1

Logical Lasting Launches

EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA

LOGICAL LASTING

LAUNCHES

DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR CANOE AND KAYAK LAUNCHES

National Park Service 

Rivers, Trails & Conservation Assistance Program 

Spring 2004 

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 1 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
2

Logical Lasting Launches

Ken Allen, Mark Anderson, Jack Andre, Rose Bayless, Karl Beard, Julie Bell, Gary Boughton, Don 

Russ Cohen, Kevin Colburn, Jim Flanagan, Jon Fleischman, Phyllis Garcia, Jill Harding, Mike H

Carol Hunter, Julie Isbill, Kevin Keeler, Scott Keller, Dennis Kincer, Gary Lacy, Roger Lewis, Dana L

Jim Logan, Gary Mechanic, Rich Misplon, Kathryn Nichols, Thomas O’Keefe, Tim Palmer

Pappenfort, Mike Passo, Ken Phillips, Tom Potter, Jason Robertson, Kay Salazar, Michelle Sch

Nita Settina, Don Smith, Diane Steinbrook, Carl Stockman, Linda Stonier, Angie Tornes, Caroline 

Charles Tracy, Reed Waite, Rob White, Thomas Wolf, and Janet Zeller

American Whitewater

Arkansas Water Trust

Chicago Access Project

City of Eureka, California

Colorado State Parks

Delaware Department of Fish and Wildlife

Housatonic River Restoration Project

Hudson River

Illinois Department of Natural Resources

Lower Colorado River Authority

Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Minnesota Division of State Parks

Montana State Design & Construction Bureau

North Carolina Department of Natural Resources

Openlands Project

Rivers,Trails & Conservation Assistance Program, National Park Service

Washington Water Trails Association

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

West Virginia Department of Natural Resources

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 2 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
3

Logical Lasting Launches

• Considerations for different water bodies ................................................... 

II. QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO LAUNCH TYPES AND USES ..................... 

DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................... 

III. DESIGNING ACCESSIBLE LAUNCHES IN ACCORDANCE WITH

AMERICAN WITH DISABILITIES ACT ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES ..... 

IV. SIMPLE LAUNCHES ............................................................................... 

(Chapters IV-X follow this outline:)

A. General description

B. Materials used

C. Design specifications/variations

D. Advantages

E. Disadvantages

F. Case examples, designs, photos

V. FLOATING LAUNCHES .......................................................................... 

VI. PIPE AND PILE LAUNCHES .................................................................. 

VII. CANTILEVER LAUNCHES ........................................................................ 

VIII. CONCRETE LAUNCH DESIGNS ................................................................ 

RAMPS............................................................................................ 

STAIRS .......................................................................................... 

MATS ............................................................................................. 

STRIPS .......................................................................................... 

IX. STAIRWAY VARIATIONS ........................................................................ 

X. PORTAGES AROUND DAMS .................................................................... 

XI. LOW-IMPACT DESIGNS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE

AREAS: GEOTEXTILE MATS AND ELEVATED WALKWAYS .................... 1

INDEX OF CASE EXAMPLES, DESIGNS, PHOTOS ................................... 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 1

launch_guide_webready.p65 3 3/10/2004, 4:09 PM
4

Logical Lasting Launches

While this guide provides general assistance with choosing suitable launch types for particular 

each body of water’s unique characteristics require individual consideration in regard to launch us

design. Development of any access point should involve local experts who can provide informat

legal matters, hydrology and dynamics, riparian ecology, and other relevant factors.

Accessibility to paddlers with disabilities must be considered throughout the design and constr

processes. The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that “new construction and 

ations of facilities [which include canoe and kayak launch facilities] are readily accessible to and u

by individuals with disabilities.” Standards applied to boating and other recreation facilities may be 

in the ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) issued in 2002. These guidelines are not limited to fed

funded facilities; they apply to all public recreation facilities. See Chapter III for more information.

How to use this guide

Chapter I introduces essentials to designing a logical and lasting launch. This chapter presen

important factors to consider when designing a launch and discusses the relevance of locatio

water body characteristics to choosing an appropriate launch type for a particular access site.

Chapter II provides a quick reference chart to assist with choosing a launch type that can accomm

conditions or characterictics specfic to an access site. In some cases, designs can be alte

combined to provide more effective access.

Chapters IV-X provide the following information for each launch type:

A. General description

B. Materials used

C. Design specifications/variations

D. Advantages

E. Disadvantages

F. Case examples, designs, photos – where these launch types have worked!

Chapter XI discusses several design options for access in environmentally sensitive areas.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 4 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
5

Logical Lasting Launches

 A logical, lasting launch provides safe and easy access for paddlers while accommodating the 

graphic, climatic, and ecological characteristics of its location. Ideally, its construction is cost-ef

and durable and has little impact on the environment and riparian ecology.

◊ The ABCs, Ds and Es of launch design

It is important to consider a variety of factors when developing a launch design.

Consider the following goals:

Accessible Best-suited Cost-effective and Durable Environment-frien

Accessible to all paddlers

Paddlers of all abilties want to launch and land smoothly without capsizing or damaging their 

They need firm surfaces that support their movements and sufficient space to accommodate the 

of their boats during put-in and take-out. Paddlers must be able to stabilize their boats during tran

to and from the water. Climbing in and out of boats can be especially challenging when there is s

cant height difference between seat levels and shoreline. Additionally, federal law requires t

boating facilities provide access to paddlers with disabilities whenever possible (see Chapter 

details).

General recommendations for designing an accessible launch

• Height above water: Between 9" and 2' from highest expected water level

• Width: At least 5' wide, preferably 6' to 12'

• Length: At least 25' to allow paddlers “dry” access to entire length of their boats

• Slope: ADA Accessibility Guidelines require that slopes not exceed 8.33% whenever possib

A slope exceeding 15% will make transition from land to water difficult for any paddler

• Support: Handrails or other support structures, including step-down designs or ropes, help

paddlers balance their weight during put-in and take-out

• Location: Ideally in areas without heavy flow, erosion, exposure to elements, heavy boat t

or fragile riparian habitats

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 5 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
6

Logical Lasting Launches

• Accommodates paddlers in varying water depths

• Provides a firm surface for launching, despite changes in sedimentation levels

• Will not be easily damaged due to climatic or seasonal conditions

• Does not cause damage to riparian habitats or vegetation during its construction and is unlik

have environmental impacts over time and through usage

• Is not constructed in an area vulnerable to erosion

• Is constructed with consideration to its intended uses and frequency of use

Cost-effective and Durable

Existing natural sites (e.g., banks, rocks, beaches) are preferable, as they cost nothing to de

however, they may not be durable and can require reinforcement over time. Minimal constructio

keep costs low and help maintain a natural appearance along a shoreline. If construction is nece

using durable materials reduces the need for later repairs or replacements, yet the speed at 

materials weather will depend on climatic factors and level of exposure to currents and winds.

In some cases, existing docks used by motorized boats can provide stable surfaces for padd

access, but many standard docks rise too far above the surface of the water to enable a safe and 

put-in for paddlers. Some boat docks may be modified or easily improved to make them more pa

friendly; for example, they can be lowered, lengthened, or widened. Ramps can be made less ste

step-downs may be added, along with handrails, cleats, or windbreaks. Shoreline features, su

boardwalks and bulkheads, can be combined with floating docks to enable hand-launching.

The Humboldt Bay Trails Feasibility Study is an example of a detailed assessment conducted 

Redwood Community Action Agency of existing launch facilities around Humboldt Bay in Eureka

The study offers recommendations on simple improvements that can be made to launch areas to 

them more paddler-friendly. The study can be downloaded online at http://www.rcaa.org/baytrails

the Redwood Community Action Agency’s website.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 6 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
7

Logical Lasting Launches

vegetation; simple ramps or implanted beaches may help to stabilize a fragile bank or provide 

treatments” while also enabling access

Environment-friendly

Use of low-impact designs and non-toxic materials is essential to watershed health, from prot

water quality, vegetation, and riparian habitats to enabling sustainable recreation. In many states

environmental regulations must be considered prior to, and during, launch construction.

General recommendations

• Investigate any applicable regulations; develop launch designs in accordance with these regul

• Use structures requiring minimal construction or alteration to the shoreline

(see Chapter XI for information on low-impact designs)

• Consult with local natural resource specialist during the planning and construction phases to

screen for the presence of ecologically sensitive nesting sites, rookeries, spawning areas, o

endangered species; an optimal put-in site may not be feasible for ecological reasons

• Merge the needs of natural functions and the desired recreational uses of the water; with rive

and streams, avoid making any channel modifications and preserve in-stream habitats as mu

as possible

• Monitor watershed conditions and changes in stream morphology continually

• Gather data from local or state agencies that monitor water levels and flows to develop a

launch that will accommodate the conditions of the water body over time

• Avoid using hard reinforcements (e.g., concrete, steel, rock) where shorelines are eroding;

use bioengineering methods, such as developing a riparian buffer planted with native species

protect vegetation and habitats and stabilize shorelines while sheltering the launch area from 

elements; along streams, wider buffers can allow space for lateral movements and can help 

establish meander over time -- these methods allow plant species to become self-sustaining

and can also improve aesthetics

Additional considerations

Additional factors to consider in launch design are preservation of historic or cultural landscap

well as aesthetics. Historic sites may have particular characteristics or regulations that influence 

a launch can be constructed or what types of materials may be used. See Chapter XI for an exam

environmental assessments conducted to protect an historic canoe launch at Fort Clatsop Na

Memorial.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 7 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
8

Logical Lasting Launches

• Water levels enabling year-round use

• Good water quality

• Little lateral movement that could erode the riverbank

• Visibility from both river and shore, allowing paddlers to locate the launch site easily

American Whitewater (http://www.americanwhitewater.org) provides detailed guidance on cho

ing and developing access areas, including information on legal considerations, in their Acquisi

& Management Guide.

The Openlands Project (http://www.openlands.org) also offers a Launch Site Facilities Chec

(http://www.openlands.org/template.asp?pgid=185 ) that provides useful information on plann

for access facilities.

Natural resource specialists should be consulted throughout the planning, design, constructio

maintenance phases.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 8 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
9

Logical Lasting Launches

prevent excessive sediment accumulation that could cause a canoe or kayak to get stuck. Ide

there would be a moderate level of deposition that forms a natural beach area suitable for laun

ing.

High/low flow rivers can change character dramatically when water levels fluctuate with season

rainfall. For example, water levels can rise rapidly due to spring melting or heavy rains. They 

also rise with varying dam releases. Rocks, snags, low trees, and other hazards may be disgui

during high flow, making them difficult to avoid; they may also be dangerous to paddlers at low f

Some rivers turn into mudflats during low flow, which can make access nearly impossible un

there is a firm surface with sufficient water depth for launching.

Meander bends on large floodplain rivers may be temporary features, given the dynamic natur

flows, therefore launch design should take into account possible channel migration over time.

Aerial photos over a period of years may be available from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

can be helpful resources in analyzing channel migration.

Federal and state government agencies, such as USGS, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

state water surveys, can usually provide information on average water heights. These are impor

statistics to know before constructing a launch on any site.

Since no two rivers are identical, building an effective launch will depend on a river’s individual c

acteristics and on a range of topographic, ecological, and climatic factors. Stream channel 

terns are impacted by stream flows, sediment depositions, climatic conditions, and landfor

Bank erosion rates, bed stability, slopes, riparian vegetation and habitats also affect a river’s st

ture and behavior. Similarly, no two points along a river are the same. Rivers also change cha

ter along their courses and over time; occurrences on one segment affect what happens do

stream.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 9 3/5/2004, 11:59 AM
10

Logical Lasting Launches

y y pg 

strips can also be used to divert runoff from a launch area (see Chapter VIII ).

Banks adjacent to bridges, provided that access is permitted in these areas, may provide cons

access during changing flows. Access from the road to these areas are often convenient, an

armoring used to protect bridges can also protect the launch area.

Tidal Estuaries and Coastal Areas

As with rivers, access in coastal areas is preferable in areas protected from waves and winds. 

water bodies may experience dramatic changes in water level with the tides. Similar to high/low 

rivers, a deep channel can become a muddy flat within a period of hours. Tidal changes can pose 

to paddlers when rocks or other hazards are exposed in lower water levels. Launches need to b

to withstand tidal fluctuations and possible impacts caused by floating debris or aquatic life carrie

left behind by tidal currents. Materials used to construct launches should be salt-resistant.

Vegetated banks with informal launch and take-out sites can be fragile and subject to trampli

paddlers, who may be unaware of their impact. Rocks or other natural materials may be placed in 

that directs paddlers toward specified launch areas and paddlers can be educated about their im

Maintaining natural grasses along these banks will help control erosion and preserve wildlife hab

Environmental factors specific to salt water areas should also be considered. For example, the le

sunlight needed by marsh and marine grasses should be taken into account when choosing a l

location or type. Some structures that block light may prevent vegetation from receiving sufficien

for growth. Additionally, using piles or other support structures on sandy estuary bottoms may 

sediment displacement.

Lakes

Built launch structures may not be needed on lake sites where shorelines are less vulnerable to 

currents and fluctuating water levels. However, access is still recommended in relatively pro

areas with minimal exposure and erosion problems. Shallow, marshy areas should be avoided, a

are difficult to navigate and likely to host fragile wetland ecosystems. Lakes can vary greatly in 

character, and behavior. The Great Lakes, for example, behave like tidal water bodies. Launch 

suitable for coastal areas should be considered in these areas.

launch_guide_webready.p65 10 3/5/2004, 1:36 PM
11

Logical Lasting Launches 

CHAPTER II: 

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO LAUNCH TYPES AND USES 

 

If you have... Consider using ... as long as...

“Naturally” suitable areas, e.g.: 

 Shorelines with sturdy 

banks 

 Stable rock outcrops 

 Beach areas with firm 

substrates 

 Existing site, with slight 

modifications, if necessary 

(e.g., adding sand or 

gravel to improve 

drainage) 

 Shoreline or riparian area is 

not vulnerable to erosion 

 Space is sufficient to launch 

and maintain balance 

 An area with minimal 

current or exposure 

 to elements 

 Reinforced natural site 

 (see Chapter IV)

 Simple gravel ramp 

 Floating launch 

 Pipe or pile launch 

 Cantilever launch 

 Access is hazard-free 

 Environmental impact is 

minimal 

 Water depth is sufficient for 

launching 

 Steep shoreline 

 Step-downs, timber steps, 

handrails, or rope supports 

 Connecting structure or 

structures (e.g., gangways) 

with floating or pile launch 

 Timber, concrete, or metal 

stairs 

 Added soil to level slope 

(least favorable choice) 

 Slope is reduced to enable 

safe transition to water (and to 

meet ADA standards, if 

possible) 

 Space is sufficient for safe 

launching 

 Shoreline with slippery 

 slope 

 Corrugated/aggregate 

ramp 

 Added gravel or other 

surface to provide traction 

 Concrete mats 

 Added traction does not 

prevent access to paddlers 

with disabilities 

 Steep drop-off from shore 

 Concrete, timber, or metal 

steps/stairs with handrails 

and boat slide 

 Concrete or other type of 

ramp with corrugated 

surface to provide traction 

 Area is protected from 

hazards, strong currents, and 

winds 

 Launching area at water level 

is sturdy and provides 

sufficient space for launching 
12

Logical Lasting Launches

If you have... Consider using ... as long as...

 Eroding shoreline 

 

 A different site! 

 Native vegetation, along 

 with gravel or rock, to help 

 stabilize bank 

 Vegetative or other buffer 

 to protect shoreline 

 Timber staircase that also 

reinforces bank 

 Alternative access locations 

are not available 

 Marshy areas 

 Boardwalk or fixed pier 

------------------------------------- 

 Elevated walkway leading 

 to floating launch or ladder 

 (see Chapter V) 

 Construction will not cause 

damage to wetland habitat or 

jeopardize integrity of the 

shoreline 

-------------------------------------- 

 Walkway is either placed on 

above-ground supports or 

uses posts that are not placed 

too closely to the edge of the 

bank 

 Bulk-headed shoreline  Floating launch 

 Implanted beach area 

 (see Chapter IV) 

 Area is not too exposed 

 Traffic is not heavy 

 Boardwalk  Floating launch 

 Concrete ramp 

 Water depth is sufficient 

 Area is not too exposed 

 Traffic is not heavy 

 Launch site is adjacent to a 

wash or streambed 

carrying excessive flows 

and silt deposits 

 Natural materials to repair 

launch inexpensively 

 Concrete buffer strip to 

break up the impact of flow 

(see Chapter VIII) 

 Site is maintained and 

screened for potential hazards 

after high flows 

 Environmentally sensitive 

area 

 Environmentally sensitive 

area that is the ONLY 

possible access location 

 A DIFFERENT SITE!! 

 

 Materials with least toxicity 

and require the least 

disruption during 

installation 

 Elevated walkway to 

protect riparian areas and 

allow vegetation to grow 

(see Chapter V) 

 Alternative sites exist 

 Natural resource 

specialist,(and any relevant 

agencies) are an integral part 

of site planning, construction, 

and maintenance 

 Integrity of shoreline is not 

jeopardized 
13

Logical Lasting Launches

If you have... Consider using ... as long as...

 Budget constraints  Simple launch using native 

materials 

 Makeshift construction 

(consider aesthetics here) 

 Pile or pipe launch 

 Site safety, environmental health, 

and sustainability of launch is not 

compromised by using low-cost 

materials 

 Silt problems/low flow  Pile, pipe, or cantilever 

launch that extends to an 

area of sufficient 

depth/flow 

 Area is protected from hazards, 

strong currents, and winds 

In the following 

circumstances, floating 

launches can be effective 

as long as: 

(see Chapter V) 

1) At least 9" exists 

between the launch and 

the highest water level 

2) Water level changes are 

not too rapid or 

dramatic 

3) Water depth is sufficient for 

launching 

4) Launch is removed during 

 freezing or flooding 

 Fluctuating water levels or 

tides 

 Floating launch 

 Beach area or sturdy bank 

------------------------------------- 

 Pile or pipe launch 

 Current is not too strong 

 Water depth is at least 2' to 3' 

-------------------------------------- 

 Water level remains below 

height of deck at all times 

 Periodic flooding  Removable floating launch 

or ramp (aluminum/metal) 

------------------------------------- 

 Concrete stairs that can be 

 easily maintained 

 Launch is removed when 

flooding occurs and before 

mudflats are exposed 

-------------------------------------- 

 Location is not vulnerable to 

damage by excessive debris or 

currents 

 Shallow water  Pile or pipe launch 

 extending to deeper water 

 Gangway or other 

connecting structure 

attached to floating launch 

 

 Structures are installed with 

minimal disturbance to 

wetlands; non-toxic or treated 

materials used 

 Busy launch area shared 

with motorized boats 

 Floating launch  Launch is located away from 

heavy motor boating traffic 

 Icing 

 Removable or modular 

launch, such as a floating 

or pipe launch 

 Pile launch made of 

alternative wood product 

that will not damage in ice 

 Launch is removed before 

freezing begins 

 Launch is monitored throughout 

ice season 
14

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 14 3/5/2004, 12:00 PM
15

Logical Lasting Launches

and landscape restoration

• Buffer strip: Buffer strip: Strip of Buffer strip: vegetation implanted along a stream or other water body that offers pro

to a vulnerable area of shoreline from climatic elements and currents

• Bulkhead: A reta BulkheadBulkhead ining wall along a shoreline or waterfront

• Cleat: A fitting device where a rope may be tied to provide support or anchoring; frequently h

Cleat

projecting parts

• Fender: A Fender protective device used on the edges of a launch to lessen shock and prevent dam

to boats

• Gabion: Gabion A strong and flexible steel wire cage, filled with rocks, designed to abate erosion; ma

 

house macro-invertebrates and provide shade and eddies for fish habitats

• Gangway: A Gangway removable passageway of planks enabling continuous access; often used to co

two structures or to connect a launch or other structure to the shoreline

• Pile: A long, slender column, typically made of timber, steel, or reinforced driven into the gro

 

and used as a support for a launch or other horizontal platform

• Pile guides: Pile guides: Anchored pile holders that allow for vertical movement of a floating launch wh

Pile guides: 

maintaining its connection to another structure or shoreline anchor; are typically hoops made 

welded steel bolted or welded to the frame of a launch

• Ramp: A sloped Ramp: surface enabling traffic to move from one level to another; a slope for laun

boats

• Rebar: Rod of Rebar: steel placed into concrete as a reinforcement

• Rip-rap: A Rip-rap: Rip-rap: foundation or retaining wall made of stones, used to prevent erosion, that is ofte

placed on aor around an embankment

• Stringers: Support Stringers: Stringers: devices, usually made of wood, aluminum, or steel, used as a series of u

pieces,to reinforce decking on a launch structure

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 15 3/5/2004, 12:00 PM
16

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 16 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
17

Logical Lasting Launches

In 1990, in order to provide an equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities, Congress enac

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The ADA mandates that individuals with disabilities must b

an equal opportunity to access public facilities and that reasonable accommodations must be m

account for physical and mental limitations of individuals with disabilities.

Guidelines for newly designed, constructed, and altered recreation facilities issued by the ADA 

require that all public boat launches, which include fixed and floating structures of all sizes, comp

ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) standards. Copies of ADAAG for recreation facilities are av

online at http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/stdspdf.htm and may be downloaded as an Adobe PDF fil

This chapter addresses ADAAG standards that apply to launch structures and does not discuss 

tional issues related to boating facilities, such as accessible parking, exterior routes, and restroom 

ties. A Guide to Boating and Canoe Access Development in Illinois (IL DNR, 1998) provides info

on developing accessible land-side facilities. Accessibility recommendations for trails and access 

may be found at http://www.access-board.gov/outdoor/outdoor-rec-rpt.htm in the Access Board

posed Guidelines for Outdoor Developed Areas.

When providing an equal opportunity for participation in boating activities, different types of disa

must be taken into account. Physical disabilities necessitate reasonable modification of the st

environment to provide access to the shore or launch site, as well as the watercraft. Develop

disabilities necessitate methods of effective communication to provide directions to sites and 

tions for safe usage; these may include signage and alternative formats for informational materia

Due to fluctuating water levels and varying terrain at different access sites, innovative ways to a

customize launch sites may be needed. This chapter discusses important considerations that m

made when providing access for paddlers with disabilities.

The Access Board, which develops and maintains criteria for accessibility, provides basic design

requirements for recreation and recreation facilities through the following three websites:

• http://www.access-board.gov/recreation/final.htm

• http://www.access-board.gov/recreation/guides/boating.htm

• http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm#15.2%20Boating%20Facilities

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 17 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
18

Logical Lasting Launches

• surface slope

• level changes

• doors

• egress

• areas of rescue assistance

ADAAG standards must be met if the accessible route connects a fixed launch to the shore o

accessible route connects a fixed launch to another fixed structure, unless they are modified by s

provisions outlined by the Access Board.

Exception: Gangways connecting floating structures

If the accessible route uses a gangway connecting to a floating structure, exceptions to ADAAG 

made to accommodate varying water levels and other factors. Gangways should be designed w

least possible slope and, if possible, designed so as not to exceed a slope of 8.33% or a ratio o

Since the slope of a gangway will rise and fall with changing water levels, its slope may, in some 

exceed 8.33%. This is acceptable as long as the gangway is at least 30 feet long. Gangwa

required to be at least 80 feet long if the vertical distance between the lowest water level and th

where the gangway connects to land is 10 feet.

Any other sloped surface must comply with ADAAG requirements:

Transition plates

These are sloped surfaces located at the end of a gangway. If the slope of a gangway is greater 

20 (or 5%) it must be equipped with a landing at the non-gangway end of the transition plate and 

with ADAAG ramp requirements.

Handrails

Handrails are required on sloped surfaces that have a rise of less than 6 inches or a projection le

72 inches, or a slope of 1:20 (5%) or less. Since the surface may be moving with changes in th

handrail extensions do not need to be parallel to ground or floor surfaces.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 18 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
19

Logical Lasting Launches

y pg y gp

with disabilities, they may be retrofitted with features that make them accessible.

When designing or retrofitting a launch to meet ADAAG, it is important to ensure that design alterat

not prevent paddlers without disabilities from also using them. It is possible that placement of hand

other modifications made for accessibility can prevent able paddlers from using them. Launch d

should consider the needs of all paddlers.

Design considerations from a paddler’s point of view

Michael Passo, an experienced paddler who uses a wheelchair, recommends the following des

commodations in order to provide access for paddlers with disabilities:

Access route

Surface, grade, width, and cross slope need to be as accessible as a particular location will allow

face should be as even and level as possible (not exceeding 8.33% slope or 2% cross slope) and 

gaps or interruptions. The route should be clearly marked.

Level and stable landing/loading area

There should be an area adjacent to the loading area that is level, stable, and at least 60" x 60". T

be anywhere adjacent to the loading area, including in water up to 12" deep. An accessible back 

canoe launch might incorporate a large, flat rock surface (provided that it is not slippery) that is 8

under the surface of the water and has a gradual access route made of native soil. The transfer 

wheelchair on that rock to a floating canoe could be nearly level.

Transfer assistance

The greatest challenge to using a launch, once a paddler is beside the canoe, can be getting down 

seat of the boat. Whether it is on a highly developed launch or the bank of a lake, it is difficult to t

to a moving boat. Making the transfer easier will help paddlers considerably.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 19 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
20

Logical Lasting Launches

around and adjustments are made.

• Overhead handles, grab bars, etc. Overhead handles, grab bars, etc. The Overhead handles, grab bars, etc. transfer between land and boat can be extrem

difficult to maneuver, especially when moving from a canoe seat to a higher launch platfo

Alternative grab points can mitigate the complicated procedure of getting oneself onto a lau

from a boat so that the boat is not the sole anchor point.

• Surface textures on a Surface textures launch, including those added to provide extra traction, should

be practical for wheelchair use. Surface gaps should not exceed 0.5" since the widths

of most wheelchair tires and caster tires are between 0.75" and 1". Innovations in

adaptive gear, which include devices to improve traction and maneuverability, do exist

and can make off-road surfaces much easier to navigate. Nevertheless, launches

should be built to accommodate basic wheelchair treads.

The website http://www.titaniumarts.com offers commercial examples of adaptive gear.

Passo also recommends the book Canoeing for Disabled People by Geoff Smiley as

a useful resource on accessible designs (see Bibliography).

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 20 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
21

Logical Lasting Launches

give it a set minimum height. The ramp is surfaced with non-skid, expanded metal (aluminum allo

provides traction when the slope becomes steep; it connects to a floating launch at a 90 degree 

Photos 3A, 3B: An approach ramp, with a fixed slope of

8.33%, connects floating launch to the shore

Photos courtesy of Gary Boughton, City of Eureka

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 21 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
22

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 22 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
23

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 23 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
24

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 24 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
25

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 25 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
26

Logical Lasting Launches

Photos courtesy of Roger Lewis Lower Colorado River Authority

Photos 3C, 3D: ADA accessible wooden floating launch has two tapered ramps that

allow canoes to slide up onto the deck

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 26 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
27

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo courtesy of Gary Boughton, City of Eureka, CA

Photo 3E: Aluminum gangway serves as a ramp to floating launch

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 27 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
28

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 28 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
29

Logical Lasting Launches

water depth allows for stable launching without damage to boats, and the vertical space betwe

shore and surface of the water is not excessive. Paddlers must also have enough space to plac

boats in the water and easily step in or out of them.

B. Materials

• Native soil, sand, gravel, or vegetation may be added to improve drainage and control erosio

fist-sized rip-rap can be added to trap sediment and fill in over time

• Natural materials, unique to a particular area, may blend with the natural landscape and be mos

accessible (e.g., in the Chesapeake Bay region, native crushed oyster shells may be used to 

force surface landings)

• Flat rocks can sometimes provide firm surfaces, however pointed or jagged rocks are not re

mended, as they are unstable surfaces that can damage boats or injure paddlers

• Beaches with firm substrates; matting can be used to temporarily stabilize a sandy beach

• Gravel can be used to form simple ramps, preferably in areas of minimal wave action or wate

fluctuation

• Braided rope, tied to a tree or other shoreline anchor, can serve as a makeshift handrail

• Existing shoreline configurations (e.g., bulkheads, boardwalks, uneven rocks) can be convert

beach areas by adding firm sand substrates and/or gravel; these are called “implanted” beach

C. Design variations/specifications

• Graded banks are preferable, 12' wide at water line tapered to 9' wide at top by 15' long (lengt

depend on water levels and shoreline stability)

• Launch area should be at least 20' at sites that are used for both rafting and paddling

• Preferred slopes meet ADA accessibility standards of 8.33%; slopes should not exceed 15%

• Water level should be deep enough to enable launching without damaging boat (preferably at le

kayakers may want at least 4' to permit rolling

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 29 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
30

Logical Lasting Launches

• May not be accessible to physically challenged paddlers

• May not be consistently accessible due to varying flows, water levels, amount of exposure,

or climatic factors

• Can be slippery or difficult to manage when wet

• Can be steep

• Could cause damage to wetland habitats, depending on frequency of use

• Not easily spotted from rivers – paddlers may pass them by if there is no signage or clear indic

the access site

• Gravel ramps can erode easily and can scratch boats if paddlers do not land properly

• Chemicals from railroad ties or treated wood may pollute water where leaching occurs

F. Case examples, designs, photos

1) Rincon launch site, Arkansas River, Salida, Colorado

Photo 4A: Rocky beach provides river access

Photo by Caroline Wolf

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 30 3/5/2004, 12:04 PM
31

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 4B: Kayaker launches from a level bank

Photo 4C: Kayaker prepares to launch from flat rock outcrops

3) Clear Creek, Golden, Colorado

Photos by Caroline Wolf

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 31 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
32

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 4D: Sandy beach provides access to the river

Photo 4E: River is accessible from a gravel road

5) Sauk River, Washington

Photo by Thomas O’Keefe

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 32 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
33

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 4F: Canoes are easily launched from a sandy bank

7) Restored river bank, Arkansas River, Salida, Colorado

Photo 4G: Restored bank with rock outcrops enables access at varying water lev

Photo by Caroline Wolf

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 33 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
34

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 34 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
35

Logical Lasting Launches

adjust to changing water levels while keeping their decks horizontal and steady. When floating la

attach to connecting structures with varying heights(e.g., gangways), pile guides can help to ma

relatively small cross slope, making launches more likely to be accessible to paddlers with disab

Floating launches are most effective when used on water with little debris and minimal exposure to 

currents or waves. In general, they can withstand flow rates up to 0.25 feet per second, althoug

launches using stronger anchors may be able to handle stronger flows. Floating launches sh

removed during flooding, however, and, unless they are specifically designed to endure ice for

they should be removed before any freezing occurs.

B. Materials

A variety of materials may be used for decks, frames, and floats:

1. Decks

• Wood is simple and inexpensive to use; pine, redwood, cedar, and cypress are common cho

will rot unless treated with a preservative (see notes on treated wood below)

• Metal decking, such as aluminum, is used mainly for heavy-use launches that also serve mo

boats; metal grating provides effective drainage and traction

• Alternative materials include wood/plastic composites, vinyl, and various plastics made of r

materials that are made to look like wood; these materials can be more expensive and usually 

additional support devices, but they are more resistant to damage and warping than wood a

require less maintenance

2. Frames

• Wood is often used, but will last only 2 to 3 years if untreated

• Metal, either lightweight aluminum or galvanized metal

• Plastic, which will not decay in water as rapidly as other materials

• Steel tubing may be used both as floats and frames; attaches to deck with brackets;

steel can be coated to increase durability

3. Floats

• Polyethylene, the most frequently chosen plastic, can function as both frame and float; they ma

grooves and brackets that attach easily to shoreline structures or floats may have built-in cle

which facilitate anchoring

*Since additives used during manufacturing many types of plastics may affect their durability, the du

needs for the launch site should be considered when choosing materials.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 35 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
36

Logical Lasting Launches

made of recycled tires filled with EPS and capped with plywood; commercial versions are av

which are more reliably sealed and attached

• Recycled 50-gallon cooking oil drums can also be used but must be cleaned professionally 

guard against contamination; motor oil drums should never be used

• Concrete floats are sturdy and stable but also costly and heavy

• High-density polyethylene (HDPE) can be used for both flotation and for framing

 * This information is provided by the U.S. Forest Service publication entitled Floating Trail Bridg

Docks, which is available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/na/wit/WITPages/bridgecatalog/materials/ind

Treated Wood

When using any type of treated wood, serious caution should be taken in regard to the environme

to the health of those involved in construction. While treated wood can last up to five times as 

untreated wood, it is important to understand the risks involved in using different wood preservativ

chemical treatments. The USFS publication mentioned above includes details about treated woo

pp. 5-6) as does the Student Conservation Association publication, Lightly on the Land. Additiona

Western Wood Preservers Institute (http://www.wwpinstitute.org/pdffiles/bmpsinaquatic.pdf) offe

management practices for using treated wood.

Several manufactured materials made to look like and act like treated wood provide non-toxic a

tives. Trex (http://www.trex.com) is one popular commercial choice. It is not as structurally rigid a

and will need more support. For example, if a 2' x 6' planking needs support every 2', then an alte

material such as Trex may need a support approximately every 16" to 18". Another factor to con

expansion and shrinkage. While wood swells and shrinks across the grain with moisture gain 

respectively, Trex may expand and shrink in all dimensions.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 36 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
37

Logical Lasting Launches

• Needs a deck that rises at least 2 feet above water to enable safe access

• Should float on at least 3 feet of water

• Should not rest too high above the surface of the water, as this can make transitions from ca

and kayaks difficult

D. Advantages

• Adjusts to fluctuating water levels – (it’s always the “right” height)

• Provides a sturdy surface, as a solution to unsafe conditions or inconvenient access

• Has few long-term environmental effects

• Is easily removable in inclement weather or heavy flows, therefore requires less maintenance

and may last longer

• Provides an alternative to gravel ramps that will erode in areas of strong waves or currents

• Is easy to purchase and assemble; allows for flexibility in design

• When wet, is not as slippery as lacuches with sloped surfaces

• Is unlikely to scratch boats

• Keeps feet dry during cold weather paddling

E. Disadvantages

• Not “appropriate” for all access locations; use should be limited to areas where: the minimum 

depth at all times is 3 feet, changes in water level are slow and long-term, and there is minim

sure to the elements

• May not consistently meet ADA accessibility guidelines, since slopes of connecting structure

alter with changing water levels; locks and piles may be used in some situations to create a “c

elevation or minimum height for a structure that will not deviate – this keeps the cross slope t

minimum

• In order for the launch to be in water of sufficient depth, it may be exposed to stronger currents 

can withstand; additional structures may be needed

• The anchoring process must be carefully considered, as it must take into account particular c

and site conditions; when placing anchor piles, the combination of wind, wave, current, and i

forces should be accounted for

• Not effective for use in areas where tidal fluctuations are rapid and extreme; floats may be “be

at low tide or floats can disrupt sediments as they rise with high tide

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 37 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
38

Logical Lasting Launches

Solution: The concrete anchor pier and ramp remain at the site and two parallel transfer plate

been connected by 3" hinges to either side of the ramp, along its longer edge, allowing for easier 

to the water and increasing the amount of launching space. One of the plates, which is compo

three aluminum sections (two sections are 21' 3" long and one is 27' 9" long), is 8' wide and a total 

long and provides an accessible route, with an 8.33% 1:12 or slope, to an aluminum floating 

serving both paddlers and motorized boaters. The 32' x 10' aluminum floating launch, which has 

4' inset designated as a canoe station, is located about 12' from the shoreline (at low tide) in an ar

a minimum water depth at low tides of 4' to 5'. The canoe station is built on the back side of the 

where the area is protected from heavy currents, so that paddlers can launch separately from 

boaters.

Delaware DNR has used this type of launch for about 15 years and has found that it requires relativ

maintenance, as aluminum can be welded relatively inexpensively every few years to reinforce are

have worn. Floating launches are removed each year before the first icing, however several str

remain on the water year-round to accommodate waterfowl fisherman. Delaware DNR has ret

several launches, using similar aluminum designs, to accommodate more paddlers, including tho

disabilities.

Specifications:

Deck: 9" thick ribbed, marine-grade aluminum (treated alloy 60-61 with salt protection)

 2" square tube stringers

Frame: Treated pine fender; 3" square curbing at canoe station

Floats: 15" and 18" pontoons filled with urethane foam

 supported by 24" x 7'6" pontoon at its base

Anchors: Pile guides

Handrails: 12" high x 10' long x 11⁄2" wide at canoe station

Supports: Roller pile guides

Transition plate: Three hinged aluminum sections, two are 8' x 21'3" and one is 8' x 27'9"

Designs for Newport Boat Ramp follow, courtesy of Lacy 

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Jon Fleischman of Gator Dock & Mari

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 38 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
39

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 39 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
40

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 40 3/5/2004, 12:07 PM
41

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 41 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
42

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 42 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
43

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 43 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
44

Logical Lasting Launches

Specifications:

Frame: 2" x 10” salt treated wood

Deck: 2" x 6" salt treated wood

Floats: Two 20" float drums, Follansbee Series Three

Inset: 4' wide x 12' long, sloping from 91⁄4" to 2", covered with 2" x 6" salt-treated wood dec

Anchors: Pile guides

Wood floating launch is 8' x 13.5' connected to boardwalk with a 8' long slide

Slope is ADA accessible at some water levels; average distance to water is 32"

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 44 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
45

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 45 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
46

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 46 3/5/2004, 12:12 PM
47

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 47 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
48

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 48 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
49

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 49 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
50

Logical Lasting Launches

are used at this site to accommodate paddlers at different water levels: a modular polyethylene 

launch connects to a wooden floating dock that is accessible from a concrete landing on the sh

two parallel aluminum gangways. The floating launch has four kayak slots or boat slides, where p

can easily transition into and out of the water. The entire launch configuration is ADA accessible 

used to teach paddlers with disabilities, as well as to train instructors who teach paddlers with disa

Specifications:

Floating launch: 22' wide x 30' long; structure made of 234 polyethylene polymodules (tot

Wooden floating dock: 8' wide x 30' long, connects to floating launch and two transition p

Transition plates: Two parallel aluminum gangways, each 4' wide x 30' long, with steel han

Concrete landing: 4' wide x 25' long at shoreline; extends into water 42" below shoreline le

Reinforcements: Rip-rap extends from edge of concrete landing across half of gangway l

Total width of kayak slots = 16.67'

Small upright and inverted modules along outer edge of launch are vented to permit adjus

Photo by Ken Allen

Photo 5A: Floating launch provides access to Hudson River at varying water lev

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 50 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
51

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo courtesy of Jim Logan

Hudson Valley Watertrail Association

Photo 5B: Modular polyethylene floats connect to fit site specifications

Photo 5C: Vented polyethylene modules adjust to accommodate needs of paddle

Pho

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 51 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
52

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 52 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
53

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_webready.p65 53 3/10/2004, 4:16 PM
54

Logical Lasting Launches

http://www.connectadock.com

• Dock Floats Ltd.: http://www.dockfloatsltd.com

• Flotation Systems, Inc.: maintenance free, expandable aluminum docks -

http://www.aluminumboatdocks.com/Contact.htm

• Galva Foam Marine Industries: http://www.shoremaster.com/news/28.html

• Gator Dock & Marine, INC.: aluminum floating docks - http://www.gatordock.co

• Jetdock: custom-made and modular floating launches - http://www.jetdock.com

• Johnstons Docks & Supplies: stationary and floating docks, dock kits,

polyethylene floats - http://www.dockkit.com/

• Marina Accessibility Products, Inc.: offers a self-leveling gangway lift for physic

challenged, designed specifically for floating docks -

http://www.renweb.net/website/marina/

• Mod-U-Dock: maintenance-free, easy installation docks and floating docks with mo

lar design and custom dock building – http://www.modudock.com/

• Northstar Vinyl Products, LLC: 21 polymer coated wood used in vinyl seawa

docks, decks - http://www.northstarvinyl.com/

• PlasTEAK Products: uses recycled plastic - http://www.plasteak.com/

• TIECO Floating Structures: steel tube floating docks - http://www.tiecomarine.c

• Tiger Boat Docks & Lifts: parts and plans for do-it-yourself projects -

http://www.tigerboatdocks.com/

• Traveldock: portable lightweight docks for inland waterways -

http://www.traveldock.com.au/

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 54 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
55

Logical Lasting Launches

cifically for canoes and kayaks that attaches to bulkhead pilings with metal rings. The new laun

placed outside the entrance to the marina basin so that paddlers do not have to cross incomi

outgoing boat traffic into the basin. Paddlers access the launch from a ladder, so it is not easily 

sible to those with disabilities.

Specifications:

Deck: 2' x 6' with 3" x 6" side stringers

Frame: Wood, 2' x 6' with 3" x 6" cross stringers; 1⁄4" steel brackets reinforce outside corne

Floats: Polyethylene shell filled with foam, 8" x 20" x 72" long

Photo courtesy of Nita Settina

 Maryland Department of Natural Resources

Photo 5D: Floating launch attached to bulkheads can be

accessed from the shore by a ladder

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 55 3/5/2004, 12:13 PM
56

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 5E: At Janes Island’s busy marina, the floating launch

provides access to paddlers at a safe distance from heavy

motor boating traffic

Photo 5F: Situated lower than the boardwalk, the floating

launch allows easy access to the water

Photos courtesy of Nita Settina

 Maryland Department of Natural Resources

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 56 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
57

Logical Lasting Launches

by pipes or piles. While piles can be used in any depth of water, pipes rest on supports (e.g., co

pads) and are not suitable for deep water.

B. Materials

• Decking is frequently made of wood, concrete, or alternative wood materials

• Piles are usually made of treated timber, steel pipes, or concrete

• Pipes with diameters between 11⁄2" and 3" are preferable

Environmental Impact from Pile Installation

Pile design and construction can potentially have negative environmental impacts, as well as 

ramifications for those involved in their construction. Piling methods should be researched an

pared for thoroughly before construction. The U.S. Forest Service’s Wetland Design and Constr

is a resource that discusses pile installations in more depth (see Bibliography).

While there is limited research available on the environmental impacts of piling, some methods c

cause less disruption to sediments and vegetation than others. The process of “driving,” for exam

significantly less disruptive than “jetting,” which uses high-pressure hoses. Disturbances to sedi

in sandy areas can be greatly reduced when low-pressure pumps are used to create an initial ho

sharpened piles are installed with a drop hammer.

C. Design specifications/variations

• Water level should be lower than the level of the deck at all times

• Pipe legs need cross bracing and bracketing to the frames for reinforcement

D. Advantages

• Effective in areas of strong current

• Pipes are environmentally-friendly

• Stable surface for launching

• Good choice for providing access to paddlers with disabilities; handrails or step-downs

may be easily added

• Usually requires little alteration to shoreline

• Relatively inexpensive to construct

• Structures are easily visible from rivers

• Pipe docks can be easily adjusted or removed

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 57 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
58

Logical Lasting Launches

occurs from preservatives that are applied to pilings or floats in locations that come into regular 

with water. Many states have banned the use of oil-based preservatives containing creosote (C

pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aquatic areas due to their demonstrated toxic effects from leaching

soluble components separate and leak into the water.

The most common material used in pressure-treating wood used for pilings and decking is chro

copper arsenate (CCA), which is usually made of 47.5% hexavalent chromic oxide, 18.5% curpic 

and 34% arsenic pentoxide. It has been proven that CCA will leach in salt water and can be 

estuarine species. However, nearly all of the leaching occurs within the first 90 days of submers

Studies show that the level of CCA’s toxicity depends on its chemical form when it reaches an org

Its chemical form will change over time and with different sediment types, amounts of organic m

present, oxygen levels, and water movement. However, given that most leaching occurs when the 

is new and that the area surrounding the launch is relatively small, it is likely that tidal movem

prevent high levels of CCA from accumulating.

Further details may be found in report by NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series 

(see Bibliography)

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 58 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
59

Logical Lasting Launches

B. Materials

Frequently made of wood, with steel or wood supports

C. Design specifications/variations

• Anchor and frame must be built to accommodate weights of the launch, boats, and paddlers

• An engineer should be consulted to determine if a cantilever structure is the best option

 given the launch’s level of use

• Elevated cantilever walkways, used as launches or connected to other launch structures,

 can provide access in environmentally sensitive areas while protecting riparian habitat

 and shoreline vegetation; see Alaska Fish and Game’s website for more information:

 http://www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/sarr/restoration/techniques/walkways.cfm

D. Advantages

• Have minimal environmental impact

• Suitable in a wide range of locations and shoreline configurations

• Can have removable deck sections or posts that may be removed seasonally

• Relatively inexpensive to construct

E. Disadvantages

• Cannot support excessive weight

• Treated wood can be hazardous to the environment ; alternatively, using alternative wood

materials can be expensive

• May not last as long as a fixed or floating launch due to support and weight limitations

F. Case examples, designs, photos

1) Design for cantilever launch, Minnesota Division of State Parks

This cantilever launch is composed of deck sections and posts that can be removed seasonally

2 1⁄2" footing pipes with cross bolts in place are installed into the shore bottom until they are firm 

24" below the water surface). 2" pipes are installed through metal deck brackets and into pipes, 

on upper threaded ends. Deck is leveled by set screws in brackets. Dock can be unbolted when 

are loosened and 2" pipes are removed. Dock sections can be removed entirely, while the footin

remain.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 59 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
60

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 60 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
61

Logical Lasting Launches

pp, p, p, p

to control erosion or to divert heavy flows away from a launch site.

Concrete may be purchased as a ready-mix (generally used for smaller projects) or delivere

mixing truck. For cast-in-place ramps, approximately 0.37 cubic feet of mix are needed for ev

cubic feet to be cast.

The basic mix for concrete consists of 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, 3 parts gravel (or aggregate

water. Proportions can be altered to suit the needs of the site. For example, a higher propor

cement can be used for thinner structures, while thicker launches may require more aggregate.

Portland cement (composed of ground limestone, clay or shale, sand, and iron ore) binds the ma

together, hardening the mix, while sand and aggregate act as “fixers” to control the mix from shr

Water reacts with compounds in the cement as it hardens and allows for plasticity so that the co

can be poured into a form and shaped.

Additives called admixtures can be added to concrete mixtures either to improve the quality of the 

to keep the concrete workable in certain climatic conditions. Air-entraining agents, which are b

added to the concrete mix to improve its durability, may prevent cracking as a result of freezin

thawing cycles.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 61 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
62

Logical Lasting Launches

Concrete must be installed in dry conditions, therefore the area must be totally clear of water w

any portion of the ramp extends beneath the surface of the water. The underwater area may ne

be cofferdammed. A cofferdam is a water-tight enclosure that is temporarily used to pump wate

of an area during construction. If lime is used in this process, it must be managed carefully so a

to enter the water where it can pose a danger to riparian species.

Pre-cast concrete planks and panels should only be used on bodies of water with little to no cu

Pre-cast slabs are heavy and must be placed using lifting equipment; reinforced concrete is typ

needed for underwater sections of the pre-cast ramp.

B. Materials

Surface finish, including corrugated concrete, rock salt, or exposed aggregate, may be applied 

concrete to increase traction or improve its appearance. One popular finish uses 1" x 1" V-gro

formed at a 60 degree angle to the centerline. V-grooves should not be used on launches that 

as accessible routes, however, as they make wheelchair access difficult.

C. Design variations/specifications

• The width and thickness of concrete ramps vary, but cast-in-place ramps are typically 6" to 

thick and use rebar reinforcement

• Ramps can be cast-in-place or composed of connected pre-cast slabs, planks, or panels

D. Advantages

• Provides the most stable, sturdy surface for launching

• Durable; not subject to rot or rust

• Easy to shape and work with, adaptable to slope needs; minimal additional construction ne

• Can be relatively inexpensive to construct, depending upon type of application

• Relatively low maintenance (depending on sedimentation levels); easy and inexpensive repa

• Can be used to help mitigate erosion problems or assist with vegetative restoration

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 62 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
63

Logical Lasting Launches

F. Case examples, designs, photos

1) Wolf Creek, Missouri River, Montana

Problem: The original launch, installed over 25 years ago, was a pre-cast concrete ramp that 

downstream and extended out into the water approximately 10 feet. Due to its configuration, 

formed and the fill supporting the ramp eroded, over time, due to undercutting. Undercutting is a fr

problem with ramps that are not built at a perpendicular to the shoreline. Areas of vegetation at th

the ramp had also eroded with use by paddlers loading and unloading their boats.

Solution: Engineers at the Montana State Design & Construction Bureau rebuilt the ramp to ma

provements for safety, longevity, and ease of use. The original intention was to reorient the align

the ramp to be perpendicular to the bank. However, fearing that the new ramp would encourage j

traffic, they decided to build it on the same location as the previous ramp.

The new concrete ramp is wider, elliptical in shape, and thickened with a 24" concrete edge a

perimeter to prevent undercutting. The previous pre-cast concrete planks were replaced by f

cabled concrete mats and its slope is around 1:3. Its textured surface provides traction. Rip-r

textured bank protection were also added.

A 6" concrete slab with fiber mesh and 12" thickened edge was also added to provide a relativ

section at the top of the ramp where paddlers load their boats. By giving paddlers a designated 

use rather than trampling vegetation, the ramp helps to decrease erosion in areas around the lau

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 63 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
64

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 8A, 8B: An elliptical concrete ramp was installed at

Wolf Creek, on the Missouri River, to reinforce the bank

and provide a loading area for paddlers in a way that

helped mitigate erosion

Photos courtesy of Ken Phillips

Montana State Design and Construction Bureau

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 64 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
65

Logical Lasting Launches

ties. Native vegetation has replaced hundreds of tons of concrete along the banks and a whit

course now offers a quarter mile of quality rapids on the river.

Photo by Caroline Wolf

Photo 8C: Salida’s concrete launch offers river

access for a variety of recreational activitites

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 65 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
66

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 8D: Corrugated concrete ramp provides effective traction for launching

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 66 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
67

Logical Lasting Launches

B. Materials

Stairs are formed from concrete that is poured on site. Once a bank is prepared to accommod

stair dimensions (which may require some digging out with equipment, such as a backhoe), a co

foundation is created, which is reinforced with rebar or metal. Molds are created for the sta

concrete is poured into them. After the forms are set, the molds are removed.

C. Design specifications/variations

• If steps are tapered in width as they descend to the water, the bottom steps should not be to

narrow; paddlers need at least 5' and preferably 6' to 12' for launching

• Handrails may be needed to provide additional support for paddlers where shorelines are exce

steep; they may not be needed in areas with shorter distances to the water or less dramatic

slopes

• Installing a 4' to 8' landing pad at the bottom of concrete steps can be useful to paddlers; this

may serve as a “seal launch” where kayakers can put on their spray skirts before launching

D. Advantages

• Provide effective solutions to a steep slope or eroding bank

• May be more aesthetically pleasing than concrete ramps or mats

• Can be combined with boat slides to provide easy transport of boats to water

• Require relatively little maintenance; durable

E. Disadvantages

• May not be as easily accessible as concrete ramps or other launch types

• Can be expensive

• Rarely provide access for disabled paddlers

• May require artificial shoring (usually upstream) to protect them

• May require use of heavy equipment for preparation of bank before installation

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 67 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
68

Logical Lasting Launches

Specifications:

• Two staircases with boat slide in center; stairs lead to a ramp extending to water

• Each staircase is 2' wide x 24' long with twenty-four concrete stairs;

each staircase measures: 24" wide x 12" long x 61⁄4" high

• Stairs are reinforced with #4 rebar, each 3' long, spaced 1 foot apart

• Boat slide descends center of staircase and is raised 1' above the height of the steps

• Slide is composed of two parallel boards made of pressure treated oak;

each board measures 6" wide x 24’ long x 2" thick; total width of slide spans 21⁄2'

• Steel pipe handrails run down outer sides of each staircase

• Banks on either side of staircase are reinforced with stone rip-rap with geotextile fabric

beneath

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 68 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
69

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 69 3/5/2004, 12:14 PM
70

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 70 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
71

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 71 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
72

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 72 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
73

Logical Lasting Launches

At White Rock Park, an accessible route was developed as far as the top of a concrete stairway 

area by leveling a 40' cutback to 10' through several switchbacks along a concrete trail. Every 30 

so along the trail, level resting points have been installed to accommodate wheelchairs. The 

launch, a concrete staircase, is clearly not ADA accessible, however it was needed to accommod

short 10' drop to the water and to withstand mud accumulation after flooding. An ADA accessible t

plate, or level platform, adjoins the staircase, providing an area where one can dismount a wheelch

either lower themselves down the staircase or be assisted to the with their boat.

Photo courtesy of Roger Lewis

Lower Colorado River Authority

Photo 8E: Steep shoreline grade prevents site from being entirely ADA access

Concrete staircase provides access at base of ADA accessible trail

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 73 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
74

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 74 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
75

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 75 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
76

Logical Lasting Launches

DIAGRAM 8H: Detail of grab rail

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 76 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
77

Logical Lasting Launches

Photos 8F, 8G: Concrete steps provide access to different

levels of rapids along the South Platte River

Photos by Caroline Wolf Photos by C

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 77 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
78

Logical Lasting Launches

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

______________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 78 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
79

Logical Lasting Launches

Concrete mats may be applied to a shoreline without significant alteration to its slope. Articulate

follow the changing slope of a bank and do not require cutting or filling. They are supplied as mat

8' wide, that interlock as they are being placed. Their installation usually requires heavy equipmen

an excavator with a spreader bar, or a crane. They are typically delivered to a site on flatbed trail

Placing concrete mats may require some underwater preparation, as the ends of the mats ar

submerged in the water, depending on the slope. Submerged areas may need to be sub-excavat

filled with a leveling course, such as washed gravel. If the bank soil is soft, it may require extra pro

an engineering fabric can be added or sub-excavation can be increased, along with the gravel lev

Bank surfaces may need smoothing, so rod readings may be used, with the water serving as a l

device. The first mat (usually the center one) should be placed carefully, as it is needed to align the 

Once the remaining mats are set, they interlock with each other. When all mats are in place, the lo

the upper end of the mats are pulled, using an excavator, to tighten the mats together. Loops are c

off, clamped loops are buried, and pea gravel may be spread over the mats to fill in-between the 

stabilizing them. Additionally, the sloped outside edges of cable concrete may be backfilled.

E. Advantages

• Since they are pre-cast, concrete mats will not need to be poured in areas that are submerge

cofferdamming is not required

• Cutting or filling the bank is not necessary, as it might be with a concrete ramp that needs to be 

at a steady grade

• Since there is less risk of deposition from the cut or erosion of the fill, there is less need for r

maintenance

• Concrete mats typically have soil or gravel between the blocks and are therefore less “develo

intrusive to a natural shoreline than poured concrete

• If erosion becomes a problem, concrete mats can adapt to changing bank structures; if supp

soil is washed away, blocks may slide downwards and provide protection to eroded areas

F. Disadvantages

• Typically are more expensive than concrete slabs

• Are heavy (an 8' x 26' mat weighs approximately 5 tons) and require heavy duty equipment to 

• Installation can damage to shoreline vegetation, when heavy equipment is used

• Can disrupt “natural” look to shoreline; may not be considered aesthetically pleasing

Geotextile mats may be a less costly or disruptive alternative to concrete mats (see Chapter XI).

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 79 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
80

Logical Lasting Launches

concrete was chosen as an alternative to rip-rap in order to mitigate erosion while providing an alte

access to canoeists. This enables canoeists to launch without competing with motorized boa

space. Additionally, an access road (approximately 150' long and 12' wide) was installed to serve 

purpose: while providing access to canoeists and small boaters, it also makes the detention basin 

accessible for maintenance purposes.

Photo 8I: Articulated concrete

launch helps to mitigate erosion

while providing paddlers with a

separate access site from heavy

boat traffic

Photo 8H: Gravel road p

access to both the lau

area and a detention bas

for maintenance purpos

Photos courtesy of Ken Phillips, Montana State Design and Construction Bureau

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 80 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
81

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 8K: Crane is used to place and interlock mats

Photos courtesy of Ken Phillips

Montana State Design & Construction Bureau

Photo 8J: Concrete mats are installed individually

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 81 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
82

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 82 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
83

Logical Lasting Launches

was continually flooded when combined irrigation waters and spring runoff brought heavy flow

sediment loads. The area was heavily scoured, and a deep ditch formed.

Solution: A concrete strip, approximately 2' wide and 90' long, was installed at the base of the dr

area before it drops off into the beach launching area. Water is forced to flow over the strip, preve

deep channel from forming. The strip interrupts the strength and velocity of the flow water to flow 

preventing formation of a deep channel.

Photo 8M: Concrete strip

helps to divert flows away

from launch site

Photo 8L: Drainage area adjacent

to launch site carries heavy flows

during spring runoff and causes

scouring

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 83 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
84

Logical Lasting Launches

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 84 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
85

Logical Lasting Launches

Staircases composed of timber steps may be cost effective alternatives to concrete when working 

launch site along a steep shoreline. Timber can be easily cut and shaped to meet site specificatio

may be built into a steep shoreline in a variety of manners, depending on a site’s needs. For ex

timbers cut into rectangular or cylindrical piece could be installed from the bottom of a slope up

stacked one upon another, in order to reinforce an eroding slope.

B. Materials

• Timber, typically pressure treated; see Chapter V for information on using treated wood

• Reinforcement bars, rebar

• Soil, gravel, or “roadbase” (mixture of rough soil and class 6 gravel), used as fill

• Retaining walls, rip-rap (as needed)

C. Design specifications/variations

• Stairs may be constructed as boxes built on top of one another, ascending a slope, to help re

an eroding bank

• The launch area at the base of the stairs needs protection from excessive currents in order t

prevent undercutting; large rocks or a vegetative buffer may be used

• Launch area at base of stairs should provide consistent access to the water, during changing 

levels; surface should be sturdy and able to withstand varying flows

• Handrails are most effective when they are 24" to 32" above the height of the steps; it is importa

they not be too high or low for paddlers to be able to use

D. Advantages

• Allows paddlers easier access from a steep or eroding shoreline 

• Aesthetically pleasing; less disruptive to “natural” shoreline than concrete

• May be easily and inexpensively repaired, if damaged

E. Disadvantages

• Installation may be costly and may require alteration to shoreline

• May be susceptible to undercutting

• May require maintenance as stairs age and weather

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 85 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
86

Logical Lasting Launches

slide boats and rafts to the water below.

Construction of the staircase was designed to maximize bank stabilization. Each stair level consi

timber box filled with “roadbase,” a mixture of rough soil and class 6 gravel. Boulders placed aro

launch area, at the base of the staircase, provide protection from undercutting.

Photo 9A: Timber stairs and metal boat slide facilitate access from a steep ban

Photo by Caroline Wolf

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 86 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
87

Logical Lasting Launches

Photos 9B, 9C: Two views of staircase at Fisherman’s Bridge from the river Photo courtesy of Arkansas Headwaters Recreation Area 

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 87 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
88

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 88 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
89

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 89 3/5/2004, 12:15 PM
90

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_webready.p65 90 3/5/2004, 1:37 PM
91

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 91 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
92

Logical Lasting Launches

4) Thompson River, British Columbia

Photo courtesy of Arkansas Headwaters Recre

Photo courtesy of Thomas O’Keefe

Photo 9D: Rectangular timber stairs with varying treads provide access

to steep shoreline while helping to mitigate erosion

Photo 9E: Rounded timbers serve as staircase for paddlers

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 92 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
93

Logical Lasting Launches

Photos 9F, 9G: Rock staircase provides river access with a “natural” appearanc

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 93 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
94

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo courtesy of Arkansas Headwa

Photo 9H: Rock staircase reinforced with rip-rap form a simple staircase to launch 

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 94 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
95

Logical Lasting Launches

pgpyg

serve as detours around difficult sections of water that paddlers choose not to run, and they may s

navigable connections between lakes or other bodies of water, helping to create a continuous p

route. While this chapter discusses designs for portages around dams, the information provided 

applicable to portages in each of these settings.

B. Materials

Portages can be simple routes, such as trails made of soil, gravel, or asphalt, or they may b

structures, such as staircases with chutes or slides. The materials used and amount of cons

necessary will depend on circumstances at an individual site. These may include shoreline con

tions, frequency of usage, dam ownership, and available funds.

Signage is crucial to making a portage visible to paddlers and to informing paddlers about potential h

on the water. Regardless of their visibility from the water, portages should be clearly marked in o

provide paddlers with sufficient time to reach the shore and take out. Having clear and appr

signage can also help discourage paddlers from attempting to clear a low head dam or spillw

guidance on developing appropriate signage along water trails, including details on sign specifica

helpful resource is Publishing Trail Guidance: Maps and Guides, Guidebooks and Signs (North Am

Water Trails, 2002).

Some dam owners have installed signage to educate paddlers about potential dangers; howeve

not always the case. Dams for hydropower use may be required to have signage. The Federal 

Regulatory Commission (FERC) provides regulatory oversight to help develop and maintain safe 

power projects and considers designated and well-marked portages to be crucial measures e

paddlers to travel safely from the top to the bottom of a dam.

Licensing requirements issued by FERC require hydropower applicants to review recreational n

the areas around their facilities. Licensees may be required to supply public recreational facilities 

the term of the license. For further information on the relationship between hydropower relicens

recreational liability, see “Hydropower Relicensing and Recreational Liability” in American Whi

Journal (May/June 2001).

Essential safety information that includes a discussion of signage may be found in FERC Guidel

for Public Safety at Hydropower Projects, available online at: http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydr

power/safety/signage/Appendix_B/FERC%20Safety%20Guidelines%201992%20(web%20versio

The FERC website http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/safety/signage/portages/web/

portages.htm also provides examples of effective signage.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 95 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
96

Logical Lasting Launches

A path at least 2 wide around the dam, with a slope no steeper than a 1:3

• An ADA accessible portage cannot have a slope that exceeds 8.33% or 1:12

• At least 8' overhead clearance on the path and 4' to 8' clearance on either side

• A vertical distance of 12" or less between the height of boat and shore

• A route that minimizes the distance that paddlers must carry their boats

• Access points located on inside bends or areas of calm water

• An escape path downstream from portage, when possible, giving paddlers an additional area 

egress the water if they miss a take out or portage

D. Advantages

• Provides defined and safe routes around dams and other structures that can be obstacles fo

paddlers, as long as they are well located and clearly marked

• Enables paddlers to navigate a somewhat continuous route along a water trail

• Gives paddlers designated routes to transport their boats between parking areas and launch 

• May prevent damage to riparian or other sensitive areas by directing paddlers to a designated 

• Offers paddlers an opportunity for additional exercise!

E. Disadvantages

• May not be easy for paddlers to manage while transporting their boats, if portages have a steep 

uneven surface, or limited space

• May not provide paddlers with sufficient time or space to take out — especially if currents or wi

strong — if portage is located immediately upstream of a dam or other obstruction

• May be difficult to locate or access when not clearly marked

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 96 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
97

Logical Lasting Launches

The kayak and whitewater raft put-in is located about 1/8 mile downstream of the dam on the Wis

side. While there is no built launch structure, the area is designed to accommodate portaging. Rest

an asphalt path, and a parking area (with an overlook about 20' feet above the river) have als

installed. The portage trail, which is 10' to 12' wide, is composed of natural ground cover with woo

added to reinforce problem areas. Its slope is steep, so the path curves to gradually reduce the 

The asphalt path leading from the parking area to the river is 6' wide and has a slope of about 12%

is the lowest grade that could be constructed at this site in attempt to meet ADA accessibility sta

The access site has a medium size layer of fractured rock rip-rap from a local quarry and edg

protected with rip-rap and filter fabric, an impermeable mesh material that prevents both runoff an

ment from passing through. Smaller “pea gravel” rocks abut the asphalt path so that barefoot p

do not cut their feet

The shoreline adjacent to the put-in, which extends further into the river, protects the access are

direct flows coming from the hydroelectric plant. However, since the put-in sits immediately down

of the dam, it can be inundated during periods of heavy rains or with dam releases, when water e

the normal range of river flows. Water below the dam can rise to about six feet in the area of the 

which can submerge the lower third of the asphalt path for short periods of time each year.

Photo 10A: Little Quinnessec

Falls portage trail, made of natural ground cover with wood chips

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 97 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
98

Logical Lasting Launches

Blueprint and photos courtesy of Mark Anderson, Consolidated Water Power Company

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 98 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
99

Logical Lasting Launches

leading to launch area below

Little Quinnessec Falls Dam

Photo 10D: Little

Quinnessec Falls

launch area, reinforced with fractured

rock riprap

All photos courtesy of Mark Anderson

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 99 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
100

Logical Lasting Launches

The Pejepscot River Access, downstream of Lisbon Falls, offers a solution to launching from a 

rocky, and unstable shoreline where boulders, rock fragments, and fallen tree limbs make river ac

challenge. Take-out occurs just above the dam, and a short portage through the woods connec

dlers with access just below the dam. A metal staircase, with a handrail on one side and a 

covered wooden slide on the other, enables paddlers to easily maneuver their boats down to the 

The carpet provides traction and helps to protect boat bottoms from damage. The staircase lea

rocky, but sturdy and level launch area at the water’s edge.

Photo 10E: Metal staircase with boat slide facilitates

river access from a steep, rocky shoreline

Photo courtesy of Julie Isbill

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 100 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
101

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 10G: View of launch area from top of staircase

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 101 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
102

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 10H: Signage identifies portage trail on the Androscoggin River

3) Boat slide, portage to White Salmon River, Washington

Photo courtesy of Thomas O’Keefe

Photo 10I: Parallel metal bars serve as a boatslide while designating the portage tr

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 102 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
103

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 10J: Low-head dam poses an obstacle to paddlers

Photo 10K: Whitewater chute, installed just east of dam,

offers paddlers rapids on three 2' drops

Photos by Caroline Wolf

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 103 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
104

Logical Lasting Launches

Photo 10L: Take-out is situated in dangerous proximity to the dam

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 104 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
105

Logical Lasting Launches

ELEVATED WALKWAYS

A. General Description

Elevated walkways are raised structures that allow paddlers to access launching areas without h

direct contact with the ground. They are effective in minimizing potential impacts from recreation

on riparian habitats, fragile shorelines, or other sensitive environmental areas. While providing a 

surface, elevated walkways can prevent erosion, protect existing vegetation, and be used to pr

revegetation of damaged areas. Many of these structures are light-penetrating walkways, which 

vegetation beneath them to receive the sunlight necessary for growth.

B. Materials

Typically constructed from expanded metal, aluminum, fiberglass, or wood, elevated walkways 

plants to grow through their grated surfaces. They are most effective when used with tripodsor 

above-ground supports. These can include posts that are driven into the bank, however posts s

not be installed too close to the edge of the bank as this may contribute to erosion. If a ladder is 

it should have minimal contact with the bank or shoreline vegetation at all water levels. Shorter 

ways are preferable so that wildlife may access water easily.

C. Design specifications/variations

Elevated walkways can be used in a variety of ways. They may be combined with other walkw

connecting structures to provide access to floating or other types of launches; they may be attac

stairs or ladders that lead to launch structures or rest on the bottom of a river or lake; or they c

cantilevered over a river while supported by a tripod. Manufacturers offer materials that mee

accessibility standards.

More information on elevated walkways is available online on Alaska Fish and Game’s website a

http://www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/sarr/restoration/techniques/walkways.cfm

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 105 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
106

Logical Lasting Launches

the water from marshy areas.

B. Materials

Commercial products such as the Geoblock porous pavement system offer a flexible support 

that can support heavy weight while protecting vegetation. Composed of recycled polyethylene, ind

Geoblock mats typically measure 20" x 40" x 2" and fasten together with 3⁄4" screws. Interlockin

are stabilized by topsoil or vegetative material spread into the cells. Grass can be also used at si

see low to moderate use. Rip-rap or fist-sized gravel can provide a smooth surface for walking a

serve as reliable anchors.

C. Design specifications/variations

• Proper anchoring of mats and blocks is essential, as erosion can cause them to separate and 

in the water, potentially becoming dangerous strainers in the water downstream.

• In areas that become submerged, gravel can be added into cells in order to add weight and a

them in place. See website at http://www.prestogeo.com for more detailed specifications.

D. Advantages

• Are light-weight

• Are made of recycled polyethylene

• Allow light to penetrate (40% open area per panel)

• Will not leach chemicals into water or surrounding riparian area

• Will not rot

• Have tread width of 20"

E. Disadvantages

• Can be more expensive than other materials

• Require the use of special tools

• May take longer to install than other materials

• Can create potentially dangerous strainers, down river or elsewhere on a water body, if eros

causes blocks to separate and scatter in the water

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 106 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
107

Logical Lasting Launches

• Dimensions: Geocell is 8' wide x 16' long x 6" thick

• Anchor: Geocell is filled with #67 pea gravel, naturally rounded with no sharp edges;

placed on a 4" thick compacted layer of CR-6

• Slope: 1:8, from an elevation of +1.5' down to an elevation of -.5'

Photo 11A: Geocell ma

provides paddlers with 

“soft” launching alterna

to a traditional boat lau

Photos 11B: Geocell material

anchored with pea gravel

offers low-impact access

while helping to stabilize an

eroding bank

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 107 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
108

Logical Lasting Launches

Although the launch is used primarily for display purposes and is not open for public use, the en

mental challenges posed at this site resemble those at many public launch areas.

Problem: Situated on an exposed area of a tidal river, the main challenges to the longevity of the la

are impacts of erosion, wind, and heavy flows. Additionally, due to its location on a bend of the rive

landing is vulnerable to lateral flows caused by the dramatic changes in direction and curvature o

part of the meander.

Solution: Through detailed site analyses, assessments were made of the site that accounted fo

rent and future trends in channel morphology and behavior, as well as the effects of sedimentatio

erosion patterns. Due to the vulnerability of the canoe landing’s location and exposure to strong 

and currents, it was determined that this site needed “erosive resistant features,” such as a vege

buffer, to offer protection and stabilization to the landing.

A beach area on the south side of the landing has been designated as a public launch site that w

open as of June 2004. The site may be not used at all times, however, due to the tides. Paddlers 

launch at high tide only, as the area becomes too muddy for launching at low tide. Paddlers will ne

carry their boats to the beach site while walking on a concrete path from a parking area locate

north of the site.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 108 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
109

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 109 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
110

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 110 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
111

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 111 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
112

Logical Lasting Launches

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 112 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________
113

Logical Lasting Launches

1) Rincon launch site, Arkansas River, CO: rock beach access ................................... 30 

2) Clear Creek, CO: level bank access ........................................................................................... 31 

3) Clear Creek, CO: rock outcrop access ....................................................................................... 31 

4) Missouri River, NE: sandy beach access ................................................................................. 32 

5) Sauk River, WA: gravel road access .......................................................................................... 32 

6) Delaware River, NY: sandy bank access ................................................................................ 32 

7) Arkansas River, Salida, CO: restored bank with rock outcrop access ................ 33 

Chapter V

1) Newport Boat Ramp, Christina River, DE: floating launch, transition plates ... 38-43 

2) South Prong River, NC: floating launch attached to boardwalk ............................... 44-49 

3) Annsville Creek, Hudson River, NY: modular polyethylene launch ........................ 50-52 

4) Janes Island, Dougherty Creek Canal, MD: polyethylene floating launch ......... 55-56 

Chapter VII

1) Cantilever launch, design from MN DNR ................................................................. 59-60 

Chapter VIII 

Ramps 

1) Wolf Creek, MT: concrete ramp used to mitigate erosion ............................................ 63-64 

2) Salida Boat Ramp, Salida, CO.......................................................................................................... 65 

3) Everglades, FL, corrugated concrete ramp .............................................................................. 66 

Stairs

1) West Virginia DNR: concrete staircase with wooden boat slide................................ 68-72 

2) White Rock Park, Colorado River, TX : ADA accessible route to staircase ...... 73-76 

3) Confluence Park, South Platte River, Denver, CO ............................................................. 77 

Concrete mats 

1) York Bridge, Missouri River, MT: alternative paddler access .................................... 80 

2) Stickney Creek, MT: concrete mat installation .................................................................... 81 

Concrete strip 

1) Hecla Junction, Arkansas River, CO: strip used to divert heavy flows .............. 83 

Chapter IX

Timber staircases

1) Fisherman’s Bridge, Arkansas River, CO: timber staircase with boat slide .... 86-89 

2) White Rock Park, Colorado River, TX: timber staircase (concept) ...................... 90-91 

3) Jump Rock, Arkansas River, CO: timber staircase on steep bank ........................ 92 

4) Thompson River, British Columbia: timber staircase .................................................... 92 

Rock staircases 

1) Whitechuck launch, Sauk River, WA: rock staircase .................................................... 93 

2) Parkdale launch site, Arkansas River, CO: rock staircase ........................................ 94 

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 113 3/5/2004, 12:16 PM
114

Logical Lasting Launches

Chapter X

1) Little Quinnessec Falls Hydroelectric Dam, Menomonee River, WI ..................... 97-99 

2) Pejepscot access, Androscoggin River, ME: staircase with boat slide .............. 100-02 

3) White Salmon River, WA, boat slide and portage trail..................................................... 102 

1) Salida low-head dam, Arkansas River, CO: whitewater chute beside dam...... 103 

2) Niobrara River, NE: take-out in close proximity to dam.................................................. 104 

Chapter XI:

1) Deal Island, St. Peter’s Creek, MD: low-impact geotextile mats ............................ 107 

2) Fort Clatsop National Memorial and Netul Landing, OR ............................................. 108-11 

Designs 

Chapter III 

3A-3D: Bonnie Gool Guest Dock, design details of ADA accessible launch ............ 22-25 

 

Chapter V 

5A-5E: Newport Boat Ramp, Christina River, DE: designs for launch ......................... 39-43 

5F–5J: South Prong River, NC: floating launch connected to boardwalk .................. 46-49 

5K-5L: Annsville Creek, NY: elevation and plan of polyethylene floating launch 52-54 

Chapter VII 

7A: MN DNR: cantilever launch plan, elevation, and section ............................................. 60 

Chapter VIII 

8A-8D: WV DNR: designs of concrete staircase with wooden boat slide .................. 69-72 

8E-8H: White Rock Park, Colorado River, TX ............................................................................... 74-76 

Chapter IX 

9A-9B: Fisherman’s Bridge, Arkansas River, CO: timber stairs and boat slide.... 88-89 

9C-9D: White Rock Park, Colorado River, TX: concept drawings ................................. 90-91 

Chapter X 

10A: Little Quinnessec Falls Hydroelectric Dam, Menomonee River, WI: 

 blueprint of launch area and portage trail ....................................................................................... 98 

Chapter XI 

11A: Fort Clatsop National Memorial, site evaluation ................................................................ 109 

11B: Fort Clatsop, Site Analysis ................................................................................................................ 110 

11C: Netul Landing, new launch at Fort Clatsop ........................................................................... 111 

(Index continued)
115

Logical Lasting Launches

Photos 

Chapter III 

3A, 3B: Bonnie Gool Guest Dock, Humboldt Bay, Eureka, CA ....................................... 21 

3C, 3D: Camp for All, Burton, TX: ADA accessible canoe launch, .............................. 26 

3E: “F” Street floating dock, Humboldt Bay, Eureka, CA ..................................................... 27 

Chapter IV 

4A: Rincon launch, Arkansas River, CO: rocky beach access.......................................... 30 

4B: Clear Creek, Arkansas River, CO: level bank access ................................................... 31 

4C: Clear Creek, Arkansas River, CO: rock outcrop access .............................................. 31 

4D: Missouri River, NE: beach access .............................................................................................. 32 

4E: Sauk River, WA: gravel road access ................................................................. 33 

4F: Delaware River, NY: sandy bank access .............................................................................. 33 

4G: Arkansas River, CO: restored bank with rock outcrops ................................................ 33 

 

Chapter V 

5A-5C: Annsville Creek, NY: polyethylene floating launch ............................................. ... 50-51 

5D-5F: Janes Island, MD: floating dock attached to bulkheads ....................................... 55-56 

Chapter VIII 

8A, 8B: Wolf Creek, MT: concrete ramp to decrease erosion .......................................... 64 

8C: Salida Boat Ramp, Salida, CO: ................................................................................................... 65 

8D: Corrugated concrete ramp, Everglades, FL ........................................................................ 66 

8E: White Rock Park, Colorado River, TX: ADA accessible route to staircase .. 73 

8F, 8G: Confluence Park, South Platte River, CO: concrete steps ............................. 77 

8H, 8I: York Bridge, Missouri River, MT: concrete mats ...................................................... 80 

8J, 8K: Stickney Creek, MT: concrete mat installation .......................................................... 81 

8L, 8M: Hecla Junction, Arkansas River, CO: concrete strip used to divert flow.. 83 

Chapter IX 

9A-9C: Fisherman’s Bridge, Arkansas River, CO: timber stairs with slide ............... 86-87 

9D: Jump Rock, Arkansas River, CO: timber staircase ........................................................ 92 

9E: Thompson River, British Columbia, timber staircase .................................................... 92 

9F, 9G: Whitechuck launch, Sauk River, WA: rock staircase ........................................... 93 

9H: Parkdale launch, Arkansas River, CO: rock staircase ................................................. 94 

Chapter X 

10A: Little Quinnessec portage trail, Menomonee River, WI ............................................. 97 

10B-10D: Little Quinnessec path and launch area .................................................................. 99 

10E-10G: Pejepscot access, Androscoggin River, ME :staircase with boat slide 100-01 

10H: Pejepscot access, Androscoggin River, ME: signage for portage ..................... 102 

10I: White Salmon River, WA, boat slide and portage trail, ................................................ 102 

10J, 10K: Low-head dam, Arkansas River, CO: whitewater chute around dam .. 103 

10L: Niobrara River, NE: take-out in close proximity to dam............................................. 104 

Chapter XI 

11A, 11B: Deal Island, St. Peter’s Creek, MD: low-impact geotextile mats ............ 107 

(Index continued)
116

Logical Lasting Launches

• American Whitewater. (November 2003). Property Acquisition and Management Guide:

The Genesis of a River Access Land Trust. Available via email:access@amwhitewater.org

• Birkby, Robert C. (1996). Lightly on the Land: The SCA Trail-Building and Maintenance Manu

Seattle, WA: Mountaineers Books.

• Brooks, K.M. (1996). Evaluating the Environmental Risks Associated with the Use of Chrom

Copper Arsenate-treated Wood Products in Aquatic Environments, Estuaries 19(2A): 296-30

• Burns, Max. (1999). The Dock Manual. Pownal, VT: Torey Books.

• Cooper, P.A. (1990). Leaching of CCA from Treated Wood, Proc. Canadian Wood Preserva

Association II: 144-169.

• Redwood Community Action Agency. (December 2001). Humboldt Bay Feasibility Study.

Available online: http://www.rcaa.org/baytrails/ or via email: trails@rcaa.org

• Illinois Department of Natural Resources. (June 1998). A Guide to Boating and Canoe Access 

pment. Available by phone: IDNR’s Division of Grant Administration at 217/782-7481

• Kelty, R.A. and S. Bliven. (2003). Environmental and Aesthetic Impacts of Small Docks and 

Workshop Report: Developing a Science-Based Decision Support Tool for Small Dock Man

ment, Phase 1: Status of the Science, Decision Analysis Series No. 22. Silver Spring, MD: N

Coastal Ocean Program.

Available online: http://www.coastalscience.noaa.gov/documents/dockpier.pdf

• Monlux, S. (2000). Geosynthetics for Trails in Wet Areas, Report 0023-2838-MTDC. Washin

DC: USDA Forest Service in cooperation with Federal Highways Administration.

Available online: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/fspubs/

• Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission. (1998). Managing and Restoring Stream Greenw

Landowner’s Handbook. Available online: http://medinaswcd.org/GreenwayReport.pdf or by

phone: Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission at 312/454-0400

(Bibliography continues on page 117)

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 116 3/5/2004, 12:17 PM
117

Logical Lasting Launches

• Smiley, Geoff. (1999).Canoeing for Disabled People. United Kingdom: British Canoe Union.

• Trinity River Assessment. 2003.

Available online: http://www.trinityrivervision.org/Final%20Report/3_Recreation.PDF

• United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USDA). (1994). Landscape Aesthet

Handbook for Scenery Management, USDA Handbook 701. Washington, DC: USDA Forest S

• USDA Forest Service Technology and Development Program. (July 2002). Floating Trail Bridg

Docks. Available online: http://www.fs.fed.us/na/wit/WITPages/bridgecatalog/materials/index.

• Weis, P., J.S. Weis, A. Greenberg, and T.J. Nosker. (1992). Toxicity of Construction Material

Marine Environment: A Comparison of Chromated-Copper-arsenate-Treated Wood and Rec

Plastic. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 22: 99-106.

• Western Wood Preservers Institute. 1996. Best management practices for use of treated wo

acquatic environments. Vancouver, WA: Western Wood Preservers Institute.

Available online: http://www.wwpinstitute.org/pdffiles/bmpsinaquatic.pdf

• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (November 1994). Department Design Standa

Handook.

launch_guide_web3_05_04.p65 117 3/5/2004, 12:17 PM