NISTIR 85-3273-15

(Rev. 4/00)

Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis - April 2000

Sieglinde K. Fuller

Annual Supplement to Amy S. Boyles

NIST Handbook 135 and

NBS Special Publication 709

NISTIR 85-3273-15

ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS

FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709

April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001

Data for the Federal Methodology for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Title 10, CFR, Part 436, Subpart A;

and for the Energy Conservation Mandatory Performance Standards for New

Federal Residential Buildings, Title 10, CFR, Part 435

Sieglinde K. Fuller

Amy S. Boyles

Office of Applied Economics 

April 2000 Sponsored by:

Building and Fire Research Laboratory The Federal Energy Management Program

National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Energy

Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Washington, DC 20585

U.S. Department of Commerce 

William A. Daley, Secretary 

Technology Administration

Cheryl L. Shavers, Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Raymond G. Kammer, Director


iii

ABSTRACT

This is the April 2000 edition of energy price indices and discount factors for performing life-cycle cost

analyses of energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in federal facilities. It will be effective

from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001. This publication supports the federal life-cycle costing methodology

by updating the energy price projections and discount factors that are described, explained, and illustrated in

NIST Handbook 135 (HB 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program.)

It supports private-sector life-cycle cost analysis by updating the energy price indices that are described,

explained, and illustrated in NBS Special Publication 709 (SP 709).
iv

PREFACE

This is the April 2000 Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the

Federal Energy Management Program. The annual supplement provides energy price indices and discount

factors for use with the Federal Energy Management Program's procedures for life-cycle cost analysis, as

established by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in Subpart A of Part 436 of Title 10 of the Code of

Federal Regulations (10 CFR Part 436, Subpart A), and amplified in NIST Handbook 135. These indices

and factors are provided as an aid to implementing life-cycle cost evaluations of potential energy and water

conservation and renewable energy investments in existing and new federally owned and leased buildings.

Until April 1997, the Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135 was published in October of each year

for use throughout the following fiscal year. However, the energy price projections from DOE's Energy

Information Administration (EIA) that serve as the basis of much of this report are released in January, and

the discount rates from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-94 are released in

February, so that much of the data in this report were out of date after only a few months of their intended

life. As a result, DOE requested that NIST produce this Annual Supplement as soon as practical after the

necessary data are available. This edition supersedes the edition released in April 1999. In future years

NIST will continue to produce the Annual Supplement in April. This Annual Supplement is intended for

use from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001. The April 2000 edition of the NIST BLCC program and related

NIST software for LCC analysis are being released at the same time as this Annual Supplement, for use

over the same time period. These software products are discussed on the next page.

At the request of a number of users, DOS text files of both the underlying EIA energy price projections

and the tables in this Annual Supplement have been made available by NIST. For information on obtaining

these files, contact the authors by e-mail at sieglinde.fuller@nist.gov or amy.boyles@nist.gov.

The life-cycle costing methods and procedures as set forth in 10 CFR, Part 436, Subpart A, are to be

followed by all federal agencies, unless specifically exempted, in evaluating the cost effectiveness of

potential energy and water conservation and renewable energy investments in federally owned and leased

buildings.

As called for by legislation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has provided technical

assistance to the U.S. Department of Energy in the development and implementation of life-cycle costing

methods and procedures. This is the second of a three-volume set which together provide the methods,

data, and computational tools for life-cycle cost analysis of federal energy projects.

Included in the three-volume set for federal life-cycle cost analysis are the following:

(1) Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program, National Institute of

Standards and Technology, Handbook 135 (1995).

The manual is a guide to understanding life-cycle costing and related methods of economic analysis as they

are applied to federal decisions, especially those subject to DOE 10 CFR 436 rules related to the economic

analysis of energy and water conservation projects and renewable resource projects. It describes the

required procedures and assumptions, defines and explains how to apply and interpret economic

performance measures, gives examples of federal decision problems and their solutions, explains how to

use the energy price indices and discount factors that are updated annually in the supplement, and provides

worksheets and other computational aids and instructions for calculating the required measures. The 1995
v

edition of Handbook 135 is a complete revision of the 1987 edition, with updated information on the FEMP

LCC requirements of 10 CFR 436.

(2) Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement to

NIST Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, NISTIR 85-3273.

This report, which is updated annually, provides the current DOE and OMB discount rates, projected

energy price indices, and corresponding discount factors needed to estimate the present value of future

energy and non-energy project-related costs. The energy price indices were provided by the Energy

Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. Request the latest edition when ordering.

(This is the report that you are holding in your hands.)

(3) NIST "Building Life-Cycle Cost" (BLCC) Computer Program, National Institute of Standards and

Technology, NISTIR 4481 (User's Guide dated January 1995). Use version 4.8-00 for the period

from April 1, 2000 to March 31, 2001.

The NIST Building Life-Cycle Cost program provides comprehensive economic analysis capabilities for

the evaluation of proposed capital investments that are expected to reduce the long-term operating costs

of buildings and building systems. The BLCC program is designed to run on IBM PC and compatible

microcomputers in a MS-DOS environment. The BLCC program computes the LCC for project

alternative, compares project alternatives in order to determine which has the lowest LCC, performs annual

cash flow analysis, and computes net savings, the savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), and adjusted internal

rate of return (AIRR) for project alternatives over their designated study period. BLCC can be used to

perform economic analysis of capital investment projects undertaken by federal, state, and local

government agencies, as well as by the private sector. BLCC (version 4.8-00) uses the same DOE/EIA

energy price projections included in the Annual Supplement to Handbook 135. In its application to federal

energy conservation and renewable energy projects, BLCC is consistent with NIST Handbook 135 (see

#1 above). In its application to non-energy projects, BLCC is consistent with OMB Circular A-94. In its

application to private-sector and non-federal public-sector projects, BLCC is consistent with ASTM

standards for building economics.

Included on the BLCC disk is the QuickBLCC program, a simplified version of BLCC that can be used

to set up an analysis of multiple project alternatives. Also included is the DISCOUNT program (version

3.9-00), which can calculate present value, future value, and annual value factors for any discount rate and

study period. DISCOUNT can access the DOE energy price projections included on the BLCC disk to

compute the UPV* factors needed for federal LCC analyses of energy projects, consistent with the factors

included in this report. Two additional programs, ERATES 1.0 (for use with complex electricity rate

schedules) and EMISS 1.11 (for generating local air pollution emission factors in BLCC analyses) are also

available with BLCC.

The U.S. Department of Energy was directed by legislation and executive order to make available to the

private sector the methods, procedures, and related aids developed for federal use. In response to this

directive, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, under sponsorship of the U.S. Department

of Energy, published a life-cycle costing book for use by the private sector entitled Comprehensive Guide

for Least-Cost Energy Decisions, NBS SP 709 (January 1987). The private sector guide is supported by

the data provided here, as well as by the BLCC computer program. The BLCC program supersedes the
vi

NBSLCC program which is documented in SP 709. BLCC provides LCC computational support for

private sector projects as well as for federal projects.

 To order any of these publications and software products call:

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearing House

(800) DOE-EREC (800-363-3732)

or write or fax your order to:

U.S. Department of Energy

Federal Energy Management Program, EE-90

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20585-0121

Fax: (202) 586-3000

BLCC and related LCC software may also be purchased from the following vendors:

FlowSoft

5 Oak Forest Court

Saint Charles, MO 63303-6622

Voice: (314) 922-3569

Fax: (314)-441-7752

Energy Information Services

P.O. Box 381

St. Johnsbury, VT 05819-0381

(802) 748-5148 

or downloaded via Internet from the FEMP home page at http://www.eren.doe.gov/femp (click on icon

Technical Assistance and go to Analytical Software Tools).

Workshops on the life-cycle costing method and energy analysis are conducted at locations around the

country each year. The workshops include training and software for BLCC and the associated programs

QuickBLCC, DISCOUNT, EMISS and ERATES. A schedule of the workshops can be obtained through

the FEMP help desk at 1-800-DOE-EREC (1-800-363-3732), or FAX 202-586-3000. 

Three video training films in a series entitled "Least-Cost Energy Decisions for Buildings" have been

prepared by NIST. These films include "Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing," "Uncertainty and Risk," and

"Choosing Economic Evaluation Methods." The video films and companion workbooks can be ordered

from Video Transfer, Inc., 5709-B Arundel Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852, Telephone (301) 881-0270,

Fax (301) 770-9131.

Further information on the Federal Energy Management Program can be obtained from the Federal Energy

Management Program Staff, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable

Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Please direct communication to: FEMP, EE 90, U.S. Department

of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585.
vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Mr. Theodore Collins of the Federal Energy Management Program of the U.S.

Department of Energy (DOE) for his continued support and direction of this work. Appreciation is

extended to Susan Holte, Director, and Paul Kondis, of the Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting,

DOE Energy Information Administration, for providing the energy price projections upon which this report

is based. Thanks are also due to Stephen Petersen, who helped prepare this publication, and to Catherine

Linthicum for her assistance in producing this document.
viii

CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT .................................................................... iii

PREFACE ..................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................... ix

ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................. xii

INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1

PART I: TABLES FOR FEDERAL LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS ...................... 3

A. Single Present Value and Uniform Present Value Factors for Non-Fuel Costs ............ 3

B. Modified Uniform Present Value Factors for Fuel Costs ........................... 11

B.1. FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value Factors ............................. 14

B.2. OMB Modified Uniform Present Value Factors ............................. 20

C. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices and Escalation Rates (Real) .................... 26

PART II: ENERGY PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR LCC ANALYSIS ........... 43
ix

LIST OF TABLES

Page

A-1. SPV factors for finding the present value of future single costs (non-fuel) ........... 6

A-2. UPV factors for finding the present value of future annually recurring uniform costs (non-fuel)

..................................................................... 7

A-3a UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at

at a constant escalation rate, DOE discount rate (3.4%) .......................... 8

A-3b UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at

at a constant escalation rate, OMB short-term discount rate (4.0%) ................. 9

A-3c UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at

at a constant escalation rate, OMB long-term discount rate (4.2%) ................ 10

Ba-1. FEMP UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel *

type. Discount Rate = 3.4% (DOE). Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) .... 15

Ba-2. FEMP UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel *

type. Discount Rate = 3.4% (DOE). Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, 

Wisconsin) . . . . . . ..................................................... 16

Ba-3. FEMP UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel *

type. Discount Rate = 3.4% (DOE). Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,

District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North

Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) .... 17

Ba-4. FEMP UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel *

type. Discount Rate = 3.4% (DOE). Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,

Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 18

Ba-5. FEMP UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel *

type. Discount Rate = 3.4% (DOE). United States average ...................... 19

Bb-1. OMB UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel

*

type. Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94).

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) ................................. 21
x

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Page

Bb-2. OMB UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel

*

type. Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94).

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,

North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) ............................... 22

Bb-3. OMB UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel

*

type. Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94).

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) .................................. 23

Bb-4. OMB UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel

*

type. Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94).

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,

New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) .......................... 24

Bb-5. OMB UPV discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel

*

type. Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94).

United States average ................................................... 25

Ca-1. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel type.

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) ................................. 28

Ca-2. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel type.

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,

North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) ............................... 30

Ca-3. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel type.

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) .................................. 32

Ca-4. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel type.

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,

New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) ......................... 34

Ca-5. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel type.

United States average ................................................... 36

Cb-1. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by end-use

sector and fuel type. Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) .................. 38
xi

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Page

Cb-2. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by end-use

sector and fuel type. Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) .............. 39

Cb-3. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by end-use

sector and fuel type. Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) ..................... 40

Cb-4. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by end-use

sector and fuel type. Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) .......... 41

Cb-5. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by end-use

sector and fuel type. United States average .................................. 42

S-1. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 3, 4, 5, and 6

percent, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,

Vermont) ........................................................... 45

S-2. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 3, 4, 5, and 6

percent, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,

Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) ..... 48

S-3. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 3, 4, 5, and 6

percent, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware,

District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North

Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) .... 51

S-4. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 3, 4, 5, and 6

percent, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California,

Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington,

Wyoming) ............................................................ 54

S-5. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 3, 4, 5, and 6

percent, by end-use sector and fuel type. United States average .................. 57
xii

ABBREVIATIONS

A - Annual amount

A - Annual amount at base-date prices 0

AEO2000 - Annual Energy Outlook 2000 (DOE-EIA publication)

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

BLCC - NIST Building Life Cycle Cost computer program

COAL - Coal

d - discount rate

DIST - Distillate Oil

DOE - U.S. Department of Energy

e - price escalation rate (annual rate of price change)

EIA - Energy Information Administration (DOE)

ELEC - Electricity

FEMP - Federal Energy Management Program

FY - Fiscal Year

GASLN - Gasoline

LCC - Life-Cycle Cost

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas

N - Number of discount periods (in years)

NEMS - National Energy Modeling System

NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology

NTGAS - Natural Gas

OMB - Office of Management and Budget

RESID - Residual Oil

SPV - Single Present Value (factor)

UPV - Uniform Present Value (factor)

UPV - Modified Uniform Present Value (factor) *
1

INTRODUCTION

This report provides tables of present-value factors for use in the life-cycle cost analysis of capital

investment projects for federal facilities. It also provides energy price indices based on Department of

Energy (DOE) forecasts from 2000 to 2030. The factors and indices presented in this report are useful for

determining the present value of future project-related costs, especially those related to operational energy

costs. Discount factors included in this report are based on two different federal sources: (1) the DOE

discount rate for projects related to energy conservation, renewable energy resources, and water

conservation; and (2) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) discount rates from Circular A-94 for

use with most other capital investment projects in federal facilities.

The DOE discount and inflation rates for 2000 are as follows:

Real rate (excluding general price inflation): 3.4%

Nominal rate (including general price inflation): 6.3%

Projected 10-year average inflation rate: 2.8%

The DOE discount rate is based on long-term Treasury bond rates averaged over the 12 months prior to

the preparation of this report. The nominal, or market rate, is converted to a real rate using the projected

rate of general price inflation (2.8%) from the Economic Report of the President's Council of Economic

Advisors, to correspond with the constant-dollar analysis approach that is used in most federal life-cycle

cost (LCC) analyses. Federal agencies and contractors to federal agencies are required by 10 CFR 436 to

use the DOE discount rate when conducting LCC analyses related to energy conservation, renewable

energy resources, and water conservation projects for federal facilities.

OMB Circular A-94 on guidelines and discount rates for benefit-cost analysis of federal programs was

extensively revised in October 1992. There is no longer a single OMB discount rate as in the past. OMB

has specified two basic types of discount rates: (1) a discount rate for cost-effectiveness, lease-purchase,

and related analyses; and (2) a discount rate for public investment and regulatory analyses. Only discount

rates for the first type of analyses are included in this Annual Supplement, since the primary purpose of

this report is to support cost-effectiveness studies related to the design and operation of federal facilities.

OMB discount rates for cost-effectiveness and lease-purchase studies are based on interest rates on

Treasury Notes and Bonds with maturities ranging from 3 to 30 years. Currently (as of January 2000) five

maturities have been specifically identified by OMB, and are shown here with the corresponding real

interest rate to be used as the discount rate for studies subject to OMB Circular A-94:

Maturity: 3-year 5-year 7-year 10-year 30-year

 Rate: 3.8% 3.9% 4.0% 4.0% 4.2%

OMB suggests that the actual discount rate for an economic analysis be interpolated from these maturities

and rates, based on the study period used in the analysis. Due to limitations on the size of this Annual

Supplement, discount factors for only two of these maturities are presented: factors for short-term analyses

(up to 10 years) based on the 7-year real rate (4.0%), and factors for long-term analyses (longer than 10

years) based on the 30-year real rate (4.2%). As a result, these discount factors are for approximation

purposes only. It is suggested that the NIST Building Life Cycle Cost (BLCC) or DISCOUNT programs

be used to compute the present value factors for the discount rate corresponding to the length of the study
2

period when approximate values are not satisfactory for the project analysis. (See preface for details on

obtaining these programs.)

The energy price indices and corresponding present value factors published in this report are computed

from energy price forecasts provided to NIST by the Department of Energy's Energy Information

Administration (EIA). The EIA energy price forecast used in this report was the most recent available at

the time that this report was prepared. A description of the methodology used by EIA to project energy

prices through 2030 is included in section B of this report. DOE has not projected escalation rates for water

prices to be used in the LCC analysis of water conservation projects. Water escalation rates should be

obtained from the local water utility when possible.

Federal agencies and contractors to federal agencies are encouraged to seek energy price projections from

their local utility to use in place of the DOE/EIA regional projections, especially when evaluating

alternative fuel types. In such cases the NIST BLCC or DISCOUNT programs can be used to calculate

appropriate "modified uniform present value" (UPV*) factors for use in the LCC analysis of federal energy

conservation or renewable resource projects. Otherwise, 10 CFR 436 requires the use of the DOE energy

price forecasts when conducting LCC analyses of such projects. The UPV* factors for energy costs

presented in this report have been precalculated with the DOE forecast data. Thus the use of these UPV*

factors automatically ensures that the DOE forecast data have been included in the analysis. 

All of the tables of discount factors contained in this report are based on real discount rates and are

therefore intended for use only with economic analyses conducted in constant dollars (in which the

purchasing power of the dollar is held constant). The energy price escalation rates and corresponding

energy price indices contained in this report are also expressed in real terms. If nominal discount rates and

current dollar costs (which both include inflation) are used in the LCC analyses of federal projects, use the

BLCC computer program in the "general analysis" mode.

This report uses the term "present value" instead of "present worth" for the discount factors presented. The

meaning of these two terms is considered to be identical for purposes of economic analysis. This change

in terminology was made to be consistent with the terms used in the American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) compilation of standards on building economics (ASTM Standards on Building

Economics, Third Edition, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1994.)

In all of the tables, the “end-of-year” discounting convention is used, that is, all factors and indices are

computed to adjust future dollar amounts to present value from the end of the year in which they are

expected to occur. The factors and indices in this publication, which include energy price escalation rates

(e.g., UPV* factores and energy price indices), were calculated using April 1, 2000 (the date of this

publication) as their base date. However, these factors and indices can be used without adjustment for the

LCC analysis of projects with other base dates until the release of the next revision of this publication

(April 2001). Adjustment of these factors and indices for differences in the month-specific base date is not

generally warranted due to uncertainties in estimating future energy prices.
P ' Ct

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P ' A x

(1 % d)

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3

PART I: TABLES FOR FEDERAL LIFE-CYCLE COST

ANALYSIS

A. Single Present Value and Uniform Present Value Factors for Non-Fuel Costs

Table A-1 presents the single present value (SPV) factors for finding the present value of future non-fuel,

non-annually recurring costs, such as repair and replacement costs and salvage values. The formula for

finding the present value (P) of a future cost occurring in year t (C) is the following: t

where d = discount rate, and

t = number of time periods (years) between the present time and the time the cost is incurred.

Table A-2 presents uniform present value (UPV) factors for finding the present value of future non-fuel

costs recurring annually, such as routine maintenance costs. The formula for finding the present value (P)

of an annually recurring uniform cost (A) is the following:

where d = discount rate, and

N = number of time periods (years) over which A recurs.

Tables A-3(a,b,c) present modified uniform present value (UPV*) factors for finding the present value of

annually recurring non-fuel costs, such as water costs, which are expected to change from year to year at

a constant rate of change (or escalation rate) over the study period. The escalation rate can be positive or

negative. The formula for finding the present value (P) of an annually recurring cost at base-date prices

(A ) changing at escalation rate e is the following: 0

or

where A = annually recurring cost at base-date prices, 0

d = discount rate,

e = escalation rate, and

N = number of time periods (years) over which A recurs.
4

Note: if the discount rate is expressed in real terms, i.e., net of general inflation, then the escalation rate

must also be expressed in real terms. If the discount rate is expressed in nominal terms, i.e., including

general inflation, then the escalation rate must also be expressed in nominal terms. 

In tables A-1, A-2, and A-3(a,b,c) SPV, UPV, and UPV* factors are provided for both the DOE and the

OMB Circular A-94 real discount rates current as of the date of this publication. The FEMP SPV, UPV,

and UPV* factors were computed using the DOE discount rate. The FEMP factors are for finding the

present value of future costs associated with federal energy and water conservation projects and renewable

energy projects. The OMB SPV, UPV, and UPV* factors were computed using the OMB discount rate.

The OMB factors are for finding the present value of future costs associated with most other federal

projects (except those specifically exempted from OMB Circular A-94). The DOE and OMB discount

rates used in computing these tables are real rates, exclusive of general price inflation. Thus the resulting

discount factors are intended for use with future costs that are stated in constant dollars.

Examples of How to Use the Factors:

SPV (FEMP): To compute the present value of a replacement cost expected to occur in the 8th year for

an energy efficient heating system, go to Table A-1, find the 3.4% SPV factor for year 8 (0.765), and

multiply the factor by the replacement cost as of the base date. 

SPV (OMB, Short-term): To compute the present value of a repair cost in the 5th year for a floor covering

(non-energy related), go to Table A-1, find the 4.0% SPV factor for year 5 (0.822), and multiply the factor

by the repair cost as of the base date.

SPV (OMB, Long-term): To compute the present value of a repair cost in the 15th year for a floor

covering (non-energy related), go to Table A-1, find the 4.2% SPV factor for year 15 (0.539), and multiply

the factor by the repair cost as of the base date. 

UPV (FEMP): To compute the present value of an annually recurring maintenance cost for a renewable

energy system over 20 years, go to Table A-2, find the 3.4% UPV factor for 20 years (14.34), and multiply

the factor by the annual maintenance cost as of the base date.

UPV (OMB, Short-term): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of office cleaning over

10 years (for a project not primarily related to energy conservation), go to Table A-2, find the 4.0% UPV

factor for 10 years (8.11), and multiply the factor by the annual cleaning cost as of the base date.

UPV (OMB, Long-term): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of office cleaning over

25 years (for a project not primarily related to energy conservation), got to Table A-2, find the 4.2% UPV

factor for 25 years (15.30), and multiply the factor by the annual cleaning cost as of the base date.

UPV* (all): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of water usage which are expected

to increase at 2% faster than the rate of general inflation over 25 years, find the UPV* factor from table

A-3 (a,b, or c as appropriate) that corresponds to 2% escalation and a 25 year study period. From table A3a (3.4% DOE discount rate) the corresponding UPV* factor is 21.04. Multiply this factor by the annual

water cost as computed at base year prices to determine the present value of these water costs over the

entire 25 years.
5

NOTE: UPV factors are generally applied to costs that recur annually in substantially the same amount.

Examples of such costs are routine operating and maintenance costs. UPV* factors are generally applied

to costs that recur annually but change from year to year at a constant escalation rate. Examples of such

costs are water usage costs when they increase from year to year. These costs usually occur every year over

the service period of the building life. If there is a planning/design/construction period before the service

life begins, during which these annual costs are not incurred, the appropriate UPV (or UPV*) factor for

the service period is the difference between the UPV (or UPV*) factor for the entire study period and the

UPV (or UPV*) factor for the planning/design/construction period. For example, if the

planning/design/construction period is 3 years and the service period is 25 years, for a total study period

of 28 years, the corresponding UPV factor (from Table A-2, DOE 3.4% discount rate) is 17.88 - 2.81 =

15.07.

For further explanation and illustration of how to use these factors, see NIST Handbook 135.
6

Table A-1. SPV factors for finding the present value of 

future single costs (non-fuel)

 

 Single Present Value (SPV) Factors

 ---------- -----------------------------------------

 Number of DOE OMB Discount Ratesa

 years from Discount rate Short term Long Term b c

 base date 3.4% 4.0% 4.2%

 ---------- ------------- ---------- ---------

 0.25 0.992 0.990 0.990

 0.50 0.983 0.981 0.980

 0.75 0.975 0.971 0.970

 1 0.967 0.962 0.960

 2 0.935 0.925 0.921

 3 0.905 0.889 0.884

 4 0.875 0.855 0.848

 5 0.846 0.822 0.814

 6 0.818 0.790 0.781

 7 0.791 0.760 0.750

 8 0.765 0.731 0.720

 9 0.740 0.703 0.691

 10 0.716 0.676 0.663

 11 0.692 0.636

 12 0.670 0.610

 13 0.647 0.586

 14 0.626 0.562

 15 0.606 0.539

 16 0.586 0.518

 17 0.566 0.497

 18 0.548 0.477

 19 0.530 0.458

 20 0.512 0.439

 21 0.496 0.421

 22 0.479 0.404

 23 0.463 0.388

 24 0.448 0.373

 25 0.433 0.358

 26 0.419 0.343

 27 0.405 0.329

 28 0.392 0.316

 29 0.379 0.303

 30 0.367 0.291

 ---------- ------------- ---------- ---------

 OMB discount rates as of February 2000. a

 Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period. b

 Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period. c
7

Table A-2. UPV factors for finding the present value of

 annually recurring uniform costs (non-fuel)

 Uniform Present Value (UPV) Factors

 ---------- -----------------------------------------

 Number of DOE OMB Discount Ratesa

 years from Discount rate Short term Long Term b c

 base date 3.4% 4.0% 4.2%

 ---------- ------------- ---------- ---------

 1 0.97 0.96 0.96 

 2 1.90 1.89 1.88 

 3 2.81 2.78 2.76 

 4 3.68 3.63 3.61 

 5 4.53 4.45 4.43 

 6 5.35 5.24 5.21 

 7 6.14 6.00 5.96 

 8 6.90 6.73 6.68 

 9 7.64 7.44 7.37 

 10 8.36 8.11 8.03 

 11 9.05 8.67 

 12 9.72 9.28 

 13 10.37 9.86 

 14 10.99 10.43 

 15 11.60 10.96 

 16 12.19 11.48 

 17 12.75 11.98 

 18 13.30 12.46 

 19 13.83 12.91 

 20 14.34 13.35 

 21 14.84 13.77 

 22 15.32 14.18 

 23 15.78 14.57 

 24 16.23 14.94 

 25 16.66 15.30 

 26 17.08 15.64 

 27 17.49 15.97 

 28 17.88 16.29 

 29 18.26 16.59 

 30 18.62 16.88 

 ---------- ------------- ---------- ---------

 OMB discount rates as of February 2000. a

 Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period. b

 Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period. c
8

 Table A-3a. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs 

 changing at a constant escalation rate - DOE discount rate.

DOE discount rate = 3.4%

 Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel)

 ---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Number of Annual rate of escalation

 years from -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 base date -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

 ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 1 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 

 2 1.76 1.79 1.82 1.85 1.87 1.90 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.02 2.05 

 3 2.54 2.59 2.64 2.70 2.75 2.81 2.86 2.92 2.98 3.03 3.09 

 4 3.25 3.33 3.42 3.50 3.59 3.68 3.77 3.87 3.96 4.06 4.16 

 5 3.91 4.02 4.14 4.27 4.40 4.53 4.66 4.80 4.94 5.09 5.24 

 6 4.51 4.66 4.83 4.99 5.17 5.35 5.53 5.72 5.92 6.12 6.33 

 7 5.06 5.26 5.47 5.68 5.90 6.14 6.38 6.63 6.89 7.16 7.45 

 8 5.57 5.81 6.07 6.33 6.61 6.90 7.21 7.53 7.86 8.21 8.58 

 9 6.03 6.32 6.63 6.95 7.29 7.64 8.02 8.41 8.83 9.27 9.73 

 10 6.46 6.80 7.16 7.53 7.93 8.36 8.81 9.28 9.79 10.32 10.89 

 11 6.86 7.24 7.65 8.09 8.55 9.05 9.58 10.15 10.75 11.39 12.08 

 12 7.22 7.65 8.12 8.61 9.15 9.72 10.34 10.99 11.70 12.46 13.28 

 13 7.55 8.03 8.55 9.11 9.72 10.37 11.07 11.83 12.65 13.54 14.50 

 14 7.86 8.39 8.96 9.58 10.26 10.99 11.79 12.66 13.60 14.62 15.74 

 15 8.14 8.71 9.34 10.03 10.78 11.60 12.49 13.47 14.54 15.72 17.00 

 16 8.39 9.02 9.70 10.45 11.28 12.19 13.18 14.28 15.48 16.81 18.28 

 17 8.63 9.30 10.04 10.86 11.76 12.75 13.85 15.07 16.42 17.92 19.57 

 18 8.85 9.56 10.36 11.24 12.21 13.30 14.51 15.85 17.35 19.03 20.89 

 19 9.05 9.81 10.65 11.60 12.65 13.83 15.15 16.62 18.28 20.14 22.23 

 20 9.23 10.03 10.93 11.94 13.07 14.34 15.77 17.39 19.21 21.26 23.59 

 21 9.40 10.25 11.19 12.26 13.47 14.84 16.38 18.14 20.13 22.39 24.97 

 22 9.56 10.44 11.44 12.57 13.86 15.32 16.98 18.88 21.05 23.53 26.37 

 23 9.70 10.62 11.67 12.86 14.22 15.78 17.56 19.61 21.96 24.67 27.80 

 24 9.83 10.79 11.89 13.14 14.58 16.23 18.13 20.33 22.87 25.82 29.24 

 25 9.95 10.95 12.09 13.40 14.91 16.66 18.69 21.04 23.78 26.98 30.71 

 26 10.06 11.09 12.28 13.65 15.24 17.08 19.23 21.74 24.68 28.14 32.20 

 27 10.16 11.23 12.46 13.88 15.55 17.49 19.76 22.43 25.59 29.31 33.72 

 28 10.25 11.35 12.62 14.11 15.84 17.88 20.28 23.12 26.48 30.48 35.25 

 29 10.34 11.47 12.78 14.32 16.12 18.26 20.79 23.79 27.38 31.67 36.81 

 30 10.42 11.57 12.93 14.52 16.40 18.62 21.28 24.46 28.27 32.86 38.40 
9

Table A-3b. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring amounts 

 changing at a constant escalation rate - OMB short-term discount rate.

 OMB short-term discount rate = 4.0%a

 Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel)

 ---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Number of Annual rate of escalation

 years from -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 base date -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

 ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 1 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 

 2 1.75 1.78 1.80 1.83 1.86 1.89 1.91 1.94 1.97 2.00 2.03 

 3 2.51 2.56 2.61 2.67 2.72 2.78 2.83 2.89 2.94 3.00 3.06 

 4 3.21 3.29 3.37 3.46 3.54 3.63 3.72 3.81 3.90 4.00 4.10 

 5 3.84 3.96 4.08 4.20 4.32 4.45 4.58 4.72 4.86 5.00 5.15 

 6 4.42 4.58 4.73 4.90 5.07 5.24 5.42 5.61 5.80 6.00 6.21 

 7 4.95 5.15 5.35 5.56 5.78 6.00 6.24 6.48 6.74 7.00 7.27 

 8 5.44 5.67 5.92 6.18 6.45 6.73 7.03 7.34 7.66 8.00 8.35 

 9 5.88 6.16 6.46 6.77 7.09 7.44 7.80 8.18 8.58 9.00 9.44 

 10 6.29 6.61 6.95 7.32 7.70 8.11 8.54 9.00 9.49 10.00 10.54 

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period.
10

 Table A-3c. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring amounts 

 changing at a constant escalation rate - OMB long-term discount rate.

 OMB long-term discount rate = 4.2%a

 Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel)

---------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Number of Annual rate of escalation

 years from -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

 base date -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

 ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 1 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 

 2 1.74 1.77 1.80 1.83 1.85 1.88 1.91 1.94 1.97 1.99 2.02 

 3 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.66 2.71 2.76 2.82 2.88 2.93 2.99 3.05 

 4 3.19 3.27 3.36 3.44 3.53 3.61 3.70 3.79 3.89 3.98 4.08 

 5 3.82 3.94 4.05 4.18 4.30 4.43 4.56 4.69 4.83 4.97 5.12 

 6 4.40 4.55 4.70 4.87 5.03 5.21 5.39 5.57 5.76 5.96 6.16 

 7 4.92 5.11 5.31 5.52 5.73 5.96 6.19 6.43 6.68 6.95 7.22 

 8 5.40 5.63 5.87 6.13 6.40 6.68 6.97 7.28 7.60 7.93 8.28 

 9 5.83 6.11 6.40 6.71 7.03 7.37 7.73 8.10 8.50 8.91 9.35 

 10 6.23 6.55 6.89 7.25 7.63 8.03 8.46 8.91 9.39 9.90 10.43 

 11 6.59 6.96 7.34 7.76 8.20 8.67 9.17 9.70 10.27 10.87 11.52 

 12 6.92 7.33 7.77 8.24 8.74 9.28 9.85 10.47 11.14 11.85 12.62 

 13 7.22 7.67 8.16 8.69 9.25 9.86 10.52 11.23 12.00 12.83 13.72 

 14 7.50 7.99 8.53 9.11 9.74 10.43 11.17 11.97 12.85 13.80 14.83 

 15 7.75 8.28 8.87 9.51 10.20 10.96 11.79 12.70 13.69 14.77 15.96 

 16 7.97 8.55 9.19 9.88 10.65 11.48 12.40 13.41 14.52 15.74 17.09 

 17 8.18 8.80 9.48 10.24 11.06 11.98 12.99 14.11 15.34 16.71 18.22 

 18 8.37 9.03 9.76 10.57 11.46 12.46 13.56 14.79 16.15 17.68 19.37 

 19 8.54 9.24 10.02 10.88 11.84 12.91 14.11 15.45 16.96 18.64 20.53 

 20 8.70 9.43 10.25 11.17 12.20 13.35 14.65 16.11 17.75 19.60 21.69 

 21 8.84 9.61 10.48 11.45 12.54 13.77 15.17 16.75 18.53 20.56 22.87 

 22 8.97 9.78 10.68 11.71 12.87 14.18 15.67 17.37 19.31 21.52 24.05 

 23 9.09 9.93 10.88 11.95 13.17 14.57 16.16 17.98 20.07 22.48 25.24 

 24 9.20 10.07 11.06 12.18 13.47 14.94 16.63 18.58 20.83 23.43 26.44 

 25 9.30 10.20 11.22 12.40 13.74 15.30 17.09 19.17 21.58 24.39 27.66 

 26 9.39 10.32 11.38 12.60 14.01 15.64 17.54 19.74 22.32 25.34 28.88 

 27 9.47 10.43 11.52 12.79 14.26 15.97 17.97 20.30 23.05 26.29 30.10 

 28 9.55 10.53 11.66 12.97 14.50 16.29 18.38 20.86 23.77 27.23 31.34 

 29 9.62 10.62 11.78 13.14 14.72 16.59 18.79 21.39 24.49 28.18 32.59 

 30 9.68 10.71 11.90 13.30 14.94 16.88 19.18 21.92 25.20 29.12 33.85 

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period.
 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 2000, DOE/EIA-0383(2000), December 1999. 1

11

B. Modified Uniform Present Value Factors for Fuel Costs

This section presents FEMP and OMB modified uniform present value (UPV ) discount factors *

for calculating the present value of energy usage for federal projects. Factors are provided for the

four major Census regions and for the overall United States. The factors are modified in the sense

that they incorporate energy price escalation rates based on future energy prices projected by

DOE for the years 2000-2030. There are two sets of UPV* tables: the "Ba" tables present FEMP

UPV factors based on the DOE discount rate (3.4% real), and the "Bb" tables present OMB *

UPV factors based on two OMB discount rates (4.0% real for short-term study periods of 1 to *

10 years, 4.2% real for long-term study periods of 11 to 30 years). The underlying energy price

indices for the years 2000 to 2030 on which these UPV* calculations are based are shown in

tables Ca-1 through Ca-5. The corresponding average energy price escalation rates for selected

time intervals between 2000 and 2030 are shown in tables Cb-1 through Cb-5.

Energy Price Projections

The FEMP and OMB UPV factors incorporate energy price escalation rates computed from *

future energy prices projected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S.

Department of Energy. Energy prices through 2020 were generated by EIA using the National

Energy Modeling System (NEMS) and published in the Annual Energy Outlook 20001

(AEO2000). At the request of FEMP, EIA extrapolated energy prices after the year 2020 from

the AEO2000 data.

NEMS is an energy market model designed to project the impacts of alternative energy policies or

assumptions on U.S. energy markets. NEMS produces projections of the U.S. energy future,

given current laws and policies and other key assumptions, including macroeconomic indicators

from Data Resources, Inc., the production policy of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries, the size of the economically recoverable resource base for fossil fuels, and the rate of

development and penetration of new technologies. NEMS balances energy supply and demands

with modules representing primary fuel supply, end-use demand for four sectors, and conversion

of energy by refineries and electricity generators. Macroeconomic and international oil modules

reflect the impacts of energy prices, production, and consumption on world oil markets and the

economy.

In order to produce price projections to 2030, EIA extrapolated the prices from the AEO2000

with specific assumptions about long-term trends. To provide long-term price expectations to the

post-2020 projections, world oil price expectations through 2050 were calculated using

assumptions of world oil supply and demand. These expectations were used as the basis for the

2030 projections of petroleum product prices, using the implied 2020 refinery markups to

calculate the regional, end-use prices.
P ' Ao

x j

N

t'1

I

(2000%t)

(1%d)

t

' Aox UPV(

N

,

 For greater precision, the UPV* factors reported in the Ba and Bb tables were computed using the unrounded form 2

of the indices given in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5.

 While the UPV* factors provided in this publication were computed using energy price indices that correspond 3

to energy prices as of April 1 in the current and future years, the analyst is encouraged to use for determining A0 the

energy prices prevailing as of the base date of the LCC analysis for the project evaluated.

12

The EIA energy price projections presented in this report, like those of other forecasters, are

dependent on the data, methodologies, and specific assumptions used in their development. Many

of the assumptions concerning the future cannot be known with any degree of certainty. Thus, the

projections are not statements of what will happen, but what might happen given the particular

assumptions and methodologies used. Although EIA has endeavored to make these forecasts as

objective, reliable, and useful as possible, these projections should serve as an adjunct to, not a

substitute for, the analytical process. The AEO2000 was prepared by EIA as required under

statute by federal legislation. The price projections to 2030 were prepared in accordance with a

Service Request from the Federal Energy Management Program. 

UPV* Calculation Method

The formula for finding the present value (P) of future energy costs or savings is the following:

where A = annual cost of energy as of the base date (April 1, 2000); o

 t = index used to designate the year of energy usage;

N = number of periods, e.g., years, over which energy costs or savings accrue;

I = projected average fuel price index given in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 (2000+t)

2

for the year 2000+t (where I2000 = 1.00); and

d = the real discount rate.

This formula is based on end-of-year energy prices and end-of-year discounting. Note that annual

energy costs as of the base date of the LCC analysis (A0, to be supplied by the analyst) should

reflect the current energy price schedule as of that date, which may not be the same as the energy

price itself on that date. That is, the annual energy cost should reflect summer-winter rate 3

differences, time-of-use rates, block rates considerations, and demand charges (as appropriate)

anticipated to be in effect that year. If energy and demand costs are calculated separately (as is

sometimes done for electricity), the UPV* factor should be applied to both costs.

The data in the tables that follow are reported for the four Census regions and the U.S. average.

Figure B-1 presents a map showing the states corresponding to the four Census regions. The

Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory

of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of federal projects in these areas should use

data that are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the tables with U.S. average

data for guidance.
13

Northeast = Region 1

Midwest = Region 2

South = Region 3

West = Region 4

Figure B-1

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
14

B.1. FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value Factors

The FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value (FEMP UPV*) factors presented in the "Ba" tables,

based on the current DOE discount rate (3.4%), are for calculating the present value of energy costs

or savings accruing over 1 to 25 years and are to be used in life-cycle cost analyses of federal energy

conservation and renewable energy projects. Factors are reported in the "Ba" tables for 30 years to

accommodate a planning/design/construction period of up to 5 years. (See "Examples of How to Use

FEMP UPV Factors" below for instructions on use with planning/design/construction periods.) *

These factors apply only to annual energy usage or energy savings that are assumed to be the same

each year over the service period. The NIST BLCC computer program can compute the present value

of energy usage and savings which are not the same in each year.

Examples of How to Use the FEMP UPV* Factors:

FEMP UPV , no planning/design/construction period: To compute the present value of heating with *

natural gas over 25 years in a federal office building in New Mexico, go to Table Ba-4, find the FEMP

UPV factor for commercial natural gas for 25 years (17.63), and multiply this factor by the annual *

heating cost at base-date natural gas prices.

FEMP UPV , with planning/design/construction period: To compute a present value factor for a *

service period following a planning/design/construction period (1) find the FEMP UPV factor for the *

combined length of the planning/design/construction period and the service period (not to exceed 30

years), and (2) subtract from (1) the FEMP UPV factor for the planning/design/ construction period *

alone. The difference is the FEMP UPV factor for the years over which energy costs or savings *

actually accrue. For example, suppose a new federal office building in New York is being evaluated

with several energy conserving design options. It is expected to have a planning/design/construction

period of 5 years, after which it will be occupied for at least 25 years. To compute the present value of

natural gas costs over 25 years of occupancy, go to Table Ba-1 and find the FEMP UPV factors for *

commercial natural gas for 5 years (4.57) and for 30 years (19.01). The difference (14.44) is the

FEMP UPV factor for natural gas costs over 25 years, beginning 5 years after the base date. Multiply *

14.44 by the annual natural gas cost at base-date prices (not occupancy-date prices) to calculate the

present value of natural gas costs over the entire 25-year occupancy period.
15

Table Ba-1. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Discount rate = 3.4 percent (DOE)

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.98 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.99 1.00 0.96 0.97 0.97 1

 2 1.85 1.98 1.96 1.90 1.82 1.93 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.93 1.96 1.90 1.89 1.90 2

 3 2.71 2.92 2.89 2.80 2.65 2.85 2.87 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.86 2.89 2.83 2.77 2.80 3

 4 3.54 3.83 3.79 3.67 3.44 3.75 3.77 3.71 3.60 3.46 3.75 3.79 3.73 3.60 3.68 4

 5 4.33 4.72 4.66 4.51 4.19 4.62 4.64 4.57 4.40 4.20 4.62 4.66 4.63 4.40 4.52 5

 6 5.09 5.58 5.51 5.32 4.91 5.46 5.49 5.41 5.17 4.92 5.47 5.51 5.51 5.15 5.34 6

 7 5.82 6.41 6.32 6.10 5.58 6.29 6.31 6.23 5.91 5.61 6.29 6.32 6.37 5.87 6.13 7

 8 6.52 7.22 7.11 6.86 6.22 7.09 7.10 7.02 6.61 6.26 7.09 7.11 7.21 6.57 6.90 8

 9 7.19 8.02 7.87 7.58 6.82 7.88 7.87 7.78 7.28 6.86 7.88 7.87 8.02 7.23 7.64 9

10 7.84 8.79 8.61 8.28 7.40 8.64 8.61 8.51 7.92 7.45 8.64 8.61 8.80 7.86 8.35 10

11 8.46 9.53 9.33 8.95 7.95 9.38 9.34 9.22 8.53 8.01 9.38 9.33 9.56 8.47 9.05 11

12 9.06 10.25 10.02 9.59 8.47 10.09 10.03 9.90 9.12 8.55 10.10 10.02 10.29 9.05 9.72 12

13 9.65 10.95 10.68 10.21 8.98 10.79 10.71 10.56 9.68 9.07 10.79 10.69 11.00 9.60 10.37 13

14 10.22 11.63 11.32 10.81 9.47 11.46 11.37 11.19 10.23 9.57 11.47 11.34 11.69 10.14 10.99 14

15 10.77 12.29 11.94 11.38 9.95 12.12 12.01 11.80 10.75 10.07 12.12 11.98 12.35 10.66 11.59 15

16 11.31 12.93 12.54 11.94 10.41 12.76 12.63 12.40 11.25 10.54 12.76 12.59 13.00 11.15 12.18 16

17 11.82 13.55 13.11 12.47 10.86 13.37 13.23 12.97 11.74 11.00 13.37 13.19 13.63 11.62 12.74 17

18 12.32 14.14 13.67 12.98 11.29 13.96 13.81 13.52 12.20 11.45 13.96 13.77 14.24 12.08 13.28 18

19 12.81 14.72 14.22 13.48 11.71 14.54 14.38 14.06 12.64 11.88 14.54 14.33 14.83 12.51 13.80 19

20 13.28 15.28 14.74 13.96 12.11 15.09 14.93 14.58 13.06 12.30 15.09 14.88 15.41 12.93 14.31 20

21 13.73 15.82 15.25 14.42 12.51 15.63 15.47 15.09 13.47 12.70 15.63 15.41 15.97 13.34 14.80 21

22 14.17 16.35 15.75 14.87 12.89 16.16 15.99 15.58 13.87 13.10 16.16 15.93 16.51 13.73 15.28 22

23 14.60 16.86 16.22 15.31 13.25 16.66 16.49 16.05 14.25 13.48 16.66 16.43 17.04 14.10 15.74 23

24 15.01 17.35 16.69 15.73 13.61 17.16 16.98 16.51 14.62 13.85 17.15 16.92 17.56 14.46 16.18 24

25 15.41 17.83 17.13 16.14 13.95 17.63 17.46 16.96 14.97 14.21 17.63 17.40 18.06 14.81 16.61 25

26 15.79 18.29 17.57 16.54 14.29 18.10 17.92 17.40 15.31 14.55 18.10 17.86 18.55 15.14 17.03 26

27 16.16 18.74 17.99 16.92 14.61 18.55 18.37 17.82 15.64 14.89 18.54 18.31 19.02 15.47 17.44 27

28 16.52 19.17 18.39 17.29 14.92 18.98 18.81 18.23 15.96 15.21 18.98 18.74 19.48 15.78 17.83 28

29 16.87 19.60 18.79 17.66 15.22 19.41 19.24 18.63 16.27 15.52 19.40 19.17 19.92 16.08 18.21 29

30 17.21 20.01 19.17 18.01 15.51 19.82 19.65 19.01 16.57 15.82 19.81 19.58 20.36 16.37 18.58 30

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

 (See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
16

 Table Ba-2. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Discount Rate = 3.4 percent (DOE)

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,

 Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.98 1

 2 1.86 1.99 1.95 1.93 1.85 1.93 1.88 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.93 1.88 1.92 1.87 1.91 2

 3 2.73 2.93 2.88 2.84 2.71 2.85 2.77 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.85 2.77 2.85 2.75 2.81 3

 4 3.56 3.85 3.78 3.73 3.52 3.75 3.64 3.73 3.63 3.54 3.74 3.64 3.76 3.59 3.68 4

 5 4.36 4.74 4.65 4.58 4.29 4.62 4.49 4.59 4.44 4.32 4.60 4.49 4.66 4.40 4.53 5

 6 5.12 5.61 5.49 5.42 5.03 5.47 5.31 5.43 5.22 5.07 5.45 5.31 5.54 5.17 5.35 6

 7 5.86 6.45 6.30 6.23 5.74 6.29 6.11 6.24 5.97 5.80 6.27 6.11 6.41 5.90 6.14 7

 8 6.57 7.27 7.09 7.01 6.42 7.10 6.89 7.03 6.69 6.50 7.07 6.89 7.25 6.61 6.90 8

 9 7.25 8.07 7.86 7.77 7.07 7.89 7.64 7.79 7.38 7.17 7.85 7.64 8.06 7.28 7.65 9

10 7.91 8.85 8.60 8.49 7.69 8.65 8.38 8.52 8.03 7.81 8.61 8.38 8.85 7.92 8.36 10

11 8.54 9.60 9.32 9.19 8.29 9.39 9.10 9.22 8.67 8.43 9.35 9.10 9.62 8.53 9.06 11

12 9.14 10.32 10.02 9.87 8.85 10.10 9.79 9.91 9.27 9.01 10.06 9.79 10.36 9.12 9.73 12

13 9.73 11.03 10.70 10.52 9.40 10.80 10.47 10.57 9.85 9.58 10.75 10.47 11.08 9.69 10.38 13

14 10.29 11.71 11.35 11.15 9.93 11.47 11.13 11.20 10.40 10.12 11.42 11.13 11.78 10.22 11.01 14

15 10.84 12.37 11.99 11.75 10.45 12.12 11.77 11.82 10.94 10.66 12.07 11.77 12.46 10.74 11.61 15

16 11.37 13.01 12.60 12.34 10.94 12.76 12.40 12.41 11.44 11.18 12.70 12.40 13.11 11.24 12.20 16

17 11.88 13.63 13.20 12.90 11.43 13.38 13.01 12.98 11.93 11.68 13.31 13.00 13.75 11.71 12.77 17

18 12.38 14.24 13.78 13.45 11.89 13.98 13.60 13.54 12.40 12.16 13.91 13.59 14.37 12.17 13.32 18

19 12.85 14.83 14.35 13.98 12.34 14.57 14.17 14.07 12.85 12.62 14.50 14.17 14.97 12.60 13.85 19

20 13.31 15.40 14.90 14.49 12.77 15.14 14.73 14.59 13.27 13.06 15.07 14.72 15.56 13.02 14.36 20

21 13.75 15.96 15.43 14.98 13.18 15.70 15.27 15.10 13.68 13.49 15.62 15.27 16.13 13.42 14.86 21

22 14.18 16.51 15.95 15.47 13.58 16.25 15.80 15.59 14.08 13.91 16.16 15.79 16.69 13.80 15.34 22

23 14.59 17.03 16.45 15.93 13.97 16.77 16.32 16.07 14.46 14.31 16.69 16.31 17.23 14.17 15.80 23

24 14.99 17.54 16.94 16.39 14.35 17.29 16.82 16.53 14.83 14.70 17.19 16.81 17.76 14.53 16.25 24

25 15.37 18.03 17.41 16.83 14.71 17.78 17.30 16.98 15.18 15.07 17.69 17.29 18.27 14.87 16.69 25

26 15.74 18.51 17.86 17.26 15.06 18.26 17.78 17.42 15.53 15.43 18.16 17.77 18.77 15.20 17.11 26

27 16.10 18.98 18.31 17.67 15.40 18.73 18.24 17.84 15.86 15.78 18.63 18.23 19.25 15.52 17.52 27

28 16.45 19.43 18.73 18.07 15.73 19.18 18.69 18.25 16.18 16.12 19.07 18.67 19.72 15.83 17.92 28

29 16.79 19.86 19.15 18.46 16.05 19.62 19.13 18.65 16.49 16.45 19.51 19.11 20.18 16.13 18.31 29

30 17.12 20.29 19.55 18.84 16.35 20.05 19.55 19.04 16.79 16.77 19.93 19.54 20.62 16.42 18.68 30

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

 (See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
17

Table Ba-3. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

 Discount Rate = 3.4 percent (DOE)

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, 

 Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 

 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

 

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.96 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.97 1

 2 1.87 1.98 1.96 1.90 1.85 1.94 1.92 1.90 1.86 1.86 1.93 1.92 1.90 1.85 1.90 2

 3 2.74 2.92 2.89 2.78 2.71 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.73 2.72 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.71 2.80 3

 4 3.58 3.83 3.79 3.64 3.54 3.76 3.71 3.65 3.56 3.55 3.74 3.71 3.70 3.54 3.67 4

 5 4.39 4.72 4.66 4.46 4.33 4.63 4.56 4.48 4.36 4.35 4.61 4.56 4.58 4.33 4.51 5

 6 5.18 5.58 5.50 5.26 5.10 5.48 5.39 5.29 5.13 5.11 5.46 5.39 5.45 5.09 5.33 6

 7 5.94 6.42 6.32 6.04 5.84 6.31 6.20 6.08 5.86 5.86 6.28 6.20 6.32 5.82 6.12 7

 8 6.67 7.23 7.11 6.78 6.56 7.12 6.98 6.85 6.57 6.57 7.09 6.99 7.17 6.52 6.88 8

 9 7.37 8.03 7.87 7.50 7.24 7.92 7.74 7.59 7.24 7.26 7.87 7.75 8.01 7.19 7.62 9

10 8.05 8.80 8.61 8.20 7.90 8.69 8.48 8.30 7.89 7.93 8.64 8.49 8.82 7.84 8.33 10

11 8.70 9.55 9.33 8.86 8.53 9.43 9.19 8.99 8.51 8.56 9.38 9.21 9.61 8.46 9.03 11

12 9.32 10.27 10.02 9.51 9.13 10.16 9.88 9.66 9.11 9.17 10.10 9.90 10.39 9.05 9.70 12

13 9.92 10.97 10.70 10.13 9.71 10.86 10.56 10.31 9.68 9.75 10.79 10.58 11.14 9.62 10.34 13

14 10.51 11.65 11.35 10.72 10.27 11.54 11.21 10.93 10.23 10.31 11.47 11.24 11.88 10.16 10.97 14

15 11.08 12.32 11.98 11.30 10.82 12.21 11.85 11.54 10.75 10.86 12.13 11.88 12.61 10.69 11.57 15

16 11.63 12.96 12.59 11.85 11.35 12.86 12.47 12.12 11.26 11.39 12.78 12.50 13.31 11.19 12.16 16

17 12.16 13.58 13.19 12.39 11.86 13.49 13.07 12.69 11.74 11.90 13.40 13.11 14.00 11.67 12.72 17

18 12.68 14.19 13.76 12.90 12.35 14.10 13.66 13.23 12.20 12.40 14.01 13.69 14.67 12.14 13.27 18

19 13.18 14.79 14.32 13.40 12.83 14.71 14.22 13.76 12.65 12.88 14.61 14.26 15.33 12.58 13.80 19

20 13.66 15.36 14.87 13.88 13.30 15.30 14.78 14.27 13.08 13.34 15.20 14.82 15.97 13.01 14.31 20

21 14.13 15.93 15.39 14.35 13.74 15.87 15.31 14.77 13.50 13.79 15.76 15.36 16.59 13.43 14.80 21

22 14.58 16.47 15.90 14.80 14.18 16.43 15.83 15.25 13.90 14.22 16.32 15.88 17.19 13.83 15.28 22

23 15.02 17.00 16.40 15.24 14.60 16.97 16.34 15.72 14.28 14.64 16.85 16.39 17.78 14.21 15.74 23

24 15.44 17.51 16.88 15.66 15.00 17.49 16.83 16.18 14.65 15.05 17.37 16.89 18.36 14.58 16.19 24

25 15.85 18.00 17.34 16.07 15.40 18.00 17.31 16.62 15.01 15.44 17.88 17.37 18.91 14.94 16.63 25

26 16.24 18.49 17.79 16.47 15.77 18.50 17.78 17.05 15.35 15.82 18.37 17.84 19.46 15.28 17.05 26

27 16.63 18.95 18.22 16.86 16.14 18.98 18.23 17.46 15.69 16.19 18.84 18.30 19.98 15.61 17.46 27

28 16.99 19.40 18.64 17.24 16.50 19.44 18.67 17.87 16.01 16.55 19.30 18.74 20.50 15.93 17.85 28

29 17.35 19.84 19.05 17.60 16.84 19.89 19.10 18.26 16.32 16.89 19.75 19.17 21.00 16.25 18.24 29

30 17.70 20.27 19.45 17.96 17.17 20.33 19.52 18.64 16.62 17.22 20.18 19.59 21.48 16.55 18.61 30

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

 (See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
18

Table Ba-4. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

 Discount Rate = 3.4 percent (DOE)

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

 New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.98 1

 2 1.87 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.84 1.93 1.92 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.93 1.95 1.97 1.92 1.92 2

 3 2.76 2.92 2.89 2.85 2.69 2.85 2.84 2.87 2.76 2.69 2.85 2.88 2.96 2.82 2.84 3

 4 3.62 3.84 3.81 3.75 3.51 3.74 3.73 3.79 3.60 3.50 3.75 3.78 3.96 3.69 3.75 4

 5 4.45 4.73 4.71 4.63 4.29 4.62 4.60 4.68 4.41 4.26 4.62 4.65 4.96 4.52 4.65 5

 6 5.25 5.59 5.58 5.48 5.03 5.47 5.44 5.55 5.19 4.99 5.47 5.50 5.95 5.31 5.52 6

 7 6.03 6.43 6.43 6.31 5.74 6.29 6.26 6.40 5.93 5.69 6.29 6.33 6.93 6.08 6.36 7

 8 6.78 7.24 7.25 7.11 6.43 7.08 7.06 7.23 6.65 6.35 7.08 7.14 7.89 6.81 7.18 8

 9 7.52 8.02 8.05 7.88 7.09 7.85 7.83 8.04 7.33 6.99 7.86 7.93 8.83 7.51 7.97 9

10 8.23 8.78 8.82 8.62 7.74 8.60 8.59 8.81 7.99 7.61 8.61 8.70 9.74 8.19 8.74 10

11 8.91 9.51 9.58 9.34 8.36 9.32 9.32 9.56 8.62 8.21 9.33 9.44 10.63 8.84 9.48 11

12 9.57 10.22 10.31 10.03 8.97 10.02 10.04 10.28 9.23 8.79 10.03 10.17 11.49 9.47 10.19 12

13 10.21 10.91 11.02 10.69 9.56 10.70 10.73 10.98 9.81 9.34 10.70 10.87 12.32 10.07 10.89 13

14 10.82 11.57 11.70 11.32 10.12 11.34 11.41 11.65 10.37 9.88 11.35 11.55 13.12 10.64 11.56 14

15 11.41 12.20 12.38 11.93 10.67 11.97 12.06 12.29 10.91 10.39 11.98 12.22 13.90 11.19 12.20 15

16 11.98 12.82 13.03 12.51 11.20 12.57 12.70 12.91 11.42 10.89 12.58 12.87 14.64 11.72 12.83 16

17 12.53 13.41 13.66 13.08 11.71 13.16 13.32 13.50 11.92 11.37 13.17 13.50 15.37 12.22 13.43 17

18 13.06 13.99 14.27 13.62 12.20 13.73 13.92 14.08 12.39 11.82 13.74 14.11 16.07 12.70 14.02 18

19 13.56 14.55 14.86 14.14 12.66 14.28 14.51 14.63 12.84 12.26 14.29 14.70 16.75 13.17 14.58 19

20 14.05 15.09 15.44 14.64 13.11 14.82 15.08 15.17 13.28 12.68 14.83 15.28 17.41 13.61 15.12 20

21 14.52 15.62 16.00 15.13 13.55 15.34 15.63 15.70 13.70 13.09 15.35 15.84 18.06 14.03 15.65 21

22 14.98 16.12 16.54 15.61 13.97 15.84 16.17 16.20 14.10 13.48 15.86 16.38 18.69 14.44 16.16 22

23 15.42 16.62 17.06 16.07 14.38 16.34 16.69 16.69 14.49 13.86 16.35 16.91 19.30 14.84 16.66 23

24 15.85 17.09 17.57 16.51 14.77 16.81 17.20 17.17 14.86 14.23 16.83 17.43 19.89 15.22 17.14 24

25 16.26 17.56 18.06 16.95 15.15 17.27 17.70 17.63 15.22 14.59 17.29 17.93 20.47 15.58 17.60 25

26 16.66 18.01 18.54 17.37 15.52 17.72 18.18 18.08 15.57 14.93 17.74 18.42 21.03 15.94 18.05 26

27 17.05 18.44 19.00 17.77 15.87 18.16 18.65 18.52 15.91 15.26 18.18 18.89 21.58 16.28 18.49 27

28 17.42 18.86 19.45 18.17 16.22 18.58 19.10 18.94 16.23 15.58 18.60 19.35 22.11 16.61 18.91 28

29 17.78 19.27 19.88 18.55 16.55 18.99 19.55 19.36 16.55 15.89 19.01 19.80 22.62 16.94 19.32 29

30 18.13 19.67 20.30 18.93 16.87 19.38 19.98 19.75 16.85 16.20 19.40 20.23 23.13 17.25 19.72 30

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

 (See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
19

Table Ba-5. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Discount Rate = 3.4 percent (DOE)

 United States Average

 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.95 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.98 1

 2 1.86 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.84 1.93 1.94 1.92 1.87 1.85 1.93 1.94 1.92 1.86 1.91 2

 3 2.74 2.92 2.89 2.82 2.69 2.85 2.87 2.83 2.75 2.71 2.85 2.86 2.84 2.73 2.81 3

 4 3.58 3.83 3.79 3.69 3.50 3.74 3.76 3.72 3.60 3.53 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.57 3.69 4

 5 4.38 4.72 4.66 4.54 4.27 4.61 4.63 4.58 4.40 4.30 4.62 4.61 4.66 4.37 4.55 5

 6 5.16 5.58 5.51 5.37 5.02 5.45 5.47 5.42 5.17 5.05 5.47 5.45 5.55 5.13 5.38 6

 7 5.91 6.42 6.33 6.17 5.73 6.28 6.29 6.23 5.92 5.77 6.29 6.26 6.43 5.87 6.18 7

 8 6.63 7.24 7.12 6.94 6.41 7.08 7.08 7.02 6.63 6.47 7.09 7.05 7.29 6.57 6.96 8

 9 7.33 8.03 7.89 7.68 7.06 7.86 7.85 7.79 7.31 7.13 7.88 7.82 8.13 7.25 7.71 9

10 8.00 8.80 8.64 8.39 7.69 8.62 8.59 8.52 7.96 7.77 8.64 8.56 8.95 7.90 8.44 10

11 8.64 9.55 9.36 9.08 8.29 9.36 9.31 9.23 8.58 8.38 9.38 9.28 9.74 8.51 9.14 11

12 9.26 10.27 10.06 9.74 8.87 10.07 10.01 9.92 9.19 8.96 10.09 9.98 10.52 9.11 9.82 12

13 9.86 10.97 10.74 10.38 9.43 10.76 10.69 10.58 9.76 9.53 10.78 10.66 11.27 9.68 10.48 13

14 10.44 11.65 11.40 11.00 9.96 11.43 11.34 11.22 10.31 10.07 11.45 11.32 12.00 10.22 11.12 14

15 11.01 12.31 12.04 11.59 10.49 12.08 11.98 11.84 10.84 10.60 12.10 11.96 12.71 10.74 11.73 15

16 11.55 12.95 12.66 12.16 10.99 12.72 12.60 12.43 11.35 11.11 12.73 12.58 13.40 11.25 12.33 16

17 12.08 13.57 13.25 12.71 11.48 13.33 13.20 13.01 11.83 11.61 13.35 13.19 14.07 11.73 12.90 17

18 12.59 14.17 13.84 13.24 11.95 13.92 13.78 13.56 12.30 12.08 13.95 13.78 14.73 12.19 13.45 18

19 13.08 14.75 14.40 13.75 12.41 14.50 14.35 14.10 12.74 12.54 14.53 14.35 15.37 12.63 13.99 19

20 13.55 15.31 14.95 14.24 12.84 15.07 14.90 14.63 13.17 12.98 15.10 14.91 15.99 13.06 14.51 20

21 14.01 15.86 15.49 14.72 13.27 15.61 15.43 15.13 13.58 13.41 15.65 15.45 16.59 13.47 15.01 21

22 14.45 16.39 16.00 15.19 13.68 16.14 15.95 15.62 13.98 13.83 16.19 15.97 17.18 13.86 15.50 22

23 14.88 16.90 16.50 15.64 14.07 16.66 16.46 16.10 14.36 14.23 16.71 16.48 17.76 14.24 15.97 23

24 15.29 17.40 16.99 16.07 14.46 17.16 16.95 16.56 14.73 14.61 17.22 16.98 18.32 14.61 16.42 24

25 15.70 17.88 17.46 16.50 14.83 17.64 17.42 17.01 15.09 14.99 17.71 17.46 18.86 14.96 16.86 25

26 16.08 18.35 17.91 16.91 15.19 18.11 17.89 17.45 15.43 15.35 18.18 17.93 19.38 15.30 17.29 26

27 16.46 18.80 18.35 17.31 15.53 18.57 18.33 17.87 15.77 15.70 18.64 18.39 19.90 15.63 17.71 27

28 16.82 19.24 18.78 17.70 15.87 19.01 18.77 18.29 16.09 16.04 19.09 18.83 20.40 15.95 18.11 28

29 17.17 19.66 19.19 18.07 16.19 19.44 19.20 18.68 16.40 16.37 19.53 19.26 20.88 16.26 18.50 29

30 17.51 20.08 19.59 18.44 16.51 19.85 19.61 19.07 16.70 16.69 19.95 19.68 21.35 16.56 18.88 30

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

 (See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
20

B.2. OMB Modified Uniform Present Value Factors

The OMB Modified Uniform Present Value (OMB UPV*) factors presented in the "Bb" tables,

based on the current OMB discount rates (4.0% short term and 4.2% long term), are for

calculating the present value of energy costs accruing over 1 to 30 years when conducting a lifecycle cost analysis of a federal project which is not explicitly related to energy or water

conservation or renewable resources. Factors are reported in the "Bb" tables for 30 years. These

factors apply only to annual energy usage that is assumed to be the same each year over the

service period. The NIST BLCC computer program can compute the present value of energy

usage and savings that are not the same in each year.

Examples of How to Use the OMB UPV* Factors:

OMB UPV (OMB discount rate): To compute the present value over 30 years of electricity costs *

associated with the occupancy of a federal office building in Ohio (where energy conservation is

not a specific consideration in the LCC analysis), go to Table Bb-2, find the OMB UPV factor *

for commercial electricity for 30 years (14.86), and multiply this factor by the annual electricity

cost in base-date dollars.

NOTE: Because the discount rate used to calculate the Bb tables (OMB discount rate) is

different for years 1-10 (4.0%) than for years 11-30 (4.2%), these factors cannot be used with a

planning/design/construction period as shown above for the Ba tables (DOE discount rate). Use

the BLCC or DISCOUNT computer program for this purpose. For further explanation of the use

of UPV factors, see NIST Handbook 135. *
21

Table Bb-1. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

 Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94 )

a

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.98 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.98 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.97 1

 2 1.84 1.96 1.95 1.89 1.80 1.91 1.93 1.90 1.85 1.82 1.92 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.89 2

 3 2.68 2.88 2.86 2.77 2.62 2.82 2.84 2.79 2.72 2.64 2.82 2.86 2.79 2.73 2.77 3

 4 3.49 3.78 3.74 3.62 3.39 3.69 3.72 3.66 3.55 3.41 3.70 3.74 3.68 3.55 3.62 4

 5 4.26 4.64 4.59 4.43 4.12 4.54 4.57 4.50 4.33 4.13 4.54 4.58 4.55 4.32 4.45 5

 6 4.99 5.47 5.40 5.21 4.81 5.36 5.38 5.31 5.07 4.83 5.36 5.40 5.40 5.06 5.23 6

 7 5.70 6.27 6.18 5.97 5.46 6.15 6.17 6.09 5.78 5.49 6.15 6.18 6.23 5.75 5.99 7

 8 6.36 7.05 6.93 6.69 6.07 6.91 6.93 6.85 6.45 6.11 6.92 6.93 7.03 6.41 6.73 8

 9 7.00 7.80 7.66 7.38 6.64 7.66 7.66 7.57 7.08 6.68 7.67 7.66 7.80 7.04 7.43 9

10 7.61 8.53 8.36 8.04 7.19 8.38 8.36 8.26 7.69 7.24 8.39 8.36 8.54 7.64 8.11 10

11 8.11 9.12 8.93 8.57 7.62 8.97 8.94 8.83 8.18 7.68 8.98 8.93 9.15 8.12 8.66 11

12 8.66 9.78 9.56 9.16 8.10 9.63 9.57 9.45 8.72 8.17 9.63 9.56 9.81 8.65 9.28 12

13 9.19 10.41 10.16 9.72 8.56 10.26 10.19 10.04 9.22 8.64 10.26 10.17 10.46 9.15 9.86 13

14 9.70 11.02 10.73 10.25 9.00 10.86 10.78 10.61 9.71 9.10 10.87 10.75 11.07 9.63 10.42 14

15 10.19 11.61 11.29 10.77 9.43 11.45 11.35 11.16 10.18 9.54 11.45 11.32 11.66 10.09 10.96 15

16 10.66 12.18 11.81 11.25 9.84 12.01 11.89 11.68 10.62 9.96 12.01 11.86 12.24 10.53 11.47 16

17 11.12 12.72 12.32 11.72 10.23 12.55 12.42 12.18 11.05 10.36 12.55 12.39 12.79 10.94 11.97 17

18 11.55 13.24 12.81 12.17 10.60 13.06 12.93 12.67 11.45 10.74 13.07 12.89 13.32 11.34 12.44 18

19 11.97 13.74 13.28 12.60 10.96 13.56 13.42 13.13 11.83 11.12 13.56 13.38 13.83 11.71 12.89 19

20 12.37 14.21 13.73 13.01 11.31 14.04 13.89 13.57 12.19 11.48 14.04 13.85 14.32 12.07 13.33 20

21 12.76 14.68 14.16 13.40 11.65 14.50 14.35 14.00 12.54 11.82 14.50 14.30 14.80 12.42 13.74 21

22 13.13 15.12 14.58 13.78 11.97 14.94 14.79 14.42 12.88 12.16 14.94 14.74 15.26 12.75 14.14 22

23 13.49 15.55 14.98 14.15 12.27 15.36 15.21 14.82 13.19 12.48 15.36 15.16 15.71 13.06 14.53 23

24 13.83 15.95 15.36 14.50 12.57 15.77 15.62 15.20 13.50 12.78 15.77 15.56 16.13 13.36 14.90 24

25 14.16 16.35 15.73 14.84 12.85 16.17 16.01 15.57 13.79 13.08 16.17 15.96 16.55 13.64 15.25 25

26 14.47 16.73 16.09 15.16 13.12 16.55 16.39 15.93 14.07 13.36 16.54 16.33 16.95 13.92 15.60 26

27 14.77 17.09 16.43 15.47 13.39 16.91 16.76 16.27 14.34 13.63 16.91 16.70 17.33 14.18 15.93 27

28 15.06 17.44 16.75 15.77 13.64 17.26 17.11 16.60 14.60 13.89 17.26 17.05 17.70 14.43 16.24 28

29 15.34 17.78 17.07 16.06 13.88 17.60 17.45 16.92 14.84 14.14 17.60 17.39 18.06 14.68 16.55 29

30 15.61 18.11 17.37 16.34 14.11 17.93 17.78 17.22 15.08 14.38 17.92 17.72 18.40 14.91 16.84 30

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 (See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
22

Table Bb-2. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94 )

a

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.98 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.97 1

 2 1.85 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.84 1.92 1.86 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.91 1.86 1.90 1.86 1.89 2

 3 2.70 2.90 2.85 2.81 2.68 2.82 2.74 2.81 2.75 2.69 2.81 2.74 2.81 2.72 2.78 3

 4 3.51 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.47 3.70 3.59 3.68 3.57 3.50 3.69 3.59 3.70 3.54 3.63 4

 5 4.29 4.66 4.57 4.51 4.22 4.54 4.41 4.51 4.37 4.25 4.53 4.41 4.58 4.32 4.45 5

 6 5.02 5.50 5.38 5.31 4.94 5.36 5.20 5.32 5.12 4.98 5.34 5.20 5.43 5.07 5.24 6

 7 5.73 6.31 6.16 6.09 5.62 6.15 5.97 6.10 5.84 5.67 6.13 5.97 6.26 5.77 6.00 7

 8 6.41 7.09 6.92 6.84 6.27 6.92 6.72 6.86 6.52 6.34 6.89 6.72 7.07 6.45 6.73 8

 9 7.06 7.85 7.64 7.55 6.88 7.67 7.44 7.58 7.18 6.98 7.64 7.44 7.84 7.09 7.44 9

10 7.68 8.59 8.34 8.24 7.47 8.39 8.13 8.27 7.80 7.59 8.36 8.13 8.59 7.69 8.12 10

11 8.18 9.19 8.92 8.80 7.94 8.99 8.71 8.83 8.30 8.07 8.95 8.71 9.20 8.18 8.67 11

12 8.73 9.85 9.56 9.42 8.46 9.64 9.34 9.45 8.85 8.61 9.59 9.34 9.88 8.71 9.29 12

13 9.26 10.48 10.17 10.01 8.95 10.27 9.96 10.05 9.38 9.12 10.22 9.96 10.53 9.22 9.87 13

14 9.77 11.10 10.76 10.57 9.43 10.87 10.55 10.62 9.88 9.61 10.82 10.55 11.16 9.71 10.44 14

15 10.25 11.69 11.33 11.11 9.89 11.45 11.12 11.17 10.35 10.09 11.40 11.12 11.76 10.17 10.98 15

16 10.72 12.25 11.87 11.63 10.33 12.01 11.67 11.69 10.80 10.55 11.96 11.67 12.34 10.61 11.50 16

17 11.17 12.80 12.40 12.12 10.75 12.55 12.21 12.19 11.23 10.98 12.50 12.20 12.90 11.02 11.99 17

18 11.60 13.32 12.90 12.60 11.16 13.08 12.72 12.68 11.63 11.40 13.02 12.72 13.44 11.42 12.47 18

19 12.02 13.83 13.39 13.05 11.54 13.59 13.22 13.14 12.02 11.80 13.52 13.21 13.96 11.79 12.93 19

20 12.41 14.33 13.86 13.49 11.91 14.08 13.70 13.59 12.39 12.18 14.01 13.69 14.46 12.15 13.37 20

21 12.78 14.80 14.32 13.91 12.27 14.56 14.16 14.02 12.74 12.55 14.49 14.15 14.95 12.49 13.79 21

22 13.14 15.26 14.76 14.32 12.60 15.02 14.60 14.43 13.07 12.90 14.94 14.60 15.42 12.82 14.20 22

23 13.49 15.70 15.18 14.71 12.93 15.46 15.03 14.83 13.39 13.23 15.38 15.03 15.87 13.13 14.59 23

24 13.82 16.13 15.58 15.09 13.24 15.88 15.45 15.22 13.69 13.55 15.80 15.44 16.31 13.42 14.96 24

25 14.13 16.53 15.97 15.45 13.54 16.29 15.85 15.59 13.99 13.86 16.21 15.84 16.73 13.70 15.32 25

26 14.44 16.93 16.34 15.80 13.83 16.69 16.24 15.94 14.27 14.16 16.60 16.23 17.14 13.97 15.67 26

27 14.73 17.30 16.70 16.14 14.10 17.07 16.62 16.29 14.54 14.45 16.97 16.60 17.53 14.23 16.00 27

28 15.01 17.67 17.04 16.46 14.37 17.43 16.98 16.62 14.80 14.72 17.33 16.96 17.91 14.48 16.32 28

29 15.28 18.01 17.38 16.78 14.62 17.78 17.33 16.94 15.04 14.98 17.68 17.31 18.28 14.72 16.63 29

30 15.54 18.35 17.69 17.08 14.86 18.12 17.66 17.25 15.28 15.23 18.02 17.65 18.63 14.95 16.93 30

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 (See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
23

Table Bb-3. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94 )

a

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

 Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, 

 Virginia, West Virginia)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.97 1

 2 1.85 1.96 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.92 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.84 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.83 1.89 2

 3 2.71 2.89 2.86 2.75 2.68 2.83 2.80 2.76 2.70 2.69 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.68 2.77 3

 4 3.53 3.78 3.74 3.59 3.49 3.71 3.66 3.60 3.51 3.50 3.69 3.66 3.65 3.49 3.62 4

 5 4.32 4.64 4.58 4.39 4.26 4.56 4.49 4.41 4.28 4.27 4.53 4.49 4.50 4.26 4.44 5

 6 5.08 5.47 5.40 5.16 5.00 5.38 5.29 5.19 5.03 5.01 5.35 5.29 5.34 4.99 5.22 6

 7 5.80 6.28 6.18 5.90 5.71 6.17 6.06 5.95 5.73 5.73 6.14 6.06 6.18 5.69 5.98 7

 8 6.50 7.05 6.93 6.62 6.40 6.95 6.81 6.68 6.41 6.41 6.91 6.81 6.99 6.36 6.71 8

 9 7.17 7.81 7.66 7.30 7.04 7.70 7.53 7.38 7.05 7.07 7.66 7.54 7.78 7.00 7.41 9

10 7.81 8.54 8.36 7.96 7.66 8.43 8.22 8.06 7.66 7.69 8.38 8.24 8.55 7.61 8.09 10

11 8.33 9.14 8.93 8.49 8.17 9.03 8.80 8.61 8.16 8.20 8.98 8.81 9.19 8.10 8.64 11

12 8.90 9.80 9.57 9.08 8.72 9.69 9.43 9.22 8.70 8.75 9.63 9.45 9.90 8.64 9.25 12

13 9.44 10.43 10.18 9.64 9.24 10.32 10.04 9.80 9.22 9.28 10.26 10.06 10.58 9.16 9.84 13

14 9.97 11.05 10.76 10.17 9.75 10.94 10.63 10.36 9.71 9.79 10.87 10.65 11.25 9.65 10.40 14

15 10.48 11.64 11.32 10.68 10.23 11.53 11.20 10.90 10.18 10.28 11.46 11.22 11.89 10.12 10.94 15

16 10.96 12.20 11.86 11.17 10.70 12.10 11.74 11.42 10.62 10.74 12.03 11.77 12.52 10.56 11.46 16

17 11.43 12.75 12.38 11.64 11.15 12.66 12.27 11.92 11.05 11.19 12.58 12.30 13.12 10.98 11.95 17

18 11.88 13.28 12.89 12.09 11.58 13.19 12.78 12.39 11.45 11.62 13.11 12.81 13.71 11.39 12.43 18

19 12.31 13.79 13.37 12.52 12.00 13.71 13.27 12.85 11.84 12.04 13.62 13.31 14.27 11.77 12.88 19

20 12.73 14.29 13.84 12.94 12.39 14.22 13.74 13.29 12.21 12.44 14.13 13.78 14.82 12.14 13.32 20

21 13.12 14.77 14.28 13.33 12.77 14.71 14.20 13.71 12.56 12.82 14.61 14.24 15.35 12.49 13.74 21

22 13.50 15.23 14.71 13.71 13.14 15.18 14.64 14.12 12.90 13.18 15.08 14.68 15.86 12.83 14.14 22

23 13.87 15.67 15.13 14.08 13.49 15.63 15.06 14.51 13.22 13.54 15.52 15.11 16.35 13.15 14.53 23

24 14.22 16.09 15.53 14.43 13.83 16.07 15.47 14.89 13.53 13.87 15.96 15.52 16.83 13.46 14.91 24

25 14.56 16.50 15.91 14.77 14.15 16.49 15.87 15.25 13.82 14.20 16.37 15.92 17.29 13.75 15.26 25

26 14.88 16.90 16.28 15.10 14.46 16.89 16.25 15.60 14.10 14.51 16.77 16.31 17.73 14.03 15.61 26

27 15.19 17.27 16.63 15.41 14.76 17.28 16.62 15.94 14.37 14.81 17.16 16.68 18.16 14.30 15.94 27

28 15.49 17.64 16.97 15.72 15.05 17.66 16.98 16.27 14.63 15.09 17.53 17.03 18.57 14.56 16.26 28

29 15.78 17.99 17.29 16.01 15.32 18.02 17.32 16.58 14.88 15.37 17.89 17.38 18.97 14.81 16.57 29

30 16.05 18.33 17.61 16.29 15.58 18.36 17.65 16.88 15.12 15.63 18.23 17.71 19.36 15.05 16.86 30

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 (See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
24

Table Bb-4. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

 Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94 )

a

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,

 Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 1

 2 1.85 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.83 1.91 1.91 1.92 1.86 1.83 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.90 1.91 2

 3 2.73 2.88 2.86 2.82 2.66 2.82 2.81 2.84 2.73 2.66 2.82 2.84 2.93 2.79 2.81 3

 4 3.57 3.78 3.76 3.70 3.46 3.69 3.68 3.73 3.55 3.45 3.69 3.72 3.90 3.64 3.70 4

 5 4.38 4.65 4.63 4.55 4.22 4.54 4.52 4.60 4.34 4.19 4.54 4.57 4.87 4.44 4.57 5

 6 5.15 5.49 5.47 5.37 4.93 5.36 5.33 5.44 5.09 4.89 5.36 5.40 5.83 5.21 5.41 6

 7 5.89 6.29 6.28 6.17 5.62 6.15 6.12 6.26 5.80 5.56 6.15 6.19 6.77 5.95 6.22 7

 8 6.62 7.06 7.07 6.93 6.27 6.91 6.88 7.05 6.48 6.20 6.91 6.97 7.69 6.65 7.00 8

 9 7.31 7.80 7.83 7.66 6.90 7.64 7.62 7.82 7.13 6.81 7.64 7.71 8.58 7.31 7.75 9

10 7.98 8.51 8.56 8.36 7.51 8.34 8.33 8.55 7.75 7.39 8.35 8.44 9.44 7.95 8.47 10

11 8.53 9.11 9.16 8.94 8.01 8.93 8.92 9.15 8.26 7.87 8.93 9.04 10.16 8.47 9.07 11

12 9.13 9.75 9.83 9.57 8.56 9.56 9.57 9.81 8.81 8.39 9.57 9.70 10.95 9.04 9.72 12

13 9.71 10.37 10.47 10.17 9.10 10.17 10.20 10.44 9.34 8.90 10.18 10.33 11.70 9.58 10.35 13

14 10.26 10.97 11.09 10.74 9.61 10.75 10.81 11.04 9.84 9.38 10.76 10.95 12.42 10.10 10.95 14

15 10.79 11.53 11.69 11.28 10.10 11.31 11.39 11.61 10.32 9.84 11.32 11.54 13.11 10.59 11.53 15

16 11.29 12.08 12.26 11.79 10.56 11.84 11.96 12.16 10.78 10.28 11.85 12.11 13.77 11.05 12.08 16

17 11.77 12.60 12.82 12.29 11.01 12.36 12.50 12.68 11.21 10.70 12.37 12.66 14.40 11.50 12.61 17

18 12.23 13.10 13.35 12.76 11.43 12.85 13.03 13.18 11.62 11.09 12.86 13.20 15.01 11.92 13.12 18

19 12.67 13.58 13.86 13.21 11.84 13.33 13.53 13.66 12.02 11.47 13.34 13.71 15.60 12.32 13.60 19

20 13.09 14.05 14.36 13.64 12.22 13.79 14.02 14.12 12.39 11.83 13.80 14.20 16.17 12.69 14.07 20

21 13.49 14.49 14.83 14.06 12.59 14.23 14.49 14.57 12.74 12.18 14.25 14.68 16.72 13.06 14.52 21

22 13.87 14.92 15.29 14.46 12.95 14.66 14.95 14.99 13.08 12.51 14.67 15.14 17.25 13.40 14.95 22

23 14.24 15.34 15.73 14.84 13.29 15.07 15.38 15.41 13.41 12.83 15.09 15.59 17.76 13.73 15.37 23

24 14.60 15.73 16.15 15.21 13.61 15.47 15.81 15.80 13.72 13.13 15.48 16.01 18.25 14.05 15.77 24

25 14.94 16.12 16.56 15.57 13.93 15.85 16.22 16.18 14.01 13.43 15.86 16.43 18.73 14.35 16.15 25

26 15.27 16.48 16.95 15.91 14.23 16.22 16.61 16.55 14.30 13.71 16.23 16.83 19.19 14.64 16.52 26

27 15.58 16.84 17.32 16.24 14.52 16.57 16.99 16.91 14.57 13.98 16.59 17.21 19.63 14.92 16.87 27

28 15.88 17.18 17.68 16.56 14.79 16.91 17.36 17.25 14.84 14.24 16.93 17.58 20.06 15.19 17.21 28

29 16.17 17.50 18.02 16.87 15.06 17.24 17.71 17.58 15.09 14.49 17.25 17.94 20.47 15.44 17.54 29

30 16.45 17.82 18.36 17.17 15.32 17.55 18.05 17.89 15.33 14.73 17.57 18.28 20.87 15.69 17.85 30

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 (See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
25

Table Bb-5. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and fuel type.

 

 Discount Rate = 4.0% (years 1-10) and 4.2% (years 11-30), (OMB Circular A-94 )

a

 United States Average

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Gasln N

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

 1 0.95 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.94 0.98 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.97 1

 2 1.85 1.96 1.94 1.90 1.82 1.91 1.93 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.91 1.92 1.90 1.85 1.89 2

 3 2.70 2.89 2.85 2.79 2.66 2.82 2.83 2.80 2.72 2.68 2.82 2.82 2.81 2.70 2.78 3

 4 3.53 3.78 3.74 3.64 3.45 3.69 3.71 3.67 3.54 3.48 3.70 3.69 3.70 3.52 3.64 4

 5 4.31 4.64 4.58 4.47 4.20 4.53 4.55 4.50 4.33 4.23 4.54 4.53 4.58 4.30 4.47 5

 6 5.06 5.47 5.40 5.26 4.92 5.35 5.37 5.31 5.07 4.95 5.36 5.34 5.44 5.04 5.27 6

 7 5.78 6.28 6.19 6.03 5.61 6.14 6.15 6.09 5.79 5.65 6.15 6.12 6.28 5.74 6.04 7

 8 6.47 7.06 6.94 6.76 6.26 6.90 6.91 6.85 6.47 6.31 6.92 6.88 7.11 6.41 6.79 8

 9 7.13 7.81 7.68 7.47 6.87 7.65 7.64 7.57 7.11 6.94 7.66 7.60 7.91 7.06 7.50 9

10 7.76 8.54 8.38 8.14 7.47 8.37 8.34 8.27 7.73 7.54 8.38 8.31 8.68 7.67 8.19 10

11 8.28 9.14 8.96 8.70 7.95 8.96 8.92 8.84 8.23 8.03 8.97 8.89 9.32 8.16 8.75 11

12 8.85 9.80 9.60 9.30 8.47 9.61 9.55 9.46 8.77 8.56 9.62 9.52 10.02 8.70 9.37 12

13 9.39 10.43 10.22 9.88 8.98 10.23 10.16 10.06 9.29 9.07 10.25 10.14 10.70 9.21 9.97 13

14 9.91 11.04 10.81 10.43 9.46 10.83 10.75 10.64 9.79 9.56 10.85 10.73 11.36 9.70 10.54 14

15 10.41 11.63 11.37 10.96 9.93 11.42 11.32 11.19 10.26 10.03 11.43 11.30 11.99 10.17 11.09 15

16 10.89 12.20 11.92 11.46 10.37 11.97 11.87 11.71 10.71 10.48 11.99 11.85 12.60 10.61 11.61 16

17 11.35 12.74 12.45 11.94 10.80 12.51 12.39 12.22 11.13 10.92 12.53 12.38 13.19 11.04 12.12 17

18 11.80 13.26 12.95 12.40 11.21 13.03 12.90 12.70 11.54 11.33 13.05 12.90 13.76 11.44 12.60 18

19 12.22 13.76 13.44 12.84 11.60 13.53 13.39 13.17 11.92 11.73 13.55 13.39 14.31 11.82 13.06 19

20 12.63 14.24 13.91 13.27 11.98 14.01 13.86 13.62 12.29 12.11 14.04 13.87 14.85 12.18 13.51 20

21 13.02 14.71 14.37 13.68 12.34 14.48 14.32 14.05 12.64 12.47 14.51 14.33 15.36 12.53 13.93 21

22 13.39 15.15 14.80 14.07 12.68 14.92 14.75 14.46 12.97 12.82 14.97 14.77 15.86 12.87 14.34 22

23 13.75 15.58 15.22 14.45 13.02 15.35 15.18 14.86 13.30 13.16 15.40 15.20 16.34 13.18 14.74 23

24 14.09 16.00 15.62 14.81 13.33 15.77 15.59 15.25 13.60 13.48 15.82 15.61 16.81 13.49 15.12 24

25 14.42 16.40 16.01 15.16 13.64 16.17 15.98 15.62 13.90 13.79 16.23 16.01 17.25 13.78 15.48 25

26 14.74 16.78 16.38 15.50 13.93 16.55 16.36 15.97 14.18 14.09 16.62 16.39 17.68 14.06 15.83 26

27 15.04 17.15 16.74 15.82 14.22 16.92 16.72 16.32 14.45 14.37 16.99 16.76 18.10 14.33 16.17 27

28 15.34 17.50 17.08 16.13 14.49 17.28 17.07 16.65 14.71 14.64 17.35 17.12 18.50 14.58 16.49 28

29 15.62 17.84 17.41 16.43 14.75 17.62 17.41 16.97 14.96 14.90 17.70 17.46 18.89 14.83 16.80 29

30 15.89 18.17 17.73 16.72 14.99 17.95 17.74 17.28 15.20 15.16 18.03 17.80 19.26 15.07 17.10 30

OMB discount rate as of February 2000. a

 (See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xii for abbreviations.)
26

C. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices and Escalation Rates (Real)

Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 present projected fuel price indices for the four Census regions and for the

United States. These indices, when multiplied by annual energy costs computed at base-date prices

(i.e., as of April 1, 2000), provide estimates of future-year costs (also as of April 1) in constant basedate dollars. Constant-dollar cost estimates are needed when discounting is performed with a real

discount rate (i.e., a rate that does not include general price inflation).

These indices were used in the calculation of the UPV* factors for energy prices in the Ba and Bb

tables in this publication. While they are based on April 1 energy prices to maintain consistency in the

computation of these UPV* factors, the level of precision implied here is not required for most LCC

analyses. That is, the analyst need not calibrate base-year energy prices precisely to April 1, 2000

levels to use these indices (or the corresponding UPV* factors); instead, the analyst should use current

price levels as of the base-date of the LCC analysis, regardless of the time of the year that the study is

undertaken.

Example of How to Use the Indices:

To estimate the price of industrial coal in 2007 in Connecticut (in constant 2000 dollars), go to Table

Ca-1, find the year 2007 index for industrial coal (0.91), and multiply by the price for industrial coal in

Connecticut in 2000. 

For further explanation of how to use these tables, see NIST Handbook 135.

Tables Cb-1 through Cb-5 present the projected average fuel price escalation rates (percentage

change compounded annually) for selected periods from 2000 to 2030 for the four Census regions and

for the overall United States. Note that these are real rates exclusive of general price inflation. Their

use results in prices expressed in constant dollars.

The average fuel escalation rates consolidate the information provided by the indices in the Ca tables so

that trends in projected price changes can be seen at a glance. They are provided primarily to

accommodate computer programs (such as BLCC) which require price escalation rates as inputs.

Unless there is a compelling reason to use escalation rates, it is recommended that you use the indices

in the Ca tables when you need estimates of future-year energy prices, since the indices include yearto-year information rather than averages over a number of years.

Example of How to Use the Escalation Rates:

To estimate the unit price of residential natural gas at the end of 2010 (p10) in Wyoming using the DOE

energy price escalation rates, go to Table Cb-4 and find the 2000-2005 and the 2005-2010 escalation

rates for residential natural gas (0.7% for 5 years and 0.1% for 5 years, respectively). Enter these

values and the unit price of residential natural gas in Wyoming in 2000 (p ) into the following formula. 00

Then solve for the 2010 energy price (stated in 2000 dollars): 
p10 ' p00 x (1 % e

1

)

k

1

x (1 % e

2

)

k

2

' p00 x (1 % 0.007)

5

x (1 % 0.001)

5

' p00 x 1.0407

27

where p = Price at end of year y; y

e = Annual compound escalation rate for period i from the Cb tables (in decimal i

form); and

k = Number of years over which escalation rate e occurs. i i

Note that the compounded escalation rate factor (1.0407) corresponds to the fuel price index in region

4, residential natural gas, for the year 2010 in table Ca-4 (1.04).

The data in the tables which follow are reported for the four Census regions and the U.S. average.

Figure B-1 presents a map showing the states corresponding to the four Census regions. The Census

regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific

Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of federal projects in these areas should use data which are

"reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the tables with U.S. average data for guidance. 
28

Table Ca-1. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

 New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 

 Distillate Oil 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 

 LPG 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.79 0.79 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 

 Coal 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.98 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.82 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.04 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 

 Coal 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
29

 Table Ca-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, 

 New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 

 LPG 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 

 Natural Gas 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 

 Residual Oil 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 

 Coal 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 

 Residual Oil 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 

 Natural Gas 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 

 Coal 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
30

Table Ca-2. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, 

 North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 

 Distillate Oil 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 

 LPG 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.05 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.85 0.85 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 

 Residual Oil 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Natural Gas 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 

 Coal 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 

 Distillate Oil 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 

 Residual Oil 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 

 Coal 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
31

Table Ca-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, 

 North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 

 LPG 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 

 Residual Oil 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Coal 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 

 Distillate Oil 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 

 Residual Oil 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 

 Natural Gas 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.21 

 Coal 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
32

Table Ca-3. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

 Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

 West Virginia)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 

 Distillate Oil 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 

 LPG 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 

 Natural Gas 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 

 Residual Oil 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 

 Natural Gas 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

 Coal 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 

 Residual Oil 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 

 Coal 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.87 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
33

Table Ca-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

 Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

 West Virginia)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 

 Distillate Oil 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.16 

 LPG 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 

 Natural Gas 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 

 Distillate Oil 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.19 

 Residual Oil 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 

 Coal 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 

 Distillate Oil 1.10 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18 

 Residual Oil 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.15 

 Natural Gas 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.32 

 Coal 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
34

Table Ca-4. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,

 Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 

 Distillate Oil 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05 

 LPG 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.99 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 

 Residual Oil 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 

 Natural Gas 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.07 1.06 

 Coal 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.99 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.85 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 

 Residual Oil 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 

 Natural Gas 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.28 

 Coal 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.91 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
35

Table Ca-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,

 Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 

 Distillate Oil 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 

 LPG 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 

 Natural Gas 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 

 Distillate Oil 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 

 Natural Gas 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 

 Coal 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

 Distillate Oil 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.19 

 Natural Gas 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.35 1.36 1.37 

 Coal 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
36

Table Ca-5. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 United States Average

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 

 Distillate Oil 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 

 LPG 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 

 Natural Gas 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 

 Coal 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.99 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 

 Distillate Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 

 Residual Oil 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Natural Gas 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.17 

 Coal 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
37

Table Ca-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector and fuel type.

 United States Average

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 

 Distillate Oil 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 

 LPG 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 

 Natural Gas 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 

Commercial 

 Electricity 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 

 Distillate Oil 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 

 Residual Oil 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 

 Natural Gas 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 

 Coal 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 

Industrial 

 Electricity 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 

 Distillate Oil 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 

 Residual Oil 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 

 Natural Gas 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 

 Coal 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
38

Table Cb-1. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation,

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,

 Vermont)

 Percentage change compounded annually

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -1.4 -0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 

 LPG 0.6 0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 

 Natural Gas -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.3 0.2 0.3 

Commercial 

 Electricity -2.5 -1.7 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 

 Natural Gas 0.4 0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 

 Coal -0.9 -1.3 -0.8 -0.6 -0.5 0.0 

Industrial 

 Electricity -2.5 -1.4 -0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 

 Natural Gas 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 

 Coal -1.2 -1.1 -0.9 -0.7 -0.6 0.0 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.2 0.2 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
39

Table Cb-2. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation,

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, 

 South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 Percentage change compounded annually

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -1.2 -0.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 

 LPG 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 

 Natural Gas 0.3 -0.0 -0.2 -0.1 0.3 0.3 

Commercial 

 Electricity -1.8 -1.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.4 

 Residual Oil 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 

 Natural Gas 0.3 0.1 -0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 

 Coal -0.8 -0.9 -0.8 -1.2 -0.3 0.0 

Industrial 

 Electricity -1.7 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 

 Natural Gas 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 

 Coal -1.0 -1.2 -0.9 -1.0 -0.6 0.0 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
40

Table Cb-3. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation,

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, 

 Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland,

 Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

 Percentage change compounded annually

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -0.9 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 

 LPG 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 

 Natural Gas -0.5 -0.1 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.3 

Commercial 

 Electricity -1.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 

 Natural Gas -0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 

 Coal -1.2 -0.7 -0.9 -0.6 -0.5 0.0 

Industrial 

 Electricity -1.3 -0.2 -0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 

 Natural Gas 0.8 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.6 

 Coal -1.3 -0.7 -0.9 -0.6 -0.5 0.0 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
41

Table Cb-4. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation,

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho,

 Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

 Washington, Wyoming)

 Percentage change compounded annually

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -0.4 0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 1.1 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 

 LPG 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 

 Natural Gas 0.7 0.1 -0.7 -0.4 0.3 0.3 

Commercial 

 Electricity -1.7 -0.4 0.1 -0.6 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.6 0.2 -0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 

 Natural Gas 1.1 0.5 -0.4 -0.2 0.3 0.4 

 Coal -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -1.0 -0.3 0.0 

Industrial 

 Electricity -2.0 -0.9 -0.3 -0.7 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.6 0.3 -0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 

 Natural Gas 3.3 1.6 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.5 

 Coal -0.4 -0.7 -0.9 -1.1 -0.3 0.0 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 1.2 0.2 -0.0 -0.1 0.1 0.2 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
42

 Table Cb-5. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation,

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

United States Average

 Percentage change compounded annually

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -1.0 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 

 LPG 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 

 Natural Gas 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.2 0.3 0.3 

Commercial 

 Electricity -1.8 -0.8 -0.3 -0.2 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 

 Natural Gas 0.3 0.2 -0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 

 Coal -0.9 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -0.3 0.0 

Industrial 

 Electricity -1.7 -0.6 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 0.0 

 Distillate Oil 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 

 Residual Oil 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 

 Natural Gas 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 

 Coal -1.2 -0.9 -0.8 -0.8 -0.3 0.0 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 0.2 0.2 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
I

S

' ICx (1 % g)

N

,

43

PART II: ENERGY PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR

LCC ANALYSIS

This section presents tables of projected nominal (i.e., including inflation) fuel price indices for

four fuels in the residential sector and five fuels in the commercial sector for each of the years

from 2000 through 2030. These price indices are based on the DOE energy price projections,

reported in part I-B of this document, used to calculate the FEMP and OMB UPV* factors for

energy costs. The tables are provided as an update to similar tables originally published in

Comprehensive Guide for Least-Cost Energy Decisions (NBS SP 709).

As a convenience for the user, the indices include the effect of four alternative, hypothetical rates

of general price inflation: 2, 3, 4, and 5%. Selection of these rates is in no way intended to suggest

what actual rates might be. Use of the indices produce price estimates which are in current

dollars, inclusive of general price inflation. Current dollar prices are needed when discounting is

performed with discount rates that include general price inflation (i.e., nominal or market discount

rates).

The indices based on inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5% allow the analyst to perform evaluations

based on the assumption of a positive rate of general price inflation that changes the purchasing

power of the dollar. Performing evaluations in current dollars is sometimes preferred for private

investment decisions, primarily because it facilitates the treatment of taxes.

The indices in Tables S-1 through S-5 are derived from the indices reported in Tables Ca-1

through Ca-5 by means of the following equation:

where I = index found in Tables S-1 through S-5; S

I = index found in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5; C

g = annual rate of general price inflation in decimal form; and

N = number of years, in this case equal to the year of the index minus 2000.

 

Example of How to Use the Indices:

Suppose you wish to estimate the annual cost of natural gas for a house in Maryland in year 2003,

given the annual cost in 2000 (April 1) prices, and you expect an annual inflation rate of 3% per

year. From table S-3, find the column with residential natural gas indices at an inflation rate of

3%; then locate the index for the year 2003. This index is 1.07. Multiply the annual cost in 2000

prices to find the estimated annual cost in year-2003 prices. 

If this annual cost in year-2003 prices is to be discounted to present value, you must use a

nominal discount rate that includes the same assumption with regard to general price inflation (3%

in this example). To obtain a present-value cost over the entire study period, the present-value

calculation must be repeated for each year that there are natural gas costs, and the results
44

summed. (UPV factors are not given for private sector use because of the large number of tables *

required to cover potential discount rates that might be used by the analyst.) The BLCC computer

program can perform LCC analyses using any inflation rate and discount rate, in constant or in

current (market) dollars. The DISCOUNT program, included with BLCC, can compute UPV*

factors based on DOE energy price escalation rates using any inflation rate and discount rate. (See

page iv for more information on these programs.) Of course, the private sector analyst may use

the UPV factors reported in Part I, provided the analysis is performed in constant dollars and the *

desired discount rate corresponds to the DOE or OMB discount rates used in Part I.

For further explanation of the use of these indices, see NBS Special Publication 709, appendix B,

Part I.

The data in the tables that follow are reported for the four Census regions and the U.S. average.

Figure B-1 on page 13 presents a map showing the states corresponding to the four Census

regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico,

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of federal projects in these

areas should use data which are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the tables

with U.S. average data for guidance.
45

Table S-1. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, by end-use sector 

and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 

 -----------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL-----------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.05 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 

2002 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 

2003 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.15 

2004 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.07 1.11 1.16 1.20 

2005 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.16 1.21 1.27 1.34 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.09 1.15 1.21 1.27 

2006 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.18 1.25 1.33 1.41 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.33 

2007 1.06 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.21 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.18 1.27 1.35 1.45 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.39 

2008 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.57 1.21 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.16 1.25 1.35 1.46 

2009 1.07 1.17 1.28 1.40 1.28 1.40 1.53 1.66 1.23 1.35 1.47 1.60 1.17 1.28 1.40 1.52 

2010 1.10 1.22 1.34 1.48 1.31 1.45 1.59 1.75 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.68 1.19 1.31 1.44 1.59 

2011 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.34 1.49 1.65 1.84 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.77 1.20 1.34 1.49 1.65 

2012 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.62 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.31 1.47 1.65 1.85 1.22 1.37 1.54 1.73 

2013 1.17 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.40 1.59 1.80 2.04 1.33 1.51 1.71 1.94 1.24 1.40 1.59 1.80 

2014 1.20 1.38 1.58 1.80 1.43 1.64 1.88 2.15 1.35 1.54 1.77 2.02 1.26 1.44 1.65 1.88 

2015 1.23 1.42 1.65 1.90 1.47 1.70 1.96 2.26 1.38 1.59 1.84 2.13 1.28 1.48 1.71 1.97 

2016 1.25 1.47 1.71 1.99 1.50 1.75 2.04 2.38 1.40 1.64 1.91 2.23 1.30 1.52 1.77 2.06 

2017 1.28 1.51 1.78 2.09 1.52 1.80 2.12 2.49 1.43 1.69 1.99 2.34 1.32 1.56 1.83 2.16 

2018 1.31 1.56 1.85 2.20 1.56 1.85 2.21 2.62 1.46 1.74 2.07 2.46 1.34 1.60 1.90 2.26 

2019 1.33 1.61 1.93 2.31 1.59 1.91 2.30 2.76 1.49 1.79 2.15 2.58 1.36 1.64 1.97 2.36 

2020 1.36 1.66 2.01 2.43 1.62 1.97 2.39 2.90 1.53 1.85 2.25 2.72 1.39 1.69 2.05 2.48 

2021 1.39 1.71 2.09 2.55 1.66 2.03 2.49 3.05 1.56 1.91 2.34 2.87 1.42 1.74 2.13 2.61 

2022 1.42 1.76 2.17 2.68 1.69 2.10 2.60 3.21 1.59 1.97 2.44 3.01 1.45 1.80 2.22 2.74 

2023 1.45 1.81 2.26 2.82 1.73 2.17 2.71 3.37 1.63 2.03 2.54 3.17 1.48 1.85 2.32 2.89 

2024 1.48 1.86 2.35 2.96 1.77 2.24 2.82 3.55 1.66 2.10 2.64 3.33 1.52 1.92 2.42 3.04 

2025 1.50 1.92 2.44 3.11 1.81 2.31 2.94 3.73 1.69 2.16 2.75 3.50 1.55 1.98 2.52 3.20 

2026 1.53 1.98 2.54 3.26 1.85 2.38 3.06 3.93 1.73 2.23 2.87 3.68 1.58 2.04 2.63 3.37 

2027 1.57 2.04 2.64 3.42 1.89 2.46 3.19 4.14 1.77 2.30 2.99 3.87 1.62 2.11 2.74 3.54 

2028 1.60 2.10 2.75 3.60 1.93 2.54 3.33 4.35 1.81 2.37 3.11 4.06 1.66 2.18 2.85 3.73 

2029 1.63 2.16 2.86 3.77 1.98 2.62 3.47 4.58 1.84 2.45 3.24 4.27 1.69 2.25 2.98 3.93 

2030 1.66 2.23 2.97 3.96 2.02 2.71 3.62 4.82 1.88 2.52 3.37 4.49 1.73 2.32 3.10 4.13 
46

Table S-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL---------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 

2002 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 

2003 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.03 1.06 1.10 1.13 

2004 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.18 

2005 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.13 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22 

2006 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.26 

2007 0.99 1.06 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.46 1.19 1.27 1.36 1.46 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.30 

2008 0.98 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.21 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 

2009 0.96 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.27 1.39 1.51 1.65 1.24 1.35 1.48 1.61 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.60 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.41 

2010 0.98 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.30 1.43 1.58 1.74 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.25 1.38 1.52 1.67 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.46 

2011 0.99 1.10 1.22 1.36 1.32 1.47 1.64 1.82 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.78 1.27 1.41 1.57 1.75 1.10 1.23 1.37 1.52 

2012 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.36 1.53 1.71 1.92 1.32 1.49 1.67 1.87 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.82 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.58 

2013 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.48 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.03 1.35 1.54 1.74 1.97 1.31 1.49 1.69 1.91 1.12 1.27 1.44 1.64 

2014 1.04 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.42 1.63 1.87 2.13 1.38 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.33 1.53 1.75 2.00 1.14 1.31 1.50 1.72 

2015 1.06 1.23 1.42 1.64 1.46 1.69 1.95 2.25 1.42 1.64 1.90 2.19 1.36 1.58 1.82 2.10 1.16 1.34 1.55 1.79 

2016 1.08 1.27 1.48 1.72 1.49 1.74 2.03 2.37 1.45 1.70 1.98 2.31 1.39 1.62 1.89 2.21 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.88 

2017 1.10 1.30 1.53 1.80 1.51 1.79 2.11 2.48 1.49 1.76 2.07 2.44 1.42 1.67 1.97 2.32 1.20 1.41 1.66 1.96 

2018 1.12 1.34 1.59 1.89 1.55 1.84 2.20 2.61 1.52 1.81 2.16 2.56 1.45 1.72 2.05 2.44 1.20 1.43 1.70 2.02 

2019 1.15 1.38 1.66 1.99 1.58 1.90 2.29 2.74 1.56 1.88 2.26 2.71 1.48 1.78 2.13 2.56 1.21 1.45 1.74 2.09 

2020 1.18 1.43 1.73 2.10 1.62 1.96 2.38 2.88 1.60 1.94 2.36 2.86 1.51 1.84 2.23 2.70 1.24 1.51 1.83 2.21 

2021 1.20 1.47 1.81 2.21 1.65 2.03 2.48 3.03 1.64 2.01 2.46 3.01 1.55 1.90 2.32 2.84 1.25 1.54 1.89 2.31 

2022 1.23 1.52 1.88 2.32 1.69 2.09 2.59 3.20 1.68 2.08 2.57 3.17 1.58 1.96 2.42 2.99 1.28 1.59 1.96 2.42 

2023 1.25 1.56 1.95 2.43 1.73 2.16 2.70 3.36 1.72 2.15 2.69 3.35 1.62 2.03 2.53 3.15 1.29 1.62 2.02 2.52 

2024 1.28 1.61 2.03 2.56 1.77 2.23 2.81 3.54 1.76 2.23 2.81 3.53 1.66 2.09 2.64 3.32 1.32 1.67 2.10 2.65 

2025 1.30 1.66 2.11 2.68 1.81 2.31 2.94 3.73 1.81 2.31 2.94 3.73 1.70 2.16 2.76 3.50 1.34 1.71 2.17 2.76 

2026 1.33 1.71 2.20 2.82 1.85 2.38 3.06 3.93 1.85 2.39 3.07 3.93 1.74 2.24 2.88 3.69 1.36 1.76 2.26 2.90 

2027 1.35 1.76 2.29 2.96 1.89 2.46 3.20 4.14 1.89 2.46 3.20 4.14 1.78 2.31 3.00 3.89 1.39 1.81 2.35 3.04 

2028 1.38 1.81 2.38 3.11 1.94 2.55 3.34 4.36 1.94 2.55 3.34 4.37 1.82 2.39 3.13 4.10 1.42 1.86 2.44 3.19 

2029 1.41 1.87 2.47 3.26 1.98 2.63 3.48 4.60 1.99 2.64 3.49 4.61 1.86 2.47 3.27 4.31 1.45 1.92 2.54 3.35

2030 1.44 1.92 2.57 3.43 2.03 2.72 3.63 4.84 2.04 2.73 3.65 4.87 1.91 2.55 3.41 4.55 1.48 1.98 2.64 3.52 
47

Table S-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,

 New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 --------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL-----------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------- 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 

2002 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.09 

2003 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 

2004 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.03 1.08 1.12 1.16 

2005 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.13 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.20 

2006 0.99 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.39 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.21 1.28 1.36 1.44 1.04 1.10 1.17 1.24 

2007 1.00 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.46 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.53 1.05 1.12 1.20 1.28 

2008 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.21 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.28 1.39 1.50 1.62 1.06 1.14 1.24 1.33 

2009 0.98 1.07 1.16 1.27 1.27 1.39 1.51 1.65 1.23 1.35 1.47 1.60 1.31 1.43 1.56 1.70 1.07 1.17 1.27 1.39 

2010 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.34 1.30 1.43 1.58 1.74 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.68 1.34 1.47 1.62 1.79 1.08 1.19 1.31 1.45 

2011 1.01 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.32 1.47 1.64 1.82 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.76 1.36 1.51 1.68 1.87 1.09 1.21 1.34 1.49 

2012 1.02 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.36 1.53 1.71 1.92 1.31 1.47 1.65 1.86 1.39 1.56 1.75 1.96 1.10 1.23 1.39 1.55 

2013 1.03 1.17 1.33 1.51 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.02 1.34 1.53 1.73 1.96 1.41 1.61 1.82 2.06 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.62 

2014 1.07 1.23 1.40 1.60 1.42 1.63 1.86 2.13 1.37 1.58 1.80 2.06 1.45 1.66 1.90 2.17 1.13 1.30 1.49 1.70 

2015 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.69 1.46 1.69 1.95 2.25 1.41 1.63 1.88 2.17 1.48 1.71 1.98 2.28 1.14 1.33 1.53 1.77 

2016 1.12 1.30 1.52 1.77 1.49 1.74 2.03 2.37 1.44 1.69 1.97 2.29 1.52 1.77 2.07 2.41 1.16 1.35 1.58 1.84 

2017 1.13 1.34 1.58 1.86 1.52 1.79 2.11 2.48 1.48 1.74 2.05 2.42 1.55 1.83 2.16 2.54 1.17 1.38 1.63 1.92 

2018 1.16 1.38 1.64 1.95 1.55 1.84 2.19 2.60 1.51 1.80 2.15 2.55 1.59 1.89 2.25 2.68 1.18 1.41 1.68 1.99 

2019 1.18 1.43 1.71 2.05 1.58 1.90 2.28 2.74 1.55 1.86 2.24 2.69 1.63 1.96 2.35 2.82 1.20 1.44 1.73 2.07 

2020 1.22 1.48 1.80 2.18 1.61 1.96 2.38 2.88 1.59 1.93 2.34 2.84 1.68 2.04 2.47 2.99 1.22 1.48 1.80 2.18 

2021 1.25 1.53 1.88 2.29 1.65 2.02 2.48 3.03 1.63 2.00 2.45 2.99 1.72 2.11 2.58 3.16 1.23 1.51 1.85 2.27 

2022 1.27 1.58 1.95 2.41 1.69 2.09 2.59 3.19 1.67 2.07 2.56 3.16 1.76 2.18 2.70 3.33 1.26 1.56 1.93 2.38 

2023 1.30 1.62 2.03 2.53 1.73 2.16 2.70 3.36 1.71 2.14 2.67 3.33 1.80 2.26 2.82 3.51 1.27 1.59 1.99 2.48 

2024 1.32 1.67 2.11 2.65 1.77 2.23 2.82 3.54 1.75 2.22 2.79 3.51 1.85 2.34 2.95 3.71 1.30 1.64 2.07 2.60 

2025 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.79 1.81 2.31 2.94 3.73 1.80 2.29 2.92 3.71 1.89 2.42 3.08 3.91 1.31 1.67 2.13 2.70 

2026 1.38 1.78 2.28 2.93 1.85 2.38 3.06 3.92 1.84 2.38 3.05 3.92 1.94 2.50 3.22 4.12 1.34 1.72 2.21 2.84 

2027 1.41 1.83 2.37 3.07 1.89 2.46 3.19 4.13 1.89 2.46 3.19 4.14 1.99 2.59 3.36 4.35 1.36 1.77 2.30 2.98 

2028 1.43 1.88 2.47 3.23 1.93 2.54 3.33 4.35 1.94 2.55 3.34 4.37 2.04 2.68 3.51 4.59 1.39 1.83 2.39 3.13 

2029 1.46 1.94 2.57 3.39 1.98 2.63 3.48 4.59 1.99 2.64 3.49 4.61 2.09 2.77 3.67 4.84 1.42 1.88 2.49 3.29 

2030 1.49 2.00 2.67 3.56 2.02 2.71 3.63 4.83 2.04 2.73 3.65 4.87 2.14 2.87 3.83 5.11 1.45 1.94 2.59 3.45 
48

Table S-2. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent,

by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL---------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 

2002 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.13 1.15 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 

2003 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.17 

2004 1.03 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.28 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.10 1.14 1.18 1.23 

2005 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 

2006 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.15 1.22 1.29 1.37 

2007 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.31 1.22 1.31 1.40 1.50 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.44 

2008 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.38 1.26 1.36 1.47 1.58 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.53 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 

2009 1.10 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.30 1.41 1.54 1.68 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.61 1.22 1.33 1.45 1.58 

2010 1.12 1.23 1.36 1.49 1.32 1.46 1.60 1.77 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.69 1.24 1.36 1.50 1.65 

2011 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.34 1.50 1.66 1.85 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.77 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.73 

2012 1.14 1.29 1.44 1.62 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.33 1.49 1.67 1.88 1.28 1.44 1.62 1.81 

2013 1.17 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.40 1.59 1.81 2.05 1.35 1.54 1.74 1.97 1.30 1.48 1.68 1.90 

2014 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.78 1.43 1.64 1.88 2.15 1.38 1.58 1.81 2.07 1.32 1.52 1.74 1.99 

2015 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.89 1.47 1.70 1.97 2.27 1.41 1.63 1.89 2.18 1.35 1.56 1.80 2.08 

2016 1.24 1.45 1.69 1.97 1.50 1.76 2.05 2.39 1.44 1.69 1.97 2.30 1.37 1.60 1.87 2.18 

2017 1.27 1.50 1.76 2.08 1.54 1.81 2.14 2.52 1.48 1.75 2.06 2.42 1.40 1.65 1.94 2.28 

2018 1.29 1.54 1.83 2.18 1.58 1.88 2.24 2.66 1.52 1.81 2.15 2.56 1.42 1.69 2.02 2.39 

2019 1.31 1.57 1.89 2.27 1.62 1.95 2.35 2.82 1.56 1.87 2.25 2.70 1.45 1.75 2.10 2.52 

2020 1.32 1.61 1.95 2.36 1.67 2.03 2.46 2.98 1.60 1.94 2.36 2.85 1.48 1.80 2.19 2.65 

2021 1.35 1.65 2.03 2.48 1.71 2.10 2.57 3.14 1.63 2.01 2.46 3.01 1.52 1.86 2.28 2.79 

2022 1.37 1.70 2.11 2.60 1.75 2.17 2.68 3.31 1.67 2.07 2.56 3.16 1.55 1.93 2.38 2.94 

2023 1.40 1.75 2.19 2.73 1.79 2.24 2.80 3.48 1.71 2.13 2.67 3.32 1.59 1.99 2.49 3.10 

2024 1.43 1.81 2.28 2.87 1.83 2.31 2.92 3.67 1.74 2.20 2.78 3.49 1.63 2.06 2.59 3.26 

2025 1.46 1.86 2.37 3.01 1.87 2.39 3.04 3.86 1.78 2.27 2.89 3.68 1.67 2.13 2.71 3.44 

2026 1.49 1.92 2.46 3.16 1.91 2.46 3.17 4.06 1.82 2.34 3.01 3.87 1.71 2.20 2.83 3.62 

2027 1.52 1.97 2.56 3.32 1.95 2.54 3.30 4.28 1.86 2.42 3.14 4.07 1.75 2.27 2.95 3.82 

2028 1.55 2.03 2.67 3.49 2.00 2.63 3.44 4.50 1.90 2.50 3.27 4.28 1.79 2.35 3.08 4.02 

2029 1.58 2.10 2.77 3.66 2.04 2.71 3.59 4.74 1.94 2.58 3.41 4.50 1.83 2.43 3.21 4.24 

2030 1.61 2.16 2.88 3.84 2.09 2.80 3.74 4.99 1.98 2.66 3.55 4.73 1.87 2.51 3.35 4.47
49

 Table S-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -----------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL---------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 

2002 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.12 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 

2003 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.07 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.14 

2004 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.23 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.18 

2005 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 

2006 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.35 1.15 1.22 1.29 1.37 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.28 

2007 1.03 1.10 1.18 1.26 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.16 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.33 

2008 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.56 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.51 1.21 1.30 1.41 1.52 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.39 

2009 1.05 1.14 1.25 1.36 1.28 1.39 1.52 1.66 1.22 1.33 1.46 1.59 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.59 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 

2010 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.41 1.30 1.44 1.58 1.74 1.26 1.38 1.52 1.68 1.25 1.37 1.51 1.66 1.12 1.23 1.36 1.50 

2011 1.07 1.19 1.32 1.47 1.32 1.47 1.64 1.82 1.29 1.43 1.59 1.77 1.27 1.41 1.57 1.74 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.56 

2012 1.07 1.21 1.36 1.52 1.35 1.52 1.71 1.92 1.32 1.48 1.67 1.87 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.83 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.62 

2013 1.09 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.39 1.57 1.78 2.02 1.36 1.54 1.75 1.98 1.32 1.49 1.69 1.92 1.16 1.31 1.49 1.69 

2014 1.12 1.28 1.46 1.67 1.42 1.62 1.86 2.13 1.39 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.34 1.54 1.76 2.01 1.17 1.34 1.54 1.76 

2015 1.15 1.33 1.54 1.77 1.46 1.68 1.95 2.25 1.43 1.65 1.91 2.20 1.36 1.58 1.83 2.11 1.19 1.37 1.59 1.83 

2016 1.17 1.36 1.59 1.85 1.49 1.74 2.03 2.37 1.47 1.71 2.00 2.33 1.39 1.62 1.89 2.21 1.19 1.39 1.63 1.90 

2017 1.19 1.41 1.66 1.95 1.52 1.80 2.12 2.49 1.50 1.77 2.09 2.46 1.42 1.67 1.97 2.32 1.21 1.43 1.68 1.98 

2018 1.21 1.45 1.72 2.05 1.57 1.87 2.23 2.65 1.54 1.84 2.19 2.60 1.44 1.72 2.05 2.43 1.21 1.45 1.72 2.05 

2019 1.23 1.48 1.78 2.13 1.62 1.95 2.34 2.81 1.58 1.90 2.28 2.74 1.48 1.78 2.14 2.56 1.23 1.48 1.78 2.13 

2020 1.24 1.51 1.84 2.22 1.67 2.03 2.46 2.98 1.62 1.97 2.39 2.89 1.51 1.84 2.23 2.70 1.24 1.50 1.82 2.21 

2021 1.27 1.56 1.91 2.33 1.71 2.10 2.58 3.15 1.66 2.04 2.50 3.06 1.55 1.90 2.33 2.85 1.26 1.55 1.89 2.32 

2022 1.29 1.60 1.98 2.45 1.75 2.17 2.69 3.32 1.70 2.11 2.61 3.22 1.59 1.96 2.43 3.00 1.28 1.58 1.96 2.41 

2023 1.32 1.65 2.06 2.57 1.79 2.24 2.80 3.49 1.75 2.19 2.73 3.41 1.62 2.03 2.54 3.16 1.30 1.63 2.03 2.53 

2024 1.35 1.70 2.14 2.70 1.83 2.32 2.92 3.68 1.80 2.27 2.86 3.60 1.66 2.10 2.65 3.33 1.32 1.66 2.10 2.64 

2025 1.37 1.75 2.23 2.83 1.88 2.40 3.05 3.88 1.84 2.35 3.00 3.81 1.70 2.17 2.76 3.51 1.34 1.71 2.18 2.77 

2026 1.40 1.80 2.32 2.98 1.92 2.48 3.18 4.08 1.89 2.44 3.14 4.02 1.74 2.24 2.89 3.70 1.37 1.77 2.27 2.91 

2027 1.43 1.86 2.41 3.12 1.97 2.56 3.32 4.30 1.94 2.53 3.28 4.25 1.78 2.32 3.01 3.90 1.40 1.82 2.36 3.06 

2028 1.46 1.91 2.51 3.28 2.01 2.65 3.47 4.53 2.00 2.62 3.44 4.49 1.83 2.40 3.14 4.11 1.43 1.87 2.46 3.21 

2029 1.49 1.97 2.61 3.44 2.06 2.74 3.62 4.78 2.05 2.72 3.60 4.75 1.87 2.48 3.28 4.33 1.45 1.93 2.55 3.37 

2030 1.52 2.03 2.71 3.62 2.11 2.83 3.78 5.03 2.10 2.81 3.76 5.00 1.91 2.56 3.43 4.57 1.48 1.99 2.66 3.54 
50

Table S-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota,

 Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin)

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 ---------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL-----------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 

2002 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 

2003 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 

2004 1.01 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.07 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.17 

2005 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.36 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.21 

2006 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.23 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.35 1.22 1.29 1.37 1.45 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.26 

2007 1.05 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.46 1.16 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.26 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.06 1.14 1.22 1.30 

2008 1.07 1.16 1.26 1.36 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.55 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.50 1.29 1.39 1.50 1.62 1.08 1.16 1.26 1.36 

2009 1.08 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.27 1.38 1.51 1.65 1.22 1.33 1.45 1.59 1.32 1.44 1.57 1.71 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.41 

2010 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.47 1.29 1.43 1.57 1.73 1.25 1.38 1.52 1.68 1.34 1.48 1.63 1.80 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.46 

2011 1.10 1.23 1.36 1.51 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.81 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.77 1.38 1.53 1.70 1.89 1.10 1.23 1.36 1.52 

2012 1.11 1.25 1.40 1.57 1.35 1.51 1.70 1.91 1.32 1.48 1.67 1.87 1.41 1.58 1.78 1.99 1.11 1.25 1.41 1.58 

2013 1.13 1.28 1.45 1.65 1.38 1.56 1.77 2.01 1.36 1.54 1.74 1.98 1.44 1.63 1.85 2.10 1.13 1.28 1.45 1.64 

2014 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.73 1.41 1.62 1.85 2.12 1.39 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.47 1.69 1.93 2.21 1.14 1.30 1.49 1.71 

2015 1.19 1.38 1.59 1.84 1.45 1.68 1.94 2.24 1.43 1.65 1.91 2.20 1.51 1.74 2.01 2.33 1.15 1.33 1.54 1.77 

2016 1.21 1.41 1.65 1.92 1.48 1.73 2.02 2.36 1.46 1.71 2.00 2.33 1.54 1.80 2.10 2.45 1.16 1.36 1.58 1.85 

2017 1.24 1.46 1.72 2.02 1.51 1.79 2.11 2.48 1.50 1.77 2.08 2.45 1.57 1.86 2.19 2.58 1.17 1.38 1.63 1.92 

2018 1.26 1.50 1.78 2.12 1.56 1.86 2.21 2.63 1.54 1.83 2.18 2.59 1.61 1.92 2.28 2.71 1.18 1.41 1.68 2.00 

2019 1.27 1.53 1.84 2.20 1.61 1.94 2.33 2.79 1.58 1.90 2.28 2.73 1.66 1.99 2.40 2.87 1.20 1.44 1.73 2.07 

2020 1.29 1.56 1.90 2.30 1.66 2.01 2.44 2.96 1.62 1.97 2.39 2.89 1.71 2.08 2.52 3.05 1.21 1.47 1.78 2.16 

2021 1.31 1.61 1.97 2.41 1.70 2.09 2.55 3.12 1.66 2.04 2.50 3.05 1.75 2.15 2.63 3.22 1.22 1.50 1.83 2.24 

2022 1.34 1.66 2.05 2.53 1.74 2.15 2.67 3.29 1.70 2.11 2.61 3.22 1.80 2.23 2.75 3.40 1.24 1.54 1.91 2.35 

2023 1.36 1.71 2.13 2.66 1.78 2.23 2.78 3.47 1.75 2.18 2.73 3.40 1.84 2.31 2.88 3.59 1.26 1.57 1.96 2.45 

2024 1.39 1.76 2.22 2.79 1.82 2.30 2.90 3.65 1.79 2.27 2.86 3.59 1.89 2.39 3.01 3.79 1.28 1.62 2.04 2.57 

2025 1.42 1.81 2.31 2.93 1.86 2.38 3.03 3.85 1.84 2.35 2.99 3.80 1.94 2.47 3.15 4.00 1.29 1.65 2.10 2.67 

2026 1.45 1.87 2.40 3.08 1.90 2.45 3.15 4.04 1.89 2.44 3.13 4.01 1.99 2.56 3.29 4.22 1.32 1.70 2.19 2.80 

2027 1.48 1.92 2.49 3.23 1.95 2.54 3.29 4.26 1.94 2.52 3.28 4.24 2.04 2.65 3.44 4.45 1.35 1.75 2.27 2.94 

2028 1.51 1.98 2.59 3.39 1.99 2.62 3.43 4.49 1.99 2.62 3.43 4.48 2.09 2.74 3.60 4.70 1.37 1.80 2.36 3.09 

2029 1.54 2.04 2.70 3.56 2.04 2.71 3.58 4.73 2.04 2.71 3.59 4.74 2.14 2.84 3.76 4.96 1.40 1.86 2.46 3.25 

2030 1.57 2.10 2.81 3.74 2.09 2.80 3.74 4.98 2.10 2.81 3.76 5.01 2.20 2.94 3.93 5.24 1.43 1.91 2.56 3.41 
51

Table S-3. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type. 

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, 

 Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, 

 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL---------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 

2002 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 

2003 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.14 

2004 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.19 

2005 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.16 1.21 1.27 1.34 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.24 

2006 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.28 1.19 1.26 1.33 1.41 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.10 1.17 1.24 1.31 

2007 1.10 1.18 1.26 1.35 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.18 1.27 1.35 1.45 1.13 1.20 1.29 1.38 

2008 1.12 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.25 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.14 1.24 1.34 1.44 

2009 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.28 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.60 1.16 1.27 1.38 1.51 

2010 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.31 1.45 1.60 1.76 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.68 1.18 1.30 1.43 1.58 

2011 1.17 1.30 1.45 1.61 1.34 1.49 1.66 1.84 1.29 1.43 1.59 1.77 1.20 1.33 1.48 1.65 

2012 1.18 1.33 1.49 1.68 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.32 1.48 1.67 1.87 1.22 1.37 1.54 1.72 

2013 1.20 1.37 1.55 1.76 1.40 1.59 1.81 2.04 1.35 1.53 1.73 1.96 1.24 1.40 1.59 1.80 

2014 1.23 1.41 1.62 1.85 1.44 1.65 1.89 2.16 1.37 1.57 1.80 2.06 1.26 1.44 1.65 1.89 

2015 1.26 1.46 1.69 1.95 1.47 1.71 1.97 2.28 1.40 1.62 1.88 2.17 1.28 1.48 1.71 1.98 

2016 1.29 1.51 1.76 2.05 1.51 1.76 2.06 2.40 1.43 1.68 1.96 2.28 1.30 1.52 1.77 2.07 

2017 1.32 1.55 1.83 2.16 1.54 1.82 2.14 2.52 1.47 1.73 2.04 2.40 1.32 1.56 1.84 2.17 

2018 1.35 1.61 1.91 2.27 1.59 1.89 2.25 2.67 1.50 1.79 2.13 2.53 1.35 1.60 1.91 2.27 

2019 1.37 1.65 1.99 2.38 1.63 1.96 2.36 2.83 1.54 1.85 2.23 2.67 1.37 1.65 1.98 2.37 

2020 1.40 1.70 2.07 2.50 1.68 2.04 2.47 3.00 1.58 1.92 2.33 2.82 1.40 1.70 2.06 2.49 

2021 1.43 1.75 2.15 2.63 1.72 2.11 2.58 3.16 1.61 1.98 2.42 2.96 1.43 1.75 2.14 2.62 

2022 1.46 1.81 2.23 2.76 1.76 2.18 2.69 3.32 1.65 2.04 2.52 3.12 1.46 1.80 2.23 2.75 

2023 1.49 1.86 2.32 2.90 1.80 2.25 2.81 3.50 1.68 2.10 2.63 3.28 1.49 1.86 2.33 2.90 

2024 1.52 1.92 2.42 3.04 1.84 2.32 2.93 3.68 1.72 2.17 2.74 3.44 1.52 1.93 2.43 3.06 

2025 1.55 1.97 2.51 3.19 1.88 2.40 3.05 3.87 1.75 2.24 2.85 3.62 1.56 1.99 2.53 3.22 

2026 1.58 2.03 2.61 3.35 1.92 2.47 3.18 4.08 1.79 2.31 2.97 3.81 1.60 2.06 2.64 3.39 

2027 1.61 2.09 2.72 3.52 1.96 2.55 3.31 4.29 1.83 2.38 3.09 4.00 1.63 2.12 2.76 3.57 

2028 1.64 2.16 2.83 3.70 2.01 2.64 3.46 4.52 1.87 2.46 3.22 4.21 1.67 2.19 2.88 3.76 

2029 1.67 2.22 2.94 3.88 2.05 2.72 3.60 4.75 1.91 2.53 3.35 4.42 1.71 2.27 3.00 3.96 

2030 1.71 2.29 3.06 4.07 2.09 2.81 3.75 5.00 1.95 2.61 3.49 4.65 1.75 2.34 3.13 4.17 
52

 Table S-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,

 Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 ----------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL----------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 

2002 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 

2003 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.18 1.06 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 

2004 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.06 1.11 1.15 1.19 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 

2005 1.03 1.09 1.14 1.19 1.14 1.20 1.25 1.32 1.11 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.20 

2006 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.14 1.21 1.28 1.36 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.33 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.26 

2007 1.08 1.15 1.23 1.32 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.47 1.17 1.25 1.34 1.43 1.15 1.23 1.31 1.40 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.30 

2008 1.09 1.18 1.28 1.38 1.24 1.34 1.45 1.56 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.48 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 

2009 1.10 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.28 1.40 1.53 1.66 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.59 1.20 1.30 1.42 1.55 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.42 

2010 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.50 1.31 1.45 1.59 1.75 1.25 1.38 1.52 1.68 1.21 1.34 1.47 1.62 1.11 1.22 1.34 1.48 

2011 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.34 1.49 1.66 1.84 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.77 1.24 1.38 1.53 1.70 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.54 

2012 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.62 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.31 1.48 1.66 1.86 1.26 1.42 1.60 1.79 1.13 1.27 1.42 1.59 

2013 1.16 1.32 1.49 1.69 1.40 1.59 1.81 2.05 1.35 1.53 1.73 1.96 1.29 1.46 1.66 1.88 1.14 1.29 1.47 1.66 

2014 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.78 1.44 1.65 1.89 2.16 1.38 1.58 1.81 2.07 1.32 1.51 1.73 1.98 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.73 

2015 1.21 1.41 1.62 1.88 1.48 1.72 1.98 2.29 1.42 1.64 1.89 2.19 1.34 1.56 1.80 2.08 1.17 1.35 1.56 1.80 

2016 1.24 1.45 1.69 1.97 1.52 1.77 2.07 2.41 1.45 1.70 1.98 2.31 1.37 1.60 1.87 2.18 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.88 

2017 1.26 1.49 1.76 2.07 1.56 1.84 2.17 2.55 1.49 1.75 2.07 2.43 1.40 1.65 1.95 2.29 1.20 1.41 1.66 1.96 

2018 1.29 1.54 1.83 2.18 1.61 1.92 2.28 2.71 1.52 1.82 2.16 2.57 1.43 1.70 2.02 2.40 1.21 1.44 1.72 2.04 

2019 1.32 1.58 1.90 2.28 1.66 2.00 2.40 2.88 1.56 1.88 2.26 2.71 1.45 1.75 2.10 2.52 1.23 1.49 1.79 2.14 

2020 1.34 1.63 1.98 2.40 1.71 2.08 2.53 3.06 1.60 1.95 2.36 2.86 1.49 1.81 2.19 2.65 1.25 1.52 1.84 2.23 

2021 1.37 1.68 2.06 2.52 1.76 2.16 2.64 3.23 1.64 2.01 2.46 3.01 1.52 1.87 2.29 2.80 1.26 1.55 1.90 2.32 

2022 1.40 1.73 2.14 2.65 1.80 2.23 2.76 3.40 1.68 2.08 2.58 3.18 1.56 1.93 2.39 2.95 1.29 1.60 1.98 2.44 

2023 1.43 1.79 2.23 2.78 1.84 2.30 2.88 3.59 1.72 2.16 2.70 3.36 1.59 1.99 2.49 3.10 1.31 1.63 2.04 2.54 

2024 1.46 1.84 2.32 2.92 1.88 2.38 3.00 3.78 1.77 2.24 2.82 3.55 1.63 2.06 2.60 3.27 1.33 1.68 2.12 2.67 

2025 1.48 1.89 2.41 3.06 1.93 2.46 3.13 3.98 1.82 2.32 2.95 3.75 1.67 2.13 2.71 3.45 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.78 

2026 1.51 1.95 2.51 3.22 1.97 2.54 3.27 4.19 1.86 2.40 3.09 3.96 1.71 2.20 2.83 3.63 1.37 1.77 2.28 2.92 

2027 1.54 2.01 2.61 3.38 2.02 2.63 3.41 4.41 1.91 2.49 3.23 4.18 1.75 2.28 2.96 3.83 1.40 1.82 2.37 3.07 

2028 1.58 2.07 2.71 3.55 2.06 2.71 3.56 4.65 1.96 2.58 3.38 4.41 1.79 2.35 3.08 4.03 1.43 1.88 2.46 3.22 

2029 1.61 2.13 2.82 3.72 2.11 2.80 3.71 4.90 2.00 2.66 3.52 4.65 1.83 2.43 3.22 4.25 1.46 1.94 2.56 3.38 

2030 1.64 2.20 2.93 3.91 2.16 2.90 3.87 5.16 2.06 2.76 3.68 4.91 1.88 2.51 3.36 4.48 1.49 1.99 2.66 3.55
53

Table S-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,

 Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina,

 Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -----------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL--------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------- 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 

2002 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 

2003 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.06 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 

2004 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.15 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.23 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.15 

2005 1.03 1.09 1.14 1.20 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.15 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.03 1.08 1.14 1.19 

2006 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.39 1.14 1.21 1.28 1.36 1.20 1.28 1.35 1.43 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.25 

2007 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.32 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.17 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.26 1.35 1.44 1.54 1.06 1.14 1.21 1.30 

2008 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.39 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.52 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.65 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 

2009 1.11 1.21 1.32 1.44 1.27 1.39 1.52 1.65 1.23 1.34 1.47 1.60 1.35 1.47 1.60 1.75 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.41 

2010 1.13 1.25 1.37 1.51 1.30 1.44 1.58 1.74 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.68 1.38 1.52 1.68 1.85 1.10 1.21 1.34 1.47 

2011 1.14 1.27 1.41 1.57 1.33 1.48 1.64 1.83 1.29 1.43 1.60 1.77 1.42 1.59 1.76 1.96 1.11 1.23 1.37 1.52 

2012 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.36 1.53 1.72 1.93 1.32 1.48 1.66 1.87 1.47 1.65 1.85 2.08 1.12 1.26 1.42 1.59 

2013 1.16 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.03 1.35 1.54 1.74 1.97 1.51 1.72 1.94 2.20 1.14 1.29 1.46 1.66 

2014 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.79 1.43 1.64 1.88 2.15 1.39 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.56 1.79 2.05 2.34 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.73 

2015 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.88 1.47 1.70 1.97 2.27 1.42 1.65 1.90 2.20 1.61 1.86 2.15 2.48 1.16 1.35 1.56 1.80 

2016 1.24 1.45 1.69 1.97 1.51 1.76 2.05 2.39 1.46 1.71 1.99 2.32 1.66 1.94 2.26 2.63 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.88 

2017 1.26 1.49 1.76 2.07 1.54 1.82 2.15 2.53 1.50 1.77 2.08 2.45 1.70 2.01 2.37 2.79 1.19 1.41 1.66 1.95 

2018 1.29 1.54 1.83 2.18 1.59 1.90 2.26 2.69 1.53 1.83 2.17 2.58 1.75 2.09 2.48 2.95 1.21 1.44 1.71 2.04 

2019 1.32 1.58 1.90 2.28 1.64 1.98 2.38 2.85 1.57 1.89 2.27 2.72 1.80 2.16 2.60 3.12 1.22 1.47 1.77 2.12 

2020 1.34 1.63 1.98 2.40 1.70 2.06 2.50 3.03 1.61 1.96 2.37 2.87 1.85 2.25 2.73 3.31 1.25 1.52 1.84 2.23 

2021 1.37 1.68 2.06 2.52 1.74 2.14 2.62 3.20 1.65 2.03 2.48 3.04 1.90 2.34 2.86 3.50 1.26 1.55 1.90 2.32 

2022 1.40 1.74 2.15 2.65 1.78 2.21 2.73 3.37 1.69 2.09 2.59 3.20 1.95 2.42 2.99 3.70 1.29 1.60 1.97 2.44 

2023 1.43 1.79 2.23 2.78 1.82 2.28 2.85 3.55 1.73 2.17 2.71 3.38 2.00 2.51 3.13 3.90 1.30 1.63 2.04 2.54 

2024 1.46 1.84 2.32 2.92 1.87 2.36 2.97 3.74 1.78 2.25 2.84 3.57 2.06 2.60 3.28 4.12 1.33 1.68 2.12 2.67 

2025 1.49 1.90 2.41 3.07 1.91 2.44 3.10 3.94 1.83 2.33 2.97 3.77 2.11 2.69 3.43 4.36 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.78 

2026 1.52 1.95 2.51 3.22 1.95 2.51 3.23 4.14 1.87 2.41 3.10 3.98 2.17 2.79 3.59 4.60 1.37 1.77 2.27 2.92 

2027 1.55 2.01 2.61 3.38 2.00 2.60 3.37 4.37 1.92 2.50 3.25 4.20 2.22 2.89 3.75 4.86 1.40 1.82 2.37 3.06 

2028 1.58 2.07 2.72 3.55 2.04 2.69 3.52 4.60 1.97 2.59 3.40 4.44 2.28 3.00 3.93 5.13 1.43 1.88 2.46 3.22 

2029 1.61 2.13 2.82 3.73 2.09 2.77 3.67 4.85 2.02 2.69 3.55 4.69 2.34 3.10 4.11 5.42 1.46 1.93 2.56 3.38 

2030 1.64 2.20 2.94 3.91 2.14 2.87 3.83 5.11 2.08 2.78 3.72 4.95 2.40 3.21 4.30 5.72 1.49 1.99 2.66 3.55 
54

Table S-4. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, 

 Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 ---------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL-------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 

2002 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.14 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 

2003 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.18 

2004 1.07 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.13 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.28 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.25 

2005 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.17 1.22 1.28 1.35 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 

2006 1.10 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.42 1.20 1.27 1.35 1.43 1.17 1.24 1.32 1.39 

2007 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.38 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.23 1.32 1.41 1.51 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.47 

2008 1.16 1.25 1.35 1.46 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.56 1.26 1.36 1.47 1.59 1.22 1.32 1.43 1.54 

2009 1.18 1.29 1.41 1.54 1.26 1.38 1.50 1.64 1.29 1.41 1.54 1.67 1.24 1.36 1.48 1.62 

2010 1.21 1.33 1.46 1.61 1.29 1.42 1.56 1.72 1.32 1.46 1.60 1.76 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.69 

2011 1.23 1.37 1.52 1.69 1.32 1.47 1.64 1.82 1.35 1.50 1.67 1.86 1.29 1.43 1.59 1.77 

2012 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.77 1.35 1.51 1.70 1.91 1.38 1.56 1.75 1.96 1.30 1.47 1.65 1.85 

2013 1.27 1.45 1.64 1.86 1.37 1.55 1.76 1.99 1.42 1.61 1.83 2.07 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.92 

2014 1.29 1.48 1.70 1.94 1.39 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.45 1.66 1.90 2.18 1.34 1.53 1.75 2.01 

2015 1.31 1.52 1.76 2.03 1.41 1.63 1.89 2.18 1.49 1.73 1.99 2.30 1.35 1.57 1.81 2.09 

2016 1.34 1.56 1.82 2.12 1.44 1.68 1.97 2.29 1.52 1.78 2.08 2.42 1.37 1.60 1.87 2.18 

2017 1.35 1.60 1.88 2.22 1.47 1.74 2.05 2.41 1.56 1.84 2.17 2.55 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.27 

2018 1.37 1.64 1.95 2.31 1.51 1.79 2.14 2.54 1.59 1.90 2.26 2.69 1.41 1.68 2.00 2.38 

2019 1.40 1.68 2.02 2.42 1.54 1.85 2.22 2.67 1.64 1.97 2.37 2.84 1.43 1.73 2.07 2.49 

2020 1.42 1.72 2.09 2.53 1.57 1.91 2.32 2.80 1.67 2.03 2.47 2.99 1.46 1.78 2.16 2.61 

2021 1.44 1.77 2.17 2.65 1.60 1.97 2.41 2.95 1.71 2.10 2.57 3.14 1.50 1.84 2.25 2.75 

2022 1.47 1.83 2.26 2.79 1.64 2.03 2.51 3.10 1.75 2.16 2.68 3.30 1.53 1.90 2.35 2.90 

2023 1.50 1.88 2.35 2.93 1.68 2.10 2.62 3.27 1.78 2.23 2.79 3.47 1.56 1.96 2.44 3.05 

2024 1.53 1.94 2.44 3.07 1.71 2.17 2.73 3.44 1.82 2.30 2.90 3.65 1.60 2.02 2.55 3.21 

2025 1.56 1.99 2.54 3.23 1.75 2.24 2.85 3.62 1.86 2.37 3.02 3.84 1.64 2.09 2.66 3.38 

2026 1.59 2.05 2.64 3.39 1.79 2.31 2.97 3.81 1.90 2.45 3.15 4.04 1.68 2.16 2.78 3.56 

2027 1.63 2.12 2.75 3.56 1.83 2.39 3.10 4.01 1.94 2.53 3.28 4.24 1.72 2.23 2.90 3.75 

2028 1.66 2.18 2.86 3.74 1.87 2.46 3.23 4.22 1.98 2.60 3.41 4.46 1.75 2.31 3.02 3.95 

2029 1.69 2.25 2.97 3.92 1.91 2.54 3.36 4.44 2.02 2.69 3.55 4.69 1.80 2.38 3.15 4.16 

2030 1.73 2.31 3.09 4.12 1.96 2.62 3.51 4.67 2.07 2.77 3.70 4.93 1.84 2.46 3.29 4.38 
55

 Table S-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,

 Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 ---------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL-----------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 

2002 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 

2003 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.20 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.13 

2004 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.17 

2005 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.14 1.20 1.25 1.32 1.13 1.19 1.24 1.31 1.17 1.23 1.29 1.35 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.22 

2006 1.02 1.08 1.15 1.21 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.20 1.27 1.35 1.43 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.27 

2007 1.04 1.11 1.19 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.46 1.19 1.27 1.36 1.46 1.24 1.32 1.42 1.51 1.08 1.15 1.23 1.32 

2008 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.22 1.32 1.42 1.53 1.22 1.32 1.43 1.54 1.27 1.37 1.48 1.60 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.39 

2009 1.07 1.17 1.28 1.39 1.25 1.36 1.49 1.62 1.25 1.37 1.49 1.63 1.30 1.42 1.55 1.68 1.11 1.21 1.32 1.44 

2010 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.47 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.28 1.42 1.56 1.72 1.32 1.46 1.60 1.77 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.50 

2011 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.30 1.45 1.61 1.79 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.81 1.35 1.50 1.67 1.85 1.14 1.26 1.41 1.56 

2012 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.32 1.49 1.67 1.88 1.35 1.52 1.71 1.92 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.63 

2013 1.17 1.33 1.51 1.71 1.34 1.53 1.73 1.96 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.02 1.39 1.58 1.79 2.03 1.17 1.32 1.50 1.70 

2014 1.20 1.37 1.57 1.80 1.36 1.56 1.79 2.05 1.42 1.63 1.86 2.13 1.41 1.61 1.85 2.11 1.18 1.35 1.55 1.77 

2015 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.88 1.39 1.61 1.86 2.14 1.46 1.69 1.95 2.25 1.43 1.65 1.91 2.21 1.20 1.38 1.60 1.85 

2016 1.24 1.45 1.69 1.97 1.42 1.66 1.94 2.26 1.50 1.75 2.04 2.38 1.45 1.69 1.98 2.30 1.21 1.42 1.65 1.93 

2017 1.26 1.48 1.75 2.06 1.45 1.71 2.02 2.37 1.54 1.81 2.14 2.51 1.47 1.74 2.05 2.41 1.22 1.44 1.69 1.99 

2018 1.27 1.52 1.80 2.14 1.48 1.77 2.10 2.50 1.57 1.87 2.23 2.65 1.50 1.79 2.13 2.53 1.23 1.47 1.75 2.08 

2019 1.29 1.55 1.86 2.23 1.52 1.83 2.20 2.63 1.61 1.94 2.33 2.80 1.53 1.84 2.21 2.65 1.25 1.50 1.81 2.17 

2020 1.30 1.59 1.92 2.33 1.56 1.89 2.30 2.78 1.65 2.01 2.44 2.95 1.56 1.90 2.30 2.79 1.26 1.53 1.85 2.24 

2021 1.33 1.63 2.00 2.44 1.59 1.96 2.40 2.93 1.69 2.08 2.54 3.11 1.60 1.96 2.40 2.93 1.28 1.57 1.92 2.35 

2022 1.36 1.68 2.08 2.56 1.63 2.02 2.50 3.09 1.74 2.15 2.66 3.28 1.63 2.03 2.51 3.09 1.30 1.61 1.99 2.45 

2023 1.38 1.73 2.16 2.69 1.67 2.09 2.61 3.25 1.78 2.23 2.78 3.47 1.67 2.09 2.62 3.26 1.32 1.65 2.07 2.58 

2024 1.41 1.78 2.25 2.83 1.71 2.16 2.72 3.42 1.83 2.31 2.91 3.66 1.71 2.16 2.73 3.43 1.34 1.69 2.13 2.68 

2025 1.44 1.84 2.34 2.97 1.75 2.23 2.84 3.61 1.87 2.39 3.05 3.87 1.75 2.24 2.85 3.62 1.37 1.74 2.22 2.82 

2026 1.47 1.89 2.43 3.12 1.79 2.30 2.96 3.80 1.92 2.48 3.19 4.09 1.79 2.31 2.97 3.81 1.39 1.79 2.31 2.96 

2027 1.50 1.95 2.53 3.27 1.83 2.38 3.09 4.00 1.97 2.57 3.33 4.32 1.84 2.39 3.10 4.02 1.42 1.85 2.40 3.11 

2028 1.53 2.01 2.63 3.44 1.87 2.46 3.23 4.22 2.02 2.65 3.48 4.55 1.88 2.47 3.24 4.23 1.45 1.90 2.50 3.26 

2029 1.56 2.07 2.73 3.61 1.92 2.54 3.37 4.44 2.07 2.75 3.64 4.80 1.92 2.55 3.38 4.46 1.48 1.96 2.60 3.43 

2030 1.59 2.13 2.84 3.79 1.96 2.63 3.51 4.68 2.12 2.85 3.80 5.07 1.97 2.64 3.53 4.70 1.51 2.02 2.70 3.60 
56

Table S-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

 by end-use sector and fuel type.

 Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana,

 Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 --------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL-----------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ----------------------- 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 

2002 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 

2003 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.16 1.20 1.23 1.27 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.16 

2004 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.11 1.16 1.20 1.25 1.23 1.28 1.33 1.39 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.21 

2005 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.30 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.25 

2006 1.00 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.17 1.24 1.32 1.40 1.36 1.45 1.53 1.62 1.10 1.16 1.23 1.30 

2007 1.01 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.46 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.47 1.42 1.52 1.63 1.74 1.11 1.19 1.27 1.36 

2008 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.22 1.32 1.42 1.54 1.24 1.34 1.45 1.56 1.47 1.59 1.72 1.86 1.12 1.22 1.31 1.42 

2009 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.34 1.25 1.37 1.49 1.62 1.27 1.39 1.51 1.65 1.52 1.66 1.81 1.97 1.13 1.24 1.35 1.47 

2010 1.06 1.16 1.28 1.41 1.27 1.40 1.55 1.70 1.30 1.44 1.58 1.74 1.56 1.72 1.89 2.08 1.15 1.27 1.40 1.54 

2011 1.07 1.19 1.33 1.47 1.30 1.45 1.61 1.79 1.34 1.49 1.66 1.84 1.60 1.78 1.98 2.20 1.17 1.30 1.45 1.61 

2012 1.09 1.23 1.38 1.55 1.32 1.49 1.67 1.87 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.63 1.84 2.06 2.31 1.18 1.33 1.49 1.68 

2013 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.62 1.34 1.52 1.73 1.96 1.41 1.60 1.81 2.05 1.66 1.89 2.14 2.42 1.20 1.36 1.54 1.75 

2014 1.13 1.30 1.48 1.70 1.37 1.57 1.79 2.05 1.44 1.65 1.89 2.16 1.68 1.93 2.21 2.53 1.21 1.38 1.58 1.81 

2015 1.15 1.33 1.53 1.77 1.39 1.61 1.86 2.15 1.48 1.71 1.98 2.29 1.72 1.99 2.30 2.65 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.88 

2016 1.16 1.36 1.59 1.85 1.42 1.66 1.94 2.26 1.52 1.77 2.07 2.41 1.75 2.05 2.39 2.79 1.24 1.44 1.69 1.96 

2017 1.18 1.39 1.64 1.93 1.45 1.71 2.02 2.38 1.55 1.83 2.16 2.54 1.79 2.11 2.49 2.93 1.25 1.48 1.74 2.05 

2018 1.19 1.42 1.69 2.01 1.49 1.77 2.11 2.50 1.59 1.90 2.26 2.68 1.83 2.18 2.59 3.08 1.26 1.50 1.78 2.12 

2019 1.20 1.45 1.74 2.09 1.52 1.83 2.20 2.64 1.63 1.97 2.36 2.83 1.87 2.25 2.71 3.24 1.27 1.53 1.84 2.21 

2020 1.22 1.48 1.80 2.18 1.56 1.90 2.30 2.79 1.67 2.03 2.47 2.98 1.92 2.34 2.84 3.44 1.28 1.55 1.88 2.28 

2021 1.24 1.53 1.87 2.29 1.60 1.96 2.40 2.94 1.71 2.10 2.58 3.15 1.97 2.42 2.97 3.63 1.30 1.60 1.96 2.40 

2022 1.27 1.57 1.94 2.40 1.63 2.03 2.51 3.09 1.76 2.18 2.70 3.33 2.03 2.51 3.10 3.83 1.32 1.64 2.02 2.50 

2023 1.29 1.62 2.02 2.52 1.67 2.09 2.61 3.26 1.80 2.26 2.82 3.51 2.08 2.60 3.25 4.05 1.35 1.68 2.10 2.62 

2024 1.32 1.67 2.10 2.65 1.71 2.16 2.73 3.43 1.85 2.34 2.95 3.71 2.13 2.69 3.40 4.27 1.36 1.72 2.17 2.73 

2025 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.78 1.75 2.24 2.85 3.62 1.90 2.42 3.08 3.92 2.19 2.79 3.55 4.51 1.39 1.77 2.26 2.87 

2026 1.37 1.77 2.28 2.92 1.79 2.31 2.97 3.81 1.94 2.50 3.22 4.13 2.24 2.89 3.71 4.76 1.42 1.83 2.35 3.01 

2027 1.40 1.82 2.37 3.06 1.83 2.39 3.10 4.01 1.99 2.59 3.36 4.36 2.30 2.99 3.88 5.03 1.45 1.88 2.44 3.16 

2028 1.43 1.88 2.46 3.22 1.87 2.46 3.23 4.22 2.04 2.68 3.52 4.60 2.36 3.10 4.06 5.31 1.47 1.94 2.54 3.32 

2029 1.46 1.93 2.56 3.38 1.92 2.54 3.37 4.44 2.09 2.78 3.68 4.85 2.42 3.21 4.25 5.60 1.50 2.00 2.64 3.48 

2030 1.49 1.99 2.66 3.55 1.96 2.63 3.51 4.68 2.15 2.88 3.85 5.13 2.48 3.32 4.44 5.92 1.53 2.06 2.75 3.66
57

Table S-5. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

by end-use sector and fuel type.

 United States Average

 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 --------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL--------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 

2002 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 

2003 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.12 1.11 1.14 1.17 1.21 1.09 1.12 1.16 1.19 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.16 

2004 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.13 1.18 1.22 1.27 1.12 1.16 1.21 1.25 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.22 

2005 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.21 1.16 1.22 1.28 1.34 1.14 1.20 1.26 1.32 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.28 

2006 1.07 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.19 1.26 1.33 1.41 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.35 

2007 1.09 1.17 1.25 1.34 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.19 1.27 1.36 1.46 1.16 1.24 1.33 1.42 

2008 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.25 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.22 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.18 1.27 1.38 1.49 

2009 1.12 1.22 1.33 1.45 1.28 1.40 1.53 1.67 1.25 1.36 1.48 1.62 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.56 

2010 1.14 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.31 1.45 1.59 1.75 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.70 1.22 1.34 1.48 1.63 

2011 1.16 1.29 1.43 1.59 1.34 1.49 1.66 1.84 1.30 1.44 1.61 1.78 1.24 1.38 1.53 1.70 

2012 1.18 1.32 1.48 1.67 1.37 1.54 1.73 1.94 1.33 1.50 1.68 1.88 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.78 

2013 1.20 1.36 1.54 1.75 1.40 1.59 1.80 2.04 1.36 1.54 1.75 1.98 1.28 1.45 1.64 1.86 

2014 1.22 1.40 1.61 1.84 1.43 1.64 1.88 2.15 1.38 1.59 1.82 2.08 1.30 1.49 1.70 1.94 

2015 1.25 1.45 1.68 1.93 1.47 1.70 1.96 2.26 1.42 1.64 1.90 2.19 1.32 1.52 1.76 2.03 

2016 1.28 1.49 1.74 2.03 1.50 1.75 2.04 2.38 1.45 1.69 1.98 2.31 1.34 1.56 1.82 2.12 

2017 1.30 1.53 1.81 2.13 1.53 1.80 2.12 2.50 1.48 1.75 2.06 2.43 1.36 1.60 1.89 2.22 

2018 1.33 1.58 1.88 2.24 1.56 1.86 2.21 2.63 1.52 1.81 2.15 2.56 1.38 1.65 1.96 2.33 

2019 1.35 1.63 1.95 2.34 1.60 1.92 2.31 2.77 1.56 1.87 2.25 2.70 1.41 1.69 2.03 2.44 

2020 1.37 1.67 2.03 2.45 1.63 1.98 2.41 2.92 1.60 1.94 2.35 2.85 1.43 1.74 2.11 2.56 

2021 1.40 1.72 2.11 2.57 1.67 2.05 2.51 3.07 1.63 2.00 2.45 3.00 1.47 1.80 2.20 2.69 

2022 1.43 1.77 2.19 2.70 1.71 2.12 2.62 3.23 1.67 2.06 2.55 3.15 1.50 1.86 2.30 2.84 

2023 1.46 1.82 2.28 2.84 1.75 2.18 2.73 3.40 1.70 2.13 2.66 3.31 1.53 1.92 2.40 2.99 

2024 1.49 1.88 2.37 2.98 1.79 2.26 2.84 3.58 1.74 2.20 2.77 3.48 1.57 1.98 2.50 3.15 

2025 1.52 1.93 2.46 3.13 1.83 2.33 2.97 3.77 1.78 2.27 2.88 3.66 1.61 2.05 2.61 3.31 

2026 1.55 1.99 2.56 3.28 1.86 2.40 3.09 3.96 1.81 2.34 3.00 3.85 1.64 2.12 2.72 3.49 

2027 1.58 2.05 2.66 3.45 1.91 2.48 3.22 4.17 1.85 2.41 3.13 4.05 1.68 2.19 2.84 3.68 

2028 1.61 2.11 2.77 3.62 1.95 2.56 3.36 4.39 1.89 2.48 3.26 4.26 1.72 2.26 2.96 3.87 

2029 1.64 2.18 2.88 3.80 1.99 2.64 3.50 4.62 1.93 2.56 3.39 4.48 1.76 2.34 3.09 4.08 

2030 1.67 2.24 3.00 3.99 2.04 2.73 3.65 4.86 1.97 2.64 3.53 4.71 1.80 2.41 3.22 4.30 

 
58

 Table S-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

by end-use sector and fuel type.

United States Average

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 ----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL----------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 

2002 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 

2003 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.03 1.06 1.10 1.13 

2004 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.24 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.04 1.08 1.13 1.17 

2005 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22 

2006 1.02 1.08 1.15 1.22 1.16 1.23 1.31 1.38 1.16 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.15 1.22 1.30 1.37 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.26 

2007 1.04 1.11 1.19 1.27 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.46 1.19 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.08 1.15 1.23 1.32 

2008 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.55 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.53 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.53 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.37 

2009 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.36 1.27 1.38 1.51 1.64 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.61 1.23 1.34 1.47 1.60 1.10 1.20 1.31 1.42 

2010 1.07 1.18 1.30 1.43 1.30 1.43 1.57 1.73 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.69 1.25 1.38 1.52 1.67 1.11 1.22 1.35 1.48 

2011 1.08 1.20 1.34 1.49 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.81 1.29 1.44 1.60 1.78 1.28 1.42 1.58 1.75 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.55 

2012 1.09 1.23 1.38 1.55 1.35 1.52 1.70 1.91 1.32 1.49 1.67 1.87 1.30 1.46 1.64 1.84 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.61 

2013 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.62 1.38 1.57 1.78 2.02 1.35 1.53 1.74 1.97 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.93 1.15 1.30 1.47 1.67 

2014 1.14 1.30 1.49 1.71 1.41 1.62 1.85 2.12 1.38 1.58 1.81 2.07 1.35 1.54 1.77 2.02 1.16 1.33 1.52 1.74 

2015 1.16 1.35 1.56 1.80 1.45 1.68 1.94 2.24 1.42 1.64 1.90 2.19 1.37 1.59 1.83 2.12 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.81 

2016 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.88 1.48 1.73 2.02 2.36 1.45 1.69 1.98 2.30 1.40 1.63 1.90 2.22 1.19 1.39 1.62 1.89 

2017 1.21 1.42 1.68 1.97 1.51 1.79 2.10 2.48 1.49 1.75 2.07 2.43 1.42 1.68 1.98 2.33 1.20 1.42 1.67 1.97 

2018 1.23 1.46 1.74 2.07 1.55 1.85 2.20 2.61 1.52 1.81 2.16 2.56 1.45 1.73 2.06 2.45 1.21 1.44 1.72 2.04 

2019 1.25 1.50 1.80 2.16 1.59 1.91 2.30 2.76 1.56 1.88 2.25 2.70 1.48 1.78 2.14 2.57 1.22 1.47 1.77 2.12 

2020 1.27 1.54 1.87 2.27 1.63 1.99 2.41 2.92 1.60 1.94 2.36 2.85 1.52 1.84 2.24 2.71 1.24 1.51 1.83 2.21 

2021 1.30 1.59 1.95 2.38 1.67 2.05 2.51 3.07 1.63 2.00 2.46 3.00 1.55 1.91 2.33 2.85 1.26 1.55 1.90 2.32 

2022 1.32 1.64 2.03 2.50 1.71 2.12 2.62 3.24 1.67 2.08 2.57 3.17 1.59 1.97 2.43 3.00 1.28 1.59 1.96 2.42 

2023 1.35 1.69 2.11 2.63 1.75 2.19 2.74 3.41 1.72 2.15 2.68 3.34 1.62 2.03 2.54 3.16 1.31 1.63 2.04 2.54 

2024 1.38 1.74 2.19 2.76 1.79 2.27 2.86 3.59 1.76 2.22 2.81 3.53 1.66 2.10 2.65 3.33 1.32 1.67 2.11 2.65 

2025 1.40 1.79 2.28 2.90 1.83 2.34 2.98 3.78 1.80 2.30 2.93 3.72 1.70 2.17 2.76 3.51 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.78 

2026 1.43 1.84 2.37 3.04 1.87 2.42 3.11 3.98 1.85 2.38 3.06 3.92 1.74 2.24 2.89 3.70 1.37 1.77 2.28 2.92 

2027 1.46 1.90 2.47 3.19 1.92 2.50 3.24 4.20 1.89 2.46 3.20 4.14 1.78 2.32 3.01 3.90 1.40 1.83 2.37 3.07 

2028 1.49 1.96 2.56 3.35 1.96 2.58 3.38 4.42 1.94 2.55 3.34 4.37 1.83 2.40 3.14 4.11 1.43 1.88 2.46 3.22 

2029 1.52 2.02 2.67 3.52 2.01 2.67 3.53 4.66 1.99 2.64 3.49 4.61 1.87 2.48 3.28 4.33 1.46 1.94 2.56 3.38 

2030 1.55 2.08 2.77 3.70 2.06 2.76 3.68 4.91 2.04 2.73 3.65 4.86 1.91 2.56 3.42 4.56 1.49 1.99 2.66 3.55 
59

Table S-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2, 3, 4, and 5 percent, 

by end-use sector and fuel type.

United States Average

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2000 = 1.00)

 -----------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL---------------------------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas Coal 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 2% 3% 4% 5% 

2001 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 

2002 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 

2003 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.08 1.11 1.14 1.18 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.12 

2004 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.14 1.11 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.24 1.13 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 

2005 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.31 1.13 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.18 1.24 1.30 1.36 1.04 1.09 1.15 1.20 

2006 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.17 1.24 1.31 1.39 1.15 1.22 1.29 1.37 1.23 1.30 1.38 1.46 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.25 

2007 1.05 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.18 1.27 1.35 1.45 1.28 1.37 1.46 1.56 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.31 

2008 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.55 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.52 1.32 1.43 1.55 1.67 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 

2009 1.07 1.17 1.27 1.39 1.27 1.39 1.51 1.65 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.61 1.36 1.48 1.62 1.76 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.42 

2010 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.45 1.30 1.43 1.57 1.73 1.27 1.40 1.54 1.69 1.39 1.54 1.69 1.86 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.47 

2011 1.10 1.22 1.36 1.51 1.32 1.47 1.63 1.82 1.30 1.44 1.60 1.78 1.43 1.59 1.76 1.96 1.11 1.24 1.37 1.53 

2012 1.11 1.24 1.40 1.57 1.35 1.52 1.71 1.91 1.33 1.49 1.67 1.88 1.46 1.64 1.85 2.07 1.12 1.26 1.42 1.59 

2013 1.12 1.28 1.45 1.64 1.38 1.57 1.78 2.01 1.36 1.54 1.75 1.98 1.50 1.70 1.93 2.19 1.14 1.29 1.46 1.66 

2014 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.73 1.41 1.62 1.85 2.12 1.39 1.60 1.83 2.09 1.54 1.77 2.02 2.31 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.73 

2015 1.18 1.36 1.58 1.82 1.45 1.68 1.94 2.24 1.42 1.65 1.91 2.20 1.58 1.83 2.11 2.44 1.16 1.35 1.56 1.80 

2016 1.20 1.40 1.63 1.90 1.48 1.73 2.02 2.36 1.46 1.71 1.99 2.32 1.62 1.90 2.21 2.58 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.87 

2017 1.22 1.44 1.70 2.00 1.52 1.79 2.11 2.48 1.50 1.77 2.09 2.45 1.66 1.96 2.31 2.72 1.19 1.40 1.66 1.95 

2018 1.24 1.48 1.76 2.09 1.56 1.86 2.21 2.63 1.53 1.83 2.18 2.58 1.71 2.03 2.42 2.88 1.20 1.43 1.71 2.03 

2019 1.26 1.52 1.82 2.19 1.61 1.93 2.32 2.79 1.57 1.89 2.28 2.73 1.75 2.11 2.53 3.04 1.22 1.47 1.76 2.11 

2020 1.28 1.56 1.89 2.29 1.65 2.01 2.44 2.95 1.61 1.96 2.37 2.88 1.81 2.20 2.66 3.23 1.23 1.50 1.82 2.20 

2021 1.31 1.61 1.97 2.41 1.69 2.08 2.54 3.11 1.65 2.03 2.48 3.04 1.85 2.28 2.79 3.41 1.26 1.54 1.89 2.31 

2022 1.34 1.66 2.05 2.53 1.73 2.15 2.65 3.28 1.70 2.10 2.60 3.21 1.90 2.36 2.91 3.60 1.27 1.57 1.95 2.40 

2023 1.36 1.71 2.13 2.65 1.77 2.22 2.77 3.45 1.73 2.17 2.71 3.38 1.95 2.44 3.05 3.80 1.30 1.62 2.02 2.52 

2024 1.39 1.76 2.22 2.79 1.81 2.29 2.89 3.64 1.78 2.25 2.84 3.57 2.00 2.53 3.19 4.01 1.31 1.66 2.09 2.63 

2025 1.42 1.81 2.30 2.93 1.86 2.37 3.02 3.83 1.83 2.33 2.97 3.77 2.05 2.62 3.33 4.24 1.34 1.70 2.17 2.76 

2026 1.45 1.86 2.40 3.07 1.90 2.45 3.15 4.04 1.87 2.41 3.10 3.98 2.10 2.71 3.49 4.47 1.36 1.76 2.26 2.90 

2027 1.48 1.92 2.49 3.23 1.94 2.53 3.28 4.25 1.92 2.50 3.24 4.20 2.16 2.81 3.65 4.72 1.39 1.81 2.35 3.04 

2028 1.50 1.98 2.59 3.39 1.99 2.61 3.43 4.48 1.97 2.59 3.39 4.44 2.21 2.91 3.81 4.99 1.42 1.86 2.44 3.19 

2029 1.53 2.04 2.70 3.56 2.03 2.70 3.57 4.71 2.02 2.68 3.55 4.69 2.27 3.01 3.99 5.26 1.45 1.92 2.54 3.35 

2030 1.57 2.10 2.80 3.74 2.08 2.79 3.72 4.96 2.07 2.78 3.71 4.95 2.33 3.12 4.17 5.56 1.47 1.98 2.64 3.52