NATL INST OF STAND & TECH NIST

Nisr

National Institute of

Standards and Technology

U.S. Department of Commerce

NIST Technical Note 1557

Measurements and Models for the

Wireless Channel in a Ground-Based

Urban Setting in Two Public Safety

Frequency Bands

William F. Young

Kate A. Remley

David W. Matolak

Qian Zhang

Christopher L. Holloway

Chriss Grosvenor

Camillo Gentile

Galen Koepke

Qiong Wu

QC

100

.U5753

No. 1557

2010

NIST Technical Note 1557

Measurements and Models for the Wireless

Channel in a Ground-Based Urban Setting in

Two Public Safety Frequency Bands

William F. Young

Kate A. Remley

David W. Matolak

Qian Zhang

Christopher L. Holloway

Camillo Gentile

Galen Koepke

Qiong Wu

Electromagnetics Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80305

Chriss Grosvenor*

Institute for Telecommunications Science

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80305

January 2011

U.S. Department of Commerce

Gary Locke, Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Patrick D. Gallagher, Director
Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be

identified in this document in order to describe an experimental

procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment

are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1557

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech. Note 1557, 67 pages (January 2011)

CODEN: NTNOEF

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Contents

Executive Summary iv

1. Introduction 1 2. Measurement and Channel Characterization Methods 3

2.1 Wideband Channel Response Measurements 3

2.2 Path Loss and Delay Spread Calculations 4

2.2.1 Path loss 4

2.2.2 Delay Spread Data Processing 5

3. Experiment Set-up and Measurement Uncertainties in Denver, Colorado 7

3.1 Experiment Set-up 7

3.2 Measurement Uncertainties 8

4. Experimental Results 10

4.1 Path Loss Results 10

4.2 Delay Spread Results 1

1

4.2.1 PDP Resultsfor Individual Receive-Transmit Pairings 1

1

4.2.2 Aggregate Power Delay Profde Results 12

4.2.3 Estimated Multipath Component Contribution 13

5. Summary of Results and Conclusion 15

6. References 17

Appendix I: Experiment Setups and Locations 21

Appendix II: 700 MHz Experimental Data 38

Appendix III: 4900 MHz Experimental Data 47

in
Executive Summary

This is another in a series of NIST technical notes (TN) on propagation of radio signals for

emergency-responder communications. Previous technical notes investigated propagation into

large building structures (an apartment complex, hotel, office building, sports stadium, shopping

mall. etc). Three NIST Tech Notes (NIST TN 1540, NIST TN 1541, and NIST TN 1542)

described experiments related to radio propagation in a structure before, during, and after

implosion. Two subsequent Tech Notes (NIST TN 1545 and NIST TN 1546) focused

exclusively on RF propagation into large buildings, without implosion. Those reports were

intended to give emergency responders and system designers a better understanding of what to expect from the radio-propagation environment in disaster situations. The overall goal of this

project is to create a large, public-domain data set describing the attenuation and variability of

radio signals in various building types and environments in the public safety frequency bands.

These studies were funded by the NIST Public Safety Research Laboratory within the Office of

Law Enforcement Standards.

Because the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has recently opened the spectrum

between 764 MHz and 776 MHz for public safety applications, additional measurements were

carried out in the 750 MHz frequency band in a dense urban environment (sometimes called an

"urban canyon"). We also conducted measurements in this urban environment in the 4900 MHz

public safety band (4940 MHz to 4990 MHz represents another licensed public safety band).

These measurements were all "ground-to-ground" with transmitters and receivers at ground level

and pedestrian-height antennas to mimic communications between an incident command post

and a responder on foot.

This report describes measurements conducted in the urban environment with a vector network

analyzer (VNA). The VNA yielded samples of the channel frequency response for multiple

transmitter and receiver locations, and from these frequency responses (or "channel transfer

functions"), channel impulse responses were derived. The channel impulse responses were

analyzed and delay dispersion statistics were gathered for two types of channels: (1) those with a

line-of-sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver; (2) those that were non-line-of-sight

(NLOS). For a given channel type, the average delay spreads in the two bands—the 700 MHz

and 4900 MHz bands—were found to be less than 120 ns for LOS at distances up to 80 m, and

between 50 ns and 240 ns for NLOS conditions for distances between 50 m and 140 m. We also gathered statistics on the distribution of multipath components: their number, their

delays, and their amplitudes. These distributions can be used as parameters for channel models to assess the performance of any type of communication system used in these frequency bands in

these environments.

IV
Measurements and Models for the Wireless Channel in a GroundBased Urban Setting in Two Public Safety Frequency Bands

William F. Young, Kate A. Remley, David W. Matolak, Qian Zhang, Christopher L. Holloway,

Chriss Grosvenor, Camillo Gentile, Galen Koepke, Qiong Wu

Electromagnetics Division

National Institute of Standards and Technology

325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305

We report on measured peer-to-peer (ground-based) wireless channel characteristics for an

urban environment in two public safety frequency bands. Results are based upon measurements

taken in Denver in June 2009. The public safety bands we investigated are the 700 MHz and

4. 9 GHz bands, both intendedfor public safety and emergency-response applications. Our study

of the urban environment in these bands included an estimation of the distributions of both the

number of multipath components and their delays. Our measurements employed a vector

network analyzer, from which both path loss and delay dispersion characteristics were obtained

for link distances up to approximately 100 m. Log-distance models for path loss are presented,

and dispersive channel models are also described. Our dispersive channel models employ a

statistical algorithm for the number of multipath components, previously used only in indoor

settings. The channel models should be usefulfor public safety communication system design and

development.

Key words: attenuation; delay spread; emergency responders; multipath; public safety; radio

communications; radio propagation experiments; transfer function; urban canyon; wireless

communications.

1. Introduction

When emergency responders work in an urban environment, radio communication to indi\ iduals on the street or around comers is often impaired. Mobile-radio and cell-phone signal strength is reduced due to attenuation caused by large buildings, and these buildings also cause signals to

reflect and travel along multiple paths from transmitter to receiver [1-8]. This multipath

propagation can cause severe signal distortion, which can significantly degrade performance of a communication system operating in this environment. In addition, when emergency responders

set up a communication system on scene, antenna heights are often low, on the order of

pedestrian heights, and this can degrade coverage.

Wireless communications for public safety authorities are seeing increased attention [9J. [lOJ.

Several bands in the 700 MHz spectrum, formerly allocated to television broadcasting. ha\e been

re-allocated for public safety applications nationwide, and a band in the 4900 MHz spectrum also
has been recently allocated. In the 700 MHz band, two 12 MHz blocks are available from

764 MHz to 776 MHz and 794 MHz to 806 MHz. whereas in the 4900 MHz band. 50 MHz is available from 4940 MHz to 4990 MHz.

Public safet>' communications have traditionally been "narrowband," with voice the primary

service. Channel allocations of 6.25 kHz. 12 kHz, and 25 kHz have been used for many years.

The use of new. wider-band services has been gaining popularity for applications such as video,

geolocation. etc.. and this has initiated development of wider-band air interface standards, such

as the so-called P34 standard, originally developed by the Association of Public Safety

Communications Officials (APCO), now part of the Telecommunications Industries Association

(TIA)[11]. With the tremendous growth of wireless local- and metropolitan-area networks

thatuse the IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 (WiMAX. [12]) standard technologies, as well as cellular

teclinologies such as the 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, the public safety

communit}' is likely to employ one or more of these technologies for reasons of reliability and

economy. Typical signal bandwidths for these technologies are 1.25 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and

20 MHz.

For any wireless communication system to operate reliably, knowledge of the channel

characteristics is vital [13]. Key channel characteristics that influence selection of signaling

parameters include delay dispersion, frequency coherence, Doppler spread, and temporal

correlation. Knowledge of these characteristics enables optimal selection of transmission

parameters (e.g.. subcarrier bandwidth, symbol rate), as well as design parameters for remedial measures to counteract channel effects (e.g., equalization, diversity) [14]. Public safety

communication systems in the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz bands are yet to be widely deployed.

Consequently, characterization of wireless channels in these bands for emergency-responder

environments is presently needed. The Department of Justice Community-Oriented Policing

Services (COPS) program has funded NIST's Public Safety Communications Research

Laboratory (PSRL) for several efforts in this area, including work described in [15]-[18]. The

focus of NIST's work is dissemination in the open literature of measured wireless channel

characteristics in representative public safety environments by use of methods that can be

reproduced by other researchers. Characterization of the urban channel, the subject of this

technical note, represents a continuation of this work.

The work described here fills a gap in the existing literature by presenting channel measurement

and modeling results—including spatial channel characteristics and the distribution of the

number and delays of multipath components—for ground-based, peer-to-peer urban channels in

the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz public safety frequency bands. These data are not currently

available for human-height antennas. The measurement techniques we used (described in [11])

provide complex, densely sampled power delay profiles that can be used to quantify multipath

clustering [19], develop new channel models [20], and verify more realistic, laboratory-based

measurement methods such as those based on the reverberation chamber [21].

The remainder of this technical note is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the signal

measurement process. Section 3 describes the urban environment and measurement parameters.

Section 4 presents delay dispersion characteristics for both LOS and non-LOS conditions. We

also describe a path-loss model based on our data. Section 5 provides conclusions.
2. Measurement and Channel Characterization Methods

2.1. Wideband Channel Response Measurements

We measured the wideband frequency response and, from these, derived the time-delay

characteristics of the propagation channel. We used a measurement system based on a vector

network analyzer (VNA), shown in Figure 1. In other data collection [8], [18], and [22], we used

this instrument to collect data over a very wide frequency range, from 25 MHz to 1 8 GHz. For

the measurements reported here, we captured data from two frequency bands, 700 MHz to 800

MHz, and 4.9 GHz to 5.0 GHz. This system, also described in [18], [22], lets us measure the

complex transfer function of the channel, including frequency-selective characteristics. By taking

the Fourier transform of the measured transfer function, the power delay profile and root-meansquare (RMS) delay spread of the channel are found in post processing.

The VNA acts as both transmitter and receiver in this system. The transmitting section of the

VNA steps through the frequencies, a single frequency at a time. The signal is amplified and fed

to a transmit antenna, as shown in Figure 1. The received signal is returned to the VNA via a

fiber optic cable. Sending the received signal along the fiber optic cable back to the VNA

eliminates the loss and phase changes that would be associated with RF coaxial cables between

the receive antenna and the transmit antenna, allowing characterization of the complex radio

channel. One advantage of this system is that it provides a high dynamic range when compared

to true time-domain-based measurement instruments. One disadvantage is that a time-varying

channel may change during the long acquisition period.

In Figure 1 , the system is configured for a LOS reference measurement. In practice, the transmit

and receive antennas may be separated by significant distances, although they must remain

tethered together by the fiber optic link. We used omnidirectional antennas in our measurements

because they are most often used in public safety applications. We used a discone for 700 MHz,

and a monopole for 4900 MHz, both vertically polarized. Identical antennas were used at transmit and receive sites. Our four-port VNA enabled us to connect simultaneously to separate

antennas for the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz bands. The synchronized fiber optic link between

receive antennas and the VNA receive port enabled us to attain link distances up to 200 m.

In this work, we report path loss relative to a 4 m reference. The transmit antennas were set on a

cart, and mounted to a positioner. The positioner is a motor-controlled, two-arm device that

enabled us to move the transmit antennas in a Cartesian coordinate plane parallel to the ground.

The positioner range is 0.5 m by 0.5 m. The receive antennas were mounted on tripods, and were moved manually from location to location. All antenna heights were approximately 1 .6 m above

the ground (to the top of the antennas).

To make a measurement, the VNA is first calibrated by use of standard techniques where known

impedance standards are measured. The calibration enables us to correct for the response of the

fiber optic system, amplifiers, and any other passive elements and electronics used in the
measurement. We also high-pass fiher our measurements in post processing to suppress the

large, low-frequency oscillation that occurs in the optical fiber link. Because the received signals

measured during our field tests tend to be weak, an amplifier is used. Consequently, during

calibration of the VNA. an attenuator is inserted in the "thru" calibration standard path. This

extra attenuation is corrected for in post processing for path-loss measurements.

For the measurements reported here, the VNA-based measurement system was set up with the

following parameters: the initial output power was set to approximately -14 dBm. The gain of the

amplifier and the optical link and the system losses resulted in a received power level no more

than dBm. An intermediate-frequency (IF) averaging bandwidth of around 1 kHz was used to average the received signal. We t>'pically recorded 101 points per frequency band, with a frequency spacing of 1 MHz. The total sweep time was approximately 2 ms, giving a dwell time

of approximately 20 |is per point. For the calibration process, the external attenuation was 40 dB

for the high bands and 20 dB for the low bands.

2.2. Path Loss and Delay-Spread Calculations

2.2.1 Path loss

Our wideband measurements pro\'ide a channel transfer function //(/). where H(j) typically is derived from the measured transmission parameter S2\{f). Because S parameters are ratios of

voltage traveling waves that cannot provide absolute power, we can determine path loss with

respect to a free-space reference measurement. To find the frequency-dependent path loss

between the transmit and receive antennas, we first compute \H(J)\~l\H^{f)\~ , where H^ij) is a freespace reference made at a known distance d^ from the transmit antenna. The use of a ratio to find

the path loss enables us to calibrate out the anterma response of the system. We correct the

measurements for the free-space path loss between the transmit antenna and the reference

location by dividing |//r(/)|~ by {AiidJXy. The correction factor (AndrlX)' comes from the Friis

free space equation:

P,(</) = 5^{^V . (1)

L y^m J where P^{d)\?, the received power at separation distance d (in meters). G, and G,. are

respectively the gain of the transmit and receive antennas. L is the system loss factor not related

to propagation, and A is the free space wavelength. Note that d = d^ in (1) when correcting for

the reference location.

In addition, we can also compute the excess path loss, which is important for our discussion on measurement uncertainties to follow. To find the excess path loss, we additionally reduce the

total path loss by the expected free-space path loss over the separation distance d between

transmit and receive antennas. To do this, we divide the measurement of \H{f)\'' by {AndlX} . 9 9

*) Equivalently, we can multiply \H{f)\ /|//r(/)| by (dr/d)^. The distance d may be measured or estimated from maps, depending on the environment. This provides the loss in excess of that

which would be measured at the same distance in free space. We note that communication
engineers typically think of excess path loss as a single-frequency or narrowband measurement.

However, VNA measurements provide a much richer data set because they include both

magnitude and phase information over a broad frequency range.

The reference measurement is made at a specified distance and may be acquired either during

field tests or from a laboratory measurement. In the field, the measurement includes

environmental effects, and we use time-domain gating to minimize reflections on the free-space

reference; in other words, to isolate the LOS path from environmental reflections. Figure 2

shows the antenna response and the ground reflection portions of the signal; time-gating at 31 ns removes the ground reflection contribution. If we are not able to gate out the reflections

satisfactorily, the reference measurement is made in a laboratory facility such as an anechoic

chamber or an open-area test site. In this case, we use the same antennas and measurement

system set-up as were used in the field. For the measurements shown below, we used a fourmeter reference made at the NIST open area test site (OATS). The two antennas were mounted

1.6 m and 5 m above the ground plane, for the 4900 MHz and 700 MHz bands, respectively (see

Figure 3). We chose this set-up to balance the need to be in the antenna far field of our lowest

frequency of interest (700 MHz, with X = 0.43 m in free space) for the results reported here,

while keeping the reference measurement as free from environmental reflections as possible.

2.2.2 Delay Spread Data Processing

The time-domain representation of the signal was calculated from the path-loss data in post

processing. Baseband (complex envelope) channel impulse responses were computed from the

transfer functions by first windowing with a Hamming window to reduce delay-domain

sidelobes. This technique is often employed with VNA measurements, for example [23]. Then

the windowed transfer functions were inverse-Fourier-transformed to obtain channel impulse

responses. For a channel impulse response denoted hfr, ti), the corresponding /'''

("instantaneous") power delay profile (PDF) was computed as Pifz) = \h(T, ti)f. The channel

impulse response hfr, tj represents the channel output at time /, due to an impulse input at time

ti-T, and is given by [13]

where / indexes the i'^ PDF, Lpj is the number of multipath components in the /'

' PDP. and the

amplitude and phase of the k''' multipath component in the /''' PDP are a^i and ^a,. respecti\ely.

The J is a Dirac delta function, and r^, represents the delay of the k" multipath components of the

/" PDP. Generally, a^i and ^a, are functions of time, but for each PDP in our case they can be

considered constants due to the static nature of the scattering environment. Thus, the PDP Pi(T) can be expressed as

P,iT) = Y^\a,\' S{T-Tj. (3)

k=\
In order to separate actual multipath components from noise, we also gathered pure noise

transfer functions, denoted by N(f). These were obtained with the VNA transmit ports terminated

in matched loads, so the receive antennas received "ambient" noise only. From the N0) transfer

functions, we computed complex baseband time-delay-domain noise samples. The noise samples were judged Gaussian by computing the Kullback-Leibler divergence Dkl [24], a goodness-of-fit measure for probability density functions. If Dkl equals zero, the fit to the Gaussian density is perfect; as D^x increases, the goodness of the fit decreases. Values of Df^i were always less than

0.06, and typically Dkl < 0.02, indicating that the noise can be considered Gaussian.

We then set a noise threshold by means of the algorithm in [25], based upon the measured noise

variance. All PDP samples below the noise threshold were discarded, so that the false-alarm

probability means that for each sample in Pi(T), the probability of mistaking a noise component

for a multipath component was 0.01, or one noise sample mistaken for a multipath component

per 100 PDP samples. Figure 4 (a) shows typical PDPs for LOS and NLOS conditions for the

700 MHz band, and Figure 4 (b) is an analogous figure for the 4900 MHz band. Note that all PDPs were normalized and delay-aligned by time-shifting back by the estimated direct-path

delay, which was based upon the measured distances in Table I. In addition, we truncated all PDPs after collecting the first 99 % of the PDP energy. In Figure 4, a dynamic range is also

indicated. We define the dynamic range as the difference in decibels between the PDP peak and

the noise threshold. Mean dynamic ranges were above 18 dB for NLOS cases, and above 39 dB

for LOS cases. Several PDPs had dynamic range less than 10 dB, and these were judged as having too low a signal-to-noise ratio, and were therefore discarded.

From the PDPs, we found the RMS delay spread. RMS delay spread is calculated as the second

central moment of the power-delay profile of a measured signal [26]-[28]. Figure 5 shows the

power-delay profile for a representative building propagation measurement. The peak level

usually occurs when the signal first arrives at the receive antenna, although in high multipath

environments we sometimes see the signal build up over time to a peak value and then fall off. A common rule of thumb is to calculate the RMS delay spread from signals at least 10 dB above

the noise floor of the measurement [28]. For the measurements described in the following

sections, we defined the minimum dynamic range to be approximately 40 dB below the peak

value, although this value was reduced for lower signal levels. For the illustrative measurement

shown in Figure 5, we extended the window down to 70 dB below the peak value. Whether we

use a 40 dB or a 70 dB threshold, the RMS delay spread does not change appreciably due to the

almost constant slope of the power decay curve.

The RMS delay spread Or, can be defined as

^r-^^-frp (4)

In (4), f is defined as the average value of the power-delay profile in the defined dynamic range

window, and r^ is the variance of the power-delay profile within this window. Another delay

spread measure that is sometimes used is the delay window [29]. The delay window is the

duration that contains x % of the channel impulse response energy, and this is denoted W^y,
Table 2 lists average PDP delay windows for x = 90 % energy. To determine Wr,x, we use a symmetric window that finds the "middle" x % energy; that is, for our example with x = 90. the

delay window neglects the both earliest 5 % and the latest 5 % of the channel impulse response

energy. The last delay-domain dispersion measure that we list is the delay interval [29]. The

delay interval I^x is defined as the duration of the channel impulse response containing all impulses above XdB down from the largest impulse.

3. Experiment Set-up and Measurement Uncertainties in Denver, Colorado

3.1. Experiment Set-up

The measurements were taken outdoors in the financial district of downtown Denver on

Saturday, June 20, 2009. This area contains many large (over 20-story) buildings. Figure 6

shows an illustration of the test area constructed from a Google map view.' The test area was in

the block between 17* and 18^ Streets, and between Welton Street and Glenarm Place. Figure 7

shows the 17"^ Street entrance into the building complex. Street widths are on the order of 20 m. Three transmitter locations and eleven receive antenna locations were used, for a total of 33

transmit/receive location pairs. Figure 6 also shows a photograph of the two receiver antennas

located at position R5 on the comer of Welton and 17"^ Streets. Figure 8 shows the sidewalk

areas where the experiments took place, and Figure 9 shows the three transmitter locations. LOS

link distances ranged from 10 m to 80 m. NLOS link distances are described in one of two ways:

(1) by an "L-shape," with the first distance di corresponding to the LOS distance from the

transmit to a corner (e.g., T\ to Rs in Figure 6), and the second distance d2 corresponding

to the distance from the corner to the receive (e.g., Rs to Rg in Figure 6); or, (2) by a "U-shape," with di as previously defined, d2 the comer-to-comer distance, and dj

defined as the final distance from the second comer to the receive (e.g., Rg to R\o in

Figure 6). Table 1 lists all these distances. Note that there are no Rxl data: Rxl was

located indoors, and those data are not included in this paper. This approach for

specifying distances in the urban environment has been used by others, for example [30].

For each band, we measured H(f) twice at each of the nine transmit antenna positions (for each

physical transmit/receive location pair), yielding 18 transfer functions per transmit/receive

location pair. The nine transmit antenna positions corresponded to nine points on the Cartesian

grid of the positioner, with separation between each point equal to 25 cm in both dimensions.

Relative separation of grid positions is different in the two bands, but our results and analysis for

each band individually are unaffected by this. Spatial channel information for both bands should

be of interest even if array characteristics are not identical in the two bands.

Figure 10 shows a plan view diagram of the positioner, with the nine individual antenna

positions labeled P1-P9. With 33 transmit/receive pair combinations, a total of 18x33=594

transfer functions were collected. The measurement bandwidth for both bands was set to 100 MHz, but strong interference in the lower part of the 700 MHz band reduced that usable

bandwidth to 75 MHz. Our transfer functions thus covered the 725 MHz to 800 MHz and

© 2009 Google, Map Data © 2009 Tele Atlas.
4.9 GHz to 5 GHz frequency bands. The 1 MHz frequency resolution enabled a time

measurement resolution of 1 fis maximum delay.

For much of the time during measurements, only pedestrian motion was present, although

automobile traffic increased as the day progressed. Traffic around the block was "stop and go,"

since stoplights were present at all intersections. Auto speeds were as large as approximately

1 m/s. which for single-scattering yields a maximum Doppler frequency at 5 GHz of

//=v'/^c=l 0(5x1 0^3x1 0^=1 67 Hz [13]. This yields a minimum channel coherence time of

approximately tc^mm=^lfcr^ ms for the 4900 MHz band. The same maximum velocity yields a minimum coherence time of approximately 37 ms for the upper end of the 700 MHz band. With

each VNA sweep across the band taking approximately 2 ms, we assume the channel can be

considered statistically wide sense stationary for each measured H(f), especially since most

vehicle velocities were less than our cited maximum. With our measurement procedure, we were

unable to measure fading dynamics. Studies of the fading statistics of this propagation

environment, including the Ricean K-factor, are currently a subject of research at NIST.

3.2. Measurement Uncertainties

Following the convention described in [31], the uncertainties associated with this measurement

process can be broken into two categories. Type A (evaluated by statistical means) and Type B

(evaluated by non-statistical means). The wireless channel is inherently non-static with respect to time, frequency, and position, and the data collected are impacted by these parameters. However,

the measurement system itself does not change between data collections. Table 3 describes the

various uncertainties associated with the measurement system, while Table 4 contains additional

uncertainties in our estimate of the mean path loss, such as the variability of the measured

channel response, also known as small-scale fading (see [13], [14]).

To quantify the repeatability of the VNA measurements, which is a Type A uncertainty, we use

multiple measurements made in the controlled environment of the NIST Open Area Test Site

(OATS). This is a 30 m x 60 m ground plane located many electrical wavelengths from the

nearest reflective objects or scatterers. We utilized a set of reference measurements conducted

with the same antennas and measurement set-up used in Denver, with the exception of a long

coaxial cable between the antenna and the VNA. Free-space measurements were collected at 2 m

increments for antenna spacings from 4 m to 1 m for the 700 MHz band and at 1 m increments

from 2 m to 5 m for the 4900 MHz band. Figure 1 1 shows the excess path loss for this series of

reference measurements, calculated by selecting one of the measurements as the reference (the

dB result is the reference measurement). Four different sets of measurements were performed,

two covering the 700 MHz band and two covering the 4900 MHz band. In each band, one set of

measured data covered only the band of interest, that is, the 725 MHz to 800 MHz and the

4900 MHz to 5000 MHz frequency ranges. The third set of measurements was conducted

between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. From this, data around the 700 MHz band were extracted. The

fourth set of data covered 1 GHz to 10 GHz. From this, data around the 4900 MHz band were

extracted. (Note that a 75 MHz range was used in the 700 MHz band rather than the full 100

MHz, because in the field tests there was significant interference below 725 MHz, and thus the

subsequent data processing used only the 725 MHz to 800 MHz data.) We corrected for
differences in distance using a free-space assumption (see (1)) so that measurements made at each separation could be averaged directly. We then computed the standard deviation of the eight

measurements.

For the 4900 MHz reference measurements, we computed a standard deviation of 0.55 dB for the

eight measurements. The antenna heights for these measurements were 1.6 m, and therefore

some ground reflections likely increased the standard deviation of these measurements. The

separation between antennas was measured witha tape measure, which likely increased the

standard deviation as well. For the 700 MHz band, the antennas were located at 5 m above the

ground, resulting in less ground reflection contribution. The standard deviation for the eight

measurements was approximately 0.3 dB. Thus, the estimated Type A uncertainty u^^^ for the

system would be 0.3 dB for the 700 MHz band and 0.55 dB for the 4900 MHz band.

We next consider the Type B uncertainties of the measurement system. The Type B uncertainties

include the impact of temperature changes on the system measurement of .S21. The analysis in [32] estimated a VNA drift over three days in a laboratory setting as 0.1 dB, or u^^^ =0.1 dB

.

521 data collected on the fiber optic link over several days in a laboratory setting provides an

estimated Type B uncertainty associated with the fiber link at 0.1 dB; i.e., u^^^^^ =0.1 dB

.

The combined uncertainty for a measurement of path loss for our VNA measurement set-up is then

measurement system, combined v^^y^ ^/fiber Wvna '

For the measurement set-up used in Denver, this value is 0.33 dB and 0.57 dB for the 700 MHz

and 4900 MHz bands, respectively.

A second source of random. Type A, uncertainty in our estimate of the path loss in the urban

canyon can be attributed to small-scale fading arising from multiple reflections in the local area around each test location. Even though the building environment is deterministic, small-scale

fading is considered random due to its extreme sensitivity to antenna placement and the fact that

cars, trucks, and pedestrians moved randomly through the environment during testing. By

acquiring path loss data over multiple frequencies and positions for each transmit/recei\ e antenna location, the effects of small-scale fading can be averaged out. Thus, experiment design.

rather than equipment repeatability, leads to this source of uncertainty. Such variability in the

channel is of interest to communications engineers and is reported separately here before being

combined with the VNA measurement uncertainty.

The Type A standard uncertainty in our estimate of the mean path loss at each measurement

location is based on the standard deviation of the eighteen measurements (two measurements per

each of the nine positioner locations) made at each of the twelve transmit/receive locations. We

consider the behavior exhibited over a local region; i.e., the nine locations of the positioner, and

calculate the standard deviation over frequency at each of the nine positions. We then calculate
the standard deviation arising from small-scale fading between each of the nine positions. These

two uncertainties, labeled ^spacing arid u^^^^ , are provided in Table 4. Table 3 also lists the mean

path loss, calculated over each of the nine positioner locations and over the 75 (700 MHz) or 100

(4900 MHz) frequencies. Because we made each measurement twice, 1 8 individual estimates of

the path loss are averaged to obtain the value reported in Table 3.

The combined uncertainty in a mean path loss measurement is calculated as

/ - - 2 2 2 ,^s^ C

Y WVNA Wfiber Usys 1* spacing Ufreq

' ^ ^

Table 4 lists the combined uncertainty values for all the transmit/receive anteima location

pairings. The largest contribution to the uncertainty in the mean path loss is due to the standard

deviation across the frequency band. The mean path loss value (based on a 4 m reference

location) and error bars for ± two standard deviations at the twelve transmit/receive locations are shovm in Figure 12 and Figure 13 for the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz bands, respectively. In this case, the standard deviation represents the standard uncertainty in the estimate of the mean path

loss, and the error bars represent a coverage factor of two.

4. Experiment Results

4.1. Path Loss Results

With a known reference path loss and a calibrated VNA, we also used our VNA measurements

to estimate propagation path loss. For each transmit/receive location pair, we have 1 8 path loss

measurements. These correspond to three groups of six measurements on our Cartesian

positioner: group one represents the six measurements (two measurements at each of the three

positioner points) at distance d, group two represents the six measurements at distance d +

0.25 m, and group three represents the six measurements at ^ + 0.5 m. (Recall that we have nine

points on our Cartesian grid for each transmit antenna location, and at each point we collected

two transfer functions—see Figure 3.)

To attempt to average out the effects of small-scale (multipath) fading, we estimated the path

loss as the difference between the known transmit power at band center (equal to the power at any frequency in the band) and the average of the magnitude squared of the received transfer

function, with the average taken across all frequency points in the band (75 MHz for the

700 MHz band, and 100 MHz for the 4900 MHz band). As discussed, measurements were made

with respect to a 4 m reference; that is, antenna gains are also removed.

Figure 14 shows a plot of path loss in decibels versus \0\og\o{d/dr) for the 700 MHz band,

transmitter location Tl, where dr^4 m is the reference distance. This reference distance was also

used for the 4900 MHz band. Reference measurements were made at the NIST open area test site in Boulder, CO, which closely simulates free-space conditions, with the nearest reflecting objects

well outside the time window of the measurement. Ground reflections were mitigated by

elevating the antennas sufficiently during the reference measurement. Linear fits on the log-log
scale are also shown in Figure 14. These are least-squares fits, and for the LOS case, these fits correspond to the following path loss model:

4os(^) = ^K) + 10«Loslog(^/^.) + ^Los' (7)

where «los is the propagation path loss exponent, and Xlqs is a zero-mean Gaussian random

variable with standard deviation OA-dB. For NLOS L-shaped paths we used

^NLOS (^1 ' ^2 ) = ^LOS (^1 ) + 1 0«NLOS log(^2 ' ^^ \) + k + ^NLOS ' ^^^

where «nlos and Xnlos are analogous to the LOS parameter definitions, distances d] and d:

correspond to L-shaped path distances (see Section 3), and Zlos(^i) = '^los(<^i)-'^los' ^° ^^^^ ^^ ^^

not apply the Gaussian random variable twice for the NLOS path loss. The parameter Lc is the

"comer loss" added to the LOS path loss at distance di\ this loss term was also used in [16]. The

corner loss corresponds to the "step" discontinuity between the LOS and NLOS fits; see Figure

14. The intercept value L(dr) is equal to the free-space value at band center for both bands; i.e., L-!ooMHz(dr)=^2 dB, and l4900MHzr<^r)=58 dB.

Table 5 shows values for the path-loss model parameters. Path-loss exponents for the LOS case

are less than those for NLOS regions, as expected. Based upon our transmit locations, the NLOS

exponents also increase with the distance from the transmitter to the comer (dl in Table 1). This

same dependence on "comer distance" was also observed in [30]. Our measurements are in the

smaller range of comer distances covered in [30], but the range of path-loss exponents found

generally agrees with values given in [30]. For the LOS case, exponents less than 2 may indicate

waveguiding by the urban canyon walls; this is most noticeable for the 4900 MHz band. For the

700 MHz band LOS results, fitted path-loss exponents are generally slightly larger than that for

free space («=2), except for transmit location 3; as per the model, path loss variation is quantified

by the Gaussian random variables (X) in (7) and (8). Transmit location 3 was very close to the

building wall on 17 Street, and was partly shadowed by several pillars that extended out from

the wall. The NLOS exponents ranged from 3.6 to nearly 6.

4.2. Delay Spread Results

4.2.1 Power Delay Profile Results for Individual Transmit/Receive Antenna Pairings

As discussed in Section 3, for each individual pairing between a receive and a transmit antenna,

we calculate the channel transfer functions. We measured a transfer function for each of the nine

positions available with the positioner, and repeated the process twice (18 per transmiL^rcccive

pairing). Channel response \H(f)f' and PDF results are plotted in Appendix II (700 MHz) and

Appendix III (4900 MHz). The left-hand plots show the mean of \H(f)\~ along with the standard

deviation calculated over the nine positions and two repeat measurements. The mean of \N(f)\' is also shown. The right-hand plots show the corresponding PDF. with the mean and standard

deviation of the imis values calculated over position for the two repeats.

11
In Figure 15. the mean 700 MHz PDP results (calculated over nine positions and two repeats) are plotted versus receive antenna location for the three transmit locations, respectively. Similarly,

Figure 16 plots the mean 4900 MHz PDP results against the receive antenna locations for the

three transmit locations, respectively. These plots also include a plot of the standard

deviation (±a) to indicate the variability of the PDP at those locations. Note that data were not

available for the Rxl0-Tx3 calculation due to the insufficient margin between the signal and the

noise to calculate the RMS delay spread.

For the 700 MHz results, Rx6, which is an NLOS pairing for all three transmitter locations,

shows the highest mean RMS delay spread (over nine positions and two repeats) for Txl and

Tx2 pairings, and the second highest mean for Tx3. The location of Tx3 is near a building

surface and, thus, some difference in behavior compared to that for Txl and Tx2 is expected.

Another interesting observation is the behavior of RxlO in the 4900 MHz band, where the long

RMS delay spread indicates that the signal propagates via multiple reflections (i.e., significant

attenuation and/or multipath contribution) through the atrium of the building shown in Figure 7, even though a potential path of propagation exists through glass doors and an open lobby. This is readily observed by individual Rx9 and RxlO results in Appendix II and III. In both the

700 MHz and 4900 MHz bands, both the \H(f)^^ and corresponding PDP curves show that the

RxlO values are much closer to the noise floor than the Rx9 values, and in some instances, the

RxlO values are below the noise floor. The PDP's in these cases are unlikely to be highly

accurate.

4.2.2 Aggregate Power Delay Profile Results

The average power delay profiles, computed separately over all LOS PDPs and all NLOS PDPs

and for each frequency band, are shown in Figure 17. Here, we see that the average PDPs look

similar for the two bands. Table 2 provides delay-spread statistics for both cases and bands.

As expected, NLOS delay spreads are substantially larger than those for LOS cases. Also as expected, delay spreads generally increase with link distance [33]. The 4900 MHz band delay

spread values are also slightly larger than those for the 700 MHz band. This relationship does not

always hold; delay spreads generally (but not always) decreased with increasing frequency in

[34]. [35], but it is not clear whether signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range were equal in all bands in the results of [34] and [35]. This means that comparison of delay spread trends may not

be completely fair. This holds true in our case as well: because we used a higher-power external

amplifier at the transmit end of the VNA for the 4900 MHz band, the 4900 MHz dynamic ranges were generally larger than those for the 700 MHz band; mean values of dynamic range were

38 dB for the 4900 MHz band and 28 dB for the 700 MHz band. This can account for some of

the larger delay spreads we observed at 4900 MHz. In addition, results in [34] and [35] were not

for ground-based settings.

Because our measurements spanned several hours, the propagation conditions did not remain

constant; conditions also, of course, change with transmit-receive locations. This can be

quantified in the delay domain by use of "instantaneous" delay spread measures [36].

Essentially, we compute the delay spread measures for each PDP individually. We can then

collect statistics on these values over the sets of PDPs to quantify the range of variation of the

12
delay spread (DS) measures. Figure 18 and Figure 19 show histograms of instantaneous RMSDS for the two bands, over all transmit/receive locations. These plots demonstrate the expected

result that the majority of the NLOS delay spreads are larger than the majority of the LOS delay

spreads, and that the range of delay spreads is a significant fraction of the mean. We can quantify

this range via the coefficient of variation CF=(Trms-ds/^rms-ds, the ratio of delay spread standard

deviation to delay spread mean. Values of Cohere are 0.27 to 0.34 for NLOS and 0.49 to 0.56

for LOS cases. Table 6 provides additional statistics on the instantaneous RMS-DS, and Table 7

shows analogous statistics for the 90 % energy delay window W^-m and 25 dB delay interval Ir25- As expected for this peer-to-peer, short-range setting, RMS-DS values are much smaller than

those for cellular propagation; for example, the COST207 typical urban cellular channel has

RMS-DS ~ l|j.s [34]. Our delay spread values are also substantially smaller than those in [34].

[35] in which median delay spreads for their (elevated-antenna) measurements range from 300 ns

to 700 ns in frequency bands from 430 MHz to 6 GHz.

4.2.3 Estimated Multipath Component Contribution

When creating channel models, we would like to know the number of multipath components

present. We used the algorithm in [37] to estimate the number of multipath components, denoted

Lp, in each transfer function. This algorithm, which is a modified multiple signal classification

(MUSIC) algorithm for frequency estimation, uses the minimum description length criterion [38]

to determine the number of multipath components, based upon modeling the time-invariant

transfer function as a harmonic function of delay; that is, the Fourier transform of the i''' channel

impulse response is viewed as a function of delay t at our given set of measured frequency

points {fki}. Hence, from (2) and [ [38], equations (3) and (4)], we have

//(/,0 = 2;«,,^''''exp(-72;zfrJ

^

//(r,0 = X^^.e^*^*' exp(-72<r)

k=\

and this representation enables use of MUSIC on this dual function for estimating the discrete

delays. Note that, to our knowledge, this algorithm has previously been used only for indoor

channels. Summary statistics for the number of multipath components are presented in Table 8. These statistics count the number of components within a 25 dB threshold of the peak

component in each PDF, where we truncated each PDF before applying the MUSIC algorithm.

We employed this threshold because most communication systems typically do not operate at signal-to-noise ratios larger than this value, and hence models that retain onl\ the largest

components are common; e.g., those within a 20 dB threshold in [39]. T\pically. we expect the

NLOS cases to have a substantially larger number of multipath components than the LOS cases. but the NLOS numbers are only slightly larger here. We attribute this to the lower dynamic range

oftheNLOSPDPs.

The distribution of the number of multipath components Lp was found to be best fit b\ a modified uniform distribution. Specifically, let L^niin equal the minimum value of L^ and A/,ma\ it^

13
maximum value (see Table 8). We denote the probability mass function for Lp by Pr(Lp=m), with

integer ?72G{Lpm\n, Lpmm+I, • ^pma\}- The mass function has weight /)o at Lp^ax and is uniform

with weight equal to (l-po)/(Lpmax-LpmJ from I^min to Ipmax-K or

MLp = m)

^-Po

-^pmax ~ ^pmin • (10)

Values of pq are also listed in Table 8. As seen from Table 8, 18-21 multipath components

suffice for the 100 MHz channel at 4900 MHz, and 11-14 multipath components suffice for the

75 MHz channel at 700 MHz. For construction of channel models for smaller values of

bandwidths, multipath components can be combined, as in [40], [41].

The distribution of the powers in these multipath components was obtained by fitting to the

average PDPs of Figure 17. For these cases, we employed the following models:

^r,Los(^) = Coexp(-c,r) (11)

^r.NLos(^) = Z^A-0 exp[-Z)„(r -r,)]

,

(12)

where 7Vc=3 in (12) is the number of clusters of multipath components for the NLOS case. The

use of clusters is common in channel models for other settings as well; for example, the indoor

setting in [42] and the outdoor macrocell setting in [39]. Our clusters were based upon visual

inspection of the average PDPs. They are better defined for the 700 MHz band data, and we see

that the 4900 MHz band clusters tend to overlap more substantially (see Figure 17). The model

coefficients are given in Table 9, where the first cluster delay r;=0.

For the delays of the multipath components within clusters, other researchers have employed

randomly distributed delays; for example Poisson in [42], or for ultrawideband channels,

uniformly distributed delays [43], or Weibull distributed delays [44], [45]. If we base the delay

distribution upon the average PDPs, uniform distributions of delays fit the LOS cases in intervals

[0, 500 ns) for the 700 MHz band and [0, 550 ns) for the 4900 MHz band. The average PDPs for

the NLOS cases could also be fit with uniformly distributed delays. Yet better models for the

delay distributions were derived by collecting statistics on delays over all the measured PDPs.

The results of this were that the LOS cases were best fit by an exponential distribution of delays,

and the NLOS cases were best fit by a Weibull distribution [46] of delays. Specifically, the

multipath component delay probability density functions are as follows:

Pr,Los(0 = exp(-r/v)/v (13)

R r f.\p^

(14) ;^r,NLos(0 = -yz-^"'exp

a^ \aj

14
where in the Weibull density of (14), /? is the shape factor and a is the scale parameter.

Parameter values for these multipath component delay probability density functions are given in Table 10.

Finally, note that in other models (see [39], [42]), for simplicity, the decay constants bki of (12)

for the decays within each cluster are assumed identical. As with our results here though, this is not always true: some ultrawideband models described in [43] employ different values of decay

constants per cluster. If desired for simplicity, we could, of course, select a single value of decay

constant from our models as well.

5. Summary of Results, and Conclusion

Here we reported on channel measurements and models for urban peer-to-peer, ground-based

channels in the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz public safety frequency bands. This configuration and

band has not been previously studied. Non-mobile outdoor measurements for link distances up to approximately 100 m were made with a vector network analyzer and omnidirectional antennas at a height of 1 .6 m.

The uncertainties in our data associated with the measurement equipment are estimated at less

than 0.6 dB. This is much smaller than the uncertainty caused by small-scale fading within the

channel itself, typically considered as the variability within the channel. This channel variability can also be viewed as a measurement uncertainty, and we see that those values range from 4.5 to

7.1 dB. Thus, calculations based on these measured data such as the PDPs are not impacted

significantly by the measurement equipment uncertainties.

For propagation path loss, we found path-loss exponents to range from 1.3 to 4.4 for LOS cases, and from 3.6 to 5.8 for NLOS cases around comers. In agreement with results found by other

researchers, delay dispersion statistics appear similar for the two bands. The 90' percentile

values for root-mean-square delay spread range from approximately 100 ns for LOS cases at 700 MHz, to 170 ns for NLOS cases at 4900 MHz, with maximum values of delay spread near 300 ns. We employed a "dual MUSIC" algorithm to determine the number of multipath

components, and found that for our measurement bandwidths of 75 MHz at 700 MHz. and 1 00

MHz at 4900 MHz, mean values of the number of multipath components are 1 1 and 1 7. respectively. Least-square fits for the powers and delays of the multipath components were also

computed, yielding complete statistical delay domain channel models.

15
We thank members of the technical staff of the NIST Electromagnetics Division, who developed

the measurement set-up and Mike Francis, Perry Wilson, Mike Kelley and Dereck Orr for

programmatic support. This work was funded by the NIST Public Safety Communications

Research Laboratory within the NIST Office of Law Enforcement Standards of NIST, Dereck

Orr, Program Manager.

16
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20
Appendix I: Experiment Setups and Locations

Receiving

Antennas

1.6 m

^tripod

Transmitting

Antennas

Ground

Cart&

Positioner

/ Fiber Optic

I Receiver

\ RF Optical

Fiber Optic

Transmitter

RF Optical

Optical

Fiber

Figure 1. Wideband measurement system based on a vector network analyzer. Frequency-domain

measurements, synchronized by the optical fiber link, are transformed to the time domain in post-processing.

This enables determination of excess path loss, time-delay spread, and other figures of merit important in characterizing broadband modulated-signal transmissions.

2

II

Antenna response

Ground bounce

Spurious

environment;

effects

30 40 Time (ns)

Figure 2. Reference measurement at 3 m for a dual-ridge guide horn antenna, transformed to the time domain. The waveform shows the antenna response, the ground-bounce response and the spurious environmental effects.

21
Figure 3. Reference tests at the NIST-Boulder open area test site (OATS) with (a) 700 MHz and 4900

MHz antennas at a height of 1 .6 m, and (b) 700 MHz antenna at a height of 5 m.

22
Tx1-Rx3 Example LOS PDP

Tx1-Rx7 Example NLOS PDP ] Noise Threshold

Dynamic range = 37dB for Tx1-Rx3 Dynamic range = 14dB for Tx1-Rx7

(a)

500 600

Delay [ns]

(b)

Figure 4. Example PDPs for (a) LOS (Txl-Rx3) and NLOS (Txl-Rx7) locations, 700 MHz band, and (b)

LOS (Txl-Rx3) and NLOS (Txl-Rx7) locations, 4900 MHz band.

Peak level

g

5=O

400 800 Time (ns)

Figure 5. Power-delay profile for a building propagation measurement. Important parameters for a measured signal are the peak level, the maximum dynamic range, the mean dela\. and the RMS delay

spread.

23
ra '^^^

Figure 6. Google map view of test area in downtown Denver. (© 2009 Google, Map Data © 2009 Tele

Atlas.) Transmit locations denoted T, receiver locations denoted R. Right: photo of Rx antennas at location R5.

Figure 7. Atrium at the 1 ?"' street entrance to the 555 1 ?"' Street Building.

24
Figure 8. Street level views of experiment location in Denver, CO at the 555 17'"' Street Building.

Google map view of test area, © 2009 Google, Map Data © 2009 Tele Atlas.

25
Figure 9. Transmitter sites for the experiments at Denver, CO.

26
0.5 m

PI

P2

P3

0.5 m

P6

P5

P7

P8

Postioner

Arms /

/ P4 P9

d d+0.25 d+0.5

Figure 10. Plan view diagram of antenna positioner, showing nine positions.

Table 1. Transmitter (Tx) to Receiver (Rx) distances (m). LOS links contain only one distance (d), and

NLOS links contain either two (di, dj) for L-shaped paths, or three (dj, dj, ds) for U-shaped paths.

Rx2 Rx3 Rx4 Rx5 Rx6 Rx7 Rx8 Rx9 RxlO Rxll Rxl2

Txl d=10 d=20 d=30 d=40 d,=40

d2=10

d,=40

d2=20

d,=40

d2=30

d,=40

d2=40

d,=40

d.=43

d3=13

d,=40

d2=5.5

d,=40

d2=35.5

Tx2 d=50 d=60 d=70 d=80 d,=80

d2=10

d,=80

d2=20

d,=80

d2=30

d,=80

d2=40

d,=80

d.=43

d3=13

d=5.5 d=35.5

Tx3 d=36 d=46 d=56 d=66 d,=66

d2=10

d,=66

d2=20

d,=66

d2=30

d,=66

d2=40

di=66

d,=43

d,= 13

d,=14

d2=5.5

d,=14

d2=35.5

27
QQ

czo

tj

o

CDo

iS

COo

cuQ_

(/) oX

1.5

0.5

-0.5

Standard deviation of 4900 MHz reference measurements: 0.552 dB

Standard deviation of 700 MHz reference measurements: 0.298 dB

>

k

D

O

D 725 MHz to 800 MHz

O 725 MHz to 800 MHz, low fi-eq data * 4900 MHz to 5000 MHz

> 4900 MHz to 5000 MHz, high freq data

P

o

7nn MH7 rpffirpnrp o

4900 MHz reference

4 5 6 7 8

Reference test position (m)

10

Figure 11. Excess path loss for the reference data collections performed at the NIST outdoor antenna

test site. The excess path loss is calculated relative to the 700 MHz and 4900 MHz references,

respectively, (i.e., the dB cases), after correcting for separation distances assuming free space

propagation.

Table 2. Summary Delay Spread Statistics (ns).

Condition

(band)

RMS-DS W,,90 1x25 LOS (700) 66 166 386

LOS (4900) 87 235 519

NLOS (700) 147 501 798

NLOS (4900) 156 528 875

28
Table 3. List of the uncertainties in the data collection process.

Uncertainty

Type

Uncertainty Description Method of Estimate Value (dB)

Type A

700 MHz band

Complete system through

tests, including VNA, fiber

optic link, and antennas

Standard deviation from

eight independent system

through measurements at Outdoor Antenna Site

(OATS); corrected for free

space to common distance of

antenna separation

0.30

Type A

4900 MHz band

Complete system through

tests, including VNA, fiber

optic link, and antennas

Standard deviation from

eight independent system

through measurements at Outdoor Antenna Site

(OATS) corrected for free

space to common distance of

antenna separation

0.55

Type A

Uncertainty in path loss

estimation per position on

the positioner

Standard deviation of the

path loss estimations across

the frequency band, i.e., 725-

800 MHz or 4900-5000 MHz

See "freq"

column in

Table 4

Type A

Uncertainty in path loss

estimation between

positions on the positioner

Standard deviation of

eighteen estimated means per

location

See

''spacing"

column in

Table 4

TypeB

Drift in VNA

measurements over time

Observed VNA drift over 3

days. See [32].

0.1

TypeB

Impacts of temperature on

fiber optic cable

Observation in controlled

experiment over three days.

0.1

29
Table 4. Mean path loss and standard deviation for the eighteen measurements at each of the twelve

locations. The combined column is the quadrature combination of the spacing, frequency band, system,

fiber, and VNA uncertainties.

700 MHz - all values in dB

Location TXl o TX2 o TX3 o

toO

c —

E Q.

CuO u

TOQ.

00

aT3

OlC

1q

Eo

u

toO

c —

tX3 -C E Q.

QjO _cu

roQ.

00

ati—

T3

0)c

1q

Eo

u

1/1 toO

c —

03 -E E S.

DCC

'u

03Q.

to

icu

!q

E

o

u

1 17.25 1.41 5.85 6.02 36.84 0.89 5.61 5.68 30.30 0.81 5.79 5.86

2 5.15 0.78 3.41 3.51 17.06 1.18 3.35 3.57 13.39 1.77 4.22 4.59

3 12.88 1.21 5.61 5.75 21.55 1.09 5.27 5.39 15.60 1.45 4.26 4.51

4 16.14 1.40 5.17 5.36 24.63 1.16 4.88 5.03 19.72 1.44 5.04 5.25

5 21.01 1.03 5.73 5.83 27.65 1.13 4.97 5.11 25.15 1.31 4.77 4.96

6 32.22 0.89 5.72 5.80 38.57 0.79 6.27 6.33 36.42 1.10 6.13 6.23

7 34.24 0.91 5.72 5.81 40.09 1.02 5.69 5.79 37.85 1.05 5.32 5.43

8 34.88 0.81 5.65 5.71 40.50 0.74 5.79 5.85 38.17 0.92 5.52 5.60

9 36.54 0.70 5.37 5.42 42.27 1.71 6.18 6.43 39.68 1.02 6.04 6.14

10 43.48 0.95 6.01 6.09 49.71 1.10 5.48 5.59 51.61 0.87 5.97 6.04

11 24.60 1.17 5.73 5.86 -1.26 1.27 2.41 2.74 18.14 1.40 5.78 5.96

12 36.42 1.03 5.21 5.32 22.03 1.11 5.84 5.96 32.97 0.88 5.98 6.06

4900 MHz -all values in dB

Location TXl a TX2 a TX3 o

O

c —

03 -C E S.

DO

_C

'(Jm

Q.

00

a-

-a

£o

o

totoO

c —

03 ^

1— 03 E Q.

DOC

'u

03Q.

00

att—

a

_c1q

E

o

u

to

toO

c —

03 -C E S.

no

'o

03

01

a-

(U

^-

X!

_c1q

Eo

o

1 13.78 1.06 6.25 6.36 33.43 1.33 6.62 6.77 33.54 0.97 6.85 6.94

2 6.88 0.96 5.59 5.70 16.57 1.04 6.32 6.43 14.93 1.43 5.93 6.12

3 11.34 1.03 5.70 5.82 20.25 1.32 6.81 6.96 20.44 0.99 6.69 6.78

4 13.83 1.15 6.34 6.47 23.12 0.98 6.79 6.89 16.86 1.48 5.33 5.56

5 14.57 1.23 6.46 6.60 26.64 1.27 6.49 6.64 20.43 1.64 5.67 5.93

6 29.76 1.01 6.78 6.88 34.61 0.84 6.87 6.94 34.39 0.94 6.51 6.60

7 29.93 0.98 6.73 6.83 34.84 0.85 6.59 6.67 34.25 1.21 6.63 6.76

8 31.01 0.78 6.66 6.73 35.57 1.02 6.61 6.71 36.19 1.07 6.43 6.54

9 33.07 1.07 7.02 7.13 40.05 2.55 6.52 7.03 38.24 1.11 6.45 6.57

10 42.01 0.95 6.42 6.52 43.27 1.08 6.38 6.49 48.18 0.99 6.60 6.70

11 24.64 0.94 6.45 6.55 5.89 1.14 4.51 4.68 15.31 1.20 6.21 6.35

12 31.56 1.06 6.38 6.49 18.08 1.38 6.16 6.34 29.85 0.92 6.61 6.70

30
/U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1

11 1 1

60 o Txl

"

o Tx2 1 __ n_ T ] [ 50 - ^ Tx3

T

-r r

( >

^ ^ ^

CQ ^ T <>l T 3

1/5

(/5 O

40

< T

-r <> 11 i' T T d) "P T

= J _ [1 J • [1

'

ji: 30 1 [ T . - - () X X

Oh T T T ** " 1 I] 20 -

< > II <•! S

[] (>

' II w ll| -L

10 - - - •

-- [] . nr

" <>

\c\

J

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Rx Position

Figure 12. The mean path loss of the eighteen measurements collected at each of the twelve locations,

with ± 2a error bars, for each to the three transmitter locations. 725 MHz to 800 MHz.

70

60

50-

CQ3 40 o

30

20

10

0-

10

1 1

1

1 1

11 1

1 11

1

. Txl T

o Tx2 rl

* Tx3 J

Pj Y

-I- T -p

1 1

T j

T

ii<

» -r

• < > -

1 [ _

(

>i : -1- < h. (

II

[i

-L IL

[1 11 J.

] I T

( T T*>

> •^

II

J- < V 1 " ' -'- ^/

) < >

1 [ X 1

^

II

1 ! II 11.

" '1 [

. 11

'-

_

II .-J- - < >

, , ^

*-

-'- J

1 1— -.1 1 1 1 1 . 1 ..1 L. . . JL

1 5 6 7 Rx Position10 13

Figure 13. The mean path loss of the eighteen measurements collected at each of the twelve locations,

with ± 2a error bars, for each to the three transmitter locations. 4900 MHz to 5000 MHz.

31
I

55

50

45

40

35

30 h

25

20

15

10

1 \ • LOS data

i

I

J. LOS fit • NLOS data

1

i \

1

I

.1 ''

1

1 —1-

1

1

1 —

r

1

1

1

1 1

1 1 I* i

1 1

1 1 V^> 1 \^^ '

jLx^^; L

1 1 :

1 1

1 1

i 6 8 10 101ogio(d/dr)

12 14

Figure 14. Excess propagation path loss (dB) vs. 101ogio(distance/dr), 700 MHz

band.

Table 5. Path loss model parameters: n = path loss exponent, Ox = standard deviation of Gaussian

random variable, Lc - comer loss.

n Ox

(dB)

Le

(dB)

700 MHz

Txl LOS 2.57 1.46 4.23

NLOS 4.57 2.13

Tx2 LOS 2.34 2.94 8.27

NLOS 5.76 2.23

Tx3 LOS 4.37 2.63 11.69

NLOS 3.42 3.44

AllTx LOS 2.27 3.06

NLOS 3.58 2.92

4900 MHz

Txl LOS 1.34 1.25 7.73

NLOS 4.04 2.47

Tx2 LOS 1.59 2.54 7.08

NLOS 5.18 3.23

Tx3 LOS 1.53 2.74 12.87

NLOS 3.47 3.02

AIlTx LOS 1.64 2.65

NLOS 3.35 3.16

32
300

250

200-

150-

oi 100-

50-

( T - - I

Txl

Tx2

"

* Tx3

- -

-r (f

[I -r T

• -. [| T

< M

< [] T "

-1r

- T

- ' ' ' T H

J.

< r "T T

T T**

J.

[] [ij

i- [] -'- -*-

|] --

[] ( . -1 X

*- -

<> -L -L 5Ii ± JI1 ••

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4- « 1 1 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Rx Positions

10 11 12 13

Figure 15. 700 MHz band, mean RMS delay spread ± a for each receive antenna location for the first transmit location.

300

250-

200

-a

1^

C/3

150

2 100

50

n Txl

Tx2

* Tx3

.1

* Tt

<>..

J

" .. 15

{

-I I I L 12 3 4 5 6 7 Rx PnsitioTT;

10 12

Figure 16. 4900 MHz band, mean RMS delay spread ± a for each receive antenna location for second

transmit location.

33
-10

CQ- -15

D.Q

CL

-20

-25

-30

A : 1 ; ! 11 i

..... NLOSMeanPDP

i_ _i i_

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

• Ai 1 1

: \/»» "V\a;

rr"i\Xr

I 1 v>Jt^ : tS/^

1 ^

1 1 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Delay [ns]

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Delay [ns]

(a) (b)

Figure 17. Average PDPs for all LOS and NLOS locations, (a) 700 MHz band; (b) 4900 MHz.

34
0.016

0.014

0.012

g 0.01

^ 0.008

I

0.006

0.004

0.002

1 1

\ A \

LOS 252 PDPs used

1 NLOS 273 PDPs used i

1

1 1 Ha Wi^ r r

1 / U \ 1 :^ 4^\Xi^j^

50 100 150 RMS-DS [ns]

200 250 300

Figure 18. Histograms of RMS delay spread from power delay profiles in both LOS and

NLOS locations, 700 MHz band.

0.016

0.014

0.012

0.01

= 0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

1 1 1

1 1

9; i i

LOS 252 PDPs used

1 NLOS 338 PDPs used

[

f iWu

j \

\ J

\

\i \

'

1 lytefl \

1 1 1 1 1 . '

50 100 150 RMS-DS [ns]

200 250 300

Figure 19. Histograms of RMS delay spread from power delay profiles in both LOS and NLOS

locations, 4900 MHz band.

35
Table 6. Summary instantaneous RMS-DS statistics (ns).

Condition

(band)

Min Mean Median 90*" Percentile Max Standard

Deviation

LOS (700) 7 57 56 98 139 32

LOS (4900) 21 75 66 134 183 37

NLOS (700) 11 116 114 163 290 40

NLOS (4900) 57 135 131 172 291 37

Table 7. 90% delay window Wgo and 25 dB delay interval Ls statistics (ns).

Condition (band) Min Mean Median Max

LOS W90 (700) 24 152 133 427

LOS W90 (4900) 33 205 157 538

LOS I25 (700) 42 384 435 746

LOS L5 (4900) 112 466 469 970

NLOS W90 (700) 36 377 370 976

NLOS W90 (4900) 157 442 437 984

NLOS I25 (700) 51 645 671 1000

NLOS I25 (4900) 355 791 825 1000

Table 8. Statistics for number of multipath components Lp, with a 25 dB threshold from PDP peak, plus

modified uniform probability' mass function fit parameter /^oLp Statistic 700 MHz 4900 MHz

LOS NLOS LOS NLOS

Minimum 4 3 3 3 Median 11.50 13 17 20.50

Mean 10.49 11.47 16 17.91

90**" Percentile 14 14 21 21

Maximum 14 14 21 21

Standard Deviation 3.34 3.10 4.70 4.74

Po 0.3294 0.4428 0.2619 0.5

Table 9. PDP exponential fit parameters of equations (1 1), (12).

Parameter 700 MHz 4900 MHz

Co 1.09 0.98

Cl 0.07 0.076

bio 0.39 0.27

bn 0.017 0.003

b20 6.56 0.56

b2i 0.018 0.003

X2 (ns) 73 70

b30 129 26.7

b3, 0.017 0.013

T3 (ns) 215 218

36
Table 10. multipath component delay distribution probability density function parameters for equations

(13), (14).

Band LOS

Parameter

V

NLOS

Parameters

(a,b)

700 MHz 318.2 (452.7, 1.57)

4900 MHz 340.6 (472.8. 1.6)

37
Appendix II: 700 MHz Experimental Data

•Mean |N(f)r

- Std Dev |H(f)r

80 >A<l;,^,?-/Vw' "•T^^^''-H^^'-"^'r"--v:^.Kj:.-.

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

en

-90

-100

-110

0. -120 Q

^^-130

-140

-150

/\ 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

y

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

L 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1 m I

" ----V----^'Vvy

[ TX1 to RX1 ; Mean (t^^g) = 52 ns i Std Dev (T^^g)= 15 ns t Noise Threshold =-119 dB 1

1 1 1 1

1

1

"-!

1

1 11

1

1

1

1

111

1

1

1

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

m

-20

-30

-40

r-50

^-60

-70

-80

TX1 toRX2

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -31 dB

Mean|H(f)r

Mean |N(f)|^ •StdDev|H(f)|^

C"-. /\<v

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-70

-80

-90 f^^-

TX1 to RX2

f Mean (x^^) = 21 ns i Std Dev (i^^J = 5 ns 1 Noise Threshold = -1 19 dB t ^ -100 ^-110

i : III

-120

-130

-140

. _ _

^

.

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 I

1 1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

m

-20

-30

-40

,^-50

^-60

-70

-80

TX1 to RX2

j |H(f)|^ (mean) = -38 dB

-Mean lH(f)r •Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

^Z^J

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-80

-90-

m

-100

CL -110 D

Q. -120

-130

-140

III

7"'""

'

; M^y TX1 to RX3

Mean {i^^) = 63 ns

Std Dev (x^^g) = 29 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

CD

-90

-100

-110 Q.Q

Q. -120

-130

-140

---

\-'~ " TX1 to RX4

I 1 Mean {t^^) = 55 ns

- VW- - - - Std Dev (T^^^) = 22 ns

1 \^^ 1 Noise Threshold = -119 dB

fy-^

1

1 Skn

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 '1

1 1

'

I 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 20. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Txl to Rxl through Rx4

pairings in the 700 MHz band.

38
-20

-30

-40

TX1 to RX5

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -46 dB

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-90

-100

-110

-120

-130

-140

-150

h, ; ; ; \J\. \

\ \ \

PAa

-

. _ w. _ -^M^^\ -;

;

;

v-, TX1 to RX5

Mean (t^^) = 107 ns

Std Dev (x_J = 14 ns

^ rms' Noise Threshold = -119dB

i 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20 " "i" _ _ _ _ " "1

TX1 to RX6

-30

_-40 mD

7^-50

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -58 dB

Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^ . m

~r7i - -V -r 7-'

r

^-60 ^ -70

1 - - y - --I-

>:^'

1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1

-80 A-1

1 y_

1 1 1 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

- lUU

-110 --fjV%i;-^:

-120 pV[ 1

-130

-140

1 TX1 to RX6 r Mean (t:,.^^) = 151 ns

Std Dev (t ) = 9 ns i Noise Threshold = -119dB i

-150

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

I ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

m

-20

-30

-40

r-50

£^-60

-70

-80

TX1 to RX7

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -60 dB Mean |H(f)r Mean

Std Dev|H(f)r

••"f

.

y < y

,S.-Z.C- 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

^-120

CD

Q.?-130

-140

' /A' /A '

' '

1 / V r V ' ' ^__J —n- i A 1 ^

1 A / i\ / i\A. 1 1

AA-/\_ iJ ' ' ' \L \-i (f^vT f 1

1 " \Ji

1 1 1

1 1 1 TX1 to RX7

Std Dev(T^^)= 19 ns Noise Threshold = -119 dB

1

1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1

1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

CQ

-20

-30

-40

.^-50

5- -60

-70

-80

TX1 to RX8

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -60 dB

-Mean|H(f)r

Mean|N(f)|^

StdDev|H(f)r

'J 1 r\ I

- vyv \fI I I I'l ii I «

I I Al 1.-1,1 ' Vi vl, • r""'. 1. ,<---. ,K-, I

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-105

-110

-115

! T

: J\:' ! J

1

1

m-120

fW^^?

D

^-125

\h\ ~ ft " "* /"V~ Nj ~

1 1

i y

_i 1 1 i

1 1

J

1

D

Q- -130

-135

-140

TX1 to F0<8 Mean (1^^^) = 124 ns | Std Dev (i^^^) = 20 ns

| Noise Threshold =-119dB '<

1

1 -145

' ' T 200

1 400Till III600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 21. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Txl to Rx5

through Rx8 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

39
-20

-30

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 TX1 to RX9

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -62 dB .

1

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1 _-40 £

r-50

Mean |H(f)|^ —Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

A.1

I 1

i A. ' - — i

1~

1

1

1^-60

-70

-80 Ill 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-110 !

! /V ! !

: A/^/:^VA^^i

-120 m

2,

1

1

1

1

1

1

r - -^ - T

1 T1 " - VV

1 1 1 £-130

-140

TX1 to RX9

Mean (t^^) = 135 ns

Std Dev(i^^)= 16 ns

Noise Threshold =-119dB

-150

I 1 1

1 ---; 7 7 1

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30 -1-

TX1 to RX10

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -69 dB .

-40 m

f-50 1

1 Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

r t-60

-70

-80

1 1 1 1

"i 1 . . r 1 r n i., .-.. i ir

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-120

-130

g-140

-150

-160

1 *a/1 i 1 1

- vM\/—

i

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 TX1 toRXIO

Mean (x J = 23 ns

Std Dev (x^g) = 69 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

1 1

1 1 1 i 1

1 1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

m

-20

-30

-40

r;-50

3^-60

-70

-80 i--"^-

TX1 to RX1

1

|H(f)l^ (mean) = -50 dB

-Mean|H(f)r

-Mean|N(f)|^

., -Std Devi H(f)|^

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz) 200

17 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

L_' 1 1

1 1 1

1 11

TX1toF0<12

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -62 dB

1 1

1 1

1 1

1

1

1 _-40

CD r-50

1

1 Mean|H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^ -

1 1 1 1

I 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

i 1 1 1 ^-60

-70

-80

1 V

1 1. _.

"

1 r

1 1

1 1 1 Ill 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-110 ) /"*"" 'v\ ' ' '

-120 Sx>

0. -130 D

Q. A/\^|y ^w 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

! 1 1

-140

-150

] 4-

1 !

1 1

1 1

1 T

TX1 toRX12

Std Dev {x^^^)= 14 ns

Noise Threshold = -119dB

1 1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 22. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Txl to Rx9

through Rxl2 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

40
m

20

30

40

,^-50

^-60

-70

-80

TX2 to RX1

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -62 dB Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)|^ StdDev|H(f)|'

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-110

-120

£"2.-130

Q.Q

CL -140

-150

-"p^-i--i--^

^i i T^MAAv^

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 t

- +

1 TX2 to RX1 [ Mean (1^3)= 114 ns 1 Std Dev (x^g) = 52 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

|

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

; 1 ' ' ' i 1 J

1 1 I

1 1

1 TX2toRX2

1 |H(f)|^ (mean) = -42 dB

1

--/'•

1

T 1

^-40

CD0

^^-50 ^-60

-70

1 •1

1

1 U '

1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 Mean |H(f)f

-—Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^ -

1

- -i

1

T 1 T

1 1 )

1 1 1 -T I---JT--

-80

1 1

1

1 t 1

1 1

1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-80

-90

-100 S -110

-120

-130

-140

-150 200

TX2 to RX2

Mean (x^^) = 32 ns

Std Dev (t )=12ns

Noise Threshold = -119dB

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-90

-100

-r--110

CO

Q- -120 Q

D. -130

-140

-150

'A ' ' '

'

A t\ 1 1 1 W /> AAv^ - - - -

1

1

1 7

1 1 1

1 1 TX2 to RX3

Mean (t^^) = 60 ns

Std Dev (t^^)= 15 ns

Noise Threshold = -119dB

1

1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

, 1 1 1 1 1 . J

1 T 1 1 1 1 1

-30 - -| T

1 TX2 to RX4

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -50 dB

_-40 £

a

r-50

1 1

1 1

1 T 1 ^T

/I •< \K :.y--.~....A ryr-i

1 r 1 /-'-,~,/-L ,....A|..Av-

^-60

-70

- 1 1 '

•'

1 1 Mean |H(f)|^ —Mean|N(f)|^

Std Dev|H(f)|^

1 T 1 T

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1

^' ' ' A A

' A

-80

1 " 1 1 1

1 1 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz) 800 1000

Figure 23. Magnitude squared of the channel perfonnance and PDP for Tx2 to Rxl

through Rx4 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

41
-20

-30

_-40

CD"O c.^-50 i-60

-70

-80

I , 1

1 . 1 J

1 1 i 1

1 1 1 1 Mean |H(f)|^ —Mean |N{f)l^ Std Dev |H{f)|^ ,

1

1 , 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

'/•/-

TX2 to RX5

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -53 dB

1 1

' , ,* W^' 1 1 1 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-90

-100

-110

-120

-130

-140

-150

' MA ' '

' '

1 i " J 1 1 1 1

1

1

1 hA /( ! ; T

1

I

'< V\y^/Sn/\l

vty\^ 11 II

1 1 TX2 to RX5 1 Mean (t^^) = 82 ns \ Std Dev (t^^)= 19 ns 1 Noise Threshold =-119 dsj i

1 1 ,

1 1

1 1

1 1

L 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

-115

-120 £-125

2.

CLD

°- -135

-140

-145

-150

l_ - —'r---A I^aK"

\l_._.|____^7yu

1 i L L I

1 1

I

1 1 1 TX2 to RX6 1

1 Mean (T^^)= 120ns ^

1

1 Std Dev (t^^^) = 36 ns {

' NoiseThreshold = -119dB '

I 1 I 1 71 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-110 L 1 fl 1 iV -1 1

-120

-130 pSKy/: " f"'":"^ 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 -140

-150

1

1

TX2 to RX7 1 Mean (^^^^) = 90 ns , Std Dev (t ) = 46 ns ' ^ rms' 1 Noise Threshold =-119dB '

1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

^0

'-50

--60

-70

-80

TX2 to RX8

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -66 dB

1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 t Mean |H(f)|^ Mean|N(f)|^

•••- Std Dev |H(f)|^

•

1 1 1

1 1 1

j;

1

1 1 I

1

! i 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

-120

m

S-130

-140

-150-

1 t 1. 1 <

1

1 \l J \ 1 „ 1 ^ ^^^.i-Y- —ViA- —1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 TX2 to RX8 1 Mean (x^^) = 68 ns | Std Dev (x^^) = 45 ns i Noise Threshold = -1 19 dB [

1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 24. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx2 to Rx5

through Rx8 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

42
CD

-20

-30

-40

,^-50

£-60

-70

-80

TX2 to RX9

|H{f)|^ (mean) = -67 dB

Mean |H(f)r -Mean |N(f)|^ •Std Dev|H{f)f

^i^i^W^^^^&^^

-r-"^.- ^a/V"W -"'-'•^'V'"- vv-: vr-vi-,

,

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

-115

_-120 S

2,

£L -125 Q

Q. -130

-135

' ^-1— iv --^

'

' .flri ^K •

1 ; _!.L____li.UfY_i

.1

1

-

_

TX2 to RX9

Mean (t^^) = 53 ns

Std Dev (t^j) = 50 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

1 1 1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

CD

20

30

40

.^-50 £-60

-70

-80

TX2toRX10

|H(f)|^ (mean) -75 dB

Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)r

^^^^Mv^^¥^w(

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

CD

-20

-30

-40

r-50

£-60

-70

-80

TX2 to RX1

1

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -24 dB

-Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)f -Std Dev|H(f)|'

ij-J'Y'^i

-'-'^'-^"- '-|a.'-'V;v

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-115

-120

-125 m -130 D

D. -135 Q

^-140

-145

-150

-155

CD

1_ /\ _ _ _ _; J

1

' 1 ' ' '

' L _ _ _ Al A 1

\ 1

1 ^ 4-y^__r^

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 [ 1 TX2toRX10

Mean (t) = 1

^ rms' Std Dev {:) =

^ rms' Noise Thresh olc

ns

2 ns

= -119dB

1 [

1 1

1

1 - T T

Q. -100 D

-110

-120

-130

200

200

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-A 1 !

1 ! A 1 -----1-----

TX2toRX11 1 Mean (i^^) = 8 ns . Std Dev (i^j) = ns

Noise Threshold = -1 19 dB

"" \AfA. III 1

1 11 ^^'^Wi^.. '..w^

t ~""7 ^yTy^"^T' '

L-

-

- 1

~

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 i 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

_ , , , , , , , _| TX2toRX12

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -47 dB

_-40

CDD

r-50

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 ?. 1

'Vi'-'"' M\.....-\ ' ^,

1 1

1

V----- £-60

-70

1 Mean |H(f)|^ —-Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

A|

r 1

1 1

1 1 - r 1 - -

{

1 1

r

1

1

\

1 -80

1 1 1 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-90

-100

;---110

CD2,

1 1 V^^- T A r r

Q-120

D. m-r--- r----t----:v^

-130

-140

1 —1

TX2 to RX12 J Mean (t^^) = 74 ns | Std Dev (t J

= 6 ns i Noise 1111 Threshold = -1 19 dB i

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 25. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for T\2 to Rx9

through Rxl2 pairhigs in the 700 MHz band.

43
m

-20

-30

-40

^-60

-70

-80

TX3 to RX1

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -56 dB

(VJ\X.

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-140

-150

200

TX3 to RX1 Mean (t_ ) = 135 ns

Std Dev {\\ = 39 ns

Noise Threshold = -119 dB

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

-40

£"

<N^-50 ^-60

-70

-80

~

1

1 1

1 1 1 TX3 to RX2

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -38 dB

1 1----.

1 .-./••, 1

"" V-'-V-\ ....-•^..,v•^..L.-••.^^

1

1 III 1 1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 Mean|H(f)|^

2

1 1 i 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 — Mean |N(f)| Std Dev |H(f)|^

1 i 1 t

< 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-80

-90

_-100 m

2--110

Q-Q

A : 1 1 1

I 1 \ 11 I 1

1 1 1

---

1 ^^

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 f

Mf\ \ vM 1 V>; Q- -120 ^ ^ ^

-130

-140

TX3 to RX2 1 Mean {^^^ = 39 ns • Std Dev (T^^)= 18 ns ! Noise Threshold = -1 19 dB ,

1

1

200

1 400till 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

-40'iS

-50

£-60

-70

"I 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 TX3 to RX3

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -41 dB

1 1.. 1 1

1 1 V 1 1

-T 1-

-,/-. .-. 1 1

1 '

"'"~'T--~ -K'---./ '^•'-'%.y\',,//'-,

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 Mean |H(f)|^ Mean|N(f)|^

Std Dev |H(f)|^ •

1 1

1 r T s

1

,' ' ' A

1 1 1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz) 400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz) 400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

Figure 26. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rxl

through Rx4 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

44
m

-20

-30

-40

.^-50 ^-60

-70

-80

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J TX3 to RX5

|H(f)p (mean) = -50 dB

1

1 1 1 v^ 4M-...

Mean |H(f)|^ ~ Mean |N{f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^

1 1

1 1 "

I 1 1 1

1 1

1 1 A.1

1 IT'

c^>/vW^- 1

1

1 t 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz) 400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

-115

-120 1-125

Q -130

Q. -135

-140

-145

I I ft. .

I i

1 A^w/V W^A^ 1

' A 1 ' \n A

Sa/^vI 1 '^^~\

1

1

1 1 1 1 _i 1 1 1

i 1 1 1 1

1

1

11

1

11

1

111

TX3 to RX6 1

Std Dev {z) = 25 ns ' ^ nnns' i Noise Threshold = -119 dB i

; 1 . 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-20

-30

^-40 m

o

c,^-50 ^-60

-70

-80

TX3 to RX7

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -63 dB Mean |H(f)r

Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

/'''sA., .-..'i" ^" V '••• ••'''-•'' ' I.-/ ' -'K ••"'••.-./ i\.-'\^^ - -r^ - -> 1 - '-""jr r - ---^^ -'-* r r'- \.r

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110 L I J A J J

-120

-130 pVK/-^ 1 1 ^^

1 ] 1 1

J 1. i 1.

-140

-150

1 —TX3 to RX7 1 Mean (T^j)= 103 ns [ Std Dev (t^j) = 27 ns i Noise Threshold = -119 dB i

1 1

1 1 ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800

Frequency (MHz)

-105

-110

-115 _-120

COS-125

g-130

-135

-140

-145

;_

' _. ' A ' J

1

1'""""' ""•"'Tn/uX'i

"A/' V r V; 7V-- 1 1 l \J \ \ \J\i

1 *A . 1 »

1

1

1

1

jsT^ ' ^^ 1

'

1 —1

1 1 1 1

! TX3 to RX8 1 -

-^ Mean (t_J= 102 ns ^

i ^ rms' 1 - - Std Dev (t ) = 23 ns 4 __ Noise Threshold =-1 19 dB j

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 27. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rx5

through Rx8 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

45
CD

-20

-30

-40

r^-50 ^-60

-70

-80

TX3 to RX9

lH(f)|^ (mean) = -65 dB

-Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)i^

• Std Dev |H(f)r

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

-120

a -130 D

-140

-150

:

; A/^'^J\A '

L 1 J 1 1

1 1 1 1 TX3 to RX9 ' Mean (t ) = 100 ns ! Std Dev (t ) = 37 ns ' Noise Threshold =-119 dB '

I 1 1 1 |1

1 1 1 1 ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

=t-60

-70

-80

- -Ii i ~

1 1

i 1 T""

.1.-^Ma-/ vV

-Mean|H(f)r

Mean|N(f)|^

Std Dev|H(f)|'

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-90

-100

m-110

g_fe-120

Q. -130

-140

-150

III WV^ \ A J |V---r---- 1 1 1 — 1

1

TX3 to RX1 1 r ^ean (i^^^) = 69 ns j Std Dev (T^g) = 20 ns y Noise Threshold =-119dB

ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

m

-20

-30

-40

,^-50

^-60

-70

-80

1 1 1

1 1 t

1 1 1 TX3toRX12

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -58 dB

1 1 1 1 Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^ -

1 1 1 1

1 1 V 1 -

i r 1 S" r n 1 1

730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 Frequency (MHz)

-110

_-120 m

2_

Q- -130|f Q

Q. -140

-150-

A/^1

1 1 1

1 1

1

V; MtLa :

i - i /v i

" 1

1

r [ r

1 1 1 TX3toRX12 1 Mean (T^^3) = 177 ns | Std Dev (T^^^) = 68 ns ; Noise Threshold = -1 19 dB *

1 1 1 I 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 28. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rx9, Rxl 1, and Rxl 2 pairings in the 700 MHz band.

46
Appendix III: 4900 MHz Experimental Data

-30

-40

1 r-- -h.--

1

1

.--V-fV

1

1 1

£-50

""-SO — -1-

1

1 r

TX1 to RX1

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -38 dB I

-70

-80

1

1 Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N{f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)p -

-V-X'-j.rA'%^-^

1

1

1

1

-90 ''Vi^v^/>^,<^.^A%/u.^lVy^^<^^^^*V 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-30

-40

Aj;j../

1

1

1

1

_ _ 4--V---" _ _ 4. _ JW- *

m -50 2,

— - 1- TX1 to RX2

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -31 dB

g-60

I

-70

-80

-90

1

'

1

1 Mean |H(f)|^

1 1

1 1

1 1

Mean |N(f)| Std Dev |H(f)|^

Lv'i-'V/L

1

1

1 1

1 1

4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

1000

400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-100

Q-?-i4n r

1 1 1 1 1

1 TX1 to RX3 i Mean (x) = 60 ns i Std Dev (T^g)= 13 ns -r Noise Threshold = -145 dB

-160

1

1 1

i

1

1 1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

CD -50

g-60

X

-70

-80

-90

TX1 to RX4

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -38 dB

Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)r lVVXca^"" ..aa. ^',v>vl'<—^s^r>/<^-! 4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000 1000

Figure 29. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for T\l to Rxl

through Rx4 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

47
g-60

X

-70

-80

-90

TX1 to RX5

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -39 dB

Mean |H(f)r

Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^

vCiCs^.^^'y: >v-jo^'^\.rv>^*'^v^^^-j^-^s.-ry"'^' 4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-100

-110

-120

£"2.-130

Q.Q -140

D. -150

-160

-170

\..--. : J ; -Uvr^---^---'-----'

-yJ- y^4vsJc^-i

1 1 1 ! 1

t

1 1 [ 1

i

\ \ \ TX1 to RX5 ' Mean {-) = 55 ns 1 std Dev(T J= 18 ns ' Noise Threshold = -145 dB i' 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

TX1 to RX6

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -54 dB

Std Dev |H(f)|'

,Cv>n!>X»'"-->->''>"^^^>^ ^'- 4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

TX1 toRX7

|H(f)r (mean) = -54 dB

-Mean|H(f)r ^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^'^

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

-120 """"Tft"/^WVtv\A"'""""i

-130 ----rj-V-.;_____;__Vyk^

m -140 ph^___. ! ! : i Q -150

1 1

1 TX1 to RX7

-160 Mean (t^^) = 139 ns

-170

Std Dev (i ) = 20 ns ^ rms' Noise Threshold = -145 dB |

'

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

•yv^Y«^,t.'Vj;^_'v>y^n/. 4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-120 —'~!\~j\::aJ\v~^—

-130 m -140 frvv::'___;_____: L._^

a , a -150

D1 1 1 1 1

1 1 i 1 1

-160 ! |TX1toRX8

i Mean (-^3) = 128 ns

-170 1 j

Std Dev (1^3)= 16 ns [i

\

li Noise Threshold = -145 dB j"

1 < 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 30. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Txl to Rx5

through Rx8 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

48
-30

-40 m -50 £-60

X

-70

-80

-90

1 i

1

1

'

_ J _ TX1 to RX9

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -57 dB

1

1

... r'\ ./'^>-'

1 %/V

1 1

.fij ' • -';- '

Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N{f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

T

"

1

1

n

1

1

1

1

1

y^^~*-

1

1 J ^ 'W^-vVVv^^^^-^'^'V-^-l 4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

120

130

140

1 ^ A;

; ; '\^\y^'^X^

*^iV

150

1

1

1

1

160

170

180

TX1 to RX9

Mean {T^^^) = l28ns

SWDev(T^^^) = 23ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1

1

J

1

1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

_ L _

1

1 TX1 toRXIO

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -66 dB

1 Mean |H(f)|^

CD -50 - i —Mean |N(f)|^ -

-60 '^T.^r.fi -,yr:

1 Std Dev|H(f)|^

7S- i\h.7r -..-'!^ 7.">'-->n.7-.- -,-r X

-70

-80

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

-90 ii\'^i1 'i-'y-^-r-\/:-^i-jc--i-'£^^j:^-c-j--^i-^'^'-'- 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-130

-140

-150

D -160

D.

-170

-180

200

Mean (t ) = 241 ns

I Noise Threshold = -145 dB

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40 m -50 £-60

X

-70

-80

-Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

,9QLv%'!i-i\^-'V'l-V-'>^K^,/^^,rv5-Ai^,'>.i'>-.k''^.i~s.--J»V 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz)

5000

-110

-120

-130 1-140

D.Q -150

Q. -160

-170

-180

~~~~f^^^''^v\''"\"

: . 1 1 , 1 ^

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1

TXItoRXH ; Mean (i^g) = 118 ns StdDev(T )=13ns ' Noise Threshold = -145 dB '

1 1 - 1 .1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

TX1 to RX12

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -56 dB

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

120

130

140 ']i3&S 150

160

170

180

II' 1

1 1

1 J 4- 1 L

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 lTX1toRX12

1 ! Mean (t^^^) = 90 ns

Std Dev {t:) = 18 ns

~ Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1 1 1 I 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 31. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Txl to Rx9

through Rxl2 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

49
TX2 to RX1

-58 dB

4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-30

-40 m -50

fe-60

1 1 1 1

: 1 >

-'-.

..-v

'"•

1

1

1

I

1 - -r - TX2toRX2

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -41 dB - I

-70

-80

I Mean |H{f)|^ - Mean |N{f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

"

1 1

1 1

1 1

:^/V^^

1

1 -901 ./•ivV-N!,'.^,^^y-VU'i.^~^-^'A' 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-30

-40

m-50

1L —

1

- -I

r0:

1 "I

i

1

1

1

I 1

£-60

1

1 T

-

1

TX2 to RX3

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -44 dB

"

""-70

-80

1 Mean \H{i)f -

- —Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^

r

1

1

1

1

-^'V-s.^*'*

1 1

1 -90

1 /"A^1 " 1 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

rvV^£/^^':r-^y>=Ar\/i'\'->'>v/v\^'5^'--'''^'V'-' 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-120

-130

-140

-150

-160

-170

-180

--1/^1 1 1 1

1 \XN 1 J 1

-/v [ i l^^'^'^vwO

A)^^^Ji 1 1. 1 1

1

1

1

1

*

-

-

-t

—

1

1

^

- 1 t ! 1 T 1

i r

1 1 1 1

1 1

1 TX2 to RX1 ' ^^^" ("rms) = 95 ns ; Std Dev (T^^^) = 22 ns

; Noise Ttireshold = -145 dB '

1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

1000

-110

-120

-130

-140

' !\h '

' ' '

1 1 WAaa/ViA

1 1 1 1 r

-150 1 1 1 1 1

-160

-170

1

1

1

1

TX2 to RX4

Mean (t ) = 118 ns ^ cms' Std Dev (T^^^)= 17 ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB 1

1

1 1 1 { 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 32. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx2 to Rxl

through Rx4 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

50
-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

-90

1 L

1

1 TX2 to RX5

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -51 dB

s

2,X

I

1

1

1 Mean |H(f)|^ -Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

r

!

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 !^A.C.2-^'A^<,MVj''.^.^^vy 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-30

-40

m-50

c^ «« g-60

X

-70

-80

-90

TX2 to RX6

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -59 dB

\fn

^^\/v/v'r'V<y»,>v^\ A

-Mean |H(f)r

- Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)r

4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-110

-120

-130 s

5.-140

Q.£ -150

-160

-170

-180

i\ I ; ; ;

A

1

t^'Vvf^--j

Kr^^ 1

1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1 1

1 4 + 1 1X2 to RX5 1 Mean (x^^) = 149 ns i Std Dev (t) = 31 ns ' ^ rms' 1

i Noise Threshold =-145dB

|

1 1 -1- + 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

120

130

140

1 1 1 1 1 150 1

1 1 1 1

1

1- 1 Y

1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1 160

170

IflO

1

j

__ — — 1— ___

TX2 to RX6 \

Std Dev (i:^^)= 13 ns [ Noise Threshold = -145 dB '

1 1 1 1 il 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

m-50

B_£-60

x_

-70

-80

-90

'

'

'

'

1 J

1 1

1 1

TX2 to F0<7

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -59 dB

1

1

1

1

V---./ ^^r^ "---' "Vt%.^

+ }

1 1

1 1

1 1 Mean|H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)|^

] 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 «A'V^/-^'tr^'>.^-^J^Xc.(^•i'^^^•:'.-y«-'^^-^t^ 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-120

-130

_-140 m

"O^-150

Q

Q. -160

-170

-180

[Wvv^f^___:____;^

1

— 1

—

1

— 1

—

TX2 to RX7

std Dev (T^^^)= 18 ns Noise Threshold = -145dB

1 1 1 T 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

m-50

2,£-60

x^

-70

-80

-90

TX2 to RX8

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -60 dB

StdDev|H(f)r

4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-130

-140 m

S-150

Q.Q

"^-160

-170

-180

; ; rV\A ; P^J^-|--|^ 1 V 1 1 1 1

1

1 1

I

1 1 1 1 TX2 to RX8 ' Mean (t^^)= 138 ns [ Std Dev (T^^)= 13 ns i Noise Threshold = -145 dB i

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 ti 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 33. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for T\2 to R\5

through Rx8 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

51
-30 ^

-40-

m-50- o

CM

' g-60

I

-70

-80

TX2 to RX9

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -63 dB

Mean|H(f)r

•Mean |N(f)|^ StdDev|H(f)|'

gO='A'Vc*'^V~r^:C-Vtr'V-''X^>'^^^"X/V''^"-''"'~ 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-125 1 1 1- - |M,-;

-130 1 ''.----{-

' 1 1

1 1 _ I - mo

! ft «! ! /l»A^! CL-135 -/t---r r ---fr r-WAi

Q- Vl/WV^A

/

,' TX2 to RX9 ^1 -140

1 1

Mean (T^^) = 123 ns | Std Dev (T^^) = 36 ns I Noise Threshold = -145 dB

— 1 - 1 —

)

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40 m -50

c^-eo X

-70

-80

TX2toRX10

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -68 dB

-Mean |H(f)r Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^ ^^^^^0^0W^&

/yXcvrb-Nfr'N /^''r'-v/<^.~--> f^-' -904900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-130

-140

1

1 ' ft

' '

m-150

fe-160

CL -170

-180

fy^AMAA.^-/-! :

'

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 [ f

] !TX2toRX10

, Mean (T^^) = 122 ns

' Std Dev (t ) = 22 ns

1 1 ^ rms'

'

' Noise Threshold = -145 dB

-190

1 1 t 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

-•..^~

-.

r-'.i:^;^^--4...A..A..,..^...,^.._

'- ^i^-"^'^^

1 .1

m-50 --- --

"D

I

1 TX2toRX11

1" 7

]

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -30 dB

1 1 1 1 g-60

X

-70

-80

-90

Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ - Std Dev |H(f)|^

1 t

1 \ T 1

1 1

1 1

iv'^'^.^t

1

1 1 11111

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-100

m -120

Q.Q

°- -140

-160

200

, 1 i^/SA~^ft ^^ 1

1

1 -I

1

1

1

1

1 1

1

1 I

1 41

1

1 TX2 to RX11 Ms^n (T^^^) = 37 ns

Std Dev(T^g) = 11 ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1

-1

1

1 -^---

1 1 1

1 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

g-60

X

-70

-80

-90

TX2toRX12

|H(f)|^ (mean) = A2 dB

Mean|H(f)r

• Mean |N(f)|^

• Std Dev |H(f)|^ VW/: V-'V-'.'b-^Vf^"-'^''-'-'^-^;''-' 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-100

-110

-120 m-130 D

g -140

-150

-160

-170

_. A L_ __; ; ; 'i v/V III!

---

1 1 .1 W-/\ /\_^^ fl/U IM^ "

1 1

[ i^^^v \^

1

1 TX2 to RX12 1 Mean (t^^) = 76 ns _[ Std Dev (t^^)= 12 ns i Noise Threshold = -145 dB "[

1

1

i

1 1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 34. Magnitude squared of die channel performance and PDP for Tx2 to Rx9

through Rxl2 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

52
-30

-40

S"-50

"J -60 X

-70

-80

1

1

'

'

1 TX3 to RX1

1 |H(f)|^ (mean) = -58 dB

'

1

1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 Mean |H(f)|^ —-- Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H{f)|^

r

1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1 V- A/:;.t-'i-'\flf'2-y/^^'-~.-^jT: 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-120

-130

-140

1- -VyL _ 1 1 1 i

L

. DOS-150

Q-Q

1

1

1

-|III: III1 1

a. -160

-170

-180 1

1

r TX3 to RX1 Mean {t^^^)= 152 ns

Std Dev (t ) = 40 ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1

1 1 I 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 _ J_ 1

-J^ 1 V

I

1

1

1

...•'v-|/

1 m-50

2, >^-60

TX3 to RX2 [

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -39 dB

X

-70

-80

Mean |H(f)|^ —Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)f

"

r

1

1

r

1 -90 fT-'ys.-^"..^x--.'V->i'N,yA.>i\^l-.^,Vv 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-30

-40

m-50

%-60

X

-70

-80

-90

-^'r^'f V --•— >'=---• -v •-;..>•,•

-Mean|H(f)r

Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev|H(f)r

i./:/~''W'^>^-<^/s^'tr\./!r'V;-'T^^&'VV''^-'''-^'^^/-' 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

yyr-^'^\nJ^it~^j^-'^^i^'^-^fi:> 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

1000

400 600

Delay (ns) 1000

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 35. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rxl

through Rx4 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

53
g-60

-70

-80

-90

TX3 to RX5

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -44 dB

^.'viyr:r*^'ysr'^"'i

-Mean|H(f)r

-Mean|N{f)|^

- Std Dev |H(f)|

4900 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-100

-110

-120 m -130

9z -140

-150-

-160-

-170-

LA.___:_^ : J ;i

1 : ! I I /^ 1 1 i I

TX3 to RX5 i Mean (t^^) = 61 ns I Std Dev (r^^) = 27 ns I Noise Threshold III= -145 dB { 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40-

£" -50 b'. %-60

I

-70

-80

-904900

TX3 to RX6

|H(f)|^ (mean)

-59 dB

-Mean|H(f)r

Mean |N(f)|^ StdDev|H(f)|'

.-XCvVV^^^^lA-'V-v^^'AXv'Nsf.'X.V'-"'''''' 4920 4940 4960

Frequency (MHz) 4980 5000

-120

-130

-140

-150

-170

-180

1 ^v\w^V- 1

1 1 f

1

1

1

1 1 1 1 '

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

i

1

1

1

1

TX3 to RX6 1 Mean (T^^) = 138 ns i Std Dev (t^^^)= 18 ns -1 Noise Threshold = -145 dB

. _

1 1 1 1 ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

2,

-50

x_

-60

-70

-80

TX3 to RX7

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -58 dB

J L 1 .

- Std Dev |H(f)[

Mean |H(f)r

• Mean |N(f)f

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-120

-130

---140

to

;..__: fr A : ;

y£| *--l 1 T 1

^-150

CL

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 (

1 1 1 1 -160

-170

1 .

1

TX3 to RX7

'^^3n(T^^) = 130 ns

Std Dev (t J

= 25 ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1 1 1 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40

2,

-50

NX

-60

-70

-80

-90

'

J L.

1 1

1 1

TX3 to RX8

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -60 dB

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

H

1- 1 1

v 1 '/ • -' '>• v-- Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

1

1 1

1 1 LvVJwrvVy*_---<A^'-V"-w-ii^vV-vj»/-''*=^'*-^^'""v''- 4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz)

5000

-120

-130

_-140F--

ffi o

--150h

Q

°" -160-

-170

-180

1 1 1 t 1

!

1

1

-1

-

1-

—

-

-1

-

-1

1

1

.

1

1

1

TX3 to RX8 ; Mean (t^^^) = 144 ns i Std Dev (t^^) = 29 ns } Noise Threshold = -145 dB |

1

1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 71 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 36. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rx5

through Rx8 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

54
-30

-40 m -50 2,S-60 I

-70

-80

-904900

TX3 to RX9

|H(f)|^ (mean) -63 dB

M-\

"Mean |H(f)r

Mean |N(f)p Std Dev |H{f)|^

\rYM''<-^'' 1- -fL'^L J^£.

4920 4940 4960 4980 5000 Frequency (MHz)

-120

-130

-140 m

2,-150

Q.a

D- -160

-170

-180

1

1

11

1

1

L

1

1

1

1

1

1

-q jj#VU^

vrw\/^Vi 1 1 1

1

1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 TX3 to RX9 1

Std Dev (t^^) = 20 ns "i Noise Threshold = -145 dB i

1 '1 1 1

' ii

1 1 1 1 ii 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

-30

-40 m -50

•o "S-60h

1 TXStoRXIO

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -73 dB

1

1 ^"""1

Mean|H(f)|^ —Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

-70

-80

-904900

I I I I

4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-140

-150 m

S-160

Q.Q

°- -170

-180

-190

j 1 1 \ J \^^ \r\rS

>^' ;

: V 1

1 V1111 \ \ \1 1 1 L

1 1 1 1 1

1lilt 1 1 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

TX3toRX10 "' Mean (t^^) = 165 ns | Std Dev (t^^) = 47 ns "f Noise Threshold = -145 dB i r , ---,-- n

1 1 1 1 ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

1 1

1

1

i.

'

-30 _ J _ TX3 to FOCI 2

|H(f)|^ (mean) = -54 dB

-40 m -50

>=:-60

J 1 1

1

1

1

^-V-^'V

'-!i-\.--:...,r\

1

1

1

1 1

•vi---.--. y^-T^AA,-/*,.-.'

I

-70

-80

1

1 Mean |H(f)|^ Mean |N(f)|^ Std Dev |H(f)|^

T

1 __I

1

i

1

1

1

-90

1 -./--U

1 1

4900 4920 4940 4960 4980

Frequency (MHz) 5000

-100

-110

-120 m -130

2,

Q- -140 Q

^-150

-160

-170

-120

-130

-140

a. -150 Q

CL -160

-170

-180

TX3 to RX1

1

Mean (t_ ) = 76 ns

Std Dev(T J= 11 ns Noise Threshold = -145 dB

200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

r r

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 T T n 1 f

1 1 1 1 TX3toRX12

Mean (x^^^) = 136 ns

Std Dev(T J

= 17 ns

Noise Threshold = -145 dB

1 1 i ! ll 200 400 600

Delay (ns) 800 1000

Figure 37. Magnitude squared of the channel performance and PDP for Tx3 to Rx9 through

Rxl2 pairings in the 4900 MHz band.

55

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