow perch 9%, trout
- perch 5% , rainbow smelt 4%, and slimy sculpin 2%, 1,000 salmonids per year during both unit operation, Reference 46 indicates 80% of all fish impinged during April
- July, most YOY August
- October, during 2 unit operation, average of 54% annual loss during June. Sug gested seasonal reductions in flow; in particular, scheduling refueling and maintenance during these months Ref 46 suggests barrier net could be used during April
July with projected 80% reduction in impingement; suggest fine mesh not proven at high intake flows 46

Danskammer Test Facility (F) NY 490 1196 me3/min Hudson River

(Estuary) Equipped with angled traveling

screens, the plant tested 0.5 mm fine mesh screens; in 1979 the power plant installed a modified front wash screen with an approach 0.45 m/s 1981 angled travelling screen data: overall diversion efficiency at 95
- 100%, with the mean at 99%, including bay anchovy, blueback herring, white perch, spottail shine, alewife Atlantic tomcod, pumpkinseed, Amercian Shad. Overall latent survival = 84% (me an)
- 68% alewife to 99% spottail shiner. Plant studied effectiveness of modified screen in reducing impingement and observed no differences between 3 approach velocities. 1, 6

Delta Fish Protection Facility NA NA NA Louver system Found strong correl ation between fish length and guidance efficiency for striped bass and white catfish. <80% for smaller than 1” striped bass and 1.6” for white catfish, much higher for larger fish, i.e. >2” 20 Diablo Canyon (N) CA 2,200 9.45 million m3/day Pacific Ocean Constructed intake cove behind break water; vertical traveling screens (9.5 mm mesh) Adult Equivalent Calculations
- June 1996
- 1999 entrainment data, 16 taxa: 18,200 and 23,400 brown crab, 54,600 and 17,900 slender crabs; Pacific Sardine 2,650
- 7,000 per year; northern anchovy 43,200

– 120,000 per year; rockfishes 164
- 353 per year; Painted Greenling (larval data) 9.6

– 24.2 million; Sculpins Tenera (1988) showed impingement at 0.32
- 0 .73 kg/day. Cost to widen intake/slow velocity = $51 1

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

8 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref (larval data) 36.3 million

– 51.9 million; White Croaker 14,700

–21,600 per year; Monkeyface Prickleback (larval) 6 1.7
- 83.1 million; Kelpfish 181
- 308 million; Blackeye Goby 64,100

– 188,000; Flatfishes 1,450

– 6,710 (Sanddabs) and Halibut 8.26
- 15.7 million; PGE 1988 (studies at Diablo, Moss Landing, and others) found that impingement mortality could be reduced by as much as 75% with modified screens and fish return sluiceways. Studies by Tomljanovich show 1.0 mm screens would substantially reduce entrainment and 0.5 mm mesh would virtually eliminate entrainment. Studies then show <1 (striped bass)
- 96% (bluegill and smallmouth bass) 48h survival on fine mesh screens. Fine mesh could help acknowledged by PGE but necessary design modifications could increase impingement; variable speed pumps would only reduce flow by 2
- 10%. million; more screens needed for lower velocity $51 million. No impingement survival expected due to large debris; $13 million for fish return sluiceway; $658 million cooling tower, $10 million for fin e mesh, variable speed
- $7.6 million

Dominion Surry Plant (N) VA 1550 6360 m3/min James River,

some salinity in water (Estuary) Intake channel, continuous screen

rotation, fish compartments for each Ristoph screen, low pressure wash and return 1974
- 197 6 impingement data indicated 93.8% survival for all fish with anchovies lowest at 83%. Facility has modified Ristoph screens with low pressure wash and fish return systems. 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alosa spp., menhaden, spot, croaker (juvenile), h ogchoker and bay anchovy (juvenile
- adult) Pretty high maintenance could have been reduced by alternative materials, rotations speed, and more, smaller screens 5, 6

Dungeness A and B England NA NA Ocean Velocity cap difference between and A and B 62% decre ase in catch, largely due to sprat, with a contributing factor being only 1 pump running at B while 3 were running at A. 3 Dunkirk Steam NY NA NA Lake Erie Dual flow screens, 0.27 m/s, screen speeds of 5.5 and 16.5 m/min considered, installed at both units with 3.2 mm mesh at .27 m/s, operated continuously; studied in 1987 and 1990/91. 1998 modified dual flow installed on Unit 1 for testing

– nose cone on upstream, solid wall to improve flow distribution, improved fish bucket design and internal and external low pressure fish sprays Impingement survival about 50% for major taxa, except alewife at 3%; data hard to interpret; interesting of 92 alewife collected at fast speed 99% initial and 3% latent survival; emerald shiner (97/84%) both speeds, gizzard sh ad most high speed (97/52%), rainbow smelt (98/39%), spottail shiner (only high) (100/90%), white bass only high) (98/56%), yellow perch (only high) 100/95%), data includes both juveniles and adults. 1999 EPRI Report: modified dual flow tested in 98/99, only winter 98/99 preliminary survival data in report; high survival for most species and improved design leads to improved fish handling: survival of emerald shiner initial/latent juvenile (81%/67%), adult (91/89); gizzard shad (only juvenile) (71/16); rainbow smelt juvenile (55/22), adult (83/48); white perch (78/64); low survival for juvenile alewife but only 25 fish collected. 22, 32

Eddystone, Units 1 and 2 PA 1400 total 28 m3/s, units 1 and Delaware

River Cylindrical wedge wire, 6.4 mm

mesh, located on shoreline and Mesh size precluded significant effects on entrainment; but technology has effectively reduced impingement. Pre
- wedgewire screens showed over 3 million Relative fresh water at this point although under some 2, 21, 32

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

9 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref 2 only backflushed with compressed air fish impinged in 20
- month period, EPRI indicates impingement has been eliminated. tidal influence and slightly brackish Edgar Energy Park (F) MA 306 (458 MW
- old facility NA Weymouth Fore River (tidal estuary) Shoreline intake with traveling

screens, fish buckets, high and low pressure sprays and fish return, 0.4

– 0.7 fps approach velocity Entrainment data: menhaden 278 adult equivalents estimated to be lost, poor evaluation of local effects, rainbow smelt 4.7% in area, Atlantic tomc od 337 lost, 1.25%, Atlantic silverside 37,774, 2.5% of population, Cunner 2,648 lost, 1%, windowpane 1551 (1%), winter flounder 24 lost, 1.7%; survival of clams expected to be high. Impingement: 9.39 to 25.38 flounder per day and 2.11 to 3.25 smelt per day (based on 1976 study at old plant) Combined cycle proposed, evaluated angled screens (misinterpreted Brayton data) and other technologies, very cursory 13

Edge Moor (F) DE 710 782 mgd Delaware River (Estuary) Traveling screens with 9.5 mm

mesh, not rotated continuously, fish troughs and return, Amertap (balls) to prevent biofouling, high pressure wash Entrainment studies 74
- 75, impingement 73
- 75, DE DNR “I/E at Edgemoor for striped bass and bay anchovy are significant, approach velocity 1.5 ft/s Signi ficant improvement in River conditions since mid 70s, plant intake is in important striped bass spawning area 11
Edgewater WI 820 454 m3/min (Unit 5 only) Lake

Michigan 3 offshore intakes (860 m), Unit 5

intake has velocity cap with Johnson Vee
- wire (0.9 5 cm opening), other 2 intakes no cap; all have traveling screens at plant 1985 EPRI Report, alewife, rainbow smelt, and yellow perch (juvenile) Units 1 and 2 were to be retired when 5 came on line 6
El Segundo (F) CA Pacific Ocean Velocity Cap (offshore) 80
- 90% reduction in fish entrapment. Fish pumps not consistently useful because fish did not congregate in quiet area where pump located. Cap does nothing for eggs and larvae (behavioral control) 4, 5 Empire Electric and N. States Power NY N/A (lab) N/A (lab) N/A (lab) Fine mesh screens, 0.15
- 0.91 m/s Early 1980s testing by Empire Electric and Northern States Power indicate “selective larvae capable of active diversion at a very young age.” Recommend use of lifting buckets, low pressure washes, fine mesh materials, and sluiceways. Velocity and duration of impingement key factors. Over 3,000 tests conducted with more than 75,000 larvae. Striped bass exhibited high mortality under all conditions, while winter flounder, alewife, and yellow perch prolar vae had low mortality, especially with short exposure duration. Post
- larvae mortality higher in some cases, but also high in controls. 1981 data: Alewife prelarvae/postlarvae retention (30.3
- 95.9% versus 1.4
- 23.7% for the low control group); channel catfish 86.1
- 98.6% retention; bluegill 73.7
- 98.6% retention; striped bass (0
- 48.8% retention versus the control group at 52.5
- 96.2%; yellow perch 67.7
- 95% versus the control group at 17
- 68.1% retention; winter flounder (64.4
- 92.7% retention versus control group retention at 0
- 35.1% on 4.4 mm mesh screen; walleye (20.4
- 68.6% versus the control group. 2

Fort Calhoun NE 481 1363 Missouri NA 1977 study of entrainment survival, initial survival freshwater drum 6
- 40%, mean 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

10 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref (N) m3/min River 19%, total larvae (drum, catostimidae, and gizzard shad 8
- 81%, mean 32%, intake survival average 6 X greater than discharge, also tested macros in 73
- 77, initial survival 87
- 92%. Ginna NY 517 1514 m3/min Lake Ontario Intake 3100 ft offshore, then to fine mesh traveling screen 1980 study of entrainment survival; initial and 96
- hour, initial survival of alewife eggs 62.5%, extended 19% after 4 days, and 16% after 8 days, intake survival also poor. 33, 50 Great Lakes Pi lot NA NA NA Great Lakes Velocity Studies No significant effects seen in velocity increase from 0.5 ft/s to 2.0 ft/s. 4 Green River (F) FL 220 404 cfs Green River Presumable traveling screens with no return In the late 1977s, Region IV indicated that the Green River was a major tributary to the Ohio River and that during low flow conditions the facility could take up to half of the river water; this could entrain nearly half the population of eggs and larvae, suggested potential reduced load operation in June (critical period); eggs only found during Spring 44
Hinkley Plant (N) England NA NA Severn Estuary Offshore intake Influenced by subtidal issues. 3 Huntington Beach CA Pacific Ocean Velocity Cap (offshore) 80
- 90% reduction in entrapment. Fish pumps not consistently useful because fish did not congregate in quiet area where pump located. Schuler and Larsent found that velocity increase from 0.5 ft/s to 1.5 ft/s with modified cap, significant increase at 2.0 ft/s (anchovy, croaker, and surfperches) 4, 5

Indian Point (N) NY 1829 6360 m3/min Hudson River Study using fine mesh traveling screens (2.5 mm); also modified to operate continuously with buckets and low pressure washes; also evaluated air bubbles, according to ASCE not function well; Unit 3 study of fish pulser 1977
- 78 studies , 0.2 to 4.1% recovery of yolk
- sac and post yolk
- sac striped bases, 44% recovery of juveniles. Survival highly dependent on return system; larvae mean 15 mm survival 60%; juveniles 75% or more; data comparable to survival thru entrainment

– striped bass (yolk
- sac 38
- 67%, 75
- 85% post yolk sac, and 83% juveniles. Redesigned fish troughs on Unit 2 in 1986, previous results considered unacceptable, problem with filamentous algae, low pressure wash worked well when limited algae, initially problems when high algae, modified and mortality reduced “appreciably,” injuries and deaths reduced from 53 to 9% for striped bass, 64 to14% for white perch, 80 to 17% for Atlantic tomcod, 47 to 7% for pumpkinseed. Striped bass losses due to the debris removal system reduce d from 23 to 0%for striped bass, white perch 33 to 1.3% and Atlantic tomcod 20 to 0.3%. Fish pulser had some unspecified benefit when large numbers of fish near intake; also studied intake survival in 1977, initial: striped bass ysl 63
- 85%, pysl 87%, white perch ysl 73 and pysl 89, bay anchovy pys l18
- 36, clupeids 40%; 78 data Modifications that led to survival improvements in Fletcher which showed impingement deaths to transport system not impingement on screen 14, 20, 22, 24, 32, 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

11 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref too variable to use, 1979 initial data, Atlantic tomcod larvae 11

– 64 (temp dependent), striped bass eggs 74%, striped based ysl 59
- 76%, pysl 63
- 70, white perch pysl 29
- 32, clupeid s pysl 22
- 31, anchovies 3
- 7; 1980 initial data: Atlantic tomcod larvae 48
- 88 (temp dependent), striped bass eggs 58% (only extended), striped based ysl 57
- 74%, pysl 55
- 81, white perch pysl 50
- 90 (temp dependent), clupeids pysl 62, anchovies 2
- 4; 1986 data : sample sizes only sufficient to calculate anchovy survival, initial survival 24%, neither intake or discharge survived 96 hours, therefore extended likely much lower; 1988 data: bay anchovy initial pysl 25%, not survival in intake or discharge for 24
-hour; striped bass ysl 60 and pysl 79; whiter perch 24
-hour pysl 38, alosa spp.l pysl 22 24
-hour; intake survival used to calculate total. Indian River DE 1435 Unit 4 (400 MW closed cycle) 989

m3/min Indian River

(Estuary) Intake canal, 0.46
- 0.64 fps, rex

chainbelt vertical traveling screens (3/8 inch mesh), not continuously washed, fish return Entrainment studies 75
- 76, impingement 74
- 76, adult equivalent modeling; 1976 entrainment survival study: initial and extended but unclear in report what results are for: bay anchoy (entrainable) 50
- 100% (initial and extended survival rate) at <25 degrees going down to 0 at 35 degrees, however, limited by significant mortality in control samples, Atlantic croaker entrainable 57
- 100% down to 0%, spot entrainable 100 down to 25%; Atlantic menhaden entrainable 87
- 100% down to 0; Atlantic silverside entrainable 100% down to 0; entrainable means primarily larvae; some juveniles. 11, 33

Indian River FL 610 835 mgd Indian River, brackish tidal lagoons Conventional traveling screens

(9.5 mm), 2.0 fps intake velocity 1983 Region IV evaluation of intake alternatives, significant effect to Canaveral Pool, i.e. 73% of water in pool used by this and Canaveral; estimated larvae and post - larvae entrainment for forage species such anchovies and gobies 6.9
- 9.9 billion, sport and commercial taxa, drum (1058 million) and so le and flounder (105 million), EPA determined variable speed pumps would reduce entrainment by 20%, minimal expected benefit impingement, fine mesh was eliminated because considered experimental from experience at Big Bend, i.e., fragile fish larvae

– coul d be updated based on enhancements, sea water cooling towers expected to require only 11% of once through flow Kaplan concluded everything was too costly and/or ineffective 38

J.H. Campbell 3 (F) MI 1422 total, 770 MW Unit 3 71m3/s Lake Michigan Cylindri cal wedge wire at 9.5 mm

mesh and intake at 1060 ft offshore (Unit 3) versus Units 1 and 2 with vertical traveling screens. Unit 3 system reduced entrainment of gizzard shad, smelt, yellow perch, alewife, and shiner (testing on larvae thru adult); eliminated impingement of gizzard shad, smelt, yellow perch, alewife, and shiners; and has generally performed well

– screens cleaned annually to avoid biofouling; however, not useful to prevent entrainment of smaller fish (eggs and larvae) but few are found at th e offshore intake location. Wedgewire screens have eliminated impingement of gizzard shad, smelt, yellow perch, alewife, and shiners. Screens are cleaned annually to prevent biofouling. Slot size is not issue because depth of screens avoids smaller organ isms 2, 6, 21

J.P. Pulliam (F) WI 400 1561 Fox Vertical traveling screens (0.95 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alewife, gizzard shad, yellow perch, walleye, State approved system as 5, 6, 20,

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

12 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref m3/min River/Lake

Michigan cm), dual barrier net around

shoreline intakes (6.4 mm), also tested air bubble curtain, high pressure wash, 1998 mods to system

– primarily mechan ical, nets in place >37F or April 1 til <37 or Dec 1 american shad, spottail shiner (juvenile

– adult), specific impingement studies on yellow perch; EPRI indicates no evidence im pingement reduction with air bubbles. TVA 1976 generally suggested some benefit for alewife; 1970s data from ASCE indicates studies of yellow perch, impingement survival under 2 scenarios: (1) impingement alone/hand removal and (2) impingement with hi gh pressure screen wash. Under (1), initial survival 84

– 100%, 96
- hour 82.1%; under (2) initial survival was 73.3%
- 100% and the mean 96 hr survival was 87.1%, with generally hardy species present. 1980s data show net (in place when the water temperature is greater than 37 degrees F, or from April 1 to December 1, reduced impingement overall by 90% (ASCE suggested potential for 100% with minor mods, as at Bowline where there is a low approach velocity (0.4 fps) and clogging is not issue. BAT including barrier nets 32

J.R. Whiting NY 238 0.214 gpm Lake Erie Intake at N. end of channel from Maumee Bay, 3 vertical traveling screen with 3/8 inch mesh 1979 Impingement and entrainment study, using deterrent nets, 100x22 foo t nylon mesh with 3/8 inch openings. Without use of barrier: 17,378,518 fish impinged, estimated 629,369,381 larvae and 553,620,137 eggs were entrained April 1979 to December 1979. With net, subsequent sampling in 1983
- 84, 421,978 fish impinged (97% eff ective); in 1987, 82,872 fish impinged (99% effective), and in 1991 316,575 fish impinged (98% effective); no eggs or larvae data. Need specific species info 32

James A. Fitzpatrick (n) NY NA NA NA Sound systems From Ross 1993, tests of sound protection to deter fish: alewife avoid high frequency sounds, 85% reduction in impingement during peak operations, 88% during non
- operating modes when only 2 intake pumps operating, on basis of test results installed full
- scale system Behavioral testing in 1976
- 77 , 1983
- 84, and 1985
- 86 conducted at Pickering Station in Ontario. Sound (popper) found to be effective diversion for alewife. EPRI 1985 and 1986 results show 73 and 76% diversion efficiency
. 21

Jeffrey Energy Center KS 2010 3.1 m3/s Kansas River Close d cycle cooling, 10 mm wedgewire screens, 0.2 m/s thru slot velocity Clearly not useful for entrainment, operating since 1982, considered both traveling and wedgewire; largely selected here because of reduced wear. Need biological data 32 Kammer (F) WV 675 1029 cfs Ohio River Vertical traveling screens (3/8”), once through, velocity < 1 fps, screens normally rotated once per 8 hours Conducted technology alternative evaluation in 1980. Estimated 12,520 fish impinged annually, gizzard shad (64%), emerald shiner (14%), white crappie (8%) and channel catfish (6%); estimated 182 million eggs and larvae entrained annually (April through August), 61% minnows, during this period plant Very general technology evaluation similar to Sporn, everything too expensive 48

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

13 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref circulated 1.6
- 9.4% of river flow; technology evaluation the same as Philip S porn, wedgewire estimated to be $7.5 million; modified Ristoph based on Tanner <$2.2 million; not enough room for collectors; cooling towers $50
- 60 million Kewaunee (N) WI 5 40 413,000 gpm Lake

Michigan Air bubble curtain, velocity at

intake mouth 0.9 fps Reportedly lower impingement of alewife using air bubble curtain. Here, no specific biological studies
- more due to less operational impacts, 50% reduction in fish entering intake system A number of studies on salmon show much more successful during daylight hours; Bibko et. al found it could be successful during night for YOY striped bass 5, 23, 50

Kintagh, originally Somerset (F) NY 625 12.0 m3/min Lake Ontario Velocity cap (0.15 cm/s), 4 modified traveling screens with either 1.0 fine or 9.5 std. mesh, low pressure spray and return system 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alewife, rainbow smelt, yellow perch, and white perch (all), smallmouth bass (YOY
- adult), lake, brown , and rainbow trout and Chinook salmon (yearling
- adult), EPRI report says continuous monitoring thru 1985 with species
- specific studies thereafter; evaluation of screen size and season. 1989 screening system improvements, specifically washing system upgrades. Ref 19 data: alewife 96 hr survival improved from 15% to 44% after improvements in 1989, gizzard shad from 54% to 65%, and other species generally greater than 80%: summer survival (1986); rainbow smelt 1.5% (summer, small number) and 95% (fall) (1 985); rock bass 95% survival 1985; spottail shiner 84
- 100% survival (1985

– 1986), white bass fall 1985 96% survival, white perch winter 85 72% survival; yellow perch winter 85 81% survival; estimated number entrapped by 1
- mm screen ranged from 123,391
- 780 ,361, except in 1986 2 to 35 times more than 9.5 mm mesh 6, 19

Lasalle Station (N) IL 2156 114
- 228 m3/min to pond Illinois River

(Fresh water) Shoreline intake with 2 Passavant

center- flow traveling screens 1985 EPRI Report, no testing to date 6 Logan Generating NJ NA 1 m3/s Delaware River Closed cycle cooling tower, intake

has 1 mm wedgewire Wedgewire screened entrainment = 0.003% of striped bass larvae in area, compared to 0.03% with unscreened intake. Area where striped bass spawn and rear 18 Lovett NY 463 total Unit 3 flow, 2.7 m3/s Hudson River Gunderboom, nominal filtration capacity of 0.02 mm. Testing initially performed on entire Unit 3 flow, installed on 3, 4, and 5; modified system installed at Unit 3 in 1998 with nominal mesh opening of 0.2 12 mm (0.5 mm perforations), air burst cleaning Susceptible to clogging and water flowing over the top. 1995 initial testing showed 82% effective in reducing entrainment among primary species
- herring, bay anchovy, striped bass, and naked goby. Tested from June thru August (summertime) showed a reduction in performance to a level comparable with a travelling screen, largely due to operational difficulties. 199 9

– 2000 testing had the same difficulties. Testing of modified boom installation in 1999 generally found no obvious Not shown to be long
- term effective 3, 21, 32, 34

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

14 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

system modified, high degree of algae growth, average flow through screen velocity at 0.02 fps mortality associated with impingement on the Gunderboom material. Impingement data similar to control; somewhat general findings; according to gunderboom technology lead, lower performance during 2000 (do not actually have data). Marshall and Allen Plants (Duke) (F) NC 1155

– Allen, 2000
- Marshall NA Fresh water Location Higher impingement rates than Buck due to intake location at the end of cove (Marshall) and at the end of shoreline depression (Allen)

– better fish habitat. 5 Michigan City (F) IN 680 NA NA Air bubble curtain Reportedly lower impingement of 50% for alewife using air bubble curtain. ASCE also noted some alewife impingement reduction at J.P. Pulliam and Michigan City during air bubble curtain test but saw no such benefits at Arkansas Nuclear. Plant also use electric screens for larger fish 5
Milliken Station (F) NY NA NA Lake Cayuga Test of strobe light deterrence, offshore intake, no physical barriers 37% less of all fish entrained when strobe lights operating; individual species results mixed; most effective in December, April, May, and June when intake water cooler; significantly effective for repelling YOY rainbow smelt, yellow perch, white sucker, and trout perch during entire study period; alewife and total fish as measured by numbers and biomass significantly repelled in winter and spring, juvenile smelt unaffe cted while adults collected in greater number with lights on; in July and August alewife also appeared attracted to lights. 25

Millstone (N) CT 2672 7055 m3/min Niantic Bay,

Long Island Sound Unit 3, shoreline intake at 8.5 m

depth, 6 traveling screens (originally 4.8 mm then increased to 9.5 mm due to clogging) with 0.6
- 0.7 m/s velocity and fish conveyance; Unit 1 and 2 similar but smaller. Unit 1 has fish conveyance 1985 EPRI Report: testing for anchovy (adult), winter flounder (larvae
- adult), Lady crab (adult), squid (juvenile
- adult), lobster (adult) stickleback (adult), grubby (larvae
- adult), tautog (larvae), sand lance (larv ae), silversides (adult). 1993 doc, primary effects on winter flounder larvae where annual entrainment estimates ranged 31
- 219 million . Approximately 8
- 20% of the annual production entrained with entrained larvae survival <1%. Wedgewire screens not proven due to higher flow than most other facilities (better for closed cycle); looked at extending intake offshore into Long Is land sound. Cooling tower would decrease intake need by 95%. Moving offshore for Unit 3 only was estimated to reduce overall winter flounder larvae entrainment by 25%

– may increase other species (grubby). Unit 2 1976
- 87 data: 8,610
- 60,410 fish impinge d (not including 480,000 sand lance impingement in 84), also looked at timing (spring key time for larvae entrainment)

– significant capacity issue. 1985
- 1986 continued impingement monitoring was expected, Unit 3 was to be completed in 1986; some monitorin g back to 1971 for Unit 1

– studies led to rejection of behavioral controls for Unit 1; 1993 document indicates that dual flow not usable where freezing occurs 6, 9

Mitchell (FF) WV NA NA Ohio River Perforated pipe intakes, 25 mgd Noted in 1980 report on Philip Sporn 36 Monroe Plant (F) MI 3150 5520 m3/min Raisin River

and Lake Erie Fish pump/removal system added

to traveling screen, 70s studies 70
- 80% survival, gizzard shad and yellow perch (focus on adults and perch and YOY), largely as a result of pumping system for fish return added to travelling Probably little success for larvae because non
- motile

– 5, 20, 33,47

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

15 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref

focused on use of pumps to safely remove fish from screenwells, physical/light techniques for guiding fish to pans, also considered air bubbles screen. Latent mortality low; air bubble curtain not successf ul according to ASCE. 1982 study of entrainment; survival calculated using intake level, clupeidaes prolarvae initial 1.2% survival, prolarvae 3
- hour 15.3%, post larvae 3
- hour 38%, juveniles 25% 3
- hour; cyprinidae, post larvae 24
- hour 75%; white bass, po st larvae initial, 93%; yellow perch: pro larvae 3
- hour 2.6 and post
- larvae initial 2.7%; freshwater drum: prolarvae initial 100%, postlarvae 94%; from ref 47, total impingement 75
- 76 4.7 million fish, including 626,000 yellow perch, 20.7 million larvae an d 27.5 million eggs fish have to move to pans. Apparently times of year when entire flow of Raisin River diverted through plant

Morgantown MD 1,150 2,230 cfs Potomac River (mesahaline estuary) BTA improvements consist of

curtain net and fish return, barrier net found not to work, could not operate behind curtain 35 Moss Landing 6 and 7 and proposed 2 additions (replacing 1
- 5) CA 1530, Units 6 and 7 (propose to add 2 units at 530 MW) 2,270

m3/min (6/7); 946 m3/min for new units over original 1,441 m3/min for 1
- 5 Pacific

Ocean, Moss Landing Continuously rotating screens

were studied versus intermittent rotation; new units (530 MW) would be combined cycle, proposed inclined with 0.8 cm mesh, approach velocity 0.5 fps 6/7 demonstration numbers: no change for hardy species such as plainfin midshipman and crabs; “substantial increase” in survival for surfperch and rockfish (11% of fish impinged); potentially no increase (vague) for pacifi c herring, bay anchovy, smelt, and silversides

– due to fragile nature of species. Adult Equivalent Calculations

– 1999
- 2000 entrainment data for new units: unidentified gobies

– 97,000
- 927,000 females; bay goby 1.046 million; 17,000 black eye goby; 185
- 1 ,300 longjaw mudsucks; combtooth blenny 11,000; 80
- 692 Pacific herring; white croaker larvae (8.6 million); pacific sculpin (4
- 12% of water source); crab >20 million 1, 8

Mountaineer (FF) WV NA NA Ohio River Wedgewire screens (21.7 mgd) Noted in 1980 report on Philip Sporn 36 Mystic Unit 7 (F) MA 1050 (Unit 7 @ 600 MW) 1097

m3/min Mystic River

(Estuary) Unit 7

– shoreline intake with

vertical traveling screens, modified with smooth mesh screens and fish buckets, low and high pressure wash, bottom sills on each screenbay. Evaluated impingement at operating speeds ranging from 1 to 4.6 m/min 1985 EPRI Report: testing for winter flounder, alewife, smelt, and blueback herring (all adult), impingement monitoring since 1975. Unit 7 retrofitted in 1983. Survival testing in 1980
- 81, which showed 96% survival for winter flounder during peak abundance period; survival rate for smelt, alewife, and blue back herring at 23
- 67%, dependant on species and screen rotation speeds; adult herring had low survival rates under all conditions. Increased survival seems tied to rotation speed. 50% survival at 4.6 m/min for all species. Alosa (alewife and blueback herring) had high initial survival but low latent survival at all speeds (about 25%). Overall, survival for winter flounder was 95% for continuous rotation, reduced to 46% for 8 hr rotation, with similar results for smelt. 1981 Stone and Webster recommends limiting continuous operations to key time Unit 7 is one of 4 operational units 6, 12

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

16/29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref periods (October
- December). Most abundant species were smelt, fo llowed by alosa (alewife and blueback herring), then winter flounder. Increased survival observed seemed tied to rotation speed; alosa high initial survival but low latent survival at all speeds; there was a 50% survival rate at 4.6 m/min for all species; overall survival for winter flounder was 95% with continuous operation, 56% at 2 hours, 34% at 4 hours, and 46% at 8 hour. Similarly, greatest survival for smelt at higher speeds Nanticoke (F) Ontario 4096 88m3 /s Lake Erie 2 submerged intakes, velocity caps, one 5 cm barrier net one of the intake; reduced intake by 50%; some testing of air bubbles 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alewife and rainbow smelt (egg
- adult); gizzard shad (adult). Monitoring since 1976 indicates 64
- 84% reduction in impingement losses (1981 original reference). Technology worked for emerald shiner, rock bass, spottail shiner, rock bass, spottail shiner, trout
- perch, white bass, and yellow perch, but not alewife and other species Not apparently used due because vulnerable to wave action and ice scour, 46 suggests could be used seasonally 6, 46

Nine Mile Pt (N) NY 620 MW (on); 1080 (scheduled ) Unit 1

–

1014 m3/min, Unit 2

– 226 m3/min Lake Ontario Unit 1

– once thru with velocity cap and 0 .61 m/s velocity, vertical traveling screens, no fish return; Unit 2

– velocity cap, closed cycle, angled screen diversion with bypass 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alewife and rainbow smelt (larvae
- adult); gizzard shad, yellow perch, smallmouth bass, and white perch (YOY
- adult); impingement monitoring since 1973 at Unit 1. Unit 2 not on
- line as of 1986 6

Northport NY 1500 3465 m3/min Long Island

Sound NA 1980 study of entrainment survival; total survival (with 48
- hour), American sand lance pysl 2%, winter flounder psyl 10%, northern pipefish 51% 33 Northside (F) FL 1159 NA St Johns River Traveling screens with fish return

system Required fish return system in 1995 Need more information 43 Oswego Steam 6 (F) NY 2187 total, Units 1
- 6 (now 1980 M W w/o 1
- 2) 1
- 5 2379

m3/min; 6 1230 m3/min Lake Ontario Units 1
- 4 : wooden cap with 0.4

– 0.6 velocity; Units 5
- 6: velocity cap with 0.3 m/s velocity; Unit 6 has angled traveling screens, Units 1
- 5 have conventional vertical traveling screens 1981

– 1984 data: diversion efficiencies: 79% (alewife) and 74% (rainbow smelt), combined all species 78%; initial survival was 45% (rainbow smelt) to 87% (gizzard shad); latent survival at 22% (alewife) to 94% (mottle sculpin). From 1999 EPRI Report, most recent study of post
- impingement survival on Unit 5 with conventional travelling screens, with alewife as the predominant (75%) species: initial/latent survival (47/1%) (very low latent survival for the predominant specie), rainbow smelt (15/7), mottled sculpin (92/8 7), spottail shine (48/34), threepine stickleback 60/33, gizzard shad (63/0), emerald shiner (28/21), others (23 species) 62/45. Latent survival is total survival after 24 hours. This data is consistent with earlier results from mid 70s/early 80s. 1, 6, 32

Oyster Creek (N) NJ 630 28.9 m3/s Barnegat Bay Intake canal, 6 vertical traveling screens with 10 mm mesh, 4 circulating pumps, intermittent wash system; continuous operation traveling screens Sampling from Sept 1975
- August 1977; bay anchovy 72% next me nhaden, spot, Atlantic silverside, small mouth flounder, and striped searobin; initial survival ranged from 90% for northern pipefish to 7% for bay anchovy; limited latent survival due to low numbers of testfish, ranged from 98% striped searrobin to 5% Atlantic menhaden; EPRI report, continuous operation of the traveling screens 32, 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

17/29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref increased immediate survival for Atlantic mendahen, Atlantic silverside, and winter flounder, most dramatic for fishes with low survival, survival highly variable based on the sp ecies, season, and size of impinged organisms; 1985 entrainment survival study: total survival (except bay anchovy larvae survival, none survived through 96 hours, holding blamed): bay anchovy eggs less than 27 degrees C 83% down and 17% down at greater than 33 degrees C; bay anchovy, initial only, larvae 68% survival at up to 35 degrees, 0.1% survival at greater than 35 degrees, winter flounder larvae 84% for below 15 degrees C and 15% above 18 degrees C Palisades Power Plant (N) MI 715 80,00 0 gpm Lake

Michigan Offshore (1,000 ft) intake,

mechanical draft cooling towers Crayfish inhabit the intake and greater impingement occurs when volume is reduced. Redondo Beach? 3 Philip Sporn (F) WV 1050 1038 mgd Ohio River Vertical traveling screens, 1980 assessment of alternative technologies, plant circulates estimated 2
- 11.7% of river flow when ichthyoplankton are present, 5 units, 1
- 4 avg. velocity <0.5 fps, unit 5 <1.0 fps, 1
- 4 rotated every 8 hours, 5 is linked to pressure sensor 1980 Report: annual estimates of 52,136 fish impinged (including gizzard shad (39%), freshwater drum, channel catfish (27%), emerald shiner (5%), white crappie (5%), and bluegill (4%); estimated 113.9 million fish eggs and larvae entrained; looked at wedgewire screens as option but said based on experience at Mitchell, Amos, Big Sandy, and Mountaineer would be too expensive because flow was 10 times greater than other plants and costs would be prohibitive (estimated at $7.5 million). Noted AEPCo commitment to wedgewire ba sed use at other 4 plants 36

Pickering (N) Ontario 1280 2600 m3/min Lake Ontario Screenwells, prototype diversion, mostly with behavioral devices 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alewife, rainbow smelt, gizzard shat (larvae
adult); impingement monitoring s ince 1974, behavioral test in 1976
- 77 and 1983
- 84; behavioral test showed sound to be effective for alewife; follow up alewife testing by EPRI in 1985
- 86. Popper shown to be effective for alewife, diverted 73% (1985) and 76%, (1986) away from intake; some suggestion that air bubble and strobes work also. Data too sporadic to draw conclusions, same with combinations of techniques. 6, 22, 28

Pittsburg (F) CA 1320 2,712 m3/min Bay Continuously rotating screens studies versus intermittent rotation In 1978 s tudy, no improvement in survival for invertebrates such as bay shrimp, crabs, and oriental shrimp; impingement 96h survival increased from 19
- 32 to 26
- 56% for YOY white perch; striped bass latent survival increased from 26 to 62% Also studied entrainment for striped bass larvae

– initial survival ranged from 11.8
- 93.5% (lowest survival rate was at 36
- 37 degrees C); earlier tests in 1976, 12.8 mm length initial 21 and 54, 21.6 mm 94 down to 12 at 37 degrees C, all striped bass larvae. 1, 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

18 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref Point Beach (N) WI 990 2838 m3/min Lake

Michigan Leaky dam technology, offshore

intake; reference to traveling screen 1985 EPRI Report: alewife (egg
- adult) and rainbow trout (larvae
- adult); testing in late 1970s as part of 316(b) demonstration; part of general studie s done by Wisconsin Electric Power in the late 70s/early 80s at several plants; generally lower I&E than at other nearby plants with onshore intake structures. Accuracy of results limited by varied species density and other environmental factors

– no numeric data. 6, 32

Port Jefferson NY 490 NA Long Island Sound NA 1978 study of entrainment survival; total survival (with 96
- hour results), winter flounder pysl 65%, sand lance pysl 25 and 86%: American eel juveniles 100%, fourbeard rockling eggs 73.1 and 100% 33 Portsmouth (F) VA 362 984 m3/min Elizabeth

River (Estuary) Intake canal, curtain wall then to

Royce traveling screens; buckets and low pressure spray wash 1985 EPRI Report: testing for alosa spp., menhaden, spot, croaker (juvenile), hogchoker and bay anchovy (juvenile
- adult). 6 Prairie Island (N) MN 1000 22,396 m3/min Mississippi

River Thru canal, 8 vertical traveling

screens at canal mouth, velocity 10 cm /sec, screen mesh 9 mm during 9/1

– 4/15 normally, 0.5 mm during remainder of year, fish return ; air bubble curtain studies in 1974; can operate as once thru, closed loop, or helper system 1985 EPRI Report: channel catfish, emerald shiner, gizzard shad, sauger, walleye, and white bass (larvae adult), freshwater drum (egg
- adult), performanc e testing “began in 1984”. 1974 data: air curtain actually caused net increase of fish entering (plus 7.1%); however, decrease was significant during April, May, and July, continuing use was recommended during these periods. 3
- ye ar study (1984
- 87) sho wed latent survival of most post larval fish 0
- 10%, except suckers (31
- 50%) and walleye (>50%), gizzard shad <0.1% post larvae, carp prolarvae 24, postlarvae 13, juvenile 71; cyprinidae prolarve 0.1, postlarvae 1.5, juvenile 46, adult 38, catostomidae prol arvae 44, postlarvae 38, juvenile 65; channel catfish prolarvae 59, juvenile 57; white basss prolarvae 0, postlarvae 2, and juvenile 31; lepomis spp. Postlarvae 1; pomoxis postlarve 2.5; percidae prolarvae 5, postlarvae 3; freshwater drum, prolarvae 0.4, postlarvae 5, juvenile 34; in general, juvenile had higher survival rates, data from 88 and 91 references, may be underestimated due to high control mortality; according to ASCE, air bubble curtain did not function well 5, 6, 9, 20, 32

Protrero Power Pla nt (FF) CA 332, proposed exp to 540 1,008

m3/min, proposed 1222 San Francisco

Bay Vertical traveling screens,

proposed new system with fine mesh (5/32) screens, CEC has re commended dry cooling 1979 study of entrainment survival for Pacific herring larva, initial 74%, 96
-hour 95, total survival = 70% (18
- 19 degrees C) 1999
- 2000
- study to support proposed expansion showed total estimate/AEL and/or 2 x female adult (2FH) losses due to entrainment of: unidentified gobies (80 million/58,000 AEL), yellowfin go by (64 million/7,984 FH), bay goby (48 million/222 AEL), Pacific herring (44 million/1,120 FH and 6910 AEL), northern anchovy (32 million/5,216 FH and 6,994 AEL), white croaker (6.9 million/154 2FH loss estimated value $1,385, AEL loss $620 33, 53

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

19 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref FH) Quad Cities IL 1242 3793 m3/min Mississippi

River 1978 study of entrainment survival, initial survival only, freshwater drum larvae and juveniles 62% at 30 degrees and down to 2% above 38 degrees C, cyprinidae larvae and juveniles 63% and down to 7 at above 38 degrees C. Additional work in 1984, initial survival only; buffalo sp. Larvae 94%, carp larvae 92/97% and freshwater drum 63%, all temps below 34 degrees C 33
Quad
- Cities (Com Ed) NA NA NA Mississippi River Studies air bubble curtains,

deployed 2 barrier nets in 1985 According to ASCE 1977, did not function well; barrier nets had significant operational problems due to freezing and debris. Showed some decrease in impingement, but EPRI report suggests results seen were due to fish abundance not net p erformance 20
Redondo Beach (F) CA 1,602 1770 m3/min Pacific Ocean

(1
- 6), King Harbor (7
- 8) Offshore intakes, Units 7
- 8 have

vertical cable array ( 46 cm spacing and velocity cap; performed initial testing of louver systems 1985 EPRI Report: testing fo r northern anchovy, white croaker, and queenfish (YOY
- adult), walleye surfperch and kelp bass (adult); 1979
- 81 studies of larval exclusion studies, including testing of velocity cap. In 70s, louvers placed at angles ranging from 90 to 20 degree to direction of flow at velocities ranging from 0.5 to 4 ft/s. Species tested included northern anchovy, queenfish, white croaker, walleye, surfperch, and shiner perch. Max guidance (96
- 100%) occurred with louvers 25 mm apart at 20 degree angle to flow and approach velocity 0.6 m/s. Found that there must not be turbulence in bypass channel, and channel velocity should be 3 times approach velocity. Worked equally well in light and darkness. 6, 30, 32

Roseton Station NY 1200 40 m3/s Hudson River 3.2 mm x 12.7 mm on newer screens, conducted seasonal, EPRI evaluation of behavioral methods, sound, lights, air bubble. In 1990 installed dual flow/single exit screens to replace 2 of 8 conventional band
- type vertical screens, primarily for debris flow, but also with f

ish enhancements

– water retaining lift buckets, dual pressure cleaning, flattened wire mesh and faster operating speed, 9.5 mm mesh on older screens, velocity approaching 0.23 m/s older Blueback herring, alewife, American shad, white perch, bay anchovy, s triped bass
- behavioral measures had low deterrent capability and did not work for impingement (EPRI study). More diverse species than Pickering (concurrent study), post
- impingement survival program May

– August and October
November 1990. Although survi val slightly higher for dual flow screens

– not considered statistically higher; latent survival in order of occurrence: blue back herring (dual/conventional), Spring/Summer (0/0), Fall (0.1/0), white perch (32.7/8.8) and (47.6/33.3); bay anchovy (0/0), (0 /0); American shad (0.5/0.2), (0/0); alewife (0.3/0.1), (0/0); striped bass (42.9/23.8); gizzard shad (12.1/0), (23.6/5.4); spottail shiner (45.9/13.5), (74.2/51.8); brown bullhead (82.8/61.1), (89.6/100); hogchoker (95.7/91.4), (98.2/90.4); bay anchovy an d hogchoker most common species. Also 1975 study of entrainment survival, total survival (with 96
- hour) striped bass pysl 38%, clupeids (initial only since no extended survival in intake or discharge), pysl 40 and juveniles 45; white perch, initial only, pysl 41%; cy prinidae pysl 100, tessellated darter 100%. 1976 data initial striped bass pysl Find Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly. Intake Debris Screen Post Impingement Survival Evaluation Study 1990, need to find out why so low survival for certain species 17, 22, 28, 32 33

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

20 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref 58% at below 31 degrees C and 19% at 31
- 37 degrees C, juveniles 80% at higher temps; clupeids pysl 59% at below 31 degrees C and 10% at 31
- 37 degrees C, juveni les 16, white perch, 79% at below 31 degrees C and 11% at 31
- 37 degrees C, juveniles 60%; cyprinidae pysl 69; extended survival pooled for striped bass and white perch <20% at intake and discharge for pysl, high for juveniles, for clupeids, zero at intake and discharge; 1977 data (initial only): striped bass pysl 58% at below 30 degrees C and 6% at 33
- 36 degrees C, juveniles 100%; clupeids pysl 19 at below 30 degrees C down to 0% at 33
- 36 degrees C, juveniles 24 at below 30, 0 above, white perch pysl , 52% at below 30 degrees C and 0% above 33 degrees C, Atlantic tomcod ysl 41% at low temperatures. 1978 data (total survival with 96
-hour test): striped bass pysl 46%, clupeids pysl and juveniles0%, white perch pysl 56 and 96%, juveniles 55%, Atlantic tomco d ysl 31
- 67% and pysl 39%; 1980 data striped bass ysl 88%, pysl 88%, juveniles 71%, clupeids pysl 23% and 0% juveniles, white perch pysl 67 and juveniles 100% Salem (N) NJ 2200, Units 1 and 2 (3 is peaking only. Unit 1 began in 1977 and Unit 2 in 1981) 8390

m3/min Delaware

River/Bay (Estuary) Modified Ristoph with fish returns

s tudied versus traveling screens; most recent revisions in 1995 to comply with 1994 permit requirements. 1996 data: 48 h survival for juvenile weakfish

– 79.3% survival for modified Ristoph versus 57.8% for old traveling screens. 1997
- 98 data Units 1 and 2: white perch (93
- 98% survival); bay anchovy (20
- 72%), Atlantic Croaker (58
- 98%), Spot (93%), herrings (78
- 82%), weakfish (18
- 88%), comparing to original screens showed mortality rates lower with modified screens for white perch, bay anchovy, Atlantic croaker, spot, and herring; According to Delaware Riverkeeper, annual loss, Herrings alewife & blueback: 281,746; Atlantic croaker: 61,100; American Shad: 468; Spot: 305,000; Striped bass: 3,239; White perch: 375,000; Bay anchovy: 842,000,000; Weakfish: 1,120,000; Kahn 2000 estimated conditional mortality for striped bass during 1980
- 1989 (low abundance) at less than 1%, and at 32% during a period of high abundance 1989
- 99. ESSA (2000) issues with facilities estimates of mortality, sound generally not show to be helpful (may be for a few species with air bubble), too large flow for wedgewire (ESSA), high debris prevents fine mesh (ESSA), 1, 6, 7, 10, 11

San Onofre 2 and 3 (N) CA 2636 total, 2200 at 2 and 3 101 m3/s

(50 m3/s each unit) Pacific Ocean Uni t 1

– offshore (1 km) intake with velocity cap and traveling screens. Units 2 and 3, offshore intake with improved velocity cap to angled traveling louver screens well, bypass, fish return In 1970s, pilot louver system tested at Redondo Beach Station ( Cal ifornia predecessor to full scale at San Onofre). Louvers placed at angles ranging from 90 to 20 degrees to the direction of the flow at velocities ranging from 0.5 to 4 fps. Species tested included northern anchovy, queenfish, white croaker, walleye, surfperch, and shiner perch. Maximum guidance (96
- 100%) occurred with louvers 25 mm apart at 20 degree angel to flow and approach velocity of 0.6 m/s. Unclear if total 84 and 86 data are just Units 2 and 3, Find Love 1989, impingement studies reported to have been done at Unit 1, NPDES requires impingement monitoring 3, 6, 32

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

21 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref San Onofre Units 2 and 3 have offshore intake with velocity cap and louver system. 1984 data: 196,978 entered system with 188,583 diverted (96% effective) 1985 data: 407,755 fish entering and 306,200 returned (75% effective) and 101,555 impinged; however 96 hour survival was less than or equal to 50% for anchoa compressa, anchoa delicatissima, genyonemus lin eatus, and seriphus politus, and predators are often waiting for returned and/or compromised fish. Operator also tested 45 degree angled 16 mm screens at the same time it was considering the louver system. For northern anchovies, the angled screens showe d poor to good guidance (0

– 70%), while for other species, moderate to good guidance (60

– 90%). No survivability data are available
. According to 1985 EPRI Report testing for queenfish, white croaker, northern anchovy (larvae
- adult), walleye surfperch (adult) with angled 16 mm (45 degree) screen: for northern anchovy, poor to good guidance (0
- 70%)was achieved, while for other species, moderate to good guidance (60
- 90%) was achieved with an approach velocity at 0.6 m/s and bypass velocity at 0.45 to 1. 2 m/s. Testing in mid 70s was dropped when louvers were installed. Seabrook (N) NH 1,150 NA Atlantic Ocean 1.5 km offshore intake, velocity

cap, 1993 NPDES permit limited velocity to 1.0 ft/s 1993 report data: 1985 (970 fish impinged), 1986 (1212), 1987 (502), 1990 (499),1991 (1019). Species include sculpins, snailfishes, lumpfi sh, windowpane, and winter flounder, few pelagic fish impinged except Pollock suggesting cap working as planned. 9
Seminole 1 and 2 (F) FL 1200 NA St. John’s River Cooling tower system, testing of

wedgewire screens (in situ, pre
construction for 316(b), 1mm and 2 mm tested, evaluated biofouling, low approach velocity (0.5 fps) 1979 testing: no impingement of fish eggs, larvae or juveniles, 134 entrainment collections; just larvae and eggs off 1 mm; larvae, eggs, and juveniles off 2 mm; all off 9.5 mm; 1 mm offered 99% reduction larvae entrainment over 9.5 mm; 2 mm had 62% reduction; primary species for 1 and 2 mm: medina beryllins, gobiosoma bosci, microgobius; unscreened (9.5 mm) anchoa mitchilli, m. beryllina, lepomis sp., g. bosci, and m. gulosus; did not find statistical differences in densities of fish entrained between 1 and 2 mm; fouling may have increased entrainment on fine mesh screens at end of study

– due potentially to biofouling (Aug. highest); however, no drop off in flow rate beyond 25% (te sted). No impingement of fish eggs, larvae, or juveniles. 27

Shoreham (N) NY 820 2271 m3/min Long Island

Sound (Ocean) Intake canal with 20 cm/s intake

velocity to traveling screens fitted with fish trays and a trough, low pressure spray, conveyance 19 85 EPRI Report: testing for bay anchovy (egg
- adult), winter flounder (egg
adult), lobster (larvae
- adult), tautog (egg
- adult), sand lance (egg
- adult), Atlantic menhaden (egg
- adult), windowpane flounder (egg
- adult), searobin (egg
- adult), scup (egg
- adult), whelk (egg
- adult), biological tests were scheduled for first year of operation (anticipated to begin operations in late 1985 6

Sizewell A and B (N) England NA NA Ocean B has velocity cap, well offshore, intake minimized, and fish return 50% reduction in impingement over Unit A. Survival for white flounder, plaice, sole dab, and bass is >80%; however, whiting, sprat, herring, and pout survival is 3

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

22 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref much lower and negligible for sprat and herring, which are susceptible to pressure change. St. Lucie (N) F L 1700 1150 cfs Atlantic Ocean Intake moved from Indian River to

Atlantic Ocean 1200 feet from shore, velocity caps with buried pipeline to intake canal then to traveling screens Impacts considered minimal compared to Big Bend or Crystal River; original p roposed location in Indian River was moved after objections No detailed 316b determination 42, 45

Summit Power (N) DE 1540 NA Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Test performed on wedgewire for

proposed plant Circa 1977 testing at Delmarva Research facility in Middletown found, study showed entrainment of fish eggs (including striped bass) can effectively be prevented with slot widths of l mm or less and velocity at 0.5 fps. Some impingement mortality at exposure durations of 0.5

– 2.0 min, however expected to be less than 5%. Actual field testing in Brackish water of canal, had to remove and clean screens as much as once per three weeks (backflushing became ineffective at warmer water temperatures). Canal between Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay, testing per formed pre final decision to build , find out if built 30

TVA Plants

– 13 plants TN NA Freshwater Fine mesh screen, impingement timing, and velocity, mostly lab tests Impingement Duration: 1977 data (Tomljanovich), see attached table 1
- generally showed best survival rates at impingement durations less than 8 minutes. With duration of 0.5 minutes, all species had latent mortalities of less than 50 percent, except for striped bass, which was about 80%: looked at location including 9 channel intakes: 5 showed low impingement, 4 showed high impingement; of 5 shoreline intakes, 4 had low impingement and 1 showed high impingement; all locations did nothing for larvae and eggs. Looked at feasibility of protecting larval fish with fine mesh screen and found: 0. 5 mm needed for 99% retention of striped bass (reduced to 30% with 0.97 mm), for largemouth bass 75 and 70% at 0.97 mm and 1.3 mm with similar results for small mouth. Immediate and delayed mortality was variable with best survival at impingement duration of <8 minutes for striped bass with mortality mostly greater than 90% for large and small mouth, channel catfish, and bluegill at 8 minutes. Mortality was greater than 99% at 16 minutes for striped bass and 98% for walleye. Survival for walleye at 0.5

– 2 minutes = 48
- 63% and 22
- 27% for striped bass with the control group exhibiting some mortality but not as great. 0.5 mm mesh was needed for 99% retention of striped bass, e.g., retention was reduced to 30% with 0.97 mm mesh. Similar results for large and small mouth bass. At Sevier Pla nt in a full
- scale test, twice as many larval fish were retained with 0.5 mm mesh as with 1.0 and 2.0 mm combined, at velocities of 24
- 38 cm/s. 2, 5, 30,

Washington Power (now presumable Avista) (N) WA NA NA Columbia River Escape rout between trash racks

and screens 5

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

23 /29 Plant Name (Fuel Type) Location Capacity (MW) Water

Intake Need Source

Water Intake System Performance/Technology Evaluation Comments Ref Zion (N) IL Lake Michigan Traveling screens, may have net? Ref 46 indicates that net was tried with some apparent success, mid
- 70s original reference, net used mid
- March through mid
-November 46 

## F = Fossil Fuel, N = Nuclear References: (1) PG&E, Diablo Canyon Power Plant, 316(b) Demonstration Report, March 2000 (2) Industry

Confidential , 2001, Existing Technologies Which, Appropriatel y Applied, Can Reduce Fish Losses to Levels Reasonably Consistent with Wet Cooling Towers (3) Pisces Conservation, Ltd. Technical Evaluation of USEPA’s Proposed Cooling Water Intake Regulations for New Facilities, November 2000 (4) Mussalli, Taft, and Larsen, Journal of the Hydraulics Division (ASCE), Offshore Water Intakes De signed to Protect Fish (5) TVA, 1976, A State of the Art Report on Intake Technologies (Ray , Snipes, and Tomjanovich) (6) EPRI , 1985, Intake Research Facilities Manual (7) Delaware Riverkeeper website (8) Duke Energy , April 2000 Moss L anding Power Plant Modernization Project, 316(b) Resource Assessment (9) Northeast Utilities Service Company , January 1993, Feasibility Study

of Cooling Water System Alternatives to Reduce Winter Flounder Entrainment at Millstone Units 1
- 3 (10) ESSA Technologies, Ltd. June 2000. Review of Portions of NJPDES Renewal Application for the PSE&G Salem Generating Station (11) Versar, Inc. April 1990. Evaluation of the Section 316 Status of Delaware Facilities with Cooling Water Discharges, Prepared for State of Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

24 /29 

## (12) Stone & Webster, August 1981, Final Report: Biological Evaluation of a Modified Traveling Screen, Mystic Station

– Unit No. 7, Prepared for Boston Edison (13) Boston Edison, Edgar Energy Park, Draft EIR, Appendix A Sections 316a and b Demonstration for the Edgar Energy Park Project (14) Ecological Anal ys ts, Inc. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Continuously Operating Fine Mesh Traveling Screen for Reducing Ichthyoplankton Entrainment at the Indian Point Generating Station (15) Randall Melton, Florida Power and Light, Zooplankton Entrainment Survival at the Anclote Power Plant Near Tarpon Springs, Florida, Presented at EPRI Power Generation Impacts on Aquatic Resources Conference, April 1999 (16) T.G. Ringger, Baltimore Gas and Electric, Investigations of Impingement of Aquatic Organisms at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1975
- 1999 Presented at EPRIPower Generation Impacts on Aquatic Resources Conference, April 1999 (17) E.P. Taft, Alden Research Laboratory , Fish Protection Technologies: A Status Report, Presented at EPRIPower Generation Impacts on Aquatic Resources Conference, April 1999 (18) Chris Ehrler and Carol Raifsnider, Tenera Energy , Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Intake Wedgewire Screens, Presented at EPRIPower Generation Impacts on Aquatic Resources Confe rence, April 1999 (19) .McLaren, James B. and Tuttle, Ray L ., URSG, Fish Survival on Fine Mesh Traveling Screens, Presented at EPRIPower Generatio n Impacts on Aquatic Resources Conference, April 1999 (20) American Society of Civil Engineers, 1982. Design of Water Intake Structure for Fish Protection. (21) Taft, Edward. March 199 9, PSE&G Renewal Application, Appendix F, Salem Generation Station. (22) EPRI . March 1989. Intake Technologies: Research Status. (23) Tennessee Valley Authority , October 1976. A State
- of
- the
- Art Report on Intake Technologies.

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

25 /29 

## (24) Fletcher, Ian, 1990 Flow Dy namics and Fish Recovery Experiments: Water Intake S ys tems (25) Ichthyological Associates, Inc. December 1994. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Strobe Light Deterrent S ys tem at Mi lliken Stati on, Prepared for New York State Electric and Gas Corporation (26) Lifton, W.S., no date (presume early 1980s), Biological Aspects of Screen Testing on the St. John’s River, Palatka, Florida. Dames & Moore (27) Hutchison, J.B., and Matousek, J.A. Evaluation of a Barrier Net Used to Mitigate Fish Impingement at a Hudson River Power Pant Intake. American Fisheries Society Monograph (28) Micheletti, Way ne. September 1987. Fish Protection at Cooling Water Intake Systems. In EPRIJournal (29) Weiberg et. al. August 1984. The Effects of Screen Slot Size, Screen Diameter, and Through
- Slot Velocity on Entrainment of Estuarine Ichthyoplankton Through Wedge
- wire Screens. (30) Mitre Corporation. 1978. Recent Developments in Techniques to Protect Aquatic Organisms at the Water Inta kes of Steam
- Electric Power Plants. (31) Stratus. 2001. Write
- up on J.R. WhitingPlant Barrier Net (32) EPRI . 1999. Fish Protection at Cooling Water Intakes: Status Report (33) EPRI . 2000. Review of Entrainment Survival Studies: 1970
- 2000 (34) Orange and Rockland Utilities and Southern Energy Corp. 2000. Lovett Generating Station Gunderboom Evaluation Program, 1999. (35) Bailey , Loos, and Perry . Undated (90s). Studies of Cooling water Intake Structure Effects at PEPCO Generating Stations. (36) American Electric Power Co rporation. March 1980. Philip Sporn Plant Demonstration Document (316b) (37) U.S. EPA Region 4. August 1989. Draft Fact Sheet for Anclote Power Plant

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

26/29 

## (38) U.S. EPA Region 4. May 1983. 316a and 316b Finding for Cape Canaveral/Orlando Utilities Plants at Canav eral Pool. Prepared b y Charles Kaplan (39) U.S. EPA Region 4. September 1988. NPDES permit No. FL0000519 renewal (40) Florida Power and Light. August 1986. Proposed BAT Plan for the Reduction of Ecological Losses in the Area. (41) Florida Power and Light. February 1987. FPLComments on Draft December 1986 Permit Reissuance. (42) Florida Power and Light. August 1995. Assessment of the Impacts of the St. Lucie Nuclear Generating Plant on Sea Turtle Spe cies Found in the Inshore Waters of Florida. (43) U.S. EPA Region 4. June 1994. Reissued NPDES Permit Number FL0001031 for Jacksonville Electric Authority Northside Generating Stations (44) U.S. EPA Region 4. August 1976. Findings of Fact. Green River Steam. (45) U.S. EPA Region IV. September 1979. Brunswick Nuclear Steam El ectric Generating Plant. Historical Summary and Review of Section 316(b) Issues (46) University

of Michigan. 1985. Impingement Losses at the D.C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant During 1975
- 1982 with a Discussion of Factors Responsible and Possible Impact on Local Populations (47) Taft et. al. 1981. Laboratory Evaluation of the Larval Fish Impingement and Diversion Sy stems (48) AEPCo. 1980. Kammer Plant Demonstration Document. (49) AEPCo. 1980. Cardinal Plant Demonstration Document. (50) Argonne National Laboratory . March 197 7. Survey of Fish Impingement at Power Plants in the U.S., Volume I . The Great Lakes (51) New England Power. December 4, 1996. Letter from Andrew Aitken, NEP to EPA Region I Responding to 308 Information Request f or Bray ton Point. (52) PG&E. September 1999. Brayton Point Power Station 1998 Annual Report

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

27/29 

## (53) Mirant Potrero, LL C. September 2001. Potrero Power Six
- month Report Additional Impingement and Entrainment Performance Data/Notes From 20, Lake Ontario power plant studies showed 25 degree orientation at approach and bypass velocities ranging from 0.5

– 3.0 fps 100% effective in diverting 1
- 6 inch long fish to bypass. Similar results for Hudson river power plants for striped bass, white perch, and Atlantic tomcod) 2
- 6”, survival of bypassed fish >9 6%. Also recommended 1 fps approach velocity and approach:bypass velocity ratio 1:1. From 21, sound barriers probably only have effects within a few feet of the intakes. Cited strobe light/air bubble as viable options for Salem. 0.5 mm wedgewire not te sted. Ludington (Consumers Power) is pumped storage plant with 2.5 mile long barrier net, successfully reduced entrainment, deployed from mid
-April to mid
- October, storms and icing prevent rest of year, net effectiveness for target species (5 salmonid, ye llow perch, rainbow smelt, alewife, and chub) over 80% since 91, 96% 95/96. Pumped storage volume 19,000 m3/s. Haywood hydroelectric was studying in 99. Also studied at Pine Hydro electric (no size) reduced passage of rock bass, bluegill, yellow perch, black bullhead, black crappie, and other riverine species by 85
- 100%. Based on success at Pine, to be installed at Brule Hydroelectric, testing to have been done in 99. Fletcher 1996 found that most of the mortality with modified Ristoph screens is due c onditions in trough not being caught on screens. Fine mesh traveling also increases impingement, trade
- off. Also from 21, EPRI tested modular incline screen (MIS) in lab in early 90s, trash rack, dewatering stop logs, inclined screen at shallow angle, and bypass, can operate at 2

– 10 ft/s, most fish 47
- 88, not useful for large, diversion efficiency greater than 98% for channel catfish, golden shiner, brown trout, coho and Chinook salmon, trout fry and juveniles, and Atlantic salmon smolts. Lower divers ion efficiency and higher mortality for American shad and blueback herring but comparable to control. For other species, latent mortality 0
- 5%, EPRI 1986 indicates that louvers can 80
- 95% effective in diverting fish. Louvers tested by Northeast Utilitie s Service Company in the Holyoke Canal on the Connecticut River for juvenile clupeids (American shad and blueback herring). Overall guidance efficiency found to be 85
- 90%. From 30, provides conceptual design for 20,000
- 30,000 gpm wedgewire, shoreline intake for 1,200 MW nuclear From 32, to date cylindrical wedge screens only installed at 2 installations and have incorporated slot openings that will ph ysically exclude larger juvenile and adult fish, but not fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles, EPRI cites nee d to evaluate fine mesh screens From 32, Alden Research Laboratory conducted testing of angled screens for three utilities in the 1970s. Large
- scale flume found angled screen (25 degrees) found to be 100% effective in diverting all test species (alewife, white perch, striped bass, and tomcod). Latent mortality mean mortality 35.7% for alewives and 3.3% for Hudson River species . Higher mortality for alewives due to handling fragile species. Subsequently com bined testing of diversion with fish transporta tion, showed total 12% mortality. This testing provided the basis for Niagara Mohawk installing a full
- scale angled screen and fish transportation system at the Oswego Station. Also performed, fine
-mesh angled screen diversion tests were also conducted a t Alden. In 1978, tests conducted on striped bass larvae. Screen sizes were 1.5 and 2.5 mm metallic and synthetic screens. 1.5 mm synthetic screen yield greatly (and statistically higher) diversion efficiency and survival, consistently above 70%. 1978 f ollow
-up testing only included synthetic with some larger sizes. For winter flounder only tests with small larvae (4.1 and 6.1 mm), no

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

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### diversion effects noted. Similar for alewife, no ability to guide for small prolarvae and early post larvae (up to 9.5 m m), diversion efficiencies of 84 and 77 for 11.2 and 84, 84, and 60 for 14.7 mm. However, 96 hour mortalities high, therefore, total efficiency low (all less than 27%). Similar for smaller yellow perch, no ability to guide for (6.0 and 9.3 mm), 16 and 72 diversion efficiency for 14.3 mm with 96 hour mortalities of 11.1 and 1%. Authors suggest mortalities due to damage from impingement o f many larvae from some period against 1.0 mm screen From 32, EPRI tested new modified incline screen in mid 1990s. N o full scale use although planned for pilot study at Niagara Mohawk’s Green Island Hydroelectric Project. Used juvenile walleye, bluefill, channel catfish, American shad, blueback herring, golden shiner, rainbow trout, brown trout, Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and Atlantic salmon, testing at water velocities from 0.6 to 3.0 m/s. Mean length of all species between 47 and 88 mm. Diversion rates reached 98 or greater at water velocities up to 2.4 m/s for walleye and 1.8 m/s for bluegills. Diversion efficiencies for channel catfish, golden shiner and brown trout exceeded 98% for all water velocities. Diversion efficiencies for rainbow trout fry and juveniles exceeded 99% at velocities up to 1.8 m/s and 2.4 m/s. Diversion rates >99% for coho for all velocities and Chinook up to 2.4 m/s. Atlantic salmon 100% diversion. Diversion efficiencies lower and latent mortality higher for American shad and blueback herring, however, latent mortality comparable to control indicating stress from capture. Generally, latent mortality adjusted for control was low (0
- 5%) for all species tested. From 32, numerous studies have demonstrated that louvers can be effective on the order of 80
- 95% over a wide range of conditions. From 32, “recent” studies on fish passage at Tracy fish collection facility. Louver system set up in San Joaquin River. Two systems, primarily and secondary (primary 97.5 l ong, secondary 9.3 m long). Originally installed in 1950s. Angled 15 degrees to flow, primarily intended for juvenile Chinook and striped bass >25 mm long. 1993 testing, secondary diversion efficiency 72
- 100% for Chinook and 30
- 90% for striped bass. Primary system efficiency 13
- 82% for Chinook and 0
- 96% striped bass. Lowest diversion efficiencies for Chinook during low flow/low velocity conditions (striped bass not tested during these conditions) and for all species, when louvers clogged with debris. Lower efficiency during low flow/low velocity conditions may be due to fish being able to swim upstream from collection facility. Follow
-up studies during 93 to 95 for green and white sturgeon , American shad, splittail, white catfish, delta smelt, Chinook salmon, and striped bass. Splittail over 50% fish collected, for species collected adequate #’s (not green and white sturgeon and delta smelt), mean efficiency of secondary louvers ranged from 63 (splittail) to 89% (white catfish). From 32, Alden labs tested louvers in 1970s on alewives and smelt for Niagara Mohawk. Separate studies for ConEd with stripe d bass, white perch, and to mcod With Niagara, test velocities of 0.31, 0.41, and 0.61 m/s with bypass to approach velocity ratios of 1.5/1. Louver array angles of 90, 60, and 25 and slat spacings of 25 mm, 51 mm, and 82.6 mm. At 90 and 60 angles, average guidance efficiency <80%. With 25 degree orientation and 25 mm spacing, average efficiencies 90 and 93%. For ConEd, 25 mm spacings and 25 degree angl e, approach velocities of 0.31 m/s, 0.61 m/s, and 0.91 m/s with again 1.5:1 ration. Efficiency species
- specific 50
- 80% white perch, 56
- 97 Hudson River striped bass, 68
- 99% hatchery reared bass, and 96
- 99% tomcod. Average for all species 85%. Tests also done more recently (published 1997) at USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center. Angle=20 degrees to flow 97
- 100% diversion ef ficiency for Connecticut River fish, including American shad. From 33, entrainment survival rates vary considerably within and among species, and among power plants. Survival of young o f life striped bass 28
- 90% with a mean of 61%. Atlantic tomcod and minnows produced similar results with means of 57 and 64%. Young perch, winter flounder, and freshwater drum were lower with means of 48 and 51%. One plant showed larvae sucker survival of 88
- 98% Larval and juvenile spot survival at 2 estuarine plants was just over 75%. Larvae of striped bass and perch also >50%. Larvae and juveniles of herring (alewife, blueback, and menhaden) low 0
- 50% with mean of 25%. For macros, mean survival 75%. Size of fish important factor, survival of 3
- 5.9 mm striped bass 10
- 30%, increased with growth to 65
- 90+% for 12 mm or longer. Biocides can limit survival. Major influence discharge temperature

– when less 30 degrees C survival striped bass and with perch young 60
- 70%,

## Summary of Impingement and Entrainment Data for Power Plants

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### 30
- 33 degrees survival white perch dropped to 50% , above 35 degrees C survival of both dropped to 30%. Herring and anchovy same pattern, but lower, dropping to 0 at above 33 degrees C. Most studies, 1970s. From 45 (1979), it has generally been required for nuclear facilities to have closed cycle cooling, 22 new facilities cited, 16 with closed cycle and 6 with modified intake to reduce entrainment. From 47 (circa 1981), lab tests performed by Empire Electric and Northern States Power, indicate “selected larvae capable of active diversion at very young age.” Recommend uses of lifting buckets, low pressure washes, fine mesh materials, and sluiceways. Velocity and duration of impingement key factors. Over 3 ,000 tests with more than 75,000 larvae. Striped bass: relatively high mortality even under short duration and low velocity, however, control also had high mortality (57%). For 2 minute duration, all velocities survival >88%. Relatively high survival under many conditions. Winter flounder, velocity key factor not impingement duration. Higher mortality anticipated in 4.4 post
- larvae. Reduced at 6.1 mm. Still generally pretty high mortality
. Alewife, mortality variable based on both velocity and duration, although generally high for both. Yellow perch same as alewife. Walleye, high mortalities throughout. Channel catfish mortality low under most test conditions. Bluegill similar to channel catfish, except high mortality at 8 and 16 min. durati on. Conclusions: striped bass exhibited high mortality under all conditions, while winter flounder, alewife, and yellow perch prolarvae had low mortality . Post - larvae mortality higher in some cases, also high in controls From 50, Waukergan apparently used 1 inch mesh net from April through October (Lake Michigan), Dean Mitchell in Indiana uses electric screen.