Permit-Required

Confined Spaces

OSHA 3138-01R 2004
Employers are responsible for providing a

safe and healthy workplace for their

employees. OSHA’s role is to promote the

safety and health of America’s working men

and women by setting and enforcing

standards; providing training, outreach and

education; establishing partnerships; and

encouraging continual improvement in

workplace safety and health.

This informational booklet provides a

general overview of a particular topic

related to OSHA standards. It does not

alter or determine compliance responsibilities in OSHA standards or the

Occupational Safety and Health Act of

1970. Because interpretations and

enforcement policy may change over time,

you should consult current OSHA administrative interpretations and decisions by the

Occupational Safety and Health Review

Commission and the courts for additional

guidance on OSHA compliance requirements.

This publication is in the public domain and

may be reproduced, fully or partially,

without permission. Source credit is

requested but not required.

This information is available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice

phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY)

number: (877) 889-5627.
U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHA 3138-01R

2004

Permit-Required

Confined Spaces
2

Contents

Introduction...3

Definitions...3

OSHA’s Confined Space Standard...4

Alternative to a full permit entry...4

Written Programs...6

Controlling Hazards...7

Equipment for safe entry...7

Detection of hazardous conditions...7

Informing Contract Employees...8

Entry Permits...8

Cancelled entry permits...9

Worker Training...9

Assigned Duties...10

Authorized entrant..10

Attendant...10

Entry supervisor...11

Emergencies...12

Rescue service personnel...12

Harnesses and retrieval lines...12

MSDS...12

OSHA Assistance...13

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines...13

State Programs...14

Consultation Services...14

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)...15

Strategic Partnership Program...15

Alliance Programs...15

OSHATraining and Education...16

Information Available Electronically...17

OSHA Publications...17

Contacting OSHA...18

OSHA Regional Offices...19
Introduction

Many workplaces contain spaces that are considered to be

“confined” because their configurations hinder the activities of

employees who must enter into, work in or exit from them. In many

instances, employees who work in confined spaces also face

increased risk of exposure to serious physical injury from hazards

such as entrapment, engulfment and hazardous atmospheric

conditions. Confinement itself may pose entrapment hazards and

work in confined spaces may keep employees closer to hazards

such as machinery components than they would be otherwise. For

example, confinement, limited access and restricted airflow can

result in hazardous conditions that would not normally arise in an

open workplace.

The terms “permit-required confined space” and “permit space”

refer to spaces that meet OSHA’s definition of a “confined space”

and contain health or safety hazards. For this reason, OSHA

requires workers to have a permit to enter these spaces. Throughout this publication, the term “permit space” will be used to

describe a “permit-required confined space.”

Definitions

By definition, a confined space:

■ Is large enough for an employee to enter fully and perform

assigned work;

■ Is not designed for continuous occupancy by the employee; and

■ Has a limited or restricted means of entry or exit.

These spaces may include underground vaults, tanks, storage

bins, pits and diked areas, vessels, silos and other similar areas.

By definition, a permit-required confined space has one or more

of these characteristics:

■ Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous

atmosphere;

■ Contains a material with the potential to engulf someone who

enters the space;

■ Has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be

trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a

3
floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross

section; and/or

■ Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards.

OSHA’s Confined Space Standard

OSHA’s standard for confined spaces (29 CFR 1910.146) contains the

requirements for practices and procedures to protect employ-ees in

general industry from the hazards of entering permit spaces.

Employers in general industry must evaluate their workplaces to

determine if spaces are permit spaces. (See flow chart, page 5.) If a

workplace contains permit spaces, the employer must inform

exposed employees of their existence, location and the hazards

they pose. This can be done by posting danger signs such as

“DANGER—PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE—AUTHORIZED

ENTRANTS ONLY” or using an equally effective means.

If employees are not to enter and work in permit spaces,

employers must take effective measures to prevent them from

entering these spaces. If employees are expected to enter permit

spaces, the employer must develop a written permit space program

and make it available to employees or their representatives.

Alternative to a full permit entry

Under certain conditions described in the standard, the employer

may use alternate procedures for worker entry into a permit space.

For example, if an employer can demonstrate with monitoring and

inspection data that the only hazard is an actual or potential

hazardous atmosphere that can be made safe for entry using

continuous forced air ventilation, the employer may be exempted

from some requirements, such as permits and attendants. However,

even in these circumstances, the employer must test the internal

atmosphere of the space for oxygen content, flammable gases and

vapors, and the potential for toxic air contaminants before any

employee enters it. The employer must also provide continuous

ventilation and verify that the required measurements are

performed before entry.

4
5

Does the workplace contain PRCS

as defined by §1910.146(b)?

Consult other applicable

OSHA standards.

Inform employees as required

by §1910.146(c)(2).

Will permit space be entered?

Will contractors enter?

YES

NO STOP

Prevent employee entry as

required by §1910.146(c)(3).

Do task from outside of space.

NO

Task will be done by contractors’

employees. Inform contractor

as required by §1910.146(c)(8)(i),

(ii) and (iii). Contractor obtains

information required by

§1910.146(c)(9)(i), (ii), from host.

YES

Permit-Required Confined Space Decision Flow Chart

YES

Will host employees enter

to perform entry tasks?

Both contractors and host

employees will enter the space.

Coordinate entry operations as

required by §1910.146(c)(8)(iv) and

(d)(11). Prevent unauthorized entry.

Prevent authorization entry.

Does space have known or

potential hazards?

Not a PRCS. 1910.146 does not apply.

Consult other OSHA standards.

Can the hazards be eliminated?

YES

Employer may choose to reclassify

space to non-permit required confined

space using §1910.146(c)(7).

Space may be entered under

§1910.146(c)(5).

Can the space be maintained in a

condition safe to enter by continuous

forced air ventilation only?

Verify acceptable entry conditions.

(Test results recorded, space isolated if

needed, rescuers/means to summon

available, entrants properly equipped, etc.)

Prepare for entry via

permit procedures.

Permit not valid until conditions

meet permit specifications.

Permit issued by authorizing signature.

Acceptable entry conditions

maintained throughout entry.

Entry tasks completed. Permit

returned and canceled.

Audit permit program and permit based

on evaluation of entry by entrants,

attendants, testers and preparers, etc.

YES

NO

YES NO

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

NO

NO

Emergency exists (prohibited

condition). Entrants evacuated, entry

aborts. (Call rescuers if needed.)

Permit is void. Reevaluate program to

correct/prevent prohibited condition.

Occurrence of emergency (usually)

is proof of deficient program. No

re-entry until program (and permit) is

amended. (May require new program.)

CONTINUE

STOP

STOP1

STOP1

NO

1 Spaces may have to be evacuated and reevaluated if hazards arise during entry.

Source: 29 CFR 1910.146 Appendix A.
Written Programs

Any employer who allows employee entry into a permit space must

develop and implement a written program for the space. Among

other things, the OSHA standard requires the employer’s written

program to:

■ Implement necessary measures to prevent unauthorized entry;

■ Identify and evaluate permit space hazards before allowing

employee entry;

■ Test atmospheric conditions in the permit space before entry

operations and monitor the space during entry;

■ Perform appropriate testing for the following atmospheric

hazards in this sequence: oxygen, combustible gases or vapors,

and toxic gases or vapors;

■ Establish and implement the means, procedures and practices to

eliminate or control hazards necessary for safe permit space

entry operations;

■ Identify employee job duties;

■ Provide and maintain, at no cost to the employee, personal

protective equipment and any other equipment necessary for

safe entry and require employees to use it;

■ Ensure that at least one attendant is stationed outside the permit

space for the duration of entry operations;

■ Coordinate entry operations when employees of more than one

employer are working in the permit space;

■ Implement appropriate procedures for summoning rescue and

emergency services, and preventing unauthorized personnel

from attempting rescue;

■ Establish, in writing, and implement a system for the

preparation, issue, use and cancellation of entry permits;

■ Review established entry operations annually and revise the

permit space entry program as necessary; and

■ Implement the procedures that any attendant who is required to

monitor multiple spaces will follow during an emergency in one

or more of those spaces.

6
Controlling Hazards

The employer’s written program should establish the means,

procedures and practices to eliminate or control hazards necessary

for safe permit space entry operations. These may include:

■ Specifying acceptable entry conditions;

■ Isolating the permit space;

■ Providing barriers;

■ Verifying acceptable entry conditions; and

■ Purging, making inert, flushing or ventilating the permit space.

Equipment for safe entry

In addition to personal protective equipment, other equipment that

employees may require for safe entry into a permit space includes:

■ Testing, monitoring, ventilating, communications and lighting

equipment;

■ Barriers and shields;

■ Ladders; and

■ Retrieval devices.

Detection of hazardous conditions

If hazardous conditions are detected during entry, employees must

immediately leave the space. The employer must evaluate

the space to determine the cause of the hazardous atmosphere

and modify the program as necessary.

When entry to permit spaces is prohibited, the employer must

take effective measures to prevent unauthorized entry. Non-permit

confined spaces must be evaluated when changes occur in their

use or configuration and, where appropriate, must be reclassified

as permit spaces.

A space with no potential to have atmospheric hazards may be

classified as a non-permit confined space only when all hazards are

eliminated in accordance with the standard. If entry is required to

eliminate hazards and obtain data, the employer must follow

specific procedures in the standard.

7
Informing Contract Employees

Employers must inform any contractors whom they hire to enter

permit spaces about:

■ The permit spaces and permit space entry requirements;

■ Any identified hazards;

■ The employer’s experience with the space, such as knowledge of

hazardous conditions; and

■ Precautions or procedures to be followed when in or near permit

spaces.

When employees of more than one employer are conducting

entry operations, the affected employers must coordinate entry

operations to ensure that affected employees are appropriately

protected from permit space hazards. The employer also must give

contractors any other pertinent information regarding hazards and

operations in permit spaces and be debriefed at the conclusion of

entry operations.

Entry Permits

A permit, signed by the entry supervisor, must be posted at all

entrances or otherwise made available to entrants before they enter

a permit space. The permit must verify that pre-entry preparations

outlined in the standard have been completed. The duration of

entry permits must not exceed the time required to complete an

assignment.

Entry permits must include:

■ Name of permit space to be entered, authorized entrant(s),

eligible attendants and individuals authorized to be entry

supervisors;

■ Test results;

■ Tester’s initials or signature;

■ Name and signature of supervisor who authorizes entry;

■ Purpose of entry and known space hazards;

■ Measures to be taken to isolate permit spaces and to eliminate

or control space hazards;

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■ Name and telephone numbers of rescue and emergency

services and means to be used to contact them;

■ Date and authorized duration of entry;

■ Acceptable entry conditions;

■ Communication procedures and equipment to maintain contact

during entry;

■ Additional permits, such as for hot work, that have been issued

authorizing work in the permit space;

■ Special equipment and procedures, including personal

protective equipment and alarm systems; and

■ Any other information needed to ensure employee safety.

Cancelled entry permits

The entry supervisor must cancel entry permits when an

assignment is completed or when new conditions exist. New

conditions must be noted on the canceled permit and used in

revising the permit space program. The standard requires that the

employer keep all canceled entry permits for at least one year.

Worker Training

Before the initial work assignment begins, the employer must

provide proper training for all workers who are required to work in

permit spaces. After the training, employers must ensure that the

employees have acquired the understanding, knowledge and skills

necessary to safely perform their duties. Additional training is

required when:

■ The job duties change;

■ A change occurs in the permit space program or the permit

space operation presents any new hazard; and

■ An employee’s job performance shows deficiencies.

In addition to this training, rescue team members also require

training in CPR and first aid. Employers must certify that this

training has been provided.

After completion of training, the employer must keep a record of

employee training and make it available for inspection by employees

9
and their authorized representatives. The record must include the

employee’s name, the trainer’s signature or initials and dates of

the training.

Assigned Duties

Authorized entrant

Authorized entrants are required to:

■ Know space hazards, including information on the means of

exposure such as inhalation or dermal absorption, signs of

symptoms and consequences of the exposure;

■ Use appropriate personal protective equipment properly;

■ Maintain communication with attendants as necessary to enable

them to monitor the entrant’s status and alert the entrant to

evacuate when necessary;

■ Exit from the permit space as soon as possible when:

■ Ordered by the authorized person;

■ He or she recognizes the warning signs or symptoms of

exposure;

■ A prohibited condition exists; or

■ An automatic alarm is activated.

■ Alert the attendant when a prohibited condition exists or when

warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist.

Attendant

The attendant is required to:

■ Remain outside the permit space during entry operations unless

relieved by another authorized attendant;

■ Perform non-entry rescues when specified by the employer’s

rescue procedure;

■ Know existing and potential hazards, including information on

the mode of exposure, signs or symptoms, consequences and

physiological effects;

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■ Maintain communication with and keep an accurate account of

those workers entering the permit space;

■ Order evacuation of the permit space when:

■ A prohibited condition exists;

■ A worker shows signs of physiological effects of hazard

exposure;

■ An emergency outside the confined space exists; and

■ The attendant cannot effectively and safely perform required

duties.

■ Summon rescue and other services during an emergency;

■ Ensure that unauthorized people stay away from permit spaces

or exit immediately if they have entered the permit space;

■ Inform authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if any unauthorized person enters the permit space; and

■ Perform no other duties that interfere with the attendant’s

primary duties.

Entry supervisor

Entry supervisors are required to:

■ Know space hazards including information on the mode of

exposure, signs or symptoms and consequences;

■ Verify emergency plans and specified entry conditions such as

permits, tests, procedures and equipment before allowing entry;

■ Terminate entry and cancel permits when entry operations are

completed or if a new condition exists;

■ Verify that rescue services are available and that the means for

summoning them are operable;

■ Take appropriate measures to remove unauthorized entrants;

and

■ Ensure that entry operations remain consistent with the entry

permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.

11
Emergencies

Rescue service personnel

The standard requires employers to ensure that responders are

capable of responding to an emergency in a timely manner.

Employers must provide rescue service personnel with personal

protective and rescue equipment, including respirators, and training

in how to use it. Rescue service personnel also must receive the

authorized entrants training and be trained to perform assigned

rescue duties.

The standard also requires that all rescuers be trained in first

aid and CPR. At a minimum, one rescue team member must be

currently certified in first aid and CPR. Employers must ensure that

practice rescue exercises are performed yearly and that rescue

services are provided access to permit spaces so they can practice

rescue operations. Rescuers also must be informed of the hazards

of the permit space.

Harnesses and retrieval lines

Authorized entrants who enter a permit space must wear a chest or

full body harness with a retrieval line attached to the center of their

backs near shoulder level or above their heads. Wristlets may be

used if the employer can demonstrate that the use of a chest

or full body harness is not feasible or creates a greater hazard.

Also, the employer must ensure that the other end of the

retrieval line is attached to a mechanical device or a fixed point

outside the permit space. A mechanical device must be available

to retrieve someone from vertical type permit spaces more than

five feet (1.524 meters) deep.

MSDS

If an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for which a Material

Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or other similar written information is

required to be kept at the worksite, that MSDS or other written

information must be made available to the medical facility

personnel treating the exposed entrant.

12
OSHA Assistance

OSHA can provide extensive help through a variety of programs,

including technical assistance about effective safety and health

programs, state plans, workplace consultations, voluntary

protection programs, strategic partnerships, training and education,

and more. An overall commitment to workplace safety and health

can add value to your business, to your workplace, and to your life.

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines

Effective management of employee safety and health protection is a

decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related

injuries and illnesses and their related costs. In fact, an effective

safety and health program forms the basis of good employee

protection and can save time and money and increase productivity and reduce employee injuries, illnesses, and related workers’

compensation costs.

To assist employers and employees in developing effective

safety and health programs, OSHA published recommended

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (54 Federal

Register (16): 3904-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary

guidelines can be applied to all places of employment covered by

OSHA.

The guidelines identify four general elements critical to the

development of a successful safety and health management

system:

■ Management leadership and employee involvement,

■ Worksite analysis,

■ Hazard prevention and control, and

■ Safety and health training.

The guidelines recommend specific actions, under each of

these general elements, to achieve an effective safety and health

program. The Federal Register notice is available online at

www.osha.gov.

13
14

State Programs

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)

encourages states to develop and operate their own job safety and

health plans. OSHA approves and monitors these plans. Twentyfour states, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands currently operate

approved state plans: 22 cover both private and public (state and

local government) employment; Connecticut, New Jersey, New

York and the Virgin Islands cover the public sector only. States and

territories with their own OSHA-approved occupational safety and

health plans must adopt standards identical to, or at least as

effective as, the Federal OSHA standards.

Consultation Services

Consultation assistance is available on request to employers who

want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful

workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at no

cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers

with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is

delivered by state governments employing professional safety and

health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an

appraisal of all mechanical systems, work practices, and occupational safety and health hazards of the workplace and all aspects of

the employer’s present job safety and health program. In addition,

the service offers assistance to employers in developing and implementing an effective safety and health program. No penalties are

proposed or citations issued for hazards identified by the

consultant. OSHA provides consultation assistance to the employer

with the assurance that his or her name and firm and any

information about the workplace will not be routinely reported to

OSHA enforcement staff.

Under the consultation program, certain exemplary employers

may request participation in OSHA’s Safety and Health

Achievement Recognition Program (SHARP). Eligibility for participation in SHARP includes receiving a comprehensive consultation

visit, demonstrating exemplary achievements in workplace safety

and health by abating all identified hazards, and developing an

excellent safety and health program.
Employers accepted into SHARP may receive an exemption

from programmed inspections (not complaint or accident investigation inspections) for a period of 1 year. For more information

concerning consultation assistance, see OSHA’s website at

www.osha.gov.

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP)

Voluntary Protection Programs and on-site consultation services,

when coupled with an effective enforcement program, expand

employee protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act. The

VPPs motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health

results in the same outstanding way as they establish a

cooperative relationship between employers, employees, and

OSHA.

For additional information on VPP and how to apply, contact the

OSHA regional offices listed at the end of this publication.

Strategic Partnership Program

OSHA’s Strategic Partnership Program, the newest member of

OSHA’s cooperative programs, helps encourage, assist, and

recognize the efforts of partners to eliminate serious workplace

hazards and achieve a high level of employee safety and health.

Whereas OSHA’s Consultation Program and VPP entail one-on-one

relationships between OSHA and individual worksites, most

strategic partnerships seek to have a broader impact by building

cooperative relationships with groups of employers and

employees. These partnerships are voluntary, cooperative relationships between OSHA, employers, employee representatives, and

others (e.g., trade unions, trade and professional associations, universities, and other government agencies).

For more information on this and other cooperative programs,

contact your nearest OSHA office, or visit OSHA’s website at

www.osha.gov.

15
Alliance Program

Through the Alliance Program, OSHA works with groups

committed to safety and health, including businesses, trade or

professional organizations, unions and educational institutions,

to leverage resources and expertise to develop compliance

assistance tools and resources and share information with

employers and employees to help prevent injuries, illnesses and

fatalities in the workplace.

Alliance Program agreements have been established with a wide

variety of industries including meat, apparel, poultry, steel, plastics,

maritime, printing, chemical, construction, paper and telecommunications. These agreements are addressing many safety and health

hazards and at-risk audiences; including silica, fall protection,

amputations, immigrant workers, youth and small businesses. By

meeting the goals of the Alliance Program agreements (training and

education, outreach and communication, and promoting the

national dialogue on workplace safety and health), OSHA and the

Alliance Program participants are developing and disseminating

compliance assistance information and resources for employers

and employees such as electronic assistance tools, fact sheets,

toolbox talks, and training programs.

OSHATraining and Education

OSHA area offices offer a variety of information services, such as

compliance assistance, technical advice, publications, audiovisual

aids and speakers for special engagements. OSHA’s Training

Institute in Arlington Heights, IL, provides basic and advanced

courses in safety and health for Federal and state compliance

officers, state consultants, Federal agency personnel, and private

sector employers, employees, and their representatives.

The OSHA Training Institute also has established OSHA Training

Institute Education Centers to address the increased demand for its

courses from the private sector and from other federal agencies.

These centers are nonprofit colleges, universities, and other organizations that have been selected after a competition for participation

in the program.

16
OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through

grants, to conduct workplace training and education in subjects

where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training. Grants

are awarded annually. Grant recipients are expected to contribute

20 percent of the total grant cost.

For more information on grants, training, and education, contact

the OSHA Training Institute, Directorate of Training and Education,

2020 South Arlington Road, Arlington Heights, IL 60005, (847) 297-

4810, or see Outreach on OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov. For

further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest

OSHA regional office listed at the end of this publication.

Information Available Electronically

OSHA has a variety of materials and tools available on its website

at www.osha.gov. These include electronic compliance assistance

tools, such as Safety and Health Topics, eTools, Expert Advisors;

regulations, directives and publications; videos and other

information for employers and employees. OSHA’s software

programs and compliance assistance tools walk you through

challenging safety and health issues and common problems to find

the best solutions for your workplace.

A wide variety of OSHA materials, including standards, interpretations, directives and more can be purchased on CD-ROM from

the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents,

toll-free phone (866) 512-1800.

OSHA Publications

OSHA has an extensive publications program. For a listing of free

or sales items, visit OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov or contact the

OSHA Publications Office, U.S. Department of Labor, 200

Constitution Avenue, NW, N-3101, Washington, DC 20210:

Telephone (202) 693-1888 or fax to (202) 693-2498.

17
Contacting OSHA

To report an emergency, file a complaint, or seek OSHA advice,

assistance, or products, call (800) 321-OSHA or contact your nearest

OSHA Regional or Area office listed at the end of this publication.

The teletypewriter (TTY) number is (877) 889-5627.

Written correspondence can be mailed to the nearest OSHA

Regional or Area Office listed at the end of this publication or to

OSHA’s national office at: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational

Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.,

Washington, DC 20210.

By visiting OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov, you can also:

■ file a complaint online,

■ submit general inquiries about workplace safety and health

electronically, and

■ find more information about OSHA and occupational safety and

health.

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19

* These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job

safety and health programs and cover state and local government

employees as well as private sector employees. The Connecticut, New

Jersey, New York and Virgin Islands plans cover public employees only.

States with approved programs must have standards that are identical to,

or at least as effective as, the Federal OSHA standards.

Note: To get contact information for OSHA Area Offices, OSHAapproved State Plans and OSHA Consultation Projects, please visit us

online at www.osha.gov or call us at 1-800-321-0SHA.

OSHA Regional Offices

Region I

(CT,* ME, MA, NH, RI, VT*)

JFK Federal Building, Room E340

Boston, MA 02203

(617) 565-9860

Region II

(NJ,* NY,* PR,* VI*)

201 Varick Street, Room 670

New York, NY 10014

(212) 337-2378

Region III

(DE, DC, MD,* PA, VA,* WV)

The Curtis Center

170 S. Independence Mall West

Suite 740 West

Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309

(215) 861-4900

Region IV

(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,* SC,*

TN*)

61 Forsyth Street, SW, Room 6T50

Atlanta, GA 30303

(404) 562-2300

Region V

(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)

230 South Dearborn Street

Room 3244

Chicago, IL 60604

(312) 353-2220

Region VI

(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)

525 Griffin Street, Room 602

Dallas, TX 75202

(972) 850-4145

Region VII

(IA,* KS, MO, NE)

Two Pershing Square

2300 Main Street, Suite 1010

Kansas City, MO 64108-2416

(816) 283-8745

Region VIII

(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)

1999 Broadway, Suite 1690

PO Box 46550

Denver, CO 80202-5716

(720) 264-6550

Region IX

(AZ,* CA,* HI,* NV,* and

American Samoa, Guam and

the Northern Mariana Islands)

90 7th Street, Suite 18-100

San Francisco, CA 94103

(415) 625-2547

Region X

(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)

1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715

Seattle, WA 98101-3212

(206) 553-5930