NISTIR 85-3273-23 

(Rev. 5/08)

Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for 

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis – April 2008 

Annual Supplement to Amy S. Rushing 

NIST Handbook 135 and Barbara C. Lippiatt 

NBS Special Publication 709

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards

and Technology

Prepared for

United States Department of Energy

Federal Energy Management Program

April 2005 May 2008 

 

ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS 

FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS 

Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709 

April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009

Data for the Federal Methodology for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Title 10, CFR, Part 436, Subpart A; 

and for the Energy Conservation Mandatory Performance Standards for New Federal Residential Buildings, 

Title 10, CFR, Part 435 

Amy S. Rushing 

Barbara C. Lippiatt

Sponsored by: 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Federal Energy Management Program 

Washington, DC 20585 

May 2008 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 

James M. Turner, Deputy Director

U.S. Department of Commerce 

Technology Administration 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Office of Applied Economics 

Building and Fire Research Laboratory 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

NISTIR 85-3273-23

iii

ABSTRACT 

This is the April 2008 edition of energy price indices and discount factors for performing life-cycle 

cost analyses of energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in federal facilities. It 

will be effective from April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009. This publication supports the federal lifecycle costing methodology described in 10 CFR 436A and OMB Circular A-94 by updating the 

energy price projections and discount factors that are described, explained, and illustrated in NIST 

Handbook 135 (HB 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program.) 

It supports private-sector life-cycle cost analysis by updating the energy price indices that are 

described, explained, and illustrated in NBS Special Publication 709 (SP 709). 

Disclaimer:

Certain trade names or company products are mentioned in the text to specify adequately the 

software and operating systems used for performing the life-cycle cost analyses. In no case does 

such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, nor does it imply that the software and operating systems are the best available 

for the purpose. 
iv

PREFACE

This is the April 2008 Annual Supplement to NIST Handbook 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for 

the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). The annual supplement provides energy price 

indices and discount factors for use with the Federal Energy Management Program's procedures for 

life-cycle cost analysis, as established by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in Subpart A of Part 

436 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR 436A), and amplified in NIST 

Handbook 135. These indices and factors are provided as an aid to implementing life-cycle cost 

evaluations of potential energy and water conservation and renewable energy investments in existing 

and new federally owned and leased buildings. 

The update of the Annual Supplement to Handbook 135 is released on April 1 of each year. Its price 

indices and discount factors are calculated with the most recent energy price projections from DOE’s 

Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the most recent discount rates from FEMP and the 

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-94. This issue of the Annual Supplement is 

intended for use from April 1, 2008 to March 31, 2009. The updated editions of the NIST Building 

Life-Cycle Cost (BLCC) programs are released at the same time as this Annual Supplement, for use 

over the same time period. The software products are discussed below. 

At the request of a number of users, a text file of the EIA energy price projections underlying this 

Annual Supplement has been made available by NIST. For information on obtaining this file 

(ENCOST08.txt) contact the authors via e-mail at blippiatt@nist.gov or amy.rushing@nist.gov.

The life-cycle costing methods and procedures, as set forth in 10 CFR 436A, are to be followed by 

all federal agencies, unless specifically exempted, for evaluating the cost effectiveness of potential 

energy and water conservation and renewable energy investments in federally owned and leased 

buildings. For most other federal LCC analyses OMB Circular A-94 provides the relevant guidelines. 

As called for by legislation (Energy Policy and Conservation Act, P.L.94-163, 1975, 92 Stat 3206, 42 

USC 8252 et seq), the National Institute of Standards and Technology has provided technical 

assistance to the U.S. Department of Energy in the development and implementation of life-cycle 

costing methods and procedures. This is the second of a three-volume set, which together provide the 

methods, data, and computational tools for federal life-cycle cost analysis. 

Included in the three-volume set for federal life-cycle cost analysis are the following: 

(1) Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Handbook 135 (1995). 

The manual is a guide to understanding life-cycle costing and related methods of economic analysis 

as they are applied to federal decisions, especially those subject to 10 CFR 436A rules. It describes 

the required procedures and assumptions, defines and explains how to apply and interpret economic 

performance measures, gives examples of federal decision problems and their solutions, explains 

how to use energy price indices and discount factors, and provides worksheets and other 

computational aids and instructions for calculating the required measures. The 1995 edition of 

Handbook 135 is a complete revision of the 1987 edition, with updated information on the FEMP 

LCC requirements of 10 CFR 436A. 
v

(2) Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, Annual Supplement 

to NIST Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, NISTIR 85-3273. 

This report, which is updated annually, provides the current DOE and OMB discount rates, projected 

energy price indices, and corresponding discount factors needed to estimate the present values of 

future energy and non-energy-related project costs. Request the latest edition when ordering. (This is 

the report that you are holding in your hands.) 

(3) NIST "Building Life-Cycle Cost" (BLCC) Computer Programs, BLCC5 and BLCC4, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology. These programs use as default values the same 

discount factors and energy price projections that underlie the discount factor tables in the 

Annual Supplement. Use versions BLCC 5.3-08 and BLCC 4.9-08 for the period from April 

1, 2008 to March 31, 2009. 

The BLCC5 program is a windowed version of the DOS-based BLCC4. It is available for Windows, 

Mac OS X, and Linux. 

 

The BLCC5 User’s Guide is part of its Help system. BLCC 5.3 has six modules, all of them 

consistent with the life-cycle cost methodology of 10 CFR 436A, but programmed to include default 

inputs and nomenclature for specific uses: 

(1) FEMP Analysis, Energy Project 

for energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects under the FEMP rules, 

agency-funded; 

(2) Federal Analysis, Financed Project

for federal projects financed through Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPC) or 

Utility Energy Services Contracts (UESC) as authorized by Executive Order 13123 (6/99); 

(3) OMB Analysis, Federal Analysis, Projects subject to OMB Circular A-94

for projects subject to OMB Circular A-94 (most other, non-energy, federal government 

construction projects, but not water resource projects); 

(4) MILCON Analysis, Energy Project

for energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in military construction, 

agency-funded; 

(5) MILCON Analysis, ECIP Project

for energy and water conservation projects under the Energy Conservation Investment 

Program (ECIP). 

(6) MILCON Analysis, Non-Energy Project

 for military construction designs that are not primarily for energy or water conservation. 
vi

The BLCC4 program is designed to run on IBM PC and compatible microcomputers in a MS-DOS 

environment. The current version is BLCC 4.9-08. BLCC4-associated programs are the following: 

• QuickBLCC (version 2.9-08) can be used to set up multiple project alternatives for LCC 

 analysis in a single input file when only a limited number of inputs are needed. 

• DISCOUNT (version 3.9-08) is a stand-alone program that computes present-value, futurevalue, and annual-value factors for any discount rate and study period, including UPV* 

factors needed for federal LCC analyses of energy projects. 

• ERATES (version 1.11) is a stand-alone program that generates block-rate, time-of-use-rate, 

and demand-rate schedules for electricity prices. It computes monthly and annual electricity 

costs that can be imported directly into BLCC4 and entered manually into BLCC5. 

• EMISS (version 1.00) is a stand-alone program that generates files of local air-pollution 

emission coefficients for use with the BLCC4 program. 

The set of LCC programs also includes 

• EERC 1.0-08, Energy Escalation Rate Calculator, a program that computes an average rate of 

escalation for a specified time period, based on the DOE energy price escalation rates used 

for calculating the FEMP discount factors. This average rate can be used as an escalation rate 

for contract payments in Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPC) and Utility Energy 

Services Contracts (UESC). 

The NIST BLCC programs provide comprehensive economic analysis capabilities for the evaluation 

of proposed capital investments that are expected to reduce the long-term operating costs of buildings 

and building systems. They compute the LCC for project alternatives, compare project alternatives in 

order to determine which has the lowest LCC, perform annual cash flow analysis, and compute net 

savings (NS), savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), and adjusted internal rate of return (AIRR) for 

project alternatives over their designated study period. The BLCC programs can be used to perform 

economic analysis of capital investment projects undertaken by federal, state, and local government 

agencies, as well as by the private sector (BLCC4). In their application to federal energy 

conservation and renewable energy projects, BLCC5 and BLCC4 are consistent with NIST 

Handbook 135, and the federal life-cycle cost methodology and procedures described in 10 CFR 

436A and OMB Circular A-94. In their application to private-sector and non-federal public-sector 

projects, they are consistent with ASTM standards for building economics. 

The U.S. Department of Energy was directed by legislation and executive order to make available to 

the private sector the methods, procedures, and related aids developed for federal use. In response to 

this directive, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, under sponsorship of the U.S. 

Department of Energy, published a life-cycle costing book for use by the private sector entitled 

Comprehensive Guide for Least-Cost Energy Decisions, NBS SP 709 (January 1987). The private 

sector guide is supported by the data provided here, as well as by the BLCC4 computer program. The 

BLCC4 program supersedes the NBSLCC program that is documented in SP 709. 

The latest versions of the programs and publications described above can be downloaded from the 

DOE/FEMP web site at: 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/program/lifecycle.html 

To request hard copies of the above publications, please call the Energy Efficiency and 

Renewable Energy (EERE) Information Center: 

1-877-EERE-INF (1-877-337-3463) 
vii

In some years, depending on funding availability, NIST, under the sponsorship of DOE, conducts 

three workshops: 

The two-day Basic LCC Workshop explains the underlying theory of present-value analysis and 

integrates it with the FEMP criteria. The two-day Project-Oriented LCC Workshop builds on the 

Basic Workshop, focuses on the use of the BLCC computer programs and applies the LCC 

methodology to more complex issues. Further information is available from the EERE Information 

Center or the DOE/FEMP web site. The third workshop is a two-hour televised course that 

introduces the elements of life-cycle cost analysis of energy and water conservation projects. 

FEMP-Qualified Instructors are available to conduct LCC workshops on their own account across the 

U.S. For a list of instructors e-mail blippiatt@nist.gov.

Three video training films in a series entitled "Least-Cost Energy Decisions for Buildings" have been 

prepared by NIST. These films include "Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing," "Uncertainty and Risk," 

and "Choosing Economic Evaluation Methods." The video films and companion workbooks can be 

ordered from 

Video Transfer, Inc. 

5800 Arundel Avenue 

Rockville, MD 20852 

301-881-0270 

For further information on the Federal Energy Management Program, please visit 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp. 
viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Cyrus Nasseri of the Federal Energy Management Program, U.S. 

Department of Energy (DOE), for his support and direction of this work. Appreciation is 

extended to Paul Kondis and Paul Holtberg, of the DOE Energy Information Administration, for 

providing the energy price projections upon which this report is based. Thanks are also due to 

Stephen Petersen and Sieglinde Fuller, who originated this publication, and to Carmen Pardo for 

her assistance in producing this document. 
ix

CONTENTS

Page 

ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. iii 

PREFACE...................................................................................................................................... iv 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... viii 

LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................x 

ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... xiii 

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 

PART I: TABLES FOR FEDERAL LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS .......................................3 

A. Single Present Value and Uniform Present Value Factors for Non-Fuel Costs .................3 

B. Modified Uniform Present Value Factors for Fuel Costs .................................................11 

 B.1. FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value Factors......................................................14 

 B.2. OMB Modified Uniform Present Value Factors ......................................................20 

C. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices and Escalation Rates (Real)..................................26 

PART II: ENERGY PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR LCC ANALYSIS.................43 
x

LIST OF TABLES

Page 

A-1. SPV factors for finding the present value of future single costs (non-fuel) ................6 

A-2. UPV factors for finding the present value of future annually recurring uniform costs 

(non-fuel) .....................................................................................................................7 

A-3a. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at 

 a constant escalation rate, DOE discount rate (3.0 %)..................................................8 

A-3b. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at 

 a constant escalation rate, OMB short-term discount rate (2.4 %) ...............................9 

A-3c. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs changing at 

 a constant escalation rate, OMB long-term discount rate (2.8 %) ..............................10 

Ba-1. FEMP UPV*

 discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector 

and fuel type. Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE). Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode 

Island, Vermont) ........................................................................................................15 

Ba-2. FEMP UPV* discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector 

and fuel type. Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE). Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, 

Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, 

Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) .............................................................................16 

Ba-3. FEMP UPV* discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector 

and fuel type. Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE). Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, 

Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 

Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, 

West Virginia).............................................................................................................17 

Ba-4. FEMP UPV*

 discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector 

and fuel type. Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE). Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, 

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

Washington, Wyoming)..............................................................................................18 

Ba-5. FEMP UPV* discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector 

and fuel type. Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE). United States Average .......................19 

Bb-1. OMB UPV*

 discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and 

fuel type. Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB 

Circular A-94). Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New 

Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)............21 
xi

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Page 

Bb-2. OMB UPV*

 discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and 

fuel type. Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB 

Circular A-94). Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) ....22 

Bb-3. OMB UPV* discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and 

fuel type. Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB 

Circular A-94). Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North 

Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)...23 

Bb-4. OMB UPV*

 discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and 

fuel type. Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB 

Circular A-94). Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)......24 

Bb-5. OMB UPV* discount factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector and 

fuel type. Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB 

Circular A-94). United States Average.......................................................................25 

Ca-1. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel 

type. Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont)........................................28 

Ca-2. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel 

type. Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) .......................30 

Ca-3. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel 

type. Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, 

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) .....................................32 

Ca-4. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel 

type. Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming)................ 34 

Ca-5. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation) by end-use sector and fuel 

type. United States Average........................................................................................36 

Cb-1. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by 

end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, 

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) ...38 
xii

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Page 

Cb-2. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by 

end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 

Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, 

Wisconsin) ..................................................................................................................39 

Cb-3. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by 

end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, 

District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, 

North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West 

Virginia)......................................................................................................................40 

Cb-4. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by 

end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, 

Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

Washington, Wyoming)............................................................................................. 41 

Cb-5. Projected average fuel price escalation rates (excluding general price inflation), by 

end-use sector and fuel type. United States Average................................................. 42 

S-1. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 

4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 1 (Connecticut, 

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, Vermont)............................................................................................ 45 

S-2. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 

4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, 

Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, 

Wisconsin) .............................................................................................................48 

S-3. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 

4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 3 (Alabama, 

Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, 

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, 

Texas, Virginia, West Virginia)..................................................................................51 

S-4. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 

4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, 

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

Washington, Wyoming)..............................................................................................54 

S-5. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 

4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. United States Average...............57 
xiii

ABBREVIATIONS

A - Annual amount 

A0 - Annual amount at base-date prices 

AEO2008 - Annual Energy Outlook 2008 (DOE-EIA publication) 

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials 

BLCC - NIST Building Life Cycle Cost computer program 

COAL - Coal 

d - discount rate 

DIST - Distillate Oil 

DOE - U.S. Department of Energy 

e - price escalation rate (annual rate of price change) 

EIA - Energy Information Administration (DOE) 

ELEC - Electricity 

ESPC - Energy Savings Performance Contract 

FEMP - Federal Energy Management Program 

FY - Fiscal Year 

GASLN - Gasoline 

LCC - Life-Cycle Cost 

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas 

N - Number of discount periods (in years) 

NEMS - National Energy Modeling System 

NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology 

NTGAS - Natural Gas 

OMB - Office of Management and Budget 

RESID - Residual Oil 

SPV - Single Present Value (factor) 

UESC - Utility Energy Services Contract 

UPV - Uniform Present Value (factor) 

UPV*

 - Modified Uniform Present Value (factor) 

1

INTRODUCTION 

This report provides tables of present-value factors for use in the life-cycle cost analysis of capital 

investment projects for federal facilities. It also provides energy price indices based on Department 

of Energy (DOE) forecasts from 2008 to 2038. The factors and indices presented in this report are 

useful for determining the present value of future project-related costs, especially those related to 

operational energy costs. Discount factors included in this report are based on two different federal 

sources: (1) the DOE discount rate for projects related to energy conservation, renewable energy 

resources, and water conservation; and (2) Office of Management and Budget (OMB) discount rates 

from Circular A-94 for use with most other capital investment projects in federal facilities. 

The DOE discount and inflation rates for 2008 are as follows: 

Real rate (excluding general price inflation): 3.0 % 

Nominal rate (including general price inflation): 4.9 % 

Implied long-term average rate of inflation: 1.8 % 

The DOE nominal discount rate is based on long-term Treasury bond rates averaged over the 12 

months prior to the preparation of this report. The nominal, or market, rate is converted to a real rate 

to correspond with the constant-dollar analysis approach used in most federal life-cycle cost (LCC) 

analyses. The method for calculating the real discount rate from the nominal discount rate is 

described in 10 CFR 436 and uses the projected rate of general inflation published in the most recent 

Report of the President’s Economic Advisors, Analytical Perspectives. The procedure would result in 

a discount rate for 2008 lower than the 3.0 % floor prescribed in 10 CFR 436. Thus the 3.0 % floor is 

used as the real discount rate for FEMP analyses in 2008. The implied long-term average rate of 

inflation was calculated as 1.8 %. Federal agencies and contractors to federal agencies are required 

by 10 CFR 436 to use the DOE discount rates when conducting LCC analyses related to energy 

conservation, renewable energy resources, and water conservation projects for federal facilities. 

The nominal and real discount rates applicable to general (non-energy or water) capital investments 

are published annually in OMB Circular A-94, Appendix C. OMB has specified two basic types of 

discount rates: (1) a discount rate for public investment and regulatory analyses; and (2) a discount 

rate for cost-effectiveness, lease-purchase, and related analyses. Only discount rates for the second 

type of analyses are included in this Annual Supplement, since the primary purpose of this report is 

to support cost-effectiveness studies related to the design and operation of federal facilities. 

OMB discount rates for cost-effectiveness and lease-purchase studies are based on interest rates on 

Treasury Notes and Bonds with maturities ranging from 3 to 30 years. Currently (as of January 2008) 

five maturities have been specifically identified by OMB, and are shown here with the corresponding 

real interest rate to be used as the discount rate for studies subject to OMB Circular A-94: 

Maturity: 3-year 5-year 7-year 10-year 30-year

Rate: 2.1 % 2.3 % 2.4 % 2.6 % 2.8 % 

OMB suggests that the actual discount rate for an economic analysis be interpolated from these 

maturities and rates, based on the study period used in the analysis. Due to limitations on the size of 

this Annual Supplement, discount factors for only two of these maturities are presented: factors for 

short term analyses (up to 10 years) based on the 7-year real rate (2.4 %), and factors for long-term 
2

analyses (longer than 10 years) based on the 30-year real rate (2.8 %). As a result, these discount 

factors are for approximation purposes only. It is suggested that the NIST Building Life Cycle Cost 

(BLCC) or DISCOUNT programs be used to compute the present value factors for the discount rate 

corresponding to the length of the study period when approximate values are not satisfactory for the 

project analysis. (See preface for details on obtaining these programs.) 

The energy price indices and corresponding present value factors published in this report are 

computed from energy price forecasts provided to NIST by the Department of Energy's Energy 

Information Administration (EIA). The EIA energy price forecast used in this report was the most 

recent available at the time that this report was prepared. A description of the methodology used by 

EIA to project energy prices through 2038 is included in section B of this report. DOE has not 

projected escalation rates for water prices to be used in the LCC analysis of water conservation 

projects. Water escalation rates should be obtained from the local water utility when possible. 

Federal agencies and contractors to federal agencies are encouraged to seek energy price projections 

from their local utility to use in place of the DOE/EIA regional projections, especially when 

evaluating alternative fuel types. In such cases the NIST BLCC or DISCOUNT programs can be 

used to calculate appropriate "modified uniform present value" (UPV*) factors for use in the LCC 

analysis of federal energy conservation or renewable resource projects. Otherwise, 10 CFR 436 

requires the use of the DOE energy price forecasts when conducting LCC analyses of such projects. 

The UPV* factors for energy costs presented in this report have been precalculated with the DOE 

forecast data. Thus the use of these UPV* factors automatically ensures that the DOE forecast data 

have been included in the analysis. 

All of the tables of discount factors contained in this report are based on real discount rates and are 

therefore intended for use only with economic analyses conducted in constant dollars (in which the 

purchasing power of the dollar is held constant). The energy price escalation rates and corresponding 

energy price indices contained in this report are also expressed in real terms. If nominal discount 

rates and current dollar costs (which both include inflation) are used in the LCC analyses of federal 

projects, choose the current-dollar-analysis option in the BLCC5 computer program, which uses a 

nominal discount rate and adds the rate of general inflation to all dollar amounts. 

This report uses the term "present value" instead of "present worth" for the discount factors 

presented. The meaning of these two terms is considered to be identical for purposes of economic 

analysis. This change in terminology was made to be consistent with the terms used in the American 

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) compilation of standards on building economics (ASTM 

Standards on Building Economics, 6th Edition, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.) 

In all of the tables, the “end-of-year” discounting convention is used, that is, all factors and indices 

are computed to adjust future dollar amounts to present value from the end of the year in which they 

are expected to occur. The factors and indices in this publication, which include energy price 

escalation rates (e.g., UPV* factors and energy price indices), were calculated using April 1, 2008 

(the date of this publication) as their base date. However, these factors and indices can be used 

without adjustment for the LCC analysis of projects with other base dates until the release of the next 

revision of this publication (April 2009). Adjustment of these factors and indices for differences in 

the month-specific base date is not generally warranted due to uncertainties in estimating future 

energy prices. 
3

PART I: 

TABLES FOR FEDERAL LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS 

A. Single Present Value and Uniform Present Value Factors for Non-Fuel Costs 

Table A-1 presents the single present value (SPV) factors for finding the present value of future 

non-fuel, non-annually recurring costs, such as repair and replacement costs and salvage values. 

The formula for finding the present value (P) of a future cost occurring in year t (Ct) is the 

following: 

, (1 )

1 t t t t C SPV

d

P C = ×

+ = ×

where d = discount rate, and 

 t = number of time periods (years) between the present time and the time the cost is 

 incurred. 

Table A-2 presents uniform present value (UPV) factors for finding the present value of future 

non-fuel costs recurring annually, such as routine maintenance costs. The formula for finding the 

present value (P) of an annually recurring uniform cost (A) is the following: 

, (1 )

(1 ) 1

N N

N

A UPV

d d

d P A = ×

+

+ − = ×

where d = discount rate, and 

 N = number of time periods (years) over which A recurs. 

Tables A-3 (a,b,c) present modified uniform present value (UPV*) factors for finding the present 

value of annually recurring non-fuel costs, such as water costs, which are expected to change 

from year to year at a constant rate of change (or escalation rate) over the study period. The 

escalation rate can be positive or negative. The formula for finding the present value (P) of an 

annually recurring cost at base-date prices (A0) changing at escalation rate e is the following: 

N

N

A UPV

d

e

d e

e P A *

0 1

1 1 1 = ×

⎥

⎥

⎦

⎤

⎢

⎢

⎣

⎡ ⎟

⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛

+

+ ⎟ − ⎠

⎞ ⎜

⎝

⎛

−

+ = × (d ≠ e)

or 

P A N A UPV N

* = 0 × = × ( ) d = e ,

where A0 = annually recurring cost at base-date prices, 

 d = discount rate, 

 e = escalation rate, and 

 N = number of time periods (years) over which A recurs. 
4

Note: if the discount rate is expressed in real terms, i.e., net of general inflation, then the 

escalation rate must also be expressed in real terms. If the discount rate is expressed in nominal 

terms, i.e., including general inflation, then the escalation rate must also be expressed in 

nominal terms.

In tables A-1, A-2, and A-3 (a,b,c) SPV, UPV, and UPV* factors are provided for both the DOE 

and the OMB Circular A-94 real discount rates current as of the date of this publication. The 

FEMP SPV, UPV, and UPV* factors were computed using the DOE discount rate. The FEMP 

factors are for finding the present value of future costs associated with federal energy and water 

conservation projects and renewable energy projects. The OMB SPV, UPV, and UPV* factors 

were computed using the OMB discount rates. The OMB factors are for finding the present value 

of future costs associated with most other federal projects (except those specifically exempted 

from OMB Circular A-94). The DOE and OMB discount rates used in computing these tables are 

real rates, exclusive of general price inflation. Thus the resulting discount factors are intended for 

use with future costs that are stated in constant dollars. 

Note: We have added to table A-3a a column of UPV* factors that incorporate an escalation rate 

of -1.8 %, the negative of the inflation rate used to calculate the DOE nominal discount rate for 

2008. The UPV* factors in this column can be used to calculate present values of fixed dollar 

amounts when performing a constant-dollar analysis. An example might be a fixed contract 

payment in an ESPC project. For these fixed amounts, the assumption that in a constant-dollar 

analysis all cash flows change at the rate of general inflation (so that the differential escalation 

rate is zero) does not apply. In real terms, fixed amounts change at a differential rate equal to 

the negative of the inflation rate.

Examples of How to Use the Factors: 

SPV (FEMP): To compute the present value of a replacement cost expected to occur in the 8th 

year for an energy efficient heating system, go to Table A-1, find the 3.0 % SPV factor for year 8 

(0.789), and multiply the factor by the replacement cost as of the base date. 

SPV (OMB, Short-term): To compute the present value of a repair cost in the 5th year for a floor 

covering (non-energy related), go to Table A-1, find the 2.4 % SPV factor for year 5 (0.888), and 

multiply the factor by the repair cost as of the base date. 

SPV (OMB, Long-term): To compute the present value of a repair cost in the 15th year for a 

floor covering (non-energy related), go to Table A-1, find the 2.8 % SPV factor for year 15 

(0.661), and multiply the factor by the repair cost as of the base date. 

UPV (FEMP): To compute the present value of an annually recurring maintenance cost for a 

renewable energy system over 20 years, go to Table A-2, find the 3.0 % UPV factor for 20 years 

(14.88), and multiply the factor by the annual maintenance cost as of the base date. 

UPV (OMB, Short-term): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of office 

cleaning over 10 years (for a project not primarily related to energy conservation), go to Table 

A-2, find the 2.4 % UPV factor for 10 years (8.80), and multiply the factor by the annual 

cleaning cost as of the base date. 
5

UPV (OMB, Long-term): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of office 

cleaning over 25 years (for a project not primarily related to energy conservation), got to Table 

A-2, find the 2.8 % UPV factor for 25 years (17.81), and multiply the factor by the annual 

cleaning cost as of the base date. 

UPV* (all): To compute the present value of annually recurring costs of water usage which are 

expected to increase at 2 % faster than the rate of general inflation over 25 years, find the UPV* 

factor from table A-3 (a ,b, or c as appropriate) that corresponds to 2 % escalation and a 25 year 

study period. From table A-3a (3.0 % DOE discount rate) the corresponding UPV* factor is 

22.08. Multiply this factor by the annual water cost as computed at base year prices to determine 

the present value of these water costs over the entire 25 years. 

UPV* (negative inflation rate): To compute the present value of an annually recurring contract 

payment that is fixed over a contract period of 10 years, find the UPV* factor from table A-3a 

that corresponds to an escalation of -1.8 % and a 10-year time period. From table A-3a (3.0 % 

DOE discount rate) the corresponding UPV* factor is 7.76. Multiply this factor by the annual 

contract payment as of the base year to determine the present value of these contract payments 

over the entire 10-year period. 

Note: UPV factors are generally applied to costs that recur annually in substantially the same 

amount. Examples of such costs are routine operating and maintenance costs. UPV* factors are 

generally applied to costs that recur annually but change from year to year at a constant 

escalation rate. Examples of such costs are water usage costs when they increase from year to 

year. These costs usually occur every year over the service period of the building life. If there is 

a planning/design/construction period before the service life begins, during which these annual 

costs are not incurred, the appropriate UPV (or UPV*) factor for the service period is the 

difference between the UPV (or UPV*) factor for the entire study period and the UPV (or UPV*) 

factor for the planning/design/construction period. For example, if the planning/ 

design/construction period is 3 years and the service period is 25 years, for a total study period 

of 28 years, the corresponding UPV factor (from Table A-2, DOE 3.0 % discount rate) is 18.76 - 

2.83 = 15.93. 

For further explanation and illustration of how to use these factors, see NIST Handbook 135. 
6

Table A-1. SPV factors for finding the present value of future single costs (non-fuel) 

 

 Single Present Value (SPV) Factors 

 ---------- ----------------------------------------- 

 Number of DOE OMB Discount Ratesa

 years from Discount rate Short termb Long Termc

 base date 3.0 % 2.4 % 2.8 % 

 ---------- ------------- ---------- --------- 

 0.25 0.993 0.994 0.993 

 0.50 0.985 0.988 0.986 

 0.75 0.978 0.982 0.980 

 1 0.971 0.977 0.973 

 2 0.943 0.954 0.946 

 3 0.915 0.931 0.920 

 4 0.888 0.909 0.895 

 5 0.863 0.888 0.871 

 6 0.837 0.867 0.847 

 7 0.813 0.847 0.824 

 8 0.789 0.827 0.802 

 9 0.766 0.808 0.780 

 10 0.744 0.789 0.759 

 11 0.722 0.738 

 12 0.701 0.718 

 13 0.681 0.698 

 14 0.661 0.679 

 15 0.642 0.661 

 16 0.623 0.643 

 17 0.605 0.625 

 18 0.587 0.608 

 19 0.570 0.592 

 20 0.554 0.576 

 21 0.538 0.560 

 22 0.522 0.545 

 23 0.507 0.530 

 24 0.492 0.515 

 25 0.478 0.501 

 26 0.464 0.488 

 27 0.450 0.474 

 28 0.437 0.462 

 29 0.424 0.449 

 30 0.412 0.437 

 ---------- ------------- ---------- --------- 

 aOMB discount rates as of February 2008. 

 b

Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period. 

 c

Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period. 
7

Table A-2. UPV factors for finding the present value of annually recurring uniform costs 

(non-fuel) 

 Uniform Present Value (UPV) Factors 

 ---------- ----------------------------------------- 

 Number of DOE OMB Discount Ratesa

 years from Discount rate Short termb Long Termc

 base date 3.0 % 2.4 % 2.8 % 

 ---------- ------------- ---------- --------- 

 1 0.97 0.98 0.97 

 2 1.91 1.93 1.92 

 3 2.83 2.86 2.84 

 4 3.72 3.77 3.73 

 5 4.58 4.66 4.61 

 6 5.42 5.53 5.45 

 7 6.23 6.37 6.28 

 8 7.02 7.20 7.08 

 9 7.79 8.01 7.86 

 10 8.53 8.80 8.62 

 11 9.25 9.36 

 12 9.95 10.07 

 13 10.63 10.77 

 14 11.30 11.45 

 15 11.94 12.11 

 16 12.56 12.76 

 17 13.17 13.38 

 18 13.75 13.99 

 19 14.32 14.58 

 20 14.88 15.16 

 21 15.42 15.72 

 22 15.94 16.26 

 23 16.44 16.79 

 24 16.94 17.31 

 25 17.41 17.81 

 26 17.88 18.30 

 27 18.33 18.77 

 28 18.76 19.23 

 29 19.19 19.68 

 30 19.60 20.12 

 ---------- ------------- ---------- ---------

a

OMB discount rates as of February 2008. 

b

Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period. c

Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period.
Table A-3a. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring costs c

at a constant escalation rate, DOE discount rate. 

DOE discount rate = 3.0 % 

Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel) 

 ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Annual rate of price change  years from --------------------------------------------------------------------- base date -4 % -3 % -2 % -1.8 % -1 % 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %  ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01  2 1.80 1.83 1.86 1.86 1.89 1.91 1.94 1.97 2.00 2.03  3 2.61 2.66 2.72 2.73 2.77 2.83 2.88 2.94 3.00 3.06  4 3.37 3.45 3.54 3.56 3.63 3.72 3.81 3.90 4.00 4.10  5 4.07 4.19 4.32 4.34 4.45 4.58 4.72 4.86 5.00 5.15  6 4.72 4.89 5.06 5.09 5.24 5.42 5.61 5.80 6.00 6.21  7 5.33 5.55 5.77 5.81 5.99 6.23 6.48 6.73 7.00 7.28  8 5.90 6.16 6.44 6.49 6.72 7.02 7.33 7.66 8.00 8.36  9 6.44 6.75 7.08 7.14 7.42 7.79 8.17 8.57 9.00 9.45  10 6.93 7.30 7.68 7.76 8.09 8.53 8.99 9.48 10.00 10.55  11 7.39 7.81 8.26 8.36 8.74 9.25 9.80 10.38 11.00 11.66  12 7.82 8.30 8.81 8.92 9.36 9.95 10.59 11.27 12.00 12.78  13 8.22 8.76 9.34 9.46 9.96 10.63 11.36 12.15 13.00 13.92  14 8.59 9.19 9.83 9.97 10.54 11.30 12.12 13.02 14.00 15.06  15 8.94 9.60 10.31 10.46 11.09 11.94 12.87 13.89 15.00 16.22  16 9.27 9.98 10.76 10.92 11.62 12.56 13.60 14.74 16.00 17.39  17 9.57 10.34 11.19 11.37 12.13 13.17 14.32 15.59 17.00 18.57  18 9.85 10.68 11.60 11.79 12.62 13.75 15.02 16.43 18.00 19.76  19 10.11 11.00 11.99 12.20 13.09 14.32 15.71 17.26 19.00 20.96  20 10.36 11.30 12.36 12.58 13.54 14.88 16.38 18.08 20.00 22.17  21 10.59 11.58 12.71 12.95 13.98 15.42 17.05 18.90 21.00 23.39  22 10.80 11.85 13.04 13.30 14.40 15.94 17.69 19.70 22.00 24.63  23 11.00 12.10 13.36 13.63 14.80 16.44 18.33 20.50 23.00 25.88  24 11.18 12.34 13.66 13.95 15.18 16.94 18.96 21.29 24.00 27.14  25 11.35 12.56 13.95 14.25 15.56 17.41 19.57 22.08 25.00 28.41  26 11.51 12.77 14.23 14.54 15.91 17.88 20.17 22.85 26.00 29.70  27 11.66 12.97 14.49 14.82 16.26 18.33 20.76 23.62 27.00 31.00  28 11.80 13.16 14.73 15.08 16.59 18.76 21.34 24.38 28.00 32.31  29 11.93 13.33 14.97 15.33 16.90 19.19 21.90 25.14 29.00 33.63  30 12.05 13.50 15.20 15.57 17.21 19.60 22.46 25.88 30.00 34.97 

8
Table A-3b. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring amounts 

at a constant escalation rate, OMB short-term discount rate. 

OMB short-term discount rate = 2.4 %a 

Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel) 

 ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Annual rate of price change  years from --------------------------------------------------------------------- base date -5 % -4 % -3 % -2 % -1 % 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %  ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02  2 1.79 1.82 1.84 1.87 1.90 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.02 2.05  3 2.59 2.64 2.69 2.75 2.81 2.86 2.92 2.98 3.04 3.09  4 3.33 3.41 3.50 3.59 3.68 3.77 3.87 3.96 4.06 4.16  5 4.01 4.14 4.26 4.39 4.52 4.66 4.80 4.94 5.09 5.24  6 4.65 4.82 4.98 5.16 5.34 5.53 5.72 5.92 6.12 6.34  7 5.24 5.45 5.67 5.89 6.13 6.37 6.63 6.89 7.17 7.45  8 5.79 6.05 6.32 6.60 6.89 7.20 7.52 7.86 8.21 8.58  9 6.30 6.61 6.93 7.27 7.63 8.01 8.41 8.83 9.27 9.73  10 6.77 7.13 7.51 7.92 8.34 8.80 9.28 9.79 10.33 10.90 aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 Short-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 7-year study period. 

9
Table A-3c. UPV* factors for finding the present value of annually recurring amounts 

at a constant escalation rate, OMB long-term discount rate. 

OMB long-term discount rate = 2.8 %a 

 Modified Uniform Present Value (UPV*) Factors (non-fuel)  ---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of Annual rate of price change  years from --------------------------------------------------------------------- base date -5 % -4 % -3 % -2 % -1 % 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 4 %  ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01  2 1.78 1.81 1.83 1.86 1.89 1.92 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.04  3 2.57 2.62 2.67 2.73 2.78 2.84 2.90 2.95 3.01 3.07  4 3.30 3.38 3.47 3.55 3.64 3.73 3.83 3.92 4.02 4.12  5 3.97 4.09 4.21 4.34 4.47 4.61 4.74 4.88 5.03 5.18  6 4.59 4.75 4.92 5.09 5.27 5.45 5.64 5.84 6.04 6.25  7 5.17 5.37 5.59 5.81 6.04 6.28 6.53 6.79 7.05 7.33  8 5.70 5.95 6.21 6.49 6.78 7.08 7.39 7.72 8.07 8.43  9 6.19 6.49 6.81 7.14 7.49 7.86 8.25 8.66 9.09 9.54  10 6.65 7.00 7.37 7.76 8.18 8.62 9.09 9.58 10.11 10.67  11 7.07 7.47 7.90 8.35 8.84 9.36 9.91 10.50 11.13 11.80  12 7.45 7.91 8.39 8.91 9.47 10.07 10.72 11.41 12.15 12.95  13 7.81 8.32 8.86 9.45 10.09 10.77 11.51 12.31 13.18 14.11  14 8.14 8.70 9.31 9.96 10.68 11.45 12.29 13.21 14.21 15.29  15 8.45 9.06 9.73 10.45 11.25 12.11 13.06 14.10 15.24 16.48  16 8.73 9.39 10.12 10.92 11.79 12.76 13.81 14.98 16.27 17.68  17 8.99 9.71 10.49 11.36 12.32 13.38 14.56 15.86 17.30 18.90  18 9.24 10.00 10.84 11.78 12.83 13.99 15.28 16.73 18.34 20.13  19 9.46 10.27 11.18 12.19 13.32 14.58 16.00 17.59 19.37 21.38  20 9.67 10.53 11.49 12.57 13.79 15.16 16.70 18.44 20.41 22.64  21 9.86 10.76 11.78 12.94 14.24 15.72 17.39 19.29 21.46 23.92  22 10.03 10.99 12.06 13.29 14.68 16.26 18.07 20.13 22.50 25.21  23 10.20 11.19 12.33 13.62 15.10 16.79 18.73 20.97 23.54 26.52  24 10.35 11.39 12.57 13.94 15.50 17.31 19.39 21.80 24.59 27.84  25 10.49 11.57 12.81 14.24 15.89 17.81 20.03 22.62 25.64 29.17  26 10.61 11.74 13.03 14.53 16.27 18.30 20.66 23.44 26.69 30.53  27 10.73 11.89 13.24 14.80 16.63 18.77 21.28 24.25 27.75 31.89  28 10.84 12.04 13.43 15.06 16.98 19.23 21.89 25.05 28.80 33.28  29 10.94 12.18 13.62 15.31 17.31 19.68 22.49 25.85 29.86 34.68  30 11.04 12.31 13.80 15.55 17.64 20.12 23.08 26.64 30.92 36.09 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 Long-term discount rate based on OMB discount rate for 30-year study period.

10
11

B. Modified Uniform Present Value Factors for Fuel Costs 

This section presents FEMP and OMB modified uniform present value (UPV*) discount factors 

for calculating the present value of energy usage for federal projects. Factors are provided for the 

four major Census regions and for the overall United States. The factors are modified in the 

sense that they incorporate energy price escalation rates based on future energy prices projected 

by DOE for the years 2008 to 2038. There are two sets of UPV* tables: the "Ba" tables present 

FEMP UPV* factors based on the DOE discount rate (3.0 % real), and the "Bb" tables present 

OMB UPV* factors based on two OMB discount rates (2.4 % real for short-term study periods 

of 1 to 10 years, 2.8 % real for long-term study periods of 11 to 30 years). The underlying energy 

price indices for the years 2008 to 2038, on which these UPV* calculations are based, are shown 

in tables Ca-1 through Ca-5. The corresponding average energy price escalation rates for selected 

time intervals between 2008 and 2038 are shown in tables Cb-1 through Cb-5. 

Energy Price Projections 

The FEMP and OMB UPV* factors incorporate energy price escalation rates computed from 

future energy prices projected by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. 

Department of Energy. Energy prices through 2030 were generated by EIA using the National 

Energy Modeling System (NEMS) and published in the Annual Energy Outlook 2008

(AEO2008). At the request of FEMP, EIA extrapolated energy prices from 2031 to 2038 based 

on selected growth rates from the AEO2008 projections. 

NEMS is an energy market model designed to project the impacts of alternative energy policies 

or assumptions on U.S. energy markets. NEMS produces projections of the U.S. energy future, 

given current laws and policies and other key assumptions, including macroeconomic indicators 

from Data Resources, Inc., the production policy of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting 

Countries, the size of the economically recoverable resource base for fossil fuels, and the rate of 

development and penetration of new technologies. NEMS balances energy supply and demands 

with modules representing primary fuel supply, end-use demand for four sectors, and conversion 

of energy by refineries and electricity generators. Macroeconomic and international oil modules 

reflect the impacts of energy prices, production, and consumption on world oil markets and the 

economy. 

The EIA energy price projections presented in this report, like those of other forecasters, are 

dependent on the data, methodologies, and specific assumptions used in their development. 

Many of the assumptions concerning the future cannot be known with any degree of certainty. 

Thus, the projections are not statements of what will happen, but what might happen given the 

particular assumptions and methodologies used. Although EIA has endeavored to make these 

forecasts as objective, reliable, and useful as possible, these projections should serve as an 

adjunct to, not a substitute for, the analytical process. The AEO2008 was prepared by EIA as 

required under statute by federal legislation. The price projections to 2038 were prepared in 

accordance with a Service Request from the Federal Energy Management Program. 
12

UPV* Calculation Method 

The formula for finding the present value (P) of future energy costs or savings is the following: 

*

0

1

(2008 )

0 (1 ) N

N

i

t

t A xUPV

d

I

P A x = + = ∑−

+

where A0 = annual cost of energy as of the base date (April 1, 2008); 

 t = index used to designate the year of energy usage; 

 N = number of periods, e.g., years, over which energy costs or savings accrue; 

 I(2008+t) = projected average fuel price index1

 given in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 

 for the year 2008+t (where I2008 = 1.00); and 

 d = the real discount rate. 

This formula is based on end-of-year energy prices and end-of-year discounting. Note that 

annual energy costs as of the base date of the LCC analysis (A0, to be supplied by the analyst) 

should reflect the current energy price schedule as of that date, which may not be the same as the 

energy price itself on that date.2

 That is, the annual energy cost should reflect summer-winter 

rate differences, time-of-use rates, block rates considerations, and demand charges (as 

appropriate) anticipated to be in effect that year. If energy and demand costs are calculated 

separately (as is sometimes done for electricity), the UPV* factor should be applied to both 

costs. 

The data in the tables that follow are reported for the four Census regions and the U.S. average. 

Figure B-1 presents a map showing the states corresponding to the four Census regions. The 

Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust 

Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of federal projects in these areas 

should use data that are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the tables with 

U.S. average data for guidance.

 

1

 For greater precision, the UPV* factors reported in the Ba and Bb tables were computed using the unrounded form 

of the indices given in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5. 

2

 While the UPV* factors provided in this publication were computed using energy price indices that correspond to 

energy prices as of April 1 in the current and future years, the analyst is encouraged to use for determining A0 the 

energy prices prevailing as of the base date of the LCC analysis for the project evaluated. 
Figure B-1 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

13
14

B.1. FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value Factors 

The FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value (FEMP UPV*) factors presented in the "Ba" tables, 

based on the current DOE discount rate (3.0 %), are for calculating the present value of energy 

costs or savings accruing over 1 to 25 years and are to be used in life-cycle cost analyses of 

federal energy conservation and renewable energy projects. Factors are reported in the "Ba" 

tables for 30 years to accommodate a planning/design/construction period of up to 5 years. (See 

"Examples of How to Use FEMP UPV* Factors" below for instructions on use with 

planning/design/construction periods.) 

These factors apply only to annual energy usage or energy savings that are assumed to be the 

same each year over the service period. The NIST BLCC computer program can compute the 

present value of energy usage and savings that are not the same in each year. 

Examples of How to Use the FEMP UPV* Factors: 

FEMP UPV*, no planning/design/construction period: To compute the present value of heating 

with natural gas over 25 years in a federal office building in New Mexico, go to Table Ba-4, find 

the FEMP UPV* factor for commercial natural gas for 25 years (16.41), and multiply this factor 

by the annual heating cost at base-date natural gas prices. 

FEMP UPV*, with planning/design/construction period: To compute a present value factor for a 

service period following a planning/design/construction period (1) find the FEMP UPV* factor 

for the combined length of the planning/design/construction period and the service period (not to 

exceed 30 years), and (2) subtract from (1) the FEMP UPV* factor for the planning/design/ 

construction period alone. The difference is the FEMP UPV* factor for the years over which 

energy costs or savings actually accrue. For example, suppose a new federal office building in 

New York is being evaluated with several energy conserving design options. It is expected to 

have a planning/design/construction period of 5 years, after which it will be occupied for 25 

years. To compute the present value of natural gas costs over 25 years of occupancy, go to Table 

Ba-1 and find the FEMP UPV* factors for commercial natural gas for 5 years (4.43) and for 30 

years (18.99). The difference (14.56) is the FEMP UPV* factor for natural gas costs over 25 

years, beginning 5 years after the base date. Multiply 14.56 by the annual natural gas cost at base 

date prices (not occupancy-date prices) to calculate the present value of natural gas costs over the 

entire 25-year occupancy period. 
Table Ba-1. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount rate = 3.0 % (DOE) 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL 

 N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal 

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.87 0.94 0.98 0.99 0.89 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.89 0.97 1.00 0.97  2 1.95 1.65 1.82 1.91 1.91 1.70 1.86 1.92 1.91 1.90 1.69 1.86 1.93 1.90  3 2.87 2.37 2.66 2.79 2.78 2.45 2.69 2.80 2.78 2.74 2.45 2.69 2.81 2.81  4 3.76 3.05 3.47 3.64 3.61 3.16 3.45 3.63 3.59 3.53 3.17 3.45 3.63 3.68  5 4.61 3.68 4.25 4.44 4.40 3.81 4.17 4.43 4.35 4.27 3.84 4.16 4.40 4.52  6 5.44 4.27 5.01 5.21 5.15 4.43 4.83 5.19 5.09 4.98 4.48 4.82 5.13 5.34  7 6.25 4.83 5.73 5.95 5.87 5.02 5.44 5.92 5.79 5.65 5.09 5.43 5.82 6.12  8 7.04 5.36 6.43 6.67 6.58 5.57 6.01 6.62 6.46 6.30 5.66 5.99 6.48 6.88  9 7.80 5.86 7.12 7.36 7.27 6.10 6.55 7.31 7.10 6.94 6.21 6.53 7.13 7.61 10 8.55 6.36 7.78 8.05 7.94 6.62 7.08 7.99 7.71 7.57 6.75 7.06 7.76 8.31 11 9.28 6.84 8.42 8.72 8.60 7.14 7.60 8.65 8.29 8.17 7.28 7.58 8.38 8.98 12 9.98 7.32 9.05 9.37 9.23 7.65 8.12 9.29 8.86 8.76 7.82 8.10 8.98 9.64 13 10.66 7.78 9.65 9.99 9.85 8.14 8.63 9.91 9.42 9.31 8.34 8.61 9.55 10.29 14 11.31 8.24 10.24 10.60 10.44 8.63 9.13 10.52 9.96 9.86 8.85 9.11 10.11 10.91 15 11.96 8.68 10.81 11.20 11.03 9.11 9.63 11.12 10.49 10.39 9.35 9.60 10.66 11.51 16 12.58 9.12 11.37 11.79 11.60 9.58 10.12 11.71 11.00 10.91 9.84 10.09 11.20 12.10 17 13.19 9.56 11.92 12.37 12.15 10.04 10.60 12.29 11.50 11.42 10.32 10.57 11.73 12.66 18 13.78 9.98 12.45 12.94 12.69 10.49 11.08 12.86 11.99 11.91 10.79 11.04 12.26 13.21 19 14.36 10.40 12.96 13.50 13.22 10.94 11.54 13.42 12.47 12.40 11.26 11.50 12.77 13.75 20 14.92 10.82 13.46 14.05 13.74 11.38 12.00 13.98 12.95 12.87 11.71 11.95 13.28 14.26 21 15.47 11.23 13.96 14.59 14.24 11.82 12.45 14.53 13.41 13.33 12.17 12.40 13.78 14.77 22 16.00 11.63 14.44 15.12 14.73 12.25 12.89 15.07 13.86 13.79 12.61 12.84 14.28 15.26 23 16.52 12.02 14.90 15.64 15.21 12.67 13.33 15.60 14.30 14.23 13.05 13.28 14.77 15.74 24 17.02 12.41 15.36 16.15 15.68 13.08 13.77 16.11 14.73 14.66 13.47 13.71 15.25 16.21 25 17.52 12.78 15.81 16.65 16.14 13.49 14.19 16.62 15.14 15.08 13.89 14.13 15.72 16.66 26 17.99 13.15 16.24 17.13 16.58 13.89 14.62 17.12 15.55 15.49 14.30 14.55 16.18 17.10 27 18.46 13.52 16.66 17.61 17.01 14.27 15.03 17.60 15.94 15.88 14.70 14.96 16.63 17.53 28 18.91 13.87 17.08 18.07 17.43 14.65 15.44 18.07 16.33 16.27 15.09 15.36 17.08 17.95 29 19.35 14.22 17.48 18.53 17.85 15.03 15.84 18.54 16.70 16.65 15.48 15.76 17.51 18.36 30 19.78 14.56 17.88 18.97 18.25 15.39 16.24 18.99 17.07 17.02 15.86 16.15 17.94 18.76 

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

15
Table Ba-2. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE) 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal 

 - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.84 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.86 1.08 0.98 0.99 1.01 0.88 1.05 1.00 0.98  2 1.98 1.58 1.93 1.88 1.98 1.62 2.08 1.89 1.95 1.99 1.68 2.01 1.94 1.91  3 2.93 2.27 2.83 2.74 2.92 2.35 3.00 2.74 2.90 2.91 2.44 2.90 2.83 2.82  4 3.83 2.91 3.70 3.55 3.81 3.02 3.78 3.55 3.82 3.78 3.16 3.67 3.65 3.69  5 4.71 3.50 4.53 4.33 4.65 3.63 4.49 4.32 4.71 4.60 3.82 4.37 4.43 4.53  6 5.55 4.06 5.33 5.07 5.46 4.22 5.16 5.05 5.56 5.38 4.46 5.03 5.16 5.34  7 6.36 4.58 6.11 5.77 6.23 4.77 5.79 5.75 6.39 6.12 5.06 5.64 5.86 6.13  8 7.15 5.07 6.86 6.46 6.98 5.29 6.37 6.43 7.19 6.85 5.63 6.21 6.53 6.89  9 7.92 5.54 7.58 7.13 7.70 5.79 6.93 7.09 7.97 7.55 6.18 6.76 7.18 7.63 10 8.67 5.99 8.29 7.78 8.42 6.27 7.48 7.74 8.72 8.24 6.72 7.30 7.82 8.35 11 9.40 6.45 8.98 8.42 9.11 6.76 8.03 8.38 9.45 8.91 7.25 7.83 8.44 9.05 12 10.11 6.89 9.65 9.04 9.78 7.24 8.58 9.00 10.15 9.56 7.79 8.37 9.04 9.73 13 10.80 7.32 10.30 9.64 10.44 7.71 9.13 9.59 10.84 10.18 8.31 8.89 9.61 10.38 14 11.46 7.74 10.92 10.22 11.07 8.16 9.66 10.17 11.50 10.78 8.81 9.41 10.17 11.02 15 12.11 8.16 11.54 10.79 11.69 8.61 10.19 10.74 12.15 11.37 9.31 9.92 10.72 11.65 16 12.73 8.57 12.14 11.36 12.28 9.06 10.72 11.31 12.78 11.94 9.79 10.43 11.27 12.26 17 13.34 8.98 12.72 11.91 12.87 9.49 11.24 11.87 13.39 12.50 10.27 10.93 11.81 12.85 18 13.93 9.38 13.29 12.46 13.43 9.92 11.75 12.42 13.98 13.03 10.74 11.42 12.34 13.43 19 14.50 9.78 13.85 13.00 13.98 10.35 12.25 12.96 14.55 13.55 11.20 11.91 12.87 13.99 20 15.05 10.17 14.40 13.54 14.51 10.76 12.75 13.50 15.11 14.06 11.66 12.38 13.39 14.54 21 15.59 10.55 14.93 14.07 15.03 11.18 13.23 14.04 15.65 14.56 12.10 12.85 13.92 15.08 22 16.12 10.93 15.46 14.59 15.54 11.58 13.71 14.57 16.18 15.04 12.54 13.31 14.44 15.60 23 16.63 11.30 15.97 15.10 16.04 11.98 14.18 15.09 16.69 15.51 12.98 13.77 14.95 16.10 24 17.12 11.66 16.47 15.60 16.53 12.37 14.64 15.60 17.19 15.97 13.40 14.21 15.45 16.60 25 17.60 12.01 16.96 16.09 17.00 12.76 15.10 16.09 17.68 16.42 13.82 14.65 15.94 17.08 26 18.07 12.36 17.44 16.57 17.46 13.13 15.55 16.58 18.15 16.85 14.23 15.09 16.42 17.55 27 18.52 12.70 17.90 17.04 17.90 13.50 15.99 17.06 18.61 17.27 14.62 15.51 16.90 18.00 28 18.96 13.03 18.36 17.50 18.34 13.86 16.42 17.53 19.06 17.68 15.01 15.93 17.36 18.45 29 19.39 13.36 18.80 17.95 18.76 14.22 16.85 17.99 19.50 18.08 15.40 16.34 17.82 18.88 30 19.80 13.68 19.24 18.39 19.17 14.56 17.27 18.43 19.93 18.47 15.77 16.75 18.27 19.30 

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. 

See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

16
Table Ba-3. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE) 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Lo

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West V

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.87 0.94 0.97 1.00 0.88 1.11 0.99 0.98 1.01 0.88 1.03 1.01 0.97  2 1.98 1.64 1.82 1.88 1.98 1.68 2.14 1.91 1.92 1.98 1.66 1.96 1.96 1.89  3 2.92 2.37 2.67 2.75 2.90 2.43 3.09 2.79 2.80 2.90 2.43 2.82 2.83 2.75  4 3.81 3.04 3.49 3.57 3.78 3.12 3.95 3.62 3.63 3.77 3.14 3.59 3.65 3.57  5 4.68 3.67 4.28 4.36 4.63 3.76 4.74 4.41 4.42 4.59 3.80 4.29 4.42 4.36  6 5.51 4.26 5.04 5.12 5.43 4.37 5.48 5.16 5.17 5.38 4.43 4.95 5.15 5.11  7 6.31 4.82 5.77 5.85 6.20 4.95 6.15 5.89 5.89 6.13 5.03 5.55 5.84 5.84  8 7.09 5.34 6.48 6.55 6.95 5.48 6.77 6.58 6.57 6.87 5.59 6.11 6.50 6.54  9 7.85 5.84 7.17 7.24 7.69 6.00 7.37 7.27 7.23 7.58 6.14 6.65 7.14 7.22 10 8.58 6.34 7.84 7.91 8.39 6.51 7.95 7.94 7.87 8.27 6.67 7.17 7.77 7.87 11 9.29 6.82 8.50 8.57 9.08 7.01 8.53 8.60 8.48 8.95 7.20 7.69 8.40 8.50 12 9.99 7.29 9.13 9.22 9.75 7.51 9.10 9.24 9.07 9.60 7.73 8.21 9.00 9.12 13 10.66 7.76 9.75 9.85 10.40 8.00 9.66 9.87 9.65 10.23 8.25 8.71 9.59 9.71 14 11.31 8.21 10.35 10.46 11.03 8.47 10.20 10.48 10.21 10.85 8.75 9.21 10.16 10.29 15 11.95 8.65 10.93 11.06 11.64 8.94 10.75 11.08 10.76 11.45 9.24 9.70 10.73 10.85 16 12.56 9.09 11.50 11.66 12.23 9.40 11.28 11.68 11.29 12.03 9.72 10.19 11.29 11.40 17 13.16 9.53 12.06 12.24 12.81 9.85 11.82 12.26 11.80 12.59 10.20 10.67 11.84 11.93 18 13.75 9.95 12.60 12.81 13.37 10.30 12.34 12.84 12.29 13.14 10.67 11.15 12.39 12.45 19 14.31 10.37 13.12 13.38 13.92 10.74 12.86 13.40 12.77 13.68 11.13 11.62 12.93 12.95 20 14.86 10.78 13.64 13.93 14.45 11.18 13.37 13.96 13.24 14.20 11.58 12.08 13.46 13.43 21 15.40 11.19 14.14 14.48 14.97 11.61 13.87 14.51 13.69 14.71 12.02 12.53 13.99 13.91 22 15.92 11.59 14.64 15.02 15.47 12.03 14.36 15.06 14.13 15.21 12.47 12.98 14.52 14.37 23 16.43 11.98 15.11 15.55 15.96 12.45 14.84 15.59 14.56 15.69 12.90 13.41 15.04 14.81 24 16.92 12.37 15.58 16.07 16.44 12.86 15.32 16.11 14.98 16.16 13.32 13.85 15.55 15.25 25 17.40 12.74 16.04 16.57 16.91 13.26 15.79 16.62 15.39 16.61 13.74 14.27 16.05 15.68 26 17.87 13.11 16.49 17.06 17.36 13.65 16.26 17.12 15.79 17.06 14.14 14.69 16.54 16.09 27 18.32 13.47 16.92 17.55 17.80 14.03 16.71 17.61 16.18 17.49 14.54 15.10 17.03 16.49 28 18.76 13.83 17.34 18.02 18.23 14.41 17.16 18.09 16.55 17.91 14.93 15.51 17.50 16.88 29 19.19 14.17 17.76 18.48 18.64 14.78 17.60 18.56 16.92 18.32 15.31 15.91 17.97 17.27 30 19.60 14.51 18.16 18.93 19.04 15.14 18.04 19.02 17.28 18.72 15.69 16.30 18.43 17.64 

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

17
Table Ba-4. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE) 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 0.98 0.74 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.81 1.19 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.82 1.21 0.98 0.98  2 1.93 1.37 1.84 1.88 1.91 1.52 2.34 1.88 1.95 1.93 1.55 2.38 1.88 1.93  3 2.82 1.96 2.70 2.74 2.78 2.19 3.39 2.73 2.88 2.82 2.24 3.46 2.72 2.84  4 3.68 2.51 3.52 3.56 3.61 2.81 4.23 3.55 3.77 3.66 2.89 4.32 3.50 3.71  5 4.50 3.04 4.31 4.34 4.39 3.41 4.98 4.32 4.63 4.45 3.52 5.09 4.24 4.55  6 5.30 3.55 5.08 5.09 5.15 3.99 5.70 5.07 5.46 5.22 4.12 5.83 4.93 5.36  7 6.08 4.03 5.82 5.81 5.87 4.53 6.38 5.79 6.27 5.96 4.69 6.53 5.59 6.14  8 6.84 4.48 6.54 6.51 6.58 5.05 7.02 6.48 7.04 6.68 5.23 7.19 6.23 6.90  9 7.58 4.92 7.23 7.20 7.26 5.54 7.63 7.17 7.79 7.38 5.75 7.82 6.85 7.63 10 8.30 5.36 7.91 7.87 7.92 6.04 8.24 7.84 8.54 8.06 6.26 8.44 7.46 8.35 11 9.01 5.79 8.57 8.52 8.57 6.53 8.86 8.49 9.26 8.73 6.78 9.08 8.05 9.04 12 9.69 6.22 9.21 9.15 9.19 7.02 9.49 9.12 9.97 9.37 7.30 9.73 8.61 9.72 13 10.35 6.63 9.82 9.75 9.79 7.50 10.12 9.72 10.66 9.98 7.80 10.37 9.14 10.38 14 11.00 7.04 10.41 10.33 10.37 7.97 10.73 10.31 11.33 10.58 8.30 11.00 9.65 11.02 15 11.62 7.45 10.99 10.91 10.93 8.43 11.34 10.89 11.98 11.16 8.78 11.63 10.15 11.66 16 12.24 7.85 11.56 11.48 11.48 8.89 11.95 11.46 12.63 11.73 9.25 12.25 10.66 12.27 17 12.84 8.25 12.12 12.04 12.02 9.34 12.55 12.03 13.26 12.29 9.71 12.87 11.16 12.87 18 13.43 8.64 12.66 12.60 12.54 9.78 13.14 12.60 13.87 12.83 10.17 13.48 11.67 13.46 19 14.00 9.03 13.19 13.15 13.05 10.22 13.73 13.16 14.48 13.36 10.62 14.07 12.17 14.04 20 14.55 9.41 13.71 13.70 13.55 10.65 14.30 13.72 15.06 13.87 11.07 14.66 12.66 14.59 21 15.10 9.79 14.22 14.24 14.04 11.08 14.86 14.27 15.64 14.38 11.50 15.24 13.17 15.14 22 15.62 10.16 14.72 14.77 14.51 11.50 15.41 14.82 16.19 14.87 11.93 15.81 13.67 15.67 23 16.14 10.52 15.20 15.30 14.97 11.91 15.96 15.36 16.74 15.34 12.35 16.36 14.16 16.19 24 16.64 10.88 15.68 15.81 15.42 12.31 16.49 15.89 17.27 15.81 12.77 16.91 14.65 16.69 25 17.13 11.23 16.14 16.31 15.85 12.70 17.02 16.41 17.78 16.26 13.17 17.46 15.13 17.18 26 17.61 11.57 16.60 16.80 16.28 13.08 17.54 16.92 18.28 16.70 13.56 17.99 15.60 17.66 27 18.07 11.90 17.04 17.29 16.69 13.46 18.05 17.41 18.77 17.13 13.95 18.51 16.06 18.13 28 18.53 12.23 17.47 17.76 17.09 13.83 18.55 17.90 19.25 17.55 14.33 19.03 16.51 18.58 29 18.97 12.55 17.89 18.22 17.48 14.19 19.04 18.37 19.71 17.96 14.70 19.54 16.96 19.02 30 19.40 12.86 18.30 18.67 17.86 14.54 19.53 18.84 20.16 18.36 15.06 20.04 17.40 19.45 

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

18
Table Ba-5. FEMP UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use secto

Discount Rate = 3.0 % (DOE) 

United States Average 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.86 0.96 0.97 0.99 0.88 0.99 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.87 1.02 1.00 0.97  2 1.97 1.63 1.86 1.89 1.95 1.66 1.89 1.90 1.94 1.96 1.64 1.95 1.94 1.90  3 2.89 2.35 2.74 2.75 2.85 2.41 2.73 2.77 2.85 2.87 2.39 2.81 2.81 2.79  4 3.78 3.02 3.57 3.58 3.71 3.10 3.50 3.59 3.72 3.72 3.09 3.58 3.63 3.64  5 4.64 3.64 4.38 4.37 4.53 3.74 4.22 4.37 4.56 4.53 3.74 4.29 4.40 4.46  6 5.46 4.23 5.15 5.12 5.31 4.35 4.89 5.12 5.36 5.30 4.37 4.95 5.12 5.24  7 6.26 4.78 5.90 5.84 6.06 4.92 5.50 5.83 6.14 6.04 4.96 5.56 5.81 6.00  8 7.04 5.30 6.63 6.54 6.78 5.46 6.07 6.53 6.88 6.75 5.52 6.12 6.47 6.74  9 7.79 5.80 7.33 7.22 7.49 5.98 6.61 7.21 7.60 7.45 6.06 6.66 7.11 7.45 10 8.52 6.28 8.02 7.89 8.18 6.49 7.15 7.87 8.30 8.13 6.59 7.19 7.74 8.13 11 9.24 6.76 8.69 8.55 8.86 6.99 7.68 8.52 8.97 8.79 7.12 7.72 8.36 8.80 12 9.93 7.23 9.34 9.18 9.51 7.49 8.20 9.16 9.63 9.43 7.65 8.24 8.96 9.45 13 10.60 7.69 9.96 9.79 10.13 7.98 8.72 9.76 10.27 10.05 8.17 8.75 9.53 10.08 14 11.25 8.14 10.57 10.39 10.74 8.46 9.22 10.36 10.89 10.65 8.67 9.25 10.09 10.69 15 11.89 8.59 11.17 10.98 11.34 8.93 9.72 10.95 11.49 11.23 9.16 9.75 10.64 11.29 16 12.50 9.02 11.75 11.56 11.91 9.39 10.22 11.53 12.08 11.80 9.64 10.24 11.18 11.87 17 13.10 9.45 12.31 12.13 12.47 9.85 10.71 12.10 12.65 12.35 10.12 10.73 11.72 12.43 18 13.69 9.88 12.87 12.69 13.02 10.30 11.19 12.67 13.21 12.89 10.58 11.21 12.26 12.98 19 14.25 10.29 13.41 13.24 13.55 10.74 11.66 13.23 13.75 13.41 11.04 11.68 12.78 13.51 20 14.80 10.70 13.93 13.78 14.07 11.17 12.12 13.78 14.28 13.92 11.49 12.14 13.31 14.03 21 15.34 11.11 14.45 14.32 14.58 11.60 12.58 14.33 14.79 14.41 11.94 12.59 13.83 14.54 22 15.86 11.51 14.95 14.86 15.07 12.03 13.03 14.87 15.29 14.90 12.38 13.04 14.34 15.03 23 16.37 11.90 15.45 15.38 15.55 12.44 13.47 15.40 15.78 15.37 12.81 13.48 14.85 15.51 24 16.87 12.28 15.93 15.89 16.02 12.85 13.91 15.91 16.25 15.83 13.23 13.92 15.36 15.98 25 17.35 12.65 16.40 16.38 16.48 13.25 14.34 16.42 16.71 16.28 13.64 14.35 15.85 16.43 26 17.81 13.02 16.85 16.87 16.92 13.64 14.76 16.92 17.16 16.72 14.05 14.77 16.33 16.88 27 18.27 13.38 17.30 17.35 17.35 14.02 15.18 17.40 17.60 17.14 14.44 15.19 16.81 17.31 28 18.71 13.73 17.74 17.81 17.77 14.40 15.59 17.88 18.02 17.55 14.83 15.59 17.28 17.73 29 19.14 14.07 18.16 18.27 18.18 14.77 16.00 18.34 18.44 17.95 15.21 16.00 17.74 18.14 30 19.56 14.41 18.58 18.71 18.58 15.13 16.40 18.80 18.84 18.34 15.58 16.39 18.19 18.53 

Note: UPV* factors are reported for years 26-30 to accommodate a planning/construction period of up to 5 years. See p. 14 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

19
20

B.2. FEMP Modified Uniform Present Value Factors 

The OMB Modified Uniform Present Value (OMB UPV*) factors presented in the "Bb" tables, 

based on the current OMB discount rates (2.4 % short term and 2.8 % long term), are for 

calculating the present value of energy costs accruing over 1 to 30 years when conducting a lifecycle cost analysis of a federal project not explicitly related to energy or water conservation or 

renewable resources. Factors are reported in the "Bb" tables for 30 years. These factors apply 

only to annual energy usage that is assumed to be the same each year over the service period. 

The NIST BLCC computer program can compute the present value of energy usage and savings 

that are not the same in each year. 

Examples of How to Use the OMB UPV* Factors: 

OMB UPV* (OMB discount rate): To compute the present value over 30 years of electricity 

costs associated with the occupancy of a federal office building in Ohio (where energy 

conservation is not a specific consideration in the LCC analysis), go to Table Bb-2, find the 

OMB UPV* factor for commercial electricity for 30 years (19.68), and multiply this factor by 

the annual electricity cost in base-date dollars. 

Note: Because the discount rate used to calculate the Bb tables (OMB discount rate) is usually 

different for years 1 to 10 than for years 11 to 30, these factors cannot be used with a planning/ 

design/construction period as shown above for the Ba tables (DOE discount rate). Use the BLCC 

or DISCOUNT computer program for this purpose. For further explanation of the use of UPV* 

factors, see NIST Handbook 135. 
Table Bb-1. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB Circular A-94a) 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.87 0.94 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.98 1.00 0.98  2 1.97 1.66 1.83 1.93 1.93 1.71 1.88 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.70 1.87 1.95 1.92  3 2.90 2.40 2.69 2.83 2.81 2.48 2.72 2.83 2.81 2.77 2.48 2.72 2.84 2.84  4 3.81 3.09 3.52 3.69 3.66 3.20 3.50 3.69 3.64 3.58 3.22 3.50 3.68 3.73  5 4.69 3.74 4.33 4.52 4.47 3.87 4.24 4.51 4.43 4.35 3.90 4.23 4.48 4.60  6 5.55 4.36 5.11 5.32 5.25 4.52 4.93 5.29 5.19 5.07 4.57 4.91 5.23 5.45  7 6.39 4.94 5.86 6.09 6.01 5.13 5.56 6.05 5.92 5.77 5.20 5.55 5.95 6.26  8 7.22 5.49 6.60 6.84 6.74 5.71 6.15 6.79 6.63 6.46 5.80 6.14 6.65 7.05  9 8.02 6.02 7.32 7.57 7.47 6.27 6.72 7.51 7.30 7.13 6.38 6.70 7.33 7.82 10 8.82 6.54 8.02 8.30 8.18 6.82 7.28 8.23 7.94 7.79 6.95 7.27 8.00 8.56 11 9.38 6.91 8.52 8.81 8.69 7.21 7.68 8.74 8.38 8.26 7.36 7.66 8.47 9.08 12 10.10 7.40 9.16 9.48 9.34 7.73 8.21 9.40 8.97 8.86 7.91 8.19 9.08 9.76 13 10.79 7.88 9.78 10.12 9.97 8.25 8.73 10.04 9.54 9.43 8.45 8.71 9.67 10.42 14 11.47 8.34 10.38 10.75 10.59 8.75 9.25 10.66 10.09 9.99 8.97 9.23 10.24 11.06 15 12.13 8.80 10.97 11.37 11.19 9.24 9.76 11.28 10.63 10.54 9.48 9.73 10.81 11.68 16 12.78 9.26 11.55 11.97 11.77 9.72 10.27 11.89 11.16 11.07 9.99 10.24 11.37 12.28 17 13.41 9.71 12.11 12.57 12.35 10.20 10.77 12.49 11.68 11.60 10.48 10.73 11.92 12.87 18 14.02 10.15 12.66 13.16 12.91 10.67 11.26 13.08 12.19 12.11 10.97 11.22 12.46 13.43 19 14.62 10.58 13.19 13.74 13.45 11.13 11.74 13.66 12.69 12.61 11.46 11.70 12.99 13.99 20 15.20 11.01 13.72 14.31 13.99 11.59 12.21 14.24 13.18 13.11 11.93 12.17 13.52 14.53 21 15.77 11.44 14.23 14.88 14.52 12.05 12.68 14.81 13.66 13.59 12.40 12.64 14.05 15.05 22 16.33 11.86 14.73 15.43 15.03 12.50 13.15 15.37 14.13 14.06 12.87 13.10 14.56 15.57 23 16.87 12.27 15.22 15.98 15.53 12.94 13.61 15.93 14.59 14.52 13.32 13.55 15.08 16.07 24 17.40 12.67 15.70 16.51 16.02 13.37 14.06 16.47 15.04 14.97 13.77 14.00 15.58 16.56 25 17.91 13.07 16.16 17.03 16.50 13.79 14.51 17.00 15.48 15.41 14.21 14.45 16.07 17.03 26 18.42 13.46 16.62 17.54 16.97 14.21 14.95 17.52 15.91 15.84 14.64 14.89 16.56 17.50 27 18.91 13.84 17.07 18.04 17.42 14.62 15.39 18.03 16.32 16.26 15.06 15.32 17.04 17.95 28 19.38 14.22 17.50 18.53 17.87 15.02 15.82 18.54 16.73 16.67 15.48 15.74 17.51 18.40 29 19.85 14.58 17.93 19.01 18.30 15.42 16.25 19.03 17.12 17.08 15.88 16.16 17.97 18.83 30 20.30 14.94 18.35 19.48 18.73 15.80 16.67 19.51 17.51 17.47 16.28 16.58 18.42 19.25 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

21
Table Bb-2. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB Circular A-94a) 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.01 0.84 0.99 0.98 1.01 0.86 1.08 0.98 1.00 1.02 0.89 1.05 1.01 0.98  2 2.00 1.60 1.95 1.90 2.00 1.64 2.10 1.91 1.97 2.01 1.69 2.03 1.96 1.93  3 2.96 2.30 2.86 2.77 2.95 2.38 3.03 2.77 2.94 2.95 2.47 2.93 2.86 2.85  4 3.89 2.95 3.75 3.60 3.86 3.06 3.83 3.60 3.87 3.84 3.20 3.72 3.70 3.75  5 4.79 3.56 4.61 4.40 4.73 3.69 4.56 4.39 4.79 4.68 3.89 4.44 4.50 4.61  6 5.66 4.14 5.44 5.17 5.56 4.30 5.26 5.15 5.68 5.49 4.55 5.12 5.26 5.45  7 6.51 4.68 6.25 5.90 6.37 4.88 5.91 5.88 6.54 6.26 5.18 5.76 5.99 6.27  8 7.34 5.19 7.03 6.62 7.15 5.42 6.52 6.59 7.38 7.02 5.77 6.36 6.69 7.07  9 8.15 5.68 7.80 7.32 7.92 5.94 7.11 7.29 8.20 7.76 6.35 6.94 7.38 7.84 10 8.94 6.17 8.55 8.02 8.68 6.46 7.69 7.98 8.99 8.49 6.92 7.51 8.05 8.61 11 9.51 6.51 9.08 8.51 9.21 6.83 8.11 8.47 9.55 9.01 7.33 7.91 8.54 9.15 12 10.23 6.97 9.77 9.15 9.90 7.32 8.68 9.10 10.27 9.67 7.88 8.46 9.15 9.84 13 10.93 7.41 10.43 9.76 10.57 7.80 9.24 9.71 10.97 10.31 8.41 9.00 9.73 10.52 14 11.62 7.84 11.07 10.36 11.22 8.27 9.78 10.31 11.66 10.93 8.93 9.53 10.31 11.17 15 12.28 8.27 11.70 10.95 11.85 8.73 10.33 10.90 12.33 11.53 9.44 10.06 10.87 11.82 16 12.93 8.70 12.32 11.53 12.47 9.19 10.87 11.48 12.97 12.12 9.94 10.58 11.44 12.44 17 13.56 9.12 12.93 12.10 13.07 9.64 11.41 12.06 13.60 12.70 10.43 11.10 11.99 13.06 18 14.17 9.54 13.52 12.67 13.66 10.09 11.94 12.63 14.21 13.25 10.92 11.61 12.55 13.66 19 14.76 9.95 14.10 13.23 14.23 10.53 12.46 13.19 14.81 13.79 11.40 12.11 13.10 14.24 20 15.33 10.35 14.67 13.79 14.78 10.96 12.98 13.76 15.39 14.32 11.87 12.61 13.64 14.81 21 15.89 10.75 15.23 14.34 15.32 11.39 13.48 14.31 15.95 14.84 12.34 13.10 14.19 15.37 22 16.44 11.14 15.77 14.89 15.86 11.81 13.98 14.87 16.51 15.34 12.80 13.58 14.73 15.91 23 16.97 11.53 16.31 15.42 16.38 12.23 14.47 15.41 17.04 15.83 13.25 14.05 15.26 16.44 24 17.49 11.91 16.83 15.95 16.89 12.64 14.96 15.94 17.57 16.32 13.70 14.52 15.78 16.96 25 18.00 12.28 17.34 16.46 17.38 13.05 15.44 16.46 18.08 16.78 14.13 14.98 16.30 17.47 26 18.49 12.65 17.85 16.96 17.86 13.44 15.91 16.98 18.58 17.24 14.56 15.44 16.81 17.96 27 18.97 13.01 18.34 17.46 18.33 13.83 16.37 17.48 19.06 17.68 14.98 15.89 17.31 18.44 28 19.43 13.36 18.82 17.94 18.79 14.21 16.83 17.98 19.54 18.12 15.39 16.33 17.80 18.91 29 19.88 13.70 19.29 18.42 19.24 14.59 17.29 18.46 20.00 18.54 15.80 16.76 18.29 19.37 30 20.32 14.04 19.75 18.89 19.68 14.95 17.73 18.94 20.45 18.95 16.19 17.20 18.76 19.82 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations.

22
Table Bb-3. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB Circular A-94a) 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Lo

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West V

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.01 0.87 0.94 0.98 1.01 0.89 1.11 0.99 0.99 1.01 0.88 1.03 1.02 0.98  2 2.00 1.66 1.84 1.90 2.00 1.69 2.16 1.93 1.93 2.00 1.68 1.98 1.98 1.90  3 2.95 2.40 2.70 2.78 2.94 2.45 3.13 2.82 2.83 2.93 2.45 2.85 2.86 2.79  4 3.87 3.09 3.54 3.62 3.84 3.16 4.01 3.67 3.68 3.82 3.18 3.64 3.70 3.62  5 4.76 3.73 4.35 4.44 4.71 3.82 4.82 4.48 4.50 4.67 3.86 4.36 4.50 4.43  6 5.62 4.35 5.14 5.22 5.54 4.46 5.58 5.26 5.27 5.48 4.52 5.04 5.25 5.22  7 6.45 4.92 5.90 5.98 6.34 5.05 6.29 6.02 6.02 6.27 5.14 5.67 5.97 5.97  8 7.27 5.47 6.65 6.71 7.13 5.62 6.94 6.75 6.74 7.04 5.73 6.26 6.66 6.71  9 8.07 6.00 7.37 7.44 7.90 6.16 7.56 7.47 7.43 7.79 6.30 6.82 7.33 7.42 10 8.84 6.53 8.08 8.16 8.65 6.70 8.18 8.18 8.11 8.53 6.87 7.38 8.01 8.11 11 9.40 6.89 8.59 8.67 9.18 7.08 8.62 8.70 8.57 9.05 7.28 7.77 8.49 8.59 12 10.11 7.38 9.24 9.33 9.87 7.60 9.20 9.35 9.18 9.72 7.82 8.30 9.11 9.22 13 10.79 7.85 9.87 9.97 10.53 8.10 9.77 9.99 9.77 10.36 8.35 8.82 9.71 9.84 14 11.47 8.32 10.49 10.60 11.18 8.59 10.34 10.62 10.35 11.00 8.87 9.33 10.30 10.43 15 12.12 8.78 11.09 11.22 11.80 9.07 10.89 11.24 10.91 11.61 9.37 9.83 10.88 11.01 16 12.76 9.23 11.68 11.83 12.42 9.54 11.45 11.86 11.46 12.21 9.87 10.34 11.46 11.57 17 13.38 9.67 12.25 12.44 13.01 10.01 12.00 12.46 11.99 12.79 10.36 10.84 12.03 12.12 18 13.98 10.12 12.81 13.03 13.60 10.47 12.54 13.06 12.50 13.36 10.85 11.33 12.60 12.66 19 14.57 10.55 13.36 13.62 14.16 10.93 13.08 13.64 13.00 13.92 11.32 11.82 13.15 13.17 20 15.14 10.98 13.89 14.19 14.72 11.38 13.61 14.23 13.48 14.46 11.79 12.29 13.71 13.68 21 15.70 11.40 14.42 14.76 15.26 11.83 14.13 14.80 13.95 14.99 12.26 12.77 14.26 14.17 22 16.24 11.82 14.93 15.33 15.78 12.27 14.64 15.37 14.41 15.51 12.72 13.23 14.81 14.65 23 16.77 12.23 15.43 15.88 16.30 12.71 15.15 15.93 14.86 16.01 13.17 13.69 15.36 15.12 24 17.29 12.63 15.92 16.42 16.80 13.14 15.65 16.47 15.30 16.51 13.61 14.14 15.89 15.58 25 17.79 13.03 16.40 16.95 17.29 13.56 16.14 17.01 15.73 16.99 14.05 14.59 16.42 16.03 26 18.28 13.42 16.87 17.47 17.76 13.97 16.63 17.53 16.15 17.45 14.48 15.03 16.93 16.46 27 18.76 13.80 17.33 17.98 18.22 14.37 17.11 18.05 16.56 17.91 14.90 15.47 17.44 16.88 28 19.22 14.17 17.78 18.48 18.68 14.77 17.58 18.56 16.95 18.36 15.31 15.89 17.95 17.30 29 19.68 14.54 18.22 18.97 19.12 15.16 18.05 19.05 17.34 18.79 15.71 16.32 18.44 17.70 30 20.12 14.90 18.65 19.44 19.54 15.55 18.51 19.54 17.72 19.21 16.11 16.74 18.93 18.10 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

23
Table Bb-4. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB Circular A-94a) 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 0.99 0.74 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.81 1.20 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.83 1.22 0.98 0.99  2 1.95 1.38 1.86 1.90 1.92 1.53 2.36 1.90 1.97 1.94 1.56 2.40 1.90 1.95  3 2.86 1.98 2.73 2.77 2.81 2.21 3.43 2.77 2.92 2.85 2.27 3.50 2.75 2.87  4 3.73 2.55 3.57 3.61 3.66 2.85 4.29 3.60 3.83 3.71 2.93 4.38 3.55 3.76  5 4.58 3.09 4.39 4.41 4.47 3.47 5.06 4.40 4.71 4.53 3.58 5.17 4.31 4.62  6 5.41 3.62 5.18 5.19 5.25 4.07 5.81 5.17 5.57 5.33 4.20 5.94 5.03 5.47  7 6.22 4.12 5.95 5.94 6.00 4.63 6.51 5.92 6.41 6.10 4.79 6.67 5.72 6.29  8 7.02 4.59 6.70 6.68 6.74 5.17 7.18 6.65 7.22 6.85 5.36 7.36 6.38 7.08  9 7.80 5.06 7.44 7.40 7.46 5.70 7.83 7.37 8.02 7.59 5.91 8.02 7.04 7.85 10 8.56 5.52 8.16 8.11 8.17 6.22 8.48 8.08 8.80 8.31 6.45 8.69 7.68 8.60 11 9.11 5.85 8.67 8.61 8.66 6.60 8.95 8.58 9.36 8.82 6.85 9.17 8.13 9.14 12 9.81 6.29 9.32 9.26 9.30 7.10 9.60 9.23 10.09 9.48 7.38 9.83 8.71 9.84 13 10.48 6.72 9.94 9.88 9.91 7.59 10.24 9.85 10.79 10.11 7.90 10.49 9.25 10.51 14 11.15 7.14 10.55 10.47 10.51 8.08 10.87 10.45 11.48 10.73 8.41 11.14 9.78 11.18 15 11.79 7.56 11.15 11.07 11.09 8.55 11.50 11.04 12.16 11.32 8.90 11.79 10.30 11.82 16 12.43 7.97 11.74 11.65 11.66 9.02 12.13 11.64 12.82 11.91 9.39 12.43 10.82 12.46 17 13.05 8.38 12.31 12.24 12.21 9.49 12.75 12.23 13.47 12.48 9.87 13.07 11.34 13.08 18 13.65 8.79 12.87 12.81 12.75 9.95 13.36 12.81 14.11 13.04 10.35 13.70 11.86 13.69 19 14.25 9.19 13.43 13.39 13.28 10.40 13.96 13.40 14.74 13.59 10.81 14.32 12.38 14.29 20 14.83 9.59 13.97 13.95 13.80 10.85 14.56 13.97 15.35 14.13 11.27 14.93 12.90 14.87 21 15.39 9.98 14.50 14.51 14.31 11.29 15.14 14.55 15.95 14.65 11.73 15.53 13.42 15.44 22 15.94 10.37 15.02 15.07 14.80 11.73 15.72 15.13 16.53 15.17 12.18 16.12 13.94 15.99 23 16.48 10.75 15.53 15.62 15.28 12.16 16.29 15.69 17.10 15.67 12.62 16.71 14.46 16.53 24 17.01 11.12 16.02 16.16 15.75 12.58 16.85 16.25 17.65 16.15 13.05 17.28 14.97 17.06 25 17.52 11.49 16.51 16.69 16.21 12.99 17.40 16.79 18.19 16.63 13.47 17.85 15.47 17.58 26 18.02 11.84 16.99 17.21 16.65 13.40 17.95 17.32 18.72 17.09 13.89 18.41 15.96 18.08 27 18.51 12.20 17.45 17.71 17.09 13.79 18.49 17.84 19.23 17.54 14.30 18.96 16.45 18.57 28 18.99 12.54 17.91 18.21 17.51 14.18 19.02 18.36 19.74 17.99 14.70 19.51 16.93 19.05 29 19.46 12.88 18.35 18.70 17.93 14.57 19.54 18.86 20.23 18.42 15.09 20.05 17.40 19.51 30 19.91 13.21 18.79 19.17 18.33 14.94 20.06 19.35 20.70 18.84 15.47 20.58 17.87 19.97 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

24
Table Bb-5. OMB UPV* Discount Factors adjusted for fuel price escalation, by end-use sector an

Discount Rate = 2.4 % (years 1 to 10) and 2.8 % (years 11 to 30), (OMB Circular A-94a) 

United States Average 

 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL  N Elec Dist LPG NtGas Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal Elec Dist Resid NtGas Coal  - ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----  1 1.00 0.86 0.96 0.98 1.00 0.88 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.01 0.87 1.03 1.01 0.98  2 1.98 1.64 1.88 1.91 1.96 1.68 1.90 1.92 1.95 1.98 1.66 1.97 1.96 1.92  3 2.93 2.38 2.77 2.79 2.88 2.43 2.76 2.80 2.88 2.90 2.42 2.85 2.85 2.82  4 3.83 3.06 3.62 3.63 3.76 3.14 3.55 3.64 3.77 3.77 3.13 3.63 3.68 3.69  5 4.72 3.70 4.45 4.44 4.60 3.80 4.29 4.44 4.63 4.61 3.80 4.36 4.47 4.53  6 5.57 4.31 5.26 5.22 5.41 4.43 4.98 5.22 5.47 5.40 4.45 5.04 5.22 5.35  7 6.40 4.88 6.04 5.97 6.19 5.03 5.62 5.97 6.28 6.17 5.07 5.68 5.94 6.14  8 7.21 5.43 6.80 6.71 6.96 5.59 6.22 6.69 7.06 6.92 5.66 6.27 6.63 6.91  9 8.01 5.95 7.54 7.43 7.70 6.14 6.79 7.41 7.82 7.66 6.23 6.84 7.31 7.66 10 8.79 6.47 8.27 8.14 8.43 6.68 7.36 8.11 8.55 8.38 6.79 7.40 7.98 8.38 11 9.34 6.84 8.78 8.64 8.95 7.07 7.76 8.62 9.07 8.89 7.20 7.80 8.45 8.90 12 10.05 7.32 9.45 9.29 9.62 7.58 8.30 9.26 9.74 9.55 7.74 8.33 9.06 9.56 13 10.74 7.79 10.09 9.92 10.26 8.08 8.82 9.89 10.40 10.18 8.27 8.85 9.65 10.20 14 11.41 8.25 10.71 10.53 10.89 8.57 9.34 10.50 11.04 10.79 8.79 9.37 10.22 10.83 15 12.06 8.71 11.33 11.14 11.50 9.06 9.86 11.11 11.66 11.39 9.29 9.88 10.79 11.45 16 12.70 9.16 11.93 11.73 12.09 9.53 10.37 11.71 12.26 11.98 9.79 10.39 11.35 12.05 17 13.32 9.60 12.51 12.32 12.67 10.00 10.87 12.30 12.85 12.55 10.28 10.89 11.91 12.63 18 13.92 10.04 13.08 12.90 13.24 10.47 11.37 12.89 13.43 13.10 10.76 11.39 12.46 13.20 19 14.51 10.47 13.64 13.48 13.79 10.93 11.86 13.46 13.99 13.64 11.24 11.88 13.01 13.75 20 15.08 10.90 14.19 14.04 14.33 11.38 12.34 14.04 14.54 14.17 11.71 12.36 13.55 14.29 21 15.64 11.32 14.73 14.60 14.86 11.82 12.81 14.61 15.07 14.69 12.17 12.83 14.09 14.82 22 16.18 11.74 15.26 15.16 15.37 12.27 13.28 15.17 15.60 15.20 12.63 13.30 14.63 15.33 23 16.72 12.14 15.77 15.70 15.88 12.70 13.75 15.72 16.10 15.69 13.08 13.76 15.17 15.84 24 17.23 12.54 16.28 16.24 16.37 13.13 14.21 16.27 16.60 16.17 13.52 14.22 15.69 16.33 25 17.74 12.94 16.77 16.76 16.85 13.55 14.66 16.80 17.09 16.64 13.95 14.67 16.21 16.80 26 18.23 13.32 17.25 17.27 17.31 13.96 15.11 17.32 17.56 17.10 14.38 15.11 16.72 17.27 27 18.71 13.70 17.72 17.78 17.77 14.36 15.55 17.83 18.02 17.55 14.80 15.55 17.22 17.72 28 19.18 14.07 18.18 18.27 18.21 14.76 15.98 18.34 18.47 17.98 15.21 15.98 17.71 18.17 29 19.63 14.44 18.63 18.75 18.65 15.15 16.41 18.83 18.91 18.41 15.61 16.41 18.20 18.60 30 20.08 14.79 19.07 19.22 19.07 15.53 16.84 19.31 19.34 18.82 16.00 16.83 18.68 19.02 

aOMB discount rate as of February 2008. 

 See p. 20 for instructions on use; page xiii for abbreviations. 

25
26 

C. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices and Escalation Rates (Real) 

Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 present projected fuel price indices for the four Census regions and 

for the United States. These indices, when multiplied by annual energy costs computed at basedate prices (i.e., as of April 1, 2008), provide estimates of future-year costs (also as of April 1) in 

constant base-date dollars. Constant-dollar cost estimates are needed when discounting is 

performed with a real discount rate (i.e., a rate that does not include general price inflation). 

These indices were used in the calculation of the UPV* factors for energy prices in the Ba and 

Bb tables in this publication. While they are based on April 1 energy prices to maintain 

consistency in the computation of these UPV* factors, the level of precision implied here is not 

required for most LCC analyses. That is, the analyst need not calibrate base-year energy prices 

precisely to April 1, 2008 levels to use these indices (or the corresponding UPV* factors); 

instead, the analyst should use current price levels as of the base-date of the LCC analysis, 

regardless of the time of the year that the study is undertaken. 

Example of How to Use the Indices:

To estimate the price of industrial coal in 2012 in Connecticut (in constant 2008 dollars), go to 

Table Ca-1, find the year 2012 index for industrial coal (0.98), and multiply by the price for 

industrial coal in Connecticut in 2008. 

For further explanation of how to use these tables, see NIST Handbook 135. 

Tables Cb-1 through Cb-5 present the projected average fuel price escalation rates (percentage 

change compounded annually) for selected periods from 2008 to 2038 for the four Census 

regions and for the overall United States. Note that these are real rates exclusive of general price 

inflation. Their use results in prices expressed in constant dollars. 

The average fuel escalation rates consolidate the information provided by the indices in the Ca 

tables so that trends in projected price changes can be seen at a glance. They are provided 

primarily to accommodate computer programs (such as BLCC) which require price escalation 

rates as inputs. 

Unless there is a compelling reason to use escalation rates, it is recommended that you use the 

indices in the Ca tables when you need estimates of future-year energy prices, since the indices 

include year-to-year information rather than averages over a number of years. 

Example of How to Use the Escalation Rates: 

To estimate the unit price of residential natural gas at the end of 2018 (p18) in Wyoming using 

the DOE energy price escalation rates, go to Table Cb-4 and find the 2008 to 2013 and the 2013 

to 2018 escalation rates for residential natural gas (-2.0 % for 5 years and -0.1 % for 5 years, 

respectively). Enter these values and the unit price of residential natural gas in Wyoming in 2008 

(p08) into the following formula. Then solve for the 2018 energy price (stated in 2008 dollars): 
27 

( )

( )( )

( )( )

0.899

0.9039 0.9950

1 0.02 1 0.001

1 1

1

08

08

5 5

08

18 08 1 2

1

0

1 2

= ×

= × ×

= × − × −

= × + × +

= ×∏ + =

p

p

p

p p e e

p p e

k k

k N

i

y i

i

where py = price at end of year y; 

 p0 = unit price at base date; 

 ei = annual compound escalation rate for period i from the Cb tables (in decimal 

 form); and 

 ki = number of years over which escalation rate ei occurs. 

Note that the compounded escalation rate factor (0.899) corresponds to the fuel price index in 

region 4, residential natural gas, for the year 2018 in table Ca-4 (0.90). 

The data in the Ca and Cb tables on the following pages are reported for the four Census regions 

and the U.S. average. Figure B-1 on page 13 presents a map showing the states corresponding to 

the four Census regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, 

Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of 

federal projects in these areas should use data which are "reasonable under the circumstances," 

and may refer to the tables with U.S. average data for guidance. 
Table Ca-1. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector an

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00  Distillate Oil 0.89 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.68  LPG 0.96 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89  Natural Gas 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.92 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91  Distillate Oil 0.92 0.85 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.73  Residual Oil 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74  Natural Gas 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92  Coal 1.01 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 1.02 0.97 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.83  Distillate Oil 0.91 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.77  Residual Oil 1.00 0.94 0.90 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74  Natural Gas 1.03 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.85  Coal 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.96 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

28
Table Ca-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sec

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03  Distillate Oil 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80  LPG 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94  Natural Gas 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96  Distillate Oil 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86  Residual Oil 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92  Natural Gas 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08  Coal 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89  Distillate Oil 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89  Residual Oil 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91  Natural Gas 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.01  Coal 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.88 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

29
Table Ca-2. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector an

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -Sector and Fuel 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -Residential  Electricity 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01  Distillate Oil 0.86 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.63  LPG 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.95  Natural Gas 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.88 Commercial  Electricity 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96  Distillate Oil 0.88 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.68  Residual Oil 1.11 1.06 1.01 0.88 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.79  Natural Gas 1.01 0.97 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88  Coal 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 Industrial  Electricity 1.04 1.04 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.92  Distillate Oil 0.91 0.84 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.76  Residual Oil 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.86 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.76  Natural Gas 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.85  Coal 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 Transportation  Motor Gasoline 0.98 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.83 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

30
Table Ca-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sec

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01  Distillate Oil 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.74 0.75 0.76  LPG 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.04  Natural Gas 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.04 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99  Distillate Oil 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.82  Residual Oil 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.98  Natural Gas 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06  Coal 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94  Distillate Oil 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89  Residual Oil 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95  Natural Gas 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05  Coal 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

31
Table Ca-3. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector an

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, GeKentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Car

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.03 1.04 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99  Distillate Oil 0.89 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.67 0.67  LPG 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.91 0.91  Natural Gas 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.92 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95  Distillate Oil 0.91 0.84 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.71  Residual Oil 1.14 1.10 1.04 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.81  Natural Gas 1.02 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92  Coal 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 1.04 1.03 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93  Distillate Oil 0.90 0.84 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.74 0.76  Residual Oil 1.06 0.99 0.94 0.86 0.81 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73  Natural Gas 1.04 1.01 0.96 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86  Coal 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87 0.88 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.98 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

32
Table Ca-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sec

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, GeKentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Car

Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01  Distillate Oil 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.80  LPG 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97  Natural Gas 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98  Distillate Oil 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85  Residual Oil 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.01  Natural Gas 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09  Coal 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96  Distillate Oil 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88  Residual Oil 0.78 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.92  Natural Gas 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.08  Coal 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.88 0.89 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

33
Table Ca-4. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector an

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Sector and Fuel 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97  Distillate Oil 0.76 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.58 0.60 0.61  LPG 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91  Natural Gas 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.90 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89  Distillate Oil 0.83 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.65 0.66 0.68 0.70  Residual Oil 1.23 1.22 1.15 0.94 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.81 0.80 0.82 0.86 0.90  Natural Gas 1.00 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.90  Coal 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.01 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91  Distillate Oil 0.85 0.77 0.76 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.72 0.74  Residual Oil 1.25 1.24 1.18 0.97 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.88 0.92  Natural Gas 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.81  Coal 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.94 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

34
Table Ca-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sec

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03  Distillate Oil 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.74  LPG 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98  Natural Gas 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92  Distillate Oil 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84  Residual Oil 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13  Natural Gas 0.92 0.94 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.10  Coal 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 0.91 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95  Distillate Oil 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.86  Residual Oil 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.16  Natural Gas 0.81 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.03  Coal 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

35
Table Ca-5. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sector an

United States Average 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Sector and Fuel 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 1.03 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99  Distillate Oil 0.89 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.67  LPG 0.99 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.92  Natural Gas 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.90 

 Commercial 

 Electricity 1.02 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93  Distillate Oil 0.90 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.70 0.72  Residual Oil 1.02 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.75  Natural Gas 1.01 0.98 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.90  Coal 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.94 

 Industrial 

 Electricity 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.91  Distillate Oil 0.89 0.82 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.76  Residual Oil 1.05 0.99 0.94 0.87 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74  Natural Gas 1.03 1.00 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.85  Coal 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline 0.96 0.90 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.79 0.81 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

36
Table Ca-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices (excluding general inflation), by end-use sec

United States Average 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -Sector and Fuel 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -Residential  Electricity 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01  Distillate Oil 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80  LPG 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99  Natural Gas 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.06 Commercial  Electricity 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96  Distillate Oil 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.85  Residual Oil 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93  Natural Gas 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08  Coal 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97 Industrial  Electricity 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94  Distillate Oil 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.88  Residual Oil 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92  Natural Gas 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.06  Coal 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 Transportation  Motor Gasoline 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.87 0.88 ----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -

37
38

Table Cb-1. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation, 

by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

 Percentage change compounded annually 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 

Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity -0.1 0.2 -0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -6.2 -1.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.8 

 LPG -2.0 -0.3 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 

 Natural Gas -1.4 -0.3 0.4 1.2 1.0 0.6 

 Commercial 

 Electricity -1.8 -0.2 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 

 Distillate Oil -5.4 -1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.9 

 Residual Oil -3.7 -2.9 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.5 

 Natural Gas -1.6 -0.3 0.5 1.4 1.2 0.8 

 Coal -2.4 -1.5 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 

 Industrial 

 Electricity -2.9 -0.5 -0.3 0.7 0.5 0.4 

 Distillate Oil -5.0 -1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 

 Residual Oil -3.8 -2.8 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.4 

 Natural Gas -2.2 -1.0 0.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 

 Coal -0.3 -0.9 0.0 -0.1 0.3 0.3 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -4.1 -1.2 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.7 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
39

Table Cb-2. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation, 

by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

 Percentage change compounded annually 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 

Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity 0.2 -0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.0 

 Distillate Oil -7.3 -2.0 1.1 1.5 1.1 0.9 

 LPG -0.7 -0.3 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 

 Natural Gas -2.1 -0.4 0.3 1.6 1.2 0.8 

 Commercial 

 Electricity -0.4 -0.4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -6.5 -1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.9 

 Residual Oil -3.8 -2.1 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 

 Natural Gas -2.3 -0.4 0.4 1.8 1.4 0.9 

 Coal 0.6 -0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 

 Industrial 

 Electricity -1.0 -0.5 -0.2 0.0 0.4 0.1 

 Distillate Oil -5.1 -1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.8 

 Residual Oil -4.2 -2.3 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 

 Natural Gas -2.1 -0.9 0.0 2.0 1.7 1.2 

 Coal -0.6 -0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -3.6 -1.1 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.7 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
40

Table Cb-3. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation, 

by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, 

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia) 

 Percentage change compounded annually 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity 0.0 -0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 

 Distillate Oil -6.2 -1.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 

 LPG -1.8 -0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 

 Natural Gas -1.7 -0.2 0.7 1.3 1.1 0.7 

Commercial 

 Electricity -0.5 -0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -5.8 -1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 0.9 

 Residual Oil -1.9 -2.9 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.4 

 Natural Gas -1.7 -0.3 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.8 

 Coal -1.8 -1.4 -0.1 -0.2 0.3 0.4 

Industrial 

 Electricity -0.9 -0.6 -0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -5.2 -1.3 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.9 

 Residual Oil -4.1 -2.8 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 

 Natural Gas -2.2 -1.0 0.7 1.8 1.7 1.3 

 Coal -1.8 -0.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -4.0 -1.2 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
41

Table Cb-4. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation, 

by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

 Percentage change compounded annually 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 

Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 Residential 

 Electricity -0.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 

 Distillate Oil -9.3 -1.0 1.6 1.8 1.0 0.8 

 LPG -1.7 -0.2 -0.2 0.7 0.7 0.5 

 Natural Gas -2.0 -0.1 -0.1 1.9 1.4 0.8 

 Commercial 

 Electricity -1.9 -0.4 -0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -7.0 -1.0 1.8 1.6 1.1 0.9 

 Residual Oil -2.8 -1.2 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 

 Natural Gas -2.1 0.0 0.1 2.2 1.5 0.8 

 Coal -0.1 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 

 Industrial 

 Electricity -1.5 -0.2 -0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 

 Distillate Oil -6.3 -0.8 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.8 

 Residual Oil -2.2 -1.3 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 

 Natural Gas -3.2 -0.9 -0.7 2.8 2.1 1.3 

 Coal -0.5 -0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 

 Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -3.8 -1.1 0.7 -0.1 0.5 0.7 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
42

Table Cb-5. Projected average fuel price escalation rates, excluding general inflation, 

by end-use sector and fuel type. 

United States Average 

 Percentage change compounded annually 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

 2008 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 

 Sector and Fuel to to to to to to 

 2013 2018 2023 2028 2033 2038 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

Residential 

 Electricity -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -6.4 -1.8 1.0 1.4 1.1 0.9 

 LPG -1.4 -0.2 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 

 Natural Gas -1.8 -0.3 0.3 1.5 1.2 0.7 

Commercial 

 Electricity -1.1 -0.4 -0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -5.8 -1.6 1.3 1.4 1.3 0.9 

 Residual Oil -3.6 -2.9 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 

 Natural Gas -1.9 -0.3 0.5 1.7 1.3 0.8 

 Coal -0.6 -0.7 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 

Industrial 

 Electricity -1.3 -0.5 -0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 

 Distillate Oil -5.4 -1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 

 Residual Oil -4.0 -2.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 

 Natural Gas -2.3 -1.0 0.2 2.0 1.8 1.3 

 Coal -1.1 -0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 

Transportation 

 Motor Gasoline -3.9 -1.1 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.7 

----------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 
43

PART II: 

ENERGY PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR LCC ANALYSIS 

This section presents tables of projected nominal (i.e., including inflation) fuel price indices for 

four fuels in the residential sector and five fuels in the commercial sector for each of the years 

from 2008 through 2038. These price indices are based on the DOE energy price projections, 

reported in Part I, Section B of this document, used to calculate the FEMP and OMB UPV* 

factors for energy costs. Tables S-1 to S-5 are provided as an update to similar tables originally 

published in Comprehensive Guide for Least-Cost Energy Decisions (NBS SP 709). 

As a convenience for the user, the indices include the effect of four alternative, hypothetical rates 

of general price inflation: 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %. Selection of these rates is in no way intended 

to suggest what actual rates might be. Use of the indices produce price estimates in current 

dollars, inclusive of general price inflation. Current-dollar prices are needed when discounting is 

performed with discount rates that include general price inflation (i.e., nominal or market

discount rates). 

The calculated indices with inflation rates of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 % allow the analyst to 

perform evaluations based on the assumption of a positive rate of general price inflation that 

changes the purchasing power of the dollar. Performing evaluations in current dollars is 

sometimes preferred for private investment decisions, primarily because it facilitates the 

treatment of taxes. 

The indices in Tables S-1 through S-5 are derived from the indices reported in Tables Ca-1 

through Ca-5 by means of the following equation: 

( ) 1 , N

S C I = I × + g

where IS = index found in Tables S-1 through S-5; 

 IC = index found in Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5; 

 g = annual rate of general price inflation in decimal form; and 

 N = number of years, in this case equal to the year of the index minus 2007. 

Example of How to Use the Indices: 

Suppose you wish to estimate the annual cost of natural gas for a house in Maryland in year 

2011, given the annual cost in 2008 (April 1) prices, and you expect an annual inflation rate of 

3 % per year. From table S-3, find the column with residential natural gas indices at an inflation 

rate of 3 %; then locate the index for the year 2011. This index is 1.03. Multiply the annual cost 

in 2008 prices by the index to find the estimated annual cost in year 2011 prices. 

If this annual cost in year-2011 prices is to be discounted to present value, you must use a 

nominal discount rate that includes the same assumption with regard to general price inflation 

(3 % in this example). To obtain a present-value cost over the entire study period, the presentvalue calculation must be repeated for each year that there are natural gas costs, and the results 

summed. (UPV* factors are not given for private sector use because of the large number of 
44

tables required to cover potential discount rates that might be used by the analyst.) The BLCC 

computer program can perform LCC analyses using any inflation rate and discount rate, in 

constant or in current (market) dollars. The DISCOUNT program, included with BLCC, can 

compute UPV* factors based on DOE energy price escalation rates using any inflation rate and 

discount rate. (See page iv for more information on these programs.) Of course, the private sector 

analyst may use the UPV* factors reported in Part I, provided the analysis is performed in 

constant dollars and the desired discount rate corresponds to the DOE or OMB discount rates 

used in Part I. 

For further explanation of the use of these indices, see NBS Special Publication 709, appendix B, 

Part I. 

The data in the tables that follow are reported for the four Census regions and the U.S. average. 

Figure B-1 on page 13 presents a map showing the states corresponding to the four Census 

regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, 

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin Islands. Analysts of federal projects in these 

areas should use data which are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the 

tables with U.S. average data for guidance. 
Table S-1. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates 

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

 Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00)  --------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL----------------------------------- Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Na ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ -------- Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inf

Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.03 12010 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.12 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.03 12011 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.15 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.02 12012 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.22 0.82 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.03 12013 1.10 1.15 1.21 1.27 0.80 0.84 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.03 12014 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.33 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.03 12015 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.39 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.25 1.04 12016 1.16 1.26 1.36 1.47 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.06 12017 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.55 0.79 0.86 0.94 1.02 1.06 1.16 1.27 1.38 1.09 12018 1.23 1.35 1.49 1.64 0.81 0.89 0.98 1.08 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.45 1.12 12019 1.25 1.39 1.55 1.72 0.84 0.93 1.03 1.15 1.11 1.24 1.38 1.53 1.15 12020 1.27 1.43 1.60 1.80 0.86 0.97 1.08 1.22 1.13 1.27 1.43 1.60 1.17 12021 1.29 1.46 1.66 1.88 0.88 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.15 1.30 1.48 1.67 1.19 12022 1.31 1.51 1.72 1.97 0.91 1.04 1.19 1.36 1.17 1.35 1.54 1.76 1.22 12023 1.35 1.56 1.80 2.08 0.94 1.08 1.25 1.45 1.20 1.39 1.61 1.85 1.26 12024 1.38 1.61 1.88 2.19 0.97 1.13 1.32 1.54 1.23 1.44 1.68 1.95 1.30 12025 1.41 1.66 1.96 2.31 1.00 1.18 1.40 1.64 1.26 1.49 1.75 2.06 1.34 12026 1.44 1.72 2.04 2.43 1.04 1.24 1.47 1.75 1.29 1.54 1.83 2.17 1.39 12027 1.47 1.77 2.13 2.55 1.07 1.29 1.55 1.86 1.32 1.59 1.90 2.28 1.42 12028 1.51 1.83 2.22 2.69 1.11 1.35 1.64 1.98 1.35 1.64 1.99 2.41 1.47 12029 1.54 1.89 2.32 2.83 1.15 1.41 1.73 2.11 1.39 1.70 2.09 2.55 1.53 12030 1.58 1.96 2.42 2.99 1.19 1.48 1.82 2.25 1.42 1.76 2.18 2.69 1.58 12031 1.61 2.02 2.52 3.14 1.23 1.53 1.92 2.39 1.46 1.82 2.28 2.84 1.62 22032 1.65 2.09 2.63 3.31 1.26 1.59 2.01 2.53 1.49 1.89 2.38 2.99 1.66 22033 1.69 2.15 2.74 3.48 1.30 1.66 2.11 2.68 1.53 1.95 2.49 3.16 1.71 22034 1.72 2.22 2.86 3.66 1.33 1.72 2.21 2.83 1.57 2.02 2.60 3.33 1.75 22035 1.76 2.29 2.98 3.85 1.37 1.79 2.32 3.00 1.61 2.09 2.71 3.52 1.80 22036 1.80 2.37 3.10 4.06 1.41 1.85 2.43 3.18 1.65 2.17 2.84 3.71 1.85 22037 1.84 2.44 3.23 4.27 1.45 1.93 2.55 3.37 1.69 2.24 2.97 3.91 1.90 22038 1.88 2.52 3.37 4.49 1.49 2.00 2.67 3.56 1.73 2.32 3.10 4.13 1.95 2

45
Table S-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL------------------------------------------ Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 2010 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 2011 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.10 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 2012 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 0.86 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 2013 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.17 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.97 0.91 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.18 2014 1.01 1.07 1.14 1.20 0.84 0.89 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.02 1.08 1.15 1.21 2015 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.25 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.02 0.86 0.92 0.99 1.06 1.03 1.10 1.18 1.26 2016 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03 0.84 0.90 0.98 1.05 1.05 1.13 1.22 1.32 2017 1.07 1.17 1.28 1.39 0.83 0.90 0.98 1.07 0.84 0.92 1.00 1.09 1.07 1.17 1.28 1.39 2018 1.10 1.22 1.34 1.48 0.85 0.94 1.03 1.14 0.87 0.96 1.06 1.16 1.11 1.22 1.35 1.48 2019 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.56 0.89 0.99 1.10 1.22 0.90 1.01 1.12 1.24 1.14 1.27 1.41 1.57 2020 1.15 1.30 1.46 1.63 0.92 1.04 1.17 1.31 0.94 1.05 1.18 1.32 1.16 1.31 1.47 1.65 2021 1.16 1.32 1.50 1.70 0.95 1.07 1.22 1.38 0.97 1.10 1.25 1.41 1.18 1.34 1.52 1.72 2022 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.79 0.97 1.11 1.27 1.46 1.00 1.15 1.32 1.50 1.22 1.39 1.60 1.82 2023 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.89 1.00 1.16 1.34 1.55 1.04 1.20 1.39 1.61 1.26 1.45 1.68 1.94 2024 1.25 1.46 1.71 1.99 1.03 1.21 1.41 1.64 1.08 1.26 1.47 1.71 1.30 1.52 1.77 2.07 2025 1.28 1.52 1.79 2.10 1.07 1.26 1.49 1.75 1.12 1.32 1.56 1.83 1.34 1.59 1.87 2.20 2026 1.32 1.57 1.87 2.22 1.11 1.32 1.57 1.87 1.16 1.38 1.64 1.95 1.39 1.66 1.97 2.35 2027 1.35 1.62 1.95 2.33 1.15 1.38 1.66 1.99 1.18 1.42 1.71 2.05 1.43 1.72 2.07 2.48 2028 1.39 1.69 2.04 2.48 1.18 1.44 1.75 2.12 1.23 1.49 1.81 2.19 1.49 1.81 2.19 2.66 2029 1.42 1.74 2.14 2.61 1.23 1.51 1.85 2.26 1.28 1.57 1.92 2.34 1.55 1.90 2.32 2.84 2030 1.46 1.81 2.23 2.76 1.27 1.58 1.95 2.41 1.32 1.64 2.03 2.50 1.60 1.98 2.45 3.03 2031 1.49 1.87 2.33 2.91 1.31 1.64 2.05 2.56 1.37 1.71 2.14 2.67 1.65 2.06 2.58 3.21 2032 1.53 1.93 2.44 3.07 1.35 1.71 2.15 2.71 1.42 1.79 2.26 2.84 1.69 2.14 2.70 3.40 2033 1.57 2.00 2.54 3.23 1.39 1.77 2.26 2.87 1.47 1.87 2.38 3.03 1.74 2.22 2.83 3.59 2034 1.60 2.07 2.66 3.41 1.43 1.84 2.37 3.04 1.52 1.96 2.52 3.23 1.79 2.31 2.96 3.80 2035 1.64 2.14 2.77 3.59 1.47 1.92 2.49 3.22 1.57 2.04 2.65 3.44 1.84 2.39 3.10 4.02 2036 1.68 2.21 2.89 3.78 1.52 1.99 2.61 3.41 1.63 2.14 2.80 3.66 1.89 2.48 3.25 4.25 2037 1.72 2.28 3.02 3.99 1.56 2.07 2.74 3.62 1.68 2.23 2.95 3.90 1.94 2.58 3.41 4.50 2038 1.76 2.36 3.16 4.21 1.60 2.15 2.87 3.83 1.74 2.33 3.12 4.16 2.00 2.67 3.57 4.76 

46
Table S-1, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 1 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 

New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL-----------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate 

Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 2010 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.10 2011 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.06 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 2012 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.09 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.98 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.13 2013 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 0.86 0.90 0.94 0.99 0.91 0.95 1.00 1.05 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.14 2014 0.94 1.00 1.06 1.12 0.86 0.91 0.97 1.03 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.05 0.98 1.04 1.10 1.16 2015 0.95 1.02 1.09 1.17 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.05 0.86 0.92 0.99 1.05 0.98 1.04 1.12 1.19 2016 0.97 1.05 1.13 1.22 0.85 0.91 0.99 1.07 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.05 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 2017 0.99 1.09 1.18 1.29 0.86 0.94 1.02 1.11 0.84 0.92 1.00 1.09 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.31 2018 1.02 1.13 1.24 1.37 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.18 0.87 0.96 1.06 1.16 1.04 1.14 1.26 1.39 2019 1.04 1.16 1.29 1.44 0.93 1.03 1.15 1.27 0.90 1.00 1.12 1.24 1.07 1.19 1.32 1.47 2020 1.06 1.19 1.33 1.50 0.97 1.09 1.23 1.38 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.32 1.08 1.21 1.36 1.53 2021 1.06 1.21 1.37 1.55 0.99 1.13 1.28 1.44 0.96 1.10 1.24 1.41 1.08 1.23 1.40 1.58 2022 1.08 1.24 1.42 1.63 1.02 1.17 1.34 1.53 1.00 1.14 1.31 1.50 1.12 1.28 1.46 1.67 2023 1.11 1.29 1.49 1.72 1.05 1.21 1.40 1.62 1.03 1.20 1.38 1.60 1.15 1.33 1.54 1.78 2024 1.15 1.34 1.56 1.82 1.07 1.25 1.46 1.71 1.07 1.25 1.46 1.71 1.19 1.39 1.62 1.89 2025 1.18 1.39 1.64 1.93 1.11 1.31 1.55 1.82 1.11 1.31 1.55 1.82 1.23 1.45 1.71 2.01 2026 1.21 1.44 1.71 2.03 1.15 1.37 1.63 1.94 1.15 1.37 1.63 1.94 1.28 1.52 1.81 2.15 2027 1.23 1.48 1.78 2.14 1.19 1.43 1.72 2.06 1.17 1.41 1.70 2.04 1.31 1.58 1.90 2.27 2028 1.27 1.55 1.88 2.27 1.23 1.49 1.81 2.19 1.22 1.48 1.79 2.17 1.36 1.66 2.01 2.44 2029 1.30 1.60 1.96 2.40 1.27 1.56 1.91 2.34 1.26 1.55 1.90 2.32 1.42 1.74 2.13 2.61 2030 1.34 1.66 2.05 2.53 1.32 1.63 2.02 2.49 1.31 1.62 2.01 2.48 1.47 1.83 2.26 2.79 2031 1.37 1.72 2.15 2.67 1.36 1.70 2.12 2.64 1.36 1.70 2.12 2.64 1.52 1.90 2.38 2.96 2032 1.41 1.78 2.24 2.82 1.40 1.76 2.22 2.80 1.40 1.77 2.24 2.81 1.57 1.98 2.50 3.14 2033 1.44 1.84 2.34 2.97 1.44 1.83 2.33 2.96 1.45 1.85 2.36 3.00 1.62 2.06 2.63 3.34 2034 1.48 1.90 2.45 3.14 1.48 1.90 2.45 3.14 1.50 1.94 2.49 3.19 1.67 2.15 2.76 3.54 2035 1.51 1.97 2.56 3.31 1.52 1.98 2.57 3.33 1.55 2.02 2.63 3.40 1.72 2.24 2.90 3.76 2036 1.55 2.04 2.67 3.49 1.56 2.05 2.69 3.52 1.61 2.11 2.77 3.62 1.77 2.33 3.05 3.99 2037 1.59 2.11 2.79 3.68 1.61 2.14 2.83 3.73 1.66 2.21 2.92 3.86 1.83 2.43 3.21 4.24 2038 1.63 2.18 2.91 3.88 1.66 2.22 2.97 3.95 1.72 2.31 3.08 4.11 1.89 2.53 3.38 4.50 

47
Table S-2. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rate

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

--------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL--------------------------------- Electricity Distillate Oil LPG  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------ Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate IYear 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.02 2010 1.08 1.11 1.13 1.15 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.87 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.01 2011 1.10 1.13 1.16 1.19 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.88 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 0.99 2012 1.10 1.15 1.19 1.24 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.87 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.19 0.99 2013 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.29 0.75 0.79 0.83 0.87 1.07 1.12 1.18 1.23 0.99 2014 1.13 1.20 1.27 1.35 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.89 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.28 0.99 2015 1.15 1.23 1.32 1.41 0.73 0.79 0.84 0.90 1.09 1.17 1.25 1.34 1.00 2016 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.48 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.91 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.02 2017 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.56 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.14 1.24 1.35 1.47 1.04 2018 1.23 1.36 1.49 1.64 0.75 0.83 0.91 1.01 1.16 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.07 2019 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.73 0.78 0.86 0.96 1.07 1.19 1.32 1.47 1.64 1.10 2020 1.28 1.44 1.62 1.81 0.80 0.90 1.01 1.13 1.21 1.36 1.52 1.71 1.12 2021 1.30 1.48 1.68 1.90 0.82 0.93 1.06 1.20 1.22 1.39 1.58 1.78 1.13 2022 1.33 1.52 1.74 1.99 0.85 0.97 1.11 1.27 1.25 1.44 1.64 1.88 1.16 2023 1.35 1.57 1.81 2.09 0.88 1.01 1.17 1.35 1.29 1.49 1.72 1.99 1.20 2024 1.38 1.61 1.88 2.20 0.91 1.06 1.24 1.44 1.32 1.54 1.80 2.10 1.24 2025 1.40 1.66 1.95 2.30 0.94 1.11 1.31 1.54 1.35 1.60 1.88 2.22 1.29 2026 1.43 1.70 2.03 2.41 0.98 1.16 1.38 1.64 1.39 1.66 1.97 2.34 1.34 2027 1.45 1.75 2.10 2.52 1.01 1.21 1.46 1.75 1.43 1.72 2.06 2.47 1.38 2028 1.49 1.81 2.19 2.65 1.04 1.27 1.54 1.86 1.47 1.78 2.17 2.62 1.43 2029 1.52 1.86 2.28 2.79 1.08 1.33 1.63 1.99 1.51 1.85 2.27 2.78 1.49 2030 1.55 1.93 2.38 2.94 1.12 1.38 1.71 2.11 1.55 1.92 2.38 2.94 1.55 2031 1.59 1.99 2.48 3.09 1.15 1.44 1.80 2.24 1.59 1.99 2.49 3.10 1.59 2032 1.62 2.05 2.58 3.25 1.18 1.50 1.89 2.37 1.64 2.07 2.61 3.28 1.64 2033 1.65 2.11 2.68 3.41 1.22 1.56 1.98 2.52 1.68 2.14 2.73 3.46 1.68 2034 1.68 2.17 2.79 3.58 1.25 1.62 2.08 2.67 1.72 2.22 2.85 3.66 1.73 2035 1.72 2.23 2.90 3.76 1.29 1.68 2.18 2.82 1.77 2.30 2.98 3.86 1.78 2036 1.75 2.30 3.02 3.94 1.33 1.75 2.29 2.99 1.81 2.38 3.12 4.08 1.83 2037 1.79 2.37 3.14 4.14 1.37 1.82 2.40 3.17 1.86 2.47 3.27 4.31 1.88 2038 1.82 2.44 3.26 4.34 1.41 1.89 2.52 3.36 1.91 2.56 3.42 4.55 1.93 

48
Table S-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation r

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL----------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ 

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 2010 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.15 0.85 0.86 0.88 0.90 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 2011 1.09 1.12 1.15 1.19 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.16 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 2012 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.22 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.07 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.11 2013 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.25 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.91 0.91 0.95 1.00 1.05 0.98 1.03 1.08 1.14 2014 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.29 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.94 0.91 0.96 1.02 1.08 0.98 1.04 1.11 1.17 2015 1.09 1.17 1.25 1.34 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.95 0.88 0.94 1.01 1.08 0.99 1.06 1.14 1.21 2016 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.40 0.77 0.83 0.89 0.97 0.87 0.94 1.01 1.09 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.27 2017 1.14 1.24 1.35 1.47 0.77 0.85 0.92 1.01 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.03 1.13 1.23 1.34 2018 1.17 1.29 1.42 1.56 0.80 0.88 0.97 1.07 0.90 0.99 1.09 1.20 1.07 1.18 1.30 1.43 2019 1.19 1.33 1.48 1.64 0.83 0.93 1.03 1.15 0.95 1.06 1.17 1.31 1.10 1.22 1.36 1.51 2020 1.22 1.37 1.54 1.72 0.87 0.98 1.10 1.23 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.41 1.11 1.25 1.41 1.58 2021 1.24 1.40 1.59 1.80 0.89 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.04 1.18 1.33 1.51 1.12 1.28 1.45 1.64 2022 1.26 1.45 1.66 1.90 0.92 1.05 1.20 1.37 1.07 1.22 1.40 1.60 1.16 1.33 1.52 1.74 2023 1.29 1.50 1.73 2.00 0.94 1.09 1.26 1.46 1.11 1.29 1.49 1.72 1.20 1.39 1.61 1.85 2024 1.32 1.54 1.80 2.10 0.97 1.14 1.33 1.55 1.16 1.35 1.58 1.84 1.25 1.46 1.70 1.98 2025 1.35 1.59 1.87 2.20 1.01 1.19 1.40 1.65 1.20 1.42 1.67 1.97 1.29 1.53 1.80 2.12 2026 1.37 1.64 1.95 2.31 1.05 1.25 1.48 1.76 1.25 1.49 1.77 2.10 1.34 1.60 1.91 2.27 2027 1.40 1.68 2.02 2.43 1.08 1.30 1.57 1.88 1.28 1.54 1.85 2.22 1.39 1.67 2.01 2.41 2028 1.43 1.74 2.12 2.56 1.12 1.36 1.65 2.00 1.33 1.61 1.96 2.37 1.45 1.76 2.14 2.59 2029 1.47 1.80 2.21 2.70 1.16 1.43 1.75 2.14 1.37 1.68 2.06 2.51 1.51 1.85 2.27 2.78 2030 1.51 1.88 2.32 2.86 1.21 1.49 1.85 2.28 1.42 1.75 2.17 2.68 1.57 1.94 2.40 2.97 2031 1.55 1.94 2.42 3.02 1.24 1.56 1.94 2.42 1.46 1.83 2.29 2.85 1.62 2.02 2.53 3.15 2032 1.58 2.00 2.53 3.18 1.28 1.62 2.04 2.57 1.52 1.91 2.41 3.04 1.66 2.10 2.65 3.34 2033 1.62 2.07 2.63 3.34 1.32 1.68 2.14 2.72 1.57 2.00 2.55 3.23 1.71 2.18 2.78 3.53 2034 1.66 2.13 2.74 3.52 1.36 1.75 2.25 2.88 1.62 2.09 2.68 3.44 1.76 2.27 2.92 3.74 2035 1.69 2.20 2.86 3.70 1.40 1.82 2.36 3.06 1.67 2.18 2.83 3.66 1.81 2.36 3.06 3.96 2036 1.73 2.27 2.98 3.90 1.44 1.89 2.48 3.24 1.73 2.28 2.98 3.90 1.86 2.45 3.21 4.20 2037 1.77 2.35 3.11 4.10 1.48 1.97 2.60 3.43 1.79 2.38 3.14 4.15 1.92 2.54 3.37 4.44 2038 1.81 2.42 3.24 4.31 1.53 2.04 2.73 3.64 1.85 2.48 3.32 4.42 1.97 2.64 3.53 4.71 

49
Table S-2, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation r

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 2 (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, 

Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2007 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL---------------------------------------- Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------  Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 2010 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.15 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.93 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.11 2011 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.17 0.89 0.92 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.02 1.05 1.08 1.11 2012 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.19 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.98 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 2013 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.21 0.85 0.89 0.94 0.98 0.89 0.94 0.98 1.03 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.15 2014 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.24 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.02 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.06 0.98 1.04 1.11 1.17 2015 1.05 1.13 1.21 1.29 0.85 0.91 0.98 1.05 0.87 0.93 0.99 1.06 0.98 1.05 1.13 1.21 2016 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.06 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.07 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 2017 1.10 1.20 1.31 1.42 0.85 0.93 1.02 1.11 0.85 0.93 1.02 1.11 1.02 1.11 1.21 1.32 2018 1.13 1.24 1.37 1.51 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.17 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.17 1.05 1.15 1.27 1.40 2019 1.15 1.28 1.43 1.58 0.92 1.03 1.14 1.27 0.92 1.03 1.14 1.27 1.08 1.20 1.33 1.48 2020 1.17 1.32 1.48 1.66 0.97 1.09 1.22 1.37 0.96 1.08 1.22 1.37 1.08 1.22 1.37 1.53 2021 1.18 1.34 1.52 1.73 0.99 1.12 1.27 1.44 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.46 1.08 1.23 1.39 1.58 2022 1.21 1.38 1.58 1.81 1.01 1.16 1.33 1.52 1.03 1.18 1.35 1.55 1.11 1.28 1.46 1.67 2023 1.23 1.43 1.65 1.91 1.04 1.20 1.39 1.61 1.07 1.24 1.43 1.66 1.16 1.34 1.55 1.79 2024 1.26 1.47 1.72 2.00 1.07 1.25 1.46 1.70 1.12 1.31 1.53 1.78 1.20 1.41 1.64 1.91 2025 1.28 1.51 1.78 2.10 1.10 1.30 1.54 1.81 1.16 1.37 1.62 1.90 1.25 1.47 1.74 2.05 2026 1.31 1.56 1.85 2.20 1.14 1.36 1.62 1.92 1.20 1.44 1.71 2.03 1.30 1.55 1.85 2.19 2027 1.33 1.60 1.92 2.31 1.18 1.42 1.71 2.05 1.23 1.49 1.79 2.14 1.35 1.62 1.95 2.34 2028 1.36 1.66 2.01 2.43 1.22 1.48 1.80 2.17 1.28 1.55 1.88 2.28 1.41 1.71 2.08 2.51 2029 1.40 1.71 2.10 2.57 1.26 1.55 1.90 2.32 1.32 1.62 1.98 2.43 1.47 1.81 2.21 2.71 2030 1.44 1.78 2.20 2.72 1.31 1.62 2.01 2.48 1.37 1.69 2.09 2.58 1.53 1.90 2.35 2.90 2031 1.47 1.84 2.30 2.86 1.35 1.69 2.11 2.63 1.41 1.77 2.21 2.75 1.59 1.99 2.48 3.09 2032 1.50 1.90 2.39 3.01 1.39 1.75 2.21 2.78 1.46 1.85 2.33 2.93 1.64 2.07 2.61 3.28 2033 1.53 1.96 2.49 3.16 1.43 1.82 2.32 2.95 1.51 1.93 2.46 3.12 1.69 2.16 2.74 3.49 2034 1.56 2.02 2.59 3.32 1.47 1.89 2.43 3.12 1.56 2.01 2.59 3.32 1.74 2.25 2.89 3.71 2035 1.60 2.08 2.70 3.49 1.51 1.97 2.55 3.31 1.62 2.10 2.73 3.53 1.80 2.34 3.04 3.93 2036 1.63 2.14 2.81 3.67 1.55 2.04 2.68 3.50 1.67 2.19 2.87 3.76 1.86 2.44 3.20 4.18 2037 1.66 2.21 2.92 3.86 1.60 2.12 2.81 3.71 1.73 2.29 3.03 4.00 1.92 2.54 3.37 4.44 2038 1.70 2.28 3.04 4.06 1.64 2.20 2.94 3.92 1.79 2.39 3.20 4.26 1.98 2.65 3.54 4.72 

50
Table S-3. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates 

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisia Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Vi Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) --------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL------------------------------------------ Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natural  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ --------------- Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.09 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.2010 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.15 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.01 1.03 1.2011 1.08 1.12 1.15 1.18 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.00 1.03 1.2012 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.23 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.92 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.00 1.04 1.2013 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.28 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.93 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.01 1.06 1.2014 1.12 1.18 1.26 1.33 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.02 1.08 1.15 1.21 1.02 1.08 1.2015 1.13 1.21 1.30 1.39 0.79 0.84 0.90 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.19 1.27 1.03 1.10 1.2016 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.46 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.04 1.13 1.2017 1.18 1.29 1.41 1.53 0.78 0.86 0.93 1.02 1.08 1.17 1.28 1.40 1.07 1.17 1.2018 1.20 1.32 1.46 1.60 0.81 0.89 0.98 1.08 1.10 1.21 1.34 1.47 1.11 1.22 1.2019 1.23 1.37 1.52 1.69 0.83 0.93 1.03 1.14 1.13 1.25 1.39 1.55 1.14 1.27 1.2020 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.77 0.86 0.96 1.08 1.21 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.17 1.31 1.2021 1.28 1.45 1.64 1.86 0.88 1.00 1.13 1.28 1.17 1.33 1.50 1.70 1.19 1.35 1.2022 1.30 1.50 1.71 1.96 0.90 1.04 1.19 1.36 1.20 1.37 1.57 1.79 1.22 1.40 1.2023 1.33 1.54 1.78 2.06 0.93 1.08 1.25 1.44 1.23 1.42 1.64 1.89 1.26 1.46 1.2024 1.36 1.59 1.85 2.16 0.97 1.13 1.32 1.54 1.26 1.47 1.71 2.00 1.31 1.53 1.2025 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.27 1.00 1.18 1.39 1.64 1.29 1.52 1.79 2.11 1.35 1.60 1.2026 1.42 1.69 2.01 2.39 1.04 1.24 1.47 1.75 1.32 1.57 1.87 2.22 1.40 1.67 1.2027 1.45 1.74 2.09 2.51 1.07 1.29 1.55 1.86 1.35 1.62 1.95 2.34 1.43 1.73 2.2028 1.48 1.80 2.18 2.64 1.11 1.34 1.63 1.98 1.38 1.68 2.04 2.47 1.49 1.81 2.2029 1.51 1.86 2.27 2.78 1.15 1.41 1.72 2.11 1.42 1.74 2.14 2.61 1.55 1.90 2.2030 1.54 1.91 2.37 2.92 1.19 1.47 1.82 2.25 1.46 1.80 2.23 2.75 1.60 1.98 2.2031 1.58 1.97 2.47 3.07 1.22 1.53 1.91 2.38 1.49 1.87 2.33 2.91 1.65 2.06 2.2032 1.61 2.04 2.57 3.23 1.26 1.59 2.00 2.52 1.53 1.93 2.44 3.07 1.69 2.14 2.2033 1.65 2.10 2.67 3.40 1.29 1.65 2.10 2.67 1.57 2.00 2.55 3.24 1.73 2.21 2.2034 1.68 2.17 2.78 3.57 1.33 1.71 2.20 2.83 1.61 2.07 2.66 3.42 1.78 2.30 2.2035 1.72 2.23 2.90 3.75 1.37 1.78 2.31 2.99 1.65 2.15 2.79 3.61 1.83 2.38 3.2036 1.75 2.30 3.02 3.95 1.41 1.85 2.42 3.17 1.69 2.22 2.91 3.81 1.88 2.47 3.2037 1.79 2.38 3.14 4.15 1.45 1.92 2.54 3.36 1.73 2.30 3.05 4.02 1.93 2.56 3.2038 1.83 2.45 3.27 4.36 1.49 2.00 2.67 3.55 1.78 2.38 3.18 4.24 1.98 2.66 3.

51
Table S-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Lou

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Vi

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 2010 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.93 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 2011 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.17 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.95 1.10 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 2012 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.21 0.84 0.88 0.91 0.95 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.14 2013 1.08 1.13 1.19 1.25 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.17 2014 1.08 1.15 1.21 1.29 0.82 0.87 0.92 0.98 0.99 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.21 2015 1.09 1.17 1.25 1.34 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.99 0.96 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.02 1.09 1.17 1.25 2016 1.11 1.21 1.30 1.41 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.00 0.92 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.04 1.12 1.21 1.31 2017 1.14 1.24 1.36 1.48 0.81 0.88 0.96 1.05 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.07 1.16 1.27 1.38 2018 1.16 1.28 1.41 1.55 0.83 0.92 1.01 1.11 0.96 1.05 1.16 1.28 1.10 1.22 1.34 1.47 2019 1.19 1.32 1.47 1.63 0.87 0.97 1.07 1.19 0.99 1.11 1.23 1.37 1.14 1.27 1.41 1.56 2020 1.21 1.36 1.53 1.71 0.90 1.02 1.14 1.28 1.03 1.16 1.30 1.46 1.16 1.31 1.47 1.65 2021 1.23 1.39 1.58 1.79 0.93 1.05 1.19 1.35 1.06 1.21 1.37 1.55 1.18 1.35 1.53 1.73 2022 1.26 1.44 1.65 1.88 0.95 1.09 1.25 1.43 1.09 1.25 1.44 1.64 1.22 1.40 1.60 1.83 2023 1.28 1.48 1.71 1.98 0.98 1.14 1.31 1.52 1.14 1.32 1.52 1.75 1.26 1.46 1.69 1.95 2024 1.31 1.53 1.78 2.08 1.01 1.18 1.38 1.61 1.18 1.38 1.62 1.88 1.31 1.53 1.79 2.08 2025 1.34 1.58 1.86 2.19 1.05 1.24 1.46 1.72 1.23 1.45 1.71 2.02 1.35 1.60 1.88 2.22 2026 1.37 1.63 1.94 2.30 1.09 1.30 1.54 1.84 1.28 1.53 1.82 2.16 1.40 1.67 1.99 2.36 2027 1.39 1.68 2.02 2.42 1.13 1.36 1.63 1.95 1.32 1.58 1.90 2.28 1.44 1.73 2.08 2.50 2028 1.43 1.74 2.11 2.56 1.17 1.42 1.72 2.08 1.36 1.66 2.01 2.43 1.50 1.82 2.21 2.68 2029 1.46 1.80 2.20 2.69 1.21 1.48 1.82 2.22 1.41 1.73 2.12 2.59 1.56 1.91 2.34 2.86 2030 1.50 1.85 2.29 2.83 1.26 1.56 1.93 2.38 1.46 1.81 2.24 2.76 1.61 2.00 2.47 3.05 2031 1.53 1.91 2.39 2.98 1.30 1.62 2.03 2.53 1.51 1.89 2.36 2.94 1.66 2.08 2.59 3.23 2032 1.56 1.97 2.49 3.13 1.34 1.69 2.13 2.68 1.56 1.97 2.49 3.13 1.71 2.16 2.72 3.42 2033 1.60 2.04 2.59 3.29 1.38 1.76 2.23 2.84 1.62 2.06 2.63 3.34 1.75 2.24 2.85 3.62 2034 1.63 2.10 2.70 3.46 1.42 1.82 2.35 3.01 1.67 2.15 2.77 3.55 1.80 2.32 2.99 3.83 2035 1.67 2.17 2.81 3.64 1.46 1.90 2.46 3.19 1.73 2.25 2.92 3.78 1.86 2.41 3.13 4.06 2036 1.70 2.24 2.93 3.83 1.50 1.97 2.58 3.38 1.79 2.35 3.08 4.03 1.91 2.51 3.29 4.30 2037 1.74 2.31 3.05 4.03 1.55 2.05 2.71 3.58 1.85 2.45 3.25 4.29 1.96 2.60 3.44 4.54 2038 1.78 2.38 3.18 4.24 1.59 2.13 2.85 3.80 1.91 2.56 3.43 4.57 2.02 2.70 3.61 4.81 

52
Table S-3, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 3 (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Lou

Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Vi

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 2010 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.92 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.11 2011 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.16 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.11 2012 1.06 1.10 1.14 1.19 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.97 0.94 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 2013 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.22 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.98 0.90 0.94 0.99 1.04 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.14 2014 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.26 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.01 0.88 0.94 0.99 1.05 0.98 1.04 1.10 1.16 2015 1.07 1.14 1.22 1.31 0.85 0.91 0.97 1.04 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.05 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.19 2016 1.09 1.18 1.27 1.37 0.84 0.90 0.98 1.05 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.05 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 2017 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.45 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.10 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.08 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 2018 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.52 0.87 0.96 1.06 1.17 0.86 0.95 1.04 1.15 1.04 1.15 1.26 1.39 2019 1.16 1.29 1.44 1.60 0.91 1.02 1.13 1.26 0.90 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.07 1.19 1.33 1.48 2020 1.18 1.33 1.49 1.67 0.96 1.08 1.21 1.36 0.93 1.05 1.17 1.32 1.10 1.23 1.38 1.55 2021 1.20 1.36 1.55 1.75 0.98 1.11 1.26 1.43 0.96 1.09 1.24 1.40 1.11 1.26 1.43 1.62 2022 1.23 1.41 1.61 1.84 1.01 1.15 1.32 1.51 0.99 1.14 1.30 1.49 1.15 1.31 1.50 1.72 2023 1.25 1.45 1.67 1.93 1.03 1.20 1.38 1.60 1.03 1.19 1.38 1.59 1.19 1.38 1.59 1.84 2024 1.28 1.49 1.74 2.03 1.06 1.24 1.45 1.69 1.07 1.26 1.47 1.71 1.24 1.44 1.69 1.97 2025 1.31 1.54 1.82 2.14 1.10 1.30 1.53 1.80 1.12 1.32 1.55 1.83 1.28 1.51 1.78 2.10 2026 1.34 1.59 1.90 2.25 1.14 1.36 1.61 1.92 1.16 1.38 1.65 1.96 1.33 1.59 1.89 2.24 2027 1.37 1.64 1.97 2.37 1.17 1.41 1.70 2.04 1.19 1.44 1.72 2.07 1.37 1.64 1.98 2.37 2028 1.41 1.71 2.07 2.51 1.21 1.47 1.79 2.17 1.23 1.50 1.82 2.21 1.43 1.74 2.12 2.56 2029 1.44 1.77 2.16 2.64 1.26 1.54 1.89 2.31 1.28 1.57 1.92 2.35 1.50 1.84 2.26 2.76 2030 1.47 1.82 2.25 2.78 1.31 1.62 2.00 2.47 1.32 1.64 2.02 2.50 1.56 1.93 2.39 2.95 2031 1.50 1.88 2.35 2.93 1.35 1.69 2.11 2.63 1.37 1.71 2.14 2.66 1.61 2.02 2.52 3.14 2032 1.54 1.94 2.45 3.08 1.39 1.75 2.21 2.78 1.41 1.79 2.25 2.84 1.67 2.11 2.66 3.34 2033 1.57 2.00 2.55 3.24 1.43 1.82 2.32 2.94 1.46 1.87 2.38 3.02 1.72 2.20 2.80 3.55 2034 1.61 2.07 2.66 3.41 1.47 1.89 2.43 3.12 1.51 1.95 2.51 3.21 1.78 2.29 2.94 3.78 2035 1.64 2.13 2.77 3.59 1.51 1.96 2.55 3.30 1.56 2.04 2.64 3.42 1.84 2.39 3.10 4.02 2036 1.68 2.20 2.89 3.78 1.55 2.04 2.67 3.50 1.62 2.13 2.79 3.64 1.90 2.50 3.27 4.28 2037 1.71 2.27 3.01 3.97 1.60 2.12 2.81 3.70 1.67 2.22 2.94 3.88 1.96 2.60 3.45 4.55 2038 1.75 2.35 3.14 4.18 1.64 2.20 2.94 3.92 1.73 2.32 3.10 4.13 2.03 2.72 3.63 4.84 

53
Table S-4. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates 

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

--------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Natur

------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ -------------

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inf Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 

2009 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 12010 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.01 12011 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.13 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 0.99 12012 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 0.68 0.70 0.73 0.76 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.00 12013 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.79 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.00 12014 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.28 0.68 0.72 0.77 0.81 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.01 12015 1.10 1.18 1.26 1.35 0.68 0.72 0.77 0.83 1.05 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.02 12016 1.13 1.22 1.32 1.42 0.67 0.73 0.79 0.85 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.04 12017 1.15 1.26 1.37 1.50 0.69 0.75 0.82 0.89 1.09 1.19 1.29 1.41 1.07 12018 1.18 1.30 1.44 1.58 0.71 0.79 0.87 0.95 1.11 1.22 1.35 1.48 1.10 12019 1.21 1.35 1.50 1.67 0.74 0.83 0.92 1.02 1.14 1.26 1.41 1.56 1.13 12020 1.24 1.39 1.56 1.75 0.77 0.87 0.97 1.09 1.15 1.29 1.45 1.63 1.14 12021 1.26 1.43 1.62 1.83 0.80 0.90 1.02 1.16 1.16 1.32 1.50 1.69 1.14 12022 1.29 1.48 1.69 1.93 0.82 0.94 1.08 1.23 1.18 1.36 1.55 1.78 1.16 12023 1.32 1.53 1.76 2.04 0.85 0.99 1.14 1.32 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.88 1.21 12024 1.35 1.58 1.84 2.15 0.89 1.04 1.21 1.41 1.25 1.46 1.71 1.99 1.25 12025 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.28 0.92 1.08 1.28 1.50 1.29 1.52 1.79 2.10 1.30 12026 1.43 1.70 2.02 2.40 0.95 1.14 1.35 1.61 1.32 1.58 1.88 2.23 1.36 12027 1.46 1.76 2.11 2.53 0.99 1.20 1.44 1.72 1.36 1.63 1.96 2.35 1.41 12028 1.49 1.81 2.20 2.67 1.03 1.25 1.52 1.84 1.39 1.69 2.06 2.49 1.46 12029 1.53 1.88 2.30 2.82 1.07 1.31 1.60 1.96 1.44 1.76 2.16 2.64 1.52 12030 1.57 1.94 2.40 2.96 1.10 1.36 1.68 2.08 1.48 1.83 2.26 2.79 1.59 12031 1.60 2.01 2.50 3.12 1.13 1.41 1.76 2.20 1.52 1.90 2.37 2.95 1.63 22032 1.64 2.07 2.62 3.29 1.16 1.47 1.85 2.33 1.55 1.96 2.48 3.12 1.68 22033 1.68 2.14 2.73 3.47 1.19 1.52 1.94 2.46 1.59 2.03 2.59 3.29 1.73 22034 1.72 2.22 2.85 3.66 1.23 1.58 2.03 2.61 1.63 2.11 2.71 3.47 1.77 22035 1.76 2.29 2.98 3.85 1.26 1.64 2.13 2.76 1.68 2.18 2.83 3.67 1.82 22036 1.80 2.37 3.11 4.06 1.30 1.71 2.24 2.92 1.72 2.26 2.96 3.87 1.87 22037 1.85 2.45 3.25 4.28 1.34 1.77 2.35 3.10 1.76 2.34 3.10 4.09 1.93 22038 1.89 2.54 3.39 4.52 1.37 1.84 2.46 3.28 1.81 2.42 3.24 4.31 1.98 2

54
Table S-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas 

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ -

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.87 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 2010 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.83 1.26 1.29 1.31 1.34 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 2011 1.01 1.04 1.08 1.11 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 1.22 1.26 1.29 1.33 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.08 2012 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.13 0.76 0.79 0.83 0.86 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.14 0.99 1.03 1.07 1.11 2013 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.16 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.89 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.11 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.15 2014 1.01 1.07 1.14 1.20 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.19 2015 1.03 1.10 1.17 1.26 0.77 0.82 0.88 0.94 0.96 1.02 1.10 1.17 1.02 1.09 1.16 1.24 2016 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32 0.76 0.83 0.89 0.96 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.04 1.12 1.21 1.31 2017 1.07 1.16 1.27 1.38 0.78 0.85 0.92 1.01 0.96 1.05 1.14 1.25 1.06 1.16 1.27 1.38 2018 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.45 0.81 0.89 0.98 1.08 1.00 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.10 1.21 1.33 1.46 2019 1.11 1.24 1.38 1.53 0.85 0.94 1.05 1.16 1.06 1.18 1.32 1.46 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.55 2020 1.13 1.27 1.42 1.60 0.89 1.00 1.12 1.26 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.61 1.14 1.28 1.44 1.62 2021 1.14 1.29 1.46 1.66 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.33 1.19 1.35 1.53 1.73 1.14 1.29 1.47 1.66 2022 1.16 1.33 1.52 1.74 0.94 1.08 1.23 1.41 1.23 1.41 1.61 1.84 1.17 1.34 1.53 1.75 2023 1.18 1.37 1.58 1.82 0.97 1.12 1.30 1.50 1.28 1.49 1.72 1.98 1.21 1.41 1.62 1.88 2024 1.21 1.41 1.65 1.92 1.00 1.17 1.37 1.60 1.34 1.56 1.83 2.13 1.27 1.48 1.73 2.01 2025 1.24 1.47 1.73 2.03 1.04 1.22 1.44 1.70 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.28 1.32 1.56 1.84 2.16 2026 1.27 1.52 1.81 2.15 1.08 1.29 1.53 1.82 1.44 1.72 2.05 2.43 1.38 1.65 1.96 2.33 2027 1.30 1.57 1.88 2.26 1.12 1.35 1.62 1.94 1.48 1.79 2.14 2.57 1.43 1.72 2.07 2.48 2028 1.34 1.62 1.97 2.39 1.16 1.41 1.71 2.07 1.53 1.87 2.26 2.74 1.49 1.81 2.20 2.67 2029 1.37 1.68 2.06 2.52 1.20 1.47 1.80 2.21 1.58 1.94 2.38 2.91 1.56 1.92 2.35 2.87 2030 1.40 1.74 2.15 2.65 1.24 1.54 1.90 2.34 1.64 2.03 2.51 3.10 1.63 2.02 2.50 3.08 2031 1.43 1.79 2.24 2.79 1.27 1.60 1.99 2.48 1.69 2.12 2.65 3.30 1.68 2.11 2.63 3.28 2032 1.46 1.85 2.33 2.94 1.31 1.66 2.09 2.63 1.75 2.21 2.79 3.51 1.73 2.19 2.76 3.47 2033 1.50 1.91 2.43 3.09 1.35 1.72 2.19 2.79 1.81 2.31 2.94 3.74 1.78 2.27 2.89 3.67 2034 1.53 1.97 2.54 3.25 1.39 1.79 2.30 2.95 1.87 2.41 3.10 3.98 1.83 2.36 3.03 3.89 2035 1.56 2.04 2.64 3.42 1.43 1.86 2.41 3.12 1.93 2.52 3.27 4.23 1.88 2.45 3.18 4.11 2036 1.60 2.10 2.75 3.60 1.47 1.93 2.53 3.31 2.00 2.63 3.45 4.51 1.93 2.54 3.33 4.36 2037 1.64 2.17 2.87 3.79 1.51 2.01 2.66 3.50 2.07 2.74 3.63 4.79 1.99 2.64 3.49 4.61 2038 1.67 2.24 2.99 3.99 1.56 2.09 2.79 3.71 2.14 2.86 3.83 5.10 2.05 2.74 3.66 4.88 

55
Table S-4, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

Census Region 4 (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, 

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming) 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.07 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 2010 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.85 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.37 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 2011 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.36 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.06 2012 1.02 1.06 1.11 1.15 0.79 0.83 0.86 0.89 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.18 0.96 0.99 1.03 1.07 2013 1.02 1.07 1.13 1.18 0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.14 0.94 0.99 1.03 1.08 2014 1.03 1.09 1.16 1.23 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.19 0.93 0.99 1.05 1.11 2015 1.05 1.12 1.20 1.28 0.80 0.86 0.92 0.99 0.98 1.05 1.13 1.20 0.94 1.00 1.07 1.15 2016 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 0.80 0.87 0.94 1.01 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 0.95 1.02 1.10 1.19 2017 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.42 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.06 0.99 1.08 1.18 1.28 0.97 1.06 1.15 1.26 2018 1.12 1.23 1.35 1.49 0.84 0.93 1.02 1.13 1.02 1.13 1.24 1.37 0.99 1.09 1.20 1.32 2019 1.14 1.27 1.41 1.57 0.89 0.99 1.10 1.22 1.09 1.22 1.35 1.50 1.02 1.13 1.26 1.40 2020 1.16 1.30 1.46 1.64 0.94 1.05 1.18 1.33 1.17 1.31 1.48 1.66 1.02 1.15 1.29 1.45 2021 1.17 1.33 1.51 1.71 0.96 1.09 1.23 1.40 1.22 1.39 1.57 1.78 1.00 1.14 1.29 1.46 2022 1.19 1.37 1.57 1.79 0.98 1.13 1.29 1.48 1.26 1.45 1.65 1.89 1.01 1.16 1.33 1.52 2023 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.88 1.01 1.17 1.35 1.56 1.32 1.52 1.76 2.03 1.06 1.22 1.41 1.63 2024 1.25 1.46 1.70 1.99 1.04 1.22 1.42 1.65 1.37 1.60 1.87 2.18 1.11 1.30 1.51 1.77 2025 1.29 1.52 1.79 2.10 1.07 1.27 1.49 1.76 1.43 1.69 1.99 2.34 1.16 1.38 1.62 1.91 2026 1.32 1.57 1.87 2.22 1.11 1.33 1.58 1.88 1.48 1.77 2.10 2.50 1.23 1.46 1.74 2.07 2027 1.35 1.62 1.95 2.34 1.15 1.39 1.67 2.00 1.52 1.83 2.20 2.64 1.28 1.54 1.85 2.22 2028 1.38 1.68 2.04 2.47 1.19 1.45 1.75 2.12 1.58 1.92 2.32 2.81 1.34 1.63 1.98 2.39 2029 1.42 1.75 2.14 2.61 1.23 1.51 1.85 2.26 1.63 2.00 2.44 2.99 1.41 1.73 2.12 2.60 2030 1.45 1.80 2.23 2.75 1.27 1.58 1.95 2.41 1.68 2.08 2.58 3.18 1.48 1.84 2.27 2.81 2031 1.49 1.86 2.32 2.89 1.31 1.64 2.05 2.55 1.74 2.18 2.72 3.39 1.54 1.93 2.40 3.00 2032 1.52 1.92 2.42 3.05 1.35 1.70 2.15 2.70 1.80 2.27 2.87 3.61 1.59 2.01 2.54 3.19 2033 1.56 1.99 2.53 3.21 1.39 1.77 2.25 2.86 1.86 2.37 3.02 3.84 1.64 2.10 2.67 3.39 2034 1.59 2.05 2.64 3.38 1.42 1.84 2.36 3.03 1.92 2.48 3.19 4.09 1.70 2.19 2.81 3.60 2035 1.63 2.12 2.75 3.56 1.47 1.91 2.48 3.21 1.99 2.59 3.36 4.35 1.75 2.28 2.96 3.84 2036 1.67 2.19 2.87 3.75 1.51 1.98 2.60 3.39 2.06 2.70 3.54 4.63 1.81 2.38 3.12 4.08 2037 1.71 2.26 3.00 3.95 1.55 2.06 2.72 3.59 2.12 2.82 3.73 4.92 1.87 2.48 3.28 4.34 2038 1.75 2.34 3.12 4.16 1.59 2.14 2.85 3.80 2.20 2.94 3.93 5.24 1.94 2.59 3.46 4.62 

56
Table S-5. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation rates 

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

United States Average 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

--------------------------------------------------RESIDENTIAL------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil LPG Na

 ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ---------

 Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inf

Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 

2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 12010 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.01 12011 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.17 0.83 0.86 0.88 0.91 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.00 12012 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.21 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.91 1.02 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.01 12013 1.10 1.15 1.21 1.27 0.79 0.83 0.88 0.92 1.03 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.01 12014 1.11 1.18 1.25 1.32 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.94 1.04 1.11 1.17 1.24 1.01 12015 1.13 1.21 1.29 1.38 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.06 1.13 1.21 1.30 1.02 12016 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.45 0.77 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.08 1.16 1.26 1.36 1.04 12017 1.18 1.29 1.40 1.53 0.78 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.20 1.31 1.43 1.07 12018 1.20 1.33 1.46 1.61 0.80 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.13 1.24 1.37 1.50 1.10 12019 1.23 1.37 1.52 1.69 0.83 0.92 1.02 1.14 1.15 1.28 1.42 1.58 1.13 12020 1.25 1.41 1.58 1.77 0.85 0.96 1.07 1.20 1.17 1.32 1.48 1.66 1.15 12021 1.27 1.45 1.64 1.86 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.27 1.19 1.35 1.53 1.73 1.16 12022 1.30 1.49 1.71 1.95 0.90 1.03 1.18 1.35 1.22 1.39 1.60 1.82 1.19 12023 1.33 1.54 1.78 2.05 0.93 1.07 1.24 1.43 1.25 1.44 1.67 1.93 1.23 12024 1.36 1.59 1.85 2.16 0.96 1.12 1.31 1.53 1.28 1.49 1.74 2.03 1.27 12025 1.39 1.64 1.93 2.27 0.99 1.17 1.38 1.63 1.31 1.55 1.82 2.15 1.32 12026 1.42 1.69 2.01 2.39 1.03 1.23 1.46 1.74 1.35 1.60 1.91 2.27 1.37 12027 1.45 1.74 2.09 2.51 1.06 1.28 1.54 1.85 1.38 1.66 1.99 2.39 1.41 12028 1.48 1.80 2.18 2.64 1.10 1.34 1.62 1.96 1.42 1.72 2.09 2.53 1.46 12029 1.51 1.86 2.28 2.78 1.14 1.40 1.71 2.10 1.46 1.79 2.19 2.68 1.52 12030 1.55 1.92 2.37 2.93 1.18 1.46 1.81 2.23 1.49 1.85 2.29 2.83 1.58 12031 1.58 1.98 2.47 3.08 1.22 1.52 1.90 2.37 1.53 1.92 2.39 2.98 1.62 22032 1.62 2.04 2.58 3.24 1.25 1.58 1.99 2.51 1.57 1.98 2.50 3.15 1.67 22033 1.65 2.11 2.69 3.41 1.29 1.64 2.09 2.65 1.61 2.05 2.62 3.32 1.71 22034 1.69 2.18 2.80 3.59 1.32 1.70 2.19 2.81 1.65 2.13 2.74 3.51 1.76 22035 1.73 2.25 2.92 3.77 1.36 1.77 2.30 2.98 1.69 2.20 2.86 3.70 1.81 22036 1.76 2.32 3.04 3.97 1.40 1.84 2.41 3.15 1.74 2.28 2.99 3.91 1.86 22037 1.80 2.39 3.16 4.18 1.44 1.91 2.53 3.34 1.78 2.36 3.13 4.13 1.91 22038 1.84 2.47 3.30 4.39 1.48 1.99 2.65 3.53 1.83 2.45 3.27 4.36 1.96 2

57
Table S-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

United States Average 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------COMMERCIAL------------------------------------------

 Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 2010 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.01 1.03 1.06 1.08 2011 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 2012 1.05 1.09 1.13 1.18 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 2013 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.21 0.82 0.86 0.90 0.95 0.92 0.97 1.01 1.06 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16 2014 1.05 1.11 1.18 1.25 0.82 0.87 0.92 0.98 0.90 0.95 1.01 1.07 1.00 1.06 1.13 1.20 2015 1.06 1.14 1.22 1.30 0.81 0.87 0.93 0.99 0.87 0.93 1.00 1.07 1.01 1.08 1.16 1.24 2016 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.01 0.84 0.91 0.98 1.06 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.30 2017 1.11 1.21 1.32 1.44 0.81 0.88 0.96 1.05 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.06 1.15 1.26 1.37 2018 1.13 1.25 1.37 1.51 0.83 0.92 1.01 1.11 0.88 0.97 1.07 1.17 1.09 1.20 1.32 1.46 2019 1.16 1.29 1.43 1.59 0.87 0.97 1.08 1.20 0.91 1.01 1.13 1.25 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.55 2020 1.18 1.32 1.49 1.67 0.91 1.02 1.15 1.29 0.94 1.06 1.19 1.34 1.14 1.29 1.44 1.62 2021 1.19 1.35 1.53 1.74 0.93 1.06 1.20 1.35 0.98 1.11 1.26 1.42 1.16 1.31 1.49 1.69 2022 1.22 1.40 1.60 1.83 0.95 1.09 1.25 1.43 1.01 1.16 1.33 1.52 1.19 1.37 1.56 1.79 2023 1.24 1.44 1.66 1.92 0.98 1.14 1.32 1.52 1.05 1.22 1.40 1.62 1.23 1.43 1.65 1.90 2024 1.27 1.49 1.73 2.02 1.02 1.19 1.39 1.61 1.09 1.27 1.49 1.73 1.28 1.50 1.75 2.03 2025 1.30 1.53 1.81 2.13 1.05 1.24 1.46 1.72 1.13 1.33 1.57 1.85 1.33 1.57 1.85 2.17 2026 1.33 1.58 1.89 2.24 1.09 1.30 1.55 1.84 1.17 1.39 1.66 1.97 1.38 1.64 1.96 2.32 2027 1.36 1.63 1.96 2.36 1.13 1.36 1.63 1.96 1.20 1.44 1.73 2.07 1.42 1.71 2.06 2.47 2028 1.39 1.69 2.05 2.49 1.17 1.42 1.72 2.08 1.24 1.51 1.83 2.21 1.48 1.80 2.18 2.64 2029 1.43 1.75 2.15 2.62 1.21 1.49 1.82 2.22 1.29 1.58 1.94 2.37 1.54 1.89 2.32 2.83 2030 1.46 1.81 2.24 2.76 1.26 1.56 1.92 2.38 1.34 1.65 2.05 2.53 1.60 1.98 2.45 3.03 2031 1.50 1.87 2.34 2.92 1.29 1.62 2.02 2.52 1.38 1.73 2.16 2.69 1.65 2.06 2.58 3.21 2032 1.53 1.94 2.44 3.07 1.33 1.68 2.12 2.67 1.43 1.81 2.28 2.87 1.69 2.14 2.70 3.40 2033 1.57 2.00 2.55 3.23 1.37 1.75 2.23 2.83 1.48 1.89 2.41 3.06 1.74 2.22 2.83 3.60 2034 1.60 2.06 2.65 3.40 1.41 1.82 2.34 3.00 1.53 1.98 2.54 3.26 1.79 2.31 2.97 3.80 2035 1.64 2.13 2.77 3.58 1.45 1.89 2.45 3.18 1.59 2.06 2.68 3.47 1.84 2.40 3.11 4.03 2036 1.67 2.20 2.88 3.77 1.50 1.97 2.58 3.37 1.64 2.16 2.83 3.70 1.89 2.49 3.26 4.27 2037 1.71 2.27 3.01 3.97 1.54 2.04 2.70 3.57 1.70 2.25 2.98 3.94 1.95 2.59 3.42 4.52 2038 1.75 2.34 3.13 4.18 1.58 2.12 2.84 3.78 1.76 2.36 3.15 4.20 2.00 2.69 3.59 4.78 

58
Table S-5, continued. Projected fuel price indices with assumed general price inflation ra

of 2 %, 3 %, 4 %, and 5 %, by end-use sector and fuel type. 

United States Average 

Projected April 1 Fuel Price Indices (April 1, 2008 = 1.00) 

----------------------------------------------------------------INDUSTRIAL------------------------------------------ Electricity Distillate Oil Residual Oil Natural Gas  ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ - Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Inflation Rate Year 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2 % 3 % 4 % 5 % 2009 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 2010 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.91 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 2011 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.14 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.95 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.01 1.04 1.07 1.10 2012 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.17 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.12 2013 1.04 1.09 1.14 1.20 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.97 0.90 0.95 0.99 1.04 0.98 1.03 1.08 1.14 2014 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.23 0.84 0.89 0.95 1.00 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.06 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.16 2015 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.28 0.84 0.90 0.96 1.03 0.86 0.92 0.99 1.06 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.19 2016 1.06 1.15 1.24 1.34 0.83 0.90 0.97 1.05 0.84 0.90 0.98 1.05 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 2017 1.09 1.19 1.30 1.41 0.84 0.92 1.00 1.09 0.84 0.92 1.00 1.09 1.00 1.09 1.19 1.30 2018 1.11 1.23 1.35 1.49 0.87 0.96 1.05 1.16 0.87 0.96 1.05 1.16 1.03 1.14 1.26 1.38 2019 1.14 1.27 1.41 1.57 0.91 1.01 1.13 1.25 0.90 1.01 1.12 1.24 1.07 1.19 1.32 1.47 2020 1.16 1.30 1.46 1.64 0.96 1.08 1.21 1.36 0.94 1.06 1.19 1.33 1.08 1.21 1.36 1.53 2021 1.17 1.33 1.51 1.71 0.98 1.11 1.26 1.42 0.97 1.10 1.25 1.42 1.08 1.23 1.39 1.58 2022 1.19 1.37 1.57 1.79 1.00 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.00 1.15 1.32 1.51 1.11 1.28 1.46 1.67 2023 1.22 1.41 1.63 1.89 1.03 1.19 1.38 1.59 1.04 1.21 1.39 1.61 1.15 1.34 1.55 1.78 2024 1.25 1.46 1.70 1.98 1.06 1.24 1.44 1.68 1.08 1.27 1.48 1.72 1.20 1.41 1.64 1.91 2025 1.28 1.51 1.78 2.09 1.10 1.29 1.52 1.79 1.13 1.33 1.57 1.84 1.25 1.47 1.74 2.04 2026 1.30 1.56 1.85 2.20 1.13 1.35 1.61 1.91 1.17 1.39 1.66 1.97 1.30 1.55 1.85 2.19 2027 1.33 1.60 1.93 2.31 1.17 1.41 1.70 2.03 1.20 1.44 1.73 2.08 1.34 1.61 1.94 2.33 2028 1.37 1.66 2.02 2.44 1.21 1.47 1.79 2.16 1.24 1.51 1.83 2.22 1.40 1.71 2.07 2.51 2029 1.40 1.72 2.11 2.58 1.25 1.54 1.89 2.30 1.28 1.57 1.93 2.36 1.47 1.80 2.21 2.70 2030 1.44 1.78 2.20 2.72 1.30 1.61 2.00 2.46 1.33 1.65 2.04 2.52 1.53 1.90 2.35 2.90 2031 1.47 1.84 2.30 2.86 1.34 1.68 2.10 2.61 1.38 1.72 2.15 2.68 1.59 1.98 2.48 3.09 2032 1.50 1.90 2.40 3.02 1.38 1.74 2.20 2.76 1.42 1.80 2.27 2.85 1.64 2.07 2.61 3.29 2033 1.54 1.96 2.50 3.17 1.42 1.81 2.30 2.93 1.47 1.88 2.39 3.04 1.69 2.16 2.75 3.49 2034 1.57 2.03 2.61 3.34 1.46 1.88 2.42 3.10 1.52 1.96 2.52 3.24 1.75 2.25 2.90 3.72 2035 1.61 2.09 2.72 3.52 1.50 1.95 2.54 3.28 1.58 2.05 2.66 3.45 1.80 2.35 3.05 3.95 2036 1.64 2.16 2.83 3.70 1.54 2.03 2.66 3.48 1.63 2.14 2.80 3.67 1.86 2.45 3.21 4.20 2037 1.68 2.23 2.95 3.89 1.59 2.11 2.79 3.68 1.68 2.24 2.96 3.91 1.93 2.56 3.38 4.46 2038 1.72 2.30 3.08 4.10 1.63 2.19 2.92 3.90 1.74 2.34 3.12 4.16 1.99 2.67 3.56 4.75 

59