NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 121

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

Volume 121

BOREAS Derived

Surface Meteorological Data

Tracy Twine, University of Wisconsin

Donald Rinker, Research and Data Systems

David Knapp, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010022159 2018-05-14T18:55:35+00:00Z
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NASA/TMm2000-209891, Vol. 121

Technical Report Series on the

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

Forrest G. Hall and Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

Volume 121

BOREAS Derived

Surface Meteorological Data

Tracy Twine, University of Wisconsin

Donald Rinker, Research and Data Systems

David Knapp, Raytheon ITSS

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

September 2000
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information

7121 Standard Drive

Hanover, MD 21076-1320

Price Code: A17

Available from:

National Technical Information Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, VA 22161

Price Code: A10
BOREAS Derived Surface Meteorological Data

Tracy Twine, Donald Rinker, David Knapp

Summary

In 1995, the BOREAS science teams identified the need for a continuous surface meteorological and

radiation data set to support flux and surface process modeling efforts. This data set contains actual,

substituted, and interpolated 15-minute meteorological and radiation data compiled from several

surface measurements sites over the BOREAS SSA and NSA. Temporally, the data cover 01-Jan-1994

to 31-Dec-1996. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files, and are classified as AFM-Staff data.

Table of Contents

1) Data Set Overview

2) Investigator(s)

3) Theory of Measurements

4) Equipment

5) Data Acquisition Methods

6) Observations

7) Data Description

8) Data Organization

9) Data Manipulations

10) Errors

11) Notes

12) Application of the Data Set

13) Future Modifications and Plans

14) Software

15) Data Access

16) Output Products and Availability

17) References

18) Glossary of Terms

19) List of Acronyms

20) Document Information

1. Data Set Overview

1.1 Data Set Identification

BOREAS Derived Surface Meteorological Data

1.2 Data Set Introduction

The 1994-96 surface meteorological modeling data set contains actual and 'derived' 15-minute

meteorological and radiation data from four BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) sites.

These surface meteorological data were compiled to create a continuous set of surface meteorological

and radiation parameters (i.e., no data gaps) for use by BOREAS modeling groups. The data were

compiled from various meteorological measurement sites in the BOREAS Northern Study Area (NSA)

and Southern Study Area (SSA). Data gaps were filled by interpolation or substitution depending on

the length of time that data were missing. If the gap was 2 hours or less, the data were interpolated.

For data gaps greater than 2 hours, the data were filled with data from other instruments from the same

study area.

Page 1
1.3 Objective/Purpose

This data set was compiled in order to provide a continuous surface meteorological data set for use

in modeling activities.

1.4 Summary of Parameters

Parameters include:

• Date

• Time

• Air Temperatures

• Pre ssure

• Humidity

• Wind Components

• Precipitation

• Snow Depth

• Radiation Fields

• Soil Temperatures

1.5 Discussion

The BOREAS Staff Science effort covered those activities that were BOREAS community-level

activities or required uniform data collection procedures across sites and time. These activities included

the compilation of integrated data sets for various purposes. These meteorological data were compiled

to create a continuous set of surface meteorological and radiation parameters (i.e., no data gaps) for

use in various modeling efforts.

1.6 Related Data Sets

The data sets used in creating this data set are:

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-05 SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) Thompson Airport Snow and Precipitation Reports

Related data sets include:

BOREAS AES Campbell Scientific Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS AES READAC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS AES MARS II Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS AFM-05 Level-1 Upper Air Network Data

BOREAS AFM-05 Level-2 Upper Air Network Standard Pressure Level Data

2. Investigator(s)

2.1 Investigator(s) Name and Title

BOREAS Staff" Science

2.2 Title of Investigation

BOREAS Staff Science Meteorological Data Acquisition Program

Page 2
2.3 Contact Information

Contact 1:

David Knapp

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-1424

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

David.Knapp@ gsfc.nasa.gov

Contact 2:

Jeffrey Newcomer

Raytheon ITSS

Code 923

NASA GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7858

(301) 286-0239 (fax)

Jeffrey.Newcomer@ gsfc.nasa.gov

3. Theory of Measurements

This data set was compiled in order to provide a continuous and standard surface meteorological data

set for modeling efforts. The majority of the measurements were made from BOREAS Saskatchewan

Research Council (SRC) towers, which were generally colocated with BOREAS flux towers. Other

SRC tower sites were spread across the BOREAS region. The SRC network provided meteorological

data representative of the BOREAS region to be used in conjunction with other BOREAS data sets to

better understand the climate of the boreal region.

4. Equipment

4.1 Sensor/Instrument Description

The following provides a list of the instruments used to measure various parameters in the data set.

More detailed instrument information is provided in the original data set documents found in the

references of Section 17.

SRC Equipment

• Single Channel Sensor: This instrument measures photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

• Q-6 Net Radiometer: This instrument measures net radiation.

• Eppley Model PSP Precision Spectral Pyranometers: These instruments measure total

incoming shortwave radiation and reflected shortwave radiation.

• Model HMP35CF Temperature Relative Humidity Probe: This instrument measures above

canopy air temperature and relative humidity.

• Model 107F Temperature Probe: This instrument measures within canopy air temperature.

• Model 107BAM Temperature Probes: These instruments measure soil temperature.

• 4000AL Everest Interscience Infrared Thermometer: This instrument measures infrared

(canopy radiative) temperature.

• Setra SBP270 Barometric Pressure Sensor: This instrument measures station pressure.

Page 3
R.M.YoungWindMonitor(Model05103-10):Thisinstrumentmeasureshorizontalwind

speedanddirection.

BelfortRainfallTransmitter:Thisinstrumentmeasurescumulativeprecipitation.

UDG01UltrasonicDepthGauge:Thisinstrumentmeasuressnowdepth.

ModelTE525TippingBucketRainGauge:Thisinstrumentmeasurestheintensityofrainfall.

EppleyPrecisionInfraredRadiometer(Pyrgeometer)(ModelPIR):Thisinstrumentmeasures

incominglongwaveradiation.

EppleyPrecisionPyranometer(ModelPSP)andEppleyShadowBandStand:These

instrumentsmeasurediffuseshortwaveradiation.

Tower Flux (TF)-02 Equipment

R.M. Young Model 05103: This instrument measures horizontal wind speed and direction.

Eppley Model PSP Precision Spectral Pyranometer: This instrument measures total incoming

shortwave radiation.

LI-COR Model LI-190SB: This instrument measures PAR.

Net Radiometer Swissteco Model S- 1: This instrument measures net radiation.

Weathertronics 5124: This instrument measures above canopy air temperature and relative

humidity.

Setra SBP270 Barometric Pressure Sensor: This instrument measures station pressure.

4000A Everest Interscience Infrared Thermometer: This instrument measures infrared (canopy

radiative) temperature.

Texas Electronics Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge: This instrument measures the intensity of

rainfall.

TF-05 Equipment

• LI-COR Model LI-190S: This instrument measures PAR.

• Net Radiometer (Swissteco Model S-1 or Rebs Model 6): These instruments measure net

radiation.

• Campbell Model 207: This instrument measures air temperature.

• Vaisala, Model HMP-35A: This instrument measures relative humidity.

• R.M. Young Model 05701: This instrument measures horizontal wind speed and direction.

• Everest Radiation Thermometer (Model 112C): This instrument measures infrared (canopy

radiative) temperature.

4.1.1 Collection Environment

Data were collected continuously in all kinds of weather from 01-Jan-1994 through 31-Dec-1996.

Missing data in the NSA resulted in the data set beginning 18-Jan-1994 and ending 01-Dec-1996 for

the NSA-Old Jack Pine (OJP) site and Thompson airport (NSA-YTH). Sites are located in forested

areas of aspen and jack pine. Please refer to Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology (AFM)-07 SRC

Meteorological and Radiation Data Set documentation, TF-02 documentation, TF-05 documentation,

and TF-01 documentation for more detailed information on data collection.

4.1.2 Source/Platform

Data were collected from towers extending from the ground to above canopy height. Instruments

were placed on these towers along with the necessary data logging and communication equipment to

remotely transfer the data to SRC in Saskatoon. Data were checked every 6 hours for errors.

Instrument failure was corrected within several days of detection. Please refer to AFM-07 SRC

Meteorological and Radiation Data Set documentation, TF-02 documentation, TF-05 documentation,

and TF-01 documentation for more detailed information on data collection.

Page 4
4.1.3 Source/Platform Mission Objectives

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-Old Aspen (OA) Tower Flux

and Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

documents for more detailed information on data collection.

4.1.4 Key Variables

YEAR

JULIAN DAY

DATE

TIME

ABOVE CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE

WITHIN CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE

STATION PRESSURE

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

MIXING RATIO

U COMPONENT OF WIND

V COMPONENT OF WIND

PRECIPITATION

SNOW DEPTH

TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION

INCOMING PAR

REFLECTED SHORTWAVE RADIATION

NET RADIATION

INFRARED (CANOPY RADIATIVE) TEMPERATURE

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 10CM DEPTH

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 20CM DEPTH

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 50CM DEPTH

DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION

INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION

PARAMETER FLAGS

4.1.5 Principles of Operation

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

4.1.6 Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

4.1.7 Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

Page 5
4.2 Calibration

4.2.1 Specifications

4.2.1.1 Tolerance

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

4.2.2 Frequency of Calibration

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

4.2.3 Other Calibration Information

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for more detailed information on data collection.

5. Data Acquisition Methods

To begin the compilation of this data set, the required parameters were extracted from the SRC tables

in the BOREAS Information System (BORIS) data base into files containing each year of 15-minute

data for each of the four sites. Flux tower data from TF-02 and TF-05 were also acquired so that

available parameters could be used as substitute data when the SRC data were missing. Snow and

precipitation data were also acquired for several days from the AES station at Thompson Airport,

Thompson, Manitoba when SRC and TF snow and precipitation data were missing.

6. Observations

6.1 Data Notes

There were many gaps in the initially extracted SRC data. When these data gaps lasted less than 2

hours, the missing data were linearly interpolated from bounding values. If data were missing for more

than 2 hours, data from that time period were substituted from the other SRC site within that study area

if data were available. When data were missing from both sites, data were also linearly interpolated

from bounding values since none of the time periods lasted more than several hours. Because

precipitation cannot be readily interpolated, all efforts were made to determine precipitation amounts

during a period of missing data by using known information. If precipitation was missing for a block

of time but the Belfort gauge showed the same amount of precipitation when the site came back online

as it showed just before the site went down, it was assumed that no precipitation fell during that period

of time (i.e., precipitation values are shown as zero). If Belfort information was not known,

precipitation was substituted from the other SRC site within the same study area. Because snow depth

varies more from site to site than from day to day, snow may be interpolated while other data have

been substituted. This is done to give a more accurate estimation of actual snow depth.

Page 6
The following list shows the data gaps that remained after both interpolation and substitution were

performed (all times in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)):

SSA-OA:

INFRARED TEMPERATURE

DIFFUSE SHORTWAVE

INCOMING LONGWAVE

ALL PARAMETERS EXCEPT

DIFFUSE SHORTWAVE AND

INCOMING LONGWAVE

01-JAN-94 0000 to 15-FEB-94 2345

01-JAN-94 0000 to 18-FEB-94 2015

01-JAN-94 0000 to 20-JAN-94 2145

15-JUL-94 1815 to 16-JUL-94 0300

16-JUL-94 1815 to 20-JUL-94 2030

SSA-OJP

INFRARED TEMPERATURE

DIFFUSE SHORTWAVE

INCOMING LONGWAVE

ALL PARAMETERS EXCEPT

DIFFUSE SHORTWAVE AND

INCOMING LONGWAVE

01-JAN-94 0000 to 15-FEB-94 2345

01-JAN-94 0000 to 18-FEB-94 2015

01-JAN-94 0000 to 20-JAN-94 2145

15-JUL-94 1815 to 16-JUL-94 0300

16-JUL-94 1815 to 20-JUL-94 2030

NSA-OJP

INFRARED TEMPERATURE

PRECIPITATION

SNOW DEPTH

DIFFUSE SHORTWAVE

INCOMING LONGWAVE

18-JAN-94 0000 to 18-FEB-94 2300

19-NOV-94 i000 to 20-NOV-94 1845

22-NOV-94:2200 to 23-NOV-94 0145

18-JAN-94:0000 to 27-JAN-94 2345

08-AUG-94:2215 to 22-AUG-94 2200

08-AUG-94:2215 to 22-AUG-94 2200

NSA-YTH

INFRARED TEMPERATURE

PRECIPITATION

SNOW DEPTH

18-JAN-94:0000 to 18-FEB-94 2300

19-NOV-94:1000 to 20-NOV-94 1845

22-NOV-94:2200 to 23-NOV-94 0145

Due to turnover in staff and loss of information in the creation of this data set, tabulation of the

remaining time gaps are not available for 1995 and 1996.

6.2 Field Notes

Please refer to Section 6.2 in the AFM-07 SRC Meteorological and Radiation Data Set

documentation, TF-02 documentation, TF-05 documentation, and TF-01 documentation.

Page 7
7. Data Description

7.1 Spatial Characteristics

7.1.1 Spatial Coverage

The data in this data set are intended to represent two sites in the NSA and two sites in the SSA.

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) corner coordinates of the SSA are:

Latitude Longitude

Northwest 56.249 N 98.825 W

Northeast 56.083 N 97.234 W

Southwest 55.542 N 99.045 W

Southeast 55.379 N 97.489 W

The NAD83 coordinates of the BOREAS SRC tower sites were:

Latitude Longitude

SRC SSA-OA 53.628 N 106.196 W

SRC SSA-OJP 53.916 N 104.689 W

SRC NSA-OJP 55.928 N 98.622 W

SRC NSA-YTH 55.804 N 97.874 W

Data were substituted from flux tower sites with the following NAD83 coordinates:

Latitude Longitude

SSA-OA 53.62890 N 106.19779 W

SSA-OJP 53.91634 N 104.69203 W

NSA-OJP 55.92842 N 98.62396 W

7.1.2 Spatial Coverage Map

None.

7.1.3 Spatial Resolution

The data from the original sites are point values at a given location. The intent of creating a merged

data set was for the data to be representative of the SSA or NSA, although the gradients can be

observed between the SSA sites and the NSA sites.

7.1.4 Projection

Not applicable.

7.1.5 Grid Description

Not applicable.

7.2 Temporal Characteristics

7.2.1 Temporal Coverage

The data cover the time period of 01-Jan-1994 to 01-Dec-1996.

7.2.2 Temporal Coverage Map

Not available.

Page 8
7.2.3 Temporal Resolution

SRC 15-minute averages for all parameters except Belfort precipitation

and snow depth.

Hourly:

BELFORT GAUGE PRECIPITATION (winter only)

SNOW DEPTH

Although Belfort Precipitation and Snow Depth are measured

every hour on the hour, each hour's value is given every 15

minutes.

TF-02 30 minute values

TF-05 30 minute values

7.3 Data Characteristics

7.3.1 Parameter/Variable

The parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY 10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 10M

CALC MIXING RATIO 10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP

CALC SNOW DEPTH

CALC TOT DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DIFF DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 15MIN

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN

CALC REFLECTED SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC NET RAD 15MIN

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM 15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM 15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM 15MIN

PARM VALUE FLAGS

CRTFCN CODE

REVISION DATE

Page 9
7.3.2 Variable Description/Definition

The descriptions of the parameters contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Description

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY 10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 10M

CALC MIXING RATIO 10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP

CALC SNOW DEPTH

CALC TOT DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN

The identifier assigned to the site by BOREAS,

in the format SSS-TTT-CCCCC, where SSS identifies

the portion of the study area: NSA, SSA, REG,

TRN, and TTT identifies the cover type for the

site, 999 if unknown, and CCCCC is the identifier

for site, exactly what it means will vary with

site type.

The identifier assigned to the sub-site by

BOREAS, in the format GGGGG-IIIII, where GGGGG is

the group associated with the sub-site

instrument, e.g. HYD06 or STAFF, and IIIII is the

identifier for sub-site, often this will refer to

an instrument.

The date on which the data were collected.

The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) when the data were

collected.

The calculated fifteen-minute air temperature at

ten meters above the canopy starting at the

given time.

The calculated fifteen-minute air temperature at

two meters above ground starting at the given

time.

The calculated fifteen-minute atmospheric

pressure at station level starting at the given

time.

The calculated fifteen-minute relative humidity

of the air at ten meters above the canopy

starting at the given time.

The calculated mixing ratio of the air at ten

meters above the canopy using the above canopy

temperature, surface pressure, and relative

humidity.

The calculated westerly (from the west) vector

component of the wind speed and wind direction.

The calculated southerly (from the south) vector

component of the wind speed and wind direction.

The calculated total amount of precipitation

that has fallen since a relative date.

The calculated depth of snow on the ground.

The calculated fifteen-minute direct and diffuse

downward shortwave solar radiation starting at

the given time. Measured wavelengths range from

0.285 to 2.800 micrometers.

CALC DIFF DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute diffuse downward

shortwave solar radiation starting at the given

time. Measured wavelengths range from 0.285 to

2.800 micrometers.

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute direct and diffuse

downward longwave radiation starting at the

Page 10
given time. Measured wavelengths range from 4 to

50 micrometers.

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute direct and diffuse

downward photosynthetically active radiation

starting at the given time. Measured wavelengths

range from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers.

CALC REFLECTED SHORTWAVE 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute upward shortwave

solar radiation reflected from the ground

starting at the given time. Measured wavelengths

are 0.285 to 2.800 micrometers.

CALC NET RAD 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute incoming and

outgoing radiation starting at the given time.

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute infrared

temperature looking down from ten meters above

the canopy starting at the given time.

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute temperature of the

soil at ten centimeters below the surface

starting at the given time.

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute temperature of the

soil at twenty centimeters below the surface

starting at the given time.

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM 15MIN The calculated fifteen-minute temperature of the

soil at fifty centimeters below the surface

starting at the given time.

PARM VALUE FLAGS Contains values or codes that indicate special

conditions for the data parameters. See the

end of this section for descriptions of these

codes as well as a more in depth discussion of

their meaning.

CRTFCN CODE The BOREAS certification level of the data.

Examples are CPI (Checked by PI), CGR (Certified

by Group), PRE (Preliminary), and CPI-??? (CPI

but questionable).

REVISION DATE The most recent date when the information in the

referenced data base table record was revised.

PARM VALUE FLAGS Description

The Third to last column in the data set shows the parameter flags. There is one flag for each

parameter plus three extra as explained below. This data set is based upon the 1994 to 1996 SRC

Meteorological Data. In order to make a continuous data set with no missing data gaps, it was

necessary to substitute data from other data sets when the SRC data was missing. The parameter flags

show the source of each parameter. For example, consider the data set from SSA-OA. All available

data from the SRC tower at SSA-OA is first put into the data set. This is considered original data and

each parameter will show an original data source flag (O). (See below for specific flag definitions). If

data is missing from a site for longer than what is allowed for linear interpolation (two hours), it was

substituted from another site. The first step is to substitute data from the other SRC site within the

same study area. In the case of the SSA, this would be SRC SSA-OJP. The parameters will then have

a substituted flag (S). If data is missing from SRC SSA-OJP, the next step is to substitute data from

the flux tower at SSA-OA. The parameter will then have the TF SSA-OA substitution flag (A). If data

is not available from TF SSA-OA, the next step is to substitute data from the flux tower at SSA-OJP.

The parameter will then have the TF SSA-OJP substitution flag (J). If data is not available from TF

SSA-OJP, the final step is to use a method of estimating the data as explained in Section 9.3.

Page 11
PARAMETER FLAGS FOR SSA-OA, SSA-OJP, NSA-OJP

There are a total of twenty-two one-letter flags in the flag column. The first nineteen of these flags

correspond to the nineteen parameters and show the source of each corresponding parameter. The last

three flags give additional information about certain parameters (see Section 9.1.1). The first of these

last three is the PRECIPITATION GAUGE FLAG. The second is the PRECIPITATION ZEROED

FLAG. The last is the SNOW DEPTH ZEROED FLAG.

PARAMETER FLAGS FOR NSA-YTH

There are seven_en parameter co_mns for the NSA-YTH data set since this si_ did not measure

DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION and INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION.

There are a total of twenty one-letter flags in the flag co_mn. The first seventeen of these flags

correspond to the seventeen parameters and show the source of each corresponding parame_r. The last

three flags give ad_tional informmion about certain parameters (see Section 9.1.1). The first of these

last three is the PRECIPITATION GAUGE FLAG. The second is the PRECIPITATION ZEROED

FLAG. The last is the SNOW DEPTH ZEROED FLAG.

PARAMETER FLAG DESCRIPTION:

A This flag denotes the substitution of SSA-OA flux tower data that were

linearly interpolated to 15 minutes from the existing 30 minute data.

The SSA-OA flux tower data are used for the SSA-OA site when SRC data

are not available from SRC SSA-OA or SRC SSA-OJP. The SSA-OA flux

tower data are also used for the SSA-OJP site when data are not

available from SRC SSA-OJP or SRC SSA-OA or SSA-OJP flux tower.

Although the actual flux tower measurements were made at 0 and 30

minutes past the hour, the 'A' designation is used for data from the

flux tower at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour which were linearly

interpolated from the existing 30 minute data.

C This flag denotes the substitution of linearly interpolated SSA-OA flux

tower data when a gap of less than 2 hours existed in the SSA-OA flux

tower data.

D This flag denotes the estimation of DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION

that was estimated using the techniques described in section 9.3.1.

E This flag denotes the substitution of derived DIFFUSE INCOMING

SHORTWAVE RADIATION from the other site within the same study

area when the TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION value was substituted

from the other site. This was done so that both total and diffuse

shortwave values come from the same site for a more accurate

relationship.

H This flag denotes the substitution of precipitation and snow

depth data from Thompson airport when data from both the NSA-OJP

and NSA-YTH sites were missing.

J This flag denotes the substitution of SSA-OJP flux tower data that were

linearly interpolated to 15 minutes from the existing 30 minute data.

The SSA-OJP flux tower data is used for the SSA-OJP site when SRC data

is not available from SRC SSA-OJP or SRC SSA-OA. The SSA-OJP flux

tower data is also used for the SSA-OA site when data is not available

from SRC SSA-OA or SRC SSA-OJP or SSA-OA flux tower. Although the

actual flux tower measurements were made at 0 and 30 minutes past the

hour, the 'J' designation is used for data from the flux tower at 15

and 45 minutes past the hour which were linearly interpolated from the

existing 30 minute data.

K This flag denotes the substitution of linearly interpolated SSA-OJP

flux tower data when a gap of less than 2 hours existed in the SSA-OJP

flux tower data.

Page 12
L

M

W

This flag denotes data that were linearly interpolated from original SRC

data when data were missing for less than two hours.

This flag is used in the soil temperature flag columns when the

time-step method of linear interpolation is used (see Section

9.3.1.) . Data were missing for more than two hours from both SRC sites

but could not be substituted from a flux tower as these data

were not measured at flux towers. Therefore, data from a specific time

of day on the last day of known values were used with data from the same

time on the first day of known values after the missing block to

interpolate values at that time on all the missing days.

This flag denotes original SRC data.

This flag denotes the estimation of REFLECTED SHORTWAVE RADIATION using

the techniques described in section 9.3.1.

This flag denotes the substitution of this parameter from the other SRC

tower within the same study area. This was done when data were missing

for more than two hours (otherwise it would be linearly interpolated).

When data were missing from SRC SSA-OA tower, data from SRC SSA-OJP tower

were used and vice versa. When data were missing from SRC NSA-OJP tower,

data from SRC NSA-YTH tower were used and vice versa.

This flag denotes the estimation of INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION using

the techniques described in section 9.3.1.

This flag denotes pressure data that is incorrect and should only be

used to obtain pressure trends. (see Sections i0.i and 11.2.)

PRECIPITATION GAUGE FLAGS:

B This flag denotes the use of a Belfort weighing precipitation gauge

(winter only) for the water-equivalent precipitation data.

T This flag denotes the use of a tipping bucket rain gauge (not available in

winter) for the liquid-only precipitation data.

PRECIPITATION ZEROED FLAGS:

O This flag denotes the use of original precipitation data.

Z This flag is used when, because of sensor error, the measured

value was negative and has been set to zero. If this data has been

substituted from another site, this flag is left as O but the parameter

flag shows the substitution flag. (see Section 9.3.1.)

SNOW DEPTH ZEROED FLAGS:

O This flag denotes the use of original snow depth data.

Z This flag is used when, because of sensor error, the measured

value was negative and has been set to zero. If this data has been

substituted from another site, this flag is left as O but the parameter

flag shows the substitution flag. (see Section 9.3.1.)

Page 13
7.3.3 Unit of Measurement

The measurement units for the parameters contained in the data files onthe CD-ROM are:

Column Name Units

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY 10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 10M

CALC MIXING RATIO 10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP

CALC SNOW DEPTH

CALC TOT DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN

[none]

[none]

[DD-MON-YY]

[HHMM GMT]

[degrees Celsius]

[degrees Celsius]

[kiloPascals]

[percent]

[grams of water vapor] [kilogram dry air^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[meters] [second^-l]

[millimeters]

[millimeters]

[Watts] [meter^-2]

CALC DIFF DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN [Watts] [meter^-2]

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 15MIN [Watts] [meter^-2]

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN [Watts] [meter^-2]

CALC REFLECTED SHORTWAVE 15MIN [Watts] [meter^-2]

m m m

CALC NET RAD 15MIN [Watts] [meter^-2]

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN [degrees Celsius]

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM 15MIN [degrees Celsius]

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM 15MIN [degrees Celsius]

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM 15MIN [degrees Celsius]

PARM VALUE FLAGS [none]

CRTFCN CODE [none]

REVISION DATE [DD-MON-YY]

7.3.4 Data Source

The sources of the parameter values contained in the data files on the CD-ROM are:

Column Name Data Source

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY 10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 10M

CALC MIXING RATIO 10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP

CALC SNOW DEPTH

CALC TOT DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN

[Assigned by BORIS]

[Assigned by BORIS]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

[Supplied by Investigator]

CALC DIFF DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

Page 14
CALC REFLECTED SHORTWAVE 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC NET RAD 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM 15MIN [Supplied by Investigator]

PARM VALUE FLAGS [Assigned by BORIS]

CRTFCN CODE [Assigned by BORIS]

REVISION DATE [Assigned by BORIS]

The primary data source was the AFM-07 SRC BOREAS data submitted to BORIS. These were

augmented with:

Selected parameters and time periods from the TF-02 BOREAS OA flux tower site's meteorological

variable data submitted to BORIS

Parameters:

INCOMING PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION

TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION

NET RADIATION

ABOVE CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

STATION PRESSURE

WIND SPEED

WIND DIRECTION

INFRARED (CANOPY RADIATIVE) TEMPERATURE

PRECIPITATION (TIPPING BUCKET)

(PAR)

Time periods:

15-JUL-94:I815Z to 16-JUL-94:0300Z

16-JUL-94:I815Z to 20-JUL-94:2030Z

Selected parameters and time periods from the TF-05 BOREAS OJP flux tower site's meteorological

variable data submitted to BORIS

Parameters:

INCOMING PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION

NET RADIATION

ABOVE CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY

WIND SPEED

WIND DIRECTION

(PAR)

Time periods:

15-JUL-94:I815Z to 16-JUL-94:0300Z

16-JUL-94:I815Z to 20-JUL-94:2030Z

Precipitation and snow depth data from Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) at Thompson airport.

PRECIPITATION

Time periods:

19-NOV-94:I000Z to 20-NOV-94:I845Z

Page 15
SNOWFALL INTENSITY

Time periods:

22-NOV-94:2200Z to 23-NOV-94:0145Z

The following indicates the instrument measured values used as the precipitation values during the

indicated periods of time for the specified sites and other data used to fill in needed gaps:

1994

SRC SSA-OA 01-JAN-94 to 31-DEC-94

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-94 to 30-APR-94 and

01-NOV-94 to 31-DEC-94

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 01-MAY-94 to 31-OCT-94

SRC SSA-OJP 01-JAN-94 to 31-DEC-94

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-94 to 30-APR-94 and

01-NOV-94 to 31-DEC-94

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 01-MAY-94 to 31-OCT-94

SRC NSA-OJP 18-JAN-94 to 18-JAN-95

Belfort Gauge: 18-JAN-94 to 15-MAY-94 and

01-NOV-94 to 18-JAN-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 16-MAY-94 to 31-OCT-94

SRC NSA-YTH 18-JAN-94 to 18-JAN-95

Belfort Gauge: 18-JAN-94 to 25-MAY-94 and

01-NOV-94 to 18-JAN-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 26-MAY-94 to 31-OCT-94

TF-02 SSA-OA 22-OCT-93 to 18-SEP-94: U COMPONENT OF WIND,

V COMPONENT OF WIND,

INCOMING TOTAL SHORTWAVE,

INCOMING TOTAL PAR,

ABOVE CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE,

RELATIVE HUMIDITY,

STATION PRESSURE

23-OCT-93 to 13-NOV-93 and

05-FEB-94 to 18-SEP-94: NET RADIATION

19-FEB-94 to 18-SEP-94: INFRARED TEMPERATURE

17-MAY-94 to 18-SEP-94: PRECIPITATION

TF-05 SSA-OJP 23-MAY-94 to 16-SEP-94: ALL PARAMETERS

1995

SRC SSA-OA 01-JAN-95 to 31-DEC-95

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-95 to 30-APR-95 and

01-NOV-95 to 31-DEC-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 01-MAY-95 to 31-OCT-95

SRC SSA-OJP 01-JAN-95 to 31-DEC-95

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-95 to 07-MAY-95 and

01-NOV-95 to 31-DEC-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 08-MAY-95 to 31-OCT-95

Page 16
SRC NSA-OJP 01-JAN-95 to 31-DEC-95

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-95 to 15-JUN-95 and

01-NOV-95 to 31-DEC-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 16-JUN-95 to 31-OCT-95

SRC NSA-YTH 01-JAN-95 to 31-DEC-95

Belfort Gauge: 01-JAN-95 to 08-MAY-95:II45Z and

01-NOV-95 to 31-DEC-95

Tipping Bucket Gauge: 08-MAY-95:I200Z to 31-DEC-95

Due to turnover in staff and loss of information in the creation of this data set, a summary of the

coverage information is not available for the 1996 data.

7.3.5 Data Range

The following table gives information about the parameter values found in the data files on the

CD-ROM.

Minimum Maximum Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Data Data Detect Not

Column Name Value Value Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-9BS-YTHSA

SUB SITE STAFF-MOD01

DATE OBS 01-JAN-94

TIME OBS 0

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY -75.2

10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN -44.6

CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 91.5

15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 5.4

10M

CALC MIXING RATIO 0

10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND -6.9823

VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND -10.955

VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP 0

CALC SNOW DEPTH 0

CALC TOT DOWN -9.345

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DIFF DOWN -6.089

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE -21.98

15MIN

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN -.098

CALC REFLECTED -322.444

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC NET RAD 15MIN -254.789

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN -41.5

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM -15.83

15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM -14.82

SSA-OJP-FLXTR

STAFF-MOD01

18-JAN-95

2345

3O

32.1

101.09

105.5

14.529

8.869

7.0474

15.3

832

1109.244

795 944

421 178

452 6

612 i01

835 7

36 3

20 36

18 47

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

-999 None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

-999 None None None

-999 None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

-999 None None None

None None None None

None None None None

Page 17
15MIN

CALCSOIL TEMP50CM -12.8 15.83 None

15MIN

PARMVALUEFLAGS N/A N/A None

CRTFCNCODE CPI CPI None

REVISIONDATE 06-SEP-96 09-SEP-96 None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

1995 Data

Column Name

Minimum

Data

Value

Maximum

Data

Value

Missng

Data

Value

Unrel

Data

Value

Below

Detect

Limit

Data

Not

Cllctd

SITE NAME

SUB SITE

DATE OBS

TIME OBS

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY

10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN

CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS

15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN

10M

CALC MIXING RATIO

10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND

VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND

VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP

CALC SNOW DEPTH

CALC TOT DOWN

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DIFF DOWN

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE

15MIN

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN

CALC REFLECTED

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC NET RAD 15MIN

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN

NSA-9BS-YTHSA

STAFF-MOD01

01-JAN-95

0

-41.1

-43.2

91.19

10.9

.072

-6 2573

-6 7945

0

0

-8 668

-6 202

ii 873

-.099

-33.793

-131.789

-111.4

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM -14.53

15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM -12.3

15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM -9.77

15MIN

PARM VALUE FLAGS N/A

CRTFCN CODE CPI

REVISION DATE 09-SEP-96

SSA-OJP-FLXTR

STAFF-MOD01

31-DEC-95

2345

37

38.3

101.59

106

16.834

7.2428

8.9861

10.6

615

1122.111

804 778

462 378

430 089

192 467

808 iii

40 1

19 05

17 05

14 44

N/A

CPI

10-SEP-96

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

-999

-999

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Page 18
1996 Data

Column Name

Minimum

Data

Value

Maximum

Data

Value

Missng Unrel Below Data

Data Data Detect Not

Value Value Limit Cllctd

SITE NAME NSA-9BS-YTHSA

SUB SITE STAFF-MOD01

DATE OBS 01-JAN-96

TIME OBS 0

CALC TEMP ABV CNPY -46.2

10M

CALC TEMP WITHIN -47.1

CNPY 2M

CALC SURF PRESS 91.23

15MIN

CALC REL HUM 15MIN 8.1

10M

CALC MIXING RATIO .03

10M

CALC U COMPNT WIND -6.0446

VELOC

CALC V COMPNT WIND -6.2381

VELOC

CALC ACCUM PRECIP 0

CALC SNOW DEPTH 0

CALC TOT DOWN -10.929

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DIFF DOWN 0

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 90.328

15MIN

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN -.i

CALC REFLECTED -5.319

SHORTWAVE 15MIN

CALC NET RAD 15MIN -212.711

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN -45 5

CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM -12 79

15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM -i0 86

15MIN

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM -8.36

15MIN

PARM VALUE FLAGS N/A

CRTFCN CODE CPI

REVISION DATE 31-JAN-97

SSA-OJP-FLXTR

STAFF-MOD01

01-DEC-96

2345

33.2

33.9

101.61

103.2

15.383

6.9578

7.4699

1115.2

928

1114.222

857 167

435 856

428 022

196 178

785 833

39 1

18 93

18 26

14 73

N/A

CPI

03-FEB-97

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

-999 None None None

None None None None

-999 None None None

-999 None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

None None None None

Minimum Data Value -- The minimum value found in the column.

Maximum Data Value -- The maximum value found in the column.

Missng Data Value -- The value that indicates missing data. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the attempt was unsuccessful.

Unrel Data Value -- The value that indicates unreliable data. This is used

to indicate an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the value was deemed to be

Page 19
Below Detect Limit

Data Not Cllctd

unreliable by the analysis personnel.

The value that indicates parameter values below the

instruments detection limits. This is used to

indicate that an attempt was made to determine the

parameter value, but the analysis personnel determined

that the parameter value was below the detection

limit of the instrumentation.

This value indicates that no attempt was made to

determine the parameter value. This usually

indicates that BORIS combined several similar but

not identical data sets into the same data base table

but this particular science team did not

measure that parameter.

Blank -- Indicates that blank spaces are used to denote that type of value.

N/A -- Indicates that the value is not applicable to the respective column.

None -- Indicates that no values of that sort were found in the column.

7.4 Sample Data Record

The following are wrapped versions of data records from a sample data file on the CD-ROM.

SITE NAME,SUB SITE,DATE OBS,TIME OBS,CALC TEMP ABV CNPY 10M,

CALC TEMP WITHIN CNPY 2M, CALC SURF PRESS 15MIN, CALC REL HUM 15MIN 10M,

CALC MIXING RATIO 10M, CALC U COMPNT WIND VELOC,CALC V COMPNT WIND VELOC,

CALC ACCUM PRECIP,CALC SNOW DEPTH,CALC TOT DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN,

CALC DIFF DOWN SHORTWAVE 15MIN, CALC DOWN LONGWAVE 15MIN,

CALC DOWN PAR 15MIN, CALC REFLECTED SHORTWAVE 15MIN, CALC NET RAD 15MIN,

CALC IR TEMP 15MIN, CALC SOIL TEMP 10CM 15MIN, CALC SOIL TEMP 20CM 15MIN,

CALC SOIL TEMP 50CM 15MIN, PARM VALUE FLAGS,CRTFCN CODE,REVISION DATE

'NSA-9BS-YTHSA', 'STAFF-MOD01',01-SEP-95,0,20.0,19.9,97.33,36.3,5.469,2.6547, .041

7,0.0 0.0,163.822,-999.0,-999.0,62.492,49.146,52.58,19.2,13.56,12.17,11.87,

'SSSS SSSSOOOOOSSSSTOO', 'CPI',I0-SEP-96 'NSA-9BS-YTHSA', 'STAFF-MOD01',01-SEP-95,

15,19.9,19.6,97.33,36.9,5.526,2.1518,.02 63,0.0,0.0,130.422,-999.0,-999.0,49.84,

50.24,22.392,19.0,13.58,12.2,11.87, 'SSSSS SSSOOOOOSSSSTOO', 'CPI',I0-SEP-96

8. Data Organization

8.1 Data Granularity

The smallest unit of data that can be ordered from this data set is the data for a given site in a given

month.

8.2 Data Format(s)

The Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) files contain American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII) numerical and character fields of varying length separated by

commas. The character fields are enclosed with single apostrophe marks. There are no spaces between

the fields.

Each data file on the CD-ROM has four header lines of Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)

code at the top. When viewed with a Web browser, this code displays header information (data set

title, location, date, acknowledgments, etc.) and a series of HTML links to associated data files and

related data sets. Line 5 of each data file is a list of the column names, and line 6 and following lines

contain the actual data.

Page 20
9. Data Manipulations

9.1 Formulae

The following formulae were required in processing this data set:

For RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

RH = e / es(T)

where RH is relative humidity (percent)

e is vapor pressure

es(T) is saturation vapor pressure.

e=X*(R/Mw)*T

where e is vapor pressure (Pa)

X is absolute humidity, or vapor density (g/m3)

R is the gas constant = 8.314 J/mol/K

Mw is the molecular weight of water = 18 g/tool

T is air temperature (K)

es(T) = 6.112 * exp[ (17.67 * T) / (T + 243.5)]

where es(T) is saturation vapor pressure (rob)

T is air temperature (degrees Celsius)

For MIXING RATIO:

q=(622*e)/(P-e)

where q is mixing ratio (grams/kilogram)

e is vapor pressure (rob)

P is station pressure (rob)

e = RH * es(T)

where e is vapor pressure

RH is relative humidity (percent)

es(T) is saturation vapor pressure

es(T) = 6.112 * exp[ ( 17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )]

where es(T) is saturation vapor pressure (rob)

T is air temperature (degrees Celsius)

For DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION:

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

slope * [ Incoming Shortwave / cosine( zenith angle )] + intercept

Page 21
ForINCOMINGLONGWAVERADIATION:

IncomingLongwave= NetRadiation+ ReflectedShortwave

+ OutgoingLongwave- TotalIncomingShortwave

whereOutgoingLongwaveis approximatedby 5.67E-08* ( InfraredTemperature)4

whichis basedontheStefan-Boltzmannradiationlaw, assuminganemissivityof 1.

9.1.1 Derivation Techniques and Algorithms

As the FORTRAN program linearly interpolated and substituted data (see Section 9.2.1), it flagged

the source of each parameter and is included in each file record. The last column in each file shows a

string of characters that are the flags. Beginning with the flag for ABOVE CANOPY AIR

TEMPERATURE, since this is the first measured parameter, each flag in the string corresponds to a

parameter column. There will be the same number of parameter flags as there are parameters -- 19 for

SSA-OA, SSA-OJP, and NSA-OJP, and 17 for NSA-YTH.

Following the parameter flags are three precipitation-related flags. The first of these is the

PRECIPITATION GAUGE FLAG. A 'T' is shown if precipitation data were measured from the

tipping bucket rain gauge. A 'B' is shown if precipitation data were measured from the Belfort

weighing precipitation gauge. The tipping bucket gauge cannot measure frozen precipitation, so it is

used only in the summer.

The next flag is the PRECIPITATION ZEROED FLAG. This place will show either an 'O' for

original precipitation data, or a 'Z' if the data have been zeroed. Sometimes when the Belfort gauge is

used, a negative precipitation value is obtained. Before processing, the Belfort raw value is

cumulative. At each time, the previous cumulative value is subtracted from the current value to obtain

the amount of precipitation that has fallen within the last 15 minutes. When this value is negative

(because of sensor error), it has been zeroed and flagged with a Z in this flag place to alert the user that

actual data are not shown.

The last flag is the SNOW DEPTH ZEROED FLAG. Like the Belfort gauge, the snow depth

sensor sometimes gives negative values when there is little snow on the ground. This value has been

zeroed and will be flagged with a 'Z' in this flag place. At all other times the flag is 'O'.

9.2 Data Processing Sequence

9.2.1 Processing Steps

BORIS staff compiled surface meteorological data by:

• Extracting a year-long file of 15-minute continuous data for each of four chosen BOREAS

SRC Meteorological Towers from the BORIS data base.

• Inputting these files into a FORTRAN program that would linearly interpolate missing

parameters when these parameters were missing for less than 2 hours.

• Inputting the files from step 2 into a FORTRAN program that would compare the files from

the two towers within one study area and substitute missing parameters from one file to the

other when parameters were missing for more than 2 hours.

• Using the TF data sets from TF-02 (SSA-OA) and TF-05 (SSA-OJP) to substitute available

missing parameters when both sites within the SSA were missing the same parameters.

• Using Thompson airport precipitation data when SRC data were missing during winter when

no flux tower data were available.

• Using the methods described in Section 9.3.1 to calculate remaining missing parameters to

obtain a complete continuous 15-minute data set for an entire year at the four chosen BOREAS

SRC sites.

9.2.2 Processing Changes

None.

Page 22
9.3 Calculations

9.3.1 Special Corrections/Adjustments

RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

The flux tower at SSA-OJP measures absolute humidity. When relative humidity is missing from

SRC and is replaced by the value measured at SSA-OJP, the absolute humidity has been converted to

relative humidity. The relative humidity value was calculated using the equation

RH = e / es(T) (1)

where e is vapor pressure and es(T) is saturation vapor pressure.

By substituting the following for e in equation (1)

e=X*(R/Mw)*T (2)

the result is:

RH(fraction) = X * T/( 2.165 * es(T) )

where e is vapor pressure (Pa), X is absolute humidity, or vapor density (g/m3), R is the gas constant

= 8.314 J/(mol K), Mw is the molecular weight of water = 18 g/tool, and T is air temperature (K), can

be substituted, as shown in equation 3.

But to put vapor pressure in standard units of kiloPascals (kPa), it is necessary to divide (2) by

1000, resulting in

RH(fraction) = X * T / ( 2165 * es(T) ) (3)

(Monteith and Unsworth, 1990).

Using the measured air temperature, the saturation vapor pressure is obtained by using the equation

es(T) = 6.112 * exp[ ( 17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )] (4)

where here T is air temperature (degrees Celsius) and es(T) is saturation vapor pressure (rob). To put

es(T) in standard units of kPa in order to be used with vapor pressure in kPa, divide the equation by

10 to obtain:

es(T) = ( 6.112 * exp[ ( 17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )]) / 10 (5)

Now terms for e and es(T) are used to obtain RH(fraction) so that relative humidity is now in terms of

air temperature and absolute humidity (both are measured parameters.) Multiply by 100 to obtain

percentage.

MIXING RATIO:

This parameter is not measured but is derived from the measured relative humidity, pressure, and

above-canopy air temperature. The following equation is used to determine mixing ratio:

q= (622" e) / (P- e) (6)

where q is mixing ratio (grams kilogram-1), e is vapor pressure (rob), and P is station pressure in

(rob). Substituting

e = RH * es(T) (7)

Page 23
into (6) gives

q = ( 622 * RH * es(T)) / ( P- ( RH * es(T) )) (8)

where RH is relative humidity (fraction) and es(T) is saturation vapor pressure.

Using (4)

we can substitute into (8) to form

q = 622 * a / ( P - a) (9)

where a = RH * 6.112 * exp[ ( 17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )]

Using the property that ( Constant * a ) / ( b - a ) =

[( Constant * a ) / ( b- a )] * [1/a] / [1/a] = Constant / ( b / a- 1 )

where Constant = 622 and b = P,

we obtain

q = 622 / ( P / ( RH * 6.112 * exp [ (17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )])- 1) (10)

which can be rearranged to form

q = 622 / (( .16361 / RH ) * P * exp [ (-17.67 * T ) / ( T + 243.5 )] - 1)

(Bolton, 1980).

Since three parameters are required to derive mixing ratio, its data source flag is marked according to

the source from which at least two of the three parameters came.

U COMPONENT OF WIND

V COMPONENT OF WIND:

Wind speed and wind direction were measured at the SSA-OA and SSA-OJP flux towers.

Therefore, it was necessary to convert these parameters to components for the data set using the

equations

U COMPONENT OF WIND =

-(wind speed)*[sine(wind direction from which wind travels)]

V COMPONENT OF WIND =

-(wind speed)*[cosine(wind direction from which wind travels)]

PRECIPITATION:

Two precipitation gauges are used. In 1994, a tipping bucket rain gauge was used to measure

15-minute rainfall from 01-MAY-94:0000Z through 31-OCT-94:2345Z at SSA-OA and SSA-OJP,

from 16-MAY-94:0000Z through 31-OCT-94:2345Z at NSA-OJP, and from 26-MAY-94:0000Z

through 31-OCT-94:2345Z at NSA-YTH. In 1995, a tipping bucket rain gauge was used to measure

15-minute rainfall from 01-MAY-95:0000Z through 31-OCT-95:2345Z at SSA-OA, from

08-MAY-95:0000Z through 31-OCT-95:2345Z at SSA-OJP, from 16-JUN-95:0000Z through

31-OCT-95:2345Z at NSA-OJP, and from 08-MAY-95:1200Z through 31-OCT-95:2345Z at

NSA-YTH. At all other times of the year, a Belfort gauge was used to measure cumulative rainfall and

cumulative water equivalence of frozen precipitation. There is some error in the Belfort sensor such

Page 24
thatthevaluemayoscillateaboutapoint.Toget 15-minuteprecipitationdatafrom thecumulative

value,thepreviousrecord'svalueis subtractedfrom thecurrentvalue.Whenthecalculatedvaluewas

negativedueto sensorerror,thevaluewaszeroed.Thisis flaggedwith aZ in thesecondto last

(PRECIPITATIONZEROED)flagcolumn.Theusualflagsfor datasource(original(O),interpolated,

or substituted)appearin theactualprecipitationparameterflag column.SSAdatasetsweremissing

precipitationin thesummerwhenthisvaluecouldbesubstitutedfrom flux towers.NSA datasetswere

missingprecipitationonlyin winterwhenflux towerswerenotrunning.For missingprecipitationin

theNSA sites,precipitationdatafrom theThompsonairportareused.Thompsonairportmeasures

waterequivalenceandrangesof snowfallintensitysuchaslight,moderate,heavy,etc.;therefore,

snowdepthhasbeenestimatedforthistimeperiod.

ForSSA-OA:

Dataweremissingfrom 17-JUN-95:0615Zthrough17-JUN-95:1200Z.All parametersexcept

precipitationwereinterpolated.TheBelfort gaugeshowedzeroat 17-JUN-95:0600Zand5.4mm at

17-JUN-95:1215Z,soit wasassumedthat5.4mmof rainfell within thattimeperiod.Datafrom SRC

SSA-OJPwerealsomissing.By checkingtheSRCsitesatLa Ronge,MeadowLake,andSaskatoon,

anestimateof precipitationwasdetermined.LaRongeandMeadowLakeshowednoprecipitation,but

Saskatoonshowedthat0.6mmfell at0815Z,0.2mmat 0830Z,0.6mm at0845Z,and2 mm at

0900Z.Assumingit rainedatSSA-OAatthesametime,theextra2mm thatfell atSSA-OAwas

dividedamongthetimeperiodssothatprecipitationwassetto 1.1mm at0815Z,0.7mmat 0830Z,

1.1mm at 0845Z,and2.5mm at 0900Z.Precipitationfor this timeperiodis flaggedwith 'P'.

Dataweremissingfrom 20-JUN-95:0015Zthrough20-JUN-95:0600Z.All parametersexcept

precipitationwereinterpolated.TheBelfort gaugeshowed27.1mmat 20-JUN-95:0000Zand37.7

mm at20-JUN-95:0615Z.Datafrom SRCSSA-OJPwerealsomissing.By checkingtheSRCsitesat

La Ronge,MeadowLake,ThePas,andSaskatoon,anestimateof precipitationwasdetermined.La

Rongewasalsomissing.ThePasandMeadowLakeshowednoprecipitation,butSaskatoonshowed

1.2mm at 0230Z,0.2mm at 0315Z,0.2mm at 0330Z,0.8mm at0345Z,and0.2 mmat 0400Z.

Dataweremissingfrom 22-AUG-95:0615Zthrough23-AUG-95:0645.All parametersexcept

precipitationweresubstitutedfrom SSA-OJP.TheBelfortgaugeshowed14.1mm at

22-AUG-95:0600Zand15.6mm at23-AUG-95:0700Z,soit wasassumedthat 1.5mm of rainfell

within thattimeperiod.Onemmfell atSSA-OJPat22-AUG-95:0830Z,and0.3mmfell at0845Z.

SinceSSA-OAis locatedwestof SSA-OJP,precipitationwassetto 1mmat 22-AUG-95:0730Z,0.3

mm at 0745Z,and0.2mm at 0800Zandflaggedwith 'P'.

Dataweremissingfrom 11-JUL-95:0015Zthrough12-JUL-95:0200Z.TheBelfortgaugeshowed

59.6mm at 11-JUL-95:0000Zand79.1mmat 12-JUL-95:0215Z.Thisamountappearsto betoogreat

sinceonly2 mmfell atSSA-OJPduringthistimeperiod.It wasdecidedto substituteall missing

parametersincludingprecipitationfrom SSA-OJPfor thistimeperiod.

Dataweremissingfrom 29-DEC-95:0015Zthrough29-DEC-95:0400Z.All parameterswere

interpolatedsincedatawerealsomissingfrom SSA-OAatthesetimes.Precipitationvaluesdidnot

changewhilethesitewasdown,soit wasassumedthatnoprecipitationfell at thesetimes.

For NSA-OJP:

All parametersweremissingfrom 02-FEB-95:1715Zthrough22-FEB-95:2330Z.All parameters

weresubstitutedsinceprecipitationeventscouldnotbedetermined.

All parametersweremissingfrom23-NOV-95:1900Zthrough23-NOV-95:1945Z.All parameters

wereinterpolatedexceptprecipitation.TheBelfortgaugeshowed101.38mm at 1845Zand105.78

mm at2000Z.It wasdecidedto dividethis4.4mmevenlyby recording1.1mm at 1900Z,1915Z,

1930Z,and 1945Z.

Precipitationandsnowdepthweremissing28-NOV-95at0230Zand0245Z.Bothvalueswerethe

sameat0215Zand0300Zsoit wasdeterminedthatnoprecipitationoccurred.

All dataweremissing29-DEC-95:0015Zthrough29-DEC-95:0345Z.All parameterswere

interpolated,butBelfortvalueswerethesame,soit wasdeterminedthatnoprecipitationoccurred.

Page25
For NSA-YTH:

All parametersweremissingfrom 23-JUN-95:1215Zthrough23-JUN-95:1700Z.All parameters

weresubstitutedexceptprecipitation.TheBelfortvaluedid notchangesoit wasassumedthat

precipitationdid not occur.

All parametersexceptradiationweremissingfrom 17-AUG-95:1930Zthrough13-OCT-95:1900Z.

All parametersweresubstitutedsinceit wasnotpossibleto determineprecipitationevents.

Precipitationwasmissingfrom 23-NOV-95:1730Zthrough24-NOV-95:0000Z.TheBelfortvalue

did notchangesoit wasdeterminedthatnoprecipitationoccurred.

All parametersweremissingfrom 29-DEC-95:0015through29-DEC-95:0345Z.TheBelfortvalue

did notchangesoit wasdeterminedthatnoprecipitationoccurred.

SNOW DEPTH:

Snowdepthwasnotmeasuredduringthesummermonthsandis shownas'0'.Whentherewas

verylittle snowontheground,thesensorgavesporadic

negativevalues.For thisdataset,thesevalueshavebeensetto zeroand

flaggedwith aZ in thelast(SNOWDEPTHZEROED)flagcolumn.Theusualflagsfor datasource

(original(O),interpolated,or substituted)appearin the

actualsnowdepthparameterflagcolumn.

REFLECTED SHORTWAVE RADIATION:

This parameter was not measured at flux towers. When SRC data are missing, all other radiation

components have been substituted from flux towers. This parameter is then calculated as a residual

using

Reflected Shortwave = Total Incoming Shortwave + Incoming Longwave

- Outgoing Longwave - Net Radiation

where Outgoing Longwave is approximated by

5.67E-08 * (Infrared Temperature)4

which is based on the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation law, assuming an emissivity of 1.

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 10-CM DEPTH

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 20-CM DEPTH

SOIL TEMPERATURE AT 50-CM DEPTH:

Soil temperatures at these depths were not measured at the flux towers. These parameters are

missing from 15-JUL-94:1815Z through 20-JUL-94:2030Z at SSA-OA and SSA-OJP. Values for

each time step have been linearly interpolated such that values at 14-JUL-94:1815Z and

21-JUL-94:1815 are used to interpolate 15-JUL-94:1815, 16-JUL-94:1815, 17-JUL-94:1815,

18-JUL-94:1815, 19-JUL-94:1815, 20-JUL-94:1815, and so on through every 15-minute block of

each missing day. These values are flagged with M to denote this time-step type of linear interpolation.

Near the end of the missing data period at SSA-OJP, a straight linear interpolation is performed

between 21-JUL-94:1815 and 21-JUL-94:2030 to smooth the data. This is flagged with the usual L.

DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION:

This parameter was not measured at the NSA-YTH site. Missing periods for SSA-OA, SSA-OJP,

and NSA-OJP cannot be substituted from TF sites as this parameter was not measured at flux towers.

In 1994, diffuse incoming shortwave was missing at NSA-OJP from 18-JAN-94:0000Z to

27-JAN-94:2345 and 08-AUG-94:2215Z to 22-AUG-94:2200Z, and at SSA-OA and SSA-OJP from

01-JAN-94:0000Z to 18-FEB-94:2015Z. In 1995, diffuse incoming shortwave was missing at

NSA-OJP from 06-MAY-95:1815Z to 08-MAY-95:0330Z, from 27-MAY-95:1815Z to

29-MAY-95:0045Z, and from 23-NOV-95:1815Z to 11-DEC-95:0400Z.

Page 26
For NSA-OJP:

UsingTotalIncomingShortwaveRadiation,DiffuseIncomingShortwaveRadiation,andzenith

anglefrom themissingtimeperiods,TotalIncomingShortwave/ Diffuse Incoming Shortwave, or the

diffuse fraction, was plotted versus Incoming Shortwave / [ cosine ( zenith angle )]. This has a near

linear relationship when zenith angles between 40 and 90 degrees are used. Only values of Incoming

Shortwave / [ cosine( zenith angle )] between 200 and 1200 were used as this eliminated wide scatter.

Regression was performed to obtain a linear equation from the plot. For these particular cases, the

following equations were obtained:

for 28-JAN-94:0000Z to 06-FEB-94:0000Z:

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

-0.00042 * Incoming Shortwave / cosine( zenith angle ) + 1.001453

for 29-JUL-94:0000Z to 08-AUG-94:2200Z:

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

-0.00077 * Incoming Shortwave / cosine( zenith angle ) + 0.989878

for 23-NOV-95:1815Z to 11-DEC-95:0400Z:

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

-0.00079 * Incoming Shortwave /cosine( zenith angle ) + 1.129367

These equations were used for the missing time periods to calculate DIFFUSE INCOMING

SHORTWAVE RADIATION using known values of TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE

RADIATION. When a value of DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION greater than

TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION was calculated, it was set equal to TOTAL

INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION.

For SSA-OA:

This site has substituted TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE from SSA-OJP from

01-JAN-94:0000Z to 10-JAN-94:1400, from 11-JAN-94:0330Z to 20-JAN-94:2230Z, and from

18-FEB-94:2030Z to 22-FEB-94:0045Z. At these times, the derived DIFFUSE INCOMING

SHORTWAVE RADIATION has also been substituted from SSA-OJP for consistency. Using Total

Incoming Shortwave Radiation, Diffuse Incoming Shortwave Radiation, and zenith angle from

22-FEB-94:0100Z to 01-MAR-94:2345Z (since these time periods are available at this site), Total

Incoming Shortwave / Diffuse Incoming Shortwave, or the diffuse fraction, was plotted versus

Incoming Shortwave / [ cosine( zenith angle )]. This has a near linear relationship when zenith angles

between 40 and 90 degrees are used. Only values of Incoming Shortwave / [ cosine( zenith angle )]

between 200 and 1200 were used as this eliminated wide scatter. Regression was performed to obtain

a linear equation from the plot. For this particular case, the equation

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

-0.00096 * Incoming Shortwave / cosine( zenith angle ) + 1.323676

was obtained. This equation was used for the missing time periods to calculate DIFFUSE INCOMING

SHORTWAVE RADIATION using known values of TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE

RADIATION. When a value of DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION greater than

TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION was calculated, it was set equal to TOTAL

INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION.

Page 27
ForSSA-OJP:

UsingTotalIncomingShortwaveRadiation,DiffuseIncomingShortwaveRadiation,andzenith

anglefrom 18-FEB-94:2030Zto 28-FEB-94:2030Z,TotalIncomingShortwave/ Diffuse Incoming

Shortwave, or the diffuse fraction, was plotted versus Incoming Shortwave / [ cosine( zenith angle )].

This has a near linear relationship when zenith angles between 40 degrees and 90 degrees are used.

Only values of Incoming Shortwave / [ cosine( zenith angle )] between 200 and 1200 were used as this

eliminated wide scatter. Regression was performed to obtain a linear equation from the plot. For this

particular case, the equation

Diffuse Incoming Shortwave / Incoming Shortwave =

-0.00094 * Incoming Shortwave /cosine( zenith angle ) + 1.328154

was obtained. This equation was used for the missing time periods to calculate DIFFUSE INCOMING

SHORTWAVE RADIATION using known values of TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE

RADIATION. When a value of DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION greater than

TOTAL INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION was calculated, it was set equal to TOTAL

INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION.

INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION:

This parameter was not measured at the NSA-YTH site. Missing periods cannot be substituted

from TF sites as this parameter was not measured at flux towers. Incoming Longwave was missing at

NSA-OJP from 08-AUG-94:2215Z to 22-AUG-94:2200Z, and at SSA-OA and SSA-OJP from

01-JAN-94:0000Z to 20-JAN-94:2145Z. For these missing periods, Incoming Longwave was

calculated as a residual using

Incoming Longwave = Net Radiation + Reflected Shortwave

+ Outgoing Longwave - Total Incoming Shortwave

where Outgoing Longwave is approximated by

5.67E-08 * (Infrared Temperature)4

INTERPOLATION OF TF DATA:

TF data at SSA-OA and SSA-OJP were measured only at half-hour intervals (on the hour and half

past the hour). Therefore it was necessary to interpolate the values at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour

so that these data sets could be merged with the SRC data sets when SRC data were missing. It should

be understood that the values at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour are interpolated. They will be flagged

with the usual 'A' or 'J' for substitution from SSA-OA flux tower or SSA-OJP flux tower,

respectively. Only when a block of data is missing (for less than 2 hours) from a flux tower and is

linearly interpolated will the 'C' or 'K' be used for interpolation of SSA-OA flux tower data or

SSA-OJP flux tower data, respectively.

9.3.2 Calculated Variables

Variables calculated for entire data set:

MIXING RATIO

Variables calculated for portions of the data set:

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

REFLECTED SHORTWAVE RADIATION

DIFFUSE INCOMING SHORTWAVE RADIATION

INCOMING LONGWAVE RADIATION

U COMPONENT OF WIND

V COMPONENT OF WIND

Page 28
9.4 Graphs and Plots

None.

10. Errors

10.1 Sources of Error

STATION PRESSURE: This parameter has been flagged with a '?' from 01-JAN-94:0000Z to

19-FEB-94:0130Z at SSA-OA, 01-JAN-94:0000Z to 19-FEB-94:0230Z at SSA-OJP,

18-JAN-94:0000Z to 1994 19-FEB-94:0330Z at NSA-OJP, and 18-JAN-94:0000Z to

18-FEB-94:2245Z at NSA-YTH. Values at these times are incorrect and cannot be retroactively

corrected. Please use these values only to evaluate pressure trends.

10.2 Quality Assessment

10.2.1 Data Validation by Source

Please refer to the BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and the BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

documentation for more detailed information on data collection.

10.2.2 Confidenee Level/Aeeuraey Judgment

Please refer to this section in the AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-05

SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data, BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and

Meteorological Data, and BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data documents

for original data confidence. Parameters were measured at various heights, which affects accuracy (see

Section 11.2). It was felt that a linear interpolation of parameters missing for less than 2 hours was a

good approximation of actual values. When substituting from one SRC tower to another, subtle

differences in instrument height, elevation, terrain, canopy, current weather conditions, and other

various factors cause the substituted data to be less accurate than actual data. The degree of accuracy

depends on these numerous qualitative factors. Reflected Shortwave and Incoming Longwave are

sometimes calculated as residuals assuming Net Radiation is the balance of Total Incoming Shortwave,

Incoming Longwave, Reflected Shortwave, and Outgoing Longwave. Obviously this neglects other

factors and sensor errors that either add to or subtract from this balance. Diffuse Incoming Shortwave

is sometimes calculated from a regression equation relating Diffuse Incoming Shortwave, Total

Incoming Shortwave, and zenith angle. It was very difficult to assess the accuracy of this method since

no measurements of cloud cover were made by any of the data sources.

10.2.3 Measurement Error for Parameters

Please refer to the documentation for the following data sets for more detailed information:

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-05 SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

10.2.4 Additional Quality Assessments

Please refer to the documentation for the following data sets for more detailed information:

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-01 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-05 SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

Page 29
10.2.5 Data Verification by Data Center

The data were spot checked for accuracy.

11. Notes

11.1 Limitations of the Data

These data were compiled to provide a consistent modeling data set over a long period of time (i.e.,

years) for a group of modelers in the BOREAS project. Since some of the data were interpolated or

substituted from various sources, caution should be taken in using this data set, especially when trying

to make inferences over short time periods.

11.2 Known Problems with the Data

Please note that substituted data will have been measured at a different height than the original data.

The height difference depends on parameter and data source. This affects the accuracy of the data but is

still a good approximation since height differences were not large. Please refer to the equipment

sections (Section 4) of the following documents for sensor heights:

BOREAS AFM-07 SRC Surface Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-05 SSA-OJP Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

BOREAS TF-02 SSA-OA Tower Flux and Meteorological Data

WITHIN CANOPY AIR TEMPERATURE:

When this variable is missing from both SRC towers within a study area for more than 2 hours, it

cannot be replaced by other means since it was not measured at a flux tower. A '-999' is given in place

of a value. A good approximation of this value would be the Infrared (Canopy Radiative) Temperature.

INFRARED (CANOPY RADIATIVE) TEMPERATURE:

When this variable is missing from SRC for more than 2 hours during winter, it cannot be replaced

by other means since flux towers were not collecting data in winter. A '-999' is given in place of a

value. A good approximation of this value would be the within canopy air temperature.

STATION PRESSURE:

This parameter has been flagged with a '?' from 01-JAN-94:0000Z to 19-FEB-94:0130Z at

SSA-OA, 01-JAN-94:0000Z to 19-FEB-94:0230Z at SSA-OJP, 18-JAN-94:0000Z to 1994

19-FEB-94:0330Z at NSA-OJP, and 18-JAN-94:0000Z to 18-FEB-94:2245Z at NSA-YTH. Values at

these times are incorrect and cannot be retroactively corrected. Please use these values only to evaluate

pressure trends.

PRECIPITATION:

When the Belfort gauge is used, as mentioned in Section 9.3.1, values sometimes oscillate about a

point. The raw value is cumulative so that in order to obtain 15-minute values, the last period's value

must be subtracted from the current value. If the current value is less than that of the last period, the

value will be set to zero. If the current value is greater than that of the last period, the positive

difference will be given. If this value is small, it may not be due to a precipitation event. The user must

use his or her judgment to determine which values denote actual precipitation and which denote sensor

noise. From analysis, it appears that values of 0.1 denote sensor noise.

11.3 Usage Guidance

This data set was compiled as a consistent standard data set for BOREAS modelers to use in

climate and weather models. Because data were interpolated and substituted to fill data gaps, caution

should be used when trying to draw inferences from this data set.

Page 30
11.4 Other Relevant Information

None.

12. Application of the Data Set

This data set was compiled as a consistent standard data set for BOREAS modelers to use in process

models. Because data were interpolated and substituted to fill data gaps, caution should be used when

trying to draw inferences from this data set.

None.

13. Future Modifications and Plans

14. Software

14.1 Software Description

BORIS staff developed a set of FORTRAN programs to process and merge the existing data into

the form presented here. The software modules and their functions are:

LINTERP.FOR - Perform needed linear interpolation of data for gaps two hours or less in duration

within a given file.

SUBST.FOR - Compares the contents of two input files and substitutes data from one to the other to

fill in data gaps.

14.2 Software Access

The software is available from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active

Archive Center (DAAC). See Section 15 for details.

15. Data Access

The derived surface meteorological data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and

Information System (EOSDIS) ORNL DAAC.

15.1 Contact Information

For BOREAS data and documentation please contact:

ORNL DAAC User Services

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008 MS-6407

Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6407

Phone: (423) 241-3952

Fax: (423) 574-4665

E-mail: ornldaac@ornl.gov or ornl@eos.nasa.gov

15.2 Data Center Identification

Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory

(ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) for Biogeochemical Dynamics

http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/.

Page 31
15.3 Procedures for Obtaining Data

Users may obtain data directly through the ORNL DAAC online search and order system

[http://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/] and the anonymous FTP site [ftp://www-eosdis.ornl.gov/data/] or by

contacting User Services by electronic mail, telephone, fax, letter, or personal visit using the contact

information in Section 15.1.

15.4 Data Center Status/Plans

The ORNL DAAC is the primary source for BOREAS field measurement, image, GIS, and

hardcopy data products. The BOREAS CD-ROM and data referenced or listed in inventories on the

CD-ROM are available from the ORNL DAAC.

16. Output Products and Availability

16.1 Tape Products

None.

16.2 Film Products

None.

16.3 Other Products

These data are available on the BOREAS CD-ROM series.

17. References

17.1 Platform/Sensor/Instrument/Data Processing Documentation

Please refer to this section in the AFM-07 SRC Meteorological and Radiation Data Set

documentation, TF-02 documentation, TF-05 documentation, and TF-01 documentation.

17.2 Journal Articles and Study Reports

Please refer to this section in the AFM-07 SRC Meteorological and Radiation Data Set

documentation, TF-02 documentation, TF-05 documentation, and TF-01 documentation.

Bolton, D. 1980. The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature. Monthly Weather Review,

108:1046-1053.

Monteith, J.L. and M.H. Unsworth. 1990. Principles of Environmental Physics. Edward Arnold,

New York.

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson,

A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. 2000. Collected Data of The

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM.

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1994. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1994-3.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 94).

Sellers, P. and F. Hall. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: Experiment Plan. Version

1996-2.0, NASA BOREAS Report (EXPLAN 96).

Sellers, P., F. Hall, and K.F. Huemmrich. 1996. Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study: 1994

Operations. NASA BOREAS Report (OPS DOC 94).

Page 32
Sellers,P.,F. Hall, andK.F. Huemmrich.1997.BorealEcosystem-AtmosphereStudy:1996

Operations.NASA BOREASReport(OPSDOC96).

Sellers,P.,F. Hall, H. Margolis,B. Kelly, D. Baldocchi,G. denHartog,J.Cihlar, M.G. Ryan,B.

Goodison,P.Crill, K.J.RansomD. Lettenmaier,andD.E. Wickland. 1995.Theboreal

ecosystem-atmospherestudy(BOREAS):anoverviewandearlyresultsfrom the1994field year.

Bulletinof theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety.76(9):1549-1577.

Sellers,P.J.,F.G.Hall, R.D.Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi,J. Berry, M. Ryan,K.J. Ranson,P.M.

Crill, D.P.Lettenmaier,H. Margolis,J.Cihlar, J.Newcomer,D. Fitzjarrald,P.G.Jarvis,S.T.

Gower,D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison,D.E.Wickland, andF.E.Guertin.1997.BOREAS

in 1997:ExperimentOverview,ScientificResultsandFutureDirections.Journalof Geophysical

Research102(D24):28,731-28,770.

17.3 Arehive/DBMS Usage Documentation

None.

e

es (T)

Mw

P

q

R

RH

T

X

-999

Units:

g

J

K

kPa

m

mb

mol

Pa

18. Glossary of Terms

- vapor pressure

- saturation vapor pressure (function of T)

- molecular weight of water : 18 g/mol

- station pressure

- mixing ratio

- gas constant : 8.314 J/(mol K)

- relative humidity

- air temperature at approximately i0 meters

- absolute humidity or vapor density

- given when parameter is missing

- grams

- Joules

- Kelvin

- kiloPascals

- meters

- millibars

- mole

- Pascals

above the canopy

Page 33
AES

AFM

ARC

ASCII

BOREAS

BORIS

CCRS

CCT

CD-ROM

DAAC

DAT

EOS

EOSDIS

GIS

GMT

GSFC

HTML

MARSII

NAD83

NASA

NSA

OA

OJP

ORNL

PANP

PAR

READAC

SRC

SSA

TF

URL

YTH

19. List of Acronyms

- Atmospheric Environment Service

- Aircraft Flux and Meteorology (BOREAS Science Group)

- Ames Research Center

- American Standard Code for Information Interchange

- BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study

- BOREAS Information System

- Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

- Computer Compatible Tape

- Compact Disk-Read-Only Memory

- Distributed Active Archive Center

- Digital Archive Tape

- Earth Observing System

- EOS Data and Information System

- Geographic Information System

- Greenwich Mean Time

- Goddard Space Flight Center

- Hypertext Markup Language

- Meteorological Automatic Reporting System II

- North American Datum of 1983

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Northern Study Area

- Old Aspen

- Old Jack Pine

- Oak Ridge National Laboratory

- Prince Albert National Park

- Photosynthetically Active Radiation

- Remote Environmental Automatic Data Acquisition Concept

- Saskatchewan Research Council (AFM-07)

- Southern Study Area

- Tower Flux (BOREAS Science Group)

- Uniform Resource Locator

- Thompson Airport

Page 34
20. Document Information

20.1 Document Revision Date

Written: 21-Mar- 1996

Last Updated: 31-Aug- 1999

20.2 Document Review Date(s)

BORIS Review: 26-Oct- 1998

Science Review:

20.3 Document ID

20.4 Citation

When using these data, please include the following acknowledgment as well as citations of

relevant papers in Section 17.2:

The BOREAS derived surface meteorological data were compiled by BORIS personnel at the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Their

contributions to providing this data set are greatly appreciated.

If using data from the BOREAS CD-ROM series, also reference the data as:

BOREAS Staff Science, "BOREAS Staff Science Meteorological Data Acquisition Program." In

Collected Data of The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. Eds. J. Newcomer, D. Landis, S.

Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J. Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R.

Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

Also, cite the BOREAS CD-ROM set as:

Newcomer, J., D. Landis, S. Conrad, S. Curd, K. Huemmrich, D. Knapp, A. Morrell, J.

Nickeson, A. Papagno, D. Rinker, R. Strub, T. Twine, F. Hall, and P. Sellers, eds. Collected Data of

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study. NASA. CD-ROM. NASA, 2000.

20.5 Document Curator

20.6 Document URL

Page 35
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE FormApproved

OMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for this collection of informationis estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,

gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this

collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

September 2000 Technical Memorandum

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Technical Report Series on the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS)

BOREAS Derived Surface Meteorological Data 923

6. AUTHOR(S) RTOP: 923-462-33-01

Tracy Twine, Donald Rinker, and David Knapp

Forrest G. Hall amd Jeffrey A. Newcomer, Editors

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

Goddard Space Flight Center

Greenbelt, Maryland 20771

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS (ES)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546-0001

8. PEFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

2000-03136-0

10. SPONSORING / MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM--2000-209891

Vol. 121

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

T. Twine: University of Wisconsin; D. Rinker: Research and Data Systems; J.A. Newcomer and

D. Knapp: Raytheon ITSS

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Unclassifie_Unlimited

Subject Category: 43

Report available from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,

7121 Standard Drive, Hanover, MD 21076-1320. (301) 621-0390.

12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

In 1995, the BOREAS science teams identified the need for a continuous surface meteorological and

radiation data set to support flux and surface process modeling efforts. This data set contains actual,

substituted, and interpolated 15-minute meteorological and radiation data compiled from several

surface measurements sites over the BOREAS SSA and NSA. Temporally, the data cover 01-Jan-1994

to 31-Dec-1996. The data are stored in tabular ASCII files, and are classified as AFM-Staff data.

14. SUBJECT TERMS

BOREAS, aircraft flux meteorology.

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

35

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

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