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<title>Subject:  Justification for removing fruit fly cold treatment and trapping requirements for Shandong Province, China in conjun</title>
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<p><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b><i>Izote </i>(Yucca guatemalensis</b> <b><i>Baker</i>)<i> from Central America into the Continental United States</i></b></p>
<p><b>April 23, 2009</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management and Plants for Planting Policy (RMPPP)
</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: <i>Phillip B. Grove</i></b></p>
<p><b>Introduction
</b></p>
<p>In response to a request for market access to import fresh flowers of Izote (<i>Yucca guatemalensis</i> Baker) from El Salvador into<i> </i>the continental United States, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) prepared a pest risk assessment (PRA) as per the <i>Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment</i> (USDA. 2000).  </p>
<p>The pest risk assessment document, <i>Importation of Fresh Edible Flowers of Izote, Yucca guatemalensis</i> Baker<i>, into the Continental United States</i> <i>from El Salvador, </i>found one quarantine pest of Izote in Central America (USDA. 2007).  The PRA determined the likelihood of introduction and consequences of introduction for the gray pineapple mealybug (<i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i>Beardsley) and determined that the risk rating for this pest should be <b>Medium</b>. The mealybug <i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes</i> is frequently intercepted on imported commodities by APHIS and is currently established in Florida and Hawaii (Miller and Miller, 2002).</p>
<p><b>Risk Management Measures for <i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes</i></b></p>
<p>· Izote must be imported as commercial shipments only.</p>
<p>· Each consignment of Izote must be inspected by the NPPO in El Salvador and accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by NPPO of the exporting country stating that the Izote in the consignment has been inspected and is free of pests.</p>
<p>· Each shipment is subject to inspection upon arrival at port of entry to the United States.</p>
<p><b>Efficacy of Risk Management Measures</b></p>
<p>APHIS will only allow commercial shipments and will conduct port of entry inspections.  Risk mitigations for this commodity and the medium rated pest will also include an inspection by the NPPO and phytosanitary certificate indicating the commodity has been inspected and no pests are present.  The inspection in the country of origin will lower the probability that any mealybugs will follow the pathway of fresh izote flowers.  Currently APHIS inspects for this mealybug and considers this to be adequate in mitigating risk for this external feed.  For example smooth cayenne pineapples from Hawaii may enter the continental United States with predeparture inspection, and pineapples are a favored host for this mealybug (Miller and Miller, 2002). </p>
<p><b>Conclusion
</b></p>
<p>APHIS believes that the phytosanitary measures proposed in this document will result in the effective removal of any potential quarantine pests associated with the importation of fresh izote from El Salvador.  Only one pest, the mealybug <i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes</i> whose risk was rated medium was identified by the pest risk assessment as following the pathway of fresh flowers of izote.  Inspection is considered effective at finding external feeding pests and excluding infested shipments from entering commerce (Cavey, 2003; Wittenberg and Cock, 2001).  The NPPO of El Salvador has agreed to inspect the izote for quarantine pests and issue a phytosanitary certificate stating that they are free of pests.</p>
<p><b>Authors</b></p>
<p>Walter P. Gould
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager
</p>
<p><b>References:
</b></p>
<p>Cavey, J.F.  2003.  Mitigating introduction of invasive plant pests:  the APHIS-PPQ Mission.  
</p>
<p>From: Chapter 13, pp. 350-361 <i>in</i> Ruiz, G.M and J.T. Carlton. 2003. Invasive species: vectors and management strategies. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 518p.<b>

</b></p>
<p>Miller, G. L. and D. R. Miller.  2002.  <i>Dysmicoccus</i> Ferris and similar genera (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) of the gulf state region including a description of a new species and new United States records.  Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.  104: 968-979.  
</p>
<p>USDA. 2000. Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02. USDA-APHIS, PPQ; <a href="http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf"><u>http://oars.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/cpraguide.pdf</u></a></p>
<p>USDA. 2007.  Importation of fresh edible flowers of Izote (<i>Yucca guatemalensis </i>Baker) into the Continental United States from El Salvador.  A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment.  USDA, APHIS, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC. 
</p>
<p>Wittenberg, R. and M.J.W. Cock.  2001. Invasive Alien Species: A toolkit of best prevention and management practices.  CABI publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.  228 pp.
</p>
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