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NBSIR 83-2741

NDE Publications: 1981

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Washington, DC 20234

May 1983

NBSIR 83-2741

# •# NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1981

Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Measurement Laboratory

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Washington, DC 20234

May 1983

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director
.
Table of Contents

Page

1 . Introduction 1

2. Bibliography and Abstracts 2

3. Subject Index * 33

4. How to Obtain Copies 38

l

NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1981

Leonard Mordfin

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

1 . Introduction

This is the fifth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) . Previous reports in this series have been

NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 80-2080, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 81-2351, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 81-2364, "NDE Publications:

1972-1977",

1978",

1979", and

1980"

.

This report provides bibliographic citations for publications that appeared in

the open literature during the calendar year 1981. Also included are citations

for several publications that appeared in previous years but were not listed in

the earlier compilations.

Almost all of these publications were authored by members of the NBS staff

and include Dapers published in non-NBS media as well as papers and reports from

the MBS publications series. A few were written for NBS media bv non-NBS authors.

Manv of the publications cited are based on research that was supported, in whole

or in part, by the NBS Office of Nondestructive Evaluation.

These publications address a wide variety of NDE methods, both those that

are well established in industry and some that are relatively new. For com- pleteness, several publications dealing with technologies that directly support

NDE, such as imaging and signal processing, have been included.

The format of this report is the same as that used previously. Brief,

edited abstracts are provided for most of the publications cited. The

bibliography and the abstracts comprise Section 2 of the report. The 172

entries in the bibliography are listed in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.

Section 3 of the report is a subject index for the publications listed.

This index is quite comprehensive and, when used together with the abstracts

and the alphabetical bibliography, may be expected to enable readers to locate

publications on interest without difficulty.

The last section of the report provides some assistance to readers

wishing to obtain copies of specific publications listed.

1
2. Bibliography and Abstracts

1. Anderson, W. E. ; Ramboz, J. D. , Technical contributions to the

development of incipient fault detection/location instrumentation.

NBSIR 81-2235, 1981 March. 134 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-

188005, $12.50.

A measurement program has been initiated that will provide data on

the rf properties of cables and on the characteristics of some forms of

incipient faults. Preliminary measurements demonstrate the limitations

of frequency- or time-domain-reflectometry techniques in the detection

of incipient faults.

2. Anon., NBS helps NASA shuttle in new space era, NBS Standard 26 , No. 8,

1 (April 15, 1981).

A comprehensive study that related alloy composition and process variables

to microstructure3 mechanical properties and nondestructive measurements

allayed fears that defective aluminum may have been used in the space

shuttle r s external fuel tank.

3. Anon., Results of "soft aluminum" study announced, Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 4, 18 (May/June 1981).

See abstract for No. 2.

4. Anon., Semiconductor technology program progress briefs. NBSIR 81-

2230-3. 1981 Nov. 12p.

This report provides information on the current status of NBS work on measurement technology for semiconductor materials3 process control3 and devices. Highlighted activities include an automatic scanning

spectroscopic ellipsometer3 linewidth measurement and coherence3 and

the evaluation of electrical linewidth uniformity.

5. Bean, V. E. ; Long, F. G. , Jr., Coal slurry level monitor developed,

Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 6, 18-20 (Aug. 1981)

.

NBS researchers developed a magnetically coupled liquid-level sensor

to track the level of a slurry of powdered coal in creosote within a pressurized steel vessel.

6. Belecki, N.B., New directions for standards concluded from workshop

sessions, Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing , NBS SP 589, 149-154

(Jan. 1981)

.

Report on a discussion of the title subfect3 held at the Workshop on Eddy Current NDE in Nov. 1977 at NBS.

2
7 . Belsher, D. G. Feasibility study on the use of a microwave system

for the nondestructive evaluation of historic adobe structures. NBSIR

79-1610. 1979 July. 32 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 298559. $4.00.

A frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system has been utilized

to provide usable on site information and to evaluate its potential

for nondestruotively measuring parameters associated with the sound- ness of historic adobe walls. The results indicate that an FM-CW

system can nondestruotively provide a major portion of the information

needed to evaluate the soundness of adobe structures at a relatively

low cost and in less time than present techniques.

8. Bennett, L. H. ; Swartzendruber , L. J. ; Reno, R. C. Nuclear hyperfine

and positron annihilation methods for measurements of internal stress,

Nondestructive Techniques for Measuring the Longitudinal Force in

Rails , FRA/ORD- 8 0/50, pp. 126-130 (U. S. Department of Transportation,

Washington, DC, Dec. 1980). Available from: NTIS.

A brief review of Mossbauer effect, nuclear magnetic resonance

,

perturbed angular correlation, and positron annihilation is given

and their potential for measurements of residual stress in rails is

assessed.

9. Berger, H„ The role of calibration in nondestructive evaluation,

NCSL Newslett. 20 , No. 4, 32-35 (Dec. 1980).

Improved procedures for NDE will play a key role as we move toward

improved product quality. These NDE methods are briefly reviewed in

this paper, with emphasis placed on calibration methods that are now

available, or to be available shortly, to aid industry to achieve NDE

measurement reproducibility . The contributions to high-reliability

NDE that standards/metrology labs can provide are outlined.

10. Berger, H. , ISO TC 135 holds plenary meeting in Moscow — plans new start.

Materials Evaluation 39 , No. 4, 352 (March 1981)

.

11. Berger, H. Nondestructive testing in the 80* s. Can. Soc. Nondestr. Test 2 , No. 7, 14-18 (Apr. 1981).

12. Berger, H. An overview: New ideas in nondestructive evaluation. Rubber

Chem. Technol. 54 , No. 5, 996-1002 (1981)

.

Major changes are taking place in terms of modifications of standard

methods and in terms of new inspection approaches. The discussion

includes descriptions of modifications such as ultrasonic imaging, x- ray tomography, pulsed eddy current techniques and signal processing . In addition, novel NDE approaches that appear to offer advantages of tire

inspection are discussed; these include acoustic emission, microwaves

and vibrothermography

.

3
13. Berger, H. , Meeting report, third plenary meeting of ISO Technical

Committee 135 on International Standards for NDT, Moscow, USSR, 9-11

December 1980, NDT Inti. 14 , No. 4, 202 (Aug. 1981).

14. Berger, H. , A new look at the NBS programme in NDE, NDT Inti. 14 , No.

5, 292-293 (Oct. 1981)

.

Emphasis is on progress in calibration and Standard Reference Material

activities

.

15. Berger, H. , The 1976 NBS study of girth welds in the Trans-Alaska

pipeline, 1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 198-200

(ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1981) .

The problem concerned field-made girth welds in the Trans-Alaska oil

pipeline. Many of these welds were shown3 after they were put in place

and covered over3 to contain discontinuities larger than those permitted

in the federal regulations . The study involved properties of the steel

pipe and welds3 fracture mechanics analysis and nondestructive measurements to size weld discontinuities. NBS results played a major role in

the regulatory decision to waive requirements for three welds3 thereby

setting a precedent for a waiver based on fracture mechanics analysis

.

16. Berger, H. ; Mordfin, L. , eds. , Technical activities 1981 Office of Nondestructive Evaluation. NBSIR 82-2449. 1981 Dec. 120 p. Available from

NTIS; $12.00.

This is the fourth in a series of annual reports describing the technical

activities of the NDE program at NBS.

17. Berhinig, R. M. , Measurement of air flow around doors under standardized

fire test conditions. NBS-GCR-81-330. 1981 July. 40 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 81-238495, $6.50.

18. Berk, N. F. ; Rowe, J. M. , Color graphics amd imaging system, NBS Reactor : - Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 65-66 (May

1981)

.

The system was installed in 1980 for the NBS small-angle neutron scattering

facility. It includes a high-resolution raster scan color TV monitor

for image display and a minicomputer interface for image processing

.

19. Berning, D. Use of vacuum tubes in test instrumentation for measuring

characteristics of fast high-voltage semiconductor devices, IEEE Trans . Instrum. Meas. IM-30 , No. 3, 226-227 (Sept. 1981).

Reference is made to a unique circuit that was built for performing

nondestructive3 reverse-bias3 second-breakdown tests on transistors.

20. Birnbaum, G. ; Free, G. , eds. Eddy-Current Characterization of Materials

and Structures , Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. 722, 501

pages ( ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, Feb. 1981)

.

Thirty-one papers cover the state-of-the-art in eddy-current research.

4
This comprehensive publication covers developments in theoretical

models for specific eddy-current problems3 the analysis of performance of available instrumentation, and microwave3 multifreopuency3 and

pulsed eddy-current methods.

21. Birnbaum, G. ; Berger, H. ; Eitzen, D. G. Traceable NDE standards, Proc

.

13th Symp. on NDE, San Antonio, TX, 1981 , 266-272 (NTIAC, San Antonio,

TX) .

Recent work at NBS which has led to WE standards and calibrations3 as well as work in progress3 is reviewed.

22. Birnbaum, G. ; Berger, H. ; Eitzen, D. G, Traceable NDE standards, NTIAC

Newsletter 9 , No. 3, 1-4 (NTIAC, San Antonio, TX, Sept. 1981).

See abstract for No. 21.

23. Blau, P. J. , A simple method for cross-sectional examination of wear

debris flakes. Wear 66 , 257-258 (1981)

.

This note covers a procedure for mounting and cross-sectioning thin

flakes of metallic wear debris. The mounts can be used for metallographic

studies of debris structure or for measurements of debris dimensions.

24. Bowman, C. D; Carlson, A. D. ; Wasson, O. A.; Schrack, R. A.; Behrens,

J. W. ; Johnson, R. G. ; Duvall, K. C. White source use in a neutron

standards laboratory, Proc. IAEA Consultant's Meet, on Neutron Source

Properties, Hungary, 1980 , K. Okamoto, ed. , pp. 119-134 (IAEA, Vienna,

Austria, June 1980) .

Methods are described for accurately characterizing the neutron beam

from a white source in spectral shape3 absolute intensity3 and source

brightness distribution. These methods can be implemented with a modest electron linac facility.

25. Breckenridge , F. R; Greenspan, M. Surface-wave displacement: Absolute

measurements using a capacitive transducer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69 , No.

4, 1177-1185 (Apr. 1981).

~ ‘

We have constructed a capacitive transducer for the absolute measurement

of the normal component of surface-wave motion on a flat solid3 the

direction of travel of the wave being known. The transducer backplate

is a cylinder and has cylindrical extensions on each end that act as electrostatic guards to render calculable the sensitivity and capacitance

of the transducer. Compliant support elements are incorporated3 resulting

in negligible mechanical loading to the surface and flat frequency response

over the range of 10 kHz to l MHz or better. The upper limit to displacements measurable by this technique has not been established3 but is large

enough to encompass the range of interest.

5
26 . Bullis, W. M. Advancement of reliability, processing and automation

for integrated circuits with the National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR

81-2224. 1981 March. 50 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-188203, $8.00.

The program was undertaken in 197Z to develop the measurement technology

necessary to enable device manufacturers to exert more effective control

over the materials and processes they use to make integrated circuits with

the ultimate aim of providing increased reliability at reasonable cost.

Work was carried out in 12 technical areas including resistivity and dopant

characterization; film and layer thickness; microelectronic test patterns;

wafer inspection and test; and hermeticity.

27. Bullis, W. M. , ed. Semiconductor technology program progress briefs.

NBSIR 81-2230. 1981 March. 11 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-188120,

$5.00.

This report provides information on the status of NBS work on measurement

technology for semiconductor materials, process control, and devices.

Highlighted activities include an analysis of the cross-bridge sheet

resistance test structure, and advances in optical measurements of

linewidth on wafers.

28. Bullis, W. M. , ed. Semiconductor technology program - Progress briefs.

NBSIR 81-2230-2. 1981 July. 16 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 238529,

$5.00.

Highlighted activities include newly issued resistivity SRMs, design

information for a set of wafer optical linewidth standards, acousticemission testing of tape-bonded ICs, and laser scanning of a solar cell

test pattern.

29. Bullis, W. M. ; Ehrstein, J. R. Reference materials and the semiconductor

industry. Solid State Technol ., pp. 56-63 (Nov. 1981).

The advent of many new measurement techniques and instruments, often

noncontacting and automatic, has offered convenience to the user, but

many times it is at the price of measurements which are inconsistent

with those obtained by more traditional techniques. The Standard

Reference Material (SRM) program at the Rational Bureau of Standards,

which provides calibrated artifacts to various user communities, is

one approach for improving measurement accuracy and compatibility.

Application of the SRM program to the semiconductor industry is discussed

both with respect to present and planned SRMs and with regard to meeting

the more extensive and longer range needs of the industry.

30. Bur, A. J. ; Tsao, A. K. Depolarization of poled PVF^ samples with "thick"

electrodes, Ferroelectrics 32 , 185-189 (1981)

.

31. Bur, A. J. Resistivity and piezoelectric measurements on oriented and

unoriented thick PVF

2 films, Po lymer 22, 1288-1289 (Sept. 1981).

6
32. Cezairliyan, A. Electrical resistivity of molybdenum in the temperature range 1500 to 2650 K, Int. J. Thermophys. 1 , No. 4, 417-

427 (1980) .

33. Chen, H. ; Kuriyama, M. A high-resolution X-ray facility, J. Appl . Cryst. Lab. Note 14 , 280 (1981)

.

An x-ray diffraction system capable of producing and detecting x rays

with an angular resolution better than two seconds of arc has been

developed.

34. Cheng, Y. T. ; Ganoczy, M. ; Garrett, D. A., Nuclear applications to

antiquities, NBS Reactor; Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 32-34 (May 1981)

.

Three test paintings were studied by both thermal-neutron inducedautoradiography and high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy as part

of an effort to assess the suitability of the AFRRI reactor for this

purpose.

35. Chew, H. Modelling of oil shale retorts for electromagnetic sensing

techniques. NBSIR 81-1653. 1981 November, 47 p. Available from:

NTIS; PB 82-153321.

We report on the modelling of oil shale retorts for electromagnetic

sensing techniques. The aim is to obtain useful information about the

contents of the retort. The results indicate feasibility of determining

the void ratio by remote electromagnetic measurements.

36. Clark, H. E. Requirements for an effective national nonionizing radiation

measurement system. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Spec. Publ. 613; 1981 June.

41 p. SN003 -003-0233 5- 5.

37. Clifton, J. R. ; Anderson, E. D. Nondestructive evaluation methods for

quality acceptance of hardened concrete in structures. NBSIR 80-2163.

1981 January. 54 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-159618, $8.00.

Methods have been identified which provide information on the strength

>

quality and uniformity3 thickness3 air content3 stiffness3 finish, density

of concrete as well as the location and condition of steel reinforcement.

In addition, the feasibility of combining two or more test methods for

improving the prediction of the strength or quality of concrete is

explored.

38. Clifton, J. R; Pommersheim, J. M. , Modeling of the maturity concept,

1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 145-146 (ASNT , Columbus,

OH, 1981) .

The feasibility of using nondestructive evaluation methods for estimating

the compressive strength of inplace concrete is being explored and some methods are slowly gaining acceptance in the construction field.

7
39. Clough, R. B. ; Chang, J. C, ; Travis, J. P. Acoustic emission

signatures and source microstructure using indentation fatigue

and stress corrosion cracking in aluminum alloy, Scr. Metall. 15

No. 4, 417-422, (April 1981)

.

Acoustic emission due to indentation is a new NDE technique for

correlating acoustic emission with microstructure. Previous work

demonstrates that reproducible acoustic emission signals can be generated

in embrittled steels by incremental growth of cracks. Here the technique

is illustrated for use in more ductile materials through indentation

fatigue and indentation stress corrosion cracking.

40. Clough, R. B. ; Simmons, J. A. Reproducible acoustic emission signatures

by indentation in steels, Proc. DARPA/AFWAL Rev, of Progress in Quantitative

NDE, La Jolla, CA, 1980 , AFWAL-TR-81-4080, 241-242 (Sept. 1981)

.

See abstract for Ho. 41.

41. Clough, R. B. ; Simmons, J. A. Reproducible acoustic emission signatures

by indentation in steels. Mater. Eval 39 , 1026-1031 (Oct. 1981)

.

Creating reproducible signals from defects is of importance for

quantitative studies of acoustic emission (AE) . A method for doing so is

presented here which consists of indentation of hardened steel plates. A

survey was made of a variety of steels3 including A533B pressure vessel

steel with an embrittled weld. In many cases3 the signals were reproducible

over an appreciable range and appeared to be similar3 for epicenter

measurements3 to those produced by sudden unloading . However3 monitoring

on the same surface as the indentation in some cases produced sets of

different but reproducible signals which gradually evolved with repeated

loading. The method suggests itself for materials studies of AE as well

as a nondestructive method for in siim examination of structures for

embrittlement

.

42. Cohn, j. , Charting the world of radiography — testing the visual acuity

of radiographic inspectors, Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 7, 10-13 (Sept. 1981) .

NBS researcher Gary Yonemura has drafted a new chart to test for visual

acuity. The chart emphasizes the ability to see blurred lines that

have a low contrast with their background.

43. Committee on Radiation Measurements, Directory of commercial calibration

services for ionizing survey instruments. NBS-GCR-80-296. 1981 April.

73 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-20641, $9.50.

44. DanielSon, B. L. Backscatter signature simulations. NBS TN-1050. 1981

Dec. 100 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 82-174186.

This report presents a collection of computer-generated backscatter

signatures which represent realistic replicas of signals that can be

encountered in optical time-domain reflectometer systems. Emphasis is

placed on backscatter signatures from localized and distributed imperfections which are superimposed on an otherwise uniform optical fiber.

8
45 . Datta, S. K. ; Ledbetter, H. M. ; Kinra, V. K. Wave propagation and

elastic constants in particulate and fibrous composites, Composite

Materials , K. Kawata and T. Akasaka, eds., pp. 30-38 (Japan Society

for Composite Materials, Tokyo, 1981)

.

Dynamic elastic properties were studied both theoretically and

experimentally. Particulate composites were studied in a throughtransmission water-immersion tank3 while the fiber composite was studied

by both pulse-echo-overlap and resonance methods.

46. Datta, S. K. ; Fortunko, C. M. ; King, R. B., Sizing of surface cracks in

a plate using SH waves, 1981 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc. , Vol. 2, 836-867

(IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1981)

.

The diffraction of SH waves by two-dimensional surface cracks in

isotropic plates is studied. It is shown that SH waves may be particularly appropriate for detecting and sizing elongated planar defects

in butt welds.

47. DeReggi, A. S. ; Roth, S. C; Kenney, J. M.; Edelman, S.; Harris, G. R.

Piezoelectic polymer probe for ultrasonic applications, J. Acoustic.

Soc. Am. 69 , No. 3, 853-859 (Mar. 1981).

Miniature piezoelectric polymer hydrophones for ultrasonic field

characterization in the low megahertz region have been developed and

tested. The principal advantages of these devices over conventional

hydrophones are their uniform frequency response and minimal perturbation of the field. These characteristics are achieved by rendering

a small central region of a thin sheet of the polymer polyvinylidene

fluoride locally piezoelectric and then supporting the sheet in the field

by holding it taut in a metal hoop having dimensions larger than the

field being probed. Both single elements having diameters less than

1 mm and multielement arrays have been formed on the polymer. Methods

of construction3 signal amplifications and3 in one design3 rf shielding are discussed3 and data are presented on insertion loss3 sensitivity3 frequency

response3 and immunity to rf interference.

48. Deslattes, R. D. ; Kessler, E. G.; Sauder, W. C.; Henins, A. Remeasurement of y-ray reference lines, Ann. Phys. 129 , No. 2, 378-434 (Oct. 15,

1980)

.

We have established a new significantly improved measurement chain

connecting y-ray lines with visible reference standards.

49. Dick, C. E.; Motz, J. W. Utilization of monoenergetic x-ray beams to

examine the properties of radiographic intensifying screens, IEEE

Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-28 , No. 2, 1554-1558 (Apr. 1981)

.

Monoenergetic x-ray beams are being utilized to examine the image

information transfer properties of x-ray intensifying screens conventionally used in screen-film imaging systems. The technique of single

photon counting is being employed to determine the relative probability

distribution of the number of optical photons emitted from the screen

after absorption of an incident x ray. These data can be used to

9
determine the average number of light quanta emitted per absorbed x ray. In addition3 the shape of these distributions can be used

to determine the image information transfer properties of a particular

screen.

50. Dick, C. E. ; Motz, j. W. Image information transfer properties of

x-ray fluorescent screens, Med. Phys. 8 , No. 3, 337-346 (May/June

1981)

.

The image information transer efficiency for five x-ray fluorescent

screens (calcium tungstatej barium halide3 and three rare earth screens)

has been experimentally determined with monoenergetic x-ray beams. The

transfer efficiency3 which is defined by the ratio of the output to input

signal-to-noise ratios3 was determined from measurements of (a) the fraction

of incident x rays absorbed in the screen and Cb) the statistical distribution of the number of light photons emitted from the screen per absorbed

x ray. Comparisons of the information transfer efficiency3 the average

number of light photons emitted per absorbed x ray3 and the light output energy per Roentgen are given.

51. Duvall, K. C.; Wasson, O. A. The NBS 14 MeV absolute neutron beam facility,

IEEE Trans. Nucl . Sci. NS-28 , No. 2, 1488-1489 (Apr. 1981)

.

A 14 MeV absolute neutron beam has been established at the NBS 3 MV

positive-ion Van de Graaff Accelerator Laboratory. The facility may

be used to measure the absolute response of active neutron monitoring

devices with high accuracy.

52. Edelman, S. , Piezoelectric polymer sensors for NDE, Nondestructive

Evaluation of Turbines and Generators, 1980 Conference and Workshop , EPRI WS-80-133 , pp. 8-1 to 8-11 (EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, July 1981).

Piezoelectric polymer gages have been demonstrated to be useful in a number of applications on operating machinery at moderate temperatures.

The technology can be extended to steam operating temperatures

.

53. Eitzen, D. G. ; Breckenridge, F. R. ; Clough, R. B.; Fuller, E. R.

;

Hsu, N. N. ; Simmons, J. A. Summary of fundamental developments for

quantitative acoustic emission measurements, Report No. EPRI NP1877, 100 pages (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA,

June 1981)

.

The intent of this report is to summarize the results and methods

of the research. Another report with more details of the research

has been prepared for the specialist. See No. 56.

54. Eitzen, D. G; Berger, H. ; Birnbaum, G. A basis for traceable NDE

measurements. Part 1, Mater. Eval. 39 , No. 9, 797-798 (Aug. 1981)

.

NBS is beginning to provide traceability for a number of NDE measurement procedures3 an activity that is expected to have a positive

impact on the reproducibility and accuracy of NDE measurements. Much

of the activity has been in ultrasonics and acoustic emission3 leading

to calibration services for ultrasonic reference blocks and ultrasonic

and acoustic emission transducers. Additional NDE standards are also

10
available or are being developed in radiography3 eddy currents3 magnetic particles3 liquid penetrants and visual testing . Part l

deals with the standards activities in ultrasonics

.

55. Eitzen, D. G. ; Berger, H. ; Birnbaum, G., A basis for traceable NDE

measurements, Part 2, Mater. Eval. 39 , No. 10, 886-888 (Sept. 1981)

.

See abstract for 21Jo. 54.

56. Eitzen, D. G. ; Breckenridge, F. R. ; Clough, R. B.; Fuller, E. R.

;

Hsu, N. N. ; Simmons, J. A. Fundamental developments for quantitative

acoustic emission measurements, Report No. EPRI NP-2089, Project

608-1, 213 pages (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA,

Oct. 1981)

.

This report describes Phase l of a research progrem supported

jointly by the Electric Power Research Institute and the Rational

Bureau of Standards on the development of the acoustic emission

technique of surveying technical integrity . The work has focused on:

improved test standardization through the development of a calibration

capability for AE sensors; improved sensor concepts and techniques for

field and laboratory calibration; an improved basis for understanding

and predicting AE behavior through the development of a mathematical

framework for AE (transfer function formalism) through specific theoretical

solutions to AE generation3 transmission and inversion problems and the

successful application of these theories to actual events in glass; an

improved basis for assessing defect significance through the development

of improved signal processing and inversion methods and through experimental results from AE in pressure vessel steels; the implementation

of experiments to establish the feasibility of using causal methods3 based on theoretical mechanics3 to obtain source information in structural

steels.

57. Eisenhower, E. H, Chairman, ANSI Subcommittee N43-3.5 Radiological safety

for the design and construction of apparatus for gamma radiography. (ANSI

N432-1980) . Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Handb. 136: 1981 January. 19 p.

SN003-003-02293-4, $1.50.

This standard applies to the design and construction of apparatus used

for industrial gamma radiography which employs radioactive material

as the energy source. It establishes the criteria to be used in the

proper design and constru.ction of the various components to ensure a high

degree of radiation safety at all times. The testing procedures and equipment for the various classifications of the exposure devices and source

assemblies are detailed.

58. Ellerbruch, D. A., Non-destructive testing with microwaves, 1981 Paper

Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 147 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1981)

.

Microwave signals will propagate into gravel3 soil3 concrete3 asphalt3 snow and adobe materials and are sensitive to moisture3 density3 thickness3 voids and other anomalies . It is possible3 therefore3 to use a microwave system for nondestructively evaluating a volume of material to obtain

11
knowledge about its uniformity3 voids} moisture or other internal

anomalies

.

59. Elsley, R. K. ; Fortunko, C. M. , Improvements in flaw detection in

austenitic stainless steel weldments, 1981 Ultrasonics Symp. Proc ., Vol . 2, 892-899 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1981).

Inspection of austenitic stainless steel weldments by conventional

ultrasonic means is limited by the textured grain structure of the

weld metal. It is shown that for selected angles of incidence3 shear

waves polarized normal to the grains can pass through the weld metalbase metal interface without partial reflection. As a consequence3 the

inspectability of stainless steel weldments can be improved. The use of low frequency probing signals is advantageous because it reduces the

influence of nonuniform textures at the interface. The operation of

a low frequency ultrasonic system for stainless steel butt weldments

using electromagnetic acoustic transducers is demonstrated.

60. Escalante, E. ; Bertocci, U. ; Mullen, J.; Cohen, M. ; Kruger, J. Development of in situ techniques for the detection of corrosion of copper

concentric neutrals of electric cables in underground environments,

Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society 1981 Transmission and Distribution

Conf. S Exposition , Paper No. 81 TD 623-8, pp. 1-7 (1981)

.

Measurements have demonstrated the utility of electrochemical polarization measurements in detecting and measuring the corrosion of buried

CCN. It has also been demonstrated that the polarization measurements

can be carried out on operating cables. Techniques for the measurement

of the voltage and current fluctuations of corroding electrodes (corrosion

noise) are described. These techniques are being investigated for their

use in the detection of corrosion of CCN cables. They have been applied

in the laboratory, and preliminary tests have been carried out on buried

cables.

61. Fiori, C. E. ; Myklebust, R. L. A simple method for fitting Gaussian

profiles to x-ray spectra obtained with an energy-dispersive detector,

Computers in Activation Analysis and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy , B . S

.

Carpenter, M. D. D'Agostino, and H. P. Yule, eds., CONF-780421, pp.

139-149 (U. S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center,

Washington, DC, 1979)

.

A method is described for the fitting of Gaussian profiles to the pulseheight distributions of overlapping X-ray peaks measured with an energydispersive detector. The desired result is to know the areas under

individual X-ray peaks in a spectrum in which the peaks are not resolved.

62. Fong, J. T; Dobbyn, R. C. ; Mordfin, L.; Johnson, B. M., eds., Critical

I ssues in Materials and Mechanical Engineering , PVP-Vol. 47, Bk. No.

HO 018 3 , 276 p. (>$ME, N.Y., 1981).

This volume presents dialogue surrounding the controversial issues of

inspection, fabrication3 and operation of critical components} and

failure-related issues.

12
63. Fong, J. T. , ed. , Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) ; Reliability

and Human Factors — A Symposium Preview, 140 p. (Oct. 1, 1981)

.

This document was prepared for advance distribution to the participants

in the ASME-ASNT-NBS symposium on NDE reliability and human factors

which was held in Atlanta3 GA on Oct. 12-IZ3 1981. Abstracts of

most of the papers are included.

64. Fong, J. T. , Safety factor in defect sizes: a combined statistical and

engineering approach, 1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences , 203-205 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1981).

A generic problem in sizing a weld defect is the estimation of uncertainties associated with (a) the measurement process3 (b) sampling3 and (c)

human factors. A combined statistical and engineering approach to

quantify the uncertainty estimate is proposed. A rational basis for

choosing a safety factor on defect sizes is discussed.

65. Fortunko, C. M. Ultrasonic detection and sizing of two-dimensional

weld defects in the long-wavelength limit, Proc. 1980 Ultrasonics

Symp. , pp. 862-867 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,

New York, NY, 1980)

.

A new ultrasonic inspection technique is described for detecting elongated

defects in butt-weldments. The technique can be used to detect and size twodimensional defects which can potentially impair the fitness-for-purpose

condition of pipeline girth welds. The defect sizing is accomplished by

inverting long-wavelength scattering data obtained with shear-horizontal

(SH) waves. Noncoupling3 electromagnetic-acoustic transducers are used to

excite and detect the SH-wave probing signals.

66. Fortunko, C.M. Ultrasonic detection and sizing of two-dimensional defects

at long wavelengths, Appl. Phys. Lett. 38 , No. 12, 980-982 (June 15, 1981)

.

An ultrasonic technique is described for detecting and sizing of twodimensional defects. The technique is particularly suitable for

detecting two-dimensional defects in certain butt-weldments which cannot

be fully inspected by conventional radiographic and ultrasonic methods.

Use is made of noncontact3 electromagnetic-acoustic transducers to excite

and detect shear horizontal (SH) wave probing signals where wavelength

is long compared to the defect depth dimensions.

67. Fortunko, C.. M.. ; MacLauchlan, D. Pulsed electromagnets for EMATs, Proc . DARPA/AFWAL Rev, of Progress in Quantitative NDE, La Jolla, CA 1980 , AFWAL-TR-81-4080 , 528-534 (Sept. 1981)

.

Pulsed electromagnets may be more desirable than large static electromagnets or permanent magnets for magnetic biasing of electromagnetic

acoustic transducers. The transduction efficiency can be enhanced by the

dynamic concentration of the magnetic flux near the surface. For maximum

transduction efficiencies the ultrasonic pulse must be retarded relative

to the initiation of the current pulse to the electromagnet windings. A

second maximum is observed when the system is operated on ferromagnetic

steel. Operation of pulsed systems at elevated temperatures is demonstrated

on aluminum.

13
68. Fortunko, C. M. ; Schramm, R. E. , A long wavelength ultrasonic technique

for detecting and sizing weld defects, 1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National

Conferences , 346-348 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1981.)

By operating in the long wavelength regime3 the SH-wave-EMAT technique

is less sensitive to defect orientation and surface roughness than conventional

ultrasonic techniques. It is useful for sizing weld defects because3 in the

long wavelength regime3 the amplitude of ultrasonic reflections increases

monotonically with defect size. In addition3 it has enhanced sensitivity

to weld defects because SH-waves do not reflect strongly from the weld

reinforcement (crown) . Because EMATs do not require intimate contact3 ultrasonic inspections of weldments can be reliably carried out over most

unprepared surfaces and in adverse environments.

69. Fortunko, C. M. Ultrasonic evaluation of austenitic stainless steel welds

using shear horizontal waves, Appl. Phys. Lett. 39 , No. 9, 699-700 (Nov. 1,

1981) .

The propagation of horizontally polarized shear waves through an austenitic

stainless steel weld metal-base metal interface is described. It is

shown that SH wave probing singals are particularly suitable for weldments

that are difficult to evaluate using vertically polarized shear and longitudinal wave probing signals. The technique is demonstrated experimentally.

70. Free, G. , ed., Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U. S.) Spec. Publ. 589; 1981 January. 153 p. SN003-003-02287-0.

$5.50.

The proceedings of the Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing Workshop

held at NBS in November3 1977 contains papers related to all areas of eddy

current testing. A historical overview of the discipline from its

inception until the present is given. Other papers discuss eddy current

testing in the primary metals industry (both ferrous and nonferrous

)

3 the use of eddy currents for sorting of metals and for defect detection3 the state-of-the-art in eddy current instrumentation3 and signal processing

in the analysis of eddy current signals. The development and use of eddy

current standards are discussed as well as several of the newer areas of

eddy current development3 i.'e. 3 multifrequency and pulsed eddy current

techniques

.

71. Free, G. M. , NBS eddy current standards program, Eddy Current Nondestructive

Testing , NBS SP 589, 133-136 (Jan. 1981).

The goals of the NBS eddy current program are twofold: the creation of an electrical conductivity calibration service for nonferrous metal standards3 and the development of nonferrous metal Standard Reference Materials to

be issued as conductivity standards. The calibration service will provide

measurements of the electrical conductivity of standards sent to NBS by

industry. The SRM Program will make available to industry electrical

conductivity standards suitable for use in calibrating eddy current

instrumentation

.

14
72 . Free, G. , High-accuracy conductivity measurements in nonferrous

metals, Eddy-Current Characterization of Materials and Structures , ASTM STP 722, 121-128 (1981)

.

An eddy-current instrument has been built that measures electrical

conductivity with a high degree of accuracy and precision. By

keeping the product &scr constant in all measurements3 a linear

relationship between conductivity and frequency can be established.

Vue to this linear relationship3 only one conductivity standard is

necessary to calibrate the instrument over the full range of l to

100 percent international annealed copper standard (IACS).

73. Garrett, D. A.; Steinbring, R. C; Ganoczy, M., The use of neutron

and x-radiography to evaluate lithium/iodine pacemaker batteries,

NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS

TN-1142, 50-57 (May 1981)

.

Neutron radiography was used to study internal changes in lithium/iodine

batteries during accelerated discharge. Neutron and x-radiography

complement each other in this application. By utilizing mass

absorption coefficients the battery constituents can be tracked as a function of cell discharge .

74. Garrett, D. A.; Barrow, J. J. , Thermal neutron imaging screen development , NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS

TN-1142, 57-58 (May 1981).

75. Glinka, C. J. ; Rowe, J. M. ; LaRock, J. G., The small-angle scattering

facility, NBS Reactor; Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 66-69 (May 1981).

A new facility for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is under

construction at the NBS Reactor.

76. Golan, S. , Optimization of the crack tip ultrasonic diffraction

technique for sizing of cracks, Materials Evaluation 39 , No. 2, 166-

169 (Feb. 1981).

Four parameters influence the efficacy of the ultrasonic diffraction

technique for sizing of cracks: strength of the ultrasonic beam diffracted

from the tip of the crack3 accuracy of sizing of the crack3 range (a

parameter related to the area covered by the ultrasonic field) and

surface resolution which determines the limits of crack size that can

be measured. The influence of these parameters on the quality of the

test and optimization of the test conditions are discussed.

77. Greenspan, M. , Acoustical research in the physical sciences: properties

of gases, liquids and solids, J. Acoust. Soc . Am. 68 , No. 1, 29-35 (July

1980).

This paper reviews research during the past 50 years on the relation

between acoustical behavior3 mainly velocity and attenuation of sound3 and the properties of gases3 liquids3 and solids.

15
78. Gross, D. A review of measurements, calculations and specifications

of air leakage through interior door assemblies. NBSIR 81-2214.

1981 January. 25 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-179178. $5.00.

79. Grot, R. A. A low-cost method for measuring air infiltration rates in a large sample of buildings. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration

Measurements , Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. 719, C. M. Hunt,

J. C. King, H. R. Trechsel, eds., pp. 50-59 (Oct. 1980).

80. Grot, R. A; Clark, R. E. Air leakage characteristics and weatherization

techniques for low-income housing, Proc. ASHRAE/DOE/ORNL Conf. Thermal

Performance Exterior Envelopes of Buildings , ASHRAE SP 28, pp. 178-

194 (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, NY, 1981)

81. Harman, G. G, Semiconductor measurement technology: nondestructive

tests used to insure the integrity of semiconductor devices with

emphasis on acoustic emission techniques. Inti. Adv. in NDT 7 , 105-179

(Gordon & Breach, N.Y. , 1981).

The discussion is divided into two major sections. The first consists

of an introduction to device assembly techniques and problems followed by a review of six important nondestructive tests used during and after

device packaging to insure the mechanical integrity of completed electronic devices. The second section begins with an introduction to

acoustic emission3 the status of theory as it can be applied to

microelectronics . Then the published papers that have applied AE as a nondestructive test in electronics applications will be reviewed. Finally

passive AE techniques are applied to establishing the mechanical bond

integrity of beam lead} flip chips and tape-bonded integrated circuits

as well as components in hybrid microcircuits

82. Hasegawa, S. Moisture sensors, Semiconductor Measurement Technology : ARPA/NBS Workshop V. Moisture Measurement Technology for Hermetic

Semiconductor Devices , NBS SP 400-69, 126-127 (May 1981)

The miniature humidity sensors which are to be enclosed in hermetic semiconductor devices are still in the beginning stages of development. However3 a great deal of effort is being expended to rapidly advance the

state of the art for measurement of humidity and/or the total moisture

content of hermetic semiconductor packages.

83. Heinrich, K. F. J. ; Newbury, D. E; Myklebust, R. L. ; Fiori, C.E., eds..

Energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Spec.

Publ. 604; 1981 June. 441 p. SN003-003-02333-7 , $9.00.

This book is the formal report of the Workshop on Energy dispersive X-Ray

Spectrometry held at the Rational Bureau of Standards3 April 2Z-253 1979.

84. Hsu, N. N. , Experimental determination of point impact force-time

function. Extended Summaries, 1980 4th SESA Inti. Cong, on Exptl.

Mechanics , 48-49 (SESA Westport, CT, 1980)

A test procedure to determine the force-time function of a short duration

point impact force is described.. The procedure has been used to calibrate ultrasonic transducers as a pulsed stress wave generator or

16
sensor3 to characterize acoustic emission3 and to study brittle

fracture due to dynamic indentations.

85. Hsu, N.N.; Eitzen, D. G. , AE signal analysis — laboratory experiments

examining the physical processes of acoustic emission, Proc. Fifth

Inti. Acoustic Emission Symp. , 67-78 (Japan Soc. for Non-Destructive

Inspection, Tokyo, 1980)

.

We have studied the physical processes of AE from the generation of the

stress waves at the source to the wave propagation in the structure3 to the

conversion into electrical voltage signals through a combination of

analysis3 design and conduct of controlled experiments.

86. Hsu, N. N. ; Breckenridge, F. R. Characterization and calibration of

acoustic emission sensors. Materials Evaluation 39 , No. 1, 60-68 (ASNT,

Columbus, OH, Jan. 1981)

.

Various calibration techniques are compared in terms of underlying principles and assumptionsj specific methods and procedures3 and limitations

and advantages. The helium gas jet technique and the reciprocity technique are reviewed. The step-force calibration technique is described in

detail. Sample calibration results of a commercial sensor are shown.

87. Hunt, C. M. Air infiltration: A review of some existing measurement

techniques and data. Building Air Change Rate and Infiltration Measurements , Am. Soc. Test. Mater. Spec. Tech. Publ. 719, C. M. Hunt, J. C.

King, H. R. Trechsel, eds., pp. 3-24 (Oct. 1980).

88. Jenkins, D. R. ; Mathey, R. G; Knab, L.I. Moisture detection in roofing

by nondestructive means - A state-of-the-art survey. Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.) Tech. Note 1146; 1981 July. 82 p. SN003-003-02340-0, $4.25.

A literature survey is presented of nondestructive evaluation methods

for detection of moisture in roofing systems. The methods discussed

include the use of capacitance-radio frequency instruments3 capacitancemicrowave instruments3 nuclear meters3 and thermal infrared scanners. For each method3 the principles of operation are reviewed and the measured

properties which are affected by moisture are identified. Factors other

than moisture which may affect the response of the instruments are also

described for each method.

89. Jesch, R. L. Dielectric measurements of five different soil textural

types as functions of frequency and moisture content. NBSIR 78-896.

1978 October. 26 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 291944, $4.00.

Open-circuit coaxial transmission-line sample holders were used to

determine the electromagnetic dielectric properties of five soil

textural types as functions of moisture level content and frequency . A

brief outline of the theoretical basis is given for the method along

with the measurement system and the sample preparation.

17
90.

Johnson, R. G. ; Behrens, J. W. ; Bowman, C.D. Source imaging using

neutron pinhole cameras based on position-sensitive proportional

counters, Nucl. Technol. 55 , 724-727 (Dec. 1981)

.

A pinhole camera technique has been used to measure the variation in

neutron emission intensity over the area of the neutron-producing

target of the NBS Electron Linac. The method uses a one-dimensional

position-sensitive proportional counter with an intrinsic spatial

resolution of 1.0 mm. The pinhole is made in a thick sheet of

cadmium and neutron energy selection is achieved by time-of-flight.

A completely separate experiment demonstrated the use of the twodimensional detector for imaging high-energy neutrons.

91. Jones, R. N. ; Bussey, H. E. ; Little W. E.; Metzker, R. F. Electrical

characteristics of corn, wheat, and soya in the 1-200 MHz range. NBSIR

78-897. 1978 October. 70 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 289812,

$4.50.

A set of coaxial sample holders together with a measurement and data

reduction technique has been developed and applied to the study of the

dielectric properties of wheats com and soya. Particular attention was given to the properties as a function of moisture content3 frequency and

packing density.

92. Kahn, A. H. ; Spal, R. D. , Electromagnetic theory and its relationship to

standards, Eddy Current Nondestructive Testing , NBS SP 589, 137-141

(Jan. 1981)

.

We report on calculations of the eddy current and impedance changes asso- ciated with a surface crack in a plane slab and on a cylinder.

93. Kahn, A. H. ; Spal, R. , A boundary integral equation method for calculating the eddy-current distribution in a long cylindrical bar

with a crack, Eddy-Current Characterization of Materials and Structures , ASTM STP 722, 298-307 (1981).

We report calculations of the impedance of a long solenoid which surrounds

a cylinder of conducting material containing a crack. The results are displayed in graphical form3 which gives the fractional changes of the real and

imaginary parts of the impedance caused by the presence of the crack.

94. Kasen, M. B. ; Mikesell, R. P. , Effect of blunt flaws studied in pipeline girth welds, Oil & Gas J. 79 , No. 13, 155-158 ( PennWell Publ. Co.,

Tulsa, OK, March 30, 1981)

.

Experiments are being performed to determine if slag3 porosity3 or arc strikes significantly contribute to brittle fracture of pipeline girth

welds.

95. Knab, L. ; Mathey, R. ; Jenkins, D. Laboratory evaluation of nondestructive

methods to measure moisture in built-up roofing systems, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U. S.) Bldg. Sci. Ser. 131; 1981 January. 173 p. SN003-003-02281-1

,

$5.50.

18
This laboratory study investigated the reliability and accuracy of

three types of nondestructive evaluation methods to quantitatively determine

the moisture content of the insulation in built-up roofing specimens.

These methods were electrical capacitance, nuclear backscatter, and

infrared thermography . Two performance characteristics of the NDE

methods were evaluated: (a) the minimum moisture content a method

could detect, and (b) the relationship bewteen WE response and moisture

content beyond the minimum detectable moisture content.

96. Knab, L.I.; Mathey, R. G; Jenkins, D. R, NDE methods to measure moisture

in built-up roofing systems, Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 3, 22 (April 1981).

See abstract for No. 95.

97. Knab, L. I.; Mathey, R. G. ; Jenkins, D. R, Laboratory evaluation of

nondestructive methods to measure moisture in built-up roofing systems,

1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National Conferences, 148-149 (ASNT, Columbus,

OH, 1981).

See abstract for No. 95.

98. Kriz, R. D. , Absorbed moisture and stress-wave propagation in graphite/

epoxy, Composites Technology Review 3 , No. 4, 154-155 (ASTM, Philadelphia,

PA, 1981)

99. Kuriyama, M. Residual stress measurements using energy dispersive diffractometry and high energy incident photons, Proc. of Symp. on Nondestructive

Measurement of Wheel/Axle Residual Stress, Cambridge, MA, June 16-17, 1981 , pp. 2.10.1-2.10.13 (U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad

Administration, Cambridge, MA)

The application of energy dispersive diffractometry using high energy

photons to monitor the structural integrity of industrial materials is

described. X-ray optical conditions and counting statistics are studied in

several transmission experiments using commercial steel plates almost one inch thick. A residual stress distribution across a weld zone in an

Alaskan pipeline segment is obtained by the energy dispersive diffractometry method. This result demonstrates the potential capability of this

technique as an industrial inspection tool.

100. Ledbetter, H. M. Dynamic elastic modulus and internal friction in

G-10CR and G-11CR fibreglass-cloth-epoxy composites, Cryogenics 20 , No. 11, 673-640 (Nov. 1980).

Young's moduli were determined dynamically for two fibreglass-cloth-epoccy

composites in the wrap, fill, and normal directions between room temperature and liquid-nitrogen temperature.

101. Ledbetter, H. M. ; Maerz, G. Temperature dependence of Young's modulus and

internal friction of G-1QCR and G-11CR epoxy resins, Cryogenics 20 , No. 11, 655-658 (Nov. 1980).

Young's moduli of the epoxy-resin matrix material used in G-lOCR and G-llCR

fibreglass-cloth-reinforced composites were measured dynamically and semi

continuously between ambient arid liquid-nitrogen temperatures.

19
102. Ledbetter, H. M. Sound velocities and elastic constants of steels

304, 310, and 316, Met. Sci. Tech. Note 14 , No. 12, 595-596 (Dec.

1980) .

Room temperature ultrasonic velocities3 longitudinal and tranverse3 were measured in three austenitic stainless steels. Elastic constants

were computed from these velocities.

103. Ledbetter, H. M. ; Moulder, J. C.; Austin, M. W. Young's modulus of a copper-stabilized niobium-titanium superconductive wire. Wire , 3 pages

(Jan. 1981) .

Two methods were used: continuous-wave-resonance and laser-pulseexcitation.

104. Ledbetter, H. M. Elastic constants and internal friction of fiberreinforced composites, Composite Materials , K. Kawata and T. Akasaka,

eds., pp. 65-70 (The Japan Society for Composite Materials, Tokyo,

1981)

.

Materials that were studied include: boron-aluminum3 boron-epoxy3 graphite-epoxy3 glass-epoxy3 and ararnid- epoxy . In all cases3 elasticconstant direction dependence could be described by relationships developed for single crystals of homogeneous materials . Elastic stiffness

and internal friction were found to vary inversely

.

105. Ledbetter, H. M. Elastic constants of polycrystalline copper at low

temperatures, Phys. Status Solidi (A) 66 , 477-484 (1981)

.

Elastic constants of polycrystalline copper are determined between 4 and

295 K by measuring ultrasonic velocities3 longitudinal and transverse.

Considering eight theories of single-crystal:polycrystal elastic constants

the Hershey-Kroner-Eshelby theory agrees best with observation3 within

1% for the shear modulus . (Voigt and Reuss first-order bounds differ

by 297o. ) A problem exists concerning the calculation of the Debye

temperature of polycrystalline aggregates

.

106. Ledbetter, H. M. , Stainless steel elastic constants at low temperatures,

J. Appl. Physics 52 , No. 3, Part 1, 1587-1589 (Mar. 1981)

.

Elastic constants for stainless steels have been redetermined at

cryogenic temperatures with an improved measurement system to provide

additional information on the anomalous behavior of these steels at

temperatures below 50 K. Longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic

velocities were determined with a pulse-echo system.

107. Ledbetter, H. M. Predicted single-crystal elastic constants of stainlesssteel 316, Br. J. Non Destr. Test. 23 , No. 6, 286-287 (Nov. 1981)

.

The author gives an improved prediction of the three elastic-stiffness

constants which determine the optimum direction for acoustic beams used

to locate and size flaws. The predictive method applies to all cubiccrystal-structure anistropic materials.

20
108. Lederer, P. S. Sensor handbook for automatic test, monitoring, diagnostic,

and control system applications to military vehicles and machinery. Nat.

Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Spec. Publ. 615; 1981 October. 450 p. SN003-003-02372-8

.

The Sensor Handbook is intended as a guide for those who design, specify,

use, and test military automatic test equipment containing sensors . The

Handbook addresses measurands and principles of measurement, data acquisition,

sensor calibration and testing, environmental considerations, stability

,

durability, reliability, and error assessment.

109. Linzer, M. , Ed., Ultrasonic imaging 3 , Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 (Academic Press, NY,

Jan., April, July, Oct. 1981).

This journal provides for original papers concerned with the development and application of ultrasonic techniques, with emphasis on medical

diagnosis . Papers deal with theoretical and experimental aspects of

advanced methods and instrumentation for imaging, computerized tomography

,

Doppler measurements, signal processing, pattern recognition, microscopy

,

and measurements of ultrasonic parameters

.

110. MacDonald, D. E, On determining stress and strain and texture using

ultrasonic velocity measurements, IEEE Trans, on Sonic s and Ultrasonics

SU-28 , No. 2, 75-79 (March 1981).

The application of ultrasonics to NDE of residual stresses has been

hindered by the question of whether the wave velocity is actually

stress or strain dependent and by the confusion of the stress/strain

related anistropy with that due to orientation texture. The ultrasonic wave velocity is shown to depend on the stress as well as on the

strain-dependent second-order elastic coefficients. The direct stress

dependence of the ultrasonic velocity reflects the fact that wave propagation in stressed materials is fundamentally different from the

stress-free case. A comparison of wave speeds for materials with symmetry,

and these same materials under uniaxial strain, are presented to indicate

how to separate the effects of stress and texture.

111. McCulloh, K. E. ; Tilford, C. R. Nitrogen sensitivities of a sample of

commercial hot cathode ionization gage tubes, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 18 , No. 3, 994-996 (Apr. 1981).

112. Miller, E. B. ; Yaghjian, A. D. Two theoretical results suggesting a method for calibrating ultrasonic transducers by measuring the total

nearfield force, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66 , 1601-1608 (Dec. 1979).

113. Mordfin, L. , Reliability of nondestructive evaluation. Critical Issues

in Materials and Mechanical Engineering , PVP-Vol. 47, Bk. No. H00183,

133-147 (ASME, N. Y. , 1981)

.

Establishing the reliability of NDE systems is more critical than improvements in NDE systems that foster small but uncharacterized improvements in reliability . The reliability of an NDE system cannot be

established until the system is well characterized. This will require

a methodology that is based on standards, well-defined systems, rigorous

procedures and appropriate statistical analyses. Standardization of the

newer NDE methods must be pursued, and research to characterize the con- tribution of the NDE inspector also merits high priority.

21
114. Mordfin, L.; Berger, H. NDE standards for nuclear power systems:

An NBS perspective. Nondestructive Evaluation in the Nuclear Industry - 1980 , pp. 303-318 (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1981)

The most effective approach toward achieving standardization in new

NDE measurement methods is described and illustrated by examples of

recent and on-going activities at NBS.

115. Mordfin, L. Measurement of residual stresses: Problems and opportunities, Residual Stress for Designers and Metallurgists , L. J. Vande

Walle, ed., pp. 189-209 (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH,

1981) .

Existing methods for measuring residual stresses are limited in their

capabilities and uncertain in their results. Problems exist in the

interpretation of the measured data, and in the detection of sharp

stress gradients in the interiors of members. Research is needed to

clarify the confusing effects of microstructural features on non- destructive residual stress measurements3 and there is need for dependable approaches to selecting the appropriate materials constants and

conversion factors to be used. There is also a critical absence of

adequate reference standards for calibrating or verifying the measurement techniques and equipment as well as an ever-present need for improvements in technique.

116.

Mordfin, L. Introduction to residual stress measurement, Proc . Symp . on Nondestructive Measurement of Wheel/Axle Residual Stress, Cambridge, MA , June 16-17, 1981 , pp. 2.1.1-2.1.19 (U. S. Department of Transportation,

Federal Railroad Administration, Cambridge, MA)

The origins and the effects of residual stresses are described3 and several

of the more prominent methods of measuring residual stresses are reviewed.

The principal emphasis is on the relative capabilities and limitations of

the various methods.

U7. Mordfin, L. , ed. , NDE publications: 1979. NBSIR 81-2351. 1981 October.

30 p. Available from: NTIS; $8.50. PB83-184630.

118. Mordfin, L. , ed. , NDE publications: 1980. NBSIR 81-2364. 1981 October.

44 p. Available from: NTIS; $8.50. PB83-184622.

119. Motz, j. W. ; Dick, C. E. ; Danos, M. Exposure limits imposed by screen- film systems on the transfer of image information. Applications of Optical

Instrumentation in Medicine IX, SPIE 273 , 52-56 (International Society for

Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1981).

Information transfer in a screen-film system occurs over a limited region

of x-ray exposures because of the nonlinear response of film to light

emitted from the x-ray fluorescent screen. The information transfer efficiency

of a typical screen-film system is determined as a function of x-ray

exposure for different x-ray energies. The method of determining this

transfer efficiency is described3 and the x-ray exposure regions over

22
which information transfer can occur with this system is delineated for

different x-ray energies

.

120. Nadeau, F. ; Fick, S.; Rosen, M. ; Horowitz, E., Magnetostrictively-driven

ultrasonic device for sound velocity measurements in thin ribbons. Report

CMR-NDE-3 (Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, Nov. 1981)

.

121. Norton, S. J. ; Linzer, M. , Ultrasonic reflectivity imaging in three dimensions: exact inverse scattering solutions for plane, cylindrical, and

spherical apertures, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engrg. BME-28 , No. 2, 202-220

(Feb. 1981).

The -problem of reconstructing the reflectivity of a three-dimensional

medium with density and compressibility variations is examined. Exact

solutions are obtained for the general case of arbitrary broad-band

insonification where the incident wave is assumed to be a spherically

diverging pulse of arbitrary shape. Under most practical conditions3 the process of back projection and coherent summation over spherical sur- faces in image space is shown to provide a close approximation to the

exact inversion procedure. Finally3 the equivalence between the threedimensional inverse Radon transform and the far-fie'ld approximation is

demonstrated.

122. Parker, W. L. ; Garrett, D. A., Comparison of non-reactor-based neutron

radiographic facilities, NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1979

to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 34-39 (May 1981).

Three operating neutron radiographic facilities of different types3 which

do not use a reactor3 were visited and compared. Radiographs were taken

of various test objects and quality indicators

.

123. Parker, W. L. ; Garrett, D. A., Measurement of the L/D ratio, NBS Reactor

Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 40-45 (May

1981) .

Earlier work3 which assumed that the neutron source was linear3 has been

exterided by means of a ^theoretical treatment of the images to be expected

when the source is circular.

124. Parker, W. L. ; Garrett, D. A., Resolution of a radiographic facility,

NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142,

46-49 (May 1981)

.

125. Payne, B. F. Absolute calibration of back-to-back accelerometers.

Instrumentation in the Aerospace Industry 27 , 483-488 (Instrument

Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981)

.

Back-to-back accelerometers are widely used as vibration standards.

Some problems exist in accurate calibration of these accelerometers due

to the effects of mass loading on the sensitivity . A new method is

presented here which describes a standard3 absolute3 interferometric

calibration method using a dummy load. This method makes possible

23
direct displacement measurements at the top mounting surface of the

accelerometer under a loaded condition. In this paper experimental

data are presented and compared for some typical back-to-back accelerometers.

126. Placious, R. C.; Garrett, D. A.; Kasen, M. B.; Berger, H. Dimensioning

flaws in pipeline girth welds by radiographic methods. Mater. Eval. 39,

755-759 (July 1981)

Methods for field radiographic inspection of pipeline girth welds are

reviewed with an eye toward the need for obtaining accurate defect

dimensional information from the radiographs. This requirement for defect

dimensions will demand increased attention to record keeping and radiographic variables such as x-ray energy3 film type and screens3 film

processing and source location. However, attention to these variables

can lead to a reduction in repeat radiographs and potential cost savings.

127. Porter, G. , Getting more for less — improving productivity in metals

processing. Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 5, 2-9 (July 1981)

Designing new alloys or processing methods is not the only way to improve

the productivity and quality of metals manufacturing. Significant savings

in energy and improvements in quality can be made by better control of

manufacturing methods already in use. Increased use of ultrasonic inspection methods throughout the processing cycle offers one potential means to

this end.

128. Prask, H. J. ; Choi, C. S. ; Singhal, S., Small-angle neutron scattering

study of a two-phase tungsten alloy, NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities

July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 116-117 (May 1981).

Preliminary SANS measurements have been made in three tungsten-alloy

"kinetic-energy" penetrators

129. Proctor, T. ; Eitzen, D. G. , NBS point displacement sensor, A Review of

Advanced Acoustic Emission Sensors , NADC-81087-60, D. K. Lemon, ed.

appendix E, 11 p. (Naval Air Development Center, Philadelphia, April 1981)

130. Quate, C. F., Innovative measurements technology for the semiconductor

device industry — "The acoustic microscope — a new instrument for

viewing integrated circuits", NBS-GCR-80-204. 1980 May. 6p. Available from: NTIS; $5.00.

The operating frequency of scanning acoustic microscopes has been increased

with a resulting improvement in resolution approximating that of the best

optical microscopy . An instrument operating in the reflection mode was developed. The mechanisms by which contrast is produced in the acoustic

microscope have been explained and verified. The instrument reveals different information about the specimen than other kinds of microscopy3 be- cause it responds to variations in the density and elastic properties of

the specimen.

24
131 . Ramboz, J. D. Measurement and evaluation methods for an angular

accelerometer. NBSIR 81-2237. 1981 August. 75 p. Available from:

NTIS; PB 82-115973.

A transduced which rheaeures angular acceleration along one axis was

investigated to assess three of its performance characteristics3 viz. 3 sensitivity factor3 amplitude linearity3 and response to linear

(non-angular) input accelerations . Test philosophy and methodology are

discussed along with measurement results.

132. Reed, R. P. Goal: Better standards for pipeline welds, Weld. Des.

Fabr. 54 , No. 8, 68-71 (Sept. 1981).

The NBS program to assist the Department of Transportation in establishing

fitness-for-service alternative allowable flaw size standards is reviewed.

133. Richmond, J. C. Errors in passive infrared imaging systems due to

reflected ambient flux, SPIE Infrared Imaging Syst. Technol. Proc. 226 , 110-114 (1980)

.

Passive infrared imaging systems produce a signal in which the amplitude

at a particular spot is related to the radiance of the corresponding

spot in the scene viewed. The differences in signal levels in different

areas of the image may be converted to true radiance temperatures if the

scene includes an object whose radiance temperature is known. The

radiance temperatures are usually converted to true temperatures

by correcting for the emittance of objects in the scene. This would

be correct in the absence of reflected ambient flux. However3 for

scenes at ambient temperatures3 ambient flux is always present in

significant amounts. Temperature errors due to reflected ambient flux are

discussed from a theoretical standpoint3 and a procedure for experimentally

evaluating the ambient flux is suggested.

134. Rosen, M.. ; Fick, S-; Horowitz, E. , An ultrasonic investigation of

precipitation hardening phenomena in 2219 aluminum alloy. Report CMRNDE-1 (Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, March 1981).

See abstract for No. IS 5.

135. Rosen, M. ; Horowitz, E. , Fick, S.; Mehrabian, R. , Dynamic monitoring

of the precipitation process in 2219 aluminum alloy by means of sound

velocity and attenuation measurements, 1981 Ultrasonic Symp. Proc. , Vol. 2, 945-947 (IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 1981).

The precipitation hardening process in 2219 aluminum alloy has been

investigated by means of dynamic measurements of sound velocity3 ultrasonic attenuation and hardness . Measurements of these properties

as a function of aging time were found to exhibit variations related to

the formation of precipitates responsible for the hardening process. The

present investigation has demonstrated the feasibility of a real-time dynamic

NDE method for monitoring precipitation hardening over a wide temperature

interval.

25
136'. Rosen, M. ; Fick, S. ; Friant, C. L.; Horowitz, E., Nondestructive

characterization of the precipitation hardness process in

aluminum alloys, Report CMR-NDE-2 (Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore,

Sept. 1981).

The properties and precipitation hardening processes in 2024 Al alloy

were investigated using NDE techniques

.

137. Rosen, M. ; Fick, S. ; Horowitz, E. , Correlation of ultrasonic data

with hardness after aging 2024 aluminum alloy under T4, T351, and T851

conditions, Report CMR-NDE-4 (Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Nov.

1981)

.

138. Ruthberg, S. Graphical solution for the back pressurization method of

hermetic test, IEEE Trans. Components, Hybrids, Manuf. Technol. CHMT-4 , No. 2, 217-224 (June 1981).

A new graphical procedure is presented for complete solution of the

molecular flow equation through the use of a single set of characteristic

curves and a test line. The effects of repetitive testing and of

prefill with tracer gas are also considered. The characteristic

curves are appropriate for both the helium leak detector and the

radioisotope methods of test3 while the form of the test line distinguishes between the two methods.

139. Sato, T. ; Norton, S. J. ; Linzer, M. ; Ikeda, 0.; Hirama, M. , Tomographic

image reconstruction from limited projections using iterative revisions

in image and transform spaces. Applied Optics 20 , 395-399 (Feb. 1981)

.

An iterative technique is proposed for improving the quality of re- constructions from projections when the number of projections is small or

the angular range of projections is limited. The technique consists of

transforming repeatedly between image and transform spaces and applying

a priori object information at each iteration. Computer simulations

show how the process of forcing the image to conform to a priori object

data reduced artifacts arising from limited data.

140. Sato, T. ; Linzer, M. ; Ikeda, 0.; Hirama, M. , Ultrasonic imaging through

turbulent media using data selection processing, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70 , 756-762 (Sept. 1981).

The concept of data selection during image formation is proposed to

enhance ultrasonic images obtained by focusing through turbulent media.

In this approach3 a focused transducer array is used in transmit to

concentrate the ultrasonic energy at a desired point in the object3 and

the reflected waves are detected by the array elements and focused through

appropriate delay operations. Data selection is carried out by comparing the

complex amplitudes of the delayed signals. Only the data which satisfy

suitable criteria are used in synthesizing the image.

141. Sawyer, D. E. ; Kessler, H. K. ; Russell, T. J. ; Lankford, W. F.; Schafft,

H. A. Measurement techniques for solar cells. Annual Report: December 15,

1978 to December 14, 1979. NBSIR 80-2181. 1981 January. 60 p. Available

from: NTIS; PB 81-163875, $8.00.

26
• The NBS-developed laser scanner was used to examine a variety of

cells. The results show that it is possible to detect areas of

missing antireflection coating3 lack of ohmic contact of the metallization to the cell3 breaks in cell metallization fingers3 fine

cracks3 scratches3 and silicon carbide inclusions. A solar cell test

pattern is described and the results of cell sheet resistance measurements are discussed. The test pattern includes four solar cells (three

with internal defects}. Modifications to the laser scanner system

are described including an improved reflected-light detection system3 a birefringence capability3 and a new light source for biasing largediameter cells.

142. Sawyer, D. Nondestructive method for detecting defects in photodetector

and solar cell devices. U. S. Patent 4,287,473. 1 September 1981. 8p.

The invention described herein is a method for locating semiconductor

device defects and for measuring the internal resistance of such devices

by making use of the intrinsic distributed resistance nature of the

devices. The method provides for forward-biasing a solar cell or other

device while scanning with an optical spot. The forward-biasing is

achieved with either an illuminator light source or an external current

source

.

143. Schafft, H. A.; Ruthberg, S.; Cohen, E. C. eds. Semiconductor measurement

technology: ARPA/NBS workshop V. Moisture measurement technology for

hermetic semiconductor devices. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Spec. Publ.

400-69; 1981 May. 202 p. SN003-003-02326-4, $6.00.

The workshop served as a forum to examine present problems with the

measurement of moisture in hermetic semiconductor devices. Manuscripts

and summaries are provided of 19 talks3 panel meeting

s

3 and group

encounters on three major topics: mass spectrometer measurements of

internal package moisture3 moisture sensors3 and package analysis and

quality assurance.

^144. Schrack, R. A.; Behrens, J. W. ; Johnson, R. ; Bowman, C.D. Resonance

neutron radiography using an electron Linac, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS-28 , No. 2, 1640-1643 (Apr. 1981).

The NBS electron LINAC is being used to implement a resonance neutron

radiography system. Position-sensitive proportional counters indicate

location and time of arrival of neutrons transmitted through the material

being radiographed. Measurements have been made using silver3 tungsten3 gold3 and the uranium isotopes. One-dimensional position-sensitive detectors

have been used to image objects from l cm to 15 cm in diameter. Twodimensional position-sensitive detectors are now being developed to

provide more rapid and accurate data accumulation. A folded wire proportional counter has been designed and built in collaboration with Oak

Ridge National Laboratories. Measurements indicate a resolution on the order of l mm. A detector using a multichannel plate image amplifier

is being built to use a lithium glass disk for neutron detection. The

ability of resonance neutron radiography to provide both assay and image

of a specific isotope in a sample provides great advantages over

conventional NDA and imaging systems.

27
145. Shawker, T. H. ; Morgan, B.; Linzer, M. ; Parks, S.I.; James, S. P.;

Stromeyer, F. W. ; Barranger, J. A., B-scan echo-amplitude measurement

in patients with diffuse infiltrative liver disease, J.Clin. Ultrasound 9,

293-301 (Aug. 1981).

146. Shives, T. R. ; Willard, W. A., eds. Detection, diagnosis and prognosis:

Contribution to the energy challenge. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Spec.

Publ. 622; 1981 October. 329 p. SN003-003-02361-2.

These proceedings consist of 21 submitted entries from the 3 2d meeting

of the Mechanical Failures "Prevention Group, areas of special emphasis

included techniques for failure detection in energy related systems3 improved prognosis techniques for energy related systems3 and opportunities for detection3 diagnosis and prognosis in the energy field.

147. Shorten, F. J. , ed. NBS reactor: Summary of activities July 1979 to

June 1980. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Tech. Note 1142; 1981 May. 211 p.

SN003 -003 -023 14-1, $6.00.

The programs range from the use of neutron beams to study the structure

of materials through neutron standards3 neutron radiography3 and

nondestructive evaluation.

148. Siegwarth, J. D. Ratio frequency liquid level gauging in propane tank car safety tests - A feasibility study. NBSIR 79-1600. 1979 January.

15. p. Available from: NTIS; PB 292978, $3.00.

Selected radio frequency resonances of an empty tank car have been measured

to determine whether rf can be used to gauge the propane liquid levels

during tank car fire safety tests. The technique is applicable to routine

tank car gauging.

149. Simmons, J. A.; Clough, R. B. Theory of acoustic emission. Dislocation

Modelling of Physical Systems , J. Hirth and M. Ashby, eds., pp. 464-497

(Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981)

.

A theory of acoustic emission is presented based on a Green's function

type of formalism3 rather than on the conventional count rate concept.

Sources are represented by stress drop tensors and conditions from

which the source can be considered small in terms of wavelength and

distance to the transducer. These sources are examined over a restricted

frequency bandwidth. Such a system may be described by a tensor transfer

function type of formalism3 facilitating the analysis and reducing

the inverse problem to a deconvolution operation. Due to the tensor nature

of the source3 multiple transducer measurements are necessary to recon- struct the source stress drop.

150. Simmons, J. A.; Clough, R. B. Theory of acoustic emission, Proc . DARPA/

AFWAL Rev, of Progress in Quantitative NDE, La Jolla, CA, 1980 , AFWAL-TR81-4080, 239-240 (Sept. 1981).

See abstract for No. 149.

28
151 . Singhal, S. P.; Alperin, H. A.; Herman, H. ; B.iancaniello, F.,

Small-angle neutron scattering study of the microstructural development

during precipitation strengthening of Ni based superalloys, NBS Reactor:

Summary of Activities July 1979 to June 1980 , NBS TN-1142, 118-123

(May 1981) .

A program has been started to study the kinetics of precipitation

strengthening and subsequent microstructural changes during the creep and

high temperature fatigue deformation of nickel-based superalloys for

aircraft engine turbine blades.

152. Sjolin, L. ; Wlodawer, A. Improved technique for peak integration

for crystallographic data collected with position- sensitive detectors:

A dynamic mask procedure, Acta. Cryst. A3

7

, 594-604 (1981)

.

A technique for improving the precision of crystal data collected on films or with electronic position-sensitive detectors is proposed. The

method was applied to data collected with X-ray precession and oscillation

techniques and to neutron data collected with a flat-cone diffractometer

equipped with a linear detector. In all cases substantial improvement

in the precision of weaker reflections was observed. The overall quality

of the data was particularly enhanced in the neutron diffraction case.

153. Smith, C. , Fracture mechanics research aims at lowering construction costs,

Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 7, 14 (Sept. 1981)

.

One of the world's largest testing machines is being used at NBS to pull

apart large plates of steel. The work is part of a program to come up

with a method for specifying the maximum allowable size of flaws in base

metal and in welds for each kind of material and each class of structural

member.

154. Smith, J. H. , Federal safety regulations based on fracture mechanics —

application and present status, 1981 Paper Summaries, ASNT National

Conferences , 200-201 (ASNT, Columbus, OH, 1981)

.

An assessment of the current potential for basing Federal safety regulations

on fracture mechanics suggests that expanded use of fracture mechanics must

be coupled with reliable and well accepted nondestructive evaluation

methods.

155. Snyder, R. L. ; Hubbard, C. R. ; Panagiotopoulos, N. C., Auto: a real time

diffractometer control system. NBSIR 81-2229. 1981 Feb. 102 p.

Available from: NTIS.

This system controls two powder diffractometers mounted on the same x-ray

generator simultaneously. The computer provides the user with the ability

to perform all conventional diffraction analyses.

156. Swartzendruber , L. J. ; Boettinger, W. J. ; Ives, L.K.; Coriell, S. R.;

Mehrabian, R. , Relationship between process variables, microstructure

and NDE of a precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy. Nondestructive Evaluation: Microstructural Characterization and Reliability Strategies , 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds. , 253-271 (AIME, N. Y., 1981).

29
The relationship between process variables used during easting, working,

and heat treatment of 2219 aluminum alloy and the resulting mierostruatures,

mechanical properties, and NDE responses were investigated. A comprehensive

series of c-curves was determined to relate hardness, tensile strength,

yield strength and conductivity after aging to various degrees of improper

quench from solution heat treatment temperature. These c-curves established a correlation between mechanical properties and electrical conductivity.

157. Swyt, D. A.; Jensen, S. W. , Measurements of small dimensions of products

and by-products. Optics in Metrology and Quality Assurance, Proc. SPIE,

Vol. 220, 28-35 (Soc. Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engrs., Bellingham, WA,

Feb. 1980) .

Direct-imaging and plane-projection instruments are mainstays for

definitive calibration quality measurements of small dimensions for

industrial applications. Substantial systematic errors in dimensional

measurements occur in industrial applications from particle sizing to

photomask metrology. The causes of such difficulties and the techniques

to overcome them are discussed in the context of work on the development

of SEM and optical techniques

.

158. Taylor, L. S. X-ray measurements and protections 1913-1964: The role of

the National Bureau of Standards and the National Radiological Organizations. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Spec. Publ. 625; 1981 December. 386 p.

SNO 03 -003 -023 7 5-2

.

Chapter 14, pages 253-259, provides interesting historical information

on standardization efforts relating to radiography from 1934 to 1939.

159. Teague, E. C. ; Vorburger, T. V. ; Maystre, D. Light scattering from

manufactured surfaces, Ann. CIRP 30, No. 2, 1-7 (Dec. 1981)

.

We present an evaluation of light scattering theories and experimental

techniques for measuring the roughness of manufactured surfaces.

' 160. Treado, S. J. Measuring roof system thermal resistance, Proc . 6th

Conf. Roofing Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., 1981 , 50-57.

This measurement technique utilizes a combination of infrared thermographic

imaging, surface heat-flow meters and surface thermopiles. The thermal

resistance of the roof system is computed from temperature difference

across the roof and the measured heat flow through the roof.

161. Vest, C. M. , Holographic NDE: Status and future. NBS-GCR-81-318.

1981 May. 76 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-207409, $9.50.

This is the final report of a research program whose objective was to

examine the current role and future potential of optical holographic

interferometry for nondestructive evaluation of materials and components. Our approach has been to attempt to delineate both technical

and industrial criteria which must be met by industrially-viable

NDE techniques, and then to render estimates of whether holographic

NDE can meet these criteria. The technical literature was thoroughly

reviewed in order to assess the current status of holographic NDE.

30
162. Vorburger, T. V.; Ludema, K. C. , Ellipsometry of rough surfaces. Applied

Optics 19 , No. 4, 561-573 (Feb. 15, 1980).

Ellipsometry measurements on several different kinds of rough surfaces were

compared with stylus measurements of the surface texture. The results

are discussed along with the prospects for using ellipsometry as a tool

for measuring surface roughness

.

163. Vorburger, T. V. ; Teague, E. C. , Optical techniques for on-line measurement of surface topography. Precision Engineering 3 , 61-83 (1981)

.

An extensive literature search was carried out on experimental optical

techniques for measuring surface roughness. State-of-the-art techniques

are reviewed3 including specular reflectance3 total integrated scatter3 diffuseness3 angular scattering distributions3 speckle3 ellipsometry3 and interferometry.

164. Webber, S. , NBS inventors are honored — eight receive I-R 100 awards

Dimensions/NBS 65 , No. 7, 5-9 (Sept. 1981)

.

The winners include Charles Tilford3 Peter Eeydemann3 Donald Martin3 Richard Hyland3 and Frederick Long3 who jointly developed an ultrasonic

interferometer manometer which extends the present range of liquid column

manometry by a factor of 100; and Thomas Proctor who developed an improved acoustic emission transducer that can be used to upgrade the

measurement capabilities of industrial acoustic emission instruments3 and

as a flaw detector for in-service quality control of manufactured

products.

165. White, G. S.; Feldman, A. Diffraction from a shallow rectangular

groove, Appl. Opt. 20 , No. 14, 2585-2589 (July 15, 1981)

.

Infrared radiation scattered from a shallow groove is found to

exhibit the same diffraction pattern as a single slit. A model

based on a beam with a Gaussian intensity profile was found which

explains the observed scattering patterns and which also describes

the scattering pattern occuring when certain alignment errors are present in the system. The large scattering intensity from the

shallow groove has implications in the use of optical scattering as a tool for NDE of surface flaws.

166. Wilson, R. G. ; Weglein, R. D. , Reflection acoustic microscope measurement

technology. NBS-GCR-81-363. 1981 December. 9 p. Available from:

NTIS ; PB 82-165168, $5.00.

A scanning acoustic microscope was developed for the inspection of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. This instrument provides a new analysis technique that is sensitive to material properties3 namely3 the mass density and elastic stiffness. With the acoustic

microscope3 it is possible to display some subsurface features that

cannot be seen using optical or scanning electron microscopes.

Fetors that change the local density of materials3 such as temperature

or strain3 also may affect the acoustic velocity and impedance and therefore the acoustic image.

31
167. Yin, L. I; Trombka, J. I.; Seltzer, S. M. Three-dimensional imaging

of x-ray and gamma-ray objects in real time, Applied Optics 19 , 2952-

2956 (Sept. 1980).

A simple device is described that is capable of providing real-time 3-D

viewing of extended X-ray and gamma-ray objects. The visible-light

images produced by the device possess both horizontal and vertical

parallax with a reasonably large field of view.

168. Yoneniura, G. T. Criteria for recommending lighting levels. NBSIR

81-2231. 1981 March. 60 p. Available from: NTIS; PB 81-185126,

$ 8 . 00 .

Lighting standards and recommendations for general applications

should be based on the visibility Cseeing) requirements where

differences between individuals are minimal. Furthermore3 lighting

criteria or standards must evaluate the seeing process under stimulus

conditions approximating those encountered in the real space. It is

recommended that conspicuity3 defined as: "how well the detail stands

out from the backgound3 " or ease of seeing be the metric for visibility.

Subjective visual response criteria cannot be universally applied where

significant differences in intrepretations and evaluations between

individuals and/or groups of individuals occur.

169. Yonemura, G. T. Visual acuity testing of radiographic inspectors in

nondestructive inspection. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U. S.) Tech. Note 1143;

1981 June. 29 p. SN003-003-02330-2 , $2.50.

Visual acuity tests for radiographic inspectors should be correlated with

the type of tasks encountered in real world radiography. The testing

procedures should be capable of assessing differences in day to day

performance of a given inspector as well as the performance of one inspector

relative to other inspectors. Single line targets with specific parametric

values for contrast3 width3 and blur are recommended to provide a means

for testing a radiographic inspector for visual acuity

.

170. Yoo, K. C.; Roessler, B. ; Armstrong, R. W. ; Kuriyama, M. Reflection

X-ray topography of hardness indentations in copper single crystals,

Scr. Met. 15 , 1245-1250 C1981) .

The plastic deformation zones surrounding microhardness indentations

have been studied by the asymmetrical crystal topography method. The

method gives valuable information about the importance of workhardening

to determining the level of the microhardness pressure and the magnitude

of its anisotropy for different directions of the indenter axes.

171. Younglove, B. A.; McCarty, R. D. Speed-of-sound measurements for nitrogen

gas at temperatures from 80 to 350 K and pressures to 1.5 MPa, J . Chem

.

Thermodyn. 12 , No. 12, 1121-1128 (1980).

172. Younglove, B. A. Velocity of sound in liquid propane, J. Res. Nat. Bur . Stand. (U, S.). 86(2): 165-170; 1981 March-April.

32
3. Subject Index

Acoustic emission, 12, 14, 16, 21 , 22, 25, 28, 39-41, 53, 55, 56, 81,

84-86, 114, 129, 149, 150, 164.

Acoustic microscopy, 130, 166.

Acoustic velocity, 77, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 120, 134-136, 171, 172.

Adobe , 7 , 58

.

Aerospace applications, 2, 3, 151.

Aluminum and aluminum alloys, 2, 3, 67, 104, 127, 134-137, 156.

Aramid, 104.

Art objects, 34.

Asphalt, 58.

Automated testing, 4, 11, 29, 108.

Backscatter (see Scattering)

.

Barkhausen noise, 115.

Batteries, 73.

Bibliography, 117, 118.

Boron, 104.

Brass, 23.

Building technology, 7, 17, 37, 38, 58, 78-80, 87, 88, 95-97, 160.

Cables, underground, 1, 60.

Calibration, 9, 13, 14, 21, 22, 25, 36, 43, 51, 53-56, 66, 71, 85, 86, 108,

111, 112, 125, 131, 157.

Capacitance, 96, 97.

Coal, 5.

Composite materials, 45, 98, 100, 101, 104, 110.

Concrete, 37, 38, 58.

Condition monitoring (also see Vibration; Wear debris analysis), 52, 108,

114, 146.

Conductivity, electrical, 2, 3, 14, 28, 31, 32, 70, 72, 156.

Continuous monitoring, 11.

Copper, 60, 105, 156, 170.

Corrosion, 39-41, 60.

Cracks, 39-41, 46, 66, 76, 93, 141, 149, 150.

Creep, 151.

Dielectrics, 1, 7, 35, 88, 89, 91, 95.

Doors, 78.

Eddy currents, 6, 9, 12, 14, 16, 20-22, 55, 70-82, 92, 93, 114, 127, 156.

Elastic constants, 45, 77, 98, 100-107.

Electrical testing (also see Capacitance), 141, 142.

Electronic applications, 4, 19, 26-29, 81, 82, 130, 138, 142, 143, 166.

Elevated temperature testing, 135.

Ellipsometry , 4, 162, 163.

EMATs , 46, 59, 65-69.

Energy conservation, 5, 15, 35, 52, 79, 114, 126, 127, 132, 141, 144, 146.

Energy dispersive spectrometry, 61, 83, 99, 116.

Engines, 52, 151.

Epoxy, 101, 104.

33
Fatigue, 39-41, 65, 66, 94, 151.

Fire technology, 78, 148.

Food products, 91.

Fracture, 15, 39-41, 84, 94, 126, 132, 153, 154.

Gamma rays, 48, 57, 167.

Glass, 53, 56, 104.

Graphite, 104.

Gravel, 58.

Hardness, 2, 3, 134-137, 156, 170.

Hermeticity (also see Leak testing; Vacuum) , 26.

Hole-drilling method, 115.

Holography, 161.

Human factors (also see Visual acuity), 63, 64.

Hydrophone , 47.

Image processing, 18, 140.

Imaging, 12, 16, 18, 59, 74, 90, 109, 121, 130, 133, 139, 140, 145, 157, 167.

Indentation (also see Hardness) , 39-41.

Infrared, 12, 88, 95-97, 133, 160, 165.

Inservice inspection, 114.

Insulation, 1, 95.

Integrated circuits (see Electronic applications) . Interferometry, 161, 164.

Internal friction, 100, 101, 104.

Lasers, 28, 103, 141,

Leak testing, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 78-80, 88, 114, 138.

Lighting, 168.

LINAC, 144.

Linewidth measurement, 4, 27, 28.

Liquid level, 5, 148.

Liquid penetrants (see Penetrants)

.

Machinery, 108.

Magnetics, 5, 9, 12, 14, 16, 21, 22, 55, 67, 116, 120.

Medical application, 73, 109, 139, 145.

Metals, nonferrous, 72.

Microscopy, acoustic, 130, 166.

Microscopy, electron, 157.

Microwaves, 7, 12, 20, 58, 88, 89, 130.

Mining, 58.

Moisture, 7, 58, 82, 88, 89, 91, 95-98, 160.

Mo lybdenum , 32.

Mossbauer effect, 8.

Neutron

beams, 24, 51.

detection, 51.

diffraction, 114-116, 147, 152.

imaging (see Imaging)

.

radiography (see Radiography)

.

sources, 24, 90.

34
Nickel and nickel alloys, 151, 170.

Niobium and niobium alloys, 103.

Nitrogen, 171.

Nuclear applications, 88, 114, 147.

Nuclear magnetic resonance, 8.

Oil shale, 35.

Optical fibers, 44.

Optics, 4, 12, 16, 27, 28, 44, 48, 141, 142, 157, 159, 161-163, 165.

Ordnance, 122, 128.

Pattern recognition, 109.

Penetrants, 9, 10, 12-14, 16, 21, 22, 55.

Perturbed angular correlation, 8.

Piezoelectric polymers, 30, 31, 47, 52.

Pipelines, 15, 64, 65, 94, 99, 126, 132, 154.

Piping, 62, 113.

Plasticity, 149, 150, 170.

Polyvinylidene flouride (see Piezoelectric polymers)

.

Position sensitive detection, 90, 144, 152.

Positron annihilation, 8.

Pressure, 164.

Pressure vessels, 53, 56, 62, 113, 154.

Process controls, 108, 127, 134-136.

Productivity, 9, 115, 127.

Propane, 172.

Pumps, 114.

Quality assurance, 9, 37, 115, 127, 143.

Radiation, 36, 43.

Radiography

,

9-14, 16, 21, 22, 42, 49, 55, 64, 73, 119, 124, 126, 158, 169

gamma, 57.

neutron, 34 , 73, 74, 122--124,, 144, 147.

Railroads, 8, 99, 110, 148.

Real-time monitoring, 135, 167.

Reliability of NDE, 9, 62, 63, 113, 114.

Remote sensing, 35.

Residual stress (see Stress)

.

Resistivity (see Conductivity, electrical)

.

Resolution, 124.

Resonance neutron radiography (see Radiography, neutron)

.

RF properties, 1, 88, 91, 148.

Roofs, 88, 95-97, 160.

Safety and safety factors, 53, 56, 57, 64, 78.

Scattering (also see Small-angle neutron scattering) , 18, 44, 88, 95-97, 121, 159.

Screens, 49, 50, 74, 119.

Semiconductor (see Electronic applications)

.

Signal analysis, 85.

Signal processing, 11, 12, 53, 56, 59, 70, 109, 149, 150.

Sizing of flaws, 64, 76, 107, 126, 132, 153.

35
Small-angle neutron scattering, 18, 75, 128, 151.

Snow, 58.

Soil, 58, 89.

Solar cells, 28, 141, 142.

Sorting of metals, 70.

Sound velocity (see Acoustic velocity)

Standard Reference Materials (see Standards)

Standards, 6, 10, 13, 14, 21, 22, 28, 29, 36, 48, 51, 55, 57,70, 71, 92, 111

114, 132, 158, 164, 168.

Steel, 37, 39-41, 53, 56, 67, 99.

stainless, 59, 69, 102, 106, 107.

Strength, 37.

Stress, 8, 99, 110, 114-116.

Surface roughness, 37, 159, 162, 163.

Texture, metallurgical, 59, 107, 110.

Thermal (see Infrared)

Thermography (see Infrared)

Thickness, 26, 37, 58.

Tires, 12.

Titanium and titanium alloys, 103.

Tomography, 11, 12, 109, 139.

Tranducer (also see EMATs) , 21, 22, 25, 47, 52-56, 84, 86, 108, 112, 125, 129-131,

140, 149, 150, 164, 171.

Transistors (see Electronic applications)

Tungsten and tungsten alloys, 128.

Ultrasonics, 9-14, 16, 25, 45-47, 54, 59, 65-69, 76, 98, 102, 104-107, 109, 110,

112, 114-116, 120, 126, 127, 134-137, 140, 145, 153, 164.

attenuation, 134-136.

diffraction, 76.

imaging (see Imaging)

Underwater inspection, 140.

Vacuum, 11.

Valves, 114.

Vibration, 12, 45, 100, 101, 103, 108, 114, 125, 131.

Visual acuity, 42.

Visual inspection, 12, 21, 22, 55, 168, 169.

Voids, 58.

Wear debris analysis, 23, 114, 146.

Welds and welding, 10, 13, 15, 39-41, 46, 59, 64-66, 68, 69, 94, 99, 107,

126, 132.

Wire, 103.

X-ray

absorption, 49, 50.

diffraction, 33, 48, 99, 114-116, 152, 155.

film, 119. screens (see Screens).,

radiography (see Radiography},

tomography (see Tomography},

topography, 170.

36
X rays, 49, 50, 61, 83, 158, 167.

high-energy, 99, 115.

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U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO.

July 1983 SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 83-2741

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

NDE Publications: 1981

5. AUTHOR(S)

Leonard Mordfin, editor

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national bureau of standards

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Bibliography, CY 1981.

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| J Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This is the fifth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on non- destructive evaluation (NDE) . It provides bibliographic citations, with selected

abstracts, for 172 publications that appeared in the open literature, primarily

during calendar year 1981. A detailed subject index is included as well as information on how copies of many of the publications may be obtained.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

abstracts; acoustic emission; bibliography; eddy currents; index; leak testing;

magnetic testing; National Bureau of Standards; nondestructive evaluation;

publications; radiography; ultrasonics

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