#### William PINERO, Petitioner, v. Charles GREINER, Respondent.

No. 01 Civ. 9991(DLC).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

Sept. 17, 2007.

*362Damond J. Carter, Albany, New York, for Petitioner.

Mary Jo L. Blanchard, Assistant District Attorney, Bronx County District Attorney’s Office, Bronx, New York, for Respondent.

*OPINION AND ORDER*

DENISE COTE, District Judge.

William Pinero (“Pinero”) brings this petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, following his 1997 conviction for murder in the Supreme Court of New York, Bronx County. On May 25, 2007, Magistrate Judge Douglas F. Eaton issued a report (the “Report”) recommending that the petition be denied. Pinero has objected to the Report. For the following reasons, the Report is adopted, and the petition is denied.

BACKGROUND

As described in detail in the Report, the evidence at trial established that on November 2, 1994, Pinero accompanied another man, identified as Michael Kealing, to the Bronx office of victim Glenn Walker, a Christmas tree vendor. While Pinero restrained Walker’s associate, Dirceline Delgado, Kealing shot and killed Walker. The prosecution rested its case primarily on Delgado’s eyewitness identification of *363Pinero and Pinero’s post-arrest statements.

Delgado was hysterical and able to provide only a limited description of the two perpetrators immediately following the murder, but more than seven months later she selected Pinero from a photo array produced by the police. Pinero was then arrested. More than six months after that identification, Delgado selected Pinero from a lineup. Pinero, after receiving *Miranda*warnings from the police, provided several incriminating details about the murder and also repeatedly asked the investigating police detective “what kind of deal” he would get if he admitted to being present at the murder. Pinero’s defense rested on a claim that Delgado had misidentified him and on an alibi provided by Pinero’s former girlfriend, who testified that Pinero was with her at the time of the murder.

The prosecution also introduced evidence that Pinero was part of a conspiracy to extort money for the right to sell Christmas trees at a certain Bronx location. Testimony from Walker’s widow and Delgado established that Walker had paid protection money to certain unnamed persons in 1992, but stopped paying 1993 and 1994. In December 1992, two fires that were designated “nonaccidental” by the Fire Department occurred at Walker’s Christmas tree lot. George Nash, who began selling Christmas trees in that lot after Walker’s murder, testified that Pine-ro collected $10,000 in protection money from him in December 1994. The prosecution argued that all of these events — Walker’s 1992 payments, the 1993 fires, Walker’s 1994 murder, and Nash’s payments to Pinero — were part of a single extortion conspiracy concerning the rights to sell Christmas trees on the lot where both Walker and Nash worked. Pinero was convicted by a jury and sentenced to twenty-five years to life.

Following conviction and sentencing, Pinero’s case wended a circuitous path through the New York state and federal courts. On direct appeal, Pinero argued that (1) admission of evidence of uncharged crimes violated his rights to due process and to a fair trial; (2) the photographic array in which he was identified was unduly suggestive because he was the only person pictured with the sole distinguishing characteristic mentioned by the complainant; (3) the trial court deprived him of the opportunity to present relevant exculpatory evidence, to wit, a scar; (4) his due process right to a fair trial was violated by the prosecution’s treatment of his alibi witness and the jury charge on the alibi defense; (5) a mistrial should have been granted because of the investigating detective’s efforts to bolster Delgado’s identification of Pinero; and (6) he was deserving of a less harsh prison sentence. The New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division unanimously affirmed the conviction and sentence, *see People v. Pinero,*270 A.D.2d 212, 706 N.Y.S.2d 28 (1st Dep’t 2000) *(“Pinero”),*and the New York Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal, *see People v. Pinero,*95 N.Y.2d 856, 714 N.Y.S.2d 7, 736 N.E.2d 868 (2000) (Table). Pinero’s conviction became final on October 26, 2000.

Collateral attacks in state court ensued. In November 2001, Pinero *pro se*filed a petition *coram nobis,*alleging that his appellate counsel had provided ineffective assistance by failing to raise (1) ineffective assistance of trial counsel in failing to request certain pretrial hearings; (2) a constitutional challenge based on the prosecutor’s peremptory challenges to two black veniremen; (3) the trial court’s error in denying defense counsel’s application to remove a particular juror; and (4) the *364court’s failure to respond adequately to a jury request for a readback of testimony. The Appellate Division denied the petition in 2002. A second *coram nobis*petition was filed by Pinero’s retained counsel in the summer of 2003, alleging that (1) Pine-ro’s trial counsel had been informed that Delgado had perjured herself, but failed to inform the judge; (2) trial counsel failed to advise Pinero concerning the wisdom of taking a plea offer allegedly made by the state during the trial; and (3) trial counsel failed to act on an allegation by Pinero’s parents that certain jurors were sleeping during trial. The Appellate Division denied this petition in 2004. In a subsequent motion under New York Criminal Procedure Law § 440, Pinero essentially restated the arguments made in his second *coram nobis*petition and added one additional claim that his trial counsel failed to make use of material exculpatory evidence in his possession. The Appellate Division denied this petition and dismissed Pinero’s appeal.

While he was seeking collateral relief in state court, Pinero was also pursuing habe-as relief in federal court. His *pro se*habe-as petition was received by this district’s Pro Se Office on October 22, 2001. By letter dated November 20, 2001, Pinero acknowledged that his petition contained unexhausted ineffective assistance of counsel claims. Those claims were dismissed, and the remainder of the petition was stayed. That stay was lifted in March 2003 upon Pinero’s request, and he submitted an amended habeas petition. The amended petition raises the following ten grounds:

> *Ground One*Petitioner was denied due process when the admission of uncharged crimes deprived him of a fair trial, where the evidence was not relevant for any permissible purpose and its prejudicial effect greatly outweighed its probative value.

> *Ground Two*Petitioner was denied equal protection where the prosecution was allowed to peremptorily challenge all male prospective jurors during jury selection.

> *Ground Three*Petitioner was denied his right to a fair trial when an unduly suggestive photograph which singled out petitioner by a single distinguishing characteristic mentioned by the complainant was admitted into evidence.

> *Ground Four*Petitioner was denied his due process right to a fair trial when the court gave a charge that relieved the people of their burden to disprove petitioner’s alibi defense beyond a reasonable doubt and equated the jury’s disbelief of the alibi testimony with conclusive proof of petitioner’s presence at the crime scene.

> *Ground Five*Petitioner was denied due process and a fair trial by the prosecutor’s cross-examination of petitioner’s alibi witness by focusing on juvenile criminal proceedings.

> *Ground Six*Petitioner was denied effective assistance of trial counsel when counsel neglected to secure a *Dunaway*hearing after [he had] requested one and was granted a hearing.

> *Ground Seven*Petitioner was deprived of due process and a fair trial by the court’s refusal to allow the defendant to publish his scar to the jury unless the prisoner testified.

> *Ground Eight*Petitioner was deprived of due process and a fair trial when the Court refused to grant a mistrial for the detective telling the jury that the eyewitness picked petitioner out of the photo array.

> *Ground Nine*The sentence imposed was harsh and excessive in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

> *365*Ground Ten*Appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel due to counsel’s failure to use probative impeachment material, failure to alert the trial court to juror misconduct, and improperly advising petitioner with regard to his plea options.

The matter was referred to Magistrate Judge Douglas F. Eaton, and on October 31, 2005, Assistant District Attorney Mary Jo L. Blanchard served and filed an Affidavit in Opposition to Pinero’s habeas petition and argued that it should be denied. Following issuance of Magistrate Judge Eaton’s May 25, 2007 Report, Pinero, now represented by counsel, filed objections to most of its recommendations and asserted that the state court’s errors

> resulted in Mr. Pinero’s right to a fair trial being violated where the trial court improperly admitted evidence of prior uncharged crimes, charged the jury with an imbalanced jury charge, precluded Mr. Pinero’s right to present evidence in his defense, allowed the State to proceed where it employed suggestive identification procedures and elicited testimony that the state’s pivotal witness had identified Mr. Pinero by way of pre-trial criminal procedures, and allowed the State to improperly cross examine the Defense alibi witness and where Mr. Pinero was afforded ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel.

Moreover, Pinero noted that his failure to argue any particular issue did not evidence an intention to abandon that claim. Rather, “[i]n such a case, where the issue has not been abandoned, Petitioner will rely upon his previous submissions for the claim in question.” The state replied, and Pinero surreplied.

DISCUSSION

The Report identifies ten different claims in the petition and recommends rejection of each of them. The court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The court shall make a *de novo*determination of the portions of the report to which petitioner objects. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); *see United States v. Male Juvenile,*121 F.3d 34, 38 (2d Cir.1997). To accept those portions of the report to which no timely objection has been made, “a district court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record.” *Figueroa v. Riverbay Corp.,*No. 06 Civ. 5364(PAC), 2006 WL 3804581, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Dec.22, 2006) (citation omitted).

The Antiteirorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, modified the standard under which federal courts review Section 2254 petitions. Habeas relief may not be granted unless the state court’s decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1), (d)(2). Each of the claims addressed in the Report is described below, with particular attention given to those that are the subject of Pinero’s objections.

A. Grounds Two and Ten Barred by Statute of Limitations

The Report found that Grounds Two and Ten were barred by the one-year statute of limitations for habeas petitions imposed by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) because the issues were raised for the first time in Pinero’s *coram nobis*petitions, both of which were filed more than one year after *366his conviction became final, and were only incorporated into the amended habeas petition after the statute of limitations expired.1 As the Report noted, “any claim that was not contained in [Pinero’s] 10/15/01 petition ... would be time-barred unless it is subject to statutory or equitable tolling, or fits under a statutory exception.” The Report considered and rejected Pinero’s arguments that Grounds Two and Ten fell within various exceptions that rendered them timely. Pinero now objects to the Report’s determination and claims that the statute of limitations period should be “tolled while properly filed applications for State post-conviction relief are pending.”

Pinero’s argument fails because the *co-ram nobis*petitions at issue were filed after the one-year statute of limitations on his habeas petition had already run. There was thus no limitations period to be tolled during the pendency of the *coram nobis*petitions. Moreover, the Report correctly found that Pinero’s argument that the statute of limitations begins to “run anew” each time a state court makes a new decision on a habeas petitioner’s applications for state collateral relief must be rejected because “[i]f the one-year period began anew when the state court denied collateral relief, then state prisoners could extend or manipulate the deadline for federal habeas review by filing additional petitions in state court.” *Smith v. McGinnis,*208 F.3d 13, 17 (2d Cir.2000). Accordingly, Pinero’s argument that Grounds Two and Ten are timely fails, and these two proffered bases for habeas relief are barred.

B. Ground One — Evidence of Uncharged Crimes

The trial court admitted a significant amount of evidence, over Pinero’s objection, showing that Walker’s murder was part of a pattern of extortionate activity in which Pinero participated — specifically, evidence of extortion and arson by persons other than Pinero against Walker, and of extortion against Nash. The evidence would be admitted, the trial court ruled, only “as background narrative, to explain defendant’s motive and shared intent to murder Walker, as well as the absence of any mistake or accident.” On direct appeal from Pinero’s criminal conviction, the Appellate Division ruled that the trial court had acted within its discretion in admitting this evidence because

> [t]he challenged evidence, taken as a whole and in connection with the other evidence adduced at trial, provided strong circumstantial proof that defendant and his companion, acting as agents of a criminal conspiracy, killed the deceased, a vendor of Christmas trees, because he stopped paying protection money. The nexus between defendant, the various events, and the instant crime was clearly established.

*Pinero,*706 N.Y.S.2d at 29. The Report rejected Pinero’s habeas challenge to the admission of this evidence because the evidence was not “sufficiently material to pro*367vide the basis for conviction or to remove a reasonable doubt that would have existed on the record without it.” *Dunnigan v. Keane,*137 F.3d 117, 125 (2d Cir.1998) (citation omitted). The Report further noted that the trial court instructed the jury to consider the uncharged “wrong acts” only with respect to motive and intent, and that “[njothing in the instructions - allowed a juror to consider this as ‘propensity evidence.’ ”

Ground One of Pinero’s habeas petition alleges that his due process rights were violated by the prosecution’s introduction of the evidence of uncharged crimes. In his letter to the Court responding to the state’s reply to his objections, Pinero frames his objection thusly:

> [T]he State’s use of the uncharged crimes and prior bad ácts was improper and prejudicial, because (1) all parties agree that the Petitioner had no involvement in the reprehensible alleged' uncharged crimes and prior bad acts that were somewhat similar to the allegations alleged at trial, and (2) that *Estelle [v. McGuire,*502 U.S. 62, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991) ] is distinguishable from Petitioner’s case, because in *Estelle*the prosecution sought to prove an element of the offense, where as [sic] in Petitioner’s case the prosecution had not indicted on the conspiracy allegation.

Neither the prosecution nor the trial court suggested that Pinero was personally involved in each of the “wrong acts” alleged. Rather, the trial court made clear that the evidence was to be considered only to show “that there was a motive for this particular incident, for this particular crime [with] which the defendant is charged,” and found that this purpose was within the evidentiary exception established by *People v. Molineux,*168 N.Y. 264, 61 N.E. 286 (1901). Pinero does not appear to cavil with the trial court’s finding under New York' law, and his ostensible argument under • the - United States Constitution fails. *Estelle*does not prohibit .the consideration- of- evidence of uncharged crimes for the purposes identified by the trial court, nor does it require, as Pinero appears to argue, • that the uncharged acts alleged prove an element of the crime for whieh the. defendant was charged.2

C. Grounds Three and Eight — -Photo Array

Ground Three alleges that the photo array in which Delgado identified Pinero was tainted because (1) Pinero’s photo was different from the others shown in tint and color, and (2) Pinero’s photo was the only one shown in which the man had a “thin as opposed to heavy mustache.” The trial court admitted testimony concerning the array and identification over Pinero’s objection, observing that while there were differences among the pictured men’s mustaches, “what’s more important is that the general racial and facial characteristics of all six of these photographs are strikingly similar.” Further, the trial court found that the police officers who showed Delgado the array had not “in any way engaged in any kind of improper conduct in order to suggest to the witness to select the defendant’s photograph from this photo array.” The Report rejected Pinero’s contention that the photo array was impermis-*368sibly suggestive, finding no reason to disagree with the trial court’s assessment of the array and the police officer’s presentation of it. The Report rejected Ground Eight of Pinero’s habeas petition because it referred to testimony that was stricken from the trial record.

Pinero objects to both of the Report’s findings. With respect to Ground Three, Pinero first reasserts that he “stood out from all the other persons [in the photo array] and the photo used was clearly distorted in comparison to the rest.” Second, Pinero makes much of the fact that after Delgado identified him in a photo array, the police officers decided to show her a second array. He claims that this reflected a belief on the police’s part “that the person who held Ms. Delgado down during the events in question was contained in the second photo array,” and that Delgado’s identification of Pinero in the first array proves the array’s suggestiveness. Moreover, Pinero claims that Delgado “did in fact identify two persons” in the photo array that did not include a picture of him, apparently suggesting that her identification of Pinero in the first array was unreliable.

All of Pinero’s objections are merit-less. First, Pinero’s objection to the array’s suggestiveness does nothing to detract from the trial court’s determination that the array and its presentation to Delgado were in compliance with constitutional dictates. Because this objection merely restates the argument rejected by the Report, it is again rejected here. Second, the police officer who showed the array to Delgado testified that he originally believed that Pinero had been driving the getaway car for the perpetrators of Walker’s murder, and that the individual or individuals who restrained Delgado were pictured in the second array he showed to her. He was therefore “shocked” when Delgado identified Pinero as the one who had restrained her. Without more, the police officer’s belief about the identity of a suspect prior to a photo array identification by the sole eyewitness to a crime is not probative of that array’s suggestiveness. Accordingly, this argument fails. Further, the police officer testified only that Delgado “recognized” two men in the second photo array; she did not link them in any way to Walker’s murder. Because this recognition does not bear in any way on her identification of Pinero as the one who restrained her, this argument fails as well.

With respect to Ground Eight, Pinero again avers that the prosecution violated his right to a fair trial by informing the jury that Delgado had identified him through the photo array. As the Report noted, this testimony was stricken from the trial record, and Pinero’s claim therefore lacks merit.

D. Ground Four—Jury Instruction concerning Alibi Defense

Pinero’s ex-girlfriend Stephanie Baldes served as an alibi witness for him, testifying that he was with her and another man at the time of Walker’s murder. The trial court declined Pinero’s request to include an instruction that “it is the People who must disprove the alibi beyond a reasonable doubt,” and Ground Four alleges that the omission of those words was error. Ground Four further posits that the charge as given relieved the state of the burden of proving Pinero’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The Report rejected this argument, finding that the trial court’s charge was adequate because it “instructed the jury about the presumption of innocence” and “reiterated numerous times that the burden of proof was on the People to prove every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Pinero *369states that his defense hinged upon his alibi, and objects that the trial court failed “to properly articulate the State’s burden of disproving that Defense,” thereby “markedly undermining] the weight to be accorded the Defense’s alibi evidence.” Specifically, Pinero takes issue with the trial court’s instruction that “if the evidence as to alibi, either by itself or when taken into consideration with all the other evidence, raises a reasonable doubt in your minds as to this defendant’s guilt, he is entitled to acquittal.” He claims that this instruction engendered an “inference ... that the Defense had the burden of not only reasonable doubt, but the Defense[’]s alibi evidence had to create reasonable doubt.”

As the Supreme Court has instructed, a federal habeas court must evaluate a trial court’s jury instruction to determine “whether the ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” *Cupp v. Naughten,*414 U.S. 141, 147, 94 S.Ct. 396, 38 L.Ed.2d 368 (1973). Examining the charge as a whole, the habeas court must assess “whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the instructions to allow conviction based on proof insufficient to meet the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” *Vargas v. Keane,*86 F.3d 1273, 1277 (2d Cir.1996) (citation omitted). In the instant case, as the Report observed, the trial court repeatedly instructed the jury on the presumption of innocence and that it was the state’s “responsibility to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of each crime including the fact that the defendant was present at the time and place of the incident.” The trial court further advised the jury that “[t]he defendant has no obligation to prove or disprove anything, including his whereabouts.” Given these instructions, neither the omission to which Pinero objects nor the alleged inference raised by the alibi instruction could have led the jury to misunderstand that the burden of proof rested on the state. Because there was no likelihood of a conviction based on insufficient proof, there was no constitutional error in the jury charge and Pinero’s objection is rejected.

E. Ground Five—Cross-Examination of Alibi Witness

The trial court allowed the prosecution to question Pinero’s alibi witness, his ex-girlfriend Stephanie Baldes, about a theft to which she had allegedly pleaded guilty in Toronto, Canada in 1986, even though the prosecution had no documentary evidence of the plea. Pinero claims that this questioning violated New York law, which he argues proscribes cross-examination of a witness as to a prior conviction without providing documentary proof substantiating that conviction, and therefore violated his right to a fair trial. The Report rejected this argument and found that the “prosecutor’s limited questioning of Baldes did not deprive Pinero of a fair trial,” because (1) the prosecutor “was not able to get the admission he wanted from her,” (2) “[t]he jury was free to believe all or part or none of her testimony,” and (3) the line of questioning “probably had little effect on the jury, certainly not to the extent to make the trial unfair.”

In cursory fashion, Pinero’s objection repeats his original contention that the prosecution’s cross-examination of Baldes violated New York state law. This argument, however, does nothing to shed light on whether his conviction violated the United States Constitution. As the Report made clear, citing Supreme Court precedent, “it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state court determinations on state law questions. In conducting habeas review, a fed*370eral court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated the Constitution ... of the United States.” *Estelle v. McGuire,*502 U.S. 62, 67-68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991). Because Pinero has not identified any way in which the cross-examination violated his constitutional rights, this objection fails.

F. Ground Six — Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel

Ground Six alleges that Pinero’s trial counsel provided ineffective assistance because he failed to conduct pre-trial probable cause hearings under *Dunaway v. New York,*442 U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2248, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979). The Report rejected this argument because Pinero’s trial counsel had conducted other types of pre-trial hearings, and because Delgado’s positive photo array identification of Pinero as the man who had restrained her during Walker’s murder provided probable cause for Pinero’s arrest. Pinero objects and claims that a *Dunaway*hearing would have forced the police department to explain “how was it that he became the focal point of this criminal investigation,” even though the physical description initially given by Delgado was general and “cryptic.”

This argument is meritless. Under *Strickland v. Washington,*466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), a defendant claiming ineffective assistance of counsel must prove that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Because it is beyond peradventure that as there was probable cause for Pine-ro’s arrest — to wit, Delgado’s identification of him in a photo array — Pinero could not have benefited from a *Dunaway*hearing. Because there was no prejudice to Pinero, Ground Six of his habeas petition fails.

G. Ground Seven — Publication of Pine-ro’s Scar

Pinero claims in Ground Seven that he was deprived of his due process right to a fair trial by the trial court’s refusal to allow him to publish his scar to the jury unless he testified. According to Pinero, his former roommate and a police detective offered discrepant testimony about whether Pinero had any distinguishing marks or features, and the detective’s failure to recall the scar on Pinero’s head called into question the reliability of his testimony. The trial court appears to have rejected Pinero’s request for lack of foundation, noting that there was nothing in the trial record describing “when that scar was created or whether it was there at such time as you claim the detective should have seen it.” The trial court deemed the scar “testimonial,” and ruled that Pinero could only publish it to the jury if he would submit to cross-examination.

The Report opined that the trial court might have erred in this ruling but nonetheless found that its decision was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Supreme Court precedent establishing that a defendant is not denied “a fair opportunity to defend against the State’s accusations whenever critical evidence favorable to him is excluded.” *Montana v. Egelhoff,*518 U.S. 37, 53, 116 S.Ct. 2013, 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (plurality opinion of Scalia, J.). Likewise, the Report discerned no error in the Appellate Division’s finding that any error by the trial court “did not result in prejudice to [Pinero] in view of the minimal probative value of the scar and the fact that defendant made the jury aware of the scar in any event,” or its observation that “there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt.” *Pinero,*706 N.Y.S.2d at 29.

Pinero’s objection notes the trial court’s possible error in regarding his scar as *371“testimonial,” and states in conclusory fashion that the trial court’s preclusion of this evidence “violates Mr. Pinero’s right to present evidence.” The Supreme Court has made clear that there is no “absolute entitlement to introduce crucial, relevant evidence,” and that “the introduction of relevant evidence can be limited by the State for a valid reason.” *Egelhoff,*518 U.S. at 53, 116 S.Ct. 2013 (plurality opinion of Scalia, J.) (citation omitted). Here, the trial court denied Pinero’s request to publish his scar because of a lack of foundation concerning the scar’s provenance and age. Because this was a valid reason for excluding the evidence, there was no error in this evidentiary ruling.

H. Ground Nine — Excessive Sentence

Pinero claims that his sentence of twenty-five years to life violates his rights under the Eighth Amendment. The Report rejected this claim because a sentence within the range permitted by state law— as this sentence is — presents no federal constitutional issue. *See White v. Keane,*969 F.2d 1381, 1383 (2d Cir.1992). Pinero does not make any specific objection to the Report’s finding, but rather relies upon previous submissions. Because there was no error in the Report’s statement or application of the law, this argument is rejected.

CONCLUSION

Having reviewed the Report with care, there is no facial error in its conclusions. For the reasons given in this Opinion, Pinero’s objections to the Report are denied following a *de novo*review of his claims. Pinero’s petition is denied. No certificate of appealability shall issue. Pinero has not made a substantial showing of a denial of a federal right, and appellate review is therefore not warranted. *Love v. McCray,*413 F.3d 192, 195 (2d Cir.2005). Moreover, any appeal from this order would not be taken in good faith. *See*28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3); *Coppedge v. United States,*369 U.S. 438, 445, 82 S.Ct. 917, 8 L.Ed.2d 21 (1962). The Clerk of Court shall dismiss the petition.

SO ORDERED.

*REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION TO JUDGE COTE*

DOUGLAS F. EATON, United States Magistrate Judge.

William Pinero’s habeas petition challenges his 1997 conviction for murder, after pretrial hearings and a jury trial before Justice David Stadtmauer in Supreme Court, Bronx County. On September 5, 1997, Justice Stadtmauer sentenced him to a prison term of 25 years to life. The Appellate Division affirmed the conviction, *People v. Pinero,*270 A.D.2d 212, 706 N.Y.S.2d 28 (1st Dep’t 2000), *leave denied,*95 N.Y.2d 856, 714 N.Y.S.2d 7, 736 N.E.2d 868 (N.Y. July 28, 2000).

Pinero was represented by Marvin Ray Raskin at pretrial hearings and at trial, and on appeal by Brian D. Linder and Erich J. Gleber of the Manhattan firm of dayman & Rosenberg. Pinero began this habeas proceeding *pro se,*but since May 2003 he has been represented by Damond J. Carter of Albany.

Pinero’s first habeas petition was barely timely. Dated October 15, 2001, it was received by our Court’s Pro Se Office on October 22, 2001. Pinero soon wrote to Judge Cote to request a stay while he returned to state court to exhaust the unexhausted claims in his petition. The stay was granted on December 13, 2001, and lifted on April 24, 2003, by Judge Cote, who then referred the petition to me. On October 31, 2005, Bronx Assistant District Attorney Mary Jo L. Blanchard served and filed an Affidavit in Opposition *372to the Petition; it annexed a Memorandum of Law and Exhibits 1-27. (I shall refer to any of these exhibits as “Exh. _”.) She also provided transcripts of the state proceedings.1 For the following reasons, I recommend that Judge Cote deny the petition.

The proceedings since the 1997 trial have been protracted. The next three pages contain an abridged chronology.

9/5/97 Sentence and Judgment

3/30/00 Appellate Division affirmed conviction

7/28/00 Leave to appeal denied

10/26/00 The deadline for a certiorari petition expired, and the conviction became final

10/22/01 First habeas petition (dated 10/15/01) received by our Court (Docket Item # 1)

10/26/01 The one-year statute of limitations expired

11/20/01 Pinero filed his first *comm nobis*motion in state court

12/13/01 Judge Cote issued the first *Zarvela*stay (Docket Item # 3)

12/10/02 Appellate Division denied first *comm nobis*motion

2/26/03 Leave to appeal denied

3/4/03 *Pro se*motion to lift Judge Cote’s 12/13/01 stay and to amend petition (with the proposed Amended Petition attached) (Docket Item # 5)

4/24/03 Judge Cote’s order lifting stay and referring the case to Judge Eaton (Docket Item # 12)

5/16/03 Damond J. Carter filed Notice of Appearance and a motion for a second stay, in order to file a second *coram nobis*motion (Docket Item #9)

6/27/03 Judge Eaton issued the second *Zarvela*stay (Docket Item # 11)

6/8/04 First Department denied the second *coram nobis*motion

8/24/04 Mr. Carter’s motion for a further stay (Docket Items # 13 and # 14), in order to file a CPL 440 motion (which he did not file until 5/16/05).

9/13/04 Judge Read dismissed appeal from the 6/8/04 . denial of the second *comm nobis*motion (3 N.Y.3d 710)

5/4/05 Judge Eaton’s Order lifting all stays, denying a further stay, and setting a briefing schedule (Docket Item # 15)

5/16/05 Mr. Carter’s CPL 440 motion to the trial judge

6/2/05 Mr. Carter’s motion asking Judge Eaton for permission to withdraw as counsel (Docket Item # 17)

7/7/05 Judge Eaton’s Order (Docket Item # 19):

> — denying Mr. Carter’s motion to withdraw

> — granting motion to proceed on proposed Amended Petition (in Docket Item # 5)

> — deeming Amended Petition to include the new grounds in Mr. Carter’s *coram nobis*application (but not the claims in the 440 motion)

7/8/05 Judge Eaton’s Order denying Pinero’s request for an extension of time and for appointment of new counsel

10/31/05 Affidavit of ADA Mary Jo Blanchard in opposition to the Amended Petition (annexing Memorandum of Law and Exhibits 1-27) (Docket Item # 23)

11/28/05 Mi’. Carter’s Declaration in support of the Amended Petition, with letter brief attached (Docket Item # 24)

3/8/06 Motion (dated 3/8/06 but received 5/10/06 because Mr. Carter mistakenly assumed this to be an EOF case) seeking a stay until a final state court decision on Pinero’s 5/16/05 440 motion (Docket Item # 25)

4/5/06 Justice Stadtmauer denied the 5/16/05 440 motion (See document attached to Docket Item #26.)

7/20/06 Appellate Division denied leave to appeal from the denial of the 440 motion

8/31/06 Mr. Carter’s motion for a further stay, in order to make yet another 440 motion (Docket Item #30)

9/11/06 Judge Eaton’s Order denying any further stay (Docket Item # 31)

9/27/06 Mr. Carter’s supplemental letter brief in support of the Amended Petition (Docket Item # —)

3/13/07 Mr. Carter’s further letter (Exh. A to this Report)

*FACTUAL BACKGROUND*

The victim of the murder was Glenn Walker, who had a business selling Christmas trees in a lot at 1925 Bartow Avenue in the Bronx, and a business selling watermelons at 405 Hunts Point Avenue. Around 3:15 p.m. on November 2, 1994, Walker was in his Hunts Point office with his associate Dirceline Delgado. He was having a telephone conversation with his wife when two men burst into the office. One man restrained Delgado while the other man shot and killed Walker. The jury *373concluded that the man who restrained Delgado was William Pinero.2

The defense at trial was misidentification — that Pinero had been mistakenly identified by Delgado. Immediately after the murder, she was hysterical and able to give police only a limited description of the shooting and the two perpetrators. The police investigated for more than seven months; on June 15, 1995, they showed her a photo array and she selected the photo of Pinero. He was arrested on January 30, 1996. The next morning, she selected him from a lineup.

Delgado’s eyewitness testimony was not corroborated by any forensic evidence. There was, however, a post-arrest statement by Pinero. Detective Ortiz testified that Pinero gave several versions and ultimately provided incriminating details. (Tr. 391-423.) Detective Ortiz testified as follows. The police arrested Pinero on January 30,1996 and charged him with the November 1994 murder of Walker. After receiving *Miranda*warnings, Pinero made the following statements to Detective Ortiz:

Richie Longo had paid $5,000 for the killing of Walker, because Longo “was greedy” and wanted the Bartow Avenue location. Longo paid half the money to “Kenny,” a man who had a baby with Longo’s niece. (Tr. 391-93.) Longo paid the other half of the money to a fat man named “Chubby” or “Chubbs.” “Chubbs” was the shooter. Pinero wasn’t there; he didn’t do it. On the afternoon of the murder, Pinero drove Richie Longo from Manhattan to the Parkchester area of the Bronx. In Parkchester, Longo made a call from a pay phone and then told Pinero that “everything was taken care of with that guy.” (Tr. 395-96.)

Around 10:30 p.m., Pinero asked Detective Ortiz: “If I say I was there, what kind of deal will I get?” He got no answer. Later, he asked the same question again, and added “[D]o I go home?” He got no answer. However, he proceeded to provide several incriminating details. He admitted that he had parked his car in the Hunts Point area, and he described the building where the murder occurred. He noted that Walker’s “secretary” was present, that Walker was on the telephone, and that Walker exclaimed: “This is it.” (Tr. 403-05, 451.) (These were details that the police had previously learned from Walker’s widow and from Walker’s “secretary” Delgado.) Detective Ortiz asked Pinero: “What did you do?” Pinero replied: “I told you the story. Do I get a deal?” Detective Ortiz asked again: “Who went inside?” Pinero replied: “Chubbs and another guy. Do I get a deal?” At that point, the questioning stopped. (Tr. 401-05.)

Mr. Raskin moved unsuccessfully to suppress Pinero’s statement. Justice Stadt-mauer denied the motion “in all respects.” He ruled that Pinero had understood the *Miranda*warnings given at the time of arrest, and that it was unnecessary to give additional warnings as the evening progressed. He ruled that all of Pinero’s statements to Detective Ortiz were voluntary. (Vol. 1 Tr. 236-37.) In this habeas proceeding, Pinero does not challenge those rulings.

The prosecution also introduced evidence that Pinero had been involved in a conspiracy to extort protection money for *374the right to sell Christmas trees at 1925 Bartow Avenue. (See pp. 40-48, *infra.)*Walker’s widow (Tr. 71-73) and Ms. Delgado (Tr. 165-70, 188) testified that Walker had paid money to “some people” including “Frankie Porcaro” in 1992, but had stopped paying in 1993 and 1994. In December 1993, two fires occurred at Walker’s Christmas tree lot; the Fire Department determined that both were “non-accidental.” (Tr. 331-58.)

After the November 1994 murder of Walker, George Nash ran a Christmas tree business at the same Bartow Avenue location. Nash testified that his “partner” in that business was Richie Longo, who told him they would have to pay money to a third person: there would be a one-time fee of $10,000, and Nash agreed to pay. Nash testified that the $10,000 was collected from him by Pinero — $2,500 on December 21,1994, and $7,500 the next day. (Tr. 498, 505-06.)

At the pretrial hearing (Vol. 2 Tr. 9-14), and in his summation (Tr. 944-54), the prosecutor argued in essence that Pinero’s collections from Nash were part of a single extortion conspiracy involving Frankie Porcaro, Richie Longo and Pinero — encompassing Walker’s 1992 payments, the 1993 fires, the November 1994 murder of Walker, and (only seven weeks later) the resumption of payments by Walker’s replacement.

The defense’s main witness was Pinero’s former girlfriend, Stephanie Baldes. She testified that at the time of the murder Pinero was with her and Richie Longo in Longo’s car, first at the Riverdale Riding Stables, and then on the way to Long Island. (Tr. 802-04.)

Dr. Sanford Drob, director of psychological assessment at Bellevue Hospital, also testified for the defense. (Tr. 701-71.) He had examined Pinero. He summarized his conclusions at Tr. 728:

> ... [W]hen it comes to solving problems, he’s ... grossly impaired. His intellectual functioning overall is in the borderline defective range. He has serious problems in attention and concentration leading me to believe he is suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. He has problems coping with stress. He has a very low frustration tolerance and he’s likely to act in a very impulsive way in which he doesn’t think things through carefully when he is put in a stressful or difficult circumstance.

*PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND*

*Direct Appeal*

Attorneys Brian D. Linder and Erich J. Gleber submitted a 69-page brief and a 35-page reply brief to the Appellate Division. They raised six points:

> Point One: The admission of evidence of uncharged crimes deprived Pinero of his due process right to a fair trial since this evidence was not relevant for any permissible purpose and its prejudicial effect greatly outweighed its probative value. U.S. Const., Amend. XIV, N.Y. Const., Art. I, § 6.

> Point Two: The admission of identification evidence tainted by an unduly suggestive photographic array, in which Pinero’s photograph was the only one to have the single distinguishing physical characteristic mentioned by the complainant, deprived Pinero of his due process right to a fair trial. U.S. Const., Amend. XIV, N.Y. Const., Art I, § 6.

> Point Three: The court deprived the defendant of the opportunity to present relevant exculpatory evidence when it refused to allow defendant to publish his scar to the jury unless he testified at trial, in violation of the defendant’s due process right to a fair trial. U.S. Const., Amend. XIV, N.Y. Const., § 6.

> *375Point Four: Defendant-Appellant was denied his due process right to a fair trial by (A) the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant’s alibi witness focusing on juvenile criminal proceedings, and (B) a jury charge that relieved the people of the burden to disprove the alibi defense beyond a reasonable doubt and that equated the jury’s disbelief of the alibi testimony with conclusive proof of the defendant’s presence at the crime scene. U.S. Const., Amend. XIV, N.Y. Const., § 6.

> Point Five: The court should have granted defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial, and the defendant was denied his due process right to a fair trial, when Detective Ortiz told the jury that Delgado had identified the defendant from a photo array.3 U.S. Const., Amend. I, N.Y. Const., § 6.

> Point Six: William Pinero was deserving of a less harsh prison sentence than the maximum sentence of twenty-five years to life imprisonment.

The Appellate Division unanimously affirmed the conviction and wrote:

> The court properly exercised its discretion in receiving evidence of uncharged crimes, not all of which directly involved defendant himself, as evidence of motive and as background, completing the narrative of events. The challenged evidence, taken as a whole and in connection with the other evidence adduced at trial, provided strong circumstantial proof that defendant and his companion, acting as agents of a criminal conspiracy, killed the deceased, a vendor of Christmas trees, because he stopped paying protection money, *(see, People v. Ponnapula,*266 A.D.2d 32, 698 N.Y.S.2d 219). The nexus between defendant, the various events, and the instant crime was clearly established.

> Any error in the court’s refusal to permit defendant to display his facial scar to the jury did not result in prejudice to him in view of the minimal probative value of the scar and the fact that defendant made the jury aware of the scar in any event. We also note there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt.

> Defendant’s challenge to the alibi charge is not preserved for our review *(People v. Whalen,*59 N.Y.2d 273, 280, 464 N.Y.S.2d 454, 451 N.E.2d 212).

> We perceive no abuse of sentencing discretion.

> We have considered and rejected defendant’s remaining claims.

*People v. Pinero,*270 A.D.2d 212, 706 N.Y.S.2d 28 (1st Dep’t 2000).

In his letters requesting leave to appeal (Exhs. 7 and 8), Mr. Linder requested review of the first four Points, emphasizing in particular Point One (the uncharged extortion conspiracy) and Point Four B (the instruction on the alibi defense). On July 30, 2000, Associate Judge Albert M. Rosenblatt ruled that “there is no question of law presented which ought to be reviewed by the Court of Appeals.” (Exh. 11; *People v. Pinero,*95 N.Y.2d 856, 714 N.Y.S.2d 7, 736 N.E.2d 868 (N.Y.2000)(Table).)

*Collateral attacks in state court*

In November 2001, Pinero filed a *pro se coram nobis*petition (Exh. 13). It alleged *376ineffective assistance in that appellate counsel had failed to raise four issues in the appellate briefs: (1) ineffectiveness of trial counsel in failing to request pretrial *Mapp*and *Dunaway,*hearings; (2) a *Bat-son*claim based on the prosecutor’s peremptory challenges to two black male potential jurors; (3) error by the trial court when it denied defense counsel’s application to remove a particular juror; (4) the court’s failure to respond sufficiently to a jury request for a readback of testimony. The Appellate Division denied *coram nobis*in 2002.

In the summer of 2003, Pinero’s newly retained counsel, Damond J. Carter, filed a second petition for *coram nobis,*raising three issues that allegedly should have been raised by trial counsel and by appellate counsel. First. Pinero’s parents alleged that the court interpreter4 heard Delgado make statements (during the trial but outside the courtroom) that indicated she was not telling the truth when she testified that Pinero was the man who restrained her. Pinero’s parents also alleged that the interpreter relayed this to trial counsel, but counsel did not relay it to the judge. Second. Trial counsel never advised Pinero on the wisdom of accepting or rejecting a plea offer (apparently made in the midst of trial) carrying a sentence of 12$ to 25 years. (It appears that Pinero has now dropped this issue.) Third. Trial counsel failed to act' on an allegation by Pinero’s parents that certain jurors were sleeping during trial. (It appears that Pinero has now dropped this issue.) The Appellate Division denied the second *co-ram nobis*motion in 2004.

In May 2005, Mr. Carter made a CPL 440 motion to the trial judge. (Exh. 25.) It was essentially a rehash of Mr. Carter’s *coram nobis*motion, but it added one new claim — that trial counsel had “failed to use material exculpatory evidence in Pinero’s defense, where the District Attorney’s key witness previously told authorities that person(s) in question had on face mask(s).” That motion had no basis in the record;5 it was denied on April 5, 2006 and the Appellate Division dismissed the appeal on July 20, 2006.

On August 31, 2006, Mr. Carter requested me to grant yet another stay so he could make a third *coram nobis*motion. He now alleged that trial counsel failed to realize that the plea offer had proposed a sentence term (12)& to 25 years) that would have been “illegal.” (Docket Item # 30.) On September 1, 2006, I refused to grant any further stay.6

*The habeas petition in our Court*

As noted above, Pinero’s original petition was barely timely; it was received by our Court’s Pro Se Office on October 22, 2001. By letter dated November 20, 2001, Pinero acknowledged that his petition contained unexhausted claims (primarily ineffective assistance of counsel). Judge Cote dismissed the ineffective assistance claims *377for lack of exhaustion, and stayed the remainder of the petition. (Docket Item #3.)

On March 4, 2003 Pinero, still *pro se,*timely requested that the stay be lifted, and submitted his proposed Amended Petition. (Docket Item # 5.) Judge Cote lifted the stay and referred the matter to me. After the delay for the second *comm nobis*motion, I ruled on the Amended Petition by memorandum and order dated July 7, 2005 (Docket Item # 19), in which I wrote:

> (a) I grant Pinero’s longstanding motion to proceed on his proposed Amended Petition (Docket Item # 5, which contains six [seven] grounds and a memorandum of law as to Grounds One, Two and Six);

> (b) I deem that Amended Petition to include the claims in Mr. Carter’s *comm nobis*application (which was exhausted on September 13, 2004), but not to include Mr. Carter’s recent motion in Supreme Court, Bronx County.

Therefore, the final version of the Amended Petition7 raises the following ten grounds:

> *Ground One*Petitioner was denied due process when the admission of uncharged crimes deprived him of a fair trial, where the evidence was not relevant for any permissible purpose and its prejudicial effect greatly outweighed its probative value. U.S. CONST. AMEND. XIV.

> *Ground Two*Petitioner was denied equal protection where the prosecution was allowed to peremptor[il]y challenge all male p[ro]spective jurors during jury selection. U.S. CONST. AMEND. XIV.

> *Ground Three*Petitioner was denied his right to a fair trial when an unduly suggestive photograph which singled out petitioner by a single distinguishing characteristic mentioned by the complainant was admitted into evidence. U.S. CONST. AMEND. XIV.

> *Ground Four*Petitioner was denied his due process right to a fair trial when the court gave a charge that relieved the people of their burden to disprove petitioner’s alibi defense beyond a reasonable doubt and equated the jury’s disbelief of the alibi testimony with conclusive proof of petitioner’s presence at the crime scene.

> *Ground Five*Petitioner was denied due process and a fair trial by the prosecutor’s cross-examination of petitioner’s alibi witness by focusing on juvenile criminal proceedings.

> *Ground Six*Petitioner was denied effective assistance of trial counsel when counsel neglected to secure a *Dunaway*hearing after [he had] requested one and was granted a hearing.

> *Ground Seven*Petitioner was deprived of Due Process and a fair trial by the Court’s refusal to allow the Defense to publish his scar to the jury unless the prisoner testified.

> *Ground Eight*Petitioner was deprived of Due Process and a fair trial when the Court refused to grant a mistrial for the detective telling the jury that the eyewitness picked petitioner out of the photo array.

> *Ground Nine*The sentence imposed was harsh and excessive in violation of the Eight Amendment.

> *Ground Ten*Appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise a claim of *378ineffective assistance of trial counsel due to counsel’s failure to use probative impeachment material, failure to alert the trial court to juror misconduct, and improperly advising petitioner with regard to his plea options.8

On October 31, 2005, Assistant District Attorney Mary Jo L. Blanchard served and filed an Affidavit in Opposition (“Blanchard Aff.”) which annexed Exhibits 1-27 and a Memorandum of Law. (Docket Item # 23.) She argues that the petition should be denied for the following reasons:

(a) the petition is untimely because Pinero failed to abide by my June 27, 2003 Order;

(b) his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claims are exhausted, but are untimely because they do not relate back to his original timely petition;

(c) his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim is unexhausted, and untimely because it does not relate back to his original timely petition;

(d) his alibi charge claim is exhausted, but does not present a federal constitutional question, and is further barred from review because the state court determination rests on an independent and adequate state ground;

(e) his *Trowbridge*claim is deemed exhausted, but does not present a federal constitutional question;

(f) his claim concerning the cross-examination of his alibi witness is exhausted, but does not present a federal constitutional question, and is further barred from review because the state court determination of that claim rests on an independent and adequate state ground;

(g) his sentencing claim is unexhausted, and does not present a federal constitutional question;

(h) his claim about the extortion evidence (Ground One) is exhausted, but does not present a federal constitutional question;

(i) he exhausted his claim that his in-court identification was tainted by an unduly suggestive photo array, but the state court determination of that claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law; and

(j) he exhausted his claim that he was deprived of the right to present a defense (i.e., not allowed to publish his scar to the jury), but the state court determination of that claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.

(Blanchard Aff. pp. 9-10.)

*DISCUSSION*

A. *The Statute of Limitations Bars Grounds Two and Ten*

The statute of limitations for § 2254 petitions is set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1), which states, in pertinent part:

> (d)(1) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall ran from the latest of—

> (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;

> * * * * * *

> *379(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.

In Pinero’s case, the New York Court of Appeals denied leave on July 28, 2000; his conviction became final on October 26, 2000. Therefore the one-year statute of limitations for a habeas petition expired on October 26, 2001, as I stated in my 5/4/05 Memorandum and Order, 2005 WL 1075323 at page l.9 His original, pro *se*petition was dated October 15, 2001 and arrived in our Court on October 22, 2001. Assuming he gave the petition to prison officials on the same day he signed it, there were only eleven days left to run. Therefore any claim that was not contained in his 10/15/01 petition (and not added before eleven more days expired) would be time-barred unless it is subject to statutory or equitable tolling, or fits under a statutory exception *(e.g.,*§ 2244(d)(2)).

At the outset, ADA Blanchard argues that I should vacate the stay *nunc pro tunc*and dismiss the whole petition (a possibility referred to in Judge Cote’s 12/13/01 order) because Mr. Carter did not comply with my 6/27/03 order directing him to send me a prompt report concerning the final decision by the state court.10 She argues that he was dilatory in pursuing the habeas petition and dilatory in pursuing the state remedy available to him under CPL § 440.10. Ms. Blanchard makes a strong argument, but I decline to recommend dismissing the entire petition so abruptly. However, I do recommend that Grounds Two and Ten be dismissed as untimely.

Pinero (when he was still *pro*se) complied with Judge Cote’s *Zarvela*order by timely returning to federal court within the 30-day time limit. Therefore, the statute of limitations does not bar any claims that were dismissed by Judge Cote but were subsequently exhausted in a timely fashion. However, the statute of limitations does bar the claims in the second *coram nobis*motion. The second *Zarvela*order (Exh. 18, signed by me on 6/27/03) imposed two conditions for timeliness. Mr. Carter fulfilled only *one*of those conditions: he filed the second *coram nobis*motion in state court on or about July 26, thus meeting my deadline of July 28. But my 6/27/03 order had also directed him to file a detailed affirmation “within 30 days after Pinero receives the final decision by the state court.” The high court of New York issued its final decision on September 13, 2004. Mr. Carter did not advise me about this within the next 30 days; he did not even attempt to advise me for more than five months.11 Mr. Carter tries, in vain, to escape the consequences of this fact.

In his “letter brief in support of Petitioner’s Reply to the State’s Opposition,” dated November 15, 2005 (Docket Item # 24), and in his Supplemental Letter dated September 27, 2006, Mr. Carter asserts that he did comply with the second requirement of my 6/27/03 order, by virtue *380of his August 2004 motion for a further stay. In that August 2004 motion, he did say (in Docket Item # 14) that “the Petitioner currently has an application for leave to appeal before the New York Court of Appeals.” But that information did not comply with my 6/27/03 order, which required an affirmation “after ... the final decision,” and moreover “an affirmation (i) stating whether he believes he has exhausted all of his state court remedies, (ii) explaining any possible further state court remedies and (iii) stating whether he is filing an amended petition or is resting on his original petition.” As a result of Mr. Carter’s failure to comply, it was only in May 2005 that I happened to learn that an application thought to be currently pending in state court had been terminated many months earlier. Mr. Carter argues his theory at length, but it pointless to discuss it further.12

In another effort to evade the time bar, Mr. Carter tries to take refuge in § 2244(d)(1)(D):

> The limitation period shall run from the latest of * * * (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.

He says that the relevant “factual predicate” was Justice Read’s 9/13/04 denial of leave to appeal, and that 9/13/04 was “the date that the claim arose.”

Mr. Carter’s argument is convoluted. Rather than attempting to paraphrase it, I will now quote from his 9/27/06 letter at pp. 2-4:

> The United States Supreme Court having recently decided at what time Petitioner’s previously unexhausted claims begin to run, Petitioner’s claims regarding the effectiveness of trial counsel are not [to] be time-barred.... In pertinent part, § 2244 ([d] )(1) provides, the one-year statute of limitation runs from the latest of: (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration *381of the time for seeking such review; ... (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence.... The one-year statute of limitations period is tolled while properly filed applications for State post-conviction relief are pending. *Bennett v. Artuz,*199 F.3d 116, 120 (2d Cir.1999).... What does or does not constitute the *factual predicate*is currently unsettled law. *Johnson v. U.S.,*544 U.S. 295, 125 S.Ct. 1571, 161 L.Ed.2d 542 (2005). However, a State court’s decision and order in a petitioner’s case does constitute part of the *factual predicate,*for purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 2244( [d] )(1)(D). [fn2] *Johnson,*125 S.Ct. At 1577; *Shannon v. Newland,*2005 WL 1340841[, 410 F.3d 1083] (9th Cir.2005). This is the case, because as a statute of limitations ordinarily does not begin to run until a claimant’s cause of action is complete and present, it is highly doubtful that [CJongress intended a time limit on pursuing a claim to expire before the claim arose. *Johnson,*125 S.Ct. at 1578; *Graham County S[o]il and Water Conservation Dist. Et al. v. U.S. Ex Rel[.] Wilson,*[545 U.S. 409,] 125 S.Ct. [2444] 2244, 2250-51[, 162 L.Ed.2d 390] (2005); *Bay Area Laundry and Dry Cleaning Pension Trust Fund v. [Ferbar] Ferber Corp. Of Cal.,*522 U.S. 192, 201[, 118 S.Ct. 542, 139 L.Ed.2d 553] (1997).[fn3] The text of § 2244(d)(1)(D), “clearly links the running of the limitation period to the discovery of the facts supporting the claim or claims presented.” *Johnson,*125 S.Ct. at 1579. Nonetheless, an interpretation that would allow the statute of limitations to run and even expire before the § 2244 (or § 2254) claim and its predicate event exist does not comport with [Congress’ statutory intent. *Id.*Prior to the final state court decision, a petitioner has no § 2244 claim, because he has no state court decision to challenge. *Id.*Therefore, a petitioner would be unable to obtain relief under that § 2244. *Id.*Although *Johnson*dealt with 28 U.S.C. § 2255, ¶ 6(4), the counterpart to 2244( [d] )(1)(D) that applies to habeas-like motions by federal prisoners attacking their sentences, the two provisions are almost identical; and the Supreme Court has interpreted said statute of limitations in concert with one another. *Shannon*[410 F.3d 1083,] 2005 WL 1340841.

> Since *a, factual predicate*requires that a petitioner possesses the requisite facts and have knowledge of the basis of the claim, petitioner can avail himself of the *factual predicate*exception, only where he acts with due diligence in presenting such claim to the State courts upon discovery of that factual predicate, [citations omitted] Thus, where petitioner acts with due diligence in presenting his claim to the State courts, the AEDPA’s 1-year statute of limitation, runs anew from the date of the State court’s decision and order that has the effect of making petitioner’s claim exhausted. *Johnson,*125 S.Ct. at 1574-83.[fn4] *In this case,*this Court, in prior rulings related to this claim, i.e. the Court’s September 11, 2006 Decision and Order, repeatedly noted that it is of the position that Petitioner’s claims that were not the subject of his direct appeal are untimely. In fact, in the court’s aforementioned rulings it noted that it was of the opinion that Petitioner’s claim of ineffectiveness is untimely. With all due respect to the Court, under the circumstances of this case, such a decision would result in denial of Petitioner’s constitutional right to habeas corpus. Petitioner’s ineffectiveness claims, here the subject of Petitioner’s supplemental *382brief were not in existence at the time he filed his habeas petition. In fact, trial counsel’s sworn statement that he did not advise Petitioner whether to plead guilty, only that the State made an offer, did not exist prior to Petitioner’s motion to vacate. Thus, for this Court to hold that Petitioner’s claims of ineffectiveness are time barred before they were ripe for review would be in direct contravention of the well established rule that Congress has never intended that a statute of limitations can expire before the claim is ripe for review, [citations omitted]. The Court is well aware that before Petitioner could present these claims for review, they must first have been presented to the state courts; otherwise, there would be no basis from which to decide whether the state courts had wrongly interpreted the U.S. Constitution. Moreover, any analysis that the state courts’ orders are not factual predicates was wholly rejected by the Supreme Court in *Johnson,*without any qualifying language, i.e. that an order that does not vacate a judgment of conviction is not a factual predicate.

> $ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

> ... To hold that Petitioner should have brought a claim prior to its being ripe for habeas review is unconstitutional. Therefore, this Court must decide that Petitioner’s claims are timely.

Mr. Carter’s 9/27/06 letter at pp. 2^4 (footnotes omitted).

This argument fails for several reasons. First, the statute of limitations does not “run anew” each time a state court makes a new decision. The Second Circuit made this clear in *Smith v. McGinnis,*208 F.3d 13, 17 (2d Cir.2000):

> We therefore hold that proper calculation of Section 2244(d)(2)’s tolling provision excludes time during which properly filed state relief applications are pending but does not reset the date from which the one-year statute of limitations begins to run.....If the one-year period began anew when the state court denied collateral relief, then state prisoners could extend or manipulate the deadline for federal habeas review by filing additional petitions in state court.

Mr. Carter’s argument almost mirrors the one made in *Smith*and rejected by the Second Circuit (except that he doesn’t frame it in terms of equitable tolling). The following language from the Second Circuit’s opinion applies equally to Pinero’s case:

> Smith claims that he is entitled to equitable relief because (1) he could not file his federal petition until he exhausted his state remedies; and (2) he diligently filed his state coram nobis petition and then filed his federal habeas petition only 87 days after the state denied collateral relief.... Smith’s case does not present extraordinary or exceptional circumstances warranting equitable tolling. Smith’s delays in seeking collateral review of his conviction do not show reasonable diligence. In addition, the tolling provision of Section 2244(d)(2) already accommodates the exhaustion requirements that prisoners face, so the mere fact that Smith exhausted his claims in the coram nobis petition does not trigger equitable tolling. Finally, Smith’s *pro se*status until March 1997 does not merit equitable toiling. Smith’s petition therefore was not timely.

*Smith,*208 F.3d at 17 (citation omitted).

Second, Mr. Carter’s argument misconstrues the statutory phrase “factual predicate” and the cases he cites. His reliance on *Johnson v. United States,*544 U.S. 295, 125 S.Ct. 1571, 161 L.Ed.2d 542 (2005), is inapposite to Pinero’s situation. Johnson *383was convicted on federal drug charges, and received an enhanced sentence based on two prior state court convictions. Subsequently,13 the state court set aside a conviction on which the enhancement had been based. Johnson moved under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate the federal sentence in view of the decision vacating the state conviction. He argued that the state vacatur was a factual predicate which started the one-year statute of limitations running pursuant to the fourth paragraph of the § 2255 limitations rule (which is almost identical to § 2244(d)(1)(D) but uses the phrase “facts supporting the claim” rather than “factual predicate of the claim”). The Eleventh Circuit held that the state-court order was not a “fact” discovered by Johnson under the fourth paragraph of the § 2255 limitations rule, but was properly classified as a legal proposition or court action obtained at Johnson’s request. The Supreme Court disagreed with that classification, but came to the same result by writing:

> We agree with Johnson that the state-court vacatur is a matter of fact for purposes of the limitation rule in the fourth paragraph. But we also hold that the statute allows the fact of the state-court order to set the 1-year period running only if the petitioner has shown due diligence in seeking the order.

125 S.Ct. at 1577 (emphasis added).

Thus, in *Johnson,*it was the *vacatur*that provided the basis for the § 2255 motion: the vacatur eliminated the state conviction, and hence eliminated the justification for the federal enhancement. The “factual predicate” was not the mere existence of *some*state court decision, as Mr. Carter contends. The *substance*of the state court decision — -the vacatur- — ■ changed the status quo and created a new “factual predicate” within the meaning of the statute of limitations.

Pinero eventually exhausted the *Batson*claim (now in Ground Two) and the claims in the second *coram nobis*motion (now in Ground Ten), but exhaustion did not make them timely. Ground Two was not raised until the first *coram nobis*motion (filed on 11/20/01). That was 25 days after the statute of limitations expired. Ground Ten was not raised until even later (the proposed Amended Petition written in March 2003).

Therefore, unless Pinero can show cause and prejudice for failure to raise the claims sooner, they are time-barred. *Coleman v. Thompson,*501 U.S. 722, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). “To establish ‘cause,’ petitioner must show that some objective external factor impeded his ability to comply with New York’s procedural rule.” *Restrepo v. Kelly,*178 F.3d 634, 638-39 (2d Cir.1999), citing *Coleman*and *Murray v. Carrier,*477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 2646, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986). *384Mr. Carter has shown no good cause. Accordingly, Petitioner has not met the requirement to show cause and prejudice to overcome the statutory time bar on those claims.

Moreover, those claims do not relate back to any of the claims raised by Pinero in his first habeas petition — not to those claims that were already exhausted by October 2001, and not to the claims that were later exhausted and contained in the proposed Amended Petition written in March 2003 (Docket Item # 5). In my May 4, 2005 Memorandum and Order I wrote:

> ... If the proposed Amended Petition contains any claim that was not exhausted before the one-year statute of limitations had run, then Mr. Carter must serve and file ... a memorandum of law. The memorandum of law must explain why there was good cause for petitioner’s failure to exhaust his claims. It must also explain why each such claim should be deemed to “relate back” to the October 2001 petition. See *Fama v. Commissioner of Correctional Services,*235 F.3d 804, 816 (2d Cir.2000). Judge Cote’s 12/13/01 order explained that, under Rule 15(c)(2), an added claim will relate back to the date of the original federal petition if the claim “arose out of the conduct, transaction or occurrence” that formed the basis of the original federal petition.

In *Mayle v. Felix,*545 U.S. 644, 125 S.Ct. 2562, 2566, 162 L.Ed.2d 582 (2005), the Supreme Court addressed the application of Rule 15(c)(2)14 in the context of habeas petitions by state prisoners. The Court wrote:

> The issue before us is one on which federal appellate courts have divided; Whether, under [Rule 15], Felix’s amended petition, filed after AEDPA’s one-year limitation and targeting his pretrial statements, relates back to the date of his original timely filed petition, which targeted the videotaped witness testimony. Felix urges, and the Court of Appeals held, that the amended petition qualifies for relation back because both the original petition and the amended pleading arose from the same trial and conviction. We reverse the Court of Appeals in this regard. An amended habeas petition, we hold, does not relate back (and thereby escape AEDPA’s one-year time limit) when it asserts a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those the original pleading set forth.

In my July 7, 2005 memorandum and order, I wrote:

> In view of *Felix,*it seems likely that, as of October 21, 2001 [actually October 26, 2001], the statute of limitations expired with respect to (a) the *Batson*ground in Pinero’s *pro se*proposed Amended Petition, and (b) the new grounds in Mr. Carter’s coram nobis application.

Nothing has convinced me otherwise. Neither Ground Two nor Ground Ten “arose out of the same conduct, transaction or occurrence ... attempted to be set forth in the original pleading.” Rule 15(c)(2). Grounds Two and Ten differ in time and type from the claims set forth in the original habeas petition. True, the original petition alleged some failures by *385appellate counsel; much later, some other failures were alleged in the Amended Petition’s Ground Ten,15 but they are different failures, and hence they do not relate back to the original petition.

Moreover, Ground Two and Ground Ten are based on facts of which Pinero was aware prior to October 26, 2001. During the trial, he was aware of the peremptory challenges, and aware of his parents’ allegation that the interpreter heard Delgado say that she was not telling the truth. On the direct appeal, Pinero was aware of which issues his appellate counsel’s brief was and was not presenting to the Appellate Division.

In sum, Ground Two and Ground Ten should be dismissed as time-barred.

B. *Ground Six*

Ground Six alleges trial counsel’s failure to push for a *Dunaway*hearing *(Dunaway v. New York,*442 U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2248, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979)), even though Justice Stadtmauer had granted Mr. Raskin’s request for such a hearing in an order filed on or about July 22, 1996. (See Exh. 13.) Mr. Raskin did pursue other types of pretrial hearing, including the hearing where Detective Ortiz testified about the contents of Pinero’s post-arrest statements. (Vol. 1 Tr. 63-140.) 16 The purpose of a *Dunaway*hearing would be to establish whether there was probable cause for the arrest. The police arrested Pinero after the eyewitness Delgado selected Pinero’s photo from the photo array; that was more than enough for probable cause.17 There was no chance that Mr. Raskin would have gained any benefit if he had followed up on the opportunity for a *Dunaway*hearing.

In short, Ground Six has no merit, even if we assume that it was exhausted and that it was raised prior to October 26, 2001.

Grounds Four and Five concern Pinero’s alibi defense. They raise issues of state law, and do not rise to a violation of the U.S. Constitution. I shall discuss Ground Five, and then Ground Four.

C. *Ground Five*— The *Prosecutor’s Cross-examination of Stephanie Baldes*

The defense proffered an alibi defense through Stephanie Baldes, Pinero’s former girlfriend; she testified at Tr. 785-859. She said that at the time of the murder, Pinero was with her and Richie Longo18 in *386Longo’s car, first at the Riverdale Riding Stables and then on the way to Long Island. (Tr. 802-04.) She also testified about Pinero’s appearance at the time — he was 6'1" or 6'2" tall, he “always” wore eyeglasses, and he had a scar over his left eye. (Tr. 790.) On recross-examination, the prosecutor asked Baldes “Do you recall stealing property May 14, 1986 ... in Toronto, Canada?” (Tr. 852.) At first, the court sustained defense counsel’s objection to that question. Then at side bar, ADA Zigman said he had been informed that on June 4, 1986, Ms. Baldes had pleaded guilty in Toronto to a theft that had occurred on or about May 15, 1986. As part of his effort to impeach her, he wanted to question her about the underlying facts of that conviction. Mr. Raskin objected. He advised the court that Pine-ro (Ms. Baldes’s former boyfriend) had told him confidentially about something that had occurred in Toronto, but the record was sealed because she had been 16 years old at the time. Neither lawyer nor the court had any documentary evidence about the Canadian proceeding. The judge responded: “The jury is entitled to know her background. I’ll change my ruling, but only as to the underlying facts.... I’m permitting some brief questioning on this subject.” (Tr. 855-56.) ADA Zigman proceeded to question her about her stealing property in Toronto. One of ADA Zigman’s questions began: “Did you admit *in court,*on June 4th, 1986 ... [that you did in fact steal property]?” (Tr. 857 emphasis added.) The judge again overruled Mr. Raskin’s objections, but the witness insisted she didn’t know what Mr. Zigman was talking about. (Tr. 856-59.)

Admissibility of evidence is fundamentally a matter of state law.19 Only if the trial court judge makes an error so extreme that it results in a fundamentally unfair trial does a federal habeas court have the authority to review the state judge’s evidentiary, discretionary ruling. In *Estelle v. McGuire,*502 U.S. 62, 112 S.Ct. 475, 480-81, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991), the Supreme Court reiterated this principle:

> We first inquire whether the admission of [certain] evidence justified habe-as relief. In ruling that McGuire’s due process rights were violated by the admission of the evidence, the Court of Appeals relied in part on its conclusion that the evidence was “incorrectly admitted ... pursuant to California law.” Such an inquiry, however, is no part of a federal court’s habeas review of a state conviction. We have stated many times that “federal habeas does not lie for errors of state law.” Today, we reemphasize that it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state court determinations on state law questions. In conducting habeas review, a federal court is limited to deciding whether a conviction violated the Constitution ... of the United States.

The prosecutor’s limited questioning of Baldes did not deprive Pinero of a fair trial.20 Mr. Zigman was not able to get *387the admission he wanted from her, so his purpose was somewhat thwarted in any event. The jury was free to believe all or part or none of her testimony. Mr. Zig-man’s questions about Toronto probably had little effect on the jury, certainly not to the extent to make the trial unfair. (Indeed, the appellate brief discussed this issue only in terms of New York law, probably because appellate counsel recognized it was not a Constitutional issue.)

D. *Ground Four*— The *Judge’s Instruction Concerning the Alibi Defense*

The alibi section of the judge’s charge was as follows:

> Now, jurors, you’ve also heard from a witness, Stephanie Baldes, who testified that at the time of the events in question, the defendant was with her and Richard Longo at the Riverdale Riding Stables and then went by car to Nassau County. On the basis of such testimony, the defendant contends that he cannot have committed the crimes charged. Now, this is known as an alibi defense. Alibi is a Latin word meaning elsewhere.

> As you know, it is the People’s responsibility to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all the elements of each crime including the fact that the defendant was present at the time and place of the incident. The defendant has no obligation to prove or disprove anything, including his whereabouts.

> The defendant is entitled to have the alibi testimony fairly treated like any other evidence in the case offered on his behalf. And if the evidence as to alibi, either by itself or when taken into consideration with all the other evidence, raises a reasonable doubt in your minds as to this defendant’s guilt, he is entitled to an acquittal.

> On the other hand, if it does not raise a reasonable doubt, then, of course, you may consider the other elements, whether or not the People have proved the other elements in the crime on the question of guilt.

(Tr. 999-1000.) Mr. Raskin had submitted a written request to charge, which had included a statement that “it is the People who must disprove the alibi beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Exh. 27.)21*388Pinero’s principal criticism — raised on appeal and repeated now — is that Justice Stadtmauer’s omission of those 13 words was error, and that the charge as given relieved the People of the burden of proving Pinero’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The People argued, and argue now, that under New York law, Mr. Ras-kin’s objections to the charge were insufficient. (Mem. Pp. 23-26.) The judge had previously said that he would grant Mr. Raskin’s request for an alibi charge in a general fashion; apparently they had discussed it off the record. (Tr. 984.) If the defense thought the portion with the 13 words to be crucial, it had a duty to alert the judge with more particularized objections, since the judge had not refused to give any alibi instruction at all. See *People v. Le Mieux,*51 N.Y.2d 981, 435 N.Y.S.2d 710, 416 N.E.2d 1045 (Ct.App.1980). But the defense did not object until after the verdict.

The Appellate Division did not address the merits of this belated objection. Instead, it ruled that Pinero’s “challenge to the alibi charge is not preserved for our review,” citing *People v. Whalen,*59 N.Y.2d 273, 464 N.Y.S.2d 454, 451 N.E.2d 212 (1983). In *Whalen,*the Court of Appeals clarified New York’s procedural rules regarding objections to a court’s charge, particularly in the context of identification and alibi. The Appellate Division’s citation of *Whalen*makes clear that these state law procedural rules were the basis for its rejection of Pinero’s complaints about the alibi instructions. A ruling based on an independent and adequate state ground will preclude federal habeas review unless the petitioner makes showings of (a) cause for the failure to follow the state’s procedural rules, and (b) prejudice resulting from a federal court’s failure to address the claim. *Coleman v. Thompson,*501 U.S. 722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); *Strickler v. Greene,*527 U.S. 263, 289, 119 S.Ct. 1936, 144 L.Ed.2d 286 (1999). Pinero has made neither showing. Our Court need not review the alibi charge.

However, even if Pinero had made both showings, it would not serve as a ground for habeas. As a general rule, jury instructions are governed by state law. There is ample Supreme Court precedent on this subject. In *Estelle v. McGuire,*502 U.S. 62, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991), the Supreme Court summarized the standard by which the federal court may evaluate the Constitutionality of a state court instruction:

> .... [T]he fact that the jury instruction was allegedly incorrect under state law is not a basis for habeas relief.... Federal habeas courts therefore do not grant relief, as might a state appellate court, simply because the instruction may have been deficient in comparison to the CALJIC model.... The only question for us is whether the ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.... It is well established that the instruction may not be judged in artificial isolation, but must be considered in the context of the instructions as a whole and the trial record. In addition, in reviewing an ambiguous instruction ... we inquire whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has applied the challenged instruction in a way that violates the Constitution.

112 S.Ct. at 482-83 (quotations and citations omitted). The Second Circuit has further explained:

> The reviewing court must examine the charge as a whole, see *Cupp v. Naughten,*414 U.S. 141, 146-47, 94 S.Ct. 396, 400-01, 38 L.Ed.2d 368 (1973) and assess “whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the in*389structions to allow conviction based on proof insufficient to meet” the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

*Vargas v. Keane,*86 F.3d 1273, 1277 (2d Cir.1996), quoting *Victor v. Nebraska,*511 U.S. 1, 6, 114 S.Ct. 1239, 127 L.Ed.2d 583, (1994). In addition, there is a long-standing presumption that a jury will follow its instructions. See *Watkins v. Sowders,*449 U.S. 341, 101 S.Ct. 654, 66 L.Ed.2d 549 (1981) (“Where identification evidence is at issue, however, no such special considerations justify a departure from the presumption that juries will follow instructions.”); *Zafiro v. United States,*506 U.S. 534, 541, 113 S.Ct. 933, 939, 122 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993), citing *Richardson v. Marsh,*481 U.S. 200, 208, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 1708, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987).

Justice Stadtmauer’s charge instructed the jury about the presumption of innocence. (Tr. 990.) He reiterated numerous times that the burden of proof was on the People to prove every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.22 There is no “reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the instructions to allow conviction based on proof insufficient to meet” the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

E. *Ground Nine*— Excessive *Sentence*

It is not clear whether Pinero is still pressing Ground Nine. In any event, it has no merit. As long as a state sentence is within the range permitted by state law, there is no federal issue. *White v. Keane,*969 F.2d 1381, 1383 (2d Cir.1992). Justice Stadtmauer sentenced Pinero to the maximum sentence then allowed by New York law for second-degree murder, — 25 years to life. See New York Penal Law § 70.00(2) and § 70.00(3)(a)(i). This sen-fence did not “amount[].to an improper, arbitrary or capricious abuse of discretion that deprived petitioner of his liberty.” *Herrera v. Artuz,*171 F.Supp.2d 146, 151 (S.D.N.Y.2001)(quotation and citations omitted).

F. *Ground One*— The *Evidence of Uncharged Crimes*

The prosecution theory was that the Walker murder was part of a pattern of extortionate activity in which Pinero participated. In a pretrial motion, the People sought permission to introduce evidence of uncharged crimes: extortion and arson (by persons other than Pinero) against Walker, and (shortly after Walker’s death), extortion against his replacement George Nash. Nash testified that before he took over the Bartow Avenue lot, his “partner” Richie Longo told him they would have to pay $10,000 to a third party to protect the trees at the Bartow Avenue location. Seven weeks after the murder of Nash’s predecessor, Pinero came to collect “for the big guy,” and told Nash that there would be “big trouble” if he did not pay the money. (Tr. 539.) Nash delivered the $10,000 to Pinero in two installments. When Nash paid the first installment ($2,500), he wrote up a receipt and William Pinero signed it with his initials “W.P.” (Tr. 503-505; the receipt was placed in evidence at Tr. 504.)

Prior to trial, Mr. Raskin objected on the grounds that there was no evidence linking Pinero to payments from Walker, or to the demands for money from Walker, or to the fires at 1925 Bartow Avenue, and that there was no evidence linking the Nash payments to the Walker situation. He moved to exclude these uncharged *390crimes, and argued that they were not probative of anything other than Pinero’s character or criminal propensity.

Justice Stadtmauer held a Ventimiglia23 hearing over the course of three days prior to jury selection. (Vol. 2, 7/11/97 Tr. pp. 1-50, 7/14 and 7/21/97 Tr. pp. 83-242.)

At the end of the hearing, he ruled that the jury could hear the evidence about the uncharged extortion conspiracy. He said:

> ... Now, it’s true that some of the prior crimes are not connected with this defendant directly. Nor is he charged or was he charged with respect to those crimes. In other words, the extortion of 1992 where $500 was paid at one point and $3000 at another point. The — if evidence of those extortions [against Walker] come[s] out then those are not necessarily prejudicial to this defendant because he is not identified as the person to whom those payments were made or that he was even involved in those payments so the prejudicial impact against [him] is minimal. The jury isn’t going to assume that he is of a criminal personality or that he is a career criminal or that he is an extortionist because of that and of course I am sure Mr. Raskin will point that out to the jury at the appropriate time. However, the testimony is relevant to show that there was a motive for this particular incident, for this particular crime which the defendant is charged. In light of the fact that this defendant was supposedly involved with current extortion threats and under those circumstances it is also an exception of which it comes clearly under the *Molineux*case.24

> * * * * * *

> ... The entire history of this business of fires and threat and firing bombing is all interwoven within the incident in question and it shows an absence of accidents. It shows a motive and as such it is an exception to the rule that clearly comes within the Moline[ ]ux exception. Now, that doesn’t mean that the jury ... can’t reject it or that the defense counsel can’t argue to the jury precisely what he is arguing to the Court right now. That it doesn’t relate to his client or that it’s unclear or that it’s not sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that his client had anything to do with it.... It is certainly relevant to explore the nature of that receipt and the intention for which that receipt was given by the defendant....

(Vol. 2, 7/21/97, Tr. 238-42).

On July 28, 1997, after jury selection, Justice Stadtmauer issued a written decision on this subject. (See Tr. 35-37.) His written decision25 said:

> [Proof of intent to kill] is a heavy burden which is not satisfied by proof that a person was merely present while a crime was taking place or even by proof that defendant had knowledge that certain events were about to unfold. *391Thus, to deny the People the opportunity to offer evidence of other crimes, would be to foreclose — in advance — any chance that they may have [possess] to meet their burden of proof. *The jury would be left to wander aimless and speculate as to just what the defendant was doing or intending when Walker was shot*[by the second man while Pine-ro allegedly restrained Ms. Delgado].

(Exh. 1, Appellant’s Br. pp. 9-10, quoting p. 4 of *Ventimiglia*Order.)

> s£ ‡ $ ijj #

> [T]he People should be afforded a reasonable opportunity at trial to develop their theory that the transaction with Nash was indicative of [defendant’s] involvement with the criminal enterprise, [defendant’s] knowledge and intent to participate in the extortion racket, and his not-so-innocent presence on the scene when Walker was shot. [The evidence would only be allowed] as background narrative, to explain defendant’s motive and shared intent to murder Walker, as well as the absence of any mistake or accident.

(Exh. 2, People’s Br. pp. 12-13, quoting pp. 4-5 of *Ventimiglia*Order pp. 4-5.)

At trial, the evidence of the extortion scheme was presented through the testimony of Mr. Walker’s widow Donna Wie-haus Walker (Tr. 52-81), Dirceline Delgado (Tr. 157-324), two New York City Fire Marshals (Tr. 330-358), and George Nash (Tr. 492-564).

*Walker’s Widow*

Donna Walker testified as follows. In 1992 “some people” were threatening to cause problems for her husband and he paid them $500. (Tr. 71.) She had seen Pinero before, but she couldn’t remember where or when. Her husband never mentioned Pinero to her. In 1993, some people approached her husband again, asking for $3,000, but he decided not to pay. After that, his lot was firebombed. (Tr. 69-72.)

In October 1994, someone else’s trailer appeared on the lot. Her husband thought perhaps it had something to do with the year before. (Tr. 73.) There had been problems between her husband and “Frankie Boy” Porcaro, who did not like the fact that her husband had a separate business selling watermelons (which competed with Porcaro). (Tr. 77-81.)

On November 2, 1994, around 3:15 p.m., she was in Florida talking on the phone with her husband. She heard commotion and a loud noise like a scream, and she heard her husband say “This is it.” Then she heard a gun shot. She heard Delgado say “Donna, call the police,” and the phone went dead. (Tr. 55-56.)

*Dirceline Delgado*

Delgado testified that she worked for Glenn Walker, and that she always handled the money. In November 1992, two men came to the tree lot and took Walker away in a car for 40 or 50 minutes. When they came back, Walker told her to give $500 to the two men. One of the men was Frankie Porcaro from Frankie Boy’s Produce (Tr. 256); she handed him the $500. The payment was “for protection of the place.” (Tr. 165.) After a couple of weeks, during which she and Walker sold many trees, Porcaro came back and demanded more money; at Walker’s direction she paid $3,000 to Porcaro. In 1993, “they demanded but he didn’t pay.” (Tr. 167.) In December 1993, “they set fire on the place twice.” (Tr. 170.) Many trees and the wooden fences were burned both times.

There were no payments in 1994. Por-caro told Walker, “I’m going to kill you.” (Tr. 312.) In October 1994, Delgado and Walker saw a trailer parked on their lot. *392They questioned the person in the trailer, who said he had a rent contract and that he would be selling trees on the lot.

She never saw Pinero until November 2, 1994, when he held her down while a second man shot and killed Walker. (Tr. 226.)

*The Two Fire Marshals*

Next, two fire marshals testified about the two fires in 1993.

*Fire Marshal Richard Hamson*testified at Tr. 331-40. He went to the Bartow Avenue location at 3:00 a.m. on December 4, 1993,26 in response to a report of a fire. There he found a 40-ounce beer bottle that smelled of gasoline; it could have been thrown across the fence onto the Christmas tree lot. He determined that the fire had been started by open flame (such as matches or a lighter). He determined that the cause of the fire was non-accidental. (Tr. 337.)

*Fire Marshal Michael Owney*testified at Tr. 340-58. On December 3, 1993, one day earlier than Harrison, Owney had gone to the Bartow Avenue location at 8:00 a.m. He found that 335 trees were damaged by fire. He eliminated “act of God” and “accidental” as causes of the fire. He found two bottles that had contained a liquid consistent with gasoline, and he smelled gasoline in the area of origin. (Tr. 346.) Walker was not very cooperative with the investigation, but he did give Ow-ney “a name or a partial name.” No arrests were made.

After the fire marshals testified, the judge discussed with the lawyers his proposed instruction to the jury regarding the above evidence. (Tr. 359-61.) He then gave this instruction to the jury at Tr. 364:

> ... I want to give you a brief instruction concerning the testimony that you heard today.

> Now, you’ve just heard the testimony of two fire marshals, regarding their investigations of two fires, one which occurred on December 3d, 1993 at 1925 Bartow Avenue and another which occurred on December 4th, 1993 at the same location.

> You must remember that the defendant is not accused of setting those fires and you may not draw any inference from this evidence that this defendant was responsible for those fires.

> The testimony is offered by the People in order to aid the jury by describing the background of the events prior to the incident which occurred at 405 Hunts Point Avenue on November 2nd, 1994.

*George Nash*

George Nash testified at Tr. 492-564. In late 1994, he began selling trees at 1925 Bartow Avenue. He agreed with Richie Longo to pay “a protection fee.” (Tr. 546.) On December 21, 1994, seven weeks after the murder of Walker, a man called Billy (whom Nash later identified as William Pinero) came to Nash to collect the money for Richie Longo. (Tr. 505.) Nash showed the jury a receipt he wrote that night for $2,500; he had written the text, which said: “Sold to Richie Longo. Paid on account against Richie’s Bartow Avenue protect share. Picked up by Billy.” It was signed “W.P.” by William Pinero. (Tr. 501, 505-08.) The next morning Nash and Pinero went to Nash’s bank. Nash withdrew $7,500 and handed it to Pinero; *393Nash noted this on the carbon copy of the receipt from the night before. (Tr. 507.)

The Appellate Division ruled:

> The court properly exercised its discretion in receiving evidence of uncharged crimes, not all of which directly involved defendant himself, as evidence of motive and background, completing the narrative of events. The challenged evidence, taken as a whole and in connection with the other evidence adduced at trial, provided strong circumstantial proof that defendant and his companion, acting as agents of a criminal conspiracy, killed the deceased, a vendor of Christmas trees, because he stopped paying protection money. The nexus between defendant, the various events, and the instant crime was clearly established.

706 N.Y.S.2d at 29 (citation omitted).

In *Estelle v. McGuire,*502 U.S. 62, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991), McGuire was -convicted of murdering his baby daughter. He was charged with inflicting the very recent injuries that showed on her body. But the jury also heard “evidence of rectal tearing, which was at least six weeks old, and evidence of partially healed rib fractures, which were approximately seven weeks old.” 112 S.Ct. at 478. Federal habeas was granted by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which ruled that the judge should have precluded the “prior injury” evidence “because no evidence linked McGuire to the prior injuries and no claim had been made at trial that the baby died accidentally.” *Id.*at 479. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed and wrote:

> We conclude that the evidence of prior injuries presented at McGuire’s trial, whether it was directly liked to McGuire or not, was probative on the question of the intent with which the person who caused the injuries acted.

> ‡ ‡ * * #

> [Njothing in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires the State to refrain from introducing relevant evidence simply because the defense chooses not to contest the [question of intent].

> * * *% %** *%*

> We therefore hold that neither the introduction of the challenged evidence, nor the jury instruction as to its use, “so infused the trial with unfairness as to deny due process of law.” *Lisenba v. California,*314 U.S. 219, 228, 62 S.Ct. 280, 286, 86 L.Ed. 166. 314 U.S. 219, 62 S.Ct. 280, 86 L.Ed. 166 (1941); see also *Donnelly v. DeChristoforo,*416 U.S., at 643, 94 S.Ct., at 1871.

*Estelle v. McGuire,*112 S.Ct. at 480, 481, 484.

In addition to the cautionary instruction at Tr. 364, Justice Stadtmauer included the following in his final jury instructions:

> I have also allowed the People to introduce evidence that on another occasion this defendant committed an antisocial or wrong act,27 other than that which he is charged with. And I’m referring to his requesting of money from George Nash. I repeat, as I did at the time such evidence was admitted, that the fact that this defendant may have committed such an antisocial or wrong act is no proof whatsoever that he possessed a propensity or disposition to commit the crimes charged in this in*394dictment or any other crime. It is not offered for that purpose and you must not consider it for that purpose.

> Instead, the People offer such evidence solely for the purpose of showing that the defendant had a motive to commit the crime charged.

> Now, although motive is not an element of any of the crimes charged and need not be proved by the People, nevertheless, I have permitted evidence of motive, which is up to the jury to determine whether they wish to consider it, and I charge you that the evidence may be considered by you only for that limited purpose and for none other.

> Now, the fact that I allowed you to hear such evidence should not be considered by you that I have any opinion as to its value to prove that purpose. The sufficiency of such evidence to prove the purpose for which it is offered is solely a question for the jury. If you find it insufficient and of no value, disregard it. If you find it sufficiently probative of that purpose, you may give it such weight as you believe it deserves.

> If you do consider it, it will then be your duty to consider that evidence together with all the other evidence in the case in déciding whether the People have proved the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes charged.

(Tr. 1005-07.)

Mr. Raskin’s summation elected not to discuss the evidence of an extortion conspiracy. ADA Zigman’s summation discussed it at Tr. 933-45 and 953-55.

The jury was aware that it could consider this evidence of uncharged “wrong acts” on the issues of motive and intent. Nothing in the instructions allowed a juror to consider this as “propensity evidence.” Even if a petitioner could show that it was erroneous to allow a certain item of evidence, this does not amount to a denial of due process unless “the item was sufficiently material to provide the basis for conviction or to remove a reasonable doubt that would have existed on the record without it.” *Dunnigan v. Keane,*137 F.3d 117 at 125 (2d Cir.1998), quoting *Estelle,*at 69, 112 S.Ct. 475. It is also worth noting that, in a Federal trial, Federal Evidence Rule 404(b) permits evidence of uncharged crimes if that evidence is offered for “a purpose other than to prove the defendant’s bad character or criminal propensity, ... and so long as that evidence is not substantially more prejudicial than probative .... ” *United States v. Myerson,*18 F.3d 153, 166 (2d Cir.1994) (internal citations omitted).

G. *Grounds Three and Eight*— “Taint*ed” Photo Array*

Ground Three alleges that Delgado’s identification of Pinero in a photo array was tainted because (1) Pinero’s photo was “markedly different from the other five photos shown ... in terms of tint and color,” a difference that caused it to stand out, and (2) his picture was the only photo in the array in which the man had a “thin as opposed to heavy mustache.”28 Detective Ortiz and Police Officer Rosado *395showed the photo array to Ms. Delgado on June 15, 1995. At the *Wade*hearing, Mr. Raskin stated, at Tr. 230, that when he looked closely at the photo of Pinero in the first array,29 he was able to discern “a light mustache,” although at first he thought there was none.

Detective William Ortiz and Detective Wanda Rosado testified; they had shown the photo array to Delgado. (See Ortiz at Vol. 1, H.Tr. 30-38, 144-161; Rosado at Vol. 1, H.Tr. 182-84.) After listening to them, and after viewing the photo array himself, at the end of the hearing, Justice Statdmauer announced his decision at Vol. 1, H.Tr. 231-34. He made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law (among others):

> ... Detective Ortiz and Detective Ro-sado ... show[ed Delgado] a photo array, ... and the witness identified the defendant, whose photograph is Number 3 on that photo display folder.

> Now in looking at this array, it is true that the defendant is the only one without a heavy mustache, however, he does have facial hair of various types and what I perceive to be a light mustache. But what’s more important is that the general racial and facial characteristics of all six of these photographs are strikingly similar. They all appear to be of the same general age, appearance, the same hair coloring, and as far as I can see there is no apparent or readily apparent racial distinctions among these six persons who were displayed in this photo array. The skin coloring is the same. The eyes are the same. All of them have more or less the same type of eyebrows. I would say all except number two have some type of beard around the chin area.

> I see nothing suggestive insofar as this photo array is concerned and there is nothing to suggest in the testimony adduced at the hearing that the police in any way engaged in any kind of improper conduct in order to suggest to the witness to select the defendant’s photograph from this photo array.

> [He then proceeded to discuss the lineup, which he found was “perfectly fair.”]

> So it is the judgment of this court that the People have shown by clear and convincing evidence that the identification procedure used by the police was in no way suggestive, was totally reliable and the witness will be permitted to make an in-court identification of the defendant as the person who was involved in this crime[.]

On appeal, Mr. Linder’s brief raised the suggestiveness of the photo array as Point Two. The Appellate Decision did not expressly address this issue, but at the end of its decision stated: “We have considered and rejected defendant’s remaining claims.”30 This is an “adjudication on the merits” for purposes of § 2254 “even [though] the state court does not explicitly refer to either the federal claim or to relevant federal case law.” See *Howard v. Walker,*406 F.3d 114 (2d Cir.2005), *Sellan v. Kuhlman,*261 F.3d 303, 312 (2d Cir.2001). Therefore, the federal habeas court may address the claim asserted.

There is ample Supreme Court precedent on when the suggestiveness of *396pretrial identification procedures, such as photo arrays and lineup, taint the in-court identification process. “[Reliability] is the linchpin in determining the admissibility of identification testimony....” *Manson v. Brathwaite,*432 U.S. 98, 97 S.Ct. 2243, 53 L.Ed.2d 140 (1977); *Neil v. Biggers,*409 U.S. 188, 93 S.Ct. 375, 34 L.Ed.2d 401 (1972). The first step is to determine whether the array is impermissibly suggestive, that is, “so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.” *Neil,*93 S.Ct. at 381, *citing and quoting Simmons v. U.S.,*390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). Here, Justice Stadtmauer found that the photo array was not suggestive at all, and that there was no “improper conduct” on the part of the police in creating it or presenting it to Delgado. There is no reason to disagree with that conclusion, let alone to call it unreasonable.

Ground Eight was in the original petition but was not addressed in the recent habeas papers. It refers to testimony that was stricken. Hence Ground Eight has no merit.

H. *Ground Seven*— The *Scar*

Ground Seven alleges that Pinero “was deprived of Due Process and a fair trial by the Court’s refusal to allow the Defense to publish his scar to the jury unless petitioner testified.”

Stephanie Baldes’s testimony (Tr. 786-859), included the following exchange at Tr. 790:

> MR. RASKIN: While you lived with Mr. Pinero, from January of 1994 till May of 1995, did he ever have a mous-tache?

> THE COURT: A what?

> MR. RASKIN: Moustache.

> THE COURT: Moustache.

> MS. BALDES: No, he never did.

> MR. RASKIN: Did he wear glasses?

> MS. BALDES: All the time.

> MR. RASKIN: Did he have any distinguishing marks or features on his face?

> MS. BALDES: Yes, he has a scar above his left eye.

> MR. RASKIN: How tall is Mr. — how tall was Mr. Pinero when you lived with him from January of ’94 to May of ’95?

> MS. BALDES: Six-one, six-two, around there.

After Ms. Baldes finished, but before the defense rested, Mr. Raskin addressed Justice Stadtmauer about Pinero’s scar:

> MR. RASKIN: There’s been testimony about detectives and notations about any scars on Mr. Pinero’s head. There has been testimony they didn’t observe any. The testimony by Ms. Baldes is he has a scar over his left eye. It is my application that the scar be published to the jury and with my client being allowed to walk in front of the jury and let them see the scar. And I will not be calling my client to testify.

> :¡: * * * * ❖

> I do wish to publish the scar on the head. The jury can’t see it from where they are .... and then I intend to rest.

> THE COURT: [Mr. Zigman’s] objection is sustained.

> It is my view that this is demonstrative evidence which is testimonial in nature. We have no idea when that scar was created or whether *it was*there at such time as you claim the detective should have seen it [more than a year ago].

> }]: * * * •'!: *

> Then if this defendant wishes to exhibit that sear, then he’s going to have to subject himself to cross-examination *397of the District Attorney. It’s testimonial in nature, and as an alternative, I would suggest that if you have a photograph of defendant that was taken at a certain particular time, you can offer that photograph in evidence if you want. But I will not permit that type of a demonstration.

> MR. RASKIN: Judge, I respectfully except.... It is not testimonial in nature and to deny me this request may be error....

> THE COURT: I believe that it is testimonial and that the District Attorney has a right to question him about it. If you want to put him under oath, and then let him testify when he got that scar or how he got it or whatever, then that’s another matter. But at this point, I will not permit the exhibit of that scar in front of the jury.

> ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

> You can argue to the jury that they should believe her testimony that he had this scar. That’s up to you.

Mr. Raskin did argue this to the jury at Tr. 938-39.

In essence, the judge ruled that a foundation was lacking. That was a issue of New York law. Justice Stadtmauer also opined that it would be “testimonial” if Pinero were to walk in front of the jurors to show them his scar. Under federal law, including Supreme Court precedent, that may be incorrect. See *United States v. Agurs,*427 U.S. 97, 96 S.Ct. 2392, 49 L.Ed.2d 342 (1976); *United States v. Dionisio,*410 U.S. 1, 93 S.Ct. 764, 35 L.Ed.2d 67 (1973). Even so, a defendant does not have a right to have the jury see every possible bit of evidence. The trial judge always has discretion regarding evi-dentiary rulings. *Holmes v. South Carolina,*547 U.S. 319, 126 S.Ct. 1727, 1732-33, 164 L.Ed.2d 503 (2006).

On appeal, Mr. Linder’s brief argued that the decision violated Pinero’s right to a fair trial, citing *Crane v. Kentucky,*476 U.S. 683, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), and *Chambers v. Mississippi,*410 U.S. 284, 93 S.Ct. 1038, 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973). But *Crane*and *Chambers*were clarified by a Supreme Court decision the year before Pinero’s trial, namely, *Montana v. Egelhoff,*518 U.S. 37, 116 S.Ct. 2013, 2021-22, 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996), which said:

> . Thus, the holding of *Chambers*— if one can be discerned from such a fact-intensive case — is certainly not that a defendant is denied “a fair opportunity to defend against the State’s accusations” whenever “critical evidence” favorable to him is excluded, but that erroneous evi-dentiary rulings can, in combination, rise to the level of a due process violation.

> [T]hat opinion makes perfectly clear that we were *not*setting forth an absolute entitlement to introduce crucial, relevant evidence.... *Crane*does nothing to undermine the principle that the introduction of relevant evidence can by limited by the State for a “valid” reason ....

Justice Stadtmauer did not rule contrary to, or unreasonably apply, Supreme Court precedent. Neither did the Appellate Division when it said:

> Any error in the court’s refusal to permit defendant to display his facial scar to the jury did not result in prejudice to him in view of the minimal probative value of the scar and the fact that defendant made the jury aware of the scar in any event. We also note that *398there was overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt.

706 N.Y.S.2d at 29.

' *CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION*

For all the reasons set forth above, I recommend that Judge Cote deny Pinero’s habeas petition.

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Rule 72(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, any party may object to this recommendation within 10 business days after being served with a copy, i.e., no later than June 14, 2007, by filing written objections with the Clerk of the U.S. District Court and mailing copies (a) to the opposing party, (b) to the Hon. Denise L. Cote, U.S.D.J. at Room 1040, 500 Pearl Street, New York, N.Y. 10007 and (c) to me at Room 1360, 500 Pearl Street, New York, N.Y. 10007. Failure to file objections within 10 business days will preclude appellate review. *Thomas v. Arn,*474 U.S. 140, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985); *Small v. Secretary of Health and Human Services,*892 F.2d 15, 16 (2d Cir.1989) *(per*curiam); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72, 6(a), and 6(e). Any request for an extension of time must be addressed to the District Judge.

May 25, 2007

*399EXHIBIT A

1

. This finding rests on the following chronology. Pinero's conviction became final on October 26, 2000. His habeas petition was received by the district court within one year of that date, on October 22, 2001. He filed his first *coram nobis*motion on November 20, 2001 — after the one-year statute of limitations expired. By order dated June 27, 2003, Magistrate Judge Eaton instructed Pinero to file his second *coram nobis*motion by July 28, 2003, and to provide to the court a detailed affirmation “within 30 days after Pinero receives the final decision by the state court.” Pinero filed the motion in compliance with Magistrate Judge Eaton’s order, and the New York Court of Appeals issued its final decision denying the motion on September 13, 2004. Pinero, however, did not inform the court of this decision until March 8, 2006.

2

. Pinero appears to argue that there was error in the prosecution's suggestion that Walker’s murder was part of an extortion "conspiracy,” because Pinero was charged only with accomplice liability, and not conspiratorial liability. There is no merit to this claim. The prosecution's, and trial court's, use of the word “conspiracy” to describe the sequence of events concerning Christmas tree vendors in a certain Bronx location does not bear in any way on the particular theory of liability under which Pinero was convicted.

1

. The transcripts are in five volumes. The page numbering restarts four times. Vol. 1 contains pp. 1-238, which cover the *Huntley-Wade*hearings on 5/28 and 5/29/97; Vol. 2 contains pp. 1-243, which cover the *Ventimig-lia*hearing on 7/11, 7/14 and 7/21/97; Vol. 3 contains pp. 1-337, which cover the Voir Dire on 7/21, 7/22 and 7/23; Vol. 4 contains pp. 1-568, which, after a few more pages from 7/23, cover the first four days of trial (7/28, 7/29, 7/30 and 7/31); Vol. 5 contains pp. 570-1055, which cover the last four days of trial (8/4, 8/5, 8/6 and 8/7/97). In my Report, any reference to "Tr.” which does not give a volume number will refer to the transcript of the trial.

2

. Pinero was charged as an accomplice. The shooter was identified as Michael Kealing; he was arrested but was never prosecuted. ADA Zigman explained to Justice Stadtmauer that prior to 1997 the shooter began serving a Pennsylvania sentence of more than 70 years, and therefore he could not begin serving any sentence for this 1994 murder unless he lived to be 95. (Vol. 1 5/28/97 Tr. 21.)

3

. Point Five was an outdated *"Trowbridge*claim.” *People v. Trowbridge,*305 N.Y. 471, 113 N.E.2d 841 (Ct.App.1953), construed New York’s then Code of Criminal Procedure § 393-b and found that it was reversible error to allow a police officer to "bolster” a victim’s identification by testifying that he saw the victim identify the defendant. Long ago, *Trowbridge*was superseded by Criminal Procedure Law § 60.25, see *People v. Lagana,*36 N.Y.2d 71, 365 N.Y.S.2d 147, 324 N.E.2d 534 (1975).

4

. Delgado was from Brazil and her native language was Portuguese. Her English and Spanish were quite limited. (Vol. 1, Tr. 31.)

5

. In that 440 motion, Mr. Carter stated: "During trial, Pinero witnessed that his attorney possessed a police report in which Delgado stated that Pinero was wearing a mask at the time in question.” (Exh. 25, Letter Brief, p. 1, with my emphasis.) Mr. Carter’s only citation is to "Exh. A,” which is merely his own Affirmation and contains no factual support or citations to the record. In the record before me, the idea that the perpetrators wore masks came out of the mouth of Pinero, who said that he heard this from Longo, who allegedly heard this from "Kenny.” (See Det. Ortiz’s testimony at Tr. 398.)

6

.On September 27, 2006, Mr. Carter sent me a supplemental letter brief, but he has not advised me whether he filed a third *coram nobis*motion.

7

. Pinero retained but renumbered some items from his first petition; I have used his new numbers.

8

. In his 11/15/05 letter brief at p. 1, n. 1, Mr. Carter wrote: "Here petitioner does not assert his claim of jury misconduct.” I assume he was withdrawing the portion of Ground Ten alleging that jurors were sleeping. That allegation was raised for the first time in the second *coram nobis*motion.

9

.Five months later, ADA Blanchard argued that the 90-day period to petition for certiora-ri should not be counted, with the result that "petitioner's whole petition is time barred,” citing *Noble v. Kelly,*246 F.3d 93, 97 (2d Cir.2001). I disagree. See *Clay v. United States,*537 U.S. 522, 526, 123 S.Ct. 1072, 1077-1078, 155 L.Ed.2d 88 (2003); *Doe v. Menefee,*391 F.3d 147 (2d Cir.2004).

10

. See 10/31/05 Mem. pp. 3-8. (She also argues abuse of the writ.)

11

. On March 8, 2006, Mr. Carter filed a motion on our court’s Electronic Case Filing ("ECF”) system, even though this case had never been designated as an ECF case. As a result, I did not learn of the motion for two months, as recounted in my Memorandum and Order dated May 10, 2006.

12

. In a letter to me dated March 13, 2007, (attached to this Report and Recommendation as Exh. A), Mr. Carter says that he has decided that he previously made "an unnecessary argument concerning time-bar.” He now says:

> [BJecause counsel timely moved to reopen Petitioner’s habeas litigation [actually his August 2004 motion sought further delay of the habeas litigation], irrespective of whether or not counsel should have moved to litigate the post conviction matters which Petitioner ultimately exhausted, ... the issue of whether Petitioner's claims that he sought to exhaust are time-barred, is misplaced, because Petitioner’s habeas petition was properly stayed.... Thus, counsel is writing this Court to clarify that Petitioner's position is that none of his habeas claims before this Court are time barred. Counsel’s analysis concerning the issue of time bar [wa]s unnecessary, because Petitioner’s petition was properly stayed and therefore his time to pursue those remedies did not expire.

> I disagree. Regardless of whether I would end the stay *nunc pro tunc*as of 30 days after the Court of Appeals decision (as urged by ADA Blanchard), it is now clear that *the claims involved in my 6/27/03 stay never related back to October 2001.*Therefore, even if Mr. Carter had sent me a timely report about the Court of Appeals decision, that would not change the ultimate result. The purpose of a *Zarvela*stay is to allow a petitioner to go to state court to exhaust a claim *that has been presented to the federal court within the one-year deadline.*A *Zarvela*stay does not assure that every stayed claim will be automatically eligible to be evaluated on the merits. Even if a petitioner obeys the conditions of a *Zaivela*stay, the "amended petition does not relate back (and thereby escape AEDPA’s one-year time limit) if it asserts a new ground for relief supported by facts that differ in both time and type from those set forth in the original pleading.” Ma*yle v. Felix,*545 U.S. 644, 650, 125 S.Ct. 2562, 2566, 162 L.Ed.2d 582 (2005).

13

. Johnson's federal conviction was before AEDPA; therefore he was entitled to the one-year grace period, resulting in a deadline of April 24, 1997 to file a federal § 2255 motion. On April 25, 1997, he filed a motion in federal court for a 60-day extension of time to file a § 2255 motion. The District Court denied the motion because the AEDPA period had expired, but denied it without prejudice to claiming any alternative limitation period under the statute.

In deciding the ultimate § 2255 motion, the District Court did treat the state vacatur as a “factual predicate,” but it nonetheless denied the motion because it found that Johnson had not been diligent enough in seeking the *state*remedy — he had waited too long to file his state petition. Once he prevailed on his state petition, he returned to federal court with his § 2255 motion three months after the vaca-tur. But he had not filed his state petition until February 6, 1998 — more than three years after entry of judgment in the federal criminal case (11/29/94) and 21 months after his federal conviction became final.

14

. F.R.Civ.P.Rule 15(c): "An amendment of a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading when ... (2) the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading....”

15

. Ground Ten asserts that appellate counsel were ineffective because they failed to raise a claim of ineffectiveness of trial counsel in that he (a) failed to use probative impeachment material, (b) failed to alert the trial court to juror misconduct, and (c) failed to properly advise his client of his options regarding a particular plea offer.

16

. Detective Ortiz testified about the contents of Pinero's post-arrest statement at both the hearing (Vol. 1, Tr. 63-140) and at trial (Tr. 391-425).

17

. At page 6 of his 11/15/05 letter brief, Mr. Carter asserts: "The problem is that such identification [by Delgado] did not occur until after Petitioner had been arrested for the crimes in question.” This assertion, at best, is a semantic one. Ms. Delgado selected Pinero’s photo from the photo array on June 15, 1995. (Vol. 1, Tr. 35-37.) That formed the probable cause for the arrest, which did not occur until seven months later, on January 30, 1996. Only then was it possible to have a lineup, at which Delgado identified Pinero for a second time. At p. 7, Mr. Carter complains that "the jury never became aware as to how Petitioner became a suspect.” He does not explain how Pinero would have benefited if that information were presented to the jury.

18

.George Nash had testified at Tr. 490-564. He had told the jury as follows. Shortly after the murder, Nash replaced the deceased as the seller of Christmas trees at 1925 Bartow Avenue. Richie Longo was Nash’s "partner” *386and told him that they would have to pay $10,000 for protection. Nash agreed, and the money was collected by Pinero. (Tr. 495-96, 505, 531, 540, 546.)

19

. In this instance, the admissibility issue is the extent to which a questioner may impeach a witness by asking about a juvenile conviction or in-court proceedings. Under New York law, for example, it appears that a witness may not be questioned about a youthful offender adjudication, but may be asked about acts underlying that adjudication. *People v. Cook,*37 N.Y.2d 591, 595, 376 N.Y.S.2d 110, 113, 338 N.E.2d 619 (1975).

20

. ADA Blanchard also argues that this issue was procedurally barred — was not preserved *387for appellate review because trial counsel's objection was not sufficiently specific to meet the requirements of NYCPL Rule 470.05(2). (Mem. pp. 35-37.) Arguably, though, the focus should not be on that procedural rule but on the substance of Justice Stadtmauer’s ruling — his was the last reasoned opinion. See *Serrano v. Fischer,*412 F.3d 292, 297 (2d Cir.2005), citing *Ylst v. Nunnemaker,*501 U.S. 797, 803, 111 S.Ct. 2590, 2594-95, 115 L.Ed.2d 706 (1991). And the Appellate Division included this among those "remaining issues” which it had “considered and rejected,” which counts as an adjudication on the merits. However, there is no need to get into that debate; this issue presents no Constitutional issue.

21

. Under New York law, "The People have the burden of disproving an alibi beyond a reasonable doubt and, therefore, a charge regarding an alibi must unequivocally convey that burden to the jury.” *People v. Victor,*62 N.Y.2d 374, 477 N.Y.S.2d 97, 465 N.E.2d 817 (Ct.App.1984). But see *People v. Warren,*76 N.Y.2d 773, 559 N.Y.S.2d 954, 559 N.E.2d 648 (Ct.App.1990) (“Under the facts presented in this case, where the only contested issue was whether the accused was, in fact, the person who committed the crime, we need not reverse merely because the court did not tell the jury that the People must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, both that the defendant was the actor present at the crime scene and that he was not elsewhere at the same time.”) 559 N.Y.S.2d at 956, 559 N.E.2d 648. See also *People v. Watford,*146 A.D.2d 590, 592, 536 N.Y.S.2d 835, 836 (2d Dep’t 1989)(the People had the burden to disprove the alibi beyond a reasonable doubt, but the failure to use those precise words was not erroneous, where the charge as a whole conveyed the proper burden of proof).

22

. See, e.g., Tr. 986-88, 990, 995, 996, 998, 999, 1003, 1004, 1005-06, 1009, 1011, 1013, 1014.

23

. *People*v. *Ventimiglia,*52 N.Y.2d 350, 438 N.Y.S.2d 261, 420 N.E.2d 59 (Ct.App.1981).

24

. *People v. Molineux,*168 N.Y. 264, 293, 61 N.E. 286 (Ct.App.1901), gave rise to "the Mol-ineux rule”: "Generally speaking, evidence of other crimes is competent to prove the specific crime charged when it tends to establish (1) motive; (2) intent; (3) the absence of mistake or accident; (4) a common scheme or plan embracing the commission of two or more crimes so related to each other that proof of one tends to establish the others; [or] (5) the identity of the person charged with the commission of the crime on trial.” Over the years the New York courts have interpreted and expanded on these basic exceptions, but the *Molineux*guidelines remain good law.

25

.The written order is not in the record before me, but it is partially quoted by both sides in their briefs to the Appellate Division.

26

. The transcript at Tr. 334 says "September,” but at Tr. 364 the judge made clear that the date was December 4, 1993.

27

. The judge used this phrase ("anti-social or wrong act”) rather than "uncharged crimes” or "bad acts.” This was a modification of the language in the New York Pattern Jury Instructions. The judge made this change in part at the request of Mr. Raskin, after both attorneys discussed this part of the proposed instructions at Tr. 970-81.

28

. Delgado was from Brazil and had only been in the United States for a few years. Her native language was Portuguese, and though she could communicate in Spanish and English, she was far from fluent. When the police interviewed her, they conversed in a combination of English, Spanish and hand motions. (Delgado at Tr. 195-96, 226-227; Munoz at Tr. 610; Ortiz at Vol. 1, H.Tr. 31-32, Rosado at Vol. 1, H.Tr. 214-16.) Mr. Raskin attacked her identification in part based on the language gap between her and the police. According to Detective Munoz, she indicated to him that the white man had “a slight mustache, a thin mustache.” (Munoz at Tr. 598; see also Delgado at Tr. 196.)

29

. After she had picked Pinero, they showed her a second array, but she did not choose any of the pictures in that one. (Pinero's photo was not in the second group.)

30

. Mr. Linder's 5/30/00 letter to Judge Albert M. Rosenblatt requesting leave to appeal did not discuss the identification issue substantively, but it did specifically refer to Point 2 of the Appellate Brief and Reply Brief. Therefore it is exhausted, not abandoned.