[Cite as State v. Andrews , 2020-Ohio-2703.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO Appellee

v. WAYNE ANDREWS Appellant C.A. No. 29260

APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT ENTERED IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO CASE No. CR 17 12 4300
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY Dated: April 29, 2020

TEODOSIO, Judge. {¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Wayne Andr ews, appeals from his conviction s in the Summit County Court of Common Pl eas. This Court affirms.
I. {¶2} Late one evening, R.H. frequented two bars in Highland Square. She left the bars around 2:20 a.m. and, just after 5 :20 a.m., the police discover ed her passed out behind the wheel of her car at the intersection of Killian and South Arlington R oads. The police transported R.H. to the station, administered a breathalyzer, and determined tha t she was highly intoxicated. R.H. openly sobbed while being interv iewed and mentioned several tim es that someone had threatened to hurt her. She also mentioned that a man had taken her keys and pushed her inside her car. The police did not press her for any details about her statements, however, as both her level of intoxication and emotional state detracted from the clarity of her statements. Once the officers finished questioning her, they ma de sure she had a ride home an d impounded her car.2
{¶3} Later in the evening that same d ay, R.H. contacted the police t o report that a man had attacked her when she left t he bars at Highland Square. Sh e ultimately reported that the man had followed her to her car, taken her keys, driven her around against her will, and forced her to perform oral sex. She recalled waking up on a couch in an unfa miliar house with no memory of exiting her car or being brought inside. She further recalled grabbing her scattered belongings, going outside, finding her car, and driving off. Finally, she recalled being woken by the police when they found her pass ed out behind the wheel. {¶4} R.H. did not know the name of the man who attacked her and was only able to provide the police w ith limited details about his appearance. She submitted to a sexual assault examination, however, and male D NA was discovered on her arms, on her neck, and on a beer bottle the police found inside her car. Forensic analysts then searched a law enforcement database for matching profiles and deter mined that Mr. Andrews could not be excluded as the source of the DNA they had discovered. After speaking with him and investiga ting further, the police arrested him in connection wit h R.H.’s abduction. {¶5} A grand jury indicted Mr. Andrews on one count of kidnapping, o ne count of rape, three counts of abduction, and tw o counts of sexual battery. T he State dismissed one abduction count before trial, and the remaining counts were tried to a ju ry. After extended deliberations, the jury returned a partial verdic t. It found Mr. Andrews not guil ty of kidnapping, guilty of two counts of abduction, and guilty of one c ount of sexual battery. It wa s unable to reach a verdict on the remaining counts of rape and se xual battery. Those counts were later dismissed at the State’s request. {¶6} The trial court sentenced Mr. A ndrews to five years in prison o n his sexual battery count and three years in prison on each of his abduction counts . It ordered the prison term on his3 sexual battery count to run cons ecutively with the prison term on one of the abduction counts. It ordered the prison term on the remaining abduction count to run concurrently with that sentence. Consequently, Mr. Andrews receive d a total sentence of eight ye ars in prison. {¶7} Mr. Andrews now appeals from his convictions and raises four as signments of error for our review. For clarity of review, we rearrange his assign ments of error.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE
WAYNE ANDREWS WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS BECAUSE HIS CONVICTIONS FOR SEXUAL ASSAULT AND ABDUCTION WERE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE IN VIOLATION OF THE 5TH AND 14TH AMENDMENTS TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 1, 10 & 16 O F THE OHIO CONSTITUTION. {¶8} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Andrews argues that his c onvictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence. We disagree. {¶9} This Court has stated: In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the man ifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, wei gh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesse s and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of f act clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the con viction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. State v. Otten , 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). “[W]hen reversing a conviction on the basis that it was against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror,’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the c onflicting testimony.” State v. Tucker , 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0035-M, 2006-Ohio-6914, ¶ 5. This dis cretionary power “should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence we ighs heavily against the conviction.” State v. Thompkins , 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997), quoting State v. Martin , 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983). See also Otten at 340.4
{¶10} R.H. testified that she drove her self to Highland Square late o ne evening to frequent two bars where she knew either t he bartender or the manager. S he parked on a side street off a back alley to the bars and estimated that she arrived at the fi rst bar around 11:30 or 11:45 p.m. She indicated that she ordered two shots and a beer at the first ba r before walking over to the second bar and ordering two mixed drinks. She shared at least one of the drinks with a friend and spent time socializing with a few people at each bar while she enjoye d her drinks. After closing her tab at the second bar, she returned to the first bar and stayed a b it longer before deciding it was time to leave. Realizing that she had consumed too many drinks to d rive, she tried calling a friend who lived nearby to see if she could walk to his house. The friend did not answer, however, so R.H. decided she would sleep in her car for a while. She then exite d through the back door of the bar, took out her keys, and walked throu gh the back alley towards he r car. {¶11} R.H. testified that, as she was walking to her car, a man came up behind her and snatched her keys from her hand. The man demanded that she get into her car, and R.H., who was terrified, entered the car and s lid over to the passenger’s sid e. Recordings from two cameras facing the alley behind the bars captured R.H. walking to her car, and the State introduced those recordings during its case-in-chief. The recordings depicted R .H. leaving the bar at 2:23 a.m. They showed a man walking sev eral feet behind her and quickly c losing the gap between them as he followed her. They further showed the man pulling even with her just as she walked past the corner of a building and disappeared from view. {¶12} R.H.’s memories of the remainder of her evening were fragmented . She recalled the man driving her around in circles for a long while as she p leaded to be let go. She recalled breaking her special keychain (i .e., a Pokemon ball) when she u nsuccessfully tried grabbing for her keys. She recalled trying to use her cell phone more than once and the man either smacking it5 from her hand or slamming on the brakes, causing her to hit her forehead on her dashboard. She also recalled him pouring a beer on her and repeatedly calling her a “crazy, stupid, drunk bitch.” R.H. testified that she carrie d a knife in her pur se whenever s he went out alone . She remembered removing the knife from her purse and unsheathing it to try to deter the man. The man took the knife from her, however, and R.H . could not remember what happe ned to it after he did so. {¶13} R.H. testified that, at some point, the man pulled to the side of the road and forced her to perform oral sex. She explained that she did not try to escape when the car stopped because she did not know where they were and was too scared. She descr ibed how the man grabbed the back of her neck and pulled her down to where he had exposed hi s penis. She did not know how long the oral sex lasted and stat ed that, after a while, everyt hing went dark. She next recalled waking up on a small couch in a strange house. Although she wa s still wearing her pants and bra, her shirt had been removed and she was not wearing any shoes. R.H. testified that she found her shirt on the floor next to her, her purse scattered on a nearby table, and her keys on a counter by the door. After grabbing her things, she fled through the back door, walked around the house, and spotted her car. She then drove away. R.H. testified that, sh ortly thereafter, everything went dark again, and she next remembere d the police waking her up. {¶14} A few minutes after 5:20 a.m., De puty Michael Conley pulled beh ind R.H.’s car at the intersection of Killington and South Arlington Roads. The car did not move when the light turned green, so the deputy activated his lights. He testified that the lights appeared to wake the driver, who then pulled off to the side of the road. Upon his approach, the deputy found R.H. behind the wheel. He testified that she was crying, extremely upset, and noticeably intoxicated. As to the latter, he stated that she was emitting a strong odor of alcohol, slurring her speech, and6 making little sense. After she failed the field sobriety tests he administered at the scene, he took her to the police station and had her car towed. {¶15} Deputy Conley testified that R.H. took a breathalyzer at the po lice station and the test revealed that her blood alcohol content was more than thre e times the legal limit. He confirmed that she remained extremely upset throughout their interview, e ven after he told her that she would be released. The State played R.H.’s recorded interview for th e deputy and, upon review, he agreed that she had said a few things about someone taking her keys an d threatening to hurt her. Yet, it was not his opinion that she had been trying to tell him someth ing important. The deputy testified that it was difficult for him to understand R.H. and “it just s ounded like she was mumbling and blubbering” in the manner of intoxicated individuals. He state d that R.H. never said who had hurt her and, when he asked where she had been for the last few hour s, she had said she was with friends. Believing that she was simply intoxicated, the deputy released her at the conclusion of their interview. {¶16} R.H. testified that she spoke with her mother later that evenin g, and her mother convinced her to report the sexu al assault. She then called th e police, and a detective came to her home to take her statement and transport her to the hospital fo r an exam. The attending physician and the sexual assault nurse examiner who met with R.H. both te stified. The physician indicated that R.H. arrived at 10:09 p.m . and reported that an unknown ma n had forced her into her car, had driven her to an unfamiliar area, and had forced her to perform oral sex on him. The physician noted that R.H. had a bruise to her right forehead and an abras ion on her right arm. R.H. did not have any other visible injuries, but the nurse examiner testifi ed that sexual assaults commonly occur without injury. The nurse e xaminer stated that R.H. was tearful throughout their interview, as she described how she was a bducted and sexua lly assaulted. She testified that they took a urine7 sample from R.H. because R.H . did not believe that she had cons umed enough alcohol to warrant her level of intoxication and th e blackout periods she had expe rienced. Though R.H. did not test positive for the drug commonly associated with sexual assaults (i.e., GHB), the attending physician testified that the dr ug is undetectable after about four to six hours. By the time R.H. was tested, a much longer time period had elapsed. {¶17} Several witnesses testified rega rding the observations they mad e about R.H. while she was at the bars at Highland Square. The manager of the fir st bar, who was R.H.’s long-time friend, recalled serving her roughly three drinks while she was at his bar. He testified that he recalled her coming to the bar, l eaving at some point, and retu rning later that evening. He further testified that she was alone each time and did not appear to be intoxicated the last time that he saw her. The manager at the second bar was familiar with R.H. as a regular customer and recalled serving her two drinks that even ing. The DJ at that same bar w as a good friend of R.H.’s and testified that she chatted with him that evening and did not ap pear to be intoxicated. Both the manager and the DJ at the second bar were familiar with Mr. And rews, as he often sang karaoke there on Monday evenings. The manager recalled Mr. Andrews bei ng at the bar that night, but never saw him talking to R.H. Li kewise, the DJ never saw R.H. and Mr. Andrews together. {¶18} Detective Brian Breeden became the lead investigator in this ma tter once the Summit County Sheriff’s Department inherited the investigation. As part of his investigation, the detective secured three video-recordings of interest. Two of t he recordings, previously discussed herein, depicted R.H. leaving the bars at 2:23 a.m. and a man p ursuing her from behind. The third recording depicted the sidewalk in front of the bars. It showe d a man walking into view at 1:38 a.m. and approaching two females who were standing outside. On e of the females appeared visibly intoxicated, and, as she stumbled around, the man approached he r and attempted to lead her away.8 The other female then repeatedly attempted to separate the two by inserting herself between the man and her intoxicated friend. Once the second female succeed ed in separating her friend from the man, she led her friend away. The man then briefly looked at his cell phone before entering the bar at 1:48 a.m. Detective Breeden testified that the man depicted in the third recording was the same one who followed R.H. i nto the back alley 35 minutes l ater (i.e., Mr. Andrews). {¶19} Because R.H.’s car was impounded upon her arrest, Detective Bre eden was able to have it towed to the crime lab f or processing. Inside the car, the police found R.H.’s purse and, inside the purse, they found a knife sheath. No knife was foun d inside the car, but the police did find a little ball keychain that appeared to have been broken o ff. They also found a Miller High Life beer bottle, which they sent to the Bureau of Criminal Inv estigation (“BCI”) for testing. {¶20} Forensic analysts from BCI swabbed the beer bottle found in R.H .’s car. They also received the swabs taken during her sexual assault exam. The a nalyst who tested those items testified that the swabs taken from the back of R.H.’s neck, he r right forearm, and her left forearm all contained a mixture of two DNA profiles. The first profile was consistent with R.H.’s profile, and the second was consistent with Mr. Andrews’ profile. Likew ise, swabs taken from the outside and mouth of the beer bottle contained two profiles that were c onsistent with R.H.’s profile and Mr. Andrews’ profile. Detective Breeden testified that it was the DNA results that allowed him to identify Mr. Andrews as a person of interest. {¶21} Detective Breeden spoke with Mr. Andrews three times during his investigation. Their first conversation took pl ace over the phone and occurred eight weeks after R.H.’s abduction. Their second conversation also took place over the phone and oc curred about two weeks later. Finally, their third conversation occurred one day after that, at the police station, following Mr. Andrews’s arrest.9
{¶22} Detective Breeden indicated that Mr. Andrews did not remain con sistent when recounting the details of his evening on the night in question. Mr. Andrews initially told the detective that he had been living in California for the last si xth months and had not even been to Ohio. When the detective told him there was a video-recording placing him at the scene, however, Mr. Andrews recalled that he ha d been to Highland Square, but h ad left with a friend, B.C., around midnight. He recalled being introduced to a girl at the bar, b ut he denied taking her car or engaging in any inappropriate touching. {¶23} After Detective Breeden informed Mr. Andrews that his DNA had b een found on R.H., Mr. Andrews remembered her. He claimed that she had used a different name to introduce herself, but he accurately described her appearance and her car . Mr. Andrews told the detective that R.H. sat on his lap at the b ar and they kissed, but he den ied any additional physical contact. He described R.H. as extremely intoxicated and said that she ei ther snorted some type of narcotic or took some type of a pill at the bar. Nevertheless, he claim ed that he then accepted a ride from her because they were both ready to leave at the same time. He stated that R.H. drove and he quickly became concerned for his safety as a result of her erra tic behavior. He described how she pulled out a knife out at one point and told him she had used i t to cut people. According to Mr. Andrews, he began taking videos of R.H. with his phone in case something happened to him. Mr. Andrews was never able to provi de the detective with those vide os, however, as he said he had taken them on his old phone and could not retrieve them. When asked about the beer bottle the police found in the car, Mr. Andr ews claimed that it belonged t o R.H. and that he never drank beer. {¶24} Late during his second interview, Mr. Andrews admitted that he drove R.H.’s car for a short while. He claimed that they stopped at a gas stati on, and he got out of the car because R.H. was driving so erratically and waving around her knife. H e claimed that he took the knife10 from her and disposed of it somewhere in that area. He then co nvinced her to let him drive for a while so that he could safely a rrive at his destination. Accor ding to Mr. Andrews, he drove the car to a spot near the intersection of Arlington and East Marke t Streets before he got out, walked for a bit, and got an Uber to take him to his friend P.Y.’s hou se. During his final interview, he stopped altogether denying that he and R.H. engaged in oral sex in the car. Instead, he indicated that he could not say whether the oral sex had occurred because he too had been drinking and things were blurry. He did state several times, however, that R.H. was the one who came on to him. {¶25} Detective Breeden spoke with Mr. Andrews’ friend, P.Y., but she was unable to confirm that he came to her hous e that evening. The detective also was unable to confirm that Mr. Andrews had been at a gas station with R.H. He testified that he watched all the available recordings from that gas station around the times Mr. Andrews p ossibly could have been there, but none of the recordings showed him, R.H., or her car. Further, the detective was unable to find any record of Mr. Andrews having ordered an Uber at the time he cla imed to do so. The only Uber that Mr. Andrews ordered that morning was at 6:17 a.m., almost one full hour after the police found R.H. in her car. {¶26} Mr. Andrews relied on cross-exa mination at trial and did not te stify in his own defense. On cross-examination, R.H. admitted that her testimon y was not entirely consistent with her prior statements. For examp le, she acknowledged that she d id not immediately disclose all of the details of her abduction and/ or sexual assault when initial ly being interviewed. She also agreed that she may have been mistaken about certain details, such as how far she was from her car when Mr. Andrews took her keys or whether he was wearing a watch. A lthough R.H. claimed that she never saw Mr. Andrews before he accosted her, the defense was a ble to show that his cell phone11 number appeared as an incomplet e, incoming call on her cell pho ne at 2:09 a.m. R.H. could not explain why his number appeared in her phone records. Nor coul d she explain why her urine screen detected cocaine in her sy stem. Finally, she could not explain why her DNA was found on the mouth of the beer bottle in her car, given her testimony th at it was not her beer and that she never drank that kind of beer. {¶27} Mr. Andrews argues that the jury lost its way when it convicted him because R.H.’s statements lacked credibility and the evidence weighed more hea vily in favor of the conclusion that he did not engage in any illegal conduct. He notes that R .H.’s testimony was contrary to the physical evidence and inconsistent, as her story evolved each t ime she was interviewed by a different person. He points to t he evidence that, at first, sh e told the police she had been with friends for a few hours before her arrest. He also points to t he evidence that she was highly intoxicated and had cocaine in he r system. Mr. Andrews argues that the evidence he called R.H.’s cell phone before they left the ba r belied her claim that she h ad never met him. Further, he argues that the appearance of her DNA on the mouth of the beer bottle in her car belied her claim that she had not been drinking from it. Because R.H. was an unreliable witness and her testimony was the only evidence the State produced in support of his convictions, Mr. Andrews argues that his convictions are against the man ifest weight of the evidence. {¶28} Having reviewed the record, we cannot conclude that the jury cl early lost its way when it found Mr. Andrews guilty of abduction and s exual batter y. See Otten , 33 Ohio App.3d at 340. Without a doubt, there were certain inconsistencies in R. H.’s testimony. She did not immediately disclose everything that happened, and she had diff iculty recalling various details. Yet, she explained that she was disoriented when she initially spoke with the police and struggling with the realization that she had been sexually assaulted. The recording of her initial interview12 showed her hyperventilating at certain points and openly sobbin g for the duration of the interview. Moreover, it captured her saying more than once that someone ha d threatened to hurt her and had taken her keys. The State presented the testimony of an expert in trauma counseling who testified that it is common for victims of sexual assault to delay report ing and to experience guilt and/or shame in connection with their assault. The expert also testif ied that trauma negatively impacts memory and victims can have difficulty describing their experie nces. Accordingly, the jury reasonably could have concluded tha t R.H.’s level of intoxicati on, in conjunction with the trauma she experienced, made it difficult for her to recall the exact order of the events that occurred or certain, specific details. {¶29} Although R.H. was not entirely consistent in her recounting of the events, the State presented physical evidence to corroborate her testimony. R.H. said she slammed her head on her dashboard when Mr. Andrews braked too hard, and she had a bruis e on her forehead in that location. She said that Mr. Andrews grabbed the back of her ne ck as he pulled her down to perform oral sex, and his DNA was found at that location. She said tha t her Pokemon keychain broke when she tried to grab for her keys, and the police found the broken keychain inside her car. Finally, she said that Mr. Andrews took her knife from her after she uns heathed it, and the police found the sheath, but not the knife, whe n searching her car. {¶30} While Mr. Andrews’ cell phone num ber appeared in R.H.’s phone r ecords, her phone records also showed that she Googled the non-emergency nu mber for the Akron Police Department and placed two calls t o that number at 4:30 a.m. De tective Breeden testified that the non-emergency number only connected a caller to an automated sy stem, but the jury reasonably could have concluded that R.H. attempted to contact the police because she needed help. Further, the jury reasonably could have rejected Mr. Andrews’ version of the events, given that it also13 conflicted with the physical evi dence and suffered from numerou s inconsistencies. The jury heard testimony that Mr. Andrews changed his story multiple times. A t various junctures, he claimed that (1) he had not been in Ohio for six months, (2) he had bee n to Highland Square, but had left close to midnight, (3) he had m et a girl at the bar, but had no thing more to do w ith her, (4) he had met R.H., kissed her, and accepted a ride from her, but definit ely did not engage in any sexual activity with her, (5) he had dr iven R.H.’s car at some point b ecause she was acting so erratically that he feared for his life, and (6) he had an inability to rec all whether he engaged in sexual activity with R.H. because they were both drunk and his memory was fuzzy . Much like R.H., Mr. Andrews claimed that he never drank beer in her car, but his DNA was al so found on the bottle. Further, Detective Breeden was unable t o substantiate his claims that he and R.H. stopped at a gas station, that he called for an Uber, or tha t he went to a friend’s house

. {¶31} The jury here was essentially presented with two conflicting ve rsions of the events that occurred on the night in question. As the trier of fact, it was in the best position to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses and was “‘free to believe all, part, or none of the testimony of each witness.’” State v. Clark , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 14AP0002, 2015-Ohio-2978, ¶ 24, quoting Prince v. Jordan , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008423, 2004-Ohio-7184, ¶ 35. “‘A c onviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence merely because there is con flicting evidence before the trier of fact.’” State v. Zaree , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 17CA011111, 2017-Ohio-9081, ¶ 5, quoting State v. Haydon , 9th Dist. Summit No. 19094, 1999 WL 1260298, *7 (Dec. 22, 199 9). Likewise, “[a] verdict is not against the manifest weight of the evidence beca use the finder of fact chose to believe the State’s witnesses rather tha n the defendant’s version of th e events.” State v. Martinez , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 12CA0054, 2013-Ohio-3189, ¶ 16. This Court has caref ully reviewed the record in this matter, and Mr. Andrews ha s not shown that this is the exc eptional case where the jury lost its14 way by convicting him. See Otten , 33 Ohio App.3d at 340. Accordingly, his third assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE
WAYNE ANDREWS WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL BY THE ADMISSION OF UNDULY PREJUDICIAL OTHER ACTS EVIDENCE, IN VIOLATION OF EVID.R. 403 AND 404(B) AND THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTIONS 10 AND 16 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION. {¶32} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Andrews argues that the t rial court abused its discretion when it allowed the State to introduce other acts ev idence. Specifically, he challenges the admission of a recording that purportedly showed him harass ing an intoxicated, white female shortly before he followed R.H. to her car. Upon review, we re ject his argument. {¶33} “Evidence of other crimes, wrong s, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. I t may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, p reparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accide nt.” Evid.R. 404(B). Trial cou rts conduct a three-step analysis in determining whether to admit other acts evidence: The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence i s relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the act ion more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in confo rmity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate p urpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The thi rd step is to consider whethe r the probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the d anger of unfair prejudice. State v. Baskerville , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28148, 2017-Ohio-4050, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Williams , 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 20.15
{¶34} This Court has consistently held that “‘[t]he admission or excl usion of evidence rests soundly within the tri al court’s discretion.’” State v. Powell , 9th Dist. Lorain No. 12CA010284, 2017-Ohio-4030, ¶ 16, quoting State v. Scheck , 9th Dist. Medina No. 05CA0033- M, 2006-Ohio-647, ¶ 13. We therefore review a trial court’s de cision regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence fo r an abuse of discretion. Powell at ¶ 16

. An abuse of discretion “implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconsc ionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore , 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When appl ying an abuse of discreti on standard, a reviewing court is precluded from simply substituting its own judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio State
Med. Bd. , 66 Ohio St.3d 619, 621 (1993). {¶35} As previously noted, the State played three video-recordings du ring Detective Breeden’s testimony. The third recording showed two females st anding on the sidewalk in front of the bars and a male approaching them just after 1:30 a.m. I t showed the male attempting to lead away one of the females, who was clearly intoxicated, and the o ther female intervening. Once the females walked away from the man, it showed him heading into th e bar at 1:48 a.m. Detective Breeden testified that the man in the recording was the same on e who followed R.H. out of the bar at 2:23 a.m. (i.e., Mr. Andrews) . The trial court determined t hat the recording was relevant and that its probative value was not outweighed by its prejudicial effect. {¶36} Mr. Andrews argues that the trial court abused its discretion w hen it admitted the third recording in the absence of context or corroboration. He asserts that there was no proof he was the male in the recording or that it depicted a non-consens ual encounter. He notes that he was never asked about the recording , the recording was not equipped with sound, and neither of the females depicted therein testified. Accordingly, he argues tha t Detective Breeden’s testimony about the recording amounted to nothing more than his subjectiv e interpretation of what it showed.16

Mr. Andrews claims that the ad mission of the recording was extr emely prejudicial because it cast him as a pervert or predator and merely served to underscore ra cial stereotypes about black men harassing white women. {¶37} Initially, we note that Mr. Andrews took inconsistent positions in the court below when he objected to the admission of the third recording. Afte r the State moved to admit the recording as evidence of his prior bad acts, he filed a written response and wrote: “[T]he State is seeking to introduce a video tape showing [Mr. Andrews] convers ing and interacting with females * * *. In fact, [Mr. Andrews] knew one of the girls .” (Emphasis added.) He, therefore, conceded that he was the man in the recording and objected to its admiss ion solely because it could be interpreted in different ways and its prejudicial impact substa ntially outweighed its probative value. On the first day of trial, however, he argued that the admission of the recording would be prejudicial because no one would be testifying that he was the man who appeared in it and “we don’t have any idea of who these women are or whether he even k new them.” Because neither the State, nor the trial court drew attention to the inconsistent p ositions taken by Mr. Andrews, this Court will not treat as dispositive his initial admission that he was the man in the recording. Nevertheless, to the extent he now claims that he never admitte d to that fact, we note that his own pretrial filings undercut his assertion. {¶38} Upon review of the record, we c annot conclude that the trial co urt abused its discretion when it admitted the third recording. First, the re cording was relevant in several respects. See Williams , 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, at ¶ 20, citing Evid.R. 4 01. It showed what time Mr. Andrews arri ved at the bar and also tended to show that he tried to lead an intoxicated female away from the bar shortly before he abducted R.H. Second, the State introduced the recording for a legitimate purpose. See Williams at ¶ 20. It helped establish the timeline of17

events that occurred and served as evidence of Mr. Andrews’ int ent, motive, and/or plan that evening. See Evid.R. 404(B). Finally, the record supports the conclusion t hat the recording was not substantially more prejudicial than probative. See Williams at ¶ 20. Much of Mr. Andrews’ argument on this final point concerns the State’s failure to co rroborate Detective Breeden’s testimony about the recording. Apart from that testimony, he a rgues, there was no evidence that he was the man in the recording or that it actually depicted hi m harassing a female. Yet, his concerns speak to the weight of the evidence rather than its ad missibility. See State v. Jackson , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28192, 2017-Ohio-635, ¶ 11. Detective Bre eden was familiar with Mr. Andrews’ appearance after having interviewed him. He also was able to compare the walk, the clothing, and the appearance of t he man following R.H. outside the bar in the first and second recordings with the walk, clothing, and appearance of the man i n the third recording. His familiarity with Mr. Andrews, his observations, and the informa tion he garnered during his investigation provide d an adequate foundati on for the admissibi lity of the third recording. See id. at ¶ 10-11. {¶39} To the extent Mr. Andrews claims that Detective Breeden’s descr iption of the third recording was inflammatory or fed into racial stereotypes, the record does not support his argument. The State only asked the detective a few questions a bout the third recording. He confirmed the time that Mr. Andrews came into view and the fact that he was never able to ascertain the identity of the two females involved. The only s tatement he made regarding Mr. Andrews’ behavior was that “it appeared * * * [one female] was trying to separate the other intoxicated female from [Mr. Andrews] * * *.” He never categor ized Mr. Andrews’ behavior as harassment or used any other type of inflammatory phraseology. Moreover, the jurors were able to view the recording themselv es and draw their own conclusions about Mr. Andrews’ behavior.18
{¶40} Upon review, Mr. Andrews has not shown that the trial court abu sed its discretion when it admitted the third record ing. As such, his first assig nment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO
WAYNE ANDREWS WAS DENIED HIS RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND FAIR TRIAL BY THE EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE OF THE VICTIM’S MENTAL HISTORY, IN VIOLATION OF EVID.R. 401 AND 613, AND THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTIONS 10 AND 16, OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION. {¶41} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Andrews argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his request to introduce evidence about R.H.’s mental health history. We do not agree. {¶42} As previously noted, the decision to admit or exclude evidence is one that lies within the sound discretion of the trial court, and thus, will be reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
See Powell , 2017-Ohio-4030, at ¶ 16. An abus e of discretion “implies tha t the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” Blakemore , 5 Ohio St.3d at 219. When applying an abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court is precluded fr om simply substituting its own judgment for that of the trial court. Pons , 66 Ohio St.3d at 621. {¶43} Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existe nce of any fact that is of consequence to the determin ation of the action more proba ble or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evi d.R. 401. Though relevant eviden ce is generally admissible, Evid.R. 402, its exclusion is mandatory “if its probative value is subs tantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.” Evid.R. 403(A). {¶44} Mr. Andrews had the opportunity to cross-examine R.H. about a v ariety of topics. He asked her about the inconsiste ncies in her statements. He q uestioned her inability to recall certain details. Further, he confronted her with pieces of phy sical evidence that appeared to19
conflict with her version of the events. He did not, however, ask her about her mental health history. Instead, when the sex ual assault nurse examiner testi fied, he sought to ask her about a “self-diagnosed mental illness” R .H. apparently reported during her examination. He claimed that the information was relevant because it would corroborate his s tatements that R.H. had acted “bipolar” and “crazy” in the car. Because the trial court dete rmined that the prejudicial effect of the evidence substantially outweighed its probative value, it e xcluded that evidence from trial. {¶45} Mr. Andrews argues that the tria l court abused its discretion w hen it excluded the evidence about R.H.’s self-reported mental illness. According to him, that evidence bore upon her credibility and spoke to her inability to accurately perceive t he events that occurred herein. Because the State’s entire case depended upon the jury finding R.H. to be a credible witness, Mr. Andrews argues, the exclusion of that evidence prejudiced his t rial. {¶46} The “self-diagnosed mental illness” that R.H. apparently report ed was contained in certain medical records from her sexual assault examination. T hough the appellate record includes some of her medical records, it does not include any records wh erein she diagnosed herself with a mental illness. According to the State, Mr. Andrews failed to proffer those particular records for purposes of his appeal. Though he concedes that the State is c orrect, Mr. Andrews nevertheless argues that the record contain s enough information for this Cou rt to address his argument. {¶47} As the appellant, it was Mr. A ndrews’ responsibility “to ensure that the record on appeal contain[ed] all matters necessary to allow this Court to resolve the issues on appeal.” State
v. Farnsworth , 9th Dist. Medina No. 15CA0038-M, 2016-Ohio-7919, ¶ 16. We ha ve consistently held that, “in the absence of portions of the record necessary for our review, we must presume regularity in the trial court’s proceedings and affirm its ruli ng.” State v. Jalwan , 9th Dist. Medina No. 09CA0065-M, 2010-Ohio-3001, ¶ 12. Because the record does not contain the medical20
records at issue herein, we cannot determine whether the trial court erred when it excluded them. While Mr. Andrews invites us to review his argument based stric tly on the discussion the parties and the lower court had about the records, we decline to do so. Mr. Andrews did not read into the record any of the statements that R.H. apparently made to the n urse examiner about her mental health history. Nor did he proffer what the nurse examiner’s t estimony about those statements would have been. Absent a record of R.H.’s actual statements o r the context in which she made them, we have no choice but to pr esume regularity in the procee dings. See id. Accordingly, Mr. Andrews’ second assignme nt of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR
WAYNE ANDREWS WAS DENIED DUE PROCESS WHEN THE TRIAL COURT IMPOSED NON-MERGED, CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES IN VIOLATION OF THE FIFTH, EIGHTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION 10 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION. {¶48} In his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Andrews argues that the trial court committed various sentencing errors. First , he argues that the court sho uld have merged his abduction conviction under R.C. 2905.02(A)(2) with one of his remaining c onvictions. Second, he argues that the court erred when it orde red him to serve two of his pr ison terms consecutively. We separately address each issue. Allied Offenses {¶49} “R.C. 2941.25 codifies the protec tions of the Double Jeopardy C lause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 10, Art icle 1 of the Ohio Constitution, which prohibits multiple punishme nts for the same offense.” State v. Underwood , 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-1, ¶ 23. The statute provides, in relevant part :21 (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to con stitute two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or infor mation may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicte d of only one. (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offen ses of dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the d efendant may be convicted of all of them. R.C. 2941.25(A), (B). The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that when a defendant’s conduct supports multiple offenses, that defendant may be convicted of all offenses if “(1) the conduct constitutes offenses of dissimila r import, (2) the conduct show s that the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the conduct s hows that the offenses were com mitted with separate animus.” State v. Ruff , 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-Ohio-995, para graph three of the syl labus.

{¶50} Mr. Andrews was convicted of two counts of abduction under two separate subdivisions of R.C. 2905.02. Those two subdivisions prohibit any person from knowingly, and without privilege to do so, using force or the threat of force to (1) “remove another from the place where the other person is found,” R.C. 2905.02(A)(1), or (2) “r estrain the liberty of another person under circumstances that create a risk of physical harm to the victim or place the other person in fear,” R.C. 2905.02(A)(2). At his sentencing hearing, Mr. Andr ews argued that his abduction convictions should merge because he engaged in a single course of conduct when he forced R.H. into her car and kept her there against her will. The trial co urt rejected his argument and refused to merge his convictions. {¶51} On appeal, Mr. Andrews primarily argues that the trial court er red when it failed to merge his conviction for abduc tion under R.C. 2905.02(A)(2) wit h his conviction for sexual battery. Yet, the record reflects that he never sought the mer ger of those two offenses in the lower court. Because he neither asserted an allied offense argument with respect to those offenses, nor22 objected to the trial court’s refusal to merge them, he forfeit ed all but plain error. See State v.
Daniels , 9th Dist. Wayne No. 17AP0036, 2020-Ohio-1176, ¶ 37. Mr. Andr ews has not set forth a plain error argument in his a ppellate brief. Although he has a ttempted to raise plain error in his reply brief, “an appellant may not assert a claim of plain erro r for the first time in a reply brief.”
State v. Irvine , 9th Dist. Summit No. 28998, 2019- Ohio-959, fn. 1. Moreover, his argument amounts to nothing more than a blanket statement that plain err or occurred. This Court will not construct a plain error ar gument on his behalf. See Daniels at ¶ 37. Accordingly, we reject his argument that his abduction and se xual battery convictions ough t to have merged as allied offenses of similar import. {¶52} Mr. Andrews also briefly argues that his two abduction convicti ons ought to have merged because they were “part and parcel of a single act * * * .” Yet, the record supports the conclusion that the two offenses were committed separately and with a separate animus. See R.C. 2941.25(B). The first count of abduction occurred when Mr. And rews initially forced R.H. into her car and removed her from the scene. See R.C. 2905.02(A)(1) (using force to remove another from the place where the other is found). The second count of abduction occurred later when he kept her in the car for several hours, ignored her pleas to let her go, slapped her phone from her hand, caused her to hit her head on the dashboard, forced her t o perform oral sex on him, and took her to an unfamiliar house. See R.C. 2905.02(A)(2) (using force to restrain another’s liberty under circumstances that risk physical harm to the other or place her in fear). Because his two abduction counts were committed se parately and with a separate animus, th e trial court did not err when it refused to merge them. See State v. Person , 9th Dist. Summit No. 27600, 2016-Ohio-681, ¶ 32. We reject Mr. Andrews’ ar gument to the contrary.23

Consecutive Prison Terms {¶53} An appellate court’s standard for review of a felony sentence i s not whether the sentencing court abused its discretion. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). T he Supreme Court of Ohio has held that “an appellate court may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing evidence that the record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that the se ntence is otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Marcum , 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶ 1; R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of th e trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegations sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford , 161 Ohio St. 469, 477 (1954). {¶54} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires trial c ourts to make certain findin gs before imposing consecutive sentences: If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convict ions of multiple offenses, the court may require t he offender to serve the priso n terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the o ffender and that consecutive sen tences are not disproportionate to the seriousne ss of the offender’s conduct a nd to the danger the offender poses to the public, and if the court also finds any o f the following: (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or was under post-release control for a prior offense. (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as par t of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the m ultiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct ade quately reflects the seriousness of the of fender’s conduct. (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates tha t consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the offender.24 In order to impose consecutive sentences, “a trial court is req uired to make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry * * *.” State v. Bonnell , 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, syllabus. Yet, it is not required “to explain its finding s before imposing consecutive s entences.” State v. Brundage , 9th Dist. Summit No. 29477, 2020-Ohio-653, ¶ 17, citing Bonnell at syllabus. “[A]s long as the reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in the correct analysis and can determine that the record contains evidence to support the findings, cons ecutive sentences should be upheld.”
Bonnell at ¶ 29. {¶55} The trial court imposed consecutiv e sentences upon Mr. Andrews for his abduction conviction under R.C. 2905.02(A)(1) and his sexual battery conv iction under R.C. 2907.03(A)(2). Mr. Andrews does not dispute that it made the required findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at his sentencing hearing and in its sentencing entry. His argument i s that its findings were cursory and that it failed to engage any meaningful analysis. Yet, the cou rt was not required to explain its findings before it issued consecutive sentences. Brundage at ¶ 17, citing Bonnell at syllabus. The court described Mr. Andrews as “a predator” who “prey[ed] on th e vulnerable, [and] pick[ed] someone weak, probably unlikely to report any incident and prob ably unlikely to remember * * *.” It made each of the findings required by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4 ) at the sentencing hearing, and those findings are reflected in its sentencing entry. Accordin gly, we cannot conclude that the court erred when it ordered Mr. Andrew s to serve two of his sentences consecutively. See Brundage at ¶ 18. Mr. Andrews’ fourth assign ment of error is overruled.
III. {¶56} Mr. Andrews’ assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Comm on Pleas is affirmed.25 Judgment affirmed.

There were reasonable grounds for this appeal. We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, direc ting the Court of Common Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27. Immediately upon the filing hereof , this document shall consti tute the journal entry of judgment, and it shall be file s tamped by the Clerk of the Cour t of Appeals at which time the period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to m ake a notation of the mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. Costs taxed to Appellant.

THOMAS A. TE ODOSIO FOR THE COURT

CARR, P. J. SCHAFER, J. CONCUR.

APPEARANCES: JEREMY A. VEILLETTE, Attorn ey at Law, for Appellant. SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuti ng Attorney, and JACQUENETTE S. CO RGAN, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.