nist United States Department of Commerce

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards and Technology

NIST Special Publication 941

Free Trade Area of the Americas Hca i(FTAA)

Conformity Assessment Infrastructure

Carmina Londono
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2 Some elements at Boulder, CO.
NIST Special Publication 941

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

Conformity Assessment Infrastructure

Carmina Londono

Office of Standards Services

Global Standards Program

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001

July 1999

U.S. Department of Commerce

William M. Daley, Secretary

Technology Administration

Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Raymond G. Kammer, Director
National Institute of Standards U.S. Government Printing Office

and Technology Washington: 1999

Special Publication 941

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 941

92 pages (July 1999)

CODEN: NSPUE2

For sale by the Superintendent

of Documents

U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, DC 20402
Foreword

The Office of Standards Services periodically develops and publishes standards-related

documents as a service to producers and users of standards and conformity assessment programs,

both in government and in the private sector. This report is complementary to NIST Special

Publication 912, Profiles of National Standards-Related Activities, and is designed to provide the

reader with additional information about the conformity assessment infrastructure of the

countries in the Western Hemisphere that will make up the Free Trade Area of the Americas

(FTAA). We hope that this material is informative, helps businesses make appropriate contacts

and will serve to stimulate a wider understanding of conformity assessment and trade in the

Americas.

iii
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank NIST standards attaches Ileana Martinez in Brasil and Ivan Rios in Mexico,

NIST colleagues Henry Oppermann, Sharrill Dittmann, Mary Saunders, Libby Parker and Walter

Leight for their timely inputs, updates and personal support. Thanks also to Aubrey Ponce and

Karen Lusk for their invaluable computer support.

I would also like to thank all the participants of the NIST Standards in Trade Workshops for the

Americas, who provided and verified information on the conformity assessment activities of

their corresponding organizations and countries. Their time and effort are greatly appreciated. I would like to thank all the friends and colleagues I have met and made while gathering the

information for this publication.

iv
Abstract

This publication summarizes the status of the technical infrastructure for conformity assessment

in the Americas. It provides information about inspection and testing, product certification,

quality system registration and laboratory accreditation for the countries that will comprise the

Free Trade Area of the Americas.

Key words: Conformity assessment, Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), laboratory

accreditation, metrology, product certification, quality system registration, standards, Technical

Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT), World Trade Organization (WTO).

v

Table of Contents

Foreword iii

Acknowledgments iv

Abstract v

Introduction 1

Section I: FTAA Countries Conformity Assessment Infrastructure 4

Section II: Membership in International and Regional Bodies 39

Section III: Contact Information 55

Useful Web Sites 70

Selected Acronyms 71

Appendix A: Bibliography 72

Appendix B: Surveys 73

vii

Introduction

In December 1994, at the First Summit of the Americas held in Miami, the leaders of thirty-four

Western Hemisphere countries met to launch the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and

to commit to its establishment by the year 2005. The initiative proposed to eliminate barriers to trade in goods and services for the region and to promote greater prosperity through economic

integration and free trade. The FTAA will be the largest market in the world, with more than

700 million people (14 percent of the world population) and a combined Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) of nearly $7 trillion, or approximately 31 percent of the global wealth.

The FTAA trade ministers have recognized the importance of standards, metrology and

conformity assessment procedures for facilitating international trade. Furthermore, the FTAA

negotiators understand that to achieve a meaningful free trade area, products and services must

be traded in the region without the burden of duplicative testing requirements, certifications and

other prerequisites that do not address legitimate regulatory concerns, consumer needs or market

demands.

The Americas are made up of a great variety of countries at different stages of technical

development, resulting in a wide variety of conformity assessment infrastructures. Some

countries have a long history of standardization and conformity assessment. Others are newer at this task and look to their neighbors to form regional or bilateral agreements that will satisfy their

conformity assessment requirements without necessarily setting up an expensive and complex

national system of their own. Still others are setting up parts of the conformity assessment

system commensurate with the realities of their economies, social infrastructure and the

globalization of markets.

Many sources were consulted to gather and verify the information in this publication, they are

listed in the bibliography. The challenges in compiling the information were (a) to define clearly

for the various infrastructures the information being sought; (b) to determine where to get the

data, and (c) to verify the information obtained. Even though 33 FTAA countries are signatories

to the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (WTO TBT), which

requires the establishment of an enquiry point, countries differ in their interpretation of basic

WTO obligations and ways to comply with these obligations. Many of the FTAA countries do

not yet have an operational enquiry point, which is the logical place to obtain information on

standards and conformity assessment. In some cases, it was very difficult to locate the

appropriate information, and for two countries, namely, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Vincent and

the Grenadines, very little information was obtained at all.

Conformity Assessment

Conformity assessment is a comprehensive term for measures taken by manufacturers, their

customers, regulatory authorities, and independent third parties to assess conformity to relevant

standards. Conformity assessment procedures ensure that products, processes and services meet

certain characteristics in a consistent manner and include inspection, testing, certification, quality

1 See "Standards, Conformity Assessment and Trade into the 21st century", National Research Council, National

Academy Press, Washington, 1995, pp. 65.

1
and environmental management system registration, and accreditation activities. Four

conformity assessment activities were chosen as the basis for comparison among the FTAA

countries as listed in Section I. They are: (a) Inspection and Testing, (b) Product Certification,

(c) Quality System Registration, and (d) Laboratory Accreditation. The categories follow the

definitions established by the International Organization for Standardization/International

Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 2, which defines:

Testing as the action of carrying out one or more technical operations or tests to determine the

characteristics of a given product, process or service according to a specified technical procedure

or test method.

Inspection as conformity evaluation by observation and judgment accompanied as appropriate

by measurement, testing or gauging.

Certification as a procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product,

process or service conforms to specified requirements.

Certification is distinguished from testing by three key features :

1 . Certification always measures a product, process or service against one or more specific

standards, whether mandatory or voluntary. Testing, by contrast, does not necessarily measure against any specific standard;

2. Certification is always performed by a third party, independent of either the supplier or the

purchaser;

3. Certification results in a formal statement of conformity, a certificate that can be used by the

manufacturer to show compliance with regulations, meet purchasing specifications, and

enhance the product's marketability.

Product Certification as the process of providing assurance that a product conforms to a standard or specification. It encompasses many different levels of complexity and expense,

depending on the characteristics of the product and the degree of need for confidence in the

product's conformity to standards.

Quality System Registration (sometimes referred to as "quality system certification") as the

assessment and periodic audit of the adequacy of a supplier's quality management system by a

third party, known as a registrar, against quality management standards such as the ISO 9000

series. Quality system registration does not imply product quality or conformity to any given set of requirements. It only guarantees that a product is made consistently to a certain quality level

set by the manufacturer.

Laboratory Accreditation as the process that determines whether a laboratory is capable of

performing specified test methods and procedures correctly to the level of accuracy required for a given specification. It does not ensure that the laboratory competently and consistently

conducts the tests. Furthermore, laboratory accreditation provides assurance about the capability

of a laboratory only within the scope or areas for which accreditation was granted.

2 Ibid, pp 73.

2
Content

The information in this report is divided into three main sections. Section I is a brief description

for each FTAA country with respect to the four headings discussed above. Section II is a series

of tables listing membership by FTAA countries in standards, metrology, conformity assessment

bodies and regional trade agreements. It is important to read the explanatory notes that

accompany each table as the notes define column headings and specify whether membership is by country or by individual conformity assessment bodies. It is also important to read a country's individual description to complement the information summarized in the tables.

Sections I and II should be consulted together. Section III lists a series of contacts that allow the

reader to obtain further information about specific subjects. For all the sections the names of the

countries follow the Organization of American States convention, that is, each country is listed

by its name in its official language.

Future Updates

Despite the efforts to be comprehensive, this publication will need regular updates that reflect

not only the dynamic changes taking place in the FTAA countries but also many of the

developments occurring at the international standards, metrology and conformity assessment

level. Organizations or experts that feel that certain information has been overlooked or

incorrectly reported are encouraged to send pertinent corrections or updates to:

Dr. Carmina Londono

National Institute of Standards and Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 2100

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2100

e-mail: carmina.londono@NIST.gov

Internet Website:http//ts.NIST.gov.oss

If it is more practical, information can be submitted using the surveys used for Section I and

shown in appendix A.

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38
Section II: Membership in International Regional Bodies

39
Table 1 Explanatory Notes

Table 1 lists membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It also indicates if a country

has submitted an implementation statement, established an enquiry point or signed the Code of

Good Practice (Annex 3).

Implementation Statement

Each WTO Member must notify Members of the measures in existence or taken to ensure the

implementation and administration of the Agreement and of any subsequent changes to them

(Article 15.2). The statement must include:

1 . All relevant laws, regulations, administrative orders, and other relevant documentation that ensures that the provisions of the Agreement are being applied;

2. The names of the publications where technical regulations, standards and conformity

assessment procedures are published;

3. The expected length of time for the presentation of written comments on technical

regulations, standards or conformity assessment procedures;

4. The name and address of the Enquiry Points established under Article 10.

Enquiry Point

As a complement to the obligation to notify, each WTO Member must set up a national enquiry

point. The enquiry point is a focal point where other WTO Members can request and obtain

information and documentation on: (a) Member's technical regulations; (b) standards and

conformity assessment procedures, whether impending or adopted; (c) participation in bilateral or multilateral standard-related agreements, regional standardizing bodies and conformity

assessment systems (Article 10).

Enquiry points can be governmental bodies or be assigned to private agencies. There may be

more than one enquiry point per country, but they must coordinate with one another and provide

complete information to interested parties. The obligation to set up enquiry points is important

for countries wishing to acquire information from other Members on foreign regulations and

standards affecting products in which they have a trade interest.

Code of Good Practice

The Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards defines

disciplines for central government, local government, non-governmental and regional standards

bodies developing voluntary standards. The Code is recommended for adoption by all of these

standards bodies; however, central government standards bodies must accept and comply with

the provisions of the Code. A standards body wishing to adhere to or withdraw from the Code

has to notify its acceptance of or withdrawal from the Code using the appropriate notification.

Standards bodies that have accepted the Code must report their work program at least twice a year and where details of this program can be obtained. Notifications have to be sent either

directly to the ISO/IEC Information Center in Geneva, or to the national member of ISO/IEC.

40
Table 1: WTO Membership and Selected Obligations

Country WTO Implementation

Statement

(15.2)

Enquiry

Point

Code of Good

Practice

Annex 3

Antigua &Barbuda • Argentina • • • • The Bahamas

Barbados • • • •

Belize •

Bolivia • • •

Brasil • • • • Canada • • •

Chile • • • • Colombia • • • • Costa Rica • • • Dominica • Ecuador • • • El Salvador • • • Grenada • • Guatemala • Guyana • •

Haiti • Honduras • • • Jamaica • • • Mexico • • • • Nicaragua • Panama • • • Paraguay • Peru • • • • Republica Dominicana • • •

St. Kitts & Nevis •

Saint Lucia • • •

St. Vincent & Grenadines • Suriname • Trinidad &Tobago • • • United States • • • Uruguay • • Venezuela •

• = Yes Blank = No = Sanitary and Phytosanitary Enquiry Point only

41
Table 2 Explanatory Notes

1 . Column 2 lists the acronyms for the National Standards Bodies (NSB) of the FTAA

countries. The full name and address are included in Section III. 2. The United States does not have an official NSB. The American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) is a federation of private sector standards developers and is the U.S.

representative to the ISO. Not all the standards developers in the United States belong to ANSI, nor are they obligated to do so.

3. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a private international

organization dedicated to voluntary standardization. Its membership consists of recognized

national standards bodies from 129 countries. Membership in ISO is by the National

Standards Body listed in column 2. 4. The ISO Information Network (ISONET) links the information centers of the ISO members

into a coherent information system. ISONET is an agreement between standards bodies to combine their efforts in order to make information on standards, technical regulations and

related matters readily available whenever it is required. Column 5 lists the ISO members

that are members of ISONET.

5. The Panamerican Standards Commission (COPANT) is a regional standards organization

that develops or harmonizes regional standards where appropriate and coordinates regional

positions and representation to the ISO. Membership in COPANT is by the National

Standards Body listed in column 2.

Table 3 Explanatory Notes

1 . Unlike the ISO and COPANT, membership in ITU or IEC is not necessarily by the National

Standards Body listed in Table 2. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is a treaty organization that develops standards in the telecommunication and services

industries. Membership in ITU is comprised of government representatives from 185

countries. In the United States, the Department of State coordinates representation.

2. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) develops standards for electrical

and electronic engineering products and devices. Membership in IEC is by the presidents of

the national committees of 60 countries. The U.S. National Committee to the IEC is housed

at ANSI.

3. Codex Alimentarius Commission (Food Code in Latin) is a subsidiary of the Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization

(WHO). The Codex system was set up to facilitate trade in food while protecting consumer's

health and ensuring fair practices in food trade. Codex is the compilation of all the

Standards, Codes of Practice, Guidelines and Recommendations of the Codes Alimentarius

Commission and of government reactions to these. To be comprehensive, Codex was

included in this document since many FTTA countries have economies which are largely

based on the export of food products.

42
Table 2: Membership to International and Regional Standards Bodies

Country National

Standards Body

Type Membership

ISO ISONET COPANT

Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Gov

Argentina I RAM Prv • • • The Bahamas Agriculture Dept.

Env. Health Dept.

Gov

Barbados BNSI Mix •(C) • • Belize BBS

Bolivia IBNORCA Prv •(C) •

Brasil ABNT Prv • • • Canada sec Mix • • • Chile INN Prv • • • Colombia ICONTEC Prv • • • Costa Rica INTECO Mix • • • Dominica None

Ecuador INEN Gov • •

El Salvador CONACYT Gov •(C) • Grenada GDBS Gov •(S) • Guatemala COGUANOR Mix •(C) • Guyana GNBS Gov •(S) •

Haiti None

Honduras DNM-SIC Gov

Jamaica JBS Gov • • • Mexico DGN Gov • • • Nicaragua DGCT Gov •(C)

Panama DGNTI Gov • • • Paraguay INTN Gov •(C) • Peru INDECOPI Gov •(C) • Republica Dominicana DIGENOR Gov •(S) •

Saint Lucia SLBS Gov •(S)

St Kitts & Nevis ni

St Vincent & Grenadines ni Suriname None

Trinidad &Tobago TTBS Mix • • • United States ANSI* Prv • • • Uruguay UNIT Prv • • Venezuela FONDONORMA Prv • • •

(C) = Correspondent Member (S) = Subscriber Member * See explanatory note 2 • = Yes Blank = No ni = no information

43
Table 3: Membership to other International Standards Bodies

Country Membership

ITU IEC CODEX

Antigua & Barbuda • Argentina • • The Bahamas • Barbados • •

Belize • •

Bolivia • •

Brasil • • • Canada • • • Chile • • Colombia • •(P) • Costa Rica • • Dominica • Ecuador • •

El Salvador • • Grenada • • Guatemala • • Guyana • •

Haiti • • Honduras • • Jamaica • • Mexico • • • Nicaragua • • Panama • • Paraguay • • Peru • • Republica Dominicana • • Saint Lucia •

St Kitts & Nevis •

St Vincent & Grenadines

Suriname

Trinidad &Tobago

United States • Uruguay •CP)

Venezuela

(P) = Pre-associate Member = Yes Blank = No

44
Table 4: National Metrology Laboratories

Country National Metrology Laboratory

Antigua &Barbuda ABBS Antigua & Barbuda Bureau of Standards

Argentina INTI Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial

The Bahamas Ministry of Consumer Welfare

Barbados BNSI Barbados National Standards Institution

Belize BBS Belize Bureau of Standards

Bolivia IBMETRO Instituto Boliviano de Metrologia

Brasil INMETRO Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalizacion y Calidad Industrial

Canada NRC National Research Council

Chile National Metrology Network coordinated by INN

Colombia Centro Nacional de Control de Calidad y Metrologia

Costa Rica ONNUM Oficina Nacional de Normas y Unidades de Medida

Dominica Ministry of Trade and Market

Ecuador INEN Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalizacion

El Salvador CONACYT Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia

Grenada GDBS Grenada Bureau of Standards

Guatemala COGUANOR Comision Guatemalteca de Normas

Guyana GNBS Guyana National Bureau of Standards

Haiti Ministry of Commerce and Industry

nuiiu 1 1 nn/1 11 i*oc u i tis Depto. de Normalizacion y Metrologia de la SIC- Instituto de

Metrologia y Calidad Consejo Hondureno de Ciencia y Tecnologia

Jamaica JBS Jamaica Bureau of Standards

Mexico CENAM Centro Nacional de Metrologia

Nicaragua LABML Ministerio de Fomento, Industria y Comercio

Direccion de Normalizacion y Metrologia

Panama DGNTI Direccion General de Normas y Tecnologia Industrial

Paraguay INTN Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia y Normalizacion

Peru SNM-INDECOPI Servicio Nacional de Metrologia del INDECOPI

Republica Dominicana DIGENOR Direccion General de Normas y Sistemas de Calidad

St Kitts & Nevis Ministry of Development

Saint Lucia SLBS St. Lucia Bureau of Standards

St Vincent & Grenadines Government of Saint Vincent & Grenadines

Suriname Metrology Unit - Department of Trade & Industry

Trinidad &Tobago TTBS Trinidad &Tobago Bureau of Standards

United States NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

Uruguay LATU Sector de Metrologia, Laboratorio Tecnologico del Uruguay

Venezuela SANAMET Servicio Autonomo Nacional de Metrologia

45
Table 5 Explanatory Notes

1 . The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is an intergovernmental

treaty organization whose membership includes Member States (countries which participate

actively in technical activities) and Corresponding Members (countries which join OIML as observers). OIML promotes global harmonization of legal metrology procedures and

provides metrological guidelines for the elaboration of national and regional requirements

concerning the manufacture and use of measuring instruments for legal metrology

applications.

2. The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) (International Bureau of Weights

and Measures) ensures world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the

International System of Units. It does this with the authority of the Convention of the Metre,

a diplomatic treaty among forty-eight nations. It operates through a series of Consultative

Committees whose members are the national metrology laboratories of the nations that have

signed the treaty.

3. The Interamerican Metrology System (SIM) brings together the National Metrology

Laboratories of the FTAA countries. The goal of SIM is to promote international and

regional cooperation throughout the Americas, in order to contribute to the improvement of

activities in the domain of scientific, industrial and legal metrology. The region is divided

into five subregions, which are Noramet, Camet, Carimet, Andimet, and Suramet. Column 4

lists the relevant subregion for each country.

46
Table 5: Metrology Related Activities

Country OIML BIPM SIM Regional

Antigua & Barbuda • Carimet

Argentina •(C) • • Suramet

The Bahamas • Carimet

Barbados •(C) • Carimet

Belize • Carimet

Bolivia • Andimet

Brasil • • • Suramet

Canada • • • Noramet

Chile • • Suramet

Colombia •(C) • Andimet

Costa Rica •(C) • Camet

Dominica • Carimet

Ecuador •(C) • Andimet

El Salvador • Camet

Grenada • Carimet

Guatemala •(C) • Camet

Guyana • Carimet

Haiti • Carimet

Honduras • Camet

Jamaica • Carimet

Mexico •(C) • • Noramet

Nicaragua • Camet

Panama •(C) • Camet

Paraguay •(C) • Suramet

Peru •(C) • Andimet

Republica Dominicana • • Carimet

St Kitts & Nevis • Carimet

Saint Lucia • Carimet

St Vincent & Grenadines • Carimet

Suriname Carimet

Trinidad &Tobago •(C) Carimet

United States • • Noramet

Uruguay •(C) o Suramet

Venezuela • Andimet

(C) Corresponding Member • = Yes Blank = No

47
Table 6 Explanatory Notes

1 . The International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) is an international

cooperation among 44 laboratory accreditation schemes operated throughout the world.

ILAC is a forum for the development of laboratory accreditation practices and procedures,

the promotion of laboratory accreditation as a trade facilitation tool, the assistance of

developing accreditation systems, and the recognition of competent test facilities around the

world. ILAC also provides advice and assistance to countries that are in the process of

developing their own laboratory accreditation systems.

2. The International Accreditation Forum (IAF) is an organization of accreditors of certifiers,

association of certifiers and internationally oriented trade associations. The purpose of IAF

is to share experiences in carrying out accreditation and certifications in the use of ISO/TEC

guides. IAF also seeks to establish the equivalence of the programs of its members that are

accreditors.

3. The Interamerican Accreditation Cooperation (IAAC) is a regional organization of

accreditation bodies from the American countries whose main purpose is to harmonize

accreditation procedures and reach multilateral recognition of conformity assessment

systems. IAAC accreditation includes product certification, personnel certification, quality

and environmental systems registration and laboratory accreditation. IAAC supports the

development of accreditation systems in any member country seeking to set one up and in

compliance with the appropriate ISO/IEC international guides.

4. Note that the members of ILAC, IAF or IAAC are accreditation bodies and not countries.

There may be more than one accreditation body per economy that are represented in these

international bodies.

48
Table 6: International Accreditation of Conformity Assessment Bodies

Apprpditatinn ILAC IAF IAAC

Bodies from*

Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina • • • The Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

Bolivia •

Brasil • • • Canada • • Chile • Colombia • • Costa Rica • Dominica

Ecuador •(A)

El Salvador

\j ft I14U a Guatemala 0

Vjliy alia ndiii

Honduras

Jamaica

Mexico • o Nicaragua

Panama

Paraguay • Peru •

l\t[JUUlllil lJU 1 Ell 11 IK. <i 11 ti St Kitts & Nevis

Saint Lucia

St Vincent & Grenadines

Suriname

Trinidad &Tobago •(A)

United States • • • Uruguay • Venezuela •

(C) Associate Member • = Yes Blank = No

49
Table 7 Explanatory Notes

Below are the definitions for the acronyms in Table 7 in alphabetical order.

ANDEAN PACT - The Andean Pact was founded in 1969. Its members are Bolivia, Colombia,

Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It is a customs union with an approximate population of 101

million people and an approximate GDP of US $194 billion dollars. Its members established the

Andean Committee on Standardization, Certification and Metrology (CAN) to harmonize

product standards and technical regulations that comprise intraregional trade.

ALADI - The Latin American Integration Association is the oldest and broadest integration

forum in Latin America. It dates back to 1960 with the creation of the Latin American Free

Trade Association. Its members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Its members represent 95% of the GDP, and

87% of the territory and 86% of the population of Latin America and the Caribbean. Its members have concluded more than 80 bilateral and sub-regional agreements that refer to trade

and other areas.

APEC- The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established inl989. Its goal is to reduce trade and investment barriers so that trade expands within the Asia-Pacific region and

with the world, and goods, services, capital, and investment flow freely among APEC

economies. The members of APEC: Australia, Brunei Damssalam, Canada, Chile, People's

Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico,

New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Republic of the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese

Taipei, Thailand, United States and Vietnam. APEC has a combined GDP of over US$16 trillion

and 44 percent of global trade.

CACM - Central America Common Market was founded December 1960. It entered into force

in 1973 with the Puntarenas Declaration. Its members are Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

Honduras and Nicaragua. It is a common market that seeks to harmonize monetary and fiscal

policy with an approximate population of 30 million people and an approximate GDP of US$ 3

billion dollars. Belize and Panama participate in CACM summits but not in regional trade

integration.

CARIBCAN - Caribbean-Canadian Common Market is a program for trade, investment and

industrial cooperation between Canada and the Commonwealth Caribbean region that started in

June 1986. Its members are: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Barbados,

Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica,

Monsterrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago,

Turks and Caicos Islands and Canada.

CARICOM - Caribbean Common Market was founded in July 1973 with the signing of the

Treaty of Chaguaramas. Its members are Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,

Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and

the Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. Despite its name, CARICOM is a custom

union, not a common market, but eventually it hopes to become a common market. The

50
approximate population of the region is 6 million people with a total GDP of approximately US

$29 billion dollars. Presently, the Caribbean Region Organization for Standards and Quality

(CROSQ) is being established to address and coordinate regional standards issues and harmonize

technical standards among its members.

CBI- The Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) is a program of the United States of America which

provides for the duty free entry of merchandise from designated beneficiary countries. The initial program was enacted in 1984 and revised in 1990 with an indefinite lifetime. Its members are: Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica,

Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat,

Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Republica Dominicana, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia,

St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States.

G3 - The Group of Three was founded in June 1994 in Cartagena, Colombia. Its members are Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela. It is a Free Trade Area with an approximate population of

150 million people and an approximate GDP: of US$ 385 billion dollars. It established the

Comments on Standards-Related Measures that coordinates standards activities for the members.

NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement was signed December 1992. It became

effective January 1994. Its members are Canada, Mexico and the United States. It is a Free

Trade Area with an approximate population of 388 million people and an approximate GDP of

US$ 7 117 billion dollars. It established the Committee on Standards-Related Measures with

five subcommittees in the areas of transportation, telecommunications, automotive, labeling and

pesticides to coordinate standards related activities.

MERCOSUR- Southern Cone Common Market was founded March 1991 with the signing of

the Treaty of Asuncion. It entered into force in January 1995. Its members are Argentina,

Brasil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is a customs union and an eventual common market. The

approximate population of the region is 207 million, with a total GDP of approximately US$ 667

billion dollars. In 1991 the "MERCOSUR Standards Committee, CMN" was created to develop

technical standards. CMN is the only forum recognized by MERCOSUR for the harmonization

and development of voluntary standards. It is composed of the national standards bodies of the

four member countries, that is IRAM (Argentina), ABNT (Brasil), INTN (Paraguay), and UNIT

(Uruguay). CMN has a management council and 16 standards committees by sector where

standards are harmonized or developed.

51
Table 7: Membership to Regional Hemispheric Trade Agreements

Country Trade Agreements

Antigua & Barbuda CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Argentina MERCOSUR, ALADI

The Bahamas CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Barbados CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Belize CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CACM*, CBI

Bolivia ANDEAN PACT, G3, ALADI

Brasil MERCOSUR, ALADI

Canada APEC, CARIBCAN, NAFTA

Chile ALADI, APEC bilaterals with Colombia,

Ecuador, Mexico, Venezueala

Colombia ANDEAN PACT, ALADI, G3

Costa Rica CACM, CBI

Dominica CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Ecuador ANDEAN PACT, ALADI

El Salvador CACM, CBI

Grenada CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Guatemala CARICOM, CBI

Guyana CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Haiti CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Honduras CACM, CBI

Jamaica CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Mexico ALADI, APEC, G3, NAFTA

Nicaragua CACM, CBI

Panama CACM*, CBI

Paraguay ALADI, MERCOSUR

Peru ALADI, ANDEAN PACT, APEC

Republica Dominicana CARICOM, CBI

St Kitts & Nevis CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Saint Lucia CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

St Vincent &Grenadines CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

Suriname CARICOM

Trinidad &Tobago CARIBCAN, CARICOM, CBI

United States APEC, CBI, NAFTA

Uruguay ALADI, MERCOSUR

Venezuela ALADI, ANDEAN PACT, G3

* See CACM description

52
Table 8: Conformity Assessment Infrastructure

uu ii ii y inspection r roauci Quality Laboratory

rA.II AndLI Certification ^\/ oy eft* trie a icms Accreditation

1 VJ 1.111 c Registration

Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

The Bahamas

Barbados •

Belize ni ni ni

Bolivia

Brasil #

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Dominica

Ecuador

El Salvador

Grenada

Guatemala

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Jamaica c Mexico

Nicaragua

APanama U II U 1 1 li< Paraguay

Peru 0 • #

fVCLfULHUd i\ 1 1 K 1 1 f 'j nnmini/'{inQ 1/U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 V- t\ 1 1 ix • • •

ni ni m

Saint Lucia

St Vincent & Grenadines ni ni n i Suriname

Trinidad &Tobago • • United States • • • Uruguay • • Venezuela • • •

• = Yes Blank = No ni = no information

53
Table 9: Quality System Registration

Counti*v Cnmnnnips: rpoistprpH

ISO 9000

Antigua & Barbuda l Argentina 524

The Bahamas 0 Barbados 6

Belize ni

Bolivia 1

Brasil 2476

Canada 3000

Chile 65

Colombia 130

Costa Rica 25

Dominica 0

Ecuador ni

El Salvador 5 Grenada 1 Guatemala 3

Guyana 3

Haiti o Honduras 0 Jamaica 7 Mexico 192

Nicaragua 1 Panama 15

Paraguav 3 Peru 20

Republica Dominicana 21

St. Kitts & Nevis ni

Saint Lucia 1

St. Vincent & Grenadines ni Suriname 0 Trinidad &Tobago 17

United States 24 014

Uruguay 17

Venezuela 162

ni = no information

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69
Useful Web Sites

ALADI Latin American Integration Association

http://www.aladi.org/

APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

http://www.apecsec.org.sg/ r r to o' BIPM International Bureau of Weights and Measures

http://www.bipm.fr/enus/welcome.html

CMN MERCOSUR Standardization Committee

http://www.cmn.org.br

CODEX Codex Alimentarius Commission

http://www.fao.or2/waicent/faoinfo/economic/esn/codex/Default.htm

COPANT Pan American Standards Commission

http://www.copant.org/

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

http://www.alca-ftaa.org/EnglishVersion/alca e.htm

IAAC InterAmerican Accreditation Cooperation

http://www.ibpinetsp.com.br/iaac/

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

http://www.iec.ch/home-e.htm

ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation

http://www.ilac.org/

ISO International Organization for Standardization

http://www.iso.ch/

ITU International Telecommunications Union

http://www.itu.int/home/index.html

MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market

http://www.americasnet.com/mauritz/mercosur/english/

OAS Organization of American States

http://www.oas.org/

OAS-SA OAS Summit of the Americas

http://www.summit-americas.org/

OIML International Organization of Legal Metrology

http://www.oiml.org/

PASC Pacific Area Standards Congress

http://www.pascnet.org/

SIM InterAmerican Metrology System

http://www.ibpinet.com.br/sim/

NORAMET North America Cooperation in Metrology

http://www.nrc.ca/inms/int_coop/noramet.html

WTO World Trade Organization

http://www.wto.org/wto/

70
Selected Acronyms

ANDEAN PACT Andean Pact Trade Agreement

ANDIMET Andean Region Metrology, subregion of SIM

ALADI Latin American Integration Association

APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

BIPM International Bureau of Weights and Measures

CAMET Central America Metrology Subregion of SIM

CAN Andean Committee on Standardization, Certification and Metrology

CACM Central America Common Market

CARIBCAN Caribbean-Canadian Common Market

CARICOM Caribbean Common Market

CARIMET Caribbean Metrology Subregion of SIM

CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative

CCMSC Caribbean Common Market Standards Council

CMN MERCOSUR Standardization Committee

CODEX Codex Alimentarius Commission

COPANT Pan American Standards Commission

CSRM Committee on Standards-Related Measures

FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas

G3 Group of Three Trade Agreement

IAAC Interamerican Accreditation Cooperation

IAF International Accreditation Forum

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

ILAC International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ISONET ISO Information Network

ITU International Telecommunications Union

MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common Market

NORAMET North America Metrology, subregion of SIM

NAFTA North America Free Trade Agreement

OAS Organization of American States

OIML International Organization of Legal Metrology

PASC Pacific Area Standards Congress

SIM Interamerican Metrology System

SURAMET South American Metrology, subregion of SIM

WTO World Trade Organization

TBT Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement

71
Appendix A: Bibliography

1. AENOR, National Standards and Certification Body of Spain", "Certificacion Miembros de

COPANT, excepto Canada y Estados Unidos", Madrid, (1996).

2. COPANT, Panamerican Standards Commission, "Member Institutes", Venezuela, (1997)

3. COPANT, Panamerican Standards Commission, "Resultados de la Segunda Encuesta Sobre

Certificacion y Acreditamiento de Laboratories", Venezuela, (1994).

4. Fernandes, Maria, Visiers Ricardo (1997), "Mision de identification en Paraguay, Uruguay,

Argentina y Brasil del 13 de Enero al 5 de Febrero de 1997 Informe", Portugal, (1997).

Report prepared for the European Union as a Mercosur Program on Technical Standards.

5. INMETRO, National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, "Manual

para Empresas Exportadoras sobre Barreras Tecnicas ao Comercio Internacional", Rio de

Janeiro, (1997).

6. Martinez, Guillermo, "Standards and Certification for the electrical Sector in Latin America",

NEMA, National Electrical Manufacturers Association Spring Conference, Florida, U.S.

(1998).

7. Martinez, Ileana, "Standards and Conformity Assessment in Argentina", International Market

Insight (IMI), Brazil, (1999), "Standards and Conformity Assessment in Chile", (1999),

Standards and Conformity Assessment in Brazil", (1998).

8. OAS Trade Unit, "National Practices on Standards, Technical Regulations and Conformity

Assessment in the Western Hemisphere", Washington, D.C. (1997). Inventory prepared for

the Free Trade Area of the Americas Working Group on Standards and Technical Barriers to Trade.

9. PLANCAL, Plan Andino de la Calidad, Lima, Peru, (1997). Study financed by the European

Union and prepared by the Spanish Quality Association and the technical experts of the

Standards, Quality and Technical Regulations Unit of the Junta del Acuerdo de Cartagena.

10. Presentations made by Argentina, Bolivia, Central America, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,

Chile, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Republica Dominicana, Uruguay and Venezuela, at the "Seminario de Normalization y Certificacion Electrica de Iberoamerica", Mexico,

(1997).

11. Stephenson, Sherry M., "Standards, the Environment and Trade Facilitation in the Western

Hemisphere: Negotiating in the FTAA", Washington, D.C. (1997).

12. Toth, Robert B., "Profiles of National Standards-Related Activities", NIST Special

Publication 912, Gaithersburg, M.D., (1997).

13. Underwriters Laboratory, "Conformity Assessment Analysis Argentina, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela", North Carolina, U.S., (1998).

14. Interamerican Accreditation Cooperation, "Survey on Conformity Assessment Structure of

the 1 1 ALADI Member Countries", Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, (1999).

72
Appendix B: Surveys

Conformity Assessment Survey for the FTAA countries

Country:

Inspection and Testing

1) Does your country have any inspection and testing facilities used for regulatory

control? (Please include University facilities if appropriate)

YES NO

Approximately, how many are PUBLIC?

Approximately, how many are PRIVATE?

2) Please give examples of the three most important sectors inspection and testing facilities serve:

1.

2.

3.

3) Does your country have a body or system for the accreditation of inspection and

testing facilities?

YES NO

Approximately how many inspection and testing facilities have been

accredited?

4) Does your country accept testing and inspection results issued by bodies in:

other countries? YES NO

the United States? YES NO

73
Product Certification

1) Does your country have a National Body for the certification of products used for

regulatory control?

YES NO

2) What is the name the National Product Certification Body?

Is it Public? Or Private?

Please give examples of the three most important sectors the National Product Certification Body

serves:

1.

2.

3

2) Whether or not your country has a National Product Certification Body, please answer this

question. Does your country have any other product certification bodies?

YES NO

Are these product certification bodies PUBLIC ?

YES NO

Approximately how many public bodies are there?

Are these product certification bodies PRIVATE?

YES NO

Approximately how many private bodies are there?

74
Please name the three most important sectors where these product certification bodies

(public or private) operate?

1.

2.

3.

4) Does your country have a body or system for the accreditation of entities that

perform product certification?

YES NO

Approximately how many product certifiers have been accredited?

5) Are there transnational or international bodies that operate product certification

programs in your country?

YES NO

Approximately how many are there?

Please give two examples of international bodies that operate product certification

programs in your country:

1.

2.

6) Does your country perform product certification activities in the name of international or transnational bodies?

YES NO

Please give examples.

1.

2.

7) Does your country accept product certification results issued by bodies in:

other countries? YES NO

the United States? YES NO

75
Quality System Certification/Registration

1 ) Does your country have a National Body for the Certification/Registration of Quality

Systems used for regulatory control?

YES NO

2) What is the name the National Body for the Certification/Registration of Quality

Systems?

Is it Public? Or Private?

Please give examples of the three most important sectors the National Body for the

Certification/Registration of Quality Systems serve:

1.

2.

3

3) Whether or not your country has a National Body for the Certification/Registration

of Quality Systems, please answer this question. Does your country have any other

bodies for the Certification/Registration of Quality Systems?

YES NO

Are these bodies PUBLIC?

YES NO

Approximately how many public bodies are there?

Are these bodies PRIVATE?

YES NO

Approximately how many bodies are there?

Please name the three most important sectors where these bodies (public or private)

operate?

I,

2.

3.

76
4). Does your country have a body or system for the accreditation of entities that perform

certification/ registration of quality systems?

YES " NO

Approximately how many quality systems certifiers/registrars have been accredited?

5) Are there transnational or international bodies that operate Certification/Registration

of Quality Systems in your country?

YES NO

Approximately how many are there?

Please give two examples of international bodies that operate quality systems

certification/registration programs in your country.

1.

2.

6) Does your country perform quality systems certification/registration activities in the name of

international or transnational bodies?

YES NO

Please give two examples.

7) Approximately how many companies have had their quality system certified/registered in

your country?

8) Does your country accept quality system certification/registration results issued by bodies in:

other countries? YES NO

the United States? YES NO

77
Laboratory Accreditation

1 ) Does your country have a National Program for Laboratory Accreditation used for

regulatory control?

YES NO

2) What is the name of the National Program for Laboratory Accreditation?

Is it Public? Or Private?

Please give examples of the three most important sectors the National Program for Laboratory

Accreditation serves:

1.

2.

3

3) . For the National Program for Laboratory Accreditation:

How many calibration laboratories have been accredited?

How many testing laboratories have been accredited?

4) Whether or not your country has a National Program for Laboratory Accreditation

please answer this question. Does your country have any other Laboratory

Accreditation programs?

YES NO

Are these laboratory accreditation programs PUBLIC?

YES NO

Approximately how many public programs are there?

Are these laboratory accreditation programs PRIVATE?

YES NO

Approximately how many private programs are there?

78
Please name the three most important sectors where these laboratory accreditation

programs (public or private) operate?

1.

2.

3.

5) Are there transnational or international bodies that operate laboratory accreditation

programs in your country?

YES NO

Approximately how many are there?

Please give two examples of international bodies that operate laboratory accreditation

programs in your country:

1.

2.

6) Does your country perform laboratory accreditation activities in the name of

international or transnational bodies?

YES NO

Please give two examples.

1.

2.

7) Approximately how many laboratories have been accredited in your country, whether

they were accredited by the National Program for Laboratory Accreditation or by any

other programs in your country national or international?

Total number of accredited calibration laboratories?

Total number of accredited testing laboratories?

8) Does your country accept laboratory accreditation results issued by laboratory accreditation

programs in: other countries? YES NO

the United States? YES NO

79
Encuesta sobre la Evaluacion de la Conformidad de los paises del ALCA

Pais:

Inspeccion y Ensayo

1) ^Cuenta su pais con entidades de inspeccion, ensayos o pruebas que operan en el campo reglamentado? (Por favor incluya entidades universitarias si es el caso).

SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas son PUBLICAS?

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas son PRIVADAS?

2) Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que estas entidades operan:

1.

2.

3.

3) ^Cuenta su pais con un organismo o sistema para la acreditacion de entidades de inspeccion,

ensayo o prueba?

SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas entidades de inspeccion, ensayo o prueba han sido

acreditadas?

4) ^Acepta su pais los resultados de inspecciones, ensayos o pruebas de otros paises?

^De otros paises? SI NO

;De los Estados Unidos? SI NO

80
Certificacion de Productos

1) ^Cuenta su pais con una Entidad Nacional para la Certificacion de Productos que opera en el campo reglamentado?

SI NO

2) ^Cual es el nombre de la Entidad Nacional para la Certificacion de Productos?

^Es esta entidad Publica? O Privada? _____

Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que esta entidad opera:

1.

2.

3.

3) Ya sea que su pais cuente o no con una Entidad Nacional para la Certificacion de

Productos, por favor conteste esta pregunta. ^Tiene su pais otras entidades para la certificacion de productos??

SI NO

iSon estas entidades PUBLICAS? SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas entidades publicas existen?

^Son estas entidades PRIVADAS? SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas entidades privadas existen?

Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que estas entidades

(publicas o privadas) operan:

1.

2.

3.

81
4) ^Cuenta su pals con un organismo o sistema para la acreditacion de entidades para la

la certification de productos?

SI NO

^Aproximadamente, cuantas entidades para la certification de productos han sido

acreditadas?

5) ^Existen en su pals entidades transnacionales o internacionales que operan como

certificadores de productos?

SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas hay?

Por favor de dos ejemplos de entidades extranjeras que operan en su pals como

certificadores de productos:

1.

2.

6) ^Desempena su pals actividades para la certification de productos en nombre de entidades

transnacionales o internacionales?

SI NO

Por favor de dos ejemplos.

1.

2.

7) ^Acepta su pals las certificaciones de productos de otros palses?

^De otros palses? SI NO

,?De los Estados Unidos? SI NO

82
Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas de Calidad

1) ^Cuenta su pais con una Entidad Nacional para la Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas de

Calidad que opera en el campo reglamentado?

SI NO

2) ^Cual es el nombre de la Entidad Nacional para la Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas

de Calidad?

^Es esta entidad Publica? O Privada?

Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que esta entidad opera:

1.

2.

3.

3) Ya sea que su pais cuente o no con una Entidad Nacional para la Certification/

Registration de Sistemas de Calidad, por favor conteste esta pregunta. ^Tiene su

pais otras entidades para la Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas de Calidad?

SI NO

«< Son estas entidades PUBLICAS? SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas entidades publicas existen?

iSon estas entidades PRIVADAS? SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas entidades privadas existen?

Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que estas entidades

(publicas o privadas) operan:

1.

2.

3.

83
4) ^Cuenta su pais con un organismo o sistema para la acreditacion de entidades para la

la Certification/Registration de Sistemas de Calidad?

SI NO

^Aproximadamente, cuantas entidades para la Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas

de Calidad han sido acreditadas?

5) ^Existen en su pais entidades transnacionales o internacionales que operan como

certificadores/registradores de Sistemas de Calidad?

SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantas hay?

Por favor de dos ejemplos de entidades extranjeras que operan en su pais como

certificadores/registradores de Sistemas de Calidad:

1.

2.

6) ^Desempena su pais actividades para la Certificacion/Registracion de Sistemas de Calidad en nombre de entidades transnacionales o internacionales?

SI NO

Por favor de dos ejemplos.

1.

2.

7) ^Aproximadamente, cuantas companias o entidades han recibido certificados o registros de

sus sistemas de calidad?

8) ^Acepta su pais las certificaciones/registros de sistemas de calidad de otros paises?

^De otros paises? SI NO

«?De los Estados Unidos? SI NO

84
Acreditacion de Laboratories

1) ^Cuenta su pais con un Programa Nacional de Acreditacion de Laboratorios que opera en

el campo reglamentado?

SI NO

2) ^Cual es el nombre del Programa Nacional de Acreditacion de Laboratorios?

^Es este programa Publico? O Privado?

Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que opera este programa:

1.

2.

3.

3) El Programa Nacional de Acreditacion de Laboratorios ha acreditado:

^cuantos laboratorios de calibracion?

^cuantos laboratorios de ensayo o prueba?

4) Ya sea que su pais cuente o no con un Programa Nacional de Acreditacion de

Laboratorios, por favor conteste esta pregunta. ^Tiene su pais otros programas para

la acreditacion de laboratorios?

SI NO

iSon estos programas PUBLICOS? SI NO

^Aproximadamente cuantos programas publicos existen?

iSon estos programas PRIVADOS? SI NO

Aproximadamente, cuantos programas privados existen?

85
Por favor enumere los tres sectores de mas importancia en que estos programas

(publicos o privados) operan:

1.

2.

3.

5) ^Existen en su pais entidades transnacionales o internacionales que operan como

acreditadores de laboratories?

SI NO

Aproximadamente, ^cuantos hay?

Por favor de dos ejemplos de entidades extranjeras que operan en su pais como

acreditadores de laboratories:

1.

2.

6) ^Desempena su pais actividades de acreditacion de laboratories en nombre de entidades

transnacionales o internacionales?

SI NO

Por favor de dos ejemplos.

1.

2.

7) . ^Aproximadamente cuantos laboratories han sido acreditados en su pais ya sea por el Programa Nacional de Acreditacion de Labcratorios o por otros programas

de acreditacion de laboratories nacionales o internacionales?

^Numero total de laboratorios de calibration acreditados?

^Numero total de laboratorios de ensayo o prueba acreditados?

8) ^Acepta su pais las acreditaciones de laboratorios de otros paises?

^De otros paises? SI NO

^,De los Estados Unidos? SI NO

86

>U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1999-154-531/17109


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other special publications appropriate to this grouping such as wall charts, pocket cards, and bibliographies.

National Standard Reference Data Series—Provides quantitative data on the physical and chemical

properties of materials, compiled from the world's literature and critically evaluated. Developed under a worldwide program coordinated by NIST under the authority of the National Standard Data Act (Public

Law 90-396). NOTE: The Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data (JPCRD) is published

bimonthly for NIST by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute of Physics (AIP).

Subscriptions, reprints, and supplements are available from ACS, 1155 Sixteenth St., NW, Washington, DC

20056.

Building Science Series—Disseminates technical information developed at the Institute on building

materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series presents research results, test methods, and

performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety

characteristics of building elements and systems.

Technical Notes—Studies or reports which are complete in themselves but restrictive in their treatment of

a subject. Analogous to monographs but not so comprehensive in scope or definitive in treatment of the subject area. Often serve as a vehicle for final reports of work performed at NIST under the sponsorship of

other government agencies.

Voluntary Product Standards—Developed under procedures published by the Department of Commerce

in Part 10, Title 15, of the Code of Federal Regulations. The standards establish nationally recognized

requirements for products, and provide all concerned interests with a basis for common understanding of

the characteristics of the products. NIST administers this program in support of the efforts of private-sector

standardizing organizations.

Order the following NIST publications—FIPS and NISTIRs—from the National Technical Information

Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUB)—Publications in this series

collectively constitute the Federal Information Processing Standards Register. The Register serves as the

official source of information in the Federal Government regarding standards issued by NIST pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 as amended, Public Law 89-306 (79 Stat. 1127), and as implemented by Executive Order 11717 (38 FR 12315, dated May 11, 1973) and Part 6 of

Title 15 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations).

NIST Interagency or Internal Reports (NISTIR)—The series includes interim or final reports on work

performed by NIST for outside sponsors (both government and nongovernment). In general, initial distribution is handled by the sponsor; public distribution is handled by sales through the National Technical

Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, in hard copy, electronic media, or microfiche form. NISTIR's may also report results of NIST projects of transitory or limited interest, including those that will be

published subsequently in more comprehensive form.
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