NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 10a0067n.06

Nos. 07-6265, 07-6266

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

DAVID TOBE KEITH,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE WESTERN

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: KENNEDY, COLE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

COLE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant David Tobe Keith appeals his sentence of 188

months incarceration imposed by the United States District Court for the Western District of

Tennessee. Keith pled guilty to traveling with intent to engage in illicit sexual contact with a minor,

knowingly using a means of interstate commerce to entice or coerce a minor to engage in a sexual

act, shipping child pornography, and possessing child pornography. Keith contends that his sentence

is procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed to consider sufficiently his argument

that the Sentencing Guidelines for child pornography are not based on empirical research and, as a

result, should be discounted. Forthe following reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentencing

determination.
07-6265/6266, USA v. Keith

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I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

1. Indictment No. 06-20287: Traveling to engage in sex with a minor

From April to July 2006, Keith, a thirty-four-year-old resident of Muskogee, Oklahoma,

communicated over the Internet with an FBI Special Agent posing as a thirteen-year-old girl from

Memphis, Tennessee. Through emails and computer “chats,” Keith discussed a desire to meet the

purported thirteen-year-old in person for sex; he also sent her digital images and a digital movie file

of sexually explicit content involving children—images depicting sexual acts he wanted to try with

her. In mid-July, Keith arranged to travel to Memphis for a rendezvous with the purported thirteenyear-old. Once there, however, he was arrested by the FBI. A search of Keith’s vehicle revealed two

six-packs of alcohol, a box of condoms, and two pornographic magazines—one entitled “barely

legal.” 

2. Information No. 07-20089: Possession of child pornography

In addition, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children received a tip on January

4, 2006, that Keith had uploaded sexually explicit photographs of a minor female disrobed and

urinating. The Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation (OSBI) then assisted with an investigation

into Keith’s distribution and possession of child pornography. On April 20, 2006, OSBI Special

Agents conducted an uncontested search of Keith’s computer, revealing pornographic photographs

of juvenile girls. 

Keith’s computer was then seized and a complete forensic examination conducted. The

examination revealed 175 photo files of sexually explicit images of children, including prepubescent
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children; twelve video files of children engaged in explicit sexual conduct; and four video files of

young people engaging in sexually explicit conduct. Since each photo file is considered to be one

image and each video file is considered to have seventy-five images, Keith’s computer was found

to contain a total of 1,075 images. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G. or the

“Guidelines”) § 2G2.2 application note no. 4(B)(i) and (ii) (2006). 

B. Procedural Background

A federal grand jury returned a five-count indictment against Keith on July 25, 2006, in Case

No. 06-20287. Count one charged Keith with traveling to engage in illicit sexual contact with a

minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(b). Count two charged him with knowingly using a means

of interstate commerce to entice or coerce a minor to engage in a sexual act in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2422(b). Counts three though five charged him with electronically transmitting child pornography

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1). 

On February 9, 2007, a two-count bill of information was filed against Keith in Case No. 07-

20089. Count one charged Keith with possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

2252(a)(4). Count two contained a notice of criminal forfeiture related to the computer and other

equipment seized pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 1467(a)(3) and 2253. 

Keith pled guilty to all five counts of the indictment and both counts of the information on

May 29, 2007, without a plea agreement. 

A Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) was subsequently prepared, using the 2006 edition

of the Guidelines. The PSR recommended grouping Keith’s charges for traveling to engage in illicit

sexual conduct with a minor and using a means of interstate commerce to entice or coerce a minor
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to engage in a sexual act (Group 1); and Keith’s charges for knowingly transmitting child

pornography and knowingly possessing child pornography (Group 2).

Keith’s base offense level for Group 1 was calculated at twenty-four. See U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3.

The PSR recommended a sentencing enhancement for using a computer to persuade, induce, entice,

or coerce a minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct. See id. § 2G1.3(b)(3). The result was a

recommended adjusted offense level of twenty-six. 

Keith’s base offense level for Group 2 was calculated at twenty-two. See id. § 2G2.2(a)(2).

The PSR recommended a number of sentencing enhancements: for images of prepubescent minors,

see id. § 2G2.2(b)(2); for distribution of child pornographic material to a minor that was intended

to persuade, induce, entice, or coerce the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct, see id. §

2G2.2(b)(3)(E); for using a computer to transmit and distribute the sexually explicit material, see id.

§ 2G2.2(b)(6); and for possessing more than 600 images of child pornography, see id. §

2G2.2(b)(7)(D). The resulting total offense level for Group 2 was thirty-eight. 

The PSR further recommended a combined adjusted offense level for Groups 1 and 2 of

thirty-eight. See id. § 3D1.4. Finally, the PSR recommended a three-level downward adjustment

for acceptance of responsibility, see id.§ 3E1.1(a) and (b), resulting in a final total offense level of

thirty-five. 

Since Keith previously had pled guilty to knowingly possessing child pornography, he was

placed in Criminal History Category II. Together, the total offense level and Criminal History

Category yielded an advisory Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months imprisonment. Because the

minimum of the Guidelines range exceeded the statutory maximum for count one of the
07-6265/6266, USA v. Keith

 The sentencing transcript erroneously refers to the sentence as 138 months. (Sentencing 1

Tr. 35, 40.) U.S.S.G. § 5A shows that the applicable Guidelines range is 188 to 235 months and the

district court’s judgment correctly reflects that the sentence imposed was 188 months. (Judgment

in Criminal Case, Case # 2:06-cr-20287, Dist. Ct. Doc. No. 38 at 3.)

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information—possession of child pornography—the PSR recommended a sentence of the statutory

maximum of 120 months for that count. 

The district court held a sentencing hearing on October 15, 2007, during which it discussed

the relevant 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. The court discussed the nature and circumstances of

Keith’s offenses, concluding that the offenses were “very serious and a very threatening type of

activity towards what could have very well been a minor.” (Sentencing Tr. 37.) The court next

considered the history and characteristics of the defendant, noting that while Keith has concerned

family members, he “has been downloading this type of material for quite a number of years.” (Id.)

The court further considered the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the

offense, to afford adequate deterrence, and to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant,

noting that Keith had previously committed similar offenses. Finally, the court considered Keith’s

need for medical care, specifically his need for therapy. The court then imposed a sentence of 188

months for each of the five counts in 06-20287 to run concurrently; and 120 months for the counts 1

in 07-20089, to run concurrent with the sentence in 06-20287. The court further imposed a ten-year

period of supervised release for each count.

Keith timely appealed his sentence. 
07-6265/6266, USA v. Keith

 It is questionable whether Keith properly objected at the sentencing hearing to what he 2

considered to be the district court’s insufficient treatment of his argument that the child-pornography

Sentencing Guidelines are not based on empirical research and that, therefore, we should review his

sentence for plain error only. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385-86 (6th Cir. 2008). We

decline to do so, however, because the government did not request that we apply this more stringent

standard of review. See United States v. Blackie, 548 F.3d 395, 404 (Sutton, J., concurring) (“The

government never asked usto apply plain-error review to this claim, which by itself is reason enough

not to apply this standard to the issue.”). 

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II. ANALYSIS

We review a district court’s sentence for reasonableness. United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 2

527, 538 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 45-47 (2007); Rita v. United

States, 551 U.S. 338, 341 (2007); United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 261 (2005)). In doing so,

we determine if a district court’s sentence has achieved the goal of imposing a “sentence that is

sufficient, but no greater than necessary to comport with the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). Reasonableness has both procedural and substantive

components. United States v. Liou, 491 F.3d 334, 337 (6th Cir. 2007). “Therefore, we must

‘consider not only the length of the sentence but also the factors evaluated and the procedures

employed by the district court in reaching its sentencing determination.’” Moon, 513 F.3d at 539

(quoting United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005)). 

Keith argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court failed

to address his argument that the child-pornography Sentencing Guidelines are not based on empirical

research. According to Keith, the district court should have “afforded little weight” to the Guideline

for offenses involving sexual exploitation of a minor, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2. (Keith Br. 14.) 
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In order for a sentence to be procedurally reasonable, “[w]hen a defendant raises a particular

[nonfrivolous] argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district

judge considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it.”

United States v. Lalonde, 509 F.3d 750, 770 (6th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). Yet,

“[d]istrict courts may exercise discretion in determining how much of an explanation of the sentence

is required because the amount of reasoning required varies according to context. This court has

made it clear that a district court need not explain its reasons for rejecting each argument made by

a defendant.” United States v. Polihonki, 543 F.3d 318, 325 (6th Cir. 2008) (quotation marks and

internal citation omitted).

Keith’s particular argument is a nonfrivolous one, confirmed by the Supreme Court’s

decision in Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85 (2007). In that case, which was decided shortly

after Keith’s sentencing hearing, the Court held that “it would not be an abuse of discretion for a

district court to conclude when sentencing a particular defendant that the crack/powder [cocaine]

disparity yields a sentence ‘greater than necessary’ to achieve § 3553(a)’s purposes, even in a

mine-run case.” Id. at 110. As the Seventh Circuit explained in a parallel case, the reasoning of

Keith’s substantive argument proceeds as follows:

[Kimbrough] allows district courts to disagree on policy grounds with sentencing

guidelines that exhibit methodological flaws; the same methodological flaws that

characterize the crack guidelines—lack of empirical support—also undermine the

child-pornography guidelines; therefore, district courts may sentence childpornography offenders below the guidelines range based on disagreement with the

policy embodied in the guidelines.

United States v. Huffstatler, 571 F.3d 620, 623 (7th Cir. 2009) (citing Troy Stabenow,

Deconstructing the Myth of Careful Study: A Primer on the Flawed Progression of the Child
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Pornography Guidelines 27-32 (July 3, 2008),

http://mow.fd.org/3%20July%202008%20Edit.pdf).

Some district courts have accepted this argument. E.g., United States v. Grober, 595 F.

Supp. 2d 382, 394 (D.N.J. 2008) (“§ 2G2.2 leads to a sentence that is too severe in a downloading

case”); United States v. Baird, 580 F. Supp. 2d 889, 895 (D. Neb. 2008) (“Because the Guidelines

[for child exploitation crimes] do not reflect the Commission’s unique institutional strengths, the

court affordsthem less deference than it would to empirically-grounded guidelines.”); United States

v. Shipley, 560 F. Supp. 2d 739, 744 (S.D. Iowa 2008) (same). 

Before the district court, Keith articulated his substantive argument as follows: 

Your Honor, the guidelines, Your Honor, have been under continuous assault

I think even as early as late last week or the week before last when Gall and

Kimbrough were arguing at the U.S. Supreme Court.

I think there’s some serious concern about district courts listening to the

Department of Justice’s mantra of the guidelines. In many cases in the guidelines,

there hasn’t been a lot of thought that has gone into them.

And that’s why they are under assault as gravely as they are. The sentencing

commission themselves are having problems with things like the crack cocaine

disparity, powder disparity, and things like that. . . . 

What I am saying is there is this adherence to the guidelines like they are the

Holy Grail of sentencing, and they are not. They are not at all. They are not even

close. . . .

And we are asking the Court to impose a sentence less than the guidelines.

(Sentencing Tr. 25-27.) The district court specifically responded: “So you are right. Courts are not

necessarily becoming, I guess, rubber stamps for the guidelines.” (Id. at 27.) 

We find this treatment of Keith’s argument—though perhaps not ideal—to be sufficient. It

reveals that the district court understood and considered Keith’s point and is sufficiently

distinguishable from situations in which we have remanded a case for re-sentencing. See United
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States v. Robertson, 309 F. App’x 918, 923-24 (6th Cir. 2009) (finding sentence procedurally

unreasonable where district court “never responded” to one of defendant’s arguments, conducted an

exchange suggesting a misunderstanding of the argument, and specifically addressed remaining two

arguments); United States v. Thomas, 498 F.3d 336, 341 (6th Cir. 2007) (vacating sentence where

“[defendant’s] arguments went unmentioned and unaddressed, save the general statement by the

district court that it had received, read, and understood the sentencing memorandum”). 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.