# Patent

## Title
Distributed acoustic sensing system with variable spatial resolution

## Abstract

Systems and methods for distributed acoustic sensing based on coherent Rayleigh scattering are disclosed herein. A system comprises a pulse generator, optical fibers coupled to the pulse generator, an interferometer coupled to the optical fibers, a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, and an information handling system configured to detect a difference in backscattered light from the optical fibers. A method comprises sending an optical pulses down optical fibers, receiving backscattered light from the optical pulses, combining the backscattered light from the optical pulses to form an interferometric signal, receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly, and determining a difference in the interferometric signal at an information handling system.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a U.S. National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US2013/057702 filed Aug. 30, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
This disclosure generally relates to monitoring of hydrocarbon wellbores. In particular, this disclosure relates to systems and methods for monitoring a wellbore using Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS).
When performing subterranean operations, acoustic sensing may be used to measure many important properties and conditions of a wellbore, pipeline, other conduit/tube, or fluids used. For example, when performing subterranean operations, it may be desirable to monitor a number of properties related to the subterranean formation and/or conduits used downhole, including, but not limited to, pressure, temperature, porosity, permeability, density, mineral content, electrical conductivity, and bed thickness. Further, certain properties of fluids used in conjunction with performance of subterranean operations, such as pressure, temperature, density, viscosity, chemical elements, and the content of oil, water, and/or gas, may also be important measurements. In addition, downhole-logging tools based on sonic well logging systems may be used to measure downhole properties such as formation porosity, location of bed boundaries and fluid interfaces, well casing condition, and behind casing cement location and bonding quality. Monitoring properties and conditions over time may have significant value during exploration and production activities.
A DAS system may be capable of producing the functional equivalent of 10s, 100s, or even 1000s of acoustic sensors. Properties of downhole formations surrounding or otherwise adjacent to a wellbore may be monitored over time based on the acoustic sensing. Further, hydrocarbon production may be controlled, or reservoirs may be managed based on the downhole formation properties sensed by in-well acoustic measurement methods using a DAS system.
Acoustic sensing based on DAS may use the Rayleigh backscatter property of a fiber's optical core and may spatially detect disturbances that are distributed along the fiber length. Such systems may rely on detecting phase changes brought about by changes in strain along the fiber's core. Externally-generated acoustic disturbances may create very small strain changes to optical fibers. The acoustic disturbance may also be reduced or masked by a cable in which the fiber is deployed.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These drawings illustrate certain aspects of certain embodiments of the present disclosure. They should not be used to limit or define the disclosure.
FIG. 1 depicts a hydrocarbon drilling site in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system.
FIG. 3 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7 depicts a distributed acoustic sensing system in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure.



While embodiments of this disclosure have been depicted and described and are defined by reference to example embodiments of the disclosure, such references do not imply a limitation on the disclosure, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the pertinent art and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of this disclosure are examples only, and not exhaustive of the scope of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail herein. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation may be described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions may be made to achieve the specific implementation goals, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure.
The terms “couple” or “couples” as used herein are intended to mean either an indirect or a direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to a second device, that connection may be through a direct connection, or through an indirect electrical or mechanical connection via other devices and connections. The term “upstream” as used herein means along a flow path towards the source of the flow, and the term “downstream” as used herein means along a flow path away from the source of the flow. The term “uphole” as used herein means along the drillstring or the hole from the distal end towards the surface, and “downhole” as used herein means along the drillstring or the hole from the surface towards the distal end.
It will be understood that the term “oil well drilling equipment” or “oil well drilling system” is not intended to limit the use of the equipment and processes described with those terms to drilling an oil well. The terms also encompass drilling natural gas wells or hydrocarbon wells in general. Further, such wells can be used for production, monitoring, or injection in relation to the recovery of hydrocarbons or other materials from the subsurface. This could also include geothermal wells intended to provide a source of heat energy instead of hydrocarbons.
For purposes of this disclosure, an information handling system may include any instrumentality or aggregate of instrumentalities operable to compute, classify, process, transmit, receive, retrieve, originate, switch, store, display, manifest, detect, record, reproduce, handle, or utilize any form of information, intelligence, or data for business, scientific, control, or other purposes. For example, an information handling system may be a personal computer, a network storage device, or any other suitable device and may vary in size, shape, performance, functionality, and price. The information handling system may include random access memory (“RAM”), one or more processing resources such as a central processing unit (“CPU”) or hardware or software control logic, ROM, and/or other types of nonvolatile memory. Additional components of the information handling system may include one or more disk drives, one or more network ports for communication with external devices as well as various input and output (“I/O”) devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, and a video display. The information handling system may also include one or more buses operable to transmit communications between the various hardware components.
For the purposes of this disclosure, computer-readable media may include any instrumentality or aggregation of instrumentalities that may retain data and/or instructions for a period of time. Computer-readable media may include, for example, without limitation, storage media such as a direct access storage device (e.g., a hard disk drive or floppy disk drive), a sequential access storage device (e.g., a tape disk drive), compact disk, CD-ROM, DVD, RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (“EEPROM”), and/or flash memory; as well as communications media such as wires.
To facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, the following examples of certain embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applicable to horizontal, vertical, deviated, multilateral, u-tube connection, intersection, bypass (drill around a mid-depth stuck fish and back into the wellbore below), or otherwise nonlinear wellbores in any type of subterranean formation. Certain embodiments may be applicable, for example, to logging data acquired with wireline, slickline, and logging-while-drilling/measurement-while-drilling (LWD/MWD). Certain embodiments may be applicable to subsea and/or deep sea wellbores. Embodiments described below with respect to one implementation are not intended to be limiting.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example drilling system 100 according to aspects of the present disclosure. The drilling system 100 includes a rig 101 located at a surface 111 and positioned above a wellbore 103 within a subterranean formation 102. In certain embodiments, a drilling assembly 104 may be coupled to the rig 101 using a drill string 105. In other embodiments, the drilling assembly 104 may be coupled to the rig 101 using a wireline or a slickline, for example. The drilling assembly 104 may include a bottom hole assembly (BHA) 106. The BHA 106 may include a drill bit 109, a steering assembly 108, and a LWD/MWD apparatus 107. A control unit 110 located at the surface 111 may include a processor and memory device, and may communicate with elements of the BHA 106, in the LWD/MWD apparatus 107 and the steering assembly 108. In certain implementations, the control unit 110 may be an information handling system. The control unit 110 may receive data from and send control signals to the BHA 106. Additionally, at least one processor and memory device may be located downhole within the BHA 106 for the same purposes. The LWD/MWD apparatus 107 may log the formation 102 both while the wellbore 103 is being drilled, and after the wellbore is drilled to provide information regarding ongoing subterranean operations. The steering assembly 108 may include a mud motor that provides power to the drill bit 109, and that is rotated along with the drill bit 109 during drilling operations. The mud motor may be a positive displacement drilling motor that uses the hydraulic power of the drilling fluid to drive the drill bit 109. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the BHA 106 may include an optionally non-rotatable portion. The optionally non-rotatable portion of the BHA 106 may include any of the components of the BHA 106 excluding the mud motor and the drill bit 109. For instance, the optionally non-rotatable portion may include a drill collar, the LWD/MWD apparatus 107, bit sub, stabilizers, jarring devices and crossovers. In certain embodiments, the steering assembly 108 may angle the drill bit 109 to drill at an angle from the wellbore 103. Maintaining the axial position of the drill bit 109 relative to the wellbore 103 may require knowledge of the rotational position of the drill bit 109 relative to the wellbore 103.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is referenced generally by reference numeral 200. The system 200 may be incorporated into the drilling assembly 104 and lowered downhole using a drill string, by wireline, slickline, coiled tubing, or by any other means known to those in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. Alternatively, the system 200 or a portion of the system 200 may be positioned downhole for permanent monitoring and coupled to the casing or tubing. The system 200 may be a single pulse coherent Rayleigh scattering system with a compensating inferometer but is not intended to be limited to such.
Still referring to FIG. 2, a pulse generator 214 may be coupled to a first coupler 210 using the optical fiber 212. The pulse generator 214 may be located at any suitable location when performing subterranean operations. For instance, in some embodiments, the pulse generator 214 may be located at the surface of the wellbore 103. The pulse generator 214 may include associated opto-electronics and laser. The first coupler 210 may be a traditional fused-type fiber optic splitter, a circulator, a PLC fiber optic splitter, or any other type of splitter known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. In other embodiments, the first coupler 210 may be a circulator. Optical pulses from the pulse generator 214 may be amplified using optical gain elements, such as any suitable amplification mechanisms including, but not limited to, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) or Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs).
Still referring to FIG. 2, a second coupler 208 may be coupled to an interferometer 202. The second coupler 208 may split light from the optical fiber 232 into two paths along a top interferometer arm 224 and a bottom interferometer arm 222. In other words, the second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light (e.g., backscattered light 228) from the optical fiber 232 into a first backscattered pulse and a second backscattered pulse. The first backscattered pulse may be sent into the top interferometer arm 222. The second backscattered pulse may be sent into the bottom interferometer arm 224. The first and second backscattered pulses from the top and bottom interferometer arms 222, 224 are then re-combined at a third coupler 234 to form an interferometric signal. The first, second, and third couplers 210, 208, and 232 may be a traditional fused-type fiber optic splitter, a PLC fiber optic splitter, or any other type of splitter known to those with ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
The interferometer 202 may be used to determine the relative phase shift variations between the light in the top interferometer arm 224 and the bottom interferometer arm 222 as they recombine. The interferometric signal, i.e., the relative phase shift, will vary over the distance of the distributed optical fiber 226, and the location of the interferometric signal can be determined using time of flight for the optical pulse 216. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 2, the interferometer is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, but it is not intended to be limited to such. For instance, in certain implementations, a Michelson interferometer or any other type of interferometer known to those of skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure may also be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
The interferometer 202 may be coupled to a photodetector assembly 220. The photodetector assembly 220 may include associated optics and signal processing electronics (not shown). The photodetector assembly 220 may be a semiconductor electronic device that uses the photoelectric effect to convert light to electricity. The photodetector assembly 220 may be an avalanche photodiode or a pin photodiode but is not intended to be limited to such. As the light from the top interferometer arm 224 and the bottom interferometer arm 222 reach the third coupler 234, the photodetector assembly 220 may convert the optical signal (i.e., the interferometric signal) to an electronic signal proportional to the acoustic signal along the distributed optical fiber 226. The photodetector assembly 220 may be coupled to an information handling system 230. The photodetector assembly 220 and information handling system 230 may be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled. A first device may be communicatively coupled to a second device if it is connected to the second device through a wired or wireless communication network which permits the transmission of information. Thus, the information handling system 230 may be located uphole, downhole, or at a remote location. The information handling system 230 may also be communicatively or mechanically coupled to the pulse generator 214.
In operation of the system 200, the pulse generator 214 may generate a first optical pulse 216 which is transmitted through the optical fiber 212 to the first coupler 210. In certain implementations, the pulse generator 214 may be a laser. The first coupler 210 may direct the first optical pulse 216 through the optical fiber 226. At least a portion of the optical fiber 226 may be arranged in coils 218. As the first optical pulse 216 travels through the optical fiber 226, imperfections in the optical fiber 226 may cause a portion of the light to be backscattered along the optical fiber 226 due to Rayleigh scattering. Scattered light according to Rayleigh scattering is returned from every point along the optical fiber 226 along the length of the optical fiber 226 and is shown as backscattered light 228 in FIG. 2. This backscatter effect may be referred to as Rayleigh backscatter. Density fluctuations in the optical fiber 226 may give rise to energy loss due to the scattered light, with the following coefficient:




  
    α
    scat
  
  =
  
    
      
        8
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          π
          3
        
      
      
        3
        ⁢
        
          λ
          4
        
      
    
    ⁢
    
      n
      8
    
    ⁢
    
      p
      2
    
    ⁢
    
      kT
      f
    
    ⁢
    β
  




where n is the refraction index, p is the photoelastic coefficient of the optical fiber 226, k is the Boltzmann constant, and β is the isothermal compressibility. Tf is a fictive temperature, representing the temperature at which the density fluctuations are “frozen” in the material. The optical fiber 226 may be terminated with a low reflection device (not shown). In certain implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a fiber coiled and tightly bent to violate Snell's law of total internal reflection such that all the remaining energy is sent out of the fiber. In other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be an angle cleaved fiber. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a coreless optical fiber with high optical attenuation. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a termination, such as the AFL Endlight.

The backscattered light 228 may travel back through the optical fiber 226, until it reaches the second coupler 208. The first coupler 210 may be mechanically coupled to the second coupler 208 on one side by the optical fiber 232 such that the backscattered light 228 may pass from the first coupler 210 to the second coupler 208 through the optical fiber 232. The second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light 228 based on the number of interferometer arms so that one portion of any backscattered light 228 passing through the interferometer 202 travels through the top interferometer arm 224 and another portion travels through the bottom interferometer arm 222. In other words, the second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light from the optical fiber 232 into a first backscattered pulse and a second backscattered pulse. The first backscattered pulse may be sent into the top interferometer arm 222. The second backscattered pulse may be sent into the bottom interferometer arm 224. These two portions may be re-combined at the third coupler 234, and at that point, they may generate an interferometric signal. In an interferometric signal, two signals are superimposed from points separated by a distance of L, where L is the difference in length between the top interferometer arm 224 and bottom interferometer arm 222. The output from the compensating interferometer 202, or the interferometric signal, includes backscattered interfered light from two positions. This interferometric signal may reach the photodetector assembly 220, where it may be converted to an electrical signal. The photodetector assembly 220 may integrate or add up the number of photons received in a given time period. The photodetector assembly 220 may provide output relating to the backscattered light 228 to the information handling system 230, which may convey the data to a display and/or store it in computer-readable media.
Referring now to FIG. 3, an exemplary system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is referenced generally by reference numeral 300. A DAS interrogation unit 310 includes the information handling system 230, the pulse generator 214 coupled to the information handling system 230, the photodetector assembly 220 coupled to the information handling system 230, and an interferometer 302 coupled to the photodetector assembly 220. As shown in FIG. 3, the optical fiber 226 may be disposed between the interferometer 302 and the pulse generator 214 but other configurations are possible. The optical fiber 226 may be lowered downhole but the DAS interrogation unit 310 may be located at the surface. Specifically, the optical fiber 226 may be coupled to a casing or tubing.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the system 300 may include the interferometer 302. The interferometer 302 may include three or more interferometer arms 304a-N that may be selectively engaged. Each interferometer arm 304a-N may be coupled to an optical gain element 306a-N, and each optical gain element 306a-N may be coupled to the information handling system 230. The interferometer arms 304a-N may each be of a different length. The interferometer arms 304a-N may be arranged in coils. However, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to any number or combination of coils. An optical gain element 306a-N may include any amplifier of optical transmissions that uses any suitable means to achieve desired gains and/or any desired attenuation element that may prohibit light from passing through the selected interferometer arms. An example of an attenuation element is a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA). For instance, in certain implementations, a semiconductor optical amplifier or rare earth doped fiber or any other optical amplification medium known to those with skill in the art may be used to achieve gains. In some embodiments, the optical amplification medium may be replaced with VOAs that may be used to attenuate selected interferometer arms while allowing light to pass through other interferometer arms with minimum attenuation.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the interferometer 302 may be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled to a photodetector assembly 220. The photodetector assembly 220 may include associated optics and signal processing electronics. The photodetector assembly 220 may be coupled to an information handling system 230. The information handling system 230 may be located downhole, uphole, or at a remote location. A second coupler 208 may be part of the interferometer 302. A first coupler 210 may be coupled at one side to the second coupler 208 and at the other side, to an optical fiber 212. A pulse generator 214 may be coupled to the first coupler 210 using the optical fiber 212. The pulse generator 214 may include associated opto-electronics and a laser but is not intended to be limited to such. The pulse generator 214 may be located at any suitable location when performing subterranean operations. For instance, in some embodiments, the pulse generator 214 may be located at the surface of the wellbore 103.
In operation of the system 300, the pulse generator 214 may generate a first optical pulse 216 which is transmitted through the optical fiber 212 to the first coupler 210. The optical pulse may be optically amplified using optical gain elements, for example, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) or Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs). The first coupler 210 may direct the first optical pulse 216 through the optical fiber 226. At least a portion of the optical fiber 226 may be arranged in coils 218. As the pulse 216 travels through the optical fiber 226, imperfections in the optical fiber 226 may cause light to be reflected back along the optical fiber 226. Backscattered light 228 according to Rayleigh scattering may be returned from every point along the optical fiber 226 along the length of the optical fiber 226. This backscatter effect may be referred to as Rayleigh backscatter. The optical fiber 226 may be terminated with a low reflection device (not shown). In certain implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a fiber coiled and tightly bent to violate Snell's law of total internal reflection such that all the remaining energy is sent out of the fiber. In other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be an angle cleaved fiber. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a coreless optical fiber with high optical attenuation. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a termination, such as the AFL Endlight.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the backscattered light 228 may travel back through the optical fiber 226 until it reaches the second coupler 208. The second coupler 208 may be coupled to an interferometer 302. The second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light 228 from the optical fiber 232 into various paths along the interferometer arms 304a-N. Two of the optical gain elements 306a-N may be active and turned on to allow light to pass through, and they may provide gain on two selected interferometer arms (for example, 304a and 304b) while all the other optical gain elements may be turned off to provide high attenuation. Thus, there may be high optical attenuation in the remaining interferometer arms (for example, 304c-N). The two active optical paths will form an interferometer, and the difference in path length will be dependent on which optical gain elements 306a-N are active and which optical gain elements 306a-N are turned off. Thus, the second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light from the optical fiber 232 into a number of backscattered pulses, based on the number of interferometer arms in the interferometer 302. A first backscattered pulse may be sent into a top interferometer arm. A second backscattered pulse may be sent into a bottom interferometer arm. The interferometer arms 304a-N may then be re-combined at a third coupler 234, and the first and second backscattered pulses from the selected active interferometer arms may be re-combined to form an interferometric signal. The interferometric signal is comprised of backscattered interfered light. In an interferometric signal, two signals are superimposed from points separated by a distance of L, where L is the difference in length between the top interferometer arm and bottom interferometer arm. The interferometric signal (i.e., the backscattered interfered light) may be representative of a downhole condition. For example, the downhole condition may include, but is not limited to: perforating, operating downhole hardware, monitoring downhole pumps, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, and acoustic events related to wellbore integrity (e.g., leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction). The interferometric signal may also be representative of a condition on pipelines, flow-lines and risers related to flow, leaks, integrity, pigging and maintenance. Further, the interferometric signal may also be representative of conditions on subsea equipment where rotating equipment may cause vibration and/or acoustic noise. Similarly, the interferometric signal may be representative of a condition on infrastructure and security monitoring where it may be beneficial to dynamically vary the optical path length in the system 300.
Still referring to FIG. 3, the photodetector assembly 220 may convert the interferometric signal (i.e., an optical signal) to an electrical signal proportional to the acoustic signal along the distributed optical fiber 226. The photodetector assembly 220 may be an avalanche photodiode or a pin photodiode but is not intended to be limited to such. The photodetector assembly 220 may include associated optics and signal processing electronics that may be used to measure the voltage of the light incoming from the interferometer 202. The photodetector assembly 220 may be coupled to an information handling system 230. The photodetector assembly 220 and information handling system 230 may be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled. Thus, the information handling system 230 may be located uphole, downhole, or at a remote location. The information handling system 230 may also be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled to the pulse generator 214. The photodetector assembly 220 may integrate or add up the number of photons received in a given time period. The photodetector assembly 220 may provide output relating to the back reflected light to the information handling system 230, which may convey the data to a display and/or store it in computer-readable media.
The optical pulse 216 may travel down the length of the optical fiber 226 while generating backscattered light 228 from various positions along the length of the optical fiber 226. The time at which the optical pulse 216 is sent from the pulse generator 214, and the time it takes for the backscattered light 228 to travel to the photodetector assembly 220 may be measured accurately. The velocity of the optical pulse 216 as it travels down the optical fiber 226 may be well-known. The location of any backscattered light 228 may then simply be calculated by measuring the time at which it reaches the photodetector assembly 220, i.e., a time of flight measurement. Using contiguous readings over the time it takes for the backscattered light 228 to traverse the optical fiber 218, a measurement may be collected at the photodetector assembly 220 relating to how the back reflected light varies over the length of the optical fiber 226.
The interferometer arms 304a-N may each be of a different length. Thus, various combinations of optical gain element 306a-N may be selectively activated such that the backscattered light 228 may travel through them and the interferometer arm 304a-N coupled to them, thereby varying the distance over which the reflected optical pulse 228 may travel. Each optical gain element 306a-N may be communicatively coupled to a control unit (not shown) such that a user may select which optical gain elements 306a-N may be engaged at any given time. In certain implementations, the control unit may be an information handling system. Alternatively, the optical gain elements 306a-N may be engaged according to an automated program. Thus, the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the system 300 may be changed in-situ depending on the needs of the system 300. Applications where active sources are used may generate strong acoustic signals, and users may prefer to have the system settings selected to provide higher spatial resolution with good signal-to-noise ratios. The well depth as well as the associated signal paths may vary. Thus, shallow applications may have a stronger signal, whereas signals in deep wells may experience higher signal attenuation due to the longer travel path for acoustic signals. It may therefore be beneficial to change the difference in path length to optimize the signal-to-noise ratio dependent on the attenuation of the acoustic signals or on the application. Other applications may include micro-seismic sensing and/or passive sensing where small micro-seismic events in the formation may generate noise, and it may be beneficial to record these events and use them for reservoir characterization and optimization.
The term “spatial resolution” as used herein refers to the ability to discriminate between two adjacent acoustic events along an optical fiber. It is generally desirable to have a fine spatial resolution in a system to allow for detection of events that are spatially near each other, like perforations in a hydrocarbon well, for example. The spatial resolution of the system 300 is a function of the width of the first optical pulse 216 and the difference in length between the top interferometer arm, which may be any of 304a-304(N−1) and the bottom interferometer arm, which may be any of 304b-304N, depending on which of the arms in the system have activated optical gain elements 306a-N. The sensitivity of the system 300 is a function of the difference in length between the top interferometer arm and the bottom interferometer arm, and a greater difference in length between these two fibers improves the system's sensitivity to acoustic and/or vibrational energy. In other words, greater sensitivity allows the system 300 to detect acoustic and/or vibrational events with smaller signal amplitude.
Additional optical pulses may be sent into the optical fiber 226 from the pulse generator 214 in close succession and at a fixed rate. By measuring the backscattered interfered light from each of these optical pulses at the photodetector assembly 220, a discrete representation of the change in acoustic energy in the wellbore may be measured as a function of time. The changes in acoustic energy may then be correlated with sub-surface events. For example, a change in acoustic energy may be related to a change in flow, a change in solids in a fluid, or a change in the oil/water/gas ratio present in the wellbore 103. The pulse generator 214 may be operable to vary the pulse width of optical pulses it generates. Further, the differential path length difference between two selected interferometer arms may be varied. In this way, the spatial resolution of the system 300 may be varied.
Referring now to FIG. 4, an exemplary system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) according to an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure is referenced generally by reference numeral 400. As shown in FIG. 4, the interferometer 402 may be disposed between the pulse generator 214 and the optical fiber 226, although other configurations are possible. The pulse generator 214 may generate a single pulse that may be split in the first coupler 420 into N paths according to the number of active arms in the interferometer 402 (i.e., those arms of interferometer 402 that allow light transmission). For example, two of the N paths may be active. In this example, a first optical pulse may be split into a number of portions, according to the number of arms in the interferometer 402. A first portion of the first optical pulse may be sent into a first active arm of the interferometer 402. A second portion of the first optical pulse may be sent into a second active arm of the interferometer 402. The first portion and the second portion may then both reenter the optical fiber 408 at the second coupler 422. The two portions may be separated in time by a delay proportional to the difference in path length between the selected interferometer arms. Both portions may generate backscattered light as they travel down the optical fiber 226. The backscattered light from the first portion may then interfere with the backscattered light from the second portion. The two portions of backscattered light may interfere in the optical fiber 226, and they may travel in the optical fiber 226 to the photodetector assembly 220, where the backscattered interfered light may be converted to an electrical signal. As discussed with respect to FIG. 3, the backscattered interfered light may be representative of a downhole condition. The downhole condition may include, for example, perforating, operating downhole hardware, monitoring downhole pumps, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, and acoustic events related to wellbore integrity, like, e.g., leaks, cross-flow, formation compaction. The interferometric signal may also be representative of a condition on pipelines, flow-lines and risers related to flow, leaks, integrity, pigging and maintenance. The interferometric signal may also be representative of conditions on subsea equipment where rotating equipment cause vibration and/or acoustic noise. Similarly, the interferometric system signal may be representative of a condition on infrastructure and security monitoring where it may be beneficial to dynamically vary the optical path length in the system 400. The spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system 400 may be tuned by changing which optical gain elements 406a-N are active. As discussed with respect to FIG. 3, the pulse generator 214 may be operable to vary the optical pulse width. Further, the differential path length difference between two selected interferometer arms may be varied. In this way, the spatial resolution of the system 400 may be varied.
Referring now to FIG. 5, an exemplary system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) according to an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure is referenced generally by reference numeral 500. A DAS interrogation unit 310, such as that shown in FIG. 3, includes the information handling system 230, the pulse generator 214 coupled to the information handling system 230, the photodetector assembly 220 coupled to the information handling system 230, and an interferometer 302 coupled to the photodetector assembly 220. As shown in FIG. 5, the optical fibers 226 may be disposed between the interferometer 302 and the pulse generator 214, but other configurations are possible. The optical fibers 226 may be lowered downhole but the DAS interrogation unit 310 may be located at the surface. Specifically, the optical fibers 226 may be coupled to a casing or tubing.
Like system 300 of FIG. 3, system 500 may include the interferometer 302. The interferometer 302 may include three or more interferometer arms 304a-N that may be selectively engaged. Each interferometer arm 304a-N may be coupled to an optical gain element 306a-N, and each optical gain element 306a-N may be coupled to the information handling system 230. The interferometer arms 304a-N may each be of a different length. The interferometer arms 304a-N may be arranged in coils. However, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to any number or combination of coils. An optical gain element 306a-N may include any amplifier of optical transmissions that uses any suitable means to achieve desired gains and/or any desired attenuation element that may prohibit light from passing through the selected interferometer arms. An example of an attenuation element is a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA). For instance, in certain implementations, a semiconductor optical amplifier or rare earth doped fiber or any other optical amplification medium known to those with skill in the art may be used to achieve gains. In some embodiments, the optical amplification medium may be replaced with VOAs that may be used to attenuate selected interferometer arms while allowing light to pass through other interferometer arms with minimum attenuation.
Referring to FIG. 5, the interferometer 302 may be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled to a photodetector assembly 220. The photodetector assembly 220 may include associated optics and signal processing electronics. The photodetector assembly 220 may be coupled to an information handling system 230. The information handling system 230 may be located downhole, uphole, or at a remote location. A second coupler 208 may be part of the interferometer 302. A first coupler 210 may be coupled at one side to the second coupler 208 and at the other side, to an optical fiber 212. A pulse generator 214 may be coupled to the first coupler 210 using the optical fiber 212. The pulse generator 214 may include associated opto-electronics and a laser but is not intended to be limited to such. The pulse generator 214 may be located at any suitable location when performing subterranean operations. For instance, in some embodiments, the pulse generator 214 may be located at the surface of the wellbore 103.
In operation of the system 500, the pulse generator 214 may generate a first optical pulse 216 which is transmitted through the optical fiber 212 to the first coupler 210. The optical pulse may be optically amplified using optical gain elements, for example, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) or Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs). The first coupler 210 may direct the first optical pulse 216 through the optical fibers 226a and 226b. Before traveling through optical fibers 226a and 226b, the light from the first optical pulse 216 may be directed through attenuator or gain elements such as VOAs 510a and 510b (corresponding to optical fibers 226a and 226b, respectively). VOAs 510 may each be coupled to and controlled by information handling system 230 such that only one of VOAs 510 is activated. In other words, through activation of a particular VOA 510, information handling system 230 may determine and select which of optical fibers 226a and 226b that the light from the first optical pulse 216 may travel through. As the pulse 216 travels through the selected optical fiber 226, imperfections in the optical fiber may cause light to be reflected back along the optical fiber. Backscattered light according to Rayleigh scattering may be returned from every point along the optical fiber 226 along the length of the optical fiber 226. This backscatter effect may be referred to as Rayleigh backscatter. Optical fibers 226a and 226b may be terminated with a low reflection device (not shown). In certain implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a fiber coiled and tightly bent to violate Snell's law of total internal reflection such that all the remaining energy is sent out of the fiber. In other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be an angle cleaved fiber. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a coreless optical fiber with high optical attenuation. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a termination, such as the AFL Endlight.
In particular implementations, one or both of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that, when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 560 from electromagnetic source 550), causes the fiber to expand or contract. The electromagnetic signal 560 may come from any electromagnetic source 550, which may be located adjacent to system 500. For example, one or more electromagnetic sources may be deployed in adjacent wells to system 500, on the surface of a well in which system 500 is deployed, or on the ocean floor near a well in which system 500 is deployed. Electromagnetic sources 550 may operate at a range of 0.1 Hz to 30 kHz in particular implementations. In some implementations, the coating may include a magnetostrictive material that may surround the optical fiber(s) 226 or may be bonded to the optical fiber(s) 226. Some examples of magnetostrictive materials include Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, alloys of the preceding, METGLAS, and Terfenol-D. Examples of magnetostrictive materials that may expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (i.e., negative magnetostriction) include METGLAS, Iron, Permalloy, and Terfenol-D. Examples of magnetostrictive materials that may contract when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (i.e., negative magnetostriction) include Nickel, Cobalt, ferrites, Nickel ferrites, and Cobalt-doped Nickel ferrites.
In some implementations, only one fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 560). For example, as shown in FIG. 5, optical fiber 226a may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to electromagnetic signal 560 (as shown by the dotted line extending the length of optical fiber 226a in FIG. 5), while optical fiber 226b may not comprise any coating and may not expand or contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal 560 as optical fiber 226a. In other implementations, one fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to electromagnetic signal 560, while the other fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal 560. For example, although not shown in FIG. 7, optical fiber 226a may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal, while optical fiber 226b may comprise a coating that causes it to contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal as optical fiber 226a. 
In operation of system 500, an electromagnetic signal 560 from electromagnetic source 550 may be applied to or received at each of optical fibers 226 simultaneously, causing optical fibers 226a and 226b to have different lengths (due to one or both of optical fibers 226 having a magnetostrictive coating as described above). For example, as shown in FIG. 5, optical fiber 226a may be coated with a magnetostrictive coating causing it to expand and lengthen when exposed to electromagnetic signal 560 (as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 5), while optical fiber 226b may have no magnetostrictive coating and may not expand or contract in the presence of the electromagnetic signal 560. Backscattered light from the first optical pulse 216 may then return back through the selected optical fiber 226 and through a second coupler 208. The second coupler 208 may be coupled to an interferometer 302. The second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light from the optical fiber 232 into various paths along the interferometer arms 304a-N. As described above with respect to FIG. 3, two of the optical gain elements 306a-N may be active and turned on to allow light to pass through, and they may provide gain on two selected interferometer arms (for example, 304a and 304b) while all the other optical gain elements may be turned off to provide high attenuation. Thus, there may be high optical attenuation in the remaining interferometer arms (for example, 304c-N). The two active optical paths will form an interferometer, and the difference in path length will be dependent on which optical gain elements 306a-N are active and which optical gain elements 306a-N are turned off. Thus, the second coupler 208 may split the backscattered light from the optical fiber 232 into a number of backscattered pulses, based on the number of interferometer arms in the interferometer 302. A first backscattered pulse may be sent into a top interferometer arm. A second backscattered pulse may be sent into a bottom interferometer arm. The interferometer arms 304a-N may then be re-combined at a third coupler 234, and the first and second backscattered pulses from the selected active interferometer arms may be re-combined to form an interferometric signal comprised of backscattered interfered light.
After the interferometric signal has passed through the third coupler 234, the photodetector assembly 220 may convert the interferometric signal (i.e., an optical signal) to an electrical signal proportional to the acoustic signal along the distributed optical fibers 226a and 226b. The photodetector assembly 220 may be an avalanche photodiode or a pin photodiode but is not intended to be limited to such. The photodetector assembly 220 may include associated optics and signal processing electronics that may be used to measure the voltage of the light incoming from the interferometer 202. The photodetector assembly 220 may be coupled to an information handling system 230. The photodetector assembly 220 and information handling system 230 may be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled. Thus, the information handling system 230 may be located uphole, downhole, or at a remote location. The information handling system 230 may also be communicatively and/or mechanically coupled to the pulse generator 214. The photodetector assembly 220 may integrate or add up the number of photons received in a given time period. The photodetector assembly 220 may provide output relating to the back reflected light to the information handling system 230, which may convey the data to a display and/or store it in computer-readable media.
The backscattered interfered light may be representative of a downhole condition. The downhole condition may include, for example, perforating, operating downhole hardware, monitoring downhole pumps, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, and acoustic events related to wellbore integrity, like, e.g., leaks, cross-flow, formation compaction. The interferometric signal may also be representative of a condition on pipelines, flow-lines and risers related to flow, leaks, integrity, pigging and maintenance. The interferometric signal may also be representative of conditions on subsea equipment where rotating equipment cause vibration and/or acoustic noise. Similarly, the interferometric system signal may be representative of a condition on infrastructure and security monitoring where it may be beneficial to dynamically vary the optical path length in the system 500. The spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system 500 may be tuned by changing which optical gain elements 306a-N are active. The pulse generator 214 may be operable to vary the optical pulse width. Further, the differential path length difference between two selected interferometer arms may be varied. In this way, the spatial resolution of the system 500 may be varied.
As described above with respect to FIG. 3, measuring the backscattered interfered light at the photodetector assembly 220 may allow a user to determine a discrete representation of the change in acoustic or vibrational energy in the wellbore as a function of time. Using system 500 as described above, a user may be able to measure backscattered interfered light coming from each of optical fibers 226a and 226b when each is exposed to an electromagnetic signal such as electromagnetic signal 560, with each path being selected at different times (but still substantially close in time to each other such that acoustic or vibrational energy measurements are not substantially different from one another). For instance, a first path through one of the optical fibers 226 may be selected first with backscatter light measured from that path first, and a second path through the other optical fiber 226 may be selected second with backscatter light measured from that path second. Because of the difference in length of these paths when exposed to an electromagnetic signal, the backscattered light measured from the first path (e.g., through optical fiber 226a of FIG. 5) and the backscattered light measured from the second path (e.g., through optical fiber 226b of FIG. 5). The measurements from each path may comprise the same measure of acoustic and/or vibrational energy, but may comprise differing measures of the electromagnetic energy due to one or both fibers expanding or contracting due to the applied electromagnetic signal.
By varying the spatial resolution of system 500 as described above, a user may be able to measure resistivity of a formation at different distances along the optical fibers 226 and thus may be able to detect flooding of a well. In addition, by varying the spatial resolution as described above, a user may be able to vary the sensitivity of measurements and may thus measure resistivity of signals with varying strength. This is especially true if there are multiple electromagnetic sources adjacent to system 500 having varying distances between the positive and negative poles.
Referring now to FIG. 6, an exemplary system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) according to an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure is referenced generally by reference numeral 600. As shown in FIG. 6, the interferometer 402 may be disposed between the pulse generator 214 and the optical fibers 226a and 226b, although other configurations are possible. The pulse generator 214 may generate a single pulse that may be split in the first coupler 420 into N paths according to the number of active arms in the interferometer 402 (i.e., those arms of interferometer 402 that allow light transmission). For example, two of the N paths may be active. In this example, a first optical pulse may be split into a number of portions, according to the number of arms in the interferometer 402. A first portion of the first optical pulse may be sent into a first active arm of the interferometer 402. A second portion of the first optical pulse may be sent into a second active arm of the interferometer 402. The first portion and the second portion may then both reenter the optical fiber 408 at the second coupler 422. The two portions may be separated in time by a delay proportional to the difference in path length between the selected interferometer arms.
As described with respect to FIG. 5, the light from the two portions of the first optical pulse 216 may be directed through attenuator or gain elements such as VOAs 510a and 510b (corresponding to optical fibers 226a and 226b, respectively) before traveling through optical fibers 226a and 226b. VOAs 610 may each be coupled to and controlled by information handling system 230 such that only one of VOAs 610 is activated. Thus, through activation of a particular VOA 610, information handling system 230 may determine and select which of optical fibers 226a and 226b that the portions of the first optical pulse 216 may travel through. Similar to optical fibers 226 in FIG. 5, one or both of optical fibers 226 of system 600 may comprise a coating that, when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 660 from electromagnetic source 650), causes the fiber to expand or contract. The electromagnetic signal 660 may come from any electromagnetic source 650, which may be located adjacent to system 600. In some implementations, the coating may include a magnetostrictive material that may surround the optical fiber(s) 226 or may be bonded to the optical fiber(s) 226. In some implementations, only one fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 660). In other implementations, one fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to electromagnetic signal 660, while the other fiber of optical fibers 226 may comprise a coating that causes it to contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal 660.
In operation of system 600, an electromagnetic signal 660 from electromagnetic source 650 may be applied to or received at each of optical fibers 226 simultaneously, causing optical fibers 226a and 226b to have different lengths (due to one or both of optical fibers 226 having a magnetostrictive coating as described above). For example, as shown in FIG. 6, optical fiber 226a may be coated with a magnetostrictive coating causing it to expand and lengthen when exposed to electromagnetic signal 660 (as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 6), while optical fiber 226b may have no magnetostrictive coating and may not expand or contract in the presence of the electromagnetic signal 660. As the portions of the optical pulse travel down the selected optical fiber 226, they may generate backscattered light. The backscattered light from the first portion may then interfere with the backscattered light from the second portion. The two portions of backscattered light may interfere in the selected optical fiber 226 and may travel toward the photodetector assembly 220, where the backscattered interfered light may be converted to an electrical signal.
As discussed with respect to FIG. 5, the backscattered interfered light may be representative of a downhole condition, such as, for example, perforating, operating downhole hardware, monitoring downhole pumps, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, and acoustic events related to wellbore integrity, like, e.g., leaks, cross-flow, formation compaction. The interferometric signal may also be representative of a condition on pipelines, flow-lines and risers related to flow, leaks, integrity, pigging and maintenance. The interferometric signal may also be representative of conditions on subsea equipment where rotating equipment cause vibration and/or acoustic noise. Similarly, the interferometric system signal may be representative of a condition on infrastructure and security monitoring where it may be beneficial to dynamically vary the optical path length in the system 600. The spatial resolution and sensitivity of the system 600 may be tuned by changing which optical gain elements 406a-N are active. In addition, the pulse generator 214 may be operable to vary the optical pulse width. Further, the differential path length difference between two selected interferometer arms may be varied. In this way, the spatial resolution of the system 400 may be varied.
Using system 600 as described above, a user may be able to measure backscattered interfered light coming from each of optical fibers 226a and 226b when each is exposed to an electromagnetic signal such as electromagnetic signal 660, with each path being selected at different times (but still substantially close in time to each other such that acoustic or vibrational energy measurements are not substantially different from one another). For instance, a first path through one of the optical fibers 226 may be selected first with backscattered light measured from that path first, and a second path through the other optical fiber 226 may be selected second with backscattered light measured from that path second. Because of the difference in length of these paths when exposed to an electromagnetic signal, the backscattered light measured from the first path (e.g., through optical fiber 226a of FIG. 6) and the backscattered light measured from the second path (e.g., through optical fiber 226b of FIG. 6). The measurements from each path may comprise the same measure of acoustic and/or vibrational energy, but may comprise differing measures of the electromagnetic energy due to one or both fibers expanding or contracting due to the applied electromagnetic signal.
By varying the spatial resolution of system 600 as described above, a user may be able to measure resistivity of a formation at different distances along the optical fibers 226, and thus may be able to detect flooding of a well. In addition, by varying the spatial resolution as described above, a user may be able to vary the sensitivity of measurements and may thus measure resistivity of signals with varying strength. This is especially true if there are multiple electromagnetic sources adjacent to system 600 having varying distances between the positive and negative poles.
Referring now to FIG. 7, an exemplary system for performing Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) according to an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure is referenced generally by reference numeral 700. A DAS interrogation unit 710 includes the information handling system 230, the pulse generator 214 coupled to the information handling system 230, and the photodetector assembly 220 coupled to the information handling system 230. DAS interrogation unit 710 may be coupled to optical fibers 726 as shown in FIG. 7. The optical fibers 726 may be lowered downhole but the DAS interrogation unit 710 may be located at the surface. Specifically, the optical fibers 726 may be coupled to a casing or tubing.
In particular implementations, pulse generator 214 may generate a pulse that travels through coupler 708, creating pulses 716a and 716b. Pulses 716a and 716b may then travel down optical fibers 726a and 726b, respectively, and may each have the same pulse width. As pulses 716 travel through the optical fibers 726, imperfections in the optical fibers 726 may cause a portion of the light to be backscattered along the optical fibers 726 due to Rayleigh scattering. Scattered light according to Rayleigh scattering is returned from every point along the optical fibers 726 along the length of the optical fibers 726. This backscatter effect may be referred to as Rayleigh backscatter. The optical fibers 726 may be terminated with a low reflection device (not shown). In certain implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a fiber coiled and tightly bent to violate Snell's law of total internal reflection such that all the remaining energy is sent out of the fiber. In other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be an angle cleaved fiber. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a coreless optical fiber with high optical attenuation. In still other implementations, the low reflection device (not shown) may be a termination, such as the AFL Endlight.
In particular implementations, one or both of optical fibers 726 may comprise a coating that, when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 760 from electromagnetic source 750), causes the fiber to expand or contract. The electromagnetic signal 760 may come from any electromagnetic source 750, which may be located adjacent to system 700. For example, one or more electromagnetic sources may be deployed in adjacent wells to system 500, on the surface of a well in which system 500 is deployed, or on the ocean floor near a well in which system 500 is deployed. In some implementations, the coating may include a magnetostrictive material that may surround the optical fiber(s) 726 or may be bonded to the optical fiber(s) 726. Some examples of magnetostrictive materials include Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, alloys of the preceding, METGLAS, and Terfenol-D. Examples of magnetostrictive materials that may expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (i.e., negative magnetostriction) include METGLAS, Iron, Permalloy, and Terfenol-D. Examples of magnetostrictive materials that may contract when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (i.e., negative magnetostriction) include Nickel, Cobalt, ferrites, Nickel ferrites, and Cobalt-doped Nickel ferrites.
In some implementations, only one fiber of optical fibers 726 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal 760). For example, as shown in FIG. 7, optical fiber 726a may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to electromagnetic signal 760 (as shown by the dotted line extending the length of optical fiber 726a in FIG. 7), while optical fiber 726b may not comprise any coating and may not expand or contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal 760 as optical fiber 726a. In other implementations, one fiber of optical fibers 726 may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to electromagnetic signal 760, while the other fiber of optical fibers 726 may comprise a coating that causes it to contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal 760. For example, although not shown in FIG. 7, optical fiber 726a may comprise a coating that causes it to expand when exposed to an electromagnetic signal, while optical fiber 726b may comprise a coating that causes it to contract when exposed to the same electromagnetic signal as optical fiber 726a. 
In particular implementations of system 700, such as the one shown in FIG. 7, an electromagnetic signal 760 from electromagnetic source 750 may be applied to or received at each of optical fibers 726 simultaneously, causing optical fibers 726a and 726b to have different lengths (due to one or both of optical fibers 726 having a magnetostrictive coating as described above; as shown in FIG. 7, optical fiber 726a may be coated with a magnetostrictive coating while optical fiber 726b may have no magnetostrictive coating). Pulses 716a and 716b may be sent down optical fibers 726a and 726b, respectively, through couplers 720a and 720b, respectively. Backscattered light from pulses 716a and 716b may then return back through optical fibers 726a and 726b, respectively, and through couplers 720a and 720b, respectively, on its way toward coupler 730. Coupler 730 may then combine the backscattered light from pulses 716a and 716b, generating an interferometric signal that is then sent to photodetector 220. The interferometric signal therefore includes backscattered, interfered light from two positions along the length of optical fibers 726. The photodetector assembly 220 may then convert the interferometric signal to an electrical signal, which may be done in certain implementations by integrating or adding up the number of photons received in a given time period. The photodetector assembly 220 may then provide output relating to the interferometric signal to the information handling system 230, which may convey the data output to a display and/or store it in computer-readable media.
In operation of system 700, the information handling system 230 may compare the interferometric signal to determine a phase difference between the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726a and the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726b. Because of the difference in distance caused by the electromagnetic signal, the phase difference between the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726a and the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726b may be proportional to the electromagnetic signal. This is because the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726a and the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726b may each comprise information about acoustic energy and/or vibrational energy in the near the optical fibers 726, but may be out of phase because of the difference in length between the optical fibers 726a and 726b. Thus, information handling system 230 may be able to determine a magnitude of the electromagnetic signal 760 applied to or received at the optical fibers 726 by determining the phase difference between the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726a and the backscattered light coming from optical fiber 726b. 
In particular implementations of system 700, spatial resolution of system 700 may be varied by varying the pulse width of optical pulses 716a and 716b. For example, using lower pulse widths in pulses 716a and 716b may allow for shorter spatial resolution. However, lower pulse widths may cause a lower signal level in the backscattered light from optical fibers 726. This may not be an issue at higher wellbore depths, but may be an issue at lower wellbore depths. Accordingly, information handling system 230 may increase the pulse width in order to have higher spatial resolution and better visibility into the lower wellbore depths.
Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee.

## Claims

1. A distributed acoustic sensing system, comprising:
a pulse generator configured to generate optical pulses;
a first optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the first optical fiber configured to selectively receive the an optical pulse from the pulse generator based on activation of a first optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal;
a second optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the second optical fiber configured to selectively receive an optical pulse from the pulse generator based on activation of a second optical gain element;
an interferometer coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, the interferometer configured to receive backscattered light from the an optical pulse traveling through the first optical fiber or the second optical fiber, the interferometer comprising:
a first interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element;
a second interferometer arm coupled to a fourth optical gain element; and
a third interferometer arm coupled to a fifth optical gain element;

a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, the photodetector assembly configured to detect backscattered light from the interferometer and generate an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and
an information handling system, which:
activates one optical gain element of the first optical gain element and the second optical gain elements so as to determine which optical fiber of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber an optical pulse generated by the pulse generator may travel through,
activates two optical gain elements of the third optical gain element, the fourth optical gain element, and the fifth optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and
determines a difference between backscattered light from a first optical pulse that selectively travels through the first optical fiber and backscattered light from a second optical pulse that selectively travels through the second optical fiber.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction.

7. A distributed acoustic sensing system, comprising:
a pulse generator configured to generate optical pulses;
an interferometer coupled to the pulse generator and configured to receive an optical pulse from the pulse generator, the interferometer comprising:
a first interferometer arm coupled to a first optical gain element;
a second interferometer arm coupled to a second optical gain element; and
a third interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element;

a first optical fiber coupled to the pulse generator, the first optical fiber configured to selectively receive the an optical pulse from the interferometer based on activation of a fourth optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal;
a second optical fiber coupled to the interferometer, the second optical fiber configured to selectively receive an optical pulse from the interferometer based on activation of a fifth optical gain element;
a photodetector assembly coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, the photodetector assembly configured to detect backscattered light from the first optical fiber and second optical fiber and generate an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and
an information handling system, which:
activates two optical gain elements of the first optical gain element, the second optical gain element, and the third optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and
activates one optical gain element of the fourth optical gain element and the fifth optical gain elements so as to determine which optical fiber of the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber an optical pulse generated by the pulse generator may travel through,
determines a difference between backscattered light from a first optical pulse that selectively travels through the first optical fiber and backscattered light from a second optical pulse that selectively travels through the second optical fiber.

8. The system of claim 7, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter.

9. The system of claim 7, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal.

10. The system of claim 7, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths.

11. The system of claim 7, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction.

13. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising:
sending a first optical pulse through a first optical fiber based on activation of a first optical gain element, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal;
sending a second optical pulse through a second optical fiber based on activation of a second optical gain element;
receiving, at an interferometer coupled to the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber, backscattered light from the first optical pulse and the second optical pulse, the interferometer comprising:
a first interferometer arm coupled to a third optical gain element;
a second interferometer arm coupled to a fourth optical gain element; and
a third interferometer arm coupled to a fifth optical gain element;

receiving, at a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, the backscattered light from the interferometer;
generating an electronic signal based on the backscattered light; and
activating, by an information handling system, two optical gain elements of the third optical gain element, the fourth optical gain element, and the fifth optical gain element so as to vary the optical path length of the interferometer, thereby changing the spatial resolution of the system, and
determining, at the information handling system, a difference between backscattered light from the first optical pulse and backscattered light from the second optical pulse.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the backscattered light is reflected along the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber according to Rayleigh backscatter.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal.

16. The method of claim 13, wherein the first, second, and third interferometer arms have different lengths.

17. The method of claim 13, wherein the optical fiber is adapted to be disposed downhole.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the backscattered interfered light is representative of a downhole condition, wherein the downhole condition is selected from a group consisting of: perforations, monitoring downhole pumps and hardware, sensing acoustic signals during fracturing and in-flow stimulation, water injection, production monitoring, flow regimes, reflection seismic, micro-seismic, leaks, cross-flow, and formation compaction.

19. A method for distributed acoustic sensing comprising:
sending a first optical pulse down a first optical fiber, wherein light from the first optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the first optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering, the first optical fiber comprising a first coating configured to alter a length of the first optical fiber when exposed to an electromagnetic signal;
sending a second optical pulse down a second optical fiber, wherein light from the second optical pulse is backscattered from positions along the length of the second optical fiber according to coherent Rayleigh scattering;
combining the backscattered light from the first optical pulse and the backscattered light from the second optical pulse to form an interferometric signal;
receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly;
providing, from the photodetector assembly, output relating to the interferometric signal to an information handling system;
determining, at the information handling system, a difference in the interferometric signal using the output relating to the interferometric signal.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the first coating is configured to elongate the first optical fiber when exposed to the electromagnetic signal.