National Institute of 

Standards and Technology

Technology Administration

U.S. Department of 

Commerce

NISTIR 6843

January 2002

Electronics and Electrical 

Engineering Laboratory

Office of Law 

Enforcement 

Standards

Programs, Activities, and 

Accomplishments
The Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory

Through its technical laboratory research programs, the

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory (EEEL)

supports the U.S. electronics industry, its suppliers, and its

customers by providing measurement technology needed to

maintain and improve their competitive position. EEEL also

provides support to the Federal government as needed to

improve efficiency in technical operations, and cooperates

with academia in the development and use of measurement

methods and scientific data.

EEEL consists of six programmatic divisions and two matrixmanaged offices:

Electricity Division

Semiconductor Electronics Division

Radio-Frequency Technology Division

Electromagnetic Technology Division

Optoelectronics Division

Magnetic Technology Division

Office of Microelectronics Programs

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

This document describes the technical programs of the

Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES). Similar documents describing the other Divisions and Offices are available. Contact NIST/EEEL, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 8100,

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8100, Telephone: (301) 975-2220,

On the Web: www.eeel.nist.gov

Cover Caption: The Office of Law Enforcement Standards assists the criminal justice and

public safety communities through the development of equipment performance standards,

users’ guides, standard reference materials, and scientific research. Our logo (lower right)

reflects some of the projects that we conduct: DNA research, arson research, forensic sciences, and law enforcement weapons and equipment. Also shown on the cover are pictures

that reflect the more recent emphasis on our projects that further Homeland Defense initatives; including development of concealed weapons detection and imaging technologies;

related equipment performance standards, such as for metal detectors; users’ guides for

chemical and biological protective equipment; and other types of protective equipment used

by first responders to critical incidents.
Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory

Office of Law

Enforcement

Standards

Programs, Activities, and

Accomplishments

NISTIR 6843

January 2002

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Donald L. Evans, Secretary

Technology Administration

Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary of Commerce for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director

ME

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

DEPARTMENT OF COM

RCE
ii Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Any mention of commercial products is for information only; it does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology nor does it imply

that the products mentioned are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards iii

Contents

Welcome ...................................................................................................................v

Mission......................................................................................................................v

Weapons and Protective Systems.............................................................................1

Support of NIJ Standard-0101.04, "Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor" ..............1

Support of NIJ Standard-0115.00, "Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor" ..................2

Support of NIJ Standard-0112.03, "Autoloading Pistols for Police Officers".......................2

Revision of NIJ Standard-0101.04, "Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor" .............3

Revision of NIJ Standard-0115.00, "Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor"..................4

Revision of NIJ Standard-0108.01, "Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials"......................5

Revision of NIJ Standard-0104.02, "Riot Helmets and Face Shields" ................................5

Revision of NIJ Standard-0106.01, "Ballistic Helmets".....................................................6

Revision of NIJ Standard-0307.01, "Metallic Handcuffs" ..................................................7

Revision of NIJ Standard-0113.00, "12-Gauge Shotguns for Police Use"...........................7

OLES Research Facility Improvements ...........................................................................8

Development of an NIJ Standard for Bomb Suits ............................................................8

Development of an Armored Car Standard.....................................................................9

Test Protocol Development for Gunlocks........................................................................9

Evaluation Of "Smart Guns" ........................................................................................10

Detection, Inspection, and Enforcement Technologies..........................................11

Millimeter-Wave Concealed Weapon Imaging System Development Project ...................11

Two-Dimensional Monolithic Microbolometer Imaging Arrays for Concealed Weapons

Development of Evaluation Standards for Still and Video Human Recognition Systems ...12

Liquid-Filled Camera for Enhancement of Shadow Detail...............................................13

Quality Assessment of Closed Circuit TV (CCTV) Forensic Imagery ................................14

Identifying and Characterizing Materials That Emulate the Low-Frequency Electromagnetic

Properties of the Human Body ....................................................................................15

Electrical Properties of Metals Used in Hand-Held Weapons ..........................................16

Support for Concealed Weapon and Contraband Detection Technology .........................16

Emergency Vehicle Sirens ...........................................................................................17

NIJ Standard 0603.00, X-Ray Systems for Bomb Disarmament......................................17

Chemical Systems and Materials ............................................................................20

Human and Animal Dose Response, Toxicokinetic and Potency Assessment of Pepper

Spray Products Following Topical and Aerosolized Exposure..........................................20

Oleoresin Capsicum Canister Study..............................................................................21

Protective Glove Project..............................................................................................22

An Evaluation of Innovative Sweat-Based Drug Testing Techniques for Use in Criminal

Justice Drug Testing...................................................................................................22

Evaluation of Saliva as an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen..........................................23

Forensic Sciences....................................................................................................24

National Software Reference Library (NSRL) ................................................................24

Computer Forensics Tools Testing (CFTT)....................................................................25

Two New Quick Reference Guides for Digital Evidence Investigations ............................25

Standard Reference Materials (SRM) for Bullets and Casings.........................................26

Burn Pattern Recognition Program ..............................................................................26

Measurement and Simulation of Real Ignition Sources..................................................27

Research in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Identification Methods and Standards.............27

Summer Forensic Fellowship Research.........................................................................29

NIST Standard Reference Materials (SRM) for Gunpowder and Pipe Bomb Residue ........30

Gunpowder and Handgun Residue Research ................................................................31

Detection...................................................................................................................11
iv Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

On-Line Chemical Analysis of Human Hair....................................................................32

Use of Enantiomeric Composition to Study Incorporation of Drugs Into Hair ..................32

Auto Headlight Database for Forensic Utility.................................................................33

Public Safety Communication Standards ............................................................... 35

NIJ Standardization Efforts Related to Telecommunications and Information Technology

(IT) Interoperability....................................................................................................35

Critical Incident Technologies................................................................................ 38

Developing Chemical and Biological (CB) Protection Equipment Standards .....................38

Development of Standard, Secure Cockpit Isolation Systems.........................................41

Performance Standards for Aircraft Security: Frangible Ammunition Selection Guide and

Performance Testing Standard ....................................................................................43

Office of Law Enforcement Standards Organization (810.02)............................... 45
Office of Law Enforcement Standards v

Welcome

The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) helps law enforcement, corrections,

and criminal justice agencies ensure that the equipment they purchase and the technologies

they use are safe, dependable, and effective. OLES, with a staff of ten, is based in

Gaithersburg, Maryland, and is one of the two Offices within the Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory at NIST.

OLES was established as a matrix management organization in 1971 and was based on

recommendations from the President's Commission on Crime. The Commission report, entitled "Crime in a Free Society," recommended that a Federal agency be appointed to assist

criminal justice agencies by developing equipment standards and providing technical support

and assistance. The report indicated that the then National Bureau of Standards was one

such agency suitable for this task. As a result, the Department of Commerce (DOC) and the

Department of Justice (DOJ) signed a Memorandum of Understanding and the Office was

established. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), which is the research arm of the Department of Justice, is the primary sponsor of OLES projects. Projects also have been supported by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA).

OLES fulfills its mission by applying science and technology to the needs of the criminal

justice community, including law enforcement, corrections, and forensic science as well as

the fire service. The Office focuses on the development of performance standards, which are

promulgated as voluntary national standards by the NIJ. OLES also conducts research on

protective clothing, communication systems, emergency equipment, investigative aids, protective and enforcement equipment, security systems, traffic enforcement systems, vehicles,

weapons and ammunition, and analytical techniques and standard reference materials (SRM)

used by the forensic science community. The composition of the project portfolio varies

depending on the priorities of the criminal justice community at any given time, and, as

necessary, draws upon the resources of NIST's Measurement and Standards Laboratories and

outside agencies.

OLES has published, mostly through NIJ, more than 230 standards, guides, and technical

reports over its 30-year history. These publications have dealt with such topics as emergency vehicle warning devices, police clothing and equipment, components of intrusion alarm

systems, physical security of door and window assemblies, metal and explosive vapor detectors, arson accelerant detectors, and narcotic test kits. OLES also developed standard reference materials for glass comparisons and DNA profiling and reference collections of automobile paints and synthetic fibers for use by forensic laboratories.

Mission

The mission of OLES is to serve as the principal agent for standards development for the

criminal justice and public safety communities. OLES has been instrumental in the development of numerous standards and the issuance of various technical reports that have had

significant impact on both of these communities. Through its programs, OLES helps criminal
vi Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

justice and public safety agencies acquire, on a cost-effective basis, the high quality resources they need to do their jobs. To accomplish this task, OLES:

• Develops methods for testing equipment performance;

• Develops methods for examining evidentiary materials;

• Develops standards for equipment and operating procedures;

• Develops users' guides;

• Develops standard reference materials; and

• Performs other scientific and engineering research as required by the criminal justice and

public safety communities.

OLES’ programs are organized into six areas: Weapons and Protective Systems; Detection,

Inspection, and Enforcement Technologies; Chemical Systems and Materials; Forensic Sciences; Public Safety Communication Standards; and Critical Incident Technologies. Within

each program area there are a variety of projects that are described herein. The projects

listed in this book are those that OLES has proposed for fiscal year 2002. The actual portfolio is being negotiated as this book is being prepared. For additional information about

OLES, please visit our web site at http://www.eeel.nist.gov/oles.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 1

Weapons and Protective Systems

OLES' Weapons and Protective Systems program

is responsible for some of the organization's most

successful efforts. It provides ongoing technical

support and research for the National Institute of

Justice (NIJ) standard for ballistic-resistant body

armor (bullet-resistant vests), which OLES first

developed for NIJ in 1972. The body armor

program is part of NIJ’s successful Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing

Program, through which companies may have

their products voluntarily certified as compliant

with the standard. Ballistic-resistant body armor

has been credited with saving more than 2500

lives, and the program's evaluations of new

materials and ballistic threats and its revisions of

the standard help ensure the continued effectiveness of this technology.

The Weapons and Protective Systems program

also develops and supports other equipment

performance standards vital to the safety of law

enforcement and corrections personnel, including

stab-resistant body armor; ballistic helmets; riot

helmets and face shields; bomb suits; metallic

handcuffs; and firearms. It is evaluating new

"smart gun" technologies and developing a test

protocol for gunlocks, as well as working toward

the country's first standard for armored cars to

protect our nation's leaders, diplomats and visiting dignitaries.

This year, under the Weapons and Protective

Systems program area, OLES will provide: 1)

technical support for standards that are active

under the NIJ Compliance Testing Program; 2)

conduct or oversee research that will lead to the

revision of existing equipment performance

standards to address the current state of technology or to improve test methodologies; and 3)

conduct or oversee research that will lead to the

publication of new equipment performance

standards, test protocols, or technology assessments because the law enforcement and corrections communities have indicated the need for

these. Projects in each of these three categories

will be described in this section.

Support of NIJ Standard0101.04, "Ballistic Resistance of

Personal Body Armor"

Goals

The objective of this project is to address any

issues with NIJ Standard-0101.04 that arise

during NIJ’s ballistic-resistant body armor Compliance Testing Program, which utilizes this

performance standard and is administered by the

National Law Enforcement and Corrections

Technology Center (NLECTC). OLES maintains

a support role in this testing program by monitoring testing, conducting studies where needed,

and providing technical consultation services.

Customer Needs

The criminal justice community requires a standard for purchasing ballistic-resistant body armor

("bullet-proof vests" and related products).

Procurement officials may refer to this standard

in their procurement documents and require that

vests being considered for purchase meet its

requirements. The standard enables the U.S.

criminal justice agencies to acquire, on a costeffective basis, high quality ballistic-resistant

body armor used by some 17,000 U.S. police

departments and their 680,000 law enforcement

officers.

NIJ Standard-0101.04 was issued in September

2000, and two commercial test laboratories have

been certified to conduct testing to the standard.

Numerous issues have arisen during the Compliance Testing Program that required technical

studies and assessments to resolve.

Technical Strategy

OLES staff will monitor testing to identify any

potential problem areas, and work to resolve

those. This might include conducting independent testing at the OLES laboratory, consulting

with others in the field, or issuing clarifying

instructions to address the deficiency.

Of particular interest are the following:

! Evaluate the failure rate of body armor as a

result of the somewhat more stringent backface

signature (BFS) requirement, which now requires

two measurements rather than one.

! Study the Ballistic Limit data obtained using

the Modified Langlie Method.

Technical Contacts:

Kirk Rice

Thomas Russell

Staff-Years:

4.6 professionals

1.0 technician

1.0 contractor

Funding Sources:

Other Government Agencies

(100%)

Project Champions:

• Armor & Protective

Systems Working Group

of government agencies

• Bosik Consultants Limited,

Manotick, Ontario

• Defence Research

Establishment Valcartier,

Val Bélair, Quebec

• E-Labs, Inc., Colonial

Beach, VA

• Home Office, Police

Scientific Development

Branch (PSDB), United

Kingdom

• National Law Enforcement

and Corrections

Technology Center,

Rockville, MD

• NIST Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Laboratory (EEEL)

• Office of Special

Technology, Technical

Support Working Group

(TSWG) of government

agencies, Arlington, VA

• Royal Canadian Mounted

Police, Ottawa, Ontario

• The Tekne Group, Inc.,

Hot Springs, AR

• Touchstone Research

Laboratory, Ltd.,

Triadelphia, WV

• University of Virginia,

Charlottesville, VA

• U.S. Army Aberdeen Test

Center (ATC), Aberdeen,

MD

• U.S. Army Soldier and

Biological Chemical

Command, Natick Soldier

Center, Natick, MA

• U.S. Secret Service,

Washington, DC

• Wayne State University

Detroit, MI
2 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

! Evaluate alternative methods for collecting

and assessing ballistic limit data, such as the

Kneubuehl method.

! Evaluate the failure rate of new body armor

designs tested against the new threat rounds.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Reports describing

any relevant findings and conclusions of studies

will be issued. Furthermore, any

recommendations for clarifying the standard, or

otherwise improving it, will be made.

Support of NIJ Standard0115.00, "Stab Resistance of

Personal Body Armor"

Goals

The objective of this project is to provide continuing support to the stab resistant body armor

Compliance Testing Program, which utilizes NIJ

Standard-0115.00, is sponsored by NIJ, and is

administered by NLECTC. OLES maintains a

support role in the formal Compliance Testing

Program by monitoring testing, conducting

studies where needed, and providing technical

consultation services.

Customer Needs

This is the first true U.S. standard addressing the

stab resistance of body armor, and it provides a

consistent method by which stab resistant body

armor performance can be assessed. The stab

threat from sharp and edged weapons represents

the primary threat to corrections officers and a

secondary threat to police officers in the United

States. Many state and local agencies are taking

advantage of the matching federal funds offered

through the Bulletproof Vest Partnership Act

program, which requires stab resistant armor

covered under the Program to be compliant with

this standard.

This new standard was issued in September 2000,

and two commercial test laboratories have been

certified to conduct testing to the standard. Some

issues have arisen during the Compliance Testing

Program that required technical studies and

assessments to resolve.

Technical Strategy

OLES staff will monitor testing to identify any

potential problem areas, and work to resolve

those. This might include conducting independent testing at the OLES laboratory, consulting

with others in the field, or issuing clarifying

instructions to address the deficiency.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Any relevant findings

will be documented and, if necessary,

clarifications will be made to the standard.

Support of NIJ Standard0112.03, "Autoloading Pistols for

Police Officers"

Goals

The objective of this project is to maintain a

support role in NIJ’s formal pistol Compliance

Testing Program, which is administered by

NLECTC. This entails monitoring testing, conducting studies where needed, and providing

technical consultation services.

Customer Needs

This performance standard is specified by some

law enforcement purchasing authorities to ensure

that firearms under consideration as duty firearms

meet certain basic safety, quality, and reliability

requirements. This latest revision of the standard

was issued in July 1999, and two commercial test

laboratories have been certified to conduct testing

to the standard. Issues sometimes arise during

the Compliance Testing Program when the commercial labs test a firearm manufacturer’s products. OLES staff provide a fair, unbiased resolution of the matter.

Stab test apparatus used to support development of NIJ body armor standard for stab

resistance.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 3

Technical Strategy

OLES staff will monitor testing to identify any

potential problem areas, and work to resolve

those. This might include conducting independent testing at the OLES laboratory, consulting

with others in the field, or issuing clarifying

instructions to address the deficiency.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Any relevant findings

will be documented and, if necessary,

clarifications will be made to the standard.

Revision of NIJ Standard0101.04, "Ballistic Resistance of

Personal Body Armor"

Goals

The objective of this project is to obtain information from numerous studies that will lead to

improved requirements or tests in a future revision of NIJ Standard-0101.04, "Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor."

Customer Needs

The criminal justice and public safety communities would benefit from better body armor, and

this can be realized by improving the body armor

performance standard. NIJ’s experience with NIJ

Standard-0101.03 suggested that the ballistic

resistant body armor standard needs to be maintained and updated more frequently than in the

past, so that it can be kept current with everimproving ballistic resistant materials, changing

ballistic threats, and the introduction of special

types of body armor.

Technical Strategy

The ballistic resistant body armor standard would

benefit from more research or the application of

newer technologies in a variety of areas, each of

which is being addressed in a subproject under

this overall project: 1) The methods used to

define reasonable threats and then how to best

represent those threats in the standard will be

examined; 2) The ballistic impact with body

armor will be studied to determine if there are

better ways to assess the deformation of the

armor; 3) Research related to the effects of ballistic blunt trauma to the body and the possible

influence this might have on the minimum performance of body armor will be monitored; 4)

The influence of environmental life cycle on the

ballistic performance of armor will be studied; 5)

The effect of multiple, nearly isochronic impacts

with body armor will be studied; 6) The procedures for testing female body armor will be

studied, and any special considerations that

would influence the design of female body armor

will be examined; and 7) Methods to test trauma

packs will be developed.

Significant findings from these subproject studies

will be considered for possible adoption into the

next revision of the body armor standard. More

information on each of these subprojects is included below.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Reports describing

relevant findings and conclusions of studies will

be issued throughout the year.

A. Threat Selection and Applications

The selection of appropriate threat levels is

important to ensure that the minimum performance level expected of body armor is reasonable.

Under this subproject, other methods for estimating the threat potential of different cartridges

will be explored. One method in particular will

base the threat potential on generalized energy

levels rather than firearm-specific threats. As a

logical extension of this process, modifications or

refinements to the relative impact factor (RIF)

concept will be examined. As part of this effort,

a database compiling bullet energies and other

properties and known performance trends, such

as penetration into standardized target materials,

will be established. The data will be analyzed to

determine if some empirical method serves well

in a predictive manner.

Other areas to be studied deal with the use of

commercial off the shelf (COTS) ammunition

versus NIJ-designed and manufactured ammunition. Ammunition manufacturers will be contacted to discuss the possibility of creating "standardized" test bullets for future use.

The number of NIJ armor classes needed to

address today's threats will be carefully considered, with the possibility of introducing one or

two other threat levels between existing levels

and eliminating other levels, such as Type I.

B. Body Armor Impact Phenomena

This subproject is focused on determining if there

are better ways to assess the energy dissipating

characteristics of body armor. The current

method for assessing backface deformation with

a clay block is satisfactory under controlled

conditions, but it could be improved upon. Other

measurement techniques for assessing the impact

to the body armor are being explored by other

researchers. Internal studies into replacement

media for the clay are planned, as well as considering the possibility for developing an electronic
4 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

or optoelectronic method for measuring the

forces and energies applied to the body armor.

C. Behind-Armor Effects Research

An unsuccessful attempt was made last year to

initiate a contract through the Technical Support

Working Group (TSWG) channels to study

behind-armor effects. Instead, OLES plans to

monitor other efforts related to this. Measurement techniques for assessing ballistic impact to

the body are being explored by other researchers.

Efforts, such as those being funded by the U.S.

Army (at Natick, the University of Virginia, and

elsewhere), the Naval Research Laboratory

(NRL), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO) Behind Armor Blunt Trauma group,

Canada's Defence Research Establishment Valcartier (DREV) (at Biokinetics), and Johns Hopkins University (JHU), and less-lethal studies

conducted by Battelle and Wayne State University (WSU), are relevant to this area of research.

The validity of the 44 mm backface signature is

being examined by these and other researchers.

In some of these efforts, attempts will be made to

correlate backface signatures to blunt trauma.

D. Environmental Effects on Body Armor Ballistic Resistance

Past studies on the ballistic performance of body

armor have been limited to either new armor or

armor that was aged only. TSWG has recently

contracted with The Tekne Group, Inc. to study

how the ballistic resistance of body armor is

influenced by aging, as well as other environmental effects. OLES will serve as the government technical monitor on this contract, and

conduct other in-house studies to supplement the

TSWG effort.

E. Multi-Hit Test

Some in the law enforcement community have

indicated that the performance of body armor

subjected to automatic weapons fire is of concern

to them. To assess the effect of multiple, nearly

isochronic ballistic impacts, Bosik Consultants

Limited in Canada has developed a multi-hit gun

test fixture. OLES will provide technical support

of a contract with Bosik, which will lead to the

delivery of a 3-barrel test rig and a multi-hit test

method to OLES.

F. Female Body Armor

The current version of the body armor standard

specifies special treatment for female body armor. This subproject is aimed at a more detailed

study of female body armor to determine if there

are better ways to assess the performance of

female body armor. TSWG has recently contracted with WSU to address this area. OLES

will serve as the government technical monitor

on this contract entitled “Female Body Armor

Studies.” In addition, OLES will conduct inhouse studies to supplement the TSWG effort.

Based on the results of the TSWG contract and

related studies, any special requirements, test

equipment, and test methodologies specific to

female armor will be developed.

G. Test Protocol for Body Armor

Trauma Packs

Presently, supplemental trauma packs included

with armor, which are intended to lessen the

severity of behind-armor trauma over a localized

area, are not tested with the armor during compliance testing. Past efforts to study this through

TSWG contracts have not been successful, so

OLES plans to conduct in-house testing. The

purpose of this effort is to determine a suitable

method for testing and evaluating soft body

armor that includes trauma packs. Samples of

various trauma packs will be obtained and tested

several ways to determine if some modified test

method can accommodate trauma packs. If this

proves successful, the test method will be validated through more testing.

Revision of NIJ Standard0115.00, "Stab Resistance of

Personal Body Armor"

Goals

The objective of this project is to continue studies

that will provide information to support a future

revision of NIJ Standard-0115.00, "Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor."

Customer Needs

The first year of the stab resistant body armor

Compliance Testing Program has been a successful one, with about 80 armor models tested for

compliance with the standard. During the latter

stages of the standards development process, and

during this first year of the testing program,

several areas were identified for further study:

The portion of the standard dealing with the spike

test needs more attention. A very close variant of

the test methodology developed by Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB) in their 1999

stab standard was adopted in this NIJ standard.

Not addressed by PSDB is the threat due to a

spike-style weapon. OLES adopted a spike based
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 5

on a design similar to the California Ice Pick

threat, while retaining the standard test methods

already specified in the NIJ standard.

The slash threat was not directly addressed in NIJ

Standard-0115.00, although it is not believed to

be as severe as the stab threats. Future improvements to this standard will incorporate a slash test

methodology.

The tip sharpness of the knife blades and spike

that are defined in the NIJ standard must meet

certain requirements. Not addressed in the standard are any requirements for knife blade edge

sharpness. Future improvements to this standard

will probably incorporate an edge sharpness

requirement and test methodology and equipment.

The backing material specified in the NIJ standard consists of multiple layers of commercially

available rubber and sponge foam sheets. These

materials typically have fairly large variations in

their physical properties due to routine production variations. Future improvements to this

standard will probably incorporate better definition of these materials or specify new and improved materials.

The public safety community, commercial test

laboratories, and armor manufacturers will benefit from a revised standard that addresses these

points, as it will lead to greater test consistency,

greater flexibility in product design (since “slash

only” protection will become an option), and

improved armor designs.

Technical Strategy

OLES established a formal collaboration with

PSDB by executing an annex to the existing

bilateral agreement with the UK through TSWG

channels. This permits the program to proceed at

an accelerated pace. The areas requiring attention, which are described in the section above,

will be addressed through a collaborative effort

with PSDB. Work at PSDB is already underway

to advance the research on spike threats, the edge

sharpness test, and backing materials. OLES

staff will conduct in-house studies on spike

threats, backing materials, and edge sharpness

testing, and validate PSDB's slash test methodology through testing.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Potential

improvements to the test methods in the

standard will be validated in FY2002, with

progress being reported quarterly. A future

revision of the standard is expected in FY2003.

Revision of NIJ Standard0108.01, "Ballistic Resistant

Protective Materials"

Goals

The objective of this project is to revise the NIJ

standard that establishes minimum performance

requirements and methods of test for ballistic

resistant protective materials.

Customer Needs

Law enforcement agencies rely on NIJ Standard0108.01 to ensure the quality and reliability of

ballistic resistant materials used for personal

protection purposes. These materials are of many

types, and can be found in shields, ballistic resistant plates, and vehicle armor. The current

standard does not reflect any of the improvements that were recently introduced into the

ballistic resistant body armor standard.

Technical Strategy

The current revision of the standard, NIJ Standard-0108.01 was released in September 1985. It

added ballistic threat level IIIA and established

threat level classifications that were consistent

with other NIJ standards for ballistic protection.

The general strategy of the current effort is to

develop a new draft revision of NIJ Standard0108.01 by incorporating many of the improvements from the body armor standard; specifically: 1) introduction of a ballistic limit test

methodology; 2) updating of the ballistic threats;

and 3) specification of formal test procedures that

require a uniform reporting style.

A determination will be made whether to include

testing of transparent materials in the revised

standard or to develop a separate performance

standard for those materials. All test methods

will be validated through experimental testing,

and the draft standard will be submitted to user

and technical committees for review and comment.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A revised draft of the

standard is expected in mid-FY2002, with plans

to finalize it by the end of FY2002.

Revision of NIJ Standard0104.02, "Riot Helmets and Face

Shields"

Goals

The objective of this project is to review NIJ

Standard-0104.02, develop solutions for some

deficiencies in it, and issue an improved revision.
6 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Customer Needs

NIJ Standard-0104.02, "Riot Helmets and Face

Shields," was last reviewed in October 1984.

Since that time the safety equipment testing

industry as well as the American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American

National Standards Institute (ANSI) have

switched to "headforms" endorsed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

for all protective headgear testing. OLES has

received over the past few years many complaints

from the safety equipment testing laboratories

about the lack of availability of the "headform"

specified in the NIJ Standard and that this NIJ

Standard is not conforming to the adoption of

International Standards wherever feasible. Additionally, there are concerns about how to test the

"tails" (i.e., protection components for the neck)

on helmets, and how to assess the flame resistance of the entire assembly (helmet, face shield,

and tail). The current standard has no provisions

for evaluating these components.

Because of these standards-related issues, riot

helmets and face shields are not tested as rigorously as they should be. By addressing these

deficiencies with the standard, law enforcement

and corrections personnel would be able to specify that their equipment must comply with the

performance standard, thereby leading to better

equipment that meets more stringent technical

requirements.

Technical Strategy

OLES will review the standard to determine if: a)

other existing national standards can be utilized;

b) upgrading the identified threat levels covered

in the current standard is necessary; c) changing

to an ISO "headform" will change the protection

levels covered under the old standard; and d) a

test methodology can be developed for the tails.

OLES staff will consult with other standards

bodies to discuss their rationale for and experiences with the ISO headform. Staff will also

research existing flammability resistance test

methods and impact resistance methods for

potential inclusion in this standard.

If changes are necessary, revised test procedures

will be developed and validated. The changes

will be issued in a revised standard.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Recommendations

will be made for testing riot helmets and face

shields. If changes to the standard are

warranted, a draft of the new revision will be

developed by the third quarter of FY2002.

Revision of NIJ Standard0106.01, "Ballistic Helmets"

Goals

The objective of this project is to revise NIJ

Standard-0106.01, "Ballistic Helmets," the

equipment standard that establishes minimum

performance requirements and methods of test

for ballistic helmets.

Customer Needs

Law enforcement agencies rely on the NIJ ballistic helmet standard to ensure the quality and

reliability of their bullet resistant helmets. The

current version of the helmet, NIJ Standard0106.01, was issued in December 1981. Since

that time, there have been several developments

that collectively indicate the need for a revised

standard: 1) the current revision only addresses

threats up to level II, while helmet technologies

have made them more capable than that; 2) the

threat definitions in the current revision are

different than those in the recently updated ballistic-resistant body armor standard; 3) instrumentation for assessing helmet performance has

improved dramatically; 4) head trauma research

has led to a better understanding of injury

mechanisms and injury risk criteria; and 5) as

helmets grow lighter, through the utilization of

new and improved materials, the shock loading to

the head from ballistic impacts may increase. By

improving the standard with the latest research in

each of these areas, law enforcement personnel

will benefit from better equipment.

Technical Strategy

In FY1999, an Interagency Agreement between

OLES and the Natick Soldier Center created a

means to support additional research through a 5-

phase, 28-month R&D contract to the University

of Virginia, which is jointly funded by the Army

and OLES, with a majority of the funding coming

from the Army. The primary goals of the contract are to assess the limiting performance of

helmets for the prevention of head injury and to

define risk-of-injury criteria under ballistic impacts. A secondary goal is to identify an experimental test using anthropometric test devices

(ATDs). Correlation of forces recorded on an

ATD with the risk of injury studies will promote

the development of improved, lighter weight,

energy absorbing, protective helmet systems for

both the military and the law enforcement community. This correlation can subsequently be

used to predict the risk of human injury through

the use of ATDs alone.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 7

The remainder of this project will involve the

following:

! Evaluate findings from the University of

Virginia effort for potential inclusion in this

revision of the standard.

! Reestablish helmet test capability at OLES.

! Draft the next revision of the standard, NIJ

Standard-0106.02, "Ballistic Resistance of Helmets," including 1) adoption of the NIJ Standard0101.04 ballistic threat levels; 2) ballistic limit

testing; 3) revision of the impact measurement

system for performance testing; 4) re-evaluation

of baseline performance requirements; 5) improvements in the area of test quality assurance

by specifying the use of formal test procedures;

and 6) normalized compliance test report forms.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Progress reports will

be issued quarterly. After the University of

Virginia contract is completed, a draft of the

revised standard will be developed by the third

quarter of FY2002.

Revision of NIJ Standard0307.01, "Metallic Handcuffs"

Goals

The objective of this project is to revise NIJ

Standard-0307.01, the performance standard for

metallic handcuffs.

Customer Needs

The classic mass-produced steel handcuff, little

changed over the last 90 years, is used in arrests

and for prisoner transport. The limitations of

traditional handcuffs become evident, particularly

during the transport of prisoners, where prisoners

have been known to pick the double lock with a

bit of wire, defeat the pawl directly with a piece

of thin material, or break the "cheek plates" apart

at the ratchet pivot. With the anticipated improvements, a revision to this standard would

provide a better way to test and evaluate handcuffs, force desired improvements in metallic

handcuffs design, and result in better equipment

being available to public safety officers.

Technical Strategy

OLES has been conducting an investigation into

handcuff design parameters and performance test

options. A force-torque apparatus for evaluating

loads applied to typical handcuffs was developed.

A theoretical analysis describing the handcuff

components as curved beams was developed and

used to examine the way in which the stiffness of

those "beams" depends on shape and material

composition.

A contract with Touchstone Research Laboratory

addressed design details and shortcomings including: longitudinal testing of handcuffs having

no tongues on the cheek plates; factors affecting

the picking of handcuff locks; and handcuff size

issues. The remainder of this project will involve

the following:

! Evaluate the Touchstone report for relevant

information that could be used to improve the

standard.

! Develop improved test methods, finalize the

design of any special equipment needed to test

handcuffs, and validate the testing methodology.

! Develop a draft revised standard.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A draft of the revised

standard and specifications of specialized test

equipment.

Revision of NIJ Standard0113.00, "12-Gauge Shotguns

for Police Use"

Goals

The objective of this project is to revise the

performance standard for shotguns used by law

enforcement and corrections officers.

Customer Needs

This standard can be used to ensure that shotguns

meet basic dimensional, functional, safety, and

firing requirements. The current base version of

the standard, NIJ Standard-0113.00, was released

in March 1989. Today, shotguns are used in a

greater variety of applications than ever before,

as launchers for certain types of special devices

(such as flares and barrier penetrators), to deliver

less-than-lethal munitions on target, and in their

traditional role to fire shotshells and slugs. It is

critical for the shotgun performance standard to

remain responsive to the types of shotguns that

are commonly used by public safety officers, and

to consider the different applications identified so

that public safety officers can benefit from

equipment that will work as intended for their

unique applications.

Technical Strategy

The base version of this standard has been reviewed. New test fixtures have been built so that

the shotguns can be consistently held in a safe

position for controlled firing tests. Studies are

underway to determine the most popular types of

shotguns used by law enforcement and corrections personnel. The remainder of this project

will involve the following:
8 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

! Research specific performance requirements

for shotguns used in the applications identified

above. Develop a revised draft of the standard.

! Validate the revised draft standard through

experimental testing.

! Submit the validated draft standard for

comment and review.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Progress reports will

be issued quarterly, and a revised draft of the

standard is planned for late FY2002.

OLES Research Facility

Improvements

Goals

The objective of this project is to relocate and

improve OLES' Research Test Facility (RTF).

The test facility is used to support work on nearly

all of the Weapons and Protective Systems projects, as well as a few in other program areas.

Some of the ballistics-related projects that will be

conducted at this facility are: standards development efforts for ballistic resistant materials,

ballistic resistant body armor, ballistic helmets,

shotguns, pistols, and "Smart" guns, and support

of gunshot residue forensic projects. Some of the

non-ballistics projects that will be conducted

there involve the development of standards for

stab resistant body armor, riot helmets, handcuffs, and gunlocks.

Customer Needs

Currently the laboratory is located in an underground concrete bunker on a property annex

adjacent to the NIST campus. Late in FY2002,

NIST expects to turn this annex over to the city

of Gaithersburg, so relocation of the facility is

necessary. This dedicated laboratory provides

OLES the flexibility it requires to respond rapidly

on a cost-effective basis to meet customers’

needs.

Technical Strategy

Improvements in the areas of data acquisition and

other equipment are made on an ad hoc basis to

support specific projects. Plans are to move the

physical facility to an existing building on campus, in the basement of the Industrial Building.

This requires construction of the laboratory

space, which will be done through a contract.

The schedule for this part of the effort follows:

! Release the Request for Proposal – Fall 2001

! Evaluate proposals – Winter 2001

! Begin construction – Spring 2002

! Move into facility – Fall 2002

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: An equipped and

functional RTF.

Development of an NIJ Standard

for Bomb Suits

Goals

The objective of this project is to establish minimum performance requirements and methods of

test for bomb suits used by law enforcement

explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personnel.

Customer Needs

Currently, there is no standard for bomb suits

used by law enforcement EOD personnel. Purchasing agents typically rely on advice from

others in the field and manufacturers’ literature.

The EOD community has identified this deficiency as a top priority. A bomb suit standard

will provide a convenient means whereby agencies can confidently purchase bomb suits that

meet basic safety and functional requirements.

Technical Strategy

The U.S. Army has developed preliminary performance requirements for bomb suits. This

information is being examined, and field test

methods are being evaluated to determine how to

structure this performance standard. Additional

work will involve the following:

! Consult with explosives experts in law

enforcement and the military to identify essential

features of bomb suits and rating categories.

! Evaluate existing commercial, military, and

international standards to determine if any are

suitable for use by law enforcement.

! Adopt or modify existing standards or develop a new standard to suit the needs of law

enforcement.

! Validate the standard through experimental

testing.

! Submit the validated draft standard for

comment and review.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Progress reports will

be issued quarterly. The technical team will be

formed in early FY2002 to determine threat

rating categories and to develop a working draft

standard by late FY2002. Work is expected to

continue through FY2003.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 9

Development of an Armored Car

Standard

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop an NIJ

standard for the minimum performance requirements and methods of test for armored cars.

Customer Needs

There currently is no U.S. standard describing the

protection levels of armored cars used for personal protection. As a result, there have been

instances where vendors have advertised their

armored cars as being able to defeat certain types

of threats. Field tests have shown some of these

claims to be untrue. To rectify this situation, a

uniform standard is needed that clearly defines

the types of threats being tested and the test

methods. A standard would provide a consistent

means by which to assess the performance of

armored cars, allowing the purchasing agent to

purchase an armored vehicle with confidence that

it will meet desired performance levels.

Technical Strategy

OLES has been working with the U.S. Secret

Service, Department of State, and Department of

Defense to settle on an acceptable approach.

TSWG plans to solicit contractors to address

specialized areas required for this standard:

ballistics testing, blast testing, optical qualities

testing, automotive performance testing, and

quality assurance testing.

Through the TSWG effort, OLES will play an

integral role in monitoring progress on each

phase of the program, coordinating the activities

of the five efforts described earlier, and will

ultimately be responsible for tying them together

into a single coherent performance standard.

This will involve coordinating the standard

review process so that the armoring industry can

comment on the draft standard; addressing comments from the advisory group and revising the

draft standard; participating in experimental trials

to validate the test methods; and developing the

final draft standard.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Participation in the

TSWG effort, with delivery schedules to be

determined during the contracting process.

Test Protocol Development for

Gunlocks

Goals

The objective of this project is to participate in

the development of a standard test protocol for

evaluating gunlocks.

Customer Needs

Gun safety is a common theme in the news

media. One of the reasons public attention is

focused on gun safety is because of the occasional incidents involving children. Congress

requested the U.S. Department of Justice

(USDOJ) to investigate ways of increasing handgun safety. Specifically, the request was to make

guns "childproof" and to ensure that only

authorized users could fire law enforcement

officers' guns. This project is one of the steps

taken to address the first part of the Congressional request - namely, making guns "childproof." Other projects, such as the development

of "Smart Gun" technologies also address this

same concern and the second part of the Congressional request.

Many states have enacted Child Access Prevention laws, or "safe storage" laws. These laws

require firearms to be stored in such a manner

that they are inaccessible to children, because

they are locked in a secure container or because a

separate locking device is applied to the firearm.

With such emphasis on firearm safety measures,

it is inevitable that certain issues will be raised;

such as defining how good a locking mechanism

must be, and describing how to assess the locking

mechanism to determine if it is acceptable for its

intended application. The U.S. Congress is

planning to implement a gunlock program,

whereby $75M per annum would be set aside to

purchase and distribute gunlocks. No performance standards exist by which to assess the performance of gunlocks, potentially leading to

problems should some of these locks distributed

through the government program prove to be

ineffective. Development of a standard test

protocol will ultimately promote public safety by

establishing a consistent method for assessing the

performance of gunlocks.

Technical Strategy

OLES plays an active role on ASTM Subcommittee F15.53 “Non-Integral Firearm Locking

Devices” to develop a “gunlock” standard. To

date, a preliminary draft standard has been produced. OLES also has developed and procured

test equipment necessary to conduct gunlock
10 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

testing. The level of effort on this project will

depend on the specific requirements and schedule

of the federal gunlock program described earlier,

and those details are not yet known.

OLES will continue participation on ASTM

F15.53, and continue meeting with manufacturers

to identify their concerns and develop ideas for

standardized test methods. Additionally, OLES

will validate gunlock testing methods and participate in interlaboratory trials. An assessment

will be made to determine if the ASTM standard

will meet the needs of the federal gunlock program, or if something more must be done to

support that program.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The implementation

details of the federal program are currently being

determined. OLES will continue participation in

the ASTM standards development effort, which is

expected to produce an industry-approved

standard in 1-2 years.

Evaluation Of "Smart Guns"

Goals

The objective of this project is to evaluate smart

gun technologies; and if a mature technology is

incorporated into a fireman, to develop a standard

test protocol for evaluating the firearm.

Customer Needs

As evidenced by recent news stories, there is

great concern with regard to the safety of handguns for two main reasons: law enforcement

officers are killed by criminals using the officers'

own guns; and children are accidentally killed

with guns they find at home or elsewhere.

Because of these problems, Congress requested

that the U.S. Department of Justice (USDOJ)

investigate ways to increase handgun safety.

Specifically, the request was to make guns

"childproof" and to ensure that only authorized

users could fire law enforcement officers' guns.

A study conducted by Sandia National Laboratories in the mid-1990's defined the operational

requirements for firearms utilizing smart gun

technologies. For several years, NIJ has awarded

grants to develop smart gun technologies and

smart guns. To make wise decisions regarding

funding and technology development, specialized

advice is needed to evaluate the technologies to

determine if they are feasible.

Technical Strategy

As smart gun technologies are developed, OLES

will continue to provide technical guidance to

evaluate the technologies and their integration

into smart gun designs.

As designs mature, OLES will assist in developing a plan to conduct limited field testing of

prototype smart guns at participating law enforcement agencies.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: As needed.

Accomplishments

! Implementation of a formal Compliance

Testing Program for ballistic resistant body

armor. This program utilizes NIJ Standard–

0101.04, “Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body

Armor,” which was published in September

2000. Two commercial laboratories were

certified to conduct testing under the Compliance

Testing Program.

! Publication of NIJ Standard–0101.04, “Ballistic Resistance of Personal Body Armor,”

Revision A, June 2001. This latest revision

clarifies several issues that arose during the body

armor Compliance Testing Program run by NIJ.

! Implementation of a formal Compliance

Testing Program for stab resistant body armor.

This program utilizes NIJ Standard–0115.00,

“Stab Resistance of Personal Body Armor,”

which was published in September 2000. Two

commercial laboratories were certified to conduct

testing under the Compliance Testing Program.

! OLES’ Research Facility was utilized to

obtain residue from gunshots in support of

NIST’s Chemical Sciences and Technology

Laboratory (CSTL) forensics projects.

Recent Publications

NIJ Standard–0101.04, “Ballistic Resistance of Personal

Body Armor,” Revision A, June 2001.

NIJ Standard–0115.00, “Stab Resistance of Personal Body

Armor,” September 2000.

NIJ Standard–0112.03, “Autoloading Pistols for Police

Officers,” Revision A, July 1999.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 11

Detection, Inspection, and Enforcement

Technologies

As America's homeland security efforts intensify,

the work of OLES' Detection, Inspection and

Enforcement Technologies program becomes

increasingly important. Several projects focus on

improving the capability to detect and image

concealed weapons. One is developing a revolutionary millimeter-wave imaging system compact

enough to be used almost anywhere and able to

image metallic weapons under clothing in real

time. Others projects support improvements in

the accuracy and safety of current metal detectors. These include two studies -- one of the

electrical properties of metals used in handheld

weapons; the other of materials that emulate the

electromagnetic properties of the human body --

and development of a handgun replica to improve

metal detector testing and evaluation.

The Detection, Inspection and Enforcement

Technologies program is also updating NIJ's

standard for X-ray systems used to assist in

disarming bombs, and is developing evaluation

standards for advanced human recognition systems and an improved liquid-filled camera that

will enhance law enforcement and security surveillance efforts.

Millimeter-Wave Concealed

Weapon Imaging System

Development Project

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop a long

distance (up to 8 m) terahertz-wave actively

illuminating concealed weapon imaging system.

Customer Needs

This imaging system will provide a method for

examining/screening/scanning people for weapons and other threat items from a safe distance.

The distance typically considered safe by the law

enforcement community is 8 m.

The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) has listed

concealed weapon detection and imaging as their

top law enforcement and corrections (LEC)

priority. Present metal weapon detectors are

inadequate because of their limited range (less

than 15 cm for a hand-held device and less than

0.5 m for a walk-through device) and form (handheld device is a wand and the walk-through is a

portal). Presently, there is no system that can be

used as a portable long-distance concealed

weapon viewer. Furthermore, the ambiguity of

simple detection presents liability issues for

subsequent search.

Technical Strategy

During FY2002, demonstrate imaging. Specific

tasks are as follows:

! Interface back-end electronics to front-end

electronics and acquire images.

! Provide assessment of imaging system

considering spatial resolution, frame rate, clarity,

and gray scale intensity and projections for

improvements in these parameters, if applicable.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Prototype imaging

system using two-dimensional monolithic imaging

arrays

Two-Dimensional Monolithic

Microbolometer Imaging Arrays

for Concealed Weapons

Detection

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop roomtemperature, antenna-coupled, niobium microbolometer arrays, with requisite optics and frontend electronics, for concealed weapons imaging

applications in the millimeter-wave range.

Customer Needs

LECTAC has listed concealed weapons detection

and imaging as their top LEC priority. Presently

there are no monolithic array technologies that

are being developed in the millimeter-wave

range; this range is the most appropriate for

concealed weapons imaging because of the

relatively short wavelength and the ability to

penetrate clothing material. Monolithic detector

arrays, using silicon integrated circuit processing

technology, have the promise of being very

inexpensive compared to present hybrid approaches (detector, mixer, local oscillator, etc. for

each pixel). Furthermore, the present hybrid

arrays must be scanned to provide sufficient areal

coverage and resolution, and this scanning reduces system ruggedness and increases system

cost. The low cost microbolometer arrays would

simplify the design and lower the cost of milliTechnical Contact:

A. George Lieberman

Thomas Russell

Staff-Years:

11.0 professionals

Funding Sources:

100% Other Government

Agencies

Project Champions:

• Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI),

Engineering Research Facility,

Quantico, VA

• Home Office, Police Scientific

Development Branch (PSDB),

United Kingdom

• Law Enforcement Video

Association

• NIST Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Laboratory (EEEL)

• NIST Information Technology

Laboratory (ITL)

• NIST Manufacturing

Engineering Laboratory (MEL)

• Notre Dame University, South

Bend, IN

• Society of Automotive

Engineers

• University of South Florida,

Tampa Bay, FL

• U.S. Secret Service,

Washington, DC
12 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

meter-wave range concealed weapons imaging

and detection systems, and this cost savings

would benefit the LEC community.

The system being developed is uses an integral

source to form an image, which is based on

contrast between a concealed weapon and the

human body. The present version operates at a

frequency of 95 GHz (3.1mm wavelength). This

represents a tradeoff between spatial resolution,

which improves at higher frequencies. and penetration of clothing, which improves at lower

frequencies. A detailed sensitivity analysis was

performed at the start of the project, and revised

in June 1999 to incorporate experimental results

from the fabricated microbolometers. The present

best estimate of the system noise-equivalent

reflectance difference (NERD) is 0.40 % in a

single frame (frame rate is 30 Hz). The main

assumptions leading to this estimate are: peak

source power of 1 W (specification of the commercially obtained source), target range of 50 m,

primary aperture diameter of 30 cm, source

repetition rate of 100 kHz (maximum available

from source), detector time constant of 150 ns

(measured), and detector noise-equivalent power

of 100 pW Hz -1/2. All of these are realistic values for each channel of the planned system.

Technical Strategy

We propose to continue with the previous plan,

largely unchanged technically, but delayed approximately six months. It is possible that the

full-wafer array will require further iteration or

debugging to yield an operational standoff imaging system.

Specific tasks are:

• Design and fabricate wafer-scale array,

(using 5-element slot-ring results)

– Fabricate a full wafer on 50 μm thickness

substrates.

– Modify mount design for testing of fullwafer array (120 elements)

• Design front-end circuit boards (within EMI

shield)

• Expand EMI shield and enclosure dimensions to provide clearance for above

• Mount for full-wafer array has been designed

and built. However, a second version is

likely to be required which will interface

with redesigned electronics.

• Perform single-pixel measurements of a

scanned reflectance target to verify performance and end-to end system feasibility

• Design and fabricate second iteration of

wafer-scale array

• Design, model, and fabricate reflective

optics for feed of antenna array

• Integrate wafer-scale array with reflective

optics

• Design and fabricate front-end electronics

for readout of array. First version (5 channels) has been designed and built. However,

a new version is needed, and will be designed and built, largely from scratch.

• Integrate wafer-scale array with readout

electronics

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A scanned

reflectance map of a “dummy” target, using

single pixel; a wafer-scale array of slotring,antenna-coupled bolometers, on thin

substrate; a physical mount for wafer-scale

array, including backing cavities, EMI enclosure,

and contact-circuit board; the reflective optics

for feed of wafer-scale array, with modeled

performance; the front-end electronics for bias

and readout of wafer-scale array; system

integration of the above.

Development of Evaluation

Standards for Still and Video

Human Recognition Systems

Goals

The objective of this project is to design methods

for the evaluation of systems that identify humans in imagery and define the standards for the

collection, dissemination and use of databases of

imagery.

Customer Needs

Standard databases and measurement methods

(software implementations of evaluation metrics)

are needed to allow quantitative performance

testing of biometric recognition products over a

wide range of highly specific identification and

verification applications. The specific application

being addressed by this work is human identification of uncooperative subjects at a distance.

The reliability and efficacy of biometric system

which are candidates for deployment can be

evaluated using these methods.

Technical Strategy

In prior fiscal years, NIST has been funded to

conduct data gathering efforts, the result of which

is a human identification database. Using the
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 13

database, NIST has developed the measurement

methods for analyzing performance of facial

recognition systems and is analyzing gate recognition systems. The techniques are applicable to a

wide range of biometrics. This effort will run

through FY2002 and is jointly funded by the NIJ

and the Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency (DARPA). The NIST database is a multimodal, multi-site, and multi-biometric collection

permitting a broad range of investigations.

Among these the Human Identification 1 (HID-1)

evaluation protocol addresses performance on

imagery from hundreds of individuals taken over

many months, both close up and at a distance, on

still and video data, obtained using a range of

visible and infra-red sensors under varying

lighting conditions, both indoors and outdoors.

NIST will continue work to support the evaluation of human recognition systems. This will be a

three-pronged approach:

• Statistical Evaluation: NIST will use accepted statistical techniques to advance the

field of evaluation science by using results

from the statistical literature to allow categorical statements of system performance to

be made.

• Data Collection, Dissemination and Testing:

We have mostly completed our data collection activities for still face images and will

move onto the actual use of such for actual

testing of systems. This is already under

way.

• XML (Extensible Markup Language) Descriptors, NIST is developing standards and

tools for the complete end-to-end description

of recognition experiments using XML. The

intention is to allow ease of access to the fine

details of an experiment and allow other organizations to operate on the same sets.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Face Recognition

Database; will be released with the cumulative

image set from our image collection sessions of

1999 through 2001.

Gait Recognition Database. We will release the

second NIST – University of South Florida gait

collection of stereoscopically synced video

imagery from 80 individuals.

Statistical Aspects: We will report in a series of

papers the NIST Statistical Engineering Division

analysis of face recognition algorithms. This will

formalize the preliminary results.

False Alarm rate: In response to published

concerns about alarms generated by recognition

systems for people not enrolled in the system we

will publish a novel performance characteristic

and give statements of performance for those

tests conducted by DoD Counterdurg for the

FRVT 2000 paper.

We will publish version 0.9 of the XML and RDF

(Resource Description Framework) based Human

ID Evaluation Reporting Framework; this includes

sufficient information for 1. a published

experiment to be repeated; 2. intermediate

results to be downloaded for analysis.

NIST will assist with the transition of face

recognition technology from the laboratory to the

field by providing technical assistance to NIJ.

Liquid-Filled Camera for

Enhancement of Shadow Detail

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop a

simulated-eye-design (SED) camera to reveal

deep shadow detail in bright objects and scenes

by dramatically reducing veiling glare arising

from the lens and camera body.

Customer Needs

The proper rendering of shadow and dark detail

is important in any photographic or videographic

application for which high brightness and high

contrasts are encountered and where attention to

details in shadows or dark areas are important,

such as surveillance. In many surveillance applications, for example, the cameras often do not

render sufficient shadow detail to permit easy

identification of the subject. However, when that

same scene is viewed with the eye, the eye has no

problem revealing all the required detail. To have

a camera technology that can reproduce the glare

avoidance and dynamic range of the eye would

offer many advantages over current technologies.

Despite advances in electronic photography,

such as in charge-coupled-device (CCD) cameras, all cameras suffer from the effects of veiling

glare. In many of these cases, the dynamic range

of the eye is sufficient to distinguish between

shadow and dark detail in all but the most extreme situations. Even the best cameras cannot

reveal the dark detail readily seen by the eye.

Often, as with surveillance cameras, it is the

shadow or dark details that is required for proper

identification and analysis of the scene or object

under investigation. Light scattering from the

interior of the camera and glare from the lens

used in electronic photography introduces veiling-glare corruption of stray light to a scene.
14 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Technical Strategy

This effort will assist in developing a SED camera that will reveal deep shadow detail and bright

objects by dramatically reducing veiling glare.

The process includes developing a 12 bit to 16 bit

CCD camera and investigating improvements

such as use of different liquids inside the lens

system, internal apertures, thermoelectric cooling

gradient mitigation, and wetting the outside of

the lens.

Components of the research plan are as follows:

Liquid Suitability Study: Investigate the particulate suspending qualities of different liquids that

might be suitable for use against a CCD chip

surface. Determine any relationship between

Rayleigh scattering (scattering off small particles

including the molecules of the liquid) and other

properties of the liquid.

Internal Aperture and Iris Study: The advantages

of an internal aperture or iris will be compared to

the external kind.

Solid Medium Suitability Study: Investigate the

transmission properties of candidate solids to be

used in place of liquids so that the camera light

path is mostly solid. Non-solid regions include a

gel or liquid that connects the solid to the CCD

chip surface and any areas requiring a liquid fill

for mechanical purposes (such as a variable iris

or changing volume for focusing). Compare the

Rayleigh scattering within solids to that encountered in liquids. Proper thermoelectric cooling

(TEC) requires the use of a solid medium.

Internal Black Surface Scattering Study: Internal

scattering from the body of the camera can be

controlled through use of wetting black surfaces

(solid or liquid). Methods to measure the reduction of surface scattering will be developed and

comparisons with black surfaces in air will be

made.

Wetting of Front Surface Study: Investigate the

usefulness of wetting the front surface of the lens.

A wet surface will be much smoother on a microscopic scale than a finely polished surface. Scattering properties off such a surface need to be

compared to non-wetted surfaces.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Camera

Implementation: Integrate any of the results of

the above research into a SED camera prototype

and determine the resulting veiling glare

reduction compared to a normal camera of

similar detector array quality.

The results of this research will be published in

NIST Interagency Reports (NISTIRs) as each

component of the plan is brought to completion.

Quality Assessment of Closed

Circuit TV (CCTV) Forensic

Imagery

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop test

charts, digital patterns, and metrics for evaluating

the performance of closed circuit TV (CCTV)

systems including video image compression. The

principal application is to forensic imagery.

Customer Needs

The work will provide the customers with methods for assessing the effects of recording, compression, and storage on CCTV quality. It will

provide a sound technical basis for determining

the acceptability for forensic uses, of digital

video compression technology. It will support

standards for forensic imagery.

Digital technology is rapidly finding its way into

closed-circuit TV systems for law enforcement.

Frequently, this technology arrives in the form of

a digital image compression and storage system,

offering a promise of “digital quality”. Unfortunately, the law enforcement video analyst may be

confronted with the reality of digital compression

impairments affecting quality to such an extent

that the imagery is neither admissible as evidence

nor usable for analysis. The Law Enforcement

Video Association (LEVA) has a technology

committee studying the problem.

Technical Strategy

We plan to work with LEVA find out why digital

CCTV compression fails for forensics. Eventually, this work will provide guidance on setting

standards for digital CCTV systems.

We propose to develop test charts, digital test

patterns, and metrics for validating the performance of CCTV systems. The test chart reveals the

end-to-end effects of the CCTV system: from

camera, to compression, to recorder, to playout.

Because the test chart will be used in various

environments with unknown ambient light, we

will examine performance under a variety of

lighting conditions. The test charts would be used

when the system is first installed and then again

if the camera captures imagery that is needed for

analysis.

To understand the effects of the compression and

storage system, we will generate digital versions

of the test patterns. In this form, the signal can be

streamed to the compression unit, isolating it

from camera effects, and directly probing the

compression system.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 15

Evaluation of compression quality for forensics

must be related to the trained user’s assessment

of quality. We will conduct tests of the subjective

impression of quality. We will also evaluate the

applicability of computed measures of quality.

Develop measurement methods and test patterns

for assessing the quality of CCTV equipment,

including compression and storage systems.

These patterns include physical test charts and

their electronic equivalents. The research milestones are:

• Assess available electronic imagery and

develop new imagery appropriate for forensic video. Stream the patterns to CCTV

compression and storage to generate typical

impairments. Test patterns will be appropriate to forensic applications.

• Evaluate engineering measures such as

signal-to-noise in detecting and measuring

compression effects on the imagery.

• Assess available test charts and develop new

charts based on the digital patterns for use

with a camera in the loop for assessing both

capture and compression capabilities of

CCTV.

• Develop methodology for assessing viewer

response to compression effects. Augment

existing industry methods.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The test materials

that are developed will be delivered to the LEVA

Working Group for evaluation and for selecting a

method of distribution to law enforcement

agencies.

1. Develop electronic/digital test imagery

appropriate for forensic video and still imagery.

Deliver imagery to collaborators

2. Evaluate compression effects on the imagery

for various codecs. Report on generation and

engineering measurement of CCTV impairments.

3. Develop and deliver to collaborators hard copy

test charts derived from the digital patterns.

4. Develop subjective assessment methodology

with collaborators. Conduct validation trials.

5. Evaluate compression effects on the imagery

for various codecs. Report on subjective

measures of impairments and on results of tests.

6. Define measurements and evaluate effects of

ambient light, distance, and other environmental

effects. Report on measurement techniques.

7. Develop and evaluate computed measures of

quality and correlate with the subjective

evaluation of CCTV compression. Report on

results.

Identifying and Characterizing

Materials That Emulate the LowFrequency Electromagnetic

Properties of the Human Body

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop and

measure materials that adequately emulate the

dielectric properties of the human body over a

frequency range of 80 Hz to 10 MHz.

Customer Needs

Effective modeling and testing of metal detectors

requires well-characterized phantom materials

and recipes for preparing them.

Safety Issues: There are a plethora of medical

electronic devices (MEDs) that are used to assist

or supplant poor or absent physiological functions. There also is a steadily increasing number

of people who are becoming reliant on these

devices to lead a normal life. These MEDs

include but are not limited to cardiac defibrillators, cardiac pacemakers, infusion pumps, and

spinal cord stimulators. MEDs may be located

entirely within the body (implanted), on the outer

surface, or both. Some MEDs are programmed

magnetically, and all may be susceptible to

electromagnetic energy radiated by other electronic or electrical devices. MEDs are frequently

exposed to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

emitted from other electronic devices. Most

emitting devices are not intentional radiators and

there exist various regulations to restrict their

emitted EMI. However, the interaction between

MEDs and intentional radiators is a concern.

Commonly encountered radiators are the handheld (HH) and walk-through (WT) metal detectors typically used for security applications.

These detectors may emit frequencies close to

those used by the MEDs. HH and WT detectors

are used at courthouses, correctional facilities,

schools, governmental buildings, and at special

events. Unlike air travel, which is a voluntary

activity, most situations that require an individual

to visit a courthouse or governmental building are

not voluntary. Consequently, the safety of persons with MEDs is not an avoidable issue. Unfortunately, there is little information, other than

anecdotal, about the interaction of MEDs with

HH and WT metal detectors.

NIJ Standards: The draft revisions of the NIJ

standards for HH and WT metal detectors contains a body interference test. Although this test

is representative of actual use, it is not reproducible or accurate. What is desired is a material
16 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

that can mimic the EM properties of the human

body over the frequency range of 80 Hz to 10

MHz so that the body interference test can be

made reproducible and repeatable. The goal is to

develop and characterize a material that has

nominally the same relevant electromagnetic

(EM) characteristics as the human body. It is

proposed that a material will be developed that

will simulate the relevant EM properties of the

human body over the frequency range of 80 Hz to

10 MHz and temperature range of 36 °C to 40 °C.

Technical Strategy

 FY2002 research will focus in the following

areas.

• Continued measurements and modification

of candidate materials to match published

conductivity values.

• Develop mixture equations that yield realistic results for mixtures of carbon black and

silicone.

• Increase accuracy of mixture, map electrical

characteristics from pre-cured mixture to its

solid state.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Include further study

of the reproducibility, temperature, and time

stability of the composite materials.

Develop and study mixture equations that will

predict the conductivity from the conductivities

and volume fraction of the constituents.

Write a Journal article based on the study of the

mixture equations for the carbon-black

composites.

Electrical Properties of Metals

Used in Hand-Held Weapons

Goals

The objective of this project is to set up measurement apparatus to measure the conductivity

and permeability of metals and to identify and

characterize the electrical properties of a suite of

metals commonly used in weapons.

Customer Needs

The magnetic fields used in metal detector operations interact with metallic objects through

eddy currents. In modeling the metal detector it

is important to have well characterized metal

reference materials. The conductivity and permeability are highly temperature dependent. The

characterization of metals is through precise

measurement of metal conductivity and permeability. The material parameters must be measured as a function of frequency and temperature.

Metals may be ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, or

diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic metals such as iron

have a permeability much greater than 1, whereas

materials such as aluminum and copper have a

permeability close to 1. Conductivity is related

to the mobility of electrons in a metal under an

applied electric field. Conductivity is described

theoretically by the Drude model of metals,

which predicts only small changes from dc up to

the high gigahertz frequencies.

Technical Strategy

 For FY2002, the plan is as follows.

The current measurement process requires one

sample for the conductivity in the form of a rod

and another sample in the form of a toroid for the

permeability test. Develop a new permeability

test method for the permeability on rod samples

so only one sample is needed for both measurements.

Study the field dependence of the permeability as

a function of temperature. The idea here is that

the permeability depends on the magnetic field

strength and this variable needs to be studied for

complete characterization.

Increase our accuracy in the conductivity measurement using a new, more accurate voltmeter.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Use measurement

systems to measure samples sent in from other

agencies interested in characterization of specific

samples.

Support for Concealed Weapon

and Contraband Detection

Technology

Goal

The objective of this project is to provide technical support to and representation for OLES

regarding concealed weapon and contraband

detection (CWCD).

Customer Needs

There are a variety of activities and technologies

pertinent to the detection of concealed weapon

and contraband in which the OLES is involved.

These technologies include chemical weapon

detection, drug detection, metal weapon detection, explosives detection, etc. The activities

include standards development, writing user

guidelines and guides, and funding research

appropriate for justice-related programs. The

number of technologies covered by the OLES is

extensive and it is difficult to maintain the expertise required for providing assistance to the law
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 17

enforcement and corrections community without

adequate manpower.

Technical Strategy

Provide a technical resource for OLES with

respect to concealed weapon and contraband

detection for technologies using electromagnetic

(EM) detection methods.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Participate in the Law

Enforcement and Corrections Technology

Advisory Council and other pertinent meetings.

Review proposals related to EM detection

methods for contraband and weapon detection.

Provide technical assistance to OLES staff

regarding EM detection methods for contraband

and weapon detection.

Represent OLES regarding concealed weapon

and contraband detection, such as with the

Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Federal Aviation

Administration, the Food and Drug

Administration, etc.

Emergency Vehicle Sirens

Goal

The objective of this project is to provide law

enforcement agencies and other users of emergency vehicle sirens, such as emergency medical

and fire services, with an improved, comprehensive document (or limited series of documents

produced by a single source) that includes test

methods, performance criteria, and mounting and

installation guidelines for emergency vehicle

sirens, which can be referenced in purchasing and

other documents.

Customer Needs

In August 2000, a Guide to Test Methods, Performance Requirements, and Installation Practices for Electronic Sirens Used on Law Enforcement Vehicles, NIJ Guide 500-00 was published. The siren guide informs law enforcement

agencies about the contents of existing documents that are currently recognized and used by

the siren industry to specify siren tests, performance requirements, and mounting and installation

guidelines.

Documents included in the Guide that specify

emergency vehicle siren measurement procedures, performance criteria, and mounting and

installation techniques include the NIJ Standard0501.00 Emergency Vehicle Sirens, the California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 13 Article

8, the U.S. General Services Administration

(GSA) Federal Specification for the "Star-ofLife" Ambulance, and the SAE Recommended

Practice Emergency Vehicle Sirens- SAE J1849.

All of these documents were reviewed and found

to have shortcomings. It was also determined

that there was little, if any, recognition of the NIJ

Standard by the emergency vehicle siren industry

or law enforcement agencies. The GSA Specification, which references CCR Title 13 for its test

methods, is the only document for which an

established siren certification program exists.

The only laboratories approved to perform the

GSA Specification testing are operated by companies that manufacture siren components. The

National Fire Protection Association references

the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) SAE

J1849 in its 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire

Apparatus. Not only is an improved comprehensive document needed, but the lack of an independent test laboratory and the references to

different documents by different public safety

agencies is problematic for the emergency vehicle siren industry and is a source of confusion for

consumers.

Technical Strategy

NIST will work with the SAE, a voluntary,

private, consensus standards-developing organization, to improve its recommended practice,

which has been under continuous management by

the SAE's Emergency Warning Lights and Devices Standards Committee. This Committee

formed an Emergency Vehicle Siren Task Force

to revise SAE J1849.

 The Task Force decided that the revision of SAE

J1849 should be written in three phases; siren

systems with single loudspeakers (phase I), siren

systems with multiple loudspeakers (phase II),

and individual siren components (phase III).

Each phase will likely produce one document in a

limited series of documents intended as a revision

of SAE J1849.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Draft revision of SAE

J1849. Initial completion of phase I draft

revision of SAE J1849 by the Emergency Vehicle

Siren Task Force, forward this draft to SAE

Emergency Warning Lights and Devices

Standards Committee (parent committee of the

Task Force) for its approval.

NIJ Standard 0603.00, X-Ray

Systems for Bomb Disarmament

Goals

Modernization of the currently obsolete standard

for portable x-ray systems used in bomb disarmament operations, and testing several such

commercial systems for compliance with the

revised standards.
18 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Customer Needs

The current Justice Department standard

NILECJ-STD-0603.00, published in June 1973,

is grossly out of date. Nothing is known of about

the changes in technology, or the changes in

safety requirements imposed by other agencies.

The PSDB has considerable expertise and experience in the testing and deployment of portable xray equipment. Facilities at Sandridge for testing

are very comprehensive, including a large leadlined laboratory and various x-ray generators.

The staff of the Explosives and Weapons Detection Group of the PSDB are familiar with the

general requirements of x-ray imaging systems

and generators and the associated (UK) health

and safety issues. The NIJ standard was written

in 1973 and would benefit from revision to include standards for the latest imaging systems.

Revision of the standard commenced June 2000

upon the receipt by the PSDB of project funding.

UK and US radiation safety standards are being

gathered and assessed; an action plan for development of the portable x-ray system standard is

being developed.

Technical Strategy

There are actually two separate tasks involved in

this effort. The first is to update the requirements

and revise the current standard; the second is to

test commercial off the shelf systems. The PSDB

will work with OLES to prepare the standard in

NIJ acceptable form. The testing report will be

issued in a format which has been pre-determined

by the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center in Rockville, MD.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Revised NIJ Standard

0603.00 Test and evaluation report.

Accomplishments

Gait Recognition Databases: A 20 GB database

of stereoscopic synchronized video of 30 subjects

walking a “racetrack” course was released in

January 2001.

FERET Face Image Database: A new and final

FERET face recognition database was released in

March 2001.

Publications

NIJ Guide 201–99, “Video Surveillance Equipment Selection

and Application Guide,” October 1999.

NIJ Guide 500–00, “Guide to Test Methods, Performance

Requirements, and Installation Practices for Electronic Sirens

Used on Law Enforcement Vehicles,” August 2000.

NIST Technical Note 1398, “Portable Calibrator for Acrossthe-Road Radar Systems,” May 1998.

NISTIR 5072, “Spherical-Wave Characterization of Interior

and Exterior Electromagnetic Sources,” December 1997.

NISTIR 5079, “Dipole Moments of Weak, Electrically Small

Emitters from TEM-Cell Measurements,” December 1998.

NISTIR 5096, “Detection of Quasi-Static Electric Fields

Radiated by Electrically Small Emitters,” June 2000.

NIST GCR 99–771, “State of Oregon Criminal Justice

Information System: Mug Shot Imaging Project,” approved

for publication September 1999.

Proceedings of SPIE Reprint, “Enforcement and Security

Technologies," November 1998.

“Specific NIST Projects in Support of Concealed Weapon

Detection and Imaging Program,” SPIE Volume 3575, Law

Enforcement and Securities Technology Conference (November 1998), Boston, MA (N. Paulter).

“Antenna-Coupled Niobium Bolometers for mm-Wave

Imaging Arrays,” SPIE Volume 3795, Optical Science,

Engineering and Instrumentation Conference (July 1999),

Denver, CO (S. Nolen, et al.).

“Equations for the Magnetic Field Produced by One or More

Rectangular Loops of Wire in the Same Plane,” NIST Journal

of Research, (July/August 2000), Gaithersburg, MD (M.

Misakian).

"Design of an Active Millimeter Concealed Object Imaging

System," pp. 64-71 SPIE Volume 4373, Passive MillimeterWave Imaging Conference (April 2001), Orlando, FL (N.

Paulter, et al.).

"Concealed Weapons Detection System Using Uncooled,

Pulsed, Imaging Arrays of Millimeter-Wave Bolometers," pp.

7-15 SPIE Volume 4373, Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

Conference (April 2001), Orlando, FL (E. N. Grossman et

al.).

Properties of Cavity-Backed Slot-Ring Antennas at 95 GHz,"

pp. 49-57 SPIE Volume 4373, Passive Millimeter-Wave

Imaging Conference (April 2001) Orlando, FL (S. Nolen et

al.).

NIJ Standard–0601.01, “Walk-Through Metal Detectors for

Use in Weapon and Contraband Detection,” September 2000.

NIJ Standard–0602.01, “Hand-Held Metal Detectors for Use

in Weapon and Contraband Detection,” September 2000.

NHTSA Technical Manual DOT HS 808–998, “Speed

Measuring Device Performance Specifications: Radar Module,” in print.

NHTSA Technical Manual DOT HS 808–999, “Speed

Measuring Device Performance Specifications: Photoradar

Module,” in print.

NHTSA Technical Manual DOT HS 809-239, "Speed

Measuring Device Performance Specifications: Lidar Module," July 1, 2001.

NIJ Standard–0227.00, “Digital Intercept System (DIS) for

Integrated Services Digital Networks(ISDN),” 2001.

J. P. Phillips, R. M. McCabe, R. Chellappa, Biometric Image

Processing and Recognition, to be published in the European

Signal Processing Conference, and NISTIR 6175, June 1998.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 19

J. P. Phillips, Matching Pursuit Filters Applied to Face

Identification, published in IEEE Transactions on Image

Processing, Aug. 1998, and NISTIR 6208, August1998.

S. A. Rizvi, P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, The FERET Verification

Testing Protocol for Face Recognition Algorithm, to be

published in the Image and Vision Computing Journal.

P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, S. A. Rizvi, P. J Rauss, The FERET

Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms, to

be published in the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis:

Machine Intelligence, and NISTIR 6264, October 1998.

P. J. Phillips, Support Vector Machines Applied to Face

Recognition, to be published in Neural Information Processing and NISTIR 6241, November 1998.

P. J. Phillips, A. OToole, Y. Cheng, B. Ross, H. Wild,

Assessing Algorithms as Computational Models for Human

Face Recognition, NISTIR 6348, June 1999, and to be

published in Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing 1999.

J. Phillips, A. Martin, C. L. Wilson, M. Przybocki, Introduction to Evaluating Biometric Systems,published in IEEE

Computer Special Issue on Biometrics (February 2000) and

NISTIR 6384, August 1999.

J. Phillips, On Performance Statistics for Biometric Systems,

to be published in the Proceedings of the Auto ID 99, 1999,

and NISTIR 6386, September 1999.

H. Moon, J. P. Phillips, Computational and Performance

Aspects of PCA-Based Face Recognition Algorithm, NISTIR

6486, Mar. 8, 2000, and to be published in Perception.

W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, P. J. Phillips, Subspace Linear

Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition, to be published

in IEEE Trans Image Processing (2000).

D. Blackburn, M. Bones, P. J. Grother, P. J. Phillips, “Facial

Recognition Vendor Test 2000,” Technical Note from a

technical report from NAVSEA Dahlgren Division.

P. J. Phillips, E. M. Newton, “Meta-Analysis of Face Recognition Algorithms,” to be published in Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Vision and NISTIR 6719,

Mar. 2001.

S. Leigh, A. Heckert, A. Rukhin, J. Phillips, P. Grother,

“Transformation, Ranking and Clustering for Face Recognition Algorithm Evaluation”,. Date: November 20, 2001.

Submitted to: “Third Workshop on Automatic Identification

Advanced Technologies”. To be held: March 14-15, 2002,

Tarrytown, New York, USA.

A. Rukhin, P..Grother, J. Phillips, S. Leigh, E. Newton, A.

Heckert, “Dependence Characteristics of Face Recognition

Algorithms”, Date: December 4 2001. Submitted to: “International Conference on Pattern Recognition”. To be held:

August 11-15, 2002, Quebec City, Canada.
20 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Chemical Systems and Materials

OLES' Chemical Systems and Materials program

concentrates on research and standards related to

chemical technologies used by the criminal

justice and public safety communities. The

increasing use of less-than-lethal chemicals such

as pepper spray (oleoresin capsicum, OC) raises

questions about the safety and effectiveness of

products currently on the market. The program is

examining pepper spray canister products to

determine their ingredients, potency, and dose

characteristics. This work, coupled with a study

to evaluate the dose-related effects of pepper

spray on the human body, is in preparation for

developing the first standard for pepper spray

products.

The criminal justice community and employers in

both the private and public sectors have expressed strong interest in less invasive tests than

those now used to detect illegal drug use. In

response, the Chemical Systems and Materials

program is investigating two alternatives: sweatbased drug testing techniques and saliva as a drug

testing specimen.

In 1999 the program issued the first NIJ standard

for protective gloves for law enforcement and

corrections users. Today it continues to provide

technical support to the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center at

Rockville, Maryland for its glove testing program

based on that standard.

Human and Animal Dose

Response, Toxicokinetic and

Potency Assessment of Pepper

Spray Products Following

Topical and Aerosolized

Exposure

Goals

The objectives of this 3 year project are: 1)

Chemically characterize a series of less than

lethal (LTL) oleoresin capsicum (OC) pepper

spray products as a method of determining and

ultimately predicting product potency; 2) Apply

the products and the individual capsaicins identified in the products to human skin to determine

response and potency; 3) Investigate the toxicological effects of inhalation of the same products;

4) Determine the extent of absorption and the

distribution of these capasicum analogs via

dermal and nasal exposure.

The data generated will be utilized to: 1) predict

product potency by chemical analysis, dermal

response or a combination of the two methods; 2)

determine the relative potency of the individual

capsaicin analogs; 3) determine and quantify the

effects of the products and the individual capsaicins when applied dermally; 4) develop sensitive

and specific analytical methods that can be used

to identify and quantify capsaicin analogs in

pepper spray products and in biological samples;

5) determine the extent of dermal absorption of

the major capsaicin analogs; and 6) determine

toxicity and the extent of nasal absorption of the

major capsaicin analogs following aerosolized

exposure and determine if stimulant drug use

affects toxicity or absorption.

Customer Needs

OC is an extract of hot peppers. In addition to its

use in food and pharmaceuticals, it is an active

ingredient in the aerosol sprays used by law

enforcement agencies to subdue non-cooperative

individuals through skin contact, eyes, and inhalation. Although 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and

0-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) have been

used for riot control for many years, they are not

suitable for use against individuals as is OC.

Recent findings have shown that OC is an effective incapacitant, reducing assaults against officers and injuries to officers and suspects, while

reducing the number of complaints filed against

cities regarding use-of-force by law enforcement

officers. At the same time, however, a number of

areas of concern have surfaced with regard to the

use of OC. These areas include legal and policy

issues, technical issues such as product specification and performance, medical issues such as the

safety and toxicity of OC, especially with regard

to long term use of OC, and operational issues

such as training and safety procedures for users.

OLES is particularly interested in addressing the

“technical issues” aspects of this problem. Given

the product composition and potency, health,

safety, ethical and legal concerns surrounding the

use of less-than-lethal (LTL) OC weapons, a

systematic study is needed to determine product

content and effects following the two most common routes of exposure: nasal and dermal. The

study will examine the dose response relationship

between product OC concentration and incapacitant effects as a measure of product potency.

There have been reports of allergic reactions,

toxicity and other effects from exposure to OC.

Technical Contact:

Alim Fatah

Philip Mattson

Staff-Years:

3.0 professionals

Funding Sources:

100% Other Government

Agencies

Project Champions:

• NIST Electronics and

Electrical Engineering

Laboratory (EEEL)

• University of Utah, Center

for Human Toxicology

(CHT), Salt Lake City, UT

• U.S. Department of Justice

- National Law

Enforcement and

Corrections Technology

Center, Rockville, MD
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 21

There is also paucity of scientific data relating

dermal or aerosolized exposures to physiological

effects. The minimum exposure (dose) needed to

achieve an intended effect without adverse side

effects has not been determined. Any adverse

health or safety events carry the additional threat

of legal consequences to the officer and law

enforcement agency.

Technical Strategy

The goals for Year two of the project are: 1)

quantitatively characterize the OC content of the

select series (Year one) of pepper spray products;

2) verify that a combination of potency determinations by quantitative and capsaicin analog

determination to assess the potency/efficacy of

commercially available OC LTL products; 3)

assess the effects of the individual capsaicin

analogs on skin; 4) complete the studies on

respiratory tract toxicities of pepper sprays following aerosolized exposure to the LTL OC

products.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The deliverables are

quarterly reports and the final report of the

findings of the study.

Oleoresin Capsicum Canister

Study

Goal

At the present time, the “pepper spray” commercial products on the market are not well defined.

There is no specification of active ingredients and

manufacturers use a wide range of formulations

and labeling schemes.

OLES is planning to solicit, through a competitive contract, a qualified laboratory to perform

research and conduct a study involving sampling

and analyzing the contents of commercial pepper

spray canisters from at least five of the major

commercial manufacturers, to make quantitative

measurements of the internal pressure, concentration of active agent(s) capsaicinoid compounds

present in the aerosol spray, the propellants and

carriers. The study will also include shelf-life

stability studies of the canisters (devices) at

specified environments, aerosol firing tests, spray

range tests, and drop tests to gauge device mechanical safety and stability. It is hoped that data

from this type of study will suggest improvements and serve as the basis for minimum voluntary labeling and performance standards.

Customer Needs

OC is an extract of hot peppers. In addition to its

use in food and pharmaceuticals, it is an active

ingredient in the aerosol sprays used by law

enforcement agencies to subdue non-cooperative

individuals through skin contact, eyes, and inhalation. Law Enforcement agencies that have used

OC over the last 10 years have found that administration of OC to subjects resisting arrest

results in effective incapacitation (which is reversible in 15 minutes to 20 minutes) 85-90% of

the time. The reasons for the 10-15% failure

include low concentration of OC in the canister,

poor delivery owing to low pressure, bad aim,

variability of subject responses or a combination

of these factors. OLES is particularly interested

in addressing some of these product failure issues

that face the law enforcement community to help

them perform their functions more safely and

effectively.

Although CN and CS have been used for riot

control for many years, they are not suitable for

use against individuals as OC is. Recent findings

have shown that OC is an effective incapacitant,

reducing assaults against officers, injuries to

officers and suspects, while reducing the number

of complaints filed against cities regarding useof-force by law enforcement officers. At the

same time, however, a number of areas of concern have surfaced with regard to the use of OC.

These areas include legal and policy issues,

technical issues such as product specification and

performance, medical issues such as the safety

and toxicity of OC, especially with regard to long

term use of OC, and operational issues such as

training and safety procedures for users. OLES

is particularly interested in addressing the “technical issues” aspects of this problem.

Technical Strategy

The project will examine a number of commercially available canisters from at least five of the

major commercial OC manufacturers that are in

use by some of the large law enforcement agencies in the U.S. The study will use analytical

methods that have been previously developed and

optimized for OC analysis by OLES to examine

the vehicles used, propellant pressure, OC concentration and other properties of the canister that

may cause the failures observed and reported by

some of the law enforcement, agencies. NIJ

standard 0110.00, which deals with testing handheld aerosol tear gas weapons, will be used as a

guide in measuring spray pattern of canisters and

other physical property characterization studies

of the commercial OC canisters.

DELIVERABLE: The deliverables are quarterly

reports and the final report of the findings of the

study. The estimated project duration is 24

months from the official date of contract award.
22 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Protective Glove Project

Goals

The objective of this project is to provide technical support work to the National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center at

Rockville, Maryland in their testing program for

protective gloves that are used by law enforcement and corrections users.

Customer Needs

Law enforcement and corrections officers have

been increasingly requesting hand protection as

part of their protection equipment package. They

need gloves that will provide them protection

against sharp objects such as blades and hypodermic needles; the gloves have also to be resistant to pathogen penetration and have sufficient

dexterity and tactility such that officers can

perform their normal duties while wearing such

gloves.

OLES issued the protective glove test protocol as

NIJ Test Protocol 99-114, “Test Protocol for

Comparative Evaluation of Protective Gloves for

Law Enforcement and Correction Applications”,

June 1999. OLES also helped National Law

Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center

(NLECTC) in selecting qualified glove testing

labs through a competitive process. This resulted

in the selection of Touchstone Labs and

TRI/Environmental Labs as the two NIJ qualified

labs to conduct protective glove testing in accordance with NIJ Test Protocol 99-114. NLECTC

is now in the process of testing commercial

gloves that will be subjected to qualification

testing at the two NIJ qualified labs.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: OLES will continue to

provide technical support to NLECTC, including

travel to the testing labs, observing the glove

testing, providing technical support to the labs

and clarifying to them any questions that they

may have with regard to the glove testing

protocol and helping NLECTC with interpretation

of test data from the labs.

An Evaluation of Innovative

Sweat-Based Drug Testing

Techniques for Use in Criminal

Justice Drug Testing

Goals

The current methodology for analysis of drugs

involves the use of blood, plasma, and urine as

samples. However, obtaining these samples is

either invasive or they can be adulterated. In

addition, their matrices are relatively complex,

thus requiring more intensive and timeconsuming sample preparation and/or determination. Sweat, on the other hand, can be obtained

non-intrusively, allows protection of privacy,

reduces the possibility of adulteration, and has

the potential for estimating the actual circulating

concentration of drugs. In addition, sweat is less

complex and more easily prepared for analysis.

This proposal focuses on the development of

sweat-based drug testing techniques.

The goals of this project are to: 1) Modify and

test innovative, less invasive liquid perspiration

collection (LPC) devices, with a particular focus

on the Macroduct Brand sweat collection device;

2) adapt drug-testing kits for use in analyzing

liquid perspiration samples; and 3) assess the

validity and utility of the LPC devices as a

method of drug testing for use by the criminal

justice populations.

Customer Needs

Criminal justice agencies make extensive use of

drug testing to determine if arrestees, probationers, etc., are using illicit drugs. Currently, virtually all drug-testing in the criminal justice system

is in the form of urine testing, involving the

collection and handling of urine specimens.

Although the urinalysis techniques are accurate,

agencies are seeking drug-testing techniques that

are relatively non-invasive. This project is designed to evaluate the accuracy and utility of

liquid perspiration collection (LPC) in drug

testing in a criminal justice setting. This technology will provide a non-intrusive method of drug

monitoring and detection, which has been indicated as a priority technology area by the Law

Enforcement and Correction Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC).

Samples of protective gloves.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 23

The first two years of the three-year project have

been completed and we just started the third and

final year. In the first two years, all scheduled

tasks were completed, including: (1) the conducting of a pilot test of the liquid perspiration

collection (LPC) devices; (2) the preparation of

an Interim Report, versions of which are being

published in the open literature and as an NIJ

report; (3) preparations for the full field test at the

DC Pretrial Services Agency; and (4) the implementation of the field test, now in its fifth month.

Technical Strategy

In the third and final year of the study, the field

test will be completed and specimens and related

data will be analyzed. A report will be prepared

describing the procedures used in modifying the

liquid perspiration collection device, the results

of the field test, and presenting recommendations

for future use of the LPC device. Depending on

the results of the field test, guidelines will also be

prepared for the use of the LPC as a drug testing

device.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The deliverables are

quarterly reports and the final report of the

findings of the study.

Evaluation of Saliva as an

Alternate Drug Testing Specimen

Goals

Determining the utility of saliva as a valid specimen for non-intrusive testing of drugs of abuse

for law enforcement and the criminal justice

community has been the overall objective of this

research. Specific objectives for this project

were: 1) to perform a thorough literature search

to establish the state of knowledge about the use

of saliva as a testing specimen in forensic applications. Information gathered from that search

was used to write a comprehensive report on the

current state of the scientific literature about

saliva drug testing; 2) to assess the use of the

saliva as a specimen for drugs of abuse testing

and estimating circulating blood drug concentrations through use of a clinical study; 3) to determine if commercially available immunoassay

screen tests could used to detect codeine and

metabolites in saliva and plasma; 4) to determine

if GC/MS could be used to assess the codeine and

morphine concentrations in saliva; and 5) to

determine if collection methods had an effect on

saliva drug concentration. A University of Utah

IRB approved clinical study was used to determine plasma and saliva drug distributions following codeine administration. Saliva was

collected using three different commercial collection devices: acidic stimulation, non-acidic

stimulation, and by a controlled method.

Customer Needs

This technology will provide a non-intrusive

method of drug monitoring and detection, which

has been indicated as a priority technology area

by the LECTAC.

Historically, forensic drug testing has been performed primarily on blood, plasma or urine.

Although alternate specimens such as saliva,

sweat and hair may be available in most situations, they are seldom collected. Scientists and

practitioners continue to search for specimens

that can be easily collected by non-invasive

techniques and collected under direct observation. Saliva is a unique specimen worthy of

experimentation. It is easily and non-invasively

collected, can be collect under direct observation,

it is a filtrate of the blood, should 'reflect' blooddrug-concentrations and it is easily processed for

testing.

Technical Strategy

A one-year study designed to focus on the issues

of collection device efficiency and specimen

validity determination is the objective for the

final year of this research project. The planned

experiments will bring the study to a logical

conclusion and assist in making recommendations for the use of saliva as a drug-testing

specimen. This will also allow us to establish

standards for evaluating commercial saliva collection devices that have recently come to the

market.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The deliverables are

quarterly reports and the final report of the

findings of the study.

Accomplishments

Publications

1. The Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Liquid Perspiration”,

Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol. 25, pp. 625-627

(2001).

2. “Determination of Capsaicin, Dihdrocapsaicin, and nonivamide in self-defense weapons by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass

spectrometry”, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 912, pp.

259-267, (2001).

3. “The Effects of Collection Methods on Oral Fluid Codeine

Concentration”, submitted to the Journal of Analytical

Toxicology.

4. "Evaluation of Saliva as an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen”, Submitted to NIJ for publication.
24 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Forensic Sciences

Forensic investigators increasingly rely on technology to do their job, and OLES' Forensic

Sciences program works to ensure that they have

tools that yield accurate results that will hold up

in court.

In the area of high-tech (computer) crime, the

program is developing tools for validating investigative software and preventing inadvertent

modifications of electronic files under investigation. It has developed a National Software Reference Library that helps investigators identify

suspect files on a hard drive more quickly and

easily, and is leading development of a series of

guides to the proper gathering and handling of

evidence related to high-tech crimes.

The Forensic Sciences program is also developing tools in other areas: a standard reference

material (SRM) for bullets and casings; a revised

standard reference for identifying glass by refractive index and a calibrated refractive index oil

for comparing glass specimens; an online database for characterizing hair by chemical analysis;

an updated auto headlight database for use in hitand-run investigations; an SRM for gunpowder

and pipe bomb residue; and a revised SRM for

blood-and-breath alcohol analysis. Related to

drugs of abuse, the program is developing a

methodology for determining ratios of amphetamine and methamphetamine in hair, and evaluating an aerosol drug identification kit for possible use in schools. To assist arson investigators,

the Forensic Sciences program is conducting

projects related to burn pattern recognition,

measurement and simulation of ignition sources,

and computer simulations of actual fire events.

And it is setting up a National Help Line to assist

investigators in using the Automotive Paint

Database, developing a forensic atlas of hair and

an interactive training guide for its use; and

consulting on a number of projects related to

forensic analysis of DNA.

National Software Reference

Library (NSRL)

Goal

The objective of this project is to provide a

validated database of known software, file profiles, and file signatures (“fingerprints”) for use

by law enforcement organizations in computer

forensic investigations.

Customer Needs

Investigation of computer hard drives requires a

tremendous effort in reviewing individual files. A

typical desktop computer contains thousands of

files, each of which must be reviewed for evidentiary content. To eliminate as many legitimate

files from search as possible, an automated filter

program would be beneficial that could screen all

files for specific profiles and signatures. If the

file profile and signature match the profile and

signature in a database of known files, then it can

be eliminated from review. Those that do not

match would be subject to further investigation.

The crux of this project is to collect known

software, to develop the mechanism for producing the profiles and signatures of known files,

and to distribute this information to law enforcement organizations in a cost effective and efficient manner.

Technical Strategy

An automated known file filter (KFF) program

has been developed that can screen all files for

specific profiles and signatures. The KFF would

then automatically compare the profile and signature to a database of validated known files, and

the output would be those files that do not match

the contents of the validated database. Files that

do not match would be subject to further investigation. A prototype implementation of this

system has been developed and an extract of this

database will be made available through NIST’s

Standard Reference Database (SRD) Office as

Special Database #28. Security and stability of

the process and the implementation of the database are top priorities in its development.

Beta-testing organizations are being used to

verify the operation and accuracy of the database

during a pre-delivery shakedown period.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The master database

is the primary deliverable. An adjunct to this is

the extracted database that will be made

available to users in CD format, once the

accuracy and stability of the database have been

verified. Periodic updates will be released

through the NIST SRD Office for purchase on a

subscription basis. The master database will be

updated with newer versions of software and

new releases. Additional software from nonWindows operating systems will be included as

software becomes available. Additional sources of

software will be sought among vendors and

government agencies. An estimate of uncertainty

in the production of the database will be

reported. Additional functionality for the database

will be investigated.

Technical Contact:

Susan Ballou

Alim Fatah

Staff-Years:

13.5 Professionals

Funding Sources:

100% Other Government

Agencies

Project Champions:

• Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco

and Firearms (ATF),

Rockville, MD

• Department of Defense

(DoD), Computer Forensics

Laboratory, Linthicum, MD

• Department of Navy,

Investigative Support &

Forensics Subgroup,

Technical Suppport Workng

Group (TSWG), Arlington, VA

• Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI),

Washington, DC

• Forensic Technology

Incorporated (FTI), Montreal,

Canada

• National Center for Forensic

Science (NCFS), Orlando, FL

• NIST Building and Fire

Research Laboratory (BFRL)

• NIST Chemical Science and

Technology Laboratory

(CSTL)

• NIST Information Technology

Laboratory (ITL)

• NIST Manufacturing

Engineering Laboratory (MEL)

• NIST Materials Sciences and

Engineering (MSEL)

Laboratory (MSEL)
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 25

Computer Forensics Tools

Testing (CFTT)

Goals

The goal of digital evidence examination is to

gain access to and examine the data. The objective of this project is to verify the operation and

output of automated software programs, generally termed “tools,” used by Law Enforcement

agencies to examine computer evidence.

Customer Needs

Processes in a computer examination should be

conducted on data that have been duplicated

using accepted forensic procedures and, whenever possible, should not be conducted on original evidence. To meet this requirement, automated software programs or “tools” are available

for purchase and touted as meeting the needs of a

computer investigation, such as creating an exact

duplication of a hard drive or to write block.

However, presentation of this evidence in court

demonstrates a need for verification of currently

available tools that advertise forensic capabilities.

The contention in court is that some alteration,

failure to recover, or tampering with the evidence

occurs through the use of these tools. To verify

the results produced by these tools, NIST was

asked to provide expertise in developing test

suites and a testing framework to structure the

testing of these software products. The information provided by NIST as a neutral party would

be used by law enforcement organizations to

determine several factors:

• Whether specific tools should be used in

forensics examinations

• How the tools should be used

• The limitations of the tool’s capabilities

Technical Strategy

The initial concept is to develop general classifications of functionality in order to group similar

testing requirements. For example, we are concentrating immediate efforts on disk imaging,

write blocker functions, and selected analysis

functions. Further classifications will develop as

requirements are identified. The common characteristics of each classification are decomposed

into testable requirements. Assertions are derived

from these requirements along with assertions

from specific capabilities of individual tools.

Each assertion is then tested within the overall

testing framework to produce results that are

repeatable, reproducible, and objectively measurable. Actual test results will be reported to manufacturers and users.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Reports describing

the overall concept and framework for testing

computer forensics tools will be published as web

documents and as printed documents. Further

reports on each automated tool tested will be

produced and published on-line. Additional disk

imaging tools will be tested and specification for

software write blockers will be published along

with test cases.

Two New Quick Reference

Guides for Digital Evidence

Investigations

Goals

The objective of this project is to produce and

distribute quick reference guides to continue to

support law enforcement agencies that have or

are in the process of incorporating a digital investigation unit. These guides contain information that will assist in national uniformity in the

administration of a digital evidence facility;

procedure incorporation, collection, examination;

and legal applications.

Customer Needs

The increase in Internet use and rapid changes

with computer technology have put computers

and other electronic devices in every aspect of

modern life. These technological advances are

being exploited by criminals at an alarming rate

thereby putting additional responsibilities on the

law enforcement community. Officials are

dealing with established crimes such as kidnapping, child pornography, and fraud. These crimes

are now committed electronically, through the

use of computers. Police departments are finding

a considerable lack of trained personnel that have

computer knowledge. Due to this deficiency in

computer knowledge many criminal cases are

being overlooked, improperly handled or, when

seized, are then sent to the few qualified laboratories that are overworked and understaffed. Many

viable forms of electronic evidence are being

overlooked because of investigative personnel’s

unfamiliarity with sources and depositories of

this type of evidence. The proposed guides will

provide law enforcement quick access to a wealth

of information concerning protocols for investigating high technology crime and investigative

interpretation. The published material will also

provide reference information for literature

review, legal support, and a guide for structured

training programs.
26 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Technical Strategy

The Examination of Digital Evidence guide is

currently in production. When the final draft

document is achieved, the document will be sent

for national review, revised and then submitted to

the NIJ for publication. Once this guide has been

submitted for National review one of the remaining two guides will for be selected for initiation.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A series of quick

guidance booklets.

Standard Reference Materials

(SRM) for Bullets and Casings

Goals

The objective of this project is to provide sets of

virtual/physical signature standards for both

bullets and casings as NIST SRMs to support

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms'

(ATF) and the FBI’s NIBIN (National Integrated

Ballistics Information Network). In addition,

NIST will demonstrate the practicality of using

the NIST proposed algorithm for bullet signature

comparisons.

Customer Needs

As with fingerprints, every firearm has unique

characteristics that leave identifiable signatures

on the bullets and casings that it fires. By analyzing these ballistics signatures, examiners can

connect a firearm to bullets or casings discharged

during criminal acts. The Integrated Ballistics

Identification System (IBIS) has proven extremely effective as an automated tool for this

process. IBIS uses techniques of image capture,

image analysis, and electronic databases. However, to demonstrate completely the reliability of

this system, high quality measurement standards

for bullets and casings are required. This project

will address this need for standard bullets and

casings and will improve the evidentiary collection process of the criminal justice system nationwide.

Technical Strategy

The plan consists of two component projects.

First, 20 standard bullets numbered NIST Reference Material, 8240-021 to 8240-040, will be

provided and complete measurements of these

bullets will be submitted to the ATF and the FBI

for further tests and evaluation. Also 40 NIST

Reference Material casings will be provided to

the same organizations. Second, a Material

Laboratory program, using the newly developed

NIST algorithm for bullet signature comparisons

will be developed.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Measurements and

tests for 40 NIST Reference Material 8240 bullets

and 40 NIST Reference Material casings.

A MATLAB program for bullet signature

comparisons using auto- and cross-correlation

functions.

Burn Pattern Recognition

Program

Goals

The objective of this project is to investigate the

formation of fire patterns from ignitable liquid

spills near the walls and corners of rooms on the

interior surfaces of structures.

Customer Needs

Previous research has shown that fire patterns

provide useful data in determining the origin of

fires. Due to the large number of factors that

affect the formation of these patterns, the Burn

Pattern Recognition Program has sought to understand fire pattern formation from ignitable

liquid spills. During a forensic fire investigation,

it is vital to understand the impact of these factors

and how they contribute to the interpretation of a

particular burn pattern. These factors are assessed when conducting full-scale spill fire

experiments in a controlled laboratory environment and by studying the effects of imposed

radiant heat flux. Effects of additive fuel source

are also a major concern. The extent of these

effects is obtained through experiments that

include accelerated and un-accelerated fires with

and without furniture.

Technical Strategy

The next step in understanding gasoline spill fires

is to study spills located near the walls and corners of rooms, since the room boundaries will

have an effect on the development of the fire as

well as the patterns formed. Spill fire experiments will be conducted with fires located near

walls and in the corners of rooms. Floor coverings will include carpet and wood, while wall

materials will consist of gypsum board and

concrete. The building and furniture materials

will be the same as those used in the past in order

to keep the number of experimental variables as

small as possible. Due to the availability of a

large number of suitable structures for conducting the fire experiments, a large quantity of

information has been obtained. The next phase
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 27

will concentrate on analysis of the experimental

data and documenting the results.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A technical report will

be prepared for publication documenting the

results of the study.

Measurement and Simulation of

Real Ignition Sources

Goals

The objective of this project is to measure and

document the burning characteristics and fire

spread potential of common small ignition

sources and to develop a tool capable of simulating the major features of the ignition and fire

spread.

Customer Needs

Advances in computer hardware and fire modeling technology have, for the first time, made it

possible for arson and fire investigators to recreate fire scenarios that appear as animations using

ordinary computers. Recently, NIST's Fire

Dynamics Simulator (FDS) FDS/Smokeview

technology (see www.fire.nist.gov/fds/) has been

used in the investigation of fire fighter deaths and

injuries that occurred in the Cherry Road townhouse fire in Washington, DC. New and valuable

insight about fire flows, temperatures, and timelines was provided to the investigation team

through the use of fire simulation and visualization. For this technology to be developed into a

reliable tool, accurate inputs are needed to describe the fire characteristics of common ignition

sources and the reaction of materials exposed to

different heating rates. This information will

provide a basis for recreating possible fire scenarios. This will allow the testing of predicted

fire development in relation to collected evidence

and witness statements.

Possible fire scenarios of interest to fire investigators have been discussed with Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) agents. Taking into consideration the recent investments by

NIST to advance the FDS model for thermal

radiation heat transfer, radiant sources have been

given priority because of the likely success in

modeling radiant ignition. The first fire source to

be measured and modeled will be radiant space

heaters. Other fire sources that might be investigated are flames from large and small sources.

These sources in various geometric arrangements

are of interest to fire investigators.

Technical Strategy

In consultation with NIJ designated contacts

and/or ATF certified fire investigators, ignition

sources will be chosen. The sources will be

characterized in laboratory scale experiments to

be conducted at NIST. Modules compatible with

the present public release of the FDS fire simulation model will be developed to duplicate, in fire

simulations, the major burning and/or heat transfer characteristics of these sources.

Testing will also be conducted to assess the

ability and conditions under which the selected

sources can ignite different common materials

(cardboard, plastics, wood, fabrics, etc).

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: This project is

designed to deliver a database of usable

experimental information about the burning

characteristics and ignition potential of ignition

sources identified as priorities for investigators.

In addition, a report will be provided that will

include the measured fire characteristics of

ignition sources, the results of tests to ignite

different materials with those sources, and the

ability of the FDS fire model to predict the major

features of the fire and ignition process.

Research in Deoxyribonucleic

Acid (DNA) Identification

Methods and Standards

Goals

The objective of this project is to assist in

determining solutions attributed to DNA

complications encountered with crime scene

evidence. These research programs address

the realm of DNA from collection issues to

statistical individuality. Six programs will be

detailed, each supporting the other by their

attributes.

A. Standard Reference Materials (SRM)

for PCR-DNA Analysis

The SRMs for DNA Analysis is a program that

addresses the issue of mandatory requirements

set by the National DNA Advisory Board (DAB)

and the American Society of Crime Laboratory

Directors-Laboratory Accreditation Board

(ASCLD/LAB), concerning the validation of

DNA procedures and protocols. To fulfill these

requirements, laboratories must put into action a

process that will link results to an accepted standard or reference. The DNA SRM provides the

necessary tool for PCR procedure and kit validation.
28 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

This subproject will continue to evaluate stock

depletion of the current SRM production and

prepare future plans to maintain supplies. NIST

continues to be the technical advisor for laboratories with questions concerning the proper use of

the SRM.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: SRMs for validation,

procedural development and method evaluation

within laboratories conducting DNA profiling.

B. STR Typing with the ABI PRISMTM

3100 16-Capillary Genetic Analyzer

The evaluation of the ABI 3100 16-capillary

array instrument for typing short tandem repeats

(STR) kits commonly used in the forensic community to determine the feasibility of coupling

multiplex STR and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) assays with capillary array systems

for high-throughput DNA testing purposes.

Utilizing an ABI 3100 16-capillary system, a

successful process has been completed that

analyzed a variety of STR typing kits including

Promega’s PowerPlex® 16 and Applied Biosystems’ IdentifilerTM 16plex kits. These commercial

kits and the development of new research multiplex assays use a variety of fluorescent dye

combinations with both 4-dye and 5-dye chemistries; therefore, generating DNA fragment analysis matrices on the 3100 using various combinations of the following dyes: 5FAM, JOE, NED,

ROX, 6FAM, HEX, FL, TMR, CXR, VIC, PET,

and LIZ. This has been evaluated on both the

ABI 310 (single capillary) and ABI 3100 (16-

capillary array) instruments.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: To provide a new

high-throughput DNA procedure and expand the

use of the ABI 3100 for developing novel Y

chromosome STR kits for human identification

purposes.

C. Recovery of DNA from aged bloodstains on untreated paper

Evaluate the long-term stability/quality of bloodstains on various substrates when subjected to a

range of temperatures. Results enable DNA

storage facilities to make a more informed decision on whether or not they should continue to

store samples at –20 °C.

Many reference DNA sample repositories or

“DNA banks” are now in existence, primarily for

support of epidemiological and genetic research

or to enable identification of forensic evidence or

human remains. The nature of the sample, how it

is collected, and how it is stored are critical

issues for the ultimate utility of any DNA banking effort. Successful DNA typing requires that

samples contain an adequate quantity of DNA

and that this DNA can be isolated from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors (heme, proteins, and many other whole blood components).

Current methods of DNA typing use multiplexes

of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) loci detected as

PCR amplified products ranging in size from 100

through 450 nucleotide basepairs (bp).

Over 300 anonymous bloodstains have been

examined that have been stored on untreated

Schleicher & Schuell 903 paper (S&S 903) from

two years to 15 years at ambient temperatures

with no humidity control. Additional samples that

were stored at –20 °C for six years were also

examined. Examinations included different

methods of extraction (Chelex®, and salting-out)

as well as evaluation of the quality of the recovered DNA (yield gel), and typeablity of the DNA

obtained.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Continue longitudinal

studies on aged samples stored on several media

and under a variety of conditions and provide a

manuscript detailing the findings.

D. Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Y Chromosome and

the Mitochondrial Genome

Development and evaluation of high throughput

technologies for typing Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for human identification

purposes. SNPs are the most common form of

genetic variation in the human genome. SNPs

exist in approximately 1 out every 1000 base

pairs. The typing of SNPs throughout the geResults from electrophoresis analysis of

DNA sample.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 29

nome can facilitate genetic mapping, disease

association studies, and evolutionary studies.

Recent analysis of SNP markers located on the

non-combining region of the Y chromosome

provides information on tracing human migration

patterns and evolution.

To design primer extension assays that will type

SNPs located on the Y chromosome as well as in

the mitochondrial genome in order to evaluate

their usefulness in forensic applications. The

results of these primer extension reactions are

being analyzed using matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) due to its inherent

speed and accuracy for typing SNPs. The speed

and accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS also allows

rapid development of large DNA typing databases and population studies.

This work has resulted in tools for the rapid

optimization of multiplexed polymerase chain

reaction and primer extension reactions to improve throughput for SNP analysis. Further,

comparisons have been made with various primer

extension assays amenable to mass spectrometric

analysis for SNP genotyping. The utility of

MALDI-TOF MS to accurately and rapidly type

samples is illustrated through results of Y chromosome and mtDNA SNP markers, including

M9, M42, M45, M89, and M96.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The evaluation of

technologies to assist other labs and agencies

that are currently involved in typing SNPs.

Eventually develop assays that will also be

compatible with other instrumentation formats

such as capillary electrophoresis, fluorescence

polarization, and fluorescent microspheres.

E. Prototype Y Chromosome

Standard (SRM 2395)

Providing a Y chromosome SRM for calibration

of DNA typing instrumentation. In an effort to

support the growing demand for Y chromosome

testing, NIST is developing an SRM that can be

used to calibrate instrumentation and verify assay

performance with Y STR and Y SNP markers.

Over 140 candidate DNA materials for SRM

2395 have been screened. From these samples,

five male and one female DNA samples have

been selected and extensively characterized.

These candidate materials reflect multiple alleles

at each Y STR and SNP locus. These six candidate (A through F) SRM samples will be tested

with commercially available and research multiplex assays. In addition, all of the DNA samples

are being sequenced to confirm exact repeat

compositions of the STR markers. SNP markers

are being analyzed with multiple technologies to

confirm the polymorphic nucleotide present in

each sample.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Completion of an

SRM 2395 and assessing its utility to the forensic

community.

F. Development of Y STR Megaplex

Assays

The development of high-level multiplex PCR

reactions for typing STRs located on the Y chromosome for human identification purposes is

achieving high attention in the forensic community. Y chromosome short tandem repeat markers have a number of applications in human

identity testing including typing the perpetrator

of sexual assault cases without differential extraction and tracing paternal lineages for missing

persons investigations. In order for Y STR systems to become more widely accepted within the

forensic DNA typing community, robust multiplex assays are required.

The multiplexes being developed are the first to

include all of the European 11-locus “extended

haplotype” in a single reaction. To improve the

power of discrimination for Y chromosome tests,

strategies are being developed for rapidly preparing multiplex PCR assays that utilize both

four and five dye chemistries for detection and

permit simultaneous amplification of 20 or more

Y chromosome STR markers in a single reaction.

An important design aspect of our multiplex

assays is that PCR product sizes are kept under

350 bp in order to ensure a greater success with

testing degraded DNA samples. Primer design

issues are considered and efforts are undertaken

to avoid any homology with X chromosome

sequences. Primers have been redesigned from

previously published work with these Y STR

markers to make them more compatible in a

multiplex amplification. The robustness of the

multiplex will be tested in three independent

laboratories. In addition, allele ranges for each of

the Y STR markers have been well characterized

in a diverse set of world population samples.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The testing of the

20plex PCR primer set for genetic population

studies as well as human identification purposes.
30 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Summer Forensic Fellowship

Research

Goals

The objective of this project is to provide a

technical training experience for postbaccalaureate students in forensic science. In

addition, the student’s efforts will support research goals on a project of recognized technical

importance to the NIJ and OLES.

Customer Needs

Fewer than ten U.S. universities offer postbaccalaureate education in the forensic sciences.

The increasing demand for technical sophistication in forensic laboratory personnel has increased the demand for experienced technical

staff. Unfortunately graduate fellowship research

support from common sources such as the National Science Foundation (NSF) is focused

solely on research in the basic sciences.

The OLES summer fellowship provides masterslevel students with an internship experience in

projects that help advance forensic measurement

technology and standardization. This summer’s

project is evaluating the factors that cause handgun gunpowder residues to be retained on the

body and optimizing residue collection protocols.

A series of handgun test firing experiments have

been conducted to examine the influence of such

factors as sweat and static on the retention of

gunshot on the hands. A number of methods of

residue collection, including vacuuming, tape

lifting, and combing were evaluated. Analysis of

the organic components in the handgun residues

will be used to evaluate the success of the various

collection parameters.

Technical Strategy

Firing range experiments are nearing completion,

and laboratory evaluation of the samples is in

progress. These experiments were designed to

allow a means by which to evaluate methods of

collecting gunshot residues from the body.

Adhesive tape lifting and hair combing are being

tested to evaluate their success in recovering

organic gunshot residues. A sampling protocol

was devised for hair combing, evaluating additive

recoveries from combs by solvent extraction and

organic analysis by micellar capillary electrophoresis.

Residue collection from the hair of human subjects and wig-hair covered mannequins is also

being evaluated. To expand this process the

effect of the position of a simulated shooter,

victim, and bystander is also being tested. Residue deposition from a revolver, semi-automatic

handgun, semi-automatic rifle, and shotgun will

be studied.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A manuscript on

factors affecting residue retention and collection

to include experiments from the previous 2000

and 2001 internship research.

NIST Standard Reference

Materials (SRM) for Gunpowder

and Pipe Bomb Residue

Goals

The objective of this project is to improve forensic laboratories' capability to determine and

detect handgun and pipe bomb components

through the incorporation of quality gunpowder

and residue measurements. To provide a compositional gunpowder SRM (NIST SRM 1928), that

will enable the validation of crime laboratory

methods and encourage the expanded use of

quantitative gunpowder measurements in forensic

casework.

Customer Needs

SRM from NIST provides the optimum value for

the evaluation of procedures and laboratory

techniques. The incorporation of this product

into laboratory protocol will assist in accreditation requirements, improving evidence interpretation and providing a statistical basis for inclusion into courtroom presentations.

Forensic laboratories have seen an increase in the

requests to provide evidentiary evaluation of

residue samples from handgun and pipe bombs.

As part of the forensic laboratory accreditation

process, the American Society of Criminal Laboratory Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board

(ASCLD/LAB) has been providing certification

for explosives analysis. However, proficiency

samples or SRM explosive propellants are not

available to meet the ASCLD/LAB requirements.

In addition, the quantitative evaluation of gunpowder additives as a means of individualizing

residue evidence is under-utilized by many of the

smaller local and state crime laboratories. Development of a gunpowder, SRM 1928 Additives

in Smokeless Powder, will provide forensic

laboratories with measurements that are traceable

to NIST, helping to improve laboratory capabilities and meet accreditation requirements.

One of the requirements for SRM certification is

to have primary standards of known purity for

instrument calibration. To address this, two
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 31

stabilizers, diphenylamine (DPA) and ethyl

centralite (EC), were selected and examined for

high purity. A 5% solution of standard nitroglycerin (NG) was obtained from the U.S. Army

Picatinny Arsenal laboratory. The 5 % NG

solution agreed with the working standards from

a commercial source. In addition, via the army

lab at Redstone Arsenal, a pharmaceutical grade

nitroglycerin product, 10% NG on beta-lactose

was obtained. This material has excellent stability (less than 2% change in 5 years at room

temperature) and may be suitable as a primary

standard.

These prototype powders were used as test samples for an inter-laboratory gunpowder measurement comparison study amongst nineteen laboratories. This information determined the current

state of gunpowder measurement practice, evaluated the selected powder material for its suitability, promoted gunpowder standard utilization,

and compared quantitative measurements against

other labs.

Technical Strategy

There is a possibility that a variability of ±10% or

so in the composition of the two current candidate powders for the SRM exists, therefore the

powders may have heterogeneity that is greater

than the 5% target. Since all commercial reloading powders are blends of two or more lots

with different compositions, heterogeneity may

be an inherent characteristic of the two original

candidate powders

The intent is to develop a second analytical

method for additive certification measurement for

the development of a SRM. In addition, the

purity of NG, DPA, and EC primary standards

will be evaluated using techniques such as mass

spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Development of a

rugged analytical method for the determination

of NG, DPA, and EC in the rifle powder RM

prototype.

Complete and validate analytical method for

reference material powder.

Evaluate homogeneity of powder using single

particle and graduated sample size experiments

and develop a second analytical method suitable

for positively identifying the target analystes.

Gunpowder and Handgun

Residue Research

Goals

The objective of this project is to examine the

compositional characteristics of gunpowder and

its post-firing residues as a means of detecting

handgun use and investigating pipe bomb crime.

Quantitative determination of the propellant

(nitroglycerin – NG), stabilizer (diphenylamine –

DPA and ethyl centralite – EC) additives contained in smokeless gunpowder is being investigated as a means of associating evidentiary

residue and gunpowder samples with unfired

powder exemplars.

Customer Needs

Current gunshot residue methods, based on the

detection of the metallic firing primer particles,

barium, antimony, and lead, use such techniques

as Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis that are costly to perform

and are seldom successful at determining handgun use. The move toward replacement of these

characteristic “heavy” metal primers with more

common metals may render the current test

obsolete. Our approach examines the incompletely burned gunpowder as a means of residue

detection. The organic propellant NG stabilizers

DPA and EC (additive content of gunpowder) are

characteristic features that can be used to individualize powders. In handgun residue collection

experiments, quantitative analysis has shown that

residues often contain much of the compositional

characteristics of the unfired powders. We have

developed a numerical factor, the ratio of propellant to stabilizer - the P/S ratio - to aid in

individualizing powder and residue samples.

Quantitative evaluations of the organic additive

composition as a means of associating unfired

gunpowders and handgun residues have demonstrated both the strengths and limitations of the

approach.

Technical Strategy

The long-term goal is the development of an

integrated approach to organic gunshot/explosives residue evaluation through effective sample collection, optimized analytical

measurements, and rigorous graphical/statistical

evaluation of the data. The following research

elements will assist in achieving this goal.

• Graphically Evaluating Questioned Samples

and Exemplars: Develop a graphical approach to the evaluation of gunpowder compositional measurements. This approach will

allow the forensic investigator to provide a

visual and numerical presentation on how

well a questioned measurement agrees with a

defined portion of measurements from exemplar samples.
32 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

• Sampling for Organic Gunshot Residue:

New experiments on the determination of

organic gunshot residue were designed to

evaluate factors that affect the collection of

handgun residues by the body, including the

effect of sweat, oily skin, and static electricity, using microscopy and organic analysis.

Protocols for the forensic collection of organic gunshot residues using adhesive tape

lifts (such as forensic evidence tape) and fine

toothed combing were tested for the collection of handgun residues from the hand,

head, and head hair.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Manuscripts detailing

the work product, one titled, “A Graphical

Approach to Questioned and Known Sample

Comparisons of Smokeless Powder” and the

other addressing the bodily retention and

collection methods for organic gun shot residue.

On-Line Chemical Analysis of

Human Hair

Goals

The objective of this project is to provide a

definitive method for characterization of unknown hairs found at crime scenes.

Customer Needs

This method offers a statistical accounting of

distinguishing features present in hair. Therefore

providing a definitive means for associating a

suspect to the victim or crime scene. Presently,

the most common form of hair examination relies

on microscopic comparisons. These comparisons

can only detail the strength or weakness of a

“match” between a known and unknown hair.

This is no longer an acceptable result to the legal

community; courts are now demanding statistical

accountability for all forms of physical evidence.

Human hair has distinguishable chemical characteristics. To determine if these characteristics

can be associated to an individual, hair from

human volunteers have been analyzed. Two

specific compounds have been targeted for ratio

comparisons, squalene and cholesterol. Squalene

was not detected in appreciable amounts in four

of the children’s hair so this compound could not

be consistently used in comparisons. Cholesterol

is present as a prominent peak in the children’s

hair samples, however, not in the adults. This

may offer a means for determining an individual's

age when examining an unknown hair. Further

research is required along several avenues; utilizing a larger data base of hair samples, determining the chemical components of an individuals blood in relation to those components found

in their corresponding hair sample, relative time

factor between when a hair is deposited at a scene

or on a person to the time the hair is analyzed

using this technique.

Technical Strategy

Progress has proceeded in two directions related

to this project. First, a method for injecting

larger volumes of extracts onto a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system have been

pursued. Work in this area will possibly enable

on-line extraction/analysis of trace evidence hair

using more aggressive solvents than the supercritical carbon dioxide presently used in the

supercritical fluid extraction – gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (SFE-GC/MS). These

more aggressive solvents may extract additional

species from the surfaces of hair, which could

serve to distinguish samples from suspects and

victims.

The second effort area has been directed toward

obtaining additional hair samples from individuals to increase the breadth of SFE-GC/MS of

trace evidence scale analyses.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The large volume

injection (LVI) method, described in the

manuscript indicated above, will be applied to

hair samples that have been previously

characterized by the SFE-GC/MS technique (see

NIJ Report 600-99, “Trace evidence analysis of

human hair by on-line supercritical fluid

extraction – gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry: a feasibility study”). Comparisons

of the results of the hair samples by SFE with

carbon dioxide as the fluid and LVI with several

aggressive solvents should suggest which

method is most amenable to on-line trace

evidence analysis of hair. A manuscript

describing the technique and all results will be

provided.

Use of Enantiomeric Composition

to Study Incorporation of Drugs

Into Hair

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop analytical methodology for the determination of

enantiomeric ratios of amphetamine and methamphetamine in hair, and to utilize this knowledge to certify reference materials containing

these compounds for use in the forensic and

medical-legal community.

Customer Needs

This reference material offers several uses; supply a confirmed protocol for conducting hair/drug

examinations; provide a substance that can be

used to validate current laboratory protocols and
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 33

instrumentation; and possibly provide statistical

analysis between an individual ingesting illicit

drugs versus extraneous external absorption onto

the hair. Amphetamine and methamphetamine

are commonly abused stimulants that can be

prepared through a variety of synthetic pathways.

Both compounds have been detected in the hair

samples of drug users. Because amphetamine

and methamphetamine are chiral molecules, they

can exist as pairs of enantiomers. The (R)-

enantiomer of methamphetamine is found in

legitimate pharmaceutical products, but clandestine synthesis often yields racemic products.

Therefore, proof of illicit use requires an examination of enantiomeric composition of the compound of interest. Current analytical methods for

the measurement of enantiomers of these stimulants typically involve derivatization with enantiomerically pure derivatizing agents to form

diastereomers that are separated by gas chromatography (GC). However, most chiral derivatizing agents are not enantiomerically pure, and

impure reagents may perturb the initial enantiomeric composition of the sample, leading to

erroneous results. In addition, the possibility of

differences in the reaction rates of the enantiomers also exists. The derivatization scheme has

been evaluated on standard solutions and seems

to provide adequate sensitivity for the levels of

amphetamine and methamphetamine likely to be

found in hair. Good separations of the enantiomers of both amphetamine and methamphetamine have been obtained using liquid chromatography in conjunction with a chiral stationary

phase. Preliminary extractions of spiked samples

also indicate that the drugs can be recovered from

hair by extracting with methanol.

Technical Strategy

The approach used involves isolation of the target

compounds from hair samples and derivatization

with a fluorescent tag to improve detection. The

fluorescent tag also introduces a functional group

that facilitates separation of the enantiomers on a

chiral stationary phase in liquid chromatography.

Additional work that will be completed includes

identification of an appropriate internal standard

and evaluation of the methodology for quantification of drug levels in hair. Some fine-tuning of

the extraction procedure may be necessary to

reduce the likelihood of interferences.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A methodology for

the separation of meth/amphetamine

enantiomers isolated from hair samples is

available and some additional work on known

samples is necessary to validate the liquid

chromatographic method for quantitative

purposes. The final goal is to add to an existing

SRM with multiple drugs of abuse, the

enantiomer ratios as additional information to the

certificate of analysis for the material.

Auto Headlight Database for

Forensic Utility

Goals

The objective of this project is to replace the

obsolete NBS Special Publication 480-17, 1978

(SP 480), on Glass Auto Headlights for Forensic

Utility, with a database on contemporary automotive headlights; in addition, to develop collaborations with the principal automakers and

parts suppliers in order to generate and establish

a running system for data collection on automotive front lighting, from present to future production and application.

Customer Needs

The new database will provide an effective and

fast investigative tool for the identification of

vehicles involved in hit-and-run crimes (e.g.

personal injury, homicides, civil suits). Publication 480-17 has served the forensic community

and law enforcement as an effective tool in

investigations aimed at determining specific

vehicle identification from fragments of headlights left at the scene of crimes. However, this

publication is presently of very limited use because it covers only headlights of the sealedbeam type, which were installed in passengertype vehicles made between the years 1962 and

1974. Therefore, a replacement for this forensic

publication with a computerized database that

reflects the present state of auto headlights is

warranted.

Significant progress has been made in familiarizing the auto manufacturers to NIST's intent

with the purpose to create a new database on

headlights. These collaborations now include

major automakers, parts suppliers, and the SAE

International Committee on Headlights. These

contacts also serve to gather information on the

status of headlamp production and innovation to

enable NIST to make any necessary database

design updates in the most constructive way

possible.

Technical Strategy

Concentrate on actions to generate and establish a

on-going system for data collection on automotive front lighting, from present to future production and application. Specifically, principal

activities will focus on efforts:
34 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

• To strengthen and expand NIST collaborations with the automotive industry, to collect

data and information on the identifying characteristics headlights for 2000 and 2001 high

volume “car” models sold in the U.S.

• To develop and widen the network of contacts with law enforcement, forensic labs and

associations, and to participate in forensic

meetings to learn and exchange information

on the forensic aspects of automotive headlights.

• To catalog and enter in the database data and

information on lighting systems for “2000

and 2001 top-selling models.”

• To investigate methods to create 3D images

of headlights will be investigated.

The new database encompasses the identification

details, visual characteristics, and information of

single headlights and front lighting assemblies,

for both the right and left positions. Covered data

comprises the headlamp, materials, inner and

outer lens, park and turn signals, side marker,

side reflex, and daylight running lights (DRL).

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: A database on

automotive front lighting to replace the obsolete

SP 480. This database will provide a significantly

improved diagnostic tool in forensic investigations

as compared to the use of the previous SP 480,

which covered only sealed-beam headlights.

Accomplishments

Maintenance of a short tandem repeat DNA

database commonly referred to as STRBase

(http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase). The

site is continually updated with new training

materials and literature sites and by expanding

the contents of the database in regard to variant

alleles.

NIJ Guide NCJ 187736 “Electronic Crime Scene

Investigation: A Guide for First Responders” was

published. This guide contains detailed information that is useful to law enforcement and other

responders who have the responsibility for protecting an electronic crime scene and for the

recognition, collection, and preservation of

electronic evidence.

A Reference Material Database on CD-ROM:

The National Software Reference Library

(NSRL) Reference Data Set (RDS) is available

for ordering. Go to

http://www.nist.gov/srd/nistsd28.htm to order

NIST Special Database 28. The cost will be $90

per year and will entitle the purchaser to receive

up to four distributions per year. The NSRL is

designed to collect software from various sources

and incorporate file profiles computed from this

software into a Reference Data Set (RDS) of

information. The RDS can be used by law enforcement, government, and industry organizations to review files on a “suspect” computer by

matching file profiles in the RDS. This will help

alleviate much of the effort involved in determining which files are important as evidence on

computers or file systems that have been seized

as part of criminal investigations.

Publications

NIJ Report 604-00 "Flammable and Combustible Liquid

Spill/Burn Patterns," March 2001.

“The Future of Fire Investigation.” Fire Chief, October 2000;

pp. 44-50.

“Developing a Quantitative Extraction Technique for the

Determining the Additives in Smokeless Handgun Powders”.

J. Forensic Sci. 2001; 46(4):802-807.

“Associating Gunpowder and Residues from Commercial

Ammunition Using Compositional Analysis with the Propellant to Stabilizer Ratio (P/S)” Accepted by J. Forensic Sci.

July 2001.

Forensic DNA Typing: Biology and Technology behind STR

Markers. Academic Press, London (textbook published

January 2001)

“Detection of DNA polymorphisms using PCR-RFLP and

capillary electrophoresis”. Methods in Molecular Biology:

Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids (Mitchelson, K.R.

and Cheng, J., eds.), Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey,

Vol. 2, pp. 49-56.

“The application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of

PCR products used in genetic typing”. Methods in Molecular

Biology: Clinical and Forensic Applications of Capillary

Electrophoresis (Petersen, J. and Mohammad, A., eds.),

Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, pp. 261-284.

“Capillary electrophoresis as a tool for optimization of

multiplex PCR reactions”. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 369: 200-

205.

“Genotyping of two mutations in the HFE gene using singlebase extension and high-performance liquid chromatography”. Anal. Chem. 73: 620-624.

“Quality control of PCR primers used in multiplex STR

amplification reactions”. Forensic Sci. Int. 119: 87-96.

NIJ Grant 97-LB-VX-0003, “Improved analysis of DNA

short tandem repeats with time-of-flight mass spectrometry”.

Final Report for, Office of Justice Programs, National

Institute of Justice

“High-throughput genotyping of short tandem repeat DNA

markers with time-of-flight mass spectrometry”. Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry, Elsevier Science, in press.

“Analysis of DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms using

mass spectrometry”. Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry,

Elsevier Science, in press.

“Highly multiplexed assays for measuring polymorphisms on

the Y-chromosome”. Progress in Forensic Genetics 9, Elsevier Science, in press.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 35

Public Safety Communication Standards

The ability of law enforcement and public safety

agencies to communicate and exchange data in

critical situations is fragmented by equipment

incompatibilities and the lack of standards to

provide a common, nationwide approach to

telecommunications and information sharing. To

resolve the situation, the National Institute of

Justice, developed the AGILE program -- Advanced Generation of Interoperability for Law

Enforcement -- to develop and implement

interoperability standards.

OLES' Public Safety Communications Standards

program is dedicated to supporting AGILE. The

program is developing standards for voice, data,

image, and video transfers, drawing on existing

standards, discussions with end users regarding

their requirements, and participation in IT and

wireless standards committees. To meet the

needs of law enforcement and public safety

agencies until standards are in place, the program

is evaluating commercial devices and services

that can provide interim interoperability.

NIJ Standardization Efforts

Related to Telecommunications

and Information Technology (IT)

Interoperability

Goals

As part of the AGILE (Advanced Generation of

Interoperability for Law Enforcement) Program,

provide engineering support, scientific analysis,

technical liaison, and test design and implementation to allow the identification/development and

validation of interoperability standards for the

criminal justice and public safety communities,

and other communication system products and

services supporting wireless telecommunications

and IT needs. Further, provide technical assessments and evaluations of existing and emerging

commercial products and services that may

provide interim solutions for various

interoperability scenarios.

Customer Needs

This project is geared toward solving public

safety interoperability and information sharing

problems by developing and adopting NIJ standards for voice, data, image, and video information transfers.

With the explosion of telecommunications and

information technologies has come a disturbing

trend – a lack of interoperability among systems.

This is demonstrated most dramatically in the

public safety community, as police and other

agencies (such as fire departments, emergency

medical services, etc.) fail to communicate with

each other during multi-jurisdictional events

(such as the Columbine High School tragedy).

Even when local or regional calamities do not

occur, however, daily interoperability problems

continue to plague public safety agencies nationwide.

The Implementation Phase of the AGILE Program was begun for IT interoperability. Close

coordination was begun, and sustained, with NIJ,

the Office of Justice Programs (OJP), the Bureau

of Justice Assistance (BJA), the GLOBAL Infrastructure/Standards Working Group (I/SWG),

I/SWG Technical Working Groups, the XML

Technical Contact:

Kathleen Higgins

George Lieberman

Staff-Years:

10.0 professionals

Funding Sources:

100% Other Government

Agencies

Project Champions:

• Institute for

Telecommunication

Sciences, the research and

engineering branch of the

National

Telecommunications and

Information Administration

(NTIA), Boulder, CO

The ability of an officer to communicate with

other local agencies and emergency responders is critical to efficient and safe operations.

Effective communication is a critical aspect of

both law enforcement and corrections operations. Dispatch is the nerve center of the

agency.
36 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Technology Focus Group, and individuals representing various practitioner groups at the local,

state, Federal, and international levels. To facilitate progress of national-level committees,

strategic and tactical planning documents for

OJP, I/SWG, and technical working groups were

developed. Also, detailed structures and methodologies for the formal standardization process

were constructed. Intensive technical leadership

and support was provided to analyze and reconcile three dissimilar XML (eXtensible Markup

Language) specifications developed by different

practitioner groups. A justice community data

dictionary was developed as a draft standard for

use by all practitioner groups, and a “Principles

and Procedures” report was written to document

the process used. The XML “technical reconciliation” process was recognized as a successful

model to use for other salient interoperability

issues that involve conflicting technical approaches and/or implementations.

Technical Strategy

The Implementation Phase of the Project can be

seen as falling into the follow functional support

areas:

A. Information Technology

Interoperability Standardization

This work builds upon the work performed, and

accomplishments achieved, via FY2001 funding.

Continue to work closely with the GLOBAL

Infrastructure/Standards Working Group to

validate users’ requirements; validate the current

assets and plans of local, state, and Federal public

safety agencies; update the characterization of

current and emerging technologies; validate

internal and external factors that may impact

standardization options; establish and validate

data models and schema for sharing information

among agencies; and validate the strategic plan

for moving the entire standardization process

forward. In addition, provide overall planning

and operational support to the GLOBAL Infrastructure/ Standards Working Group as it functions as the IT Technical Committee. Provide

detailed technical review and analysis of thousands of standards developed by standards development organizations, and recommend standards

to the IT Working Groups and IT Technical

Committee. As part of that activity, classify all

standards that were considered by general subject

area (e.g., architecture/data model, protocol, data

composition, performance, security, etc.), and

track the status of all those standards using categories such as: “rejected as not being relevant”,

“being reviewed”, “reviewed and rejected”, and

“reviewed and recommended”. Act as the Secretariat for the IT interoperability standardization

process by keeping detailed records of: (1) the

content and status of proposed standards, (2) the

IT Technical Committee’s discussions and ultimate decisions made regarding each standard, (3)

the standards recommended by the IT Technical

Committee to NIJ for adoption, and (4) the standards adopted as NIJ Interoperability Standards.

On an ongoing basis, validate (through simulation and/or demonstration/testing) that the chosen

standards are compatible, fit together as an entire

package, and specify effective and efficient

interfaces for local, State, and Federal systems.

B. Technology Evaluation and Engineering Support

Provide technical observations, analyses, demonstrations, and testing as part of technical evaluation activities aimed at determining the utility of

commercial interoperability products and services. Technical evaluation efforts will address

products and services identified by NIJ, but also

those various technologies determined (through

OLES research) to have great potential as interim

interoperability solutions, over the short and

long-term. Recommend emerging technologies

worthy of NIJ Grant assistance, as required.

Respond to the immediate needs of the AGILE

Program by performing other research and applied engineering activities as requested. These

activities may include strategic and tactical

planning, system engineering, technical analysis,

economic benefit studies, etc. Develop formal

documents such as guides or handbooks, and also

presentations, white papers, and other documentation to support existing program tasks and/or

proposed initiatives. Evaluate proposals, designs,

approaches, and other technical overtures submitted/offered to NIJ, as requested.

C. Support IT and Wireless Standards

Committees Participants

Provide travel/subsistence support to those representing local and state public safety agencies at

the meetings of the IT and Wireless Standards

Working Groups and Technical Committees.

D. Wireless Telecommunications

Interoperability Standardization

Work closely with those chosen to represent the

wireless telecommunications users within the

public safety community to validate users’ requirements; validate the current assets and plans
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 37

of local, state, and Federal public safety agencies;

update the characterization of current and

emerging technologies; validate internal and

external factors that may impact standardization

options; and validate the strategic plan for moving the entire standardization process forward. In

addition, provide overall planning and operational support to those representing the wireless

telecommunications users as they function as the

Wireless Technical Committee. Provide detailed

technical review and analysis of thousands of

standards developed by standards development

organizations, and recommend standards to the

Wireless Working Groups and Wireless Technical Committee. As part of that activity, classify

all standards that were considered by general

subject area (e.g., architecture, protocol, performance, security, etc.), and track the status of

all those standards using categories such as:

“rejected as not being relevant,” “being reviewed,” “reviewed and rejected,” and “reviewed

and recommended”. Act as the Secretariat for the

Wireless interoperability standardization process

by keeping detailed records of: (1) the content

and status of proposed standards, (2) the Wireless

Technical Committee’s discussions and ultimate

decisions made regarding each standard, (3) the

standards recommended by Wireless Technical

Committee to NIJ for adoption, and (4) the standards adopted as NIJ Interoperability Standards.

On an ongoing basis, validate (through simulation and/or demonstration/testing) that the chosen

standards are compatible, fit together as an entire

package, and specify effective and efficient

interfaces for local, State, and Federal systems.

Provide close technical liaison with the IT Technical Committee to ensure that data transfer

issues are addressed consistently by the wireless

and IT standardization activities, and that the two

activities ultimately converge.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: NIJ Standards,

Reports, Guides, Guidelines, Handbooks, White

Papers, and other products required to advance

the AGILE Program and other interoperabilityrelated efforts within NIJ will be provided.

Accomplishments

- Successfully coordinated with OJP and BJA

to advance standardization objectives of the

Global Justice Information Network Program

(GLOBAL) and its Advisory Committee (a

Presidential Advisory body).

- Provided technical support to GLOBAL's

Infrastructure/Standards Working Group

(I/SWG) by: (1) developing I/SWG processes

and procedures outlining salient technical issues

to address relative to information sharing and (2)

working with practitioners to create effective

standardized solutions.

- Worked closely with diverse members of the

Justice community to reconcile three different

implemention standards applying XML (eXtensible Markup Language) and to develop a "Justice

XML Data Dictionary" that contains over 135

data elements that can be used commonly across

the Justice community.

- Coordinated with Department of Transportation and other "Justice Partners" to share Justice

work results and establish common

interoperability schemes.

Publications

No formal publications in Journals, etc. However, available

to the justice community via websites:

1. The XML Justice Data Dictionary, a "living," evolving

database, currently containing over 135 reconciled data

elements.

2. The XML Justice Standards Development "Principles"

Report, describing the lessons learned in reconciling the 3

XML standards and providing the procedures that were used.
38 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

Critical Incident Technologies

Before September 11 and the war on terrorism,

OLES was already involved in America's domestic preparedness and homeland security efforts.

The Critical Incident Technologies program,

established as a separate program area in 2001,

consolidates existing projects with new initiatives

under a single administrative banner.

The program is currently continuing OLES' work

on developing chemical and biological (CB)

protection equipment standards, including standards for respirators and CB detection and decontamination technologies; investigating and

validating advanced lightweight protective

clothing systems; and devising a test laboratory

certification program. It has already published

the first of a series of CB protection equipment

guides for emergency first responders.

New programs since September 11 include developing standard, secure cockpit isolation systems and both a testing standard and selection

guide for frangible ammunition to be used aboard

aircraft.

Developing Chemical and

Biological (CB) Protection

Equipment Standards

Goals

The objective of this project is to develop a suite

of national chemical and biological protective

equipment standards and to facilitate the adoption

of these standards so that local, state, and Federal

emergency first responders and other public

safety workers can use them. To accomplish this

mission, strong working relationships must be

established and maintained with the public safety

user community, to the point where the community’s representatives play a key and integral role

in all facets of the standards development process. This is accomplished primarily through the

Interagency Board (IAB) for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability. The suite of

equipment standards will consist of: 1) Detection

equipment (for both chemical and biological

agents); 2) decontamination equipment; 3) personal protection equipment (PPE), including

suits, boots, gloves, and respiratory equipment;

and 4) interoperable communications equipment.

The IAB identified the respiratory equipment

standards as the first priority for development.

The CB standards development program involves

many agencies and activities. The program for

FY2002 consists of six main project areas: 1)

Respiratory Equipment Standards; 2) development of CB Personal Protection and Detection

Equipment Standards; 3) evaluation of Lightweight Protective Clothing Systems; 4) test

Laboratory Certification; 5) support of Domestic

Preparedness Programs; and 6) development of

Chemical and Biological Protection Equipment

Guides for Emergency First Responders.

A. Respiratory Equipment Standards

The objective of this subproject is to develop

National Institute of Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH) approved respiratory protection

equipment against hazardous agents for emergency first responders and public safety workers.

To develop these, the following tasks will be

performed: 1) Determine applicability of existing

industrial and military warfare agent standards;

2) Develop key chemical/biological design and

performance requirements; 3) Modify and/or

develop terrorism agent-specific test methods;

and 4) Prepare final evaluation, testing, and

certification standards.

The purpose of these standards is to provide CB

equipment minimum performance standards for

the emergency first responder community when

evaluating and purchasing CB defense equipment.

Technical Contact:

Alim Fatah

Philip Mattson

Kirk Rice

Staff-Years:

28.5 professionals

Funding Sources:

100% Other Government

Agencies

Project Champions:

• Interagency Board for

Equipment

Standardization and

Interoperability,

Arlington, VA

• National Institute for

Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH),

Morgantown, WVA

• U.S. Army Soldier,

Biological and Chemical

Command (SBCCOM),

Aberdeen, MD

• U.S. Department of

Justice, Washington, DC

- National Institute of

Justice (NIJ)

- Office for Domestic

Prepardness

A typical protective mask for first responders, law enforcement officers, corrections

officers, and EMS providers.
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 39

Multiple agencies including the NIOSH, NIST,

NIJ, National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the U.S. Army Soldier

and Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM),

have generally agreed that the following activities are necessary for development of a CB respirator standard and sustainment of a continuing

certification program.

The major tasks to develop and implement the

respiratory protection standards are as follow: 1)

Hazards analysis/vulnerability assessments; 2)

standards development; 3) test method validation;

4) maintenance of CB equipment databases; 5)

publication of user guides, user-friendly decision

aid systems regarding respiratory protection

issues at chemical/biological terrorism incidents;

6) provide technical assistance domestic preparedness programs, partners, stakeholders, and

civilian organizations as requested; and 7) certification and testing of CB equipment.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: The major

deliverables include periodic (quarterly and

annual) progress reports, reports on major

milestones such as the hazard/threat analysis,

draft and final performance standards, hosting of

public hearings on proposed standards, staffing

and equipping a suitable standard testing

laboratory, publication of user guides, and other

products required to fully implement the CB

respiratory protection standards.

B. Development of Chemical and Biological PPE/Detector/ Decontamination

Equipment Standards

The objective of this subproject is to develop

standards for personal protection equipment

(PPE--including suites, boots, gloves, etc.),

detection equipment and decontamination

equipment for chemical and biological agents for

emergency first responders and public safety

workers.

The purpose of these standards is to provide CB

equipment minimum performance standards to

the emergency first responder community when

evaluating and purchasing CB defense equipment.

The following specific efforts are necessary for

the development of CB standards for all types of

PPE (other than respirators), detectors, and decontamination equipment: 1) Hazards analysis/vulnerability assessment; 2) standards development – This involves review of existing test

methods, analyzing these test methods for applicability, providing a matrix of prospective standards with preliminary analysis and selection of

the appropriate standards test; 3) testing of

equipment; and 4) publication of user guides.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Performance

Standards for PPE, Detection and

Decontamination Equipment; this will take at

least 3-years to complete, depending on the

funding level for each year through FY 03.

C. Evaluation of Advanced Lightweight

Protective Clothing Systems

The goal of this subproject is to further develop

and demonstrate selectively permeable fabric

systems that have been proven to provide excellent protection against CB warfare agents, and to

provide protection against toxic industrial materials (TIMs) in liquid, vapor, and aerosol forms.

Ultimately, a Level A protective ensemble will

be produced for protection against not only CB

warfare agents but also protection from exposure

and for the safe handling of TIMs.

This work is expected to culminate in the development of significantly lighter weight TIM,

chemical warfare agent, and biological threat

protective clothing for emergency response and

public safety professionals.

The following tasks will be accomplished in this

program: 1) Leverage industry and academia to

further the development of novel selectively

permeable membranes as TIM barrier properties;

2) work with industry and academic partners to

A chemical/biological protective suit
40 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

assess, develop, and demonstrate the required

resistance to TIMs with minimal interference to

moisture vapor transport through the membrane

for evaporative cooling of the users; 3) evalute

membrane properties, such as resistance to agent

simulants, and moisture vapor permeation characteristics; 4) conduct physiological testing of

human subjects in controlled environments; 5)

investigate and test current military protective

clothing; 6) compile a list of CB protective garment technologies that could meet the NFPA

1994 performance requirements and a list of

industrial hazards for different missions will be

also identified; 7) for FY2002, assess the barrier

properties of current SPM fabrics to TIMs, further engineer SPM technologies to provide the

needed protection to TIMs as necessary and to

produce limited garments for field assessments.;

and 8) for FY2002, demonstrate the effectiveness

and durability of TIM resistant SPM garments in

limited field tests.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: SBCCOM will produce

and deliver quarterly progress reports to OLES.

A final, comprehensive test report will be

produced at the end of the study.

D. Test Laboratory Certification

The goal of this subproject is to provide program

management, technical, and administrative support to facilitate the process to certify test laboratories and agencies to conduct testing in accordance with the approved CB suite of standards.

Once standards have been approved, the next step

is to certify testing facilities to conduct tests to

the standard. This is the final step to ensure that

equipment meets the stated performance standard. The standards will be administered through

the appropriate agencies; NIOSH will administer

the respiratory protection equipment standards

and NFPA will administer the appropriate standards for PPE. In some cases, where existing

agencies do not have oversight or responsibility

for a standard, the standard may be published by

NIJ.

The primary steps to be conducted in this process

are: 1) Conduct planning and management functions necessary to support laboratory and test

agency certification to test to the CB standards

suite; 2) issue progress reports to the funding

agency and to the IAB; 3) certify, in collaboration with other standards team members, qualified laboratories that are capable to conduct

equipment testing and certification in accordance

with the national suite of standards; 4) maintain

pertinent agreements, standards and guides to

include review and updates.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Project milestone

updates, staffing and coordination of procedures

for lab certification.

E. Support Of Domestic Preparedness

Programs

The goal of this subproject is to provide program

management, technical, and administrative support to domestic preparedness programs, in

particular to the activities related to the development of national standards and guides for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives (CBRNE) protective equipment.

The initial set of standards and guides developed

will focus on chemical and biological (CB) agent

protection in the areas of detection, personal

protection, decontamination, and communication.

These standards and guides will assist the emergency first responder community when evaluating and purchasing CB defense equipment.

Developing a coherent and comprehensive set of

standards and guides requires a dedicated effort.

Without technical expertise and management of

the program, the end result may be fragmented

and fail to provide the products required by the

first responder community.

OLES is the executive agent for the IAB, responsible for implementing a national suite of responder CBRNE equipment standards.

OLES has established interagency agreements

with the National Institute of Occupational Safety

and Health (NIOSH) and the U.S. Army Soldier

Biological and Chemical Command (SBCCOM)

to develop a suite of national CBRNE protection

standards; the first of these guides was published

in 2000 and the remaining guides are in the

various stages of review and comment before

publication. These guides will be distributed to

the user community and also posted on the web

and hence will be available on-line.

The primary tasks of this subproject are: 1)

Conduct planning and management functions

necessary to support development; and implementation of CBRNE standards suite; 2) provide

user needs and requirements to standards development process; 3) canvass literature both in the

U.S. and worldwide for existing applicable standards that can be used or adapted to the standards

development process; 4) coordinate with other

standards players on providing forums for soliciting input for the standards agencies and organizations on development process from users and
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 41

industry; 5) attend conferences and forums related top weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

threats, protection equipment standards and

counterterrorism threat scenarios that will be

helpful in standards development effort; 6) issue

progress reports to the funding agency and to the

IAB; 7) promulgate relevant standards and

guides; 8) develop standards user guides; 9)

certify, in collaboration with other standards team

members, qualified laboratories that are capable

to equipment testing and certification in accordance with the national suite of standards; and

10) maintain pertinent agreements, standards and

guides to include review and updates.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Interagency

agreements, project milestone updates, staffing

and coordination of draft standards/guides, and

promulgation of approved standards and guides.

F. Development of Chemical and Biological Protection Equipment Guides

for Emergency First Responders

The goal of this subproject is to develop chemical

and biological protection equipment guides for

emergency first responders. The equipment

guides include chemical agent and toxic industrial material detection, biological detection,

communications, personal protective, and decontamination.

The guides will focus on CB agent protection

equipment in areas of detection, personal protection, decontamination, and communication. The

purpose of these guides is to provide CB equipment information to the emergency first responder community when evaluating and purchasing CB defense equipment. This sharing of

information is critical to the many emergency

first responder communities who have received

or are in the process of receiving CB equipment

grants funding from the U.S. Department of

Justice’s Office of State and Local Domestic

Preparedness (OSLDPS).

The heightened national concern that terrorists

will employ chemical agents, toxic industrial

materials (TIMs), and/or biological agents

against domestic targets is prompting state and

local first responders to enhance their response

capabilities. NIJ is the focal point for providing

support to state and local law enforcement agencies in the development of counterterrorism

technology and standards, including technology

needs for CB defense. In recognizing the needs

of state and local emergency first responders,

NIST, supported by NIJ, TSWG, SBCCOM, and

IAB's Equipment Standardization and

Interoperability Subcommittee, is developing CB

defense equipment guides. The guides will focus

on CB equipment in areas of detection, personal

protection, decontamination, and communication.

The purpose of these guides is to provide CB

equipment information to the emergency first

responder community when evaluating and

purchasing CB defense equipment. This sharing

of information is critical to the many emergency

first responder communities who have received

or are in the process of receiving funding from

the Office of State and Local Domestic Preparedness (OSLDPS).

To date all guides have been completed. The

Guide for Chemical Agent and Toxic Industrial

Chemicals Detection Equipment for Emergency

First Responders has been published and issued

to the emergency responder community. The

other guides are in various stages of editorial

review for approval before publication and issuance as NIJ Guides.

The plan to complete this effort required working

with the emergency first responder community,

NIST, SBCCOM, NIJ, and TSWG to get their

thoughts and comments on the equipment guides.

The guides were then be submitted to NIJ for a

legal review. Following the legal review and

incorporation of all comments, the guides were

finalized and resubmitted to NIJ for final approval and publication. Thus far, the decontamination, communication and biological agent

detection guides have been through the NIST

review process and have been submitted to NIJ

for final approval and publication.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Drafts and finals

(paper and electronic) of each guide, monthly

reports, and a final comprehensive summary

report are the required deliverables. It is critical

that annual updates to each guide be made.

These updates will allow the emergency first

responder community to stay aware of new

equipment as it becomes available, as well as,

old equipment that is no longer available. The

first update to the Chemical Detection Guide is

tentatively scheduled for first quarter of 2003. It

would be best to have the updates made

electronically and be made available through

NIJ’s Justice Technology Information Network

(JUSTNETR).

Development of Standard,

Secure Cockpit Isolation

Systems

Goals

The objective is to develop a system to ensure

airliner cockpit physical security. The proposed

effort includes development of a fully tested
42 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

prototype cockpit isolation barrier, production

engineering specifications, and an interim performance standard.

Customer Needs

Denial of commercial aircraft as potential terrorist-guided weapons is an important action that

can be taken at this time to protect the security of

the United States. The most cost effective means

of doing this is to prevent access to the cockpit.

We may assume that regardless of measures

taken at airports, security will not be 100%

effective in identifying every potential terrorist

passenger. But we can insure that they are denied the ability to guide the plane by removing all

possibility of access to the cockpit during flight.

This has the added benefit of compartmentalizing

air travel security by limiting intensive background security checks to the cockpit crew while

allowing passenger and baggage scanning systems to focus only on identification of devices

that would compromise the entire aircraft (e.g. a

bomb).

The traditional role of the cockpit door separating

the pilots and the controls of the aircraft from the

main cabin must change because of the recent

hijackings and use of commercial aircraft as

WMDs. A Cockpit Isolation System (CIS) must

now be considered a critical component of the

physical security for all commercial aircraft.

Interior bulkheads adjacent the access pathway to

the cockpit should also be viewed as critical

physical security barriers from assailants and are

thus an integral part of the CIS. Effective “hardening” of these structures will require consideration of several types of threats to their integrity.

Principle among these are blunt force, projectile

impact, small explosive (shaped) charges, edged

weapon attack, and arguably, liquid and gaseous

chemical resistance.

It is imperative that industry and government

collaborate to develop common designs, performance criteria, and test procedures, and to see

physical implementation of the CIS in all commercial aircraft at the earliest possible date.

Solutions to these threats will require novel

materials and structural designs, ultra-secure

locks and joining mechanisms, and incorporation

of environmental seals and controls. And they

must be able to be retrofitted into existing vehicles without affecting their flight characteristics.

Solutions to the hardening of cockpit doors are

already under investigation at a number of companies with the intention of rapid deployment.

Yet, there is no cross-cutting organization to

oversee these efforts nor any effort to establish

neutral measures of performance for such systems that encompass the threat-array described

above. Performance standards and testing serve

not only to produce effective guidelines and

selection criteria for the users who procure the

items, but as design and manufacturing criteria

for producing consistent, dependable items that

meet, in this case, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements and specifications for

function, safety, and performance. NIST proposes to work with the aircraft industry, the FAA,

and Department of Transportation (DOT) to

develop standardized designs, to test initial

prototypes, and to develop a first generation FAA

performance standard that will provide aircraftinterior-barrier-specific threat definitions and

resistance criteria, threat-specific functional and

performance requirements, selection and certification test methods, materials, fixtures, and

procedures. The proposed NIST contribution

will focus upon the CIS function and performance against the previously described threat

mechanisms. Other threats may be identified

during the course of the systems design and

standard’s development and will be included as

appropriate.

Technical Strategy

1) NIST will convene and chair a General

Advisory Committee that will include representatives of the FAA, DOT, aircraft industry and

other appropriate organizations to provide oversight and design guidance to the President’s

stated initiative for CIS. This group will study

potential structural, mechanical, access security

and manufacturing concepts against the performance requirements to be provided by the FAA,

DOT, and security agencies and it will recommend concepts to proceed to prototype test and

evaluation on an accelerated schedule.

2) NIST will develop a comprehensive

performance standard for evaluating CIS candidate designs. This standard will provide security

performance requirements to the aircraft industry,

ensuring future development of FAA-approved

barriers and manufacturing sources. NIST will

utilize its highly specialized expertise in law

enforcement equipment, weapons, ballistics,

structures and materials, including using its own

structures, materials, and ballistics testing laboratories for the research and evaluation required

to produce a relevant performance standard. This
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 43

standard will ensure quality and consistency in

the security barriers developed, procured, and

used in the nation’s aircraft.

3) NIST will then provide continuing

neutral test services and laboratories for the

routine evaluation of CIS designs for existing and

future aircraft that will operate in U.S. airspace.

In FY2002, NIST will be revising several standards for NIJ. Among them are NIJ Standard0108.01, "Ballistic Resistance of Protective

Materials," and NIJ Standard-0104.02, “Riot

Helmets and Face Shields,” both of which are

relied upon by law enforcement agencies to

ensure the quality and reliability of protective

equipment. Because the nature of the tests and

equipment in these NIJ standards are similar to

what is needed for this project, much of the effort

to revise these two NIJ standards can be leveraged to expedite the development of this proposed performance standard for aircraft interior

protective barriers. Likewise, NIST maintains

world-class structural design, evaluation, and test

facilities and already has programs underway in

composite structures and blast resistant design –

both capabilities that will strongly figure in any

CIS design.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: Development of a

prototype security bulkhead (cockpit isolation

system), production engineering specifications,

and publication of an interim performance

standard.

Performance Standards for Aircraft Security: Frangible Ammunition Selection Guide and Performance Testing Standard

Goals

Frangible ammunition can be simply defined as

any round possessing a bullet or projectile that,

upon impact with hard structural surfaces, will

“shatter” or deform without perforating. This

project consists of three parts: (1) Producing a

Selection Guide of existing frangible ammunition; (2) perform ballistic testing of frangible

ammunition against current and planned FAA

aircraft and airport security program body armors, to identify any injury potential; and (3)

developing a first generation performance standard that will provide aircraft application specific

definitions and performance criteria; ammunition

characteristics; interior, exterior, and terminal

ballistics functional and performance requirements; selection and certification pf test methods,

materials, fixtures, and procedures.

Customer Needs

To improve airline security, Air Marshals are

being deployed to counter attempted hijackings

of commercial aircraft. This project will ensure

that the frangible ammunition used by the Air

Marshals meets minimum safety, quality, and

performance requirements specific to the airliner

environments; thereby improving the safety of air

travelers and reducing the vulnerability of aircraft

to this ammunition.

The anticipated renewal of the Air Marshal

program for airliner security during flight operations will result in the use of frangible ammunition in the firearms carried by these individuals.

Key performance requirements of frangible

rounds are that they remain effective against

assailant targets and that they can be fired from a

standard firearm without compromising the firing

function of the firearm. Aircraft fuselages are

highly vulnerable to conventional bullet impacts,

fuselages are typically made from engineering

thermoplastics and lightweight aluminum structural members and plating (“skins”). Cabin

windows in particular are highly vulnerable to

perforating impact from high energy projectiles.

Complete perforation of the fuselage or window(s) by a projectile would lead to gradual or

rapid cabin depressurization, possibly endangering passengers, and potentially impairing control

of the aircraft. Partial perforations of the fuselage could negatively or catastrophically affect

aircraft control and communication systems

should damage be done to wiring or hydraulic

system components. Frangible ammunition is a

current and viable option for use by the FAA and

Air Marshals program, having been available

from commercial sources for several years. It is

currently used by several government agencies,

including the Secret Service and military Special

Forces. OLES believes that an immediate increase in demand for existing frangible ammunition will occur, leading to a dramatic increase in

the number of choices of this type of product.

Ensuring that existing and new choices of frangible ammunition meet recognized minimum

safety, quality, and performance requirements in

aircraft and airport environments necessitates that

a performance standard be developed and implemented.

Technical Strategy

OLES will produce a “Selection Guide for Frangible Ammunition Used in Aircraft Security

Applications.” This guide will identify the stateof-the-art in frangible ammunition types, models,
44 Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

calibers, and sources; and serve as a muchneeded reference for selection and purchase of

frangible ammunition for the emerging FAA Air

Marshal and Aircraft Security programs and

related uses. Annual or biennial updates to the

guide should be performed in addition to the

initial publication to reflect advances in the

technology.

OLES will perform NIJ Standard-0101.04 Compliance Testing of body armor models to be worn

by FAA security personnel, both in airport and

aircraft security roles. OLES is the originator

and continuing authority for the development and

application of the well known NIJ test standard

for personal body armor. OLES would conduct

body armor testing to this standard using all

frangible ammunition types and calibers that are

of relevance to the FAA security programs. Such

data has not been produced to date, and it is well

known from law enforcement history that armor

protection from the wearer’s firearm is critical to

safety. Compliance testing to the NIJ standard

would ensure that FAA security personnel wearing body armor would have the highest assurance

of protection – for over 30 years to date, no law

enforcement officer has been killed by a ballistic

impact when wearing NIJ compliant body armor

tested to the applicable threat level.

OLES will develop a comprehensive performance standard for evaluating frangible ammunition for use in aircraft applications. This standard

will provide performance, safety, and quality

guidelines, requirements, and selection criteria to

the FAA for procurement, as well as provide

minimum performance requirements to the manufacturing industry, ensuring development of

ammunition and manufacturing sources of FAA

approved or recognized frangible ammunition.

OLES will utilize its highly specialized expertise

in law enforcement equipment, weapons, ballistics, and materials including using its ballistics

laboratory for the research and evaluation required to produce a relevant performance standard. This standard will ensure long-term consistency in the specialty ammunition developed,

procured and used in the FAA aircraft security

programs. A possible follow-on activity could

involve implementing a formal Compliance

Testing Program through which commercial test

laboratories would be certified to conduct testing

consistent with the standard. Such a program

would provide a convenient means for ammunition manufacturers to have their products certified to the standard.

FY2002 DELIVERABLES: “Selection Guide for

Frangible Ammunition Used in Aircraft Security

Applications,” test report describing compliance

testing of FAA body armor with frangible

ammunition, frangible ammunition performance

standard.

Accomplishments

The following guides have been completed and

have either been published or are in NIJ for

publication. In addition, all these guides are

posted on-line at the Justice Information Network

Web Site (http://www.nlectc.org/) so that emergency first responders and other public safety

workers can have direct access to these documents:

Publications

1) NIJ Guide 101-00, October 2001, “An Introduction to

Biological Agent Detection Equipment for Emergency

First Responders.”

2) NIJ Guide 102-00, October 2001, “Guide for the

Selection of Personal Protection Equipment for Emergency First responders.”

3) NIJ Guide 103-00, October 2001, “Guide for the

Selection of Chemical and Bio logical Decontamination

Equipment for Emergency First Responders.”

4) NIJ Guide 104-00, October 2001, “Guide for the

Selection of Communication Equipment for Emergency

First Responders.”
Office of Law Enforcement Standards 45

Office of Law Enforcement Standards

Organization (810.02)

For additional information about the Office of Law Enforcement Standards, please visit our

Web sites at http://www.eeel.nist.gov/oles or http://www.nlectc.org. Staff may be contacted

at the following telephone extensions (301–975–XXXX):

Name Title Extension

Kathleen Higgins Director, OLES 2754

Thomas Russell Special Assistant to the Director 2665

Sharon Lyles Administrative Support Assistant 2757

Marilyn Leach Secretary 2756

Susan Ballou Program Manager, Forensic Sciences 8750

Alim Fatah Program Manager, Chemical Systems and Materials 2753

George Lieberman Program Manager, Detection, Inspection and Enforcement Technologies4258

Philip Mattson Consultant 3396

Kirk Rice Program Manager, Weapons and Protective Systems 8071

Nathaniel Waters Engineering Technician 5128