Draft, Version 1.0 

Lists of Potential Control Measures 

 for PM2.5 and Precursors 

These informational documents are intended to provide a broad, though not 

comprehensive, listing of potential emissions reduction measures for direct PM2.5 and 

precursors. The purpose is primarily to assist states in identifying and evaluating 

potential measures as States develop plans for attaining the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

Before examining control measures, an important step for States is to identify the nature 

of the PM2.5 problem in their areas and the sources contributing to that problem. The 

severity, nature and sources of the PM2.5 problem vary in each nonattainment area, so 

the measures that are effective and cost-effective will also vary by area. Similarly, the 

geographic area in which measures are effectively applied will vary depending on the 

extent to which pollution sources outside the nonattainment area contribute to the area’s 

PM2.5 problem. 

Similarly, the costs of applying a given control measure will have case-specific 

considerations. While the tables here provide overall control costs and control efficiency 

estimates derived from the references, there is inherent uncertainty in any estimates of 

this nature. We do not attempt in these tables to provide any rigorous treatment of these 

uncertainties, but rather provide the control efficiency and cost estimates as a rough 

“ballpark” starting point. These documents also do not provide specific emissions 

monitoring and testing information, such as costs. We encourage the use of sourcespecific assessments which will be more reliable. 

This document contains several tabular lists of PM2.5 control measures. For most 

measures, the tables provide an estimate of the control efficiency and the cost per ton of 

pollutant reduced. The tables also identify reference sources that the user may wish to 

consult for more information. In the interest of making the lists as relevant as possible, 

we have omitted some measures that we believe are already employed by virtually all 

sources. For example, for direct PM2.5 sources we did not include an encyclopedic 

listing of add-on controls such as baghouses, electrostatic precipitators, and venturi 

scrubbers, since these controls are generally well-known and widely implemented. 

Note that this technical document is focused on identification of measures and does not 

address mechanisms for implementation, such as whether a measure would be 

implemented on a mandatory or voluntary basis, or whether state adoption of certain 

mobile measures on a mandatory basis would be pre-empted or require a fuels waiver 

under the Clean Air Act. 

The following control measure lists are included: 

1. Stationary Source Measures Lists. Separate tables of measures are provided for 

three pollutants: 
Draft, Version 1.0 

o PM2.5

o SO2

o NOx 

In addition, for direct PM2.5, the table suggests a number of possible plantspecific engineering evaluations that may yield additional emissions reductions. 

We have also included a table of references. 

2. On-road Mobile Source Measures Lists. Separate tables of measures are 

provided for three pollutants: 

o PM2.5

o SO2

o NOx

We have also included a table of references.

3. Non-road Mobile Source Measures Lists. Separate tables of measures are 

provided for three pollutants: 

o PM2.5

o SO2

o NOx

We have also included a table of references and a detailed control measures list. 

4. Supplemental Appendix on On-road Ammonia and VOC Measures. In the 

notice of proposed rulemaking for PM2.5 implementation (Clean Air Fine Particle 

Implementation Rule), EPA proposed to make a legal presumption that VOC and 

ammonia would not be regulated precursors for purposes of a nonattainment area’s 

PM2.5 plan, unless the state or EPA makes a determination to the contrary. In light 

of this, information on certain selected measures that reduce emissions of ammonia 

and/or VOC is provided in a separate, supplemental appendix. Tables are provided 

for: 

o On-road VOC measures - measures that are listed in the on-road measures 

table for PM, SO2 and/or NOx, and that also reduce VOC. 

o On-road ammonia measures - measures that are listed in the on-road 

measures table for PM, SO2 and/or NOx, and that also reduce ammonia. 

We have also included a table of references. 

5. Fugitive Dust Measures List. For completeness, we include a separate table of 

measures, including references, for sources of fugitive dust. Fugitive dust measures 

generally have a greater impact on reducing ambient concentrations of PM10 than 

PM2.5, because crustal material is usually a relatively small fraction of monitored 

PM2.5. However, dust measures might, in some circumstances, be helpful at 

reducing ambient PM2.5 concentrations. 

Note that some emission reduction measures (e.g., many of the mobile source measures) 

are listed in more than one table of measures, because they reduce multiple pollutants. 

For example, a measure that reduces both direct PM and NOx appears once in the PM 

measures table, and once in the NOx measures table. 
Draft, Version 1.0 

EPA has developed a website, at http://www.epa.gov/pm/measures.html, intended to 

provide information on emissions reduction measures and programs for PM2.5 and 

precursors. It is our intent to include on this website the information in these tables, 

including weblinks to the references, in the near future. 

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Measures List. A list currently under 

development will include energy efficiency and renewable energy measures that can help 

reduce emissions of PM2.5 and precursors. 

Agricultural Sources Measures List. Another separate list under development, being 

coordinated with the Department of Agriculture, will include control measures for 

agricultural sources, such as diesel engine retrofits and other measures that can help 

reduce emissions of PM2.5 and precursors. 

Improved Source Monitoring. For many of the stationary source measures, it is 

fundamental to the effectiveness of the measure that implementation include appropriate 

source monitoring. Effective monitoring to assure ongoing compliance should include 

periodic emissions testing or other direct measures of compliance, as applicable, and less 

reliance on generic emissions factors (e.g., from AP-42) for estimating emissions or 

demonstrating compliance. Moreover, improvements to existing monitoring (e.g., use of 

fabric filter leak detectors, see EPA-454/R-98-015), or in the frequency of existing 

monitoring (see Barr and Schaffner, 2003, cited in Stationary Source reference table) will 

assure that control measures operate within compliance limits and may in fact increase 

the effectiveness of control measures already in place. 

 

Contacts. These documents are a joint effort of EPA’s Office of Air Quality Planning 

and Standards, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Office of Atmospheric 

Programs, and Office of Policy Analysis and Review. Contractor assistance was 

provided by ICF Consulting and subcontractor E.H. Pechan. We regard these as “living 

documents” and have labeled them as “Draft” to indicate that as we use these documents, 

we expect to make ongoing revisions as we receive additional information. We invite 

users to provide suggestions for additional measures, or additional sources of information 

on measures, that they believe should be included. Please contact: 

Tim Smith, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 919-541-4718, 

Smith.Tim@epa.gov, (stationary sources) 

Rudolph Kapichak, Office of Transportation Air Quality, 734-214-4574 

Kapichak.Rudolph@epa.gov (mobile sources) 

Sam Waltzer, Office of Atmospheric Programs, 202-343-9175, 

Waltzer.Sam@epa.gov (EGUs) 

Tom Driscoll, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 919-541-5135 

driscoll.tom@epa.gov (emissions monitoring and testing) 
Stationary Source Control Measures for PM2.5

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction measure Control 

efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants controlled

Refe

Generally applicable measures 

All industrial and commercial sources emitting direct PM2.5

Review uncontrolled or under controlled stack sources for improvements

Variable Variable EPA 

2000PechRTI 

All industrial and commercial sources currently controlling PM with cyclones or multicylones

Upgrade to high-efficiency collection device to collect fine fraction of PM

Variable Variable EPA 

All industrial and commercial sources currently controlled by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)

Upgrade ESP to improve efficiency on fine fraction of PM, for example by increasing size/SCA, flue gas conditioning, use of hybrid technologies to improve performance, or replacement with fabric filter at time of rebuild.

Variable Variable Pech

Sout

Industrial process fugitives and open dust fugitive emissions sources

Improve fugitive emissions capture Variable Variable WRA

2006

All sources of condensable PM2.5

Evaluate whether can feasibly reduce temperature of gas stream and increase collection of condensables, and whether can collect with wet ESPs, afterburner, or other devices

Variable Variable [We 

this t

Category specific Cement Manufacturing Process equipment vented to 

baghouse.Various controls for open storage piles, primary crushing operations, and conveying systems.

Not Available Not available Process equipment 

limits:0.01 gr/dscf for existing equipment;0.005 gr/dscf for new equipment

SCA

Page 1 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for PM2.5

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction measure Control 

efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants controlled

Refe

Ferrous Metals Processing - Iron and Steel Production - Blast Furnace Casthouse

Capture Hood Vented to a Baghouse

85 Not available Based on 

engineering judgments and data which for some plants may be outdated.

EPA 

Ferrous Metals Processing - Iron and Steel Production - BOF

Secondary Capture and Control System

85 $5,000 Based on 

engineering judgments and data which for some plants may be outdated.

EPA 

Ferrous Metals Processing - Iron and Steel Production - Sinter Plant

Install baghouse to control emissions from sinter cooler

99 $5,000 2001$ Based on 

engineering judgments and data which for some plants may be outdated.

EPA 

Petroleum Refinery Catalytic and Thermal Cracking Units

Wet Scrubbing 85 - 95 Not Available MAR

Petroleum Refinery Catalytic and Thermal Cracking Units

Electrostatic Precipitators >95% $3,500 - $6,600 MAR

Petroleum Refinery Catalytic and Thermal Cracking Units

Sodium bisulfite (SBS) injection Not Available Not Available MAR

Stationary diesel engines including generators and other prime service engines

Diesel oxidation catalyst (where DPF not feasible)

20 $1,000-$2,000 2003$ Cost effectiveness is 

based on the combined CO, HC, NOx and PM reduction

NESALA

Stationary diesel engines including generators and other prime service engines

Diesel particulate filter 80-90 $2,000-$19,000 2003$ Cost effectiveness is 

based on the combined CO, HC and PM reduction.

NESALA

Coal-fired Utility Boiler currently controlled by ESPs

Indigo Agglomerator 40 Cost effectiveness is 

variable and based on plant size: the total capital cost of $8 per kW

2005$ Kha

Coal-fired Utility Boiler currently controlled by ESPs

Add enough collection area to equal one field

44 Cost effectiveness is 

variable and based on plant size: the total capital cost of $13.75 per kW

2005$ Kha

Page 2 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for PM2.5

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction measure Control 

efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants controlled

Refe

Coal-fired Utility Boiler currently controlled by ESPs

Add enough collection area to equal two fields

67 Cost effectiveness is 

variable and based on plant size: the total capital cost of $17.50 per kW

2005$ CE is incremental to 

ESP controls

Kha

Residual Oil-Fired Utility and Industrial Boilers currently without add-on controls

 ESP Not Available Not available EPA

Ferroalloy production Improve capture on open furnaces Not Available Not available EPAFerroalloy production Capture of fugitive emissions from 

pouring and casting

Not Available Not available EPA

Refractory products manufacturing - non-clay with organic binders

thermal oxidizer on plants below MACT applicability cutoff

Not Available Not available EPA

Refractory products manufacturing - non-clay with chromium

Fabric filter Not Available Not available EPA

Refractory products manufacturing - clay

Wet or dry lime scrubber for plants below MACT applicability limit

Not Available Not available EPA

Commercial Cooking -- conveyorized charbroiler

Catalytic Oxidizer 83 $3,000 2001$ 90 % cocontrol of 

VOCs

Vent2002

Commercial Cooking -- large underfired grilling operations

Small ESP (e.g., SMOG-HOG) or scrubber

99 $6,000 2003$ Sorr

Open Burning of Land Clearing Debris

Substitution of landfilling for open burning

50 to 100 $3,500 1999$ Development 

measure from PM NAAQS RIA

EPA 

Residential Wood Combustion Education and Advisory Program 5-10 Variable, depending on 

availability and effectiveness of resources allocated.

1990$ Includes all 

programs other than woodstove changeout programs

Pech

Residential Wood Stoves Woodstove Changeout Program, 

including financial incentives and information/encouragement when houses are sold

variable depending on outreach and incentives

$2,000 1999$ 'Development 

measure from PM NAAQS RIA

EPA 

Residential Wood Stoves Mandatory changeout when 

houses are sold

5-7% per year Not available 5-7% is based on 

typical rates of housing turnover

Residential Fireplaces Promote use of Gas Logs/ 

elimination of wood burning

Not Available Not available

Outdoor wood hydronic heaters Emissions standards or siting 

requirements

Not Available Not available NES

Page 3 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for SO2

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Cement Kilns - Wet Process Wet Gas Scrubber 90 $6,000-$8,000 2002$ Cement Kilns - Long Dry Process Wet Gas Scrubber 90 $3,000-$5,000 2002$ Cement Kilns - Long Dry Process Spray Dryer Absorber 90 $3,000-$5,000 2002$ Cement Kilns - Preheater Process Kiln

Wet Gas Scrubber 90 $20,000-$50,000 2002$ 

Cement Kilns - Preheater Process Kiln

Spray Dryer Absorber 90 $20,000-$50,000 2002$ 

Cement Kilns - Preheater/Precalciner Kiln

Wet Gas Scrubber 90 $20,000-$30,000 2002$ 

Cement Kilns - Preheater/Precalciner Kiln

Spray Dryer Absorber 90 $20,000-$30,000 2002$ 

ICI Boilers-Coal--High Sulfur In duct sorbent injection 40 $633-$1,292 2003$ ICI Boilers-Coal--High Sulfur Flue Gas Desulfurization 90 $373-$1,046 2003$ ICI Boilers-Coal--Low Sulfur In duct Sorbent Injection 40 $697-$1,504 2003$ ICI Boilers-Coal--Low Sulfur Flue Gas Desulfurization 90 $461-$1,326 2003$ ICI Boilers-Residual Oil Flue Gas Desulfurization 90 $2,295-$3,500 1999$ The cost effectiveness is a 

function of boiler capacity. For boilers below 100 million BTU the cost per ton is $4524, for 100-250 million BTU the cost per ton is 3489 and for larger than 250 million BTU the cost per ton is $2295.

ICI Boiler - Distillate Oil Reduce sulfur content 

from 2500 ppm to 500 ppm 

80 $2,350 1999$

Developmental measure from PM NAAQS RIA

80% PM2.5 co-bene

Inorganic Chemical Manufacture Operations--Carbon Black Production

Reduce Sulfur in Feedstock

up to 50? Not available EPA information indicates 

US facilities use feedstock with about 4% sulfur, while European facilities use feedstock with about 2 % sulfur.

Page 1 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for SO2

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Iron and Steel--Coke Ovens Coke oven gas 

desulfurization

90+ Not available 

Oil and Gas Production--Process heaters

Flue Gas Desulfurization 90 Not available 

Petroleum refining--catalytic and thermal cracking units

Catalyst additives 35 - 50 $ 1,096 - $1,889 This type of SO2 control is 

required in some refinery industry cases and settlements

Petroleum refining--catalytic and thermal cracking units

Wet gas scrubbers 95 - 99.9 $ 499 - 880 2004$ This type of SO2 control is 

required in some refinery industry cases and settlements

Petroleum refining -- catalytic and thermal cracking units

Feed hydrotreatment Not available Not available 

Petroleum refining--flares Process changes to 

reduce flaring

Variable depending on suite of measures selected

Variable depending on suite of measures selected

Petroleum refining--process heaters

Scrubbing: Wet Scrubbers, Spray Dry Scrubbers, Dry Scrubbers

90 - 99.9 $7,674 - $45,384 

Petroleum refining--oil-burning process heaters

Eliminate the combustion of fuel oil (>0.05% sulfur by weight)

>95 Not available 

Petroleum refining--sulfur recovery units

Increased recovery efficiency, tail gas treatment such that H2 S content of fuels meets 0.10 gr/dscf (162 ppm) limit

variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Primary aluminum plants Addition of scrubbers to 

control system for captured emissions from anode bake furnaces

Not available Not available 

Primary aluminum plants Use of coke and pitch 

with lower sulfur content

Not available Not available 

Page 2 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for SO2

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Primary Lead Smelters - Sintering

Dual Absorption Acid Plant

90 Not available 

Primary Zinc Smelters - Sintering Dual Absorption Acid 

Plant

90 Not available 

Pulp and Paper--acid sulfite pulping

Alkaline scrubber Not available Not available 

Pulp and Paper--acid sulfite pulping

Raise pH of digester before releasing excess gas

Not available Not available 

Pulp and paper--recovery furnaces

Reduce sulfur content of black liquor before combustion 

Not available Not available 

Pulp and paper--recovery furnaces

Regulate temperatures in the furnace to minimize SO2 formation

Not available Not available 

Residential fuel combustion--Home Heating Oil

Reduce sulfur content from 2500 ppm to 500 ppm 

80 $2,350 1999$ Some areas currently 

have 500 ppm limits.

Sulfur Recovery Plants at Elemental Sulfur Plants, Oil and Gas Production, and other sulfur recovery plants not located at refineries

Increased recovery efficiency, tail gas treatment

 Variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Sulfuric Acid Plants Increased recovery 

efficiency

 Variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Variable depending on current recovery efficiency

Utility Boilers * (see footnote) * This document does not address SO2 and NOx controls for EGU. These controls are relatively well known and are the subject of policy discussions among states, multi-state bodies and the EPA. 

Page 3 of 3
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Ammonia - Natural Gas - Fired Reformers

Low NOx Burner 50 $820 1990$ 

Ammonia - Natural Gas - Fired Reformers

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

60 $2,560 1990$ 

Ammonia - Natural Gas - Fired Reformers

Oxygen Trim + Water Injection 65 $680 1990$ 

Ammonia - Natural Gas - Fired Reformers

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

80 $2,230 1990$ 

Ammonia - Natural Gas - Fired Reformers

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

50 $3,780 1990$ 

Ammonia Products; Feedstock Desulfurization

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

60 $2,560 1990$ 

Asphalt Plant Manufacture Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

30-50 Not available

Asphaltic Conc; Rotary Dryer; Conv Plant

Low NOx Burner 50 $2,200 1990$ 

By-Product Coke Manufacturing; Oven Underfiring

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

60 $1,640 1990$ 

Cement Kilns Biosolids injection 23 $310 1999$ Cement Kilns Changing feed composition Not available Cement Kilns Low NOx Burner 27-40 $166-$1,299 2004$ Cement Kilns Mid-Kiln Firing 33-41 -$460 to $730 2004$ Cement Kilns Process control systems Not available Cement Kilns Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

31-95 $600-$3,700 1999$ Uncertain -- currently 

used on cement kilns in France; may apply to U.S. cement kilns in future

Cement Kilns SNCR-ammonia based 50 $850 1999$ Cement Kilns SNCR-urea based 50 $770 1999$ Ceramic Clay Manufacturing; Drying - Small Sources

Low NOx Burner 50 $2,200 1990$ 

Coal Cleaning-Thrml Dryer; Fluidized Bed - Small Sources

Low NOx Burner 50 $200-$1,000 2003$ 

Combustion Turbine Aeroderivative Gas Turbines

Water Injection 40 $44,000 2005$ 

Page 1 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Combustion Turbines - Jet Fuel, Oil

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) + Water Injection

90 $2,300 1990$ 

Combustion Turbines - Jet Fuel, Oil

Water Injection 68 $1,290 1990$ 

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Dry Low NOx Combustors 84 $100 (large) $490 

(small)

1990$ 

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) + Low NOx Burner (LNB)

95 $2,570 1990$ Cost effectivness is 

$19,120 per ton NOx reduced from RACT baseline

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) + Steam Injection

95 $2,010 1990$ Cost effectiveness is 

$8,960 per ton NOx reduced from RACT baseline

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) + Water Injection

95 $2,730 1990$ 

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Steam Injection 80 $1,040 1990$ 

Combustion Turbines - Natural Gas

Water Injection 76 $1,510 1990$ 

Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas

Water Heaters + LNB Space Heaters

7 $1,230 1990$ 

Commercial/Institutional Incinerators

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

45 $1,130 1990$ 

Conv Coating of Prod; Acid Cleaning Bath

Low NOx Burner 50 $2,200 1990$ 

Fiberglass Manufacture; TextileType; Recuperative Furnaces Low NOx Burner 40 $1,690 1990$ Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

55 $3,190 1990$ 

Fuel Fired Equipment - Process Heaters

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

50 $570 1990$ 

Fuel Fired Equipment; Furnaces; Natural Gas

Low NOx Burner 50 $570 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

Cullet Preheat 25 $490 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

Electric Boost 10 $7,150 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

Low NOx Burner 40 $1,690 1990$ 

Page 2 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

OXY-Firing 85 $4,590 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

75 $2,200 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Containers

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

40 $1,770 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Flat Glass Low NOx Burner 40 $700 1990$ Glass Manufacturing - Flat Glass OXY-Firing 85 $1,900 1990$ Glass Manufacturing - Flat Glass Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

75 $710 (large), $3,370 

(small)

1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Flat Glass Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

40 $740 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

Cullet Preheat 25 $810 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

Electric Boost 10 $2,320 - $8,760 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

Low NOx Burner 40 $1,500 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

OXY-Firing 85 $3,900 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

75 $2,530 1990$ 

Glass Manufacturing - Pressed Glass

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

40 $1,640 1990$ 

IC Engines - Gas Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

90 $2,769 1990$ 

IC Engines - Gas, Diesel, LPG Ignition Retard 25 $770 1990$ IC Engines - Gas, Diesel, LPG Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $2,340 1990$ 

IC Engines - Gas--Lean burn Low emission combustion 87 $422 1993$ The cost effectiveness is 

in ozone season dollars per ton.

IC Engines-Gas--Rich burn Non-Selective Catalytic 

Reduction

90 $342 1993$ The cost effectiveness is 

in ozone season dollars per ton.

ICI Boilers-Coal Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $876-$2,141 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Coal Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

40 $1,285-$2,073 2003$ 

Page 3 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

ICI Boilers-Coal-bituminous Low NOx Burner plus Overfire 

Air

51 $392-$1,239 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Coal-subbituminous Low NOx Burner 51 $256-$850 2003$ The cost effectiveness is 

for boilers operating at capacity factors in the range of 50-83 percent. Unit sizes range from 100 million BTU/hr (highest cost per ton) to 1000 million BTU/Hr (lowest cost per ton)

ICI Boilers-Coal-subbituminous Low NOx Burner plus Overfire 

Air

65 $306-$972 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Gas LNB plus Overfire air plus gas 

recirculation

80 $368-$1,278 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Gas Low NOx Burner plus Overfire 

Air

60 $280-$1,052 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Gas Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $986-$2,933 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Gas Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

40 $280-$1,052 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Oil Low NOx Burner plus Overfire 

Air

30-50 $306-$1,052 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Oil Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $760-$2,014 2003$ 

ICI Boilers-Oil Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

40 $1,485-$2,367 2003$ 

Internal Combustion Engines - Gas 

Air/Fuel + Ignition Retard 30 $460 1990$ 

Internal Combustion Engines - Gas 

Air/Fuel Ratio Adjustment 20 $380 1990$ 

Internal Combustion Engines - Gas 

Ignition Retard 20 $550 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Catalytic Reduction

90 $4,080 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Catalytic Reduction

80 $1,720 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

85 $3,830 1990$ 

Page 4 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

60 $1,640 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing, Galvanizing, Reheating

Low NOx Burner 50 - 65 $300 -$570 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing, Galvanizing, Reheating

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

60 - 77 $380-$750 1990$ 

Iron & Steel Mills - Reheating Low Excess Air 13 $1,320 1990$ Iron Production; Blast Furnaces; Blast Heating Stoves

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

77 $380 1990$ 

Lime Kilns Low NOx Burner 30 $560 1999$ Medical Waste Incinerators Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

45 $4,510 1990$ 

Municipal Waste Combustors Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

45 $1,130 1990$ 

Natural Gas Production; Compressors

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

20 $1,650 1990$ 

Nitric Acid Manufacturing Extended Absorption 95 $480 1990$ Nitric Acid Manufacturing Non-Selective Catalytic 

Reduction

98 $550 1990$ 

Nitric Acid Manufacturing Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

97 $590 1990$ 

Open Burning Episodic Ban Daily control 

efficiency is 100% 

Not available 

Process Heaters - Distillate and Residual Oil

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

34-48 $3,500-$4,500 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Distillate and Residual Oil

Low NOx Burner + Selective Catalytic Reduction

75 $2,300 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Distillate and Residual Oil

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

75 $5,350-$9,230 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Distillate and Residual Oil

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

60 $1,930-$3,180 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Distillate and Residual Oil

Ultra Low NOx Burner 74 $1,290-$2,140 1990$ 

Page 5 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Process Heaters - Distillate Oil Low NOx Burner 37 - 45 $2,500 - $3,740 1990$ Process Heaters - Distillate Oil Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Catalytic Reduction

92 $9,120 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Distillate Oil Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

78 $3,620 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

75 $5350-$12,040 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Low NOx Burner 45-50 $2,200 -$3,740 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

48-55 $3,200-$4,200 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Low NOx Burner + Selective Catalytic Reduction

88- 92 $9,120-$11,500 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Low NOx Burner + Selective Catalytic Reduction

80 $2,320-$3,620 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

60 $1,930-$3,180 1990$ 

Process Heaters - LPG, NG, Process Gas

Ultra Low NOx Burner 75 $1,290-$2,140 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Process Gas Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

80 $3,520 1990$ 

Process Heaters - Residual Oil Low NOx Burner + Selective 

Catalytic Reduction

90 $5,420 1990$ 

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines - Oil -All

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

80 $1,066 1993$ 

Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines-Oil-All

Ignition retard 25 $770 1999$ 

Residential Natural Gas Water Heater + LNB Space 

Heaters

7 $1,230 

Rich-Burn Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE)

Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction

90 $342 1990$ VOC and CO 

emissions are also reduced.

Sand/Gravel; Dryer Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

55 $3,190 1990$ 

Secondary Aluminum Production; Smelting Furnaces

Low NOx Burner 50 $570 1990$ 

Solid Waste Disposal; Government

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

45 $1,130 1990$ 

Space Heaters - Distillate Oil Low NOx Burner 50 $1,180 1990$ Space Heaters - Distillate Oil Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

60 $2,500 1990$ 

Page 6 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures for NOx

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source category Emissions reduction 

measure

Control efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness ($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Space Heaters - Distillate Oil Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $2,780 1990$ 

Space Heaters - Distillate Oil Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

50 $4,640 1990$ 

Space Heaters - Natural Gas Low NOx Burner 50 $820 1990$ Space Heaters - Natural Gas Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

60 $2,650 1990$ 

Space Heaters - Natural Gas Oxygen Trim + Water Injection 65 $680 1990$ Space Heaters - Natural Gas Selective Catalytic Reduction 

(SCR)

80 $2,860 1990$ 

Space Heaters - Natural Gas Selective Non-Catalytic 

Reduction (SNCR)

50 $3,870 1990$ 

Starch Manufacturing; Combined Operation 

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

55 $3,190 1990$ 

Steel Foundries; Heat Treating Low NOx Burner 50 $570 1990$ Steel Production; Soaking Pits Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas 

Recirculation

60 $750 1990$ 

Sulfate Pulping - Recovery Furnaces

Low NOx Burner 50 $820 1990$ 

Sulfate Pulping - Recovery Furnaces

Low NOx Burner + Flue Gas Recirculation

60 $2,560 1990$ 

Sulfate Pulping - Recovery Furnaces

Oxygen Trim + Water Injection 65 $680 1990$ 

Sulfate Pulping - Recovery Furnaces

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

80 $2,230 1990$ 

Sulfate Pulping - Recovery Furnaces

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

50 $3,870 1990$ 

Surface Coat Oper; Coating Oven Htr; Nat Gas

Low NOx Burner 50 $2,200 1990$ 

Utility Boilers*

* This document does not address SO2 and NOx controls for EGU. These controls are relatively well known and are the subject of policy discussions among states, multi-state bodies and the EPA. 

Page 7 of 7
Stationary Source Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceARB 2004 State of California, Califrornia Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Proposed List of Measures to 

PM-10 and PM-2.5 (Implmentation of Senate Bill 656, Sher 2003), Staff Report, Planning and Technical Support Divi

AWMA 2000 Air Pollution Engineering Manual, second edition, Air&Waste Management Association. 2000.BAAQMD 2005 Exersky, A. 2005, "Staff Report: Proposed Regulation: Regulation 12, Miscellaneous Standards of Performance, Ru

Refineries," Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 

BLS 1994 U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Indices, Washington DC. Various issues 1985 

CE-CERT 2002 CE-CERT, UC-Riverside: "Assessment of Emissions from a Chain-Driven Charbroilers using a Catalytic Control devi

Engelhard Corp., September 13, 2002

DOE 1994 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, 

Rain Compliance Strategies for the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990," Washington, DC, March 1994

Eagleson et al. 2004 Eagleson, Scott T., Hutter, Edward, Dharia, Dilip J., John, Ramash B. and Singhania, Sudhanshu, "Economic Advan

FCCU Atmospheric Emissions", presented at the XII Refinery Technology Meet, September 23-25, 2004.

EC/R 2000 EC/R Incorporated, "NOx Control Technologies for the Cement Industry," prepared for U.S. Environmental Protectio

Park, NC, September 2000.

EPA 1981 EPA, 1981: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "Control Techniqu

from Stationary Sources," Second Edition, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1981.

EPA 1983 EPA, 1983: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, “Review of New Pe

Petroleum Refinery Claus Sulfur Recovery Plants,” EPA-450/3-83-014, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1983.

EPA 1992 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ESPVI 4.0 Electrostatic Precipitator V-I and Performance Model (EPA-600/S

Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1992

EPA 1993a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standard Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "A

Techniques Document-- NOx Emissions from Process Heaters," EPA-453/R-93-034, Research Triangle Park, NC, S

EPA 1993b EPA, 1993: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standard Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Control Techniques Document-- NOx Emissions from Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines," EPA-4

EPA 1994a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standard Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "

Techniques Document-- NOx Emissions from Industrial/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers," EPA-453/R-94-022, R

June 1994.

Page 1 of 5
Stationary Source Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceEPA 1994b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standard Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "A

Techniques Document-- NOx Emissions from Cement Manufacturing," EPA-453/R-94-004, Research Triangle Park, 

EPA 1994c U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emissions Standard Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "A

Techniques Document-- NOx Emissions from Glass Manufacturing," EPA-453/R-94-037, Research Triangle Park, NC

EPA 1997a EPA, 1997: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Mercury Study Report to Congress, Volume III: Fate and Trans

Environment," EPA/452/R-97-005, December 1997.

EPA 1997b EPA/OAQPS. Fabric Filter Lead Detection Guidance, EPA-454/R-98-015. September 1997EPA 1998a EPA CEMS Cost Model, Version 3.0, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.EPA 1998b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Stationary 'Source Control Techniques Document for Fine Particulate 

October 1998. www.epa.gov/'ttn/catc/dir1/fi nepmtech.pdf.

EPA 1998c EPA, 1998: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Analyzing Electric Power Generation Under the Clean Air Act A

March 1998.

EPA 1999 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Technology Center (MD-12) Information Transfer and Program Inte

Quality Planning and Standard, "Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Why and How They Are Controlled," EPA-456/F-99-006R, RNovember 1999. 

EPA 2000b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Controlling SO2 Emissions: A Review of Technologies, EPA/600/R-00/093, N

EPA 2002 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, "EPA Air Pollution Control Cost 

02-001, Research Triangle Park, NC, January 2002.

EPA 2002a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Documentation of EPA Modeling Applications (v.2.1) Using The Integrated P

02-004, March 2002.

EPA 2003 EPA, 2003: Methodology, Assumptions, and References--Preliminary NOx Controls Cost Estimates for Industrial Boi

EPA 2003a Methodology, Assumptions and References -- Preliminary SO2 Controls Cost Estimates for Industrial Boilers, NovemEPA 2004 U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Market Division, "Updating Performance and Cost of NOx Control T

Planning Model" Paper # 137

EPA 2006a Regulatory Impact Analysis: 2006 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particle Pollution. October 6, 2006. 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ria.html

Page 2 of 5
Stationary Source Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceEPA 2006b Tim Smith, EPA OAQPS, personal communication with OAQPS/SPPD Project Leads.EPA 1986 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Engineering Research Laboratory Identification, Assessment, and Co

Emissions, EPA/600/8-86/023, prepared by Midwest Research Institute, August 1986.

EPRI 2002. Electric Power Research Institute. Electrostatic Precipitator Performance Model (ESPM).ERG 2000 Palo Alto, CAKhan, EPA. August 21, 2006. Sikander Khan, EPA/CAMD. Cost Estimates for Modification Measures to Improve Existing ESP Performance

LADCO 2005 LADCO, 2005: White Paper for Source Category: Electric Generating Units.MARAMA, 2006 Assessment of Control Technology Options for Petroleum Refineries in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Draft Final Technica

Prepared by MACTEC Federal Programs, Inc. for MARAMA. October 13, 2006. 

MACTEC 2005 Interim White Paper: Electric Generating Units, Identification and Evaluation of Candidate Control MEasures, prepar

Planning Organization by MACTEC Federal Programs, December 2005. http://www.ladco.org/reports/rpo/Regional%20Air%20Quality/White%20Papers%20March%202006/EGU_Ver4.pdf

NESCAUM 2005 Low Sulfur Heating Oil in the Northeast States: An Overview of Benefits, Costs, and Implementation Issues. NESCA

2005.

NESCAUM 2005a Assessment of Technology Options for BART - eligible sources. Steam Electric Boilers, Cement Plants and Paper an

NESCAUM in partnership with the mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union. March 2005.

NESCAUM 2006 Information from development of NESCAUM model rule for outdoor hydronic heaters. Presentation at November 16, 

NESCAUM 2007 Outdoor Hydronic Heater Model Regulation. http://www.nescaum.org/outdoor-hydronic-heatersNeuffer 2006 Draft Control Table prepared by Bill Neuffer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning an

document entitled "stationary NOx list with control effieiency & cost effectiveness.doc", dated August 21, 2006

NJDEP 2005 State of New Jersey, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Stationary Combustion Sources Workgro

Presenting Air Quality Startegies for Further Consideration by the State of New Jersey. October 31, 2005. downloadwww.state.nj.us/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_scs_workgroup_report.pdf

Page 3 of 5
Stationary Source Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferencePechan 1997 E.H. Pechan & Associates, "Additional Control Measure Evaluation for the Integrated Implementation of the Ozone a

Ambient Air Quality Standards, and Regional Haze Program," prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ju

Pechan 1998 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Ozone Transport Rulemaking Non-Electricity Generating Unit Cost Analysis," prepa

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Innovative Strategies and Economics Group, Resea

1998

Pechan 2001 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Revisions to AirControlNET, and Particulate Matter Control Strategies and Cost Ana

prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Innovative Strategies and Economics Group, Research Triangle 

Pechan and RTI 2005a E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., and RTI International, Evaluation of Potential PM2.5 Reductions by Improving Perfo

Final Report. September 2005 

Pechan and RTI 2005b E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., and RTI International, Evaluation of Potential PM2.5 Reductiosn by Improving Perfo

Conclusions and Recommendations. Draft Report, September 2005. 

Pechan 2006 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "AirControlNET, Version 4.1 Control Measure Documentation Report," Draft Report, 

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Pechan Report No. 06.05.003/9011.002, May 2006.

Reaction Engineering International and Energy & Environmental Strategies 2003

Summary of Emission Controls Available for Large Stationary Sources of NOx and PM, prepared for the Western GoReaction Engineering International and Energy & Environemntal Strategies, June 30, 2003.

San Joaquin Valley UAPCD 2003

San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (UAPCD). Final BACM Technological and Economic FeasibilSierra Research, March 21, 2003. www.soiltac.com/PDF/Final_BACM_Chapter 20 - Fugitive Dust 287Feasibility_Ana

SCAQMD 1996 South Coast Air Quality Management District, "1997 Air Quality Management Plan, Appendix IV-A: Stationary and M

Measures," August 1996.

SCAQMD 2003 Synopsis of South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1105.1 - Reduction of PM10 and Ammonia Emission

Cracking Units. November 7, 2003. http://www.aqmd.gov/hb/2003/031128a.html

SCAQMD 2005 Final Environmental Assessment for Proposed Amended Rule 1118 -- Control of Emissions from Refinery Flares. S

SCAQMD 2005a Synopsis of South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1156 - Further Reductions of Particulate Emissions fr

Facilities. November 4, 2005. http://www.aqmd.gov/hb/2005/051136a.html

Sorrels 2006 Information provided by Larry Sorrels (sorrels.larry@epamail.epa.gov), US EPA, March 2006Southern Research Institute 1993

Southern Research Institute. A Mathematical Model of Electrostatic Precipitation (Revision) Volume I, Modeling and PAL. 1993.

Page 4 of 5
Stationary Source Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceSTAPPA/ALAPCO 2006 Controlling Fine Particulate Matter Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, STAPPA/ALAPCO, March 2006.Staudt 1998 Staudt, James E., “Status Report on NOx Control Technologies and Cost Effectiveness for Utility Boilers,” Andover T

Andover, MA, prepared for NESCAUM and MARAMA, June 1998.

Ventura County 2004 Ventura County, "Final Staff Report: Proposed New Rule 74.25, Restaurant Cooking Operations Proposed Revision

From Permit", August 31, 2004.

WRAP 2006 Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP). WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook, prepared by Countess Environmental, S

References Related to Improved Source MonitoringBarr and Schaffner 2003 Barr, Leigh and Karen Schaffner, “Impact of Improved Monitoring on PM2.5 Emissions,” RTI International, memorand

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 8, 2003.

EPA 2000a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Current Knowledge of Particulate Matter (PM) Continuous Emissions Monito

Cost, September 8, 2000.

EPA 1998d U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Guidance Document: Compliance Assurance Monitoring and appe

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. August 1998. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/cam.html.

McRanie, 2000. McRanie, R. Electrostatic Precipitator Compliance Assurance Monitoring Protocol. RMB Consulting and Research, In

EPRI, 1999. Electric Power Research Institute. Compliance Assurance Monitoring Field Test Program (TE-114178). Palo Alto, CAEPA, 2005 Technical Support Document for Title V Permitting of Printing Facilities Including Appendices A-G, Office of Air Quali

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, January 2005, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/em

EPA, 2006c EPA Monitoring Knowledge Base (http://cfpub.epa.gov/mkb/), Technology Transfer Network, Monitoring information p

by control technique, 2006.

Page 5 of 5
Onroad PM Control Measures

See cover note from important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants 

controlled

R

School Bus Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 20 12000 - 49100 Applies to 1990-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2School Bus Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 12400 - 50500 Applies to 1995-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2

Class 6 & 7 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 20 27600 - 67900 Applies to 1990-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2Class 6 & 7 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 28400 - 69900 Applies to 1995-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2

Class 8B HDDV Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 20 11100 - 40600 Applies to 1990-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2Class 8B HDDV Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 12100 - 44100 Applies to 1995-2006 model years VOC, CO EPA 2

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Active Diesel Particulate 

Filter

80 - 90+ VOC, CO STAP

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Lean NOx Catalyst and 

Diesel Particulate Filter

85 Applies to 1993 - 2003 model 

years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel

NOX CARB 

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Exhaust Gas 

Recirculation/Diesel Particulate Filter

85 Applies to specific engine families 

from 1998-2002 model years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel

NOX CARB 

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Flow Through Filter 50 - 76 Applies to 1991 - 2002 model 

years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel or CARB diesel

VOC, CO STAP

2006

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation Catalysts 

+ Flow Through Filters

50 Applies to 1988 - 1993 model 

years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel

CARB 

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Closed Crankcase 

Ventilation

10 EPA 2

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Closed Crankcase Filter 

System

5 - 10 STAP

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation Catalyst + 

Crankcase Filter

25 Applies to 1988-2002 model 

years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel

CARB 

Class 5 and above HDDVs and buses

Replacement 90 - 98 Applies to 1990-2006 model years NOX, VOC EPA 2

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with Truck 

Stop Electrification

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully 

recovered by fuel savings

NOX, VOC, SO2, CO

EPA 2

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with Mobile 

Idle Reduction Technologies

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully 

recovered by fuel savings

NOX, VOC, SO2, CO

EPA 2

Class 8 HDDVs Intermodal - shift of transportation of goods 

from truck to rail transport

1.0 0 Would result in a 0.3-0.4% 

increase in all pollutants from locomotive and rail SCCs; represents a 1% shift from truckonly transport to rail

NOX, SO2, NH3, VOC

EPA 2

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Oxygenated Diesel 0 - 50 Oxygenated with ethanol; Nox 

emissions likely to increase

VOC, CO, CO2

STAP

Page 1 of 3
Onroad PM Control Measures

See cover note from important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants 

controlled

R

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Fuel-borne Catalyst 0 - 50 NOX, VOC, 

CO

STAP

Class 8 HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Lubrizol PuriNOX 50 Applies to 1988 - 2003 model 

years

NOX CARB 

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Emulsified Diesel 16 - 58 Increases VOC, CO NOX EPA 2HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Biodiesel 10 - 12 Increases NOX VOC, CO EPA 2LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters-all 

measures combined

 Reductions based on the 

following measures: Regional Rideshare, Vanpool Programs, Park-and-ride lots, Regional TDM, Employer trip reduction programs; control efficiency depends on penetration--0.4% reduction at 10% penetration and 1.0% reduction at 25% penetration

NOX, VOC, SO2, NH3, CO

EPA 2

LDGVs and LDGTs MPG/Emissions Requirements for Large 

Fleets

VOC, NOX, SO2

NJDE

LDGVs and LDGTs Registration fee based on VMT VOC, NOX, 

SO2 NH3

NJDE

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Shuttles in Structured Communities VOC, NOX, 

SO2, NH3

NJDE

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Vehicle Charging Stations VOC, NOX, 

SO2

NJDE

LDGVs and LDGTs Expansion of Bike/hiking trails VOC, NOX, 

SO2 NH3

NJDE

HDDVs Voluntary Programs - National Clean Diesel 

Campaign

NOX EPA 2

HDDVs Voluntary Programs - SmartWay Transport 

Partnership

NOX EPA 2

HDDVs Driver incentive/training program to reduce 

idling

VOC, NOX, SO2

NJDE

HDDVs and Diesel Buses Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection Program NOx benefits result from reflashing 

vehicles subject to the heavy duty diesel consent decree

NOX CARB 

HDDV Fleet and Diesel Bus Fleet

Periodic Smoke Inspection Program NOx benefits result from reflashing 

vehicles subject to the heavy duty diesel consent decree

NOX CARB 

HDDVs Incentive Programs (e.g., Carl Moyer 

Program)

NOX CARB 

LDGVs and LDGTs Incentives for hybrids and other ULEV, 

SULEV, ZEV vehicles

VOC, NOX, SO2

CARB 

Page 2 of 3
Onroad PM Control Measures

See cover note from important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants 

controlled

R

All Highway Vehicles Smoking Vehicle Hotline NOX, VOC CARB Notes:LDGV=Light-duty Gasoline VehicleLDGT=Light-duty Gasoline TruckHDGV=Heavy-duty Gasoline VehicleMC=MotorcycleLDDV=Light-duty Diesel VehicleLDDT=Light-duty Diesel TruckHDDV=Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Page 3 of 3
Onroad SO2 Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other p

cont

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with Truck Stop 

Electrification

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully recovered by fuel 

savings

PM, NOCO

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with Mobile Idle 

Reduction Technologies

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully recovered by fuel 

savings

PM, NOCO

Class 8 HDDVs Intermodal - shift of transportation of goods 

from truck to rail transport

1.0 0 Would result in a 0.3-0.4% increase in all 

pollutants from locomotive and rail SCCs; represents a 1% shift from truck-only transport to rail

PM, NOVOC

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters-all measures 

combined

0.4-1.0 Reductions based on the following measures: 

Regional Rideshare, Vanpool Programs, Park-andride lots, Regional TDM, Employer trip reduction programs; control efficiency depends on penetration--0.4% reduction at 10% penetration and 1.0% reduction at 25% penetration

PM, NONH3, CO

LDGVs and LDGTs MPG/Emissions Requirements for Large 

Fleets

VOC, NO

LDGVs and LDGTs Fee based on VMT VOC, NO

NH3

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Shuttles in Structured Communities VOC, NO

NH3

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Vehicle Charging Stations VOC, NOLDGVs and LDGTs Expansion of Bike/hiking trails VOC, NO

NH3

HDDVs Driver incentive/training program to reduce 

idling

VOC, NO

LDGVs and LDGTs Incentives for hybrids and other ULEV, 

SULEV, ZEV vehicles

VOC, NO

Notes:

LDGV=Light-duty Gasoline VehicleLDGT=Light-duty Gasoline TruckHDGV=Heavy-duty Gasoline VehicleMC=MotorcycleLDDV=Light-duty Diesel VehicleLDDT=Light-duty Diesel TruckHDDV=Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Page 1 of 1
Onroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - NOX Reducing 

Catalyst

20 - 30 

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - NOX Adsorber 90+ PM, VOC, CO Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Selective Catalytic 

Reduction (SCR)

70 to 99 3000 - 15000 Cost effectiveness based on pre-1989 to 

2006 model years

Class 5 and above HDDVs and Diesel Buses

Replacement 90 - 97 Applies to 1990-2006 model years PM, VOC 

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with 

Truck Stop Electrification

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully recovered by fuel 

savings

PM, VOC, SO2, CO 

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with 

Mobile Idle Reduction Technologies

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully recovered by fuel 

savings

PM, VOC, SO2, CO 

Class 8 HDDVs Intermodal - shift of transportation 

of goods from truck to rail transport

1.0 0 Would result in a 0.3-0.4% increase in all 

pollutants from locomotive and rail SCCs; represents a 1% shift from truck-only transport to rail

PM, SO2, NH3, VOC 

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Lean NOx Catalyst 

and Diesel Particulate Filter

25 Applies to 1993 - 2003 model years; needs 

15 ppm sulfur diesel

PM 

Class 8 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Exhaust Gas 

Recirculation/Diesel Particulate Filter

40 Applies to specific engine families from 1998-

2002 model years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel

PM 

Class 8 HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Lubrizol PuriNOX 15 Applies to 1988 - 2003 model years PM LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters-all 

measures combined

0.4-1.0 19200 Average cost effectiveness based on the 

following measures: Regional Rideshare, Vanpool Programs, Park-and-ride lots, Regional TDM, Employer trip reduction programs; control efficiency depends on penetration--0.4% reduction assumes 10% penetration and 1.0% reduction assumes 25% reduction

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters - 

Regional Rideshare

1200 - 

16000*(see 

notes)

Control efficiency depends on penetration; Cost effectiveness based on weighted sum of Nox and VOC reductions (i.e., total cost/((VOC*1)+(NOx*4))

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters - 

Vanpool Programs

5200 - 

89000*(see 

notes)

Control efficiency depends on penetration; Cost effectiveness based on weighted sum of Nox and VOC reductions (i.e., total cost/((VOC*1)+(NOx*4))

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

Page 1 of 3
Onroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters - 

Park-and-ride lots

8600 - 

70700*(see 

notes)

Control efficiency depends on penetration; Cost effectiveness based on weighted sum of Nox and VOC reductions (i.e., total cost/((VOC*1)+(NOx*4))

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters - 

Regional Transportation Demand Management (TDM)

2300 - 

33200*(see 

notes)

Control efficiency depends on penetration; Cost effectiveness based on weighted sum of Nox and VOC reductions (i.e., total cost/((VOC*1)+(NOx*4))

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commuters - 

Employer trip reduction programs

5800 - 

175500*(see 

notes)

Control efficiency depends on penetration; Cost effectiveness based on weighted sum of Nox and VOC reductions (i.e., total cost/((VOC*1)+(NOx*4))

PM, VOC, SO2, NH3, C

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Lean NOX Catalyst 5 - 40 6000 - 28000 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Exhaust Gas 

Recirculation

40 - 50 

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Emulsified Diesel 9 - 20 Increases VOC, CO PM LDGVs, LDGTs, HDGVs, and MCs

Federal Reformulated Gasoline (RFG)

7 VOC, CO 

LDGVs and LDGTs High Enhanced I/M Program 0.4 - 13.4 Reduction is based on emissions from entire 

fleet

VOC, CO 

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Fuel-borne 

Catalyst

0 - 10 PM, VOC, CO 

LDGVs and LDGTs Repair assistance for low-income 

owners of older poorly maintained vehicles

VOC 

LDGVs and LDGTs MPG/Emissions Requirements for 

Large Fleets

VOC, PM, SO2 

LDGVs and LDGTs Fee based on VMT VOC, PM, SO2, NH3 LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Shuttles in Structured 

Communities

VOC, PM, SO2, NH3 

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Vehicle Charging Stations VOC, PM, SO2 LDGVs and LDGTs Expansion of Bike/hiking trails VOC, PM, SO2, NH3 HDDVs Voluntary Programs - National 

Clean Diesel Campaign

PM 

HDDVs Voluntary Programs - SmartWay 

Transport Partnership

PM 

HDDVs Driver incentive/training program to 

reduce idling

VOC, PM, SO2 

Page 2 of 3
Onroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

All Highway Vehicles Intelligent Transport System - 

Speed Limit Restriction (65 mph)

HDDVs and Diesel Buses Heavy-Duty Vehicle Inspection 

Program 

NOx benefits result from reflashing vehicles subject to the heavy duty diesel consent decree

PM 

HDDV Fleet, and Diesel Bus Fleet

Periodic Smoke Inspection Program 

NOx benefits result from reflashing vehicles subject to the heavy duty diesel consent decree

PM 

HDDVs Software Upgrade for Diesel Trucks 

("Chip Reflash")

1800 - 2500 Rebuild kits are free to any truck operator 

requesting one from truck manufacturer as a result of the Consent Decree with EPA. Each kit costs about $20-$30/vehicle. 

HDDVs Incentive Programs (e.g., Carl 

Moyer Program)

PM 

LDGVs and LDGTs Incentives for hybrids and other 

ULEV, SULEV, ZEV vehicles

VOC, PM, SO2 

All Highway Vehicles Smoking Vehicle Hotline VOC, PM Notes:LDGV=Light-duty Gasoline VehicleLDGT=Light-duty Gasoline TruckHDGV=Heavy-duty Gasoline VehicleMC=MotorcycleLDDV=Light-duty Diesel VehicleLDDT=Light-duty Diesel TruckHDDV=Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Page 3 of 3
Onroad Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceCARB 2006a

California Air Resources Board, "Currently Verified Diesel Emission Control Technologies," as of September 6, 2006 http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/verifiedtechnologies/cvt.htm

CARB 2006b California Air Resources Board, "ARB Programs," updated May 4, 2006 http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/programs.htmENVIRON 2006 ENVIRON International Corporation, "Evaluation of Candidate Mobile Source Control Measures", Final Report, prepared for Lake Mic

Consortium, 2250 E. Devon Ave., #250, Des Plaines, IL 60018, February 28, 2006. http://www.ladco.org/reports/rpo/Regional%20Air%20Quality/LADCO%20Control%20Report_Final.pdf

EPA 1999 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, "Phase II Reformulated Gasoline: The Next Major Step Toward C

042, November 1999. http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/rfg/f99042.pdf

EPA 2004 Guidance for Quantifying and Using Long DurationTruck Idling Emission Reductions In State Implementation Plans and Transportatio

04-001, January 2004. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy/truckidlingguidance.pdf

EPA 2005 Draft list of potential RACT and RACM from PM rule preamble (see EPA websites on verified retrofit technologies) 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/retroverifiedlist.htm

EPA 2005b Guidance for Quantifying and Using Emissions Reductions from Best Workplaces for Commuter Programs in State Implementation P

Conformity Determinations, EPA420-B-05-016, October 2005, http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/policy/transp/commuter/420

EPA 2006 Diesel Retrofits: Quantifying and Using Their Benefits in SIPs and Conformity, EPA420-B-06-005, June 2006. 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy/420b06005.pdf

EPA 2006b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Diesel Retrofit Technology, An Analysis of the Cost-

Particulate Matter Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Through Retrofits", EPA420-S-06-002, March 2006. http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/documents/420s06002.pdf

EPA 2006d EPA Staff Communication: "Mobile Source Control Measures in PM NAAQS RIA", EPA, 2006EPA 2006e Clean Ports USA, "Emission Reduction Strategies by Application, Trucks," as of September 2006 http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/porNJDEP 2005a NJDEP Diesel Initiatives Workgroup, "A Collaborative Report Presenting Air Quality Strategies for Further Consideration by the State 

31, 2005. http://www.nj.gov/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_di_workgroup_report.pdf

NJDEP 2005b NJDEP Gasoline Cars & Trucks Workgroup, "A Collaborative Report Presenting Air Quality Strategies for Further Consideration by th

October 31, 2005. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_gct_report.pdf

OTC 2006 Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) “Candidate Control Measures.” http://www.otcair.org/projects_details.asp?FID=93&fview=statioPechan 2006 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "AirControlNET, Version 4.1 Control Measure Documentation Report," Draft Report, prepared for U.S

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Pechan Report No. 06.05.003/9011.002, May 2006.

San Joaquin Valley UAPCD, 2003 San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (UAPCD). Final BACM Technological and Economic Feasibility Analysis, pre

March 21, 2003. www.soiltac.com/PDF/Final_BACM_Chapter 20 - Fugitive Dust 287Feasibility_Analysis.pdf.

STAPPA/ALAPCO 2006

The State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials, "Controlling Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, " March 2006 http://www.4cleanair.org/PM25Menu-Final.pdf

TCEQ 2006 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas Air Quality Control Measures, as of September 2006 

http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/sip/sipstrategies.html#mobile
Nonroad PM Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency (%)

Cost Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats O

Pol

Con

Nonroad Diesel Engines except locomotive, marine, pleasure craft, and aircraft engine

Nonroad Retrofit DOC 20 11,600 - 63,300 Low end of range represents most cost-effective retrofits (first 50% of 

retrofit potential). High end of range represents least cost-effective retrofits (second 50% of retrofit potential). PM cost effectiveness values apply for all retrofit measures combined (DOC, DPF, and rebuild). Cost effectiveness values were calculated by EPA based on the cost for DOC applied to a 250 hp bulldozer. However, this measure is intended to apply to all nonroad engines, model year 1988-2007, except for locomotive, marine, pleasure craft, and aircraft engines. 

VOC 

Nonroad Diesel Engines except locomotive, marine, pleasure craft, and aircraft engine

Nonroad Retrofit DPF 90 9,700 - 52,700 Low end of range represents most cost-effective retrofits (first 50% of 

retrofit potential). High end of range represents least cost-effective retrofits (second 50% of retrofit potential). PM cost effectiveness values apply for all retrofit measures combined (DOC, DPF, and rebuild). Cost effectiveness values were calculated by EPA based on the cost for DOC applied to a 250 hp bulldozer. However, this measure is intended to apply to all nonroad engines, model year 1988-2007, except for locomotive, marine, pleasure craft, and aircraft engines. 

VOC 

Nonroad Diesel Engines except locomotive, marine, pleasure craft, and aircraft engine

Nonroad Engine Upgrade 20 NOx, V

Nonroad Diesel Engines Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Some direct PM reductions would result due to lower S content of fuel SO2 

Nonroad Diesel Engines Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel + 

Retrofit

Some retrofits that rely on ULSD (e.g., DPFs) that have been verified by EPA and/or CARB require a S content of no more than 15-50ppm.

SO2 

Nonroad Diesel Construction Engine/Equipment Replacement 

(Scrappage)

2,000-25,000 Only emission reductions reported, no control efficiencies. Emission 

reductions and Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and technology type are reported in Appendices to LADCO report. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton NOx reduced.

NOx 

Nonroad Diesel Engines Establish Opacity or other Emission 

Standards for "Gross-Emitting" Diesel Equipment or Vessels

Nonroad Engines Low Emission Specifications - Limit 

emissions for construction projects, industrial facilities, ship yards, airports

Nonroad Engines Expand Use of Clean Burning Fuels 

Nonroad Gasoline Equipment Replacement - Lawn 

Mower Buy Back Program

Program encourages trading of gasoline-powered mowers by providing funds to offset the purchase cost of electric mowers.

Recreational Marine Variable Registration Fees for Boat 

Engines

This control measure would require owners to register boat engines. The boat engine registration fee schedule would be designed so that lower fees would be assessed for the newest engines. 

VOC 

Nonroad Diesel Industrial Operational Changes at Ports - 

Reduce Use of Mobile Dieselpowered Material-Handling Equipment Reduce use of mobile diesel-powered material-handling equipment in favor of electric-powered stationary cranes. No emission reduction or 

cost information provided.

Nonroad Diesel Industrial ARB Cargo Handling Equipment Rule -

Application of Best Available Control Technology 

25-85 6,500-18,000 Range of CE values represents Level 1, 2 and 3, which are three 

benchmarks that control systems can be verified to. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

NOx 

Locomotives Idling Reduction - SmartStart and 

Diesel Driven Heating System

40-60 809 Idle reduction technologies can reduce idling up to 90 percent, depending 

on which technology is employed in which application. Control efficiencies provided correspond to a 90 percent reduction in idling, which is expected to reduce fuel consumption by 40 to 60 percent. PM and NOx cost per ton is an upper bound value, since savings due to reduced maintenance costs not accounted for.

NOx 

Locomotives Reduce Idling for Locomotives 

Locomotives I&M for Locomotives - Conduct 

Opacity Testing and Conduct Repairs

This program is a voluntary agreement with the BNSF Railway Company and the Union Pacific Railroad Company to reduce PM emissions in California rail yards.

Switch Locomotive Upgrade Engines in Switcher 

Locomotives - Diesel-electric hybrid locomotives

80 6,500-18,000 Hybrid switch locomotives have significantly reduced diesel PM and NOx 

emissions, idling time, and fuel use compared to conventional switchers. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

NOx 

Page 1 of 2
Nonroad PM Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency (%)

Cost Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats O

Pol

Con

Switch Locomotive Upgrade Engines in Switcher 

Locomotives - Install multiple off-road diesel engines 

80 6,500-18,000 Remanufactured switchers are powered with two or three (700 hp) Tier 3 

non-road diesel engines call gen-sets instead of conventional diesel locomotive engines. Gen-set locomotive manufacturers report that these locomotives can reduce fuel consumption by 20 to 35 percent. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

NOx 

Locomotives Locomotive Retrofit - DPF >85 Has not been tested or used in rail yard applications in the U.S. 

Locomotives Locomotive Retrofit - DOC 20-50 Has not been tested or used in rail yard applications in the U.S. Locomotives Use of Alternative Fuels - Biodiesel >50 6,500-18,000 Biodiesel generally results in a NOx increase, and is best used in 

combination with NOx control strategies. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

Locomotives Use of Alternative Fuels - FisherTropsch Diesel 6,500-18,000 Made from converting synthetic gas to a liquid hydrocarbon diesel, this synthetic diesel fuel contains less than 10 ppm sulfur, which directly 

reduces diesel PM and SOx emissions. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

Commercial Marine Vessels Add-On Controls - DPF >85 

Commercial Marine Vessels Add-On Controls - DOC ~30 Commercial Marine Vessels-Harbor Vessels Cleaner Marine Fuels - Emulsified 

Diesel Fuel

 ARB estimates that emulsified diesel fuel used in on-road engines can reduce NOx by 15 percent and PM by 50 percent. Additional testing is required to determine whether similar reductions are possible in marine engines.

Commercial Marine Vessels-Harbor Vessels Cleaner Marine Fuels - Biodiesel >50 Generally results in a NOx increase. Biodiesel is best used in 

combination with NOx control strategies. 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Harbor Vessels Cleaner Marine Fuels - Compressed 

or liquefied natural gas or diesel/CNG dual fuel

Can result in significant reductions in NOx and PM. The results vary with specific application and the ratio of diesel to CNG used. Additional testing is required to determine whether similar reductions are possible in marine engines.

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines - Marine distillate fuels

75 6,500-18,000 Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM 

reduced.

SO2 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines - Lower sulfur content

35 6,500-18,000 Control efficiencies assume use of lower sulfur content fuel oil of 5000 

ppm. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

SO2 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Auxiliary Engines - Lower sulfur content

35 6,500-18,000 Control efficiencies assume use of lower sulfur content fuel oil of 5000 

ppm. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

SO2 

Commercial Marine VesselsRecreational Marine

Reduce Fuel Sulfur Content for Smaller Commercial and Recreational Vessels

10 Emission reductions based on assumption that current sulfur level of 

3,000 parts per million (ppm) is reduced to 500 and to 15 ppm.

SO2 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold Ironing

90 6,500-18,000 ARB assumes 90% control and participation of 20% of fleet in 2010 and 

80% of fleet in 2020. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

NOx 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Harbor Vessels Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold 

Ironing

12-27 No cost effectiveness values provided; likely to be cost-effective for ships 

that frequently visit ports equipped with shore power. Control efficiencies based on participation of 40% of tugboat fleet in 2010 and 80-100% of tugboat fleet in 2025.

NOx 

Commercial Marine Vessels Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold 

Ironing

83-97 69,000 (average)

16,000 (average weighted across all ships in study)

Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 and SO2 reduction combined. Cost effectiveness would improve in the case of new terminals or new vessels, due to the lack of operational, safety, and engineering challenges associated with retrofitting shore 

power into existing port facilities. 

NOx, VOC, 

NOTES: Unless otherwise noted, control efficiencies represent control values per engine or equipment; overall cost effectiveness would need to account for the fraction of the fleet to which controls were applied.

AcronymsEGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction DOC - Diesel Oxidation CatalystsDPF - Diesel Particulate FiltersCCV - Closed Crankcase VentilationAPU - Auxiliary Power UnitsGSE - Ground Support EquipmentCNG - Compressed Natural GasLPG - Liquefied Petroleum GasIMO - International Marine OrganizationULSD - Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Page 2 of 2
Nonroad SO2 Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficienc

y (%)

Cost 

Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats 

Nonroad Diesel Engines

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Proportionate SO2 reductions would result due to lower S content of fuel 

Nonroad Diesel Engines

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel + Retrofit

Some retrofits that rely on ULSD (e.g., DPFs) that have been verified by EPA and/or CARB require a S content of no more than 15-50ppm.

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines - Marine distillate fuels

75 6,500-18,000 

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines - Lower sulfur content

80 6,500-18,000 Control efficiencies assume use of lower sulfur content fuel oil of 5000 ppm. 

Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

Commercial Marine Vessels-Ocean Going Vessels

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Auxiliary Engines - Lower sulfur content

80 6,500-18,000 Control efficiencies assume use of lower sulfur content fuel oil of 5000 ppm. 

Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

Commercial Marine VesselsRecreational Marine

Reduce Fuel Sulfur Content for Smaller Commercial and Recreational vVessels

82-99.5 Emission reductions based on assumption that current sulfur level of 3,000 par

per million (ppm) is reduced to 500 and to 15 ppm.

AcronymsEGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction DOC - Diesel Oxidation CatalystsDPF - Diesel Particulate FiltersCCV - Closed Crankcase VentilationAPU - Auxiliary Power UnitsGSE - Ground Support EquipmentCNG - Compressed Natural GasLPG - Liquefied Petroleum GasIMO - International Marine OrganizationULSD - Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Page 1 of 1
Nonroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency 

(%)

Cost 

Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats Other 

Pollutants 

Controlled

Nonroad Diesel Construction Engine/Equipment Replacement 

(Scrappage)

2,000-25,000 Only emission reductions reported, no control efficiencies. Emission 

reductions and Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and technology type are reported in Appendices to LADCO report.

PM 

Nonroad Diesel Construction Nonroad NOx Retrofit - Lean 

NOx Catalyst

40 3,000-54,000 Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and 

technology type reported in Appendices to LADCO report. Earlier technology type engines are generally more cost-effective.

Nonroad Diesel Construction Nonroad NOx Retrofit - 

EGR+DPF

50 7,000-108,000 Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and 

technology type reported in Appendices to LADCO report. Earlier technology type engines are generally more cost-effective.

Nonroad Diesel Construction Nonroad NOx Retrofit - SCR 70-99 2,000-40,000 Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and 

technology type reported in Appendices to LADCO report. Earlier technology type engines are generally more cost-effective.

Nonroad Diesel Engines Nonroad Engine Upgrade - Low 

end

30 1,600 Low end represents most cost-effective retrofits (first 50% of retrofit 

potential). Cost effectiveness based on low-end of range for DOC applied to 250 hp bulldozers. Cost effectiveness based on the same methodology as used in the PM cost effectiveness paper.

PM, VOC 

Nonroad Diesel Engines Nonroad Engine Upgrade - High 

end

30 7,200 High end represents least cost-effective retrofits (second 50% of retrofit 

potential). Cost effectiveness based on average of range for DOC applied to 250 hp bulldozers. Cost effectiveness based on the same methodology as used in the PM cost effectiveness paper.

PM, VOC 

Nonroad Diesel "Carl Moyer/TERP"-Type 

Voluntary Program - Nonroad Diesel Retrofit

1,800-7,300 

Nonroad Gasoline Industrial ARB Forklift and Other Industrial 

Equipment Rule - Tighter NOx and VOC Limits Plus Accelerated Replacement

Nonroad Diesel Construction Emulsified Diesel Fuel 18 15,000-160,000 Cost effectiveness values by equipment application, horsepower and 

technology type are reported in Appendices to LADCO report. Smaller horsepower and earlier technology type engines are generally more costeffective.

Page 1 of 3
Nonroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency 

(%)

Cost 

Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats Other 

Pollutants 

Controlled

Nonroad Diesel Construction Nonroad Idling Reduction - 

Automatic Shut-off Devices

Control efficiencies will be variable. For example, if 20% reduction in idling is achievable, 225 tpy NOx and 18 tpy PM2.5 reduction would result in NJ. Reduction in fuel and engine maintenance costs, increased equipment life, and decreased noise complaints. Cost of technology would be recouped within the life of the equipment, probably sooner in many cases, providing a net cost savings for equipment owner.

Locomotives Idling Reduction - SmartStart and 

Diesel Driven Heating System

40-60 $809 Idle reduction technologies can reduce idling up to 90 percent. Control 

efficiencies provided correspond to a 90 percent reduction in idling, which is expected to reduce fuel consumption by 40 to 60 percent. Cost per ton is an upper bound value, since savings due to reduced maintenance costs not accounted for.

PM 

Switch Locomotive Upgrade Engines in Switcher 

Locomotives - Diesel-electric hybrid locomotives

80 6,500-18,000 Hybrid switch locomotives have significantly reduced diesel PM and NOx 

emissions, idling time, and fuel use compared to conventional switchers. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

PM 

Switch Locomotive Upgrade Engines in Switcher 

Locomotives - Install multiple offroad diesel engines 

80 6,500-18,000 Remanufactured switchers are powered with two or three (700 hp) Tier 3 nonroad diesel engines call gen-sets instead of conventional diesel locomotive 

engines. Gen-set locomotive manufacturers report that these locomotives can reduce fuel consumption by 20 to 35 percent. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

PM 

Commercial Marine Vessels Add-On Controls - SCR 65-90 May reduce diesel PM emissions. PM Commercial Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels Cleaner Marine Fuels - Emulsified Diesel Fuel 30 6,500-18,000 Slight increase in fuel consumption and PM emissions. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced. 

Commercial Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels Cleaner Marine Fuels - Emulsified Diesel Fuel ARB estimates that emulsified diesel fuel used in on-road engines can reduce NOx by 15 percent and PM by 50 percent. Additional testing is 

required to determine whether similar reductions are possible in marine engines.

PM 

Commercial Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels Vessel Speed Reduction Program - Extending Speed 

Reduction Zones Offshore

6,500-18,000 Slower speeds reduce main engine fuel consumption and result in significant 

NOx reductions. There is the potential for increases in diesel PM emissions for some vessels operating at slow speeds. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced.

Commercial Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold Ironing 90 6,500-18,000 ARB assumes 90% control and participation of 20% of fleet in 2010 and 80% of fleet in 2020. Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + 

diesel PM reduced.

PM 

Commercial Marine Vessels - Ocean-Going Vessels

Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold Ironing

99 69,000 (average)

16,000 (average weighted across all ships in study)

Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 and SO2 reduction combined. Cost effectiveness would improve in the case of new terminals or new vessels, due to the lack of operational, safety, and engineering challenges associated with retrofitting shore power into existing port facilities. 

PM 

Commercial Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels Shore Based Electrical Power - Cold Ironing 12-27 No cost effectiveness values provided; likely to be cost-effective for ships that frequently visit ports equipped with shore power. Control efficiency 

represents overall control effectiveness based on participation of 40% of tugboat fleet in 2010 and 80-100% of tugboat fleet in 2025.

Commercial Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels Build or Retrofit New Ships that Far Exceed IMO Standards 90 6,500-18,000 Cost effectiveness expressed as dollar per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced. PM Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE -Replace Diesel GSE with CNG/LPG 

65 1,000 - 3,000 Cost-effectiveness is expressed in dollar per ton VOC/CO/NOx combined VOC 

Page 2 of 3
Nonroad NOx Control Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emissions Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency 

(%)

Cost 

Effectiveness, 

$/ton

Notes/Caveats Other 

Pollutants 

Controlled

Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE -Convert Gas GSE to CNG/LPG 

25 Overall cost 

savings from 

reduced fuel use

VOC 

Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE -Replace Diesel GSE with Electric

100 Cost savings - 

$5,800

Cost savings or net costs dependent on type of GSE. Savings for belt loader, costs incurred for baggage tractor and aircraft tug.

Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE -Replace Gas GSE with Electric

100 Cost savings - 

$1,900

Cost savings or net costs dependent on type of GSE. Savings for belt loader and aircraft tug, costs incurred for baggage tractor.

Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Gate Electrification to Reduce GSE/APU Use - Retrofit Airport Gates with Power and Preconditioned Air

No emission reduction or Cost effectiveness values provided. Gate electrification requires an up-front capital investment but, once installed, the system produces fuel and labor savings that typically result in a relatively short payback time of less than two years.

Aircraft Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Idling Reduction Control efficiencies will be variable. For example, applying the current 3-

minute idling law to the approx. 2000 non-road GSEs in NJ will result in fuel savings and reduced engine wear and is a low cost strategy.

AcronymsEGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction DOC - Diesel Oxidation CatalystsDPF - Diesel Particulate FiltersCCV - Closed Crankcase VentilationAPU - Auxiliary Power UnitsGSE - Ground Support EquipmentCNG - Compressed Natural GasLPG - Liquefied Petroleum GasIMO - International Marine OrganizationULSD - Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

NOTES: Unless otherwise noted, control efficiencies represent control values per engine or equipment; overall cost effectiveness would need to account for the fraction o

controls were applied.

Page 3 of 3
Nonroad Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key Reference

CARB 2005 California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board (CARB). "ARB/Railroad Statewide Agreement Particulate Emission

California Rail Yards," June 2005. http://www.arb.ca.gov/railyard/083005mouexecuted.pdf

CARB 2006 California Air Resources Board, "Proposed Emission Reduction Plan for Ports and Good Movement in California, March 21, 2006 

http://www.arb.ca.gov/planning/gmerp/gmerp.htm

ENVIRON 2004 “Cold Ironing Cost Effectiveness Study”, ENVIRON International Corporation, prepared for Port of Long Beach, California, March 30, 

http://www.polb.com/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=2157

ENVIRON 2006 ENVIRON International Corporation, "Evaluation of Candidate Mobile Source Control Measures", Final Report, prepared for Lake Mic

Consortium, 2250 E. Devon Ave., #250, Des Plaines, IL 60018, February 28, 2006. http://www.ladco.org/reports/rpo/Regional%20Air%20Quality/LADCO%20Control%20Report_Final.pdf

EPA 2004 Guidance for Quantifying and Using Long-Duration Switch Yard Locomotive Idling Emission Reductions in State Implementation Plan

January 2004. http://www.epa.gov/oms/smartway/idle-guid.htm

EPA 2005 Draft list of potential RACT and RACM from PM rule preamble (see EPA websites on verified retrofit technologies) 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/retroverifiedlist.htm

EPA 2006a E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "PM NAAQS Modeling, Technical Memorandum", Draft Report, prepared for U.S. Environmental Pro

Triangle Park, NC, July 2006.

EPA 2006b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Diesel Retrofit Technology, An Analysis of the Cost-

Particulate Matter Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Through Retrofits", EPA420-S-06-002, March 2006. http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/documents/420s06002.pdf

EPA 2006c EPA staff communication via e-mail from R. Kapichak, OTAQ/EPA, to J. Ketcham-Colwill, OPAR/OAR/EPA on September 9, 2006MRPO 2005 Midwest RPO, Interim White Paper - Midwest RPO Candidate Control Measures, Source Category: Airport Related Activities, Decem

http://www.ladco.org/reports/rpo/Regional%20Air%20Quality/White%20Papers%20March%202006/Airports_Operations_Ver1.pdf

NESCAUM 2003 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM). Controlling Airport-Related Air Pollution. June 2003. 

http://www.nescaum.org/documents/aviation_final_report.pdf/view?searchterm=Airport

NJDEP 2005 NJDEP Diesel Initiatives Workgroup, "A Collaborative Report Presenting Air Quality Strategies for Further Consideration by the State 

31, 2005. http://www.nj.gov/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_di_workgroup_report.pdf

Page 1 of 2
Nonroad Control Measures References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key Reference

OTC 2006 Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) “Candidate Control Measures.” http://www.otcair.org/projects_details.asp?FID=93&fview=statioSCAQMD 2006 South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Air Quality Summit, June 5 & 6, 2006. http://www.aqmd.gov/aqmp/07aqmp/STAPPA/ALAPCO 2006 The State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials, "Controlling 

Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, " March 2006 http://www.4cleanair.org/PM25Menu-Final.pdf

Union Pacific 2006 “Union Pacific and the Environment” fact sheet. www.up.comVancouver 2005 “Vancouver, Wa. Switchyard Locomotive Idle Reduction Project, Final Report to EPA”, Southwest Clean Air Agency, Vancouver, Wa.

http://www.epa.gov/SmartwayLogistics/documents/vancouver-locomotive.pdf

Page 2 of 2
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

diesel

Nonroad Mobile Sources

California Diesel Fuel

Aromatic hydrocarbon content of 10%

2270xxxxxx 6 ENVIRON, 

2006

8,000 2

SCAQMD, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Diesel Retrofit

SCR 2270xxxxxx 98 SCAQMD, 

2006

OTC, 2006 NOx Nonroad 

Diesel ConstructionLocomotivesCommercial Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

"Carl Moyer/TERP"-Type Voluntary Program

Nonroad Diesel Retrofit

2270002xxx2285002xxx2280002xxx

$1,800-$7,300 

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Tier 0 2270002xxx 18 EPA, 2005 15,000-50,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Tier 1 2270002xxx 18 EPA, 2005 21,000-68,000 2

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

Page 1 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Tier 2 2270002xxx 18 EPA, 2005 31,000-100,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

Tier 3 2270002xxx 18 EPA, 2005 50,000-160,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Engine/Equipment Replacement (Scrappage)

Replace Tier 0 with Tier 2 engines

Tier 0 2270002xxx EPA, 2005 2,000-8,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Engine/Equipment Replacement (Scrappage)

Replace Tier 1 with Tier 3 engines

Tier 1 2270002xxx EPA, 2005 4,000-11,000 2

Page 2 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Engine/Equipment Replacement (Scrappage)

Replace Tier 2 with Tier 3 engines

Tier 2 2270002xxx EPA, 2005 9,000-25,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

Lean NOx Catalyst

Tier 0 2270002xxx 40 EPA, 2005 3,000-16,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

Lean NOx Catalyst

Tier 1 2270002xxx 40 EPA, 2005 4,000-22,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

Lean NOx Catalyst

Tier 2 2270002xxx 40 EPA, 2005 6,000-33,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

Lean NOx Catalyst

Tier 3 2270002xxx 40 EPA, 2005 12,000-54,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

EGR+DPF Tier 0 2270002xxx 50 EPA, 2005 7,000-32,000 2

Page 3 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

EGR+DPF Tier 1 2270002xxx 50 EPA, 2005 9,000-45,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

EGR+DPF Tier 2 2270002xxx 50 EPA, 2005 13,000-66,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

EGR+DPF Tier 3 2270002xxx 50 EPA, 2005 26,000-108,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

SCR Tier 0 2270002xxx 70-99 EPA, 2005 2,000-12,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

SCR Tier 1 2270002xxx 70-99 EPA, 2005 3,000-17,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

SCR Tier 2 2270002xxx 70-99 EPA, 2005 4,000-25,000 2

ENVIRON, 2006

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad NOx Retrofit

SCR Tier 3 2270002xxx 70-99 EPA, 2005 9,000-40,000 2

Page 4 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

NJDEP, 2005

NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Idling Requirements

Automatic Shutoff Devices 2270002xxx 

OTC, 2006 PM Nonroad 

Diesel Construction

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Clean Air Construction Initiative

Nonroad Diesel Retrofit

2270002xxx $ per ton varies 

EPA, 2006a PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - Low end

DPF 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 90 90 18,100 2

Page 5 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

EPA, 2006a PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - High end

DPF 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 90 90 33,900 2

EPA, 2006a PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - Low end

DOC 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 20 50 18,100 2

EPA, 2006a PM/NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - Low end

Rebuild 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 20 30 60 18,100 2

Page 6 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

EPA, 2006a PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - High end

DOC 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 20 50 33,900 2

EPA, 2006a PM/NOx Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Retrofit - High end

Rebuild 1988-

2007

2270xxxxxx 20 30 60 33,900 2

EPA, 2006c PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

2270xxxxxx 

EPA, 2006c PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel + Retrofit

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel + Retrofit

2270xxxxxx 

EPA, 2005 PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Clean Burning Fuels

Prohibit Sale and Use of Diesel that Exceeds High S Content

2270xxxxxx

Page 7 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

EPA, 2005 PM Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Standards for "GrossEmitting" Equipment

Establish Opacity or other Emission Standards for Diesel Equipment or Vessels

2270xxxxxx

2280002xxx

EPA, 2006c SO2 Nonroad 

Diesel Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Early Use of Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

2270xxxxxx 

CARB, 2006 PM Nonroad 

diesel industrial

Nonroad Mobile Sources

ARB Cargo Handling Equipment Rule

Application of Best Available Control Technology 

Level 3 2270003xxx

2270002xxx

85 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 PM Nonroad 

diesel industrial

Nonroad Mobile Sources

ARB Cargo Handling Equipment Rule

Application of Best Available Control Technology 

Level 2 2270003xxx

2270002xxx

50 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 PM Nonroad 

diesel industrial

Nonroad Mobile Sources

ARB Cargo Handling Equipment Rule

Application of Best Available Control Technology 

Level 1 2270003xxx

2270002xxx

25 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

STAPPA/ALAPCO, 2006

PM Nonroad 

diesel industrial

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Operational Changes at Ports

Reduce Use of Mobile Dieselpowered MaterialHandling Equipment In Favor of Electricpowered

2270003xxx2270002xxx

CARB, 2005

EPA, 2005 PM Nonroad 

Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Early Retirement/Scrappage

Programs to Reduce Emissions and Accelerate Retirement of Boats and Lawn and Garden Equipment

2260xxxxxx2265xxxxxx2270xxxxxx

Page 8 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

EPA, 2005 PM Nonroad 

Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Low Emission Specifications

Limit emissions for construction projects, industrial facilities, ship yards, airports

2260xxxxxx2265xxxxxx2270xxxxxx

EPA, 2005 PM Nonroad 

Engines

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Clean Burning Fuels

Expand Use of Clean Burning Fuels

2260xxxxxx2265xxxxxx2270xxxxxx

SCAQMD, 2006

PM Nonroad 

Gasoline

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Equipment Replacement

Lawn Mower Buy Back Program

2260004xxx2265004xxx

CARB, 2006 NOx Nonroad 

gasoline industrial

Nonroad Mobile Sources

ARB Forklift and Other Industrial Equipment Rule

Tighter NOx and VOC Limits Plus Accelerated Replacement

2260003xxx2265003xxx

NJDEP, 2005

PM/VOC Recreational 

Marine 

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Variable Registration Fees for Boat Engines

Boat Engine Registration 

228202xxxx 

MRPO, 2005

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE

Replace Diesel GSE with CNG/LPG 

2270008xxx 65 30 NESCAUM, 

2003

1,000 - 3,000 

MRPO, 2005

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE

Convert Gas GSE to CNG/LPG 

2260008xxx2265008xxx

25 50-70 NESCAUM, 

2003

Overall cost savings from reduced fuel use

MRPO, 2005

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE

Replace Diesel GSE with Electric

2270008xxx 100 NESCAUM, 

2003

Cost savings - $5,800

Page 9 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

MRPO, 2005

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Alternative Fuels for Airport GSE

Replace Gas GSE with Electric

2260008xxx2265008xxx

100 NESCAUM, 

2003

Cost savings - $1,900

NESCAUM, 2003

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Gate Electrification to Reduce GSE/APU Use

Retrofit airport gates with power and preconditioned air

2260008xxx2265008xxx2270008xxx

2275070000

NJDEP, 2005

NOx Aircraft 

Ground Support Equipment

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Nonroad Idling Requirements

Restrict Idling to 3 minutes

2270008xxx 

CARB, 2006 PM/NOx Switch 

Locomotive

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Upgrade Engines in Switcher Locomotives

Diesel-electric hybrid locomotives

2285002010 80 80 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

Page 10 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

CARB, 2006 PM/NOx Switch 

Locomotive

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Upgrade Engines in Switcher Locomotives

Locomotives comprised of multiple offroad diesel engines 

2285002010 80 80 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

NJDEP, 2005

NOx/PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Idling Reduction 

SmartStart and Diesel Driven Heating System

2285002xxx 40-

60

40-60 Union 

Pacific, 2006

$809 2

CARB, 2006 PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Locomotive Retrofit

DOC 2285002xxx 20-

50

CARB, 2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Locomotive Retrofit

DPF 2285002xxx >85 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Use of Alternative Fuels

Biodiesel 2285002xxx >50 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

Page 11 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

EPA, 2005 PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Diesel Idling Programs

Reduce Idling for Locomotives

2285002xxx

STAPPA/ALAPCO, 2006

PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

I&M for Locomotives

Conduct Opacity Testing and Conduct Repairs

2285002xxx CARB, 

2005

CARB, 2006 PM Locomotives Nonroad 

Mobile Sources

Use of Alternative Fuels

Fisher-Tropsch Diesel

2285002xxx $6,500-$18,000 

per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

NJDEP, 2005

NOx/PM Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Provide Electric Power to Ships at the Ports

Cold Ironing 2280002xxx 83-

97

99 Environ, 

2004

$69,000/ton = average$16,000/ton = weighted average

CARB, 2006 PM Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Add-On Controls

DPF 2280002xxx >85 CARB, 

2006

CARB, 2006 PM Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Add-On Controls

DOC 2280002xxx ~30 CARB, 

2006

NJDEP, 2005

SO2/PM Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Reduce Fuel Sulfur Content in Main Engines of Ocean-going vessels

Switch to Low Sulfur Fuel

2280002xxx 5 40 NJDEP, 

2005

CARB, 2006 NOx Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Add-On Controls

SCR 2280002xxx 65-90 CARB, 

2006

Page 12 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

NJDEP, 2005

SO2/PM Commercial 

Marine Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Limit Sulfur Content of Auxiliary Engine Fuel 

Switch to Low Sulfur Fuel

2280002xxx 

NJDEP, 2005

SO2/PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsRecreational Marine

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Reduce Fuel Sulfur Content for Smaller Commercial and Recreational 

Vessels

Switch to Low Sulfur Fuel

2280002xxx

228202xxxx

10 82-

99.5

NJDEP, 2005

CARB, 2006 NOx/PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Shore Based Electrical Power

Cold Ironing 2280002020 12-

27

12-27 CARB, 

2006

CARB, 2006 PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels

Biodiesel 2280002020 >50 CARB, 

2006

Page 13 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

CARB, 2006 NOx Commercial 

Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

2280002020 CARB, 

2006

CARB, 2006 PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsHarbor Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels

Compressed or liquefied natural gas or diesel/CNG dual fuel

2280002020 

CARB, 2006 NOx/PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Shore Based Electrical Power

Cold Ironing 2280002010 90 90 $6,500-$18,000 

per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 SO2/PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines

Marine distillate fuels

2280002010 75 75 6 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 NOx/PM Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Build New Ships that Far Exceed IMO Standards

New or Retrofitted Engines

2280002010 60 90 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 SO2 Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Main Engines

Lower sulfur content

2280002010 35 80 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

Page 14 of 15
Nonroad Detailed Control Measure List

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

PM

2.5

PM SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Primary 

Reference

Major 

Pollutant

Source Category

Source 

Sector

Control 

Measure

Applicable 

SCC Codes

Control Efficiency (%) CE 

Reference

Technology Model 

Year

Cost 

Effectiveness

C

Y

CARB, 2007 SO2 Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels for Auxiliary Engines

Lower sulfur content

2280002010 35 80 CARB, 

2006

$6,500-$18,000 per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 NOx Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Cleaner Marine Fuels

Emulsified Diesel Fuel

2280002010 30 $6,500-$18,000 

per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

CARB, 2006 NOx Commercial 

Marine VesselsOcean Going Vessels

Nonroad Mobile Sources

Vessel Speed Reduction Program

Extending speed reduction zones offshore

2280002010 $6,500-$18,000 

per ton of NOx + diesel PM reduced

2

AcronymsEGR - Exhaust Gas Recirculation SCR - Selective Catalytic Reduction DOC - Diesel Oxidation CatalystsDPF - Diesel Particulate FiltersCCV - Closed Crankcase VentilationAPU - Auxiliary Power UnitsGSE - Ground Support EquipmentCNG - Compressed Natural GasLPG - Liquefied Petroleum GasIMO - International Marine OrganizationULSD - Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel

Page 15 of 15
Onroad VOC Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Referenc

School Bus Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation 

Catalysts

50 12000 - 49100 Applies to 1990-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

School Bus Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 12400 - 50500 Applies to 1995-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

Class 6 & 7 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation 

Catalysts

50 27600 - 67900 Applies to 1990-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

Class 6 & 7 HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 28400 - 69900 Applies to 1995-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

Class 8B HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Diesel Oxidation 

Catalysts

50 11100 - 40600 Applies to 1990-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

Class 8B HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Catalyzed Diesel 

Particulate Filters

90 12100 - 44100 Applies to 1995-2006 model 

years

PM, CO EPA 2006

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Active Diesel 

Particulate Filter

60 - 93 PM, CO STAPPA/

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - Flow Through 

Filter

50 - 89 Applies to 1991 - 2002 

model years; needs 15 ppm sulfur diesel or CARB diesel

PM, CO STAPPA/

EPA 2006

HDDVs Diesel Retrofit - NOX Adsorber 10 - 90 PM, NOX, CO STAPPA/HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Biodiesel 0 - 50 Increases NOX PM, CO EPA 2006HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Oxygenated 

Diesel

0 - 50 Oxygenated with ethanol; 

Nox emissions likely to increase

PM, CO, CO2 STAPPA/

HDDVs Alternative Fuel - Fuel-borne 

Catalyst

0 - 50 PM, NOX, CO STAPPA/

Class 5 and above HDDVs and Diesel Buses

Replacement 72 - 89 Applies to 1990-2006 model 

years

PM, NOX EPA 2006

Class 8 HDDVs Intermodal - shift of transportation 

of goods from truck to rail transport

1.0 0 Would result in a 0.3-0.4% 

increase in all pollutants from locomotive and rail SCCs; represents a 1% shift from truck-only transport to 

PM, NOX, SO2, NH3

EPA 2006

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with 

Truck Stop Electrification

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully 

recovered by fuel savings

PM, NOX, SO2, CO EPA 2006

Class 8 HDDVs Eliminate Long Duration Idling with 

Mobile Idle Reduction Technologies

3.4 0 Upfront capital costs fully 

recovered by fuel savings

PM, NOX, SO2, CO EPA 2006

Page 1 of 3
Onroad VOC Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Referenc

Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles and Trucks

Best Workplaces for Commutersall measures combined 0.4-1.0 Reductions based on the following measures: 

Regional Rideshare, Vanpool Programs, Parkand-ride lots, Regional TDM, Employer trip reduction programs; control efficiency depends on penetration--0.4% reduction at 10% penetration and 1.0% reduction at 25% penetration

PM, NOX, SO2, NH3, CO

EPA 2006

LDGVs, LDGTs, HDGVs, and MCs

Federal Reformulated Gasoline 27 NOX, CO Pechan 2

LDGVs and LDGTs High Enhanced I/M Program 1.8 - 19.8 Reduction is based on 

emissions from entire fleet

NOX, CO Pechan 2

LDGVs and LDGTs Repair assistance for low-income 

owners of older poorly maintained vehicles

NOX NJDEP 2

LDGVs and LDGTs MPG/Emissions Requirements for 

Large Fleets

NOX, PM, SO2 NJDEP 2

LDGVs and LDGTs Fee based on VMT NOX, PM, SO2, NJDEP 2LDGVs and LDGTs Alternative Fuels Tax Credit NJDEP 2

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Shuttles in Structured 

Communities

NOX, PM, SO2, NH3

NJDEP 2

LDGVs and LDGTs Electric Vehicle Charging Stations NOX, PM, SO2 NJDEP 2LDGVs and LDGTs Expansion of Bike/hiking trails NOX, PM, SO2, 

NH3

NJDEP 2

HDDVs Driver incentive/training program 

to reduce idling

NOX, PM, SO2 NJDEP 2

Page 2 of 3
Onroad VOC Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Referenc

LDGVs and LDGTs Incentives for hybrids and other 

ULEV, SULEV, ZEV vehicles

NOX, PM, SO2 CARB 20

All Highway Vehicles Smoking Vehicle Hotline PM, NOX CARB 20

Acronyms:LDGV=Light-duty Gasoline VehicleLDGT=Light-duty Gasoline TruckHDGV=Heavy-duty Gasoline VehicleMC=MotorcycleLDDV=Light-duty Diesel VehicleLDDT=Light-duty Diesel TruckHDDV=Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Page 3 of 3
Onroad NH3 Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

SO2

Source Category Emission Reduction Measure Control 

Efficiency

Cost 

Effectiveness

Notes/caveats Other pollutants 

controlled

Re

Class 8 HDDVs Intermodal - shift of transportation 

of goods from truck to rail transport

1.0 0 Would result in a 0.3-0.4% increase in all 

pollutants from locomotive and rail SCCs; represents a 1% shift from truck-only transport to rail

PM, NOX, SO2, VOC

EP

LDGVs and LDGTs Best Workplaces for Commutersall measures combined 0.4-1.0 Reductions based on the following measures: Regional Rideshare, Vanpool 

Programs, Park-and-ride lots, Regional TDM, Employer trip reduction programs; control efficiency depends on penetration--0.4% reduction at 10% penetration and 1.0% reduction at 25% penetration

PM, NOX, VOC, SO2, CO

EP

LDGVs and LDGTs Fee based on VMT VOC, NOX, PM, NJLDGVs and LDGTs Electric Shuttles in Structured 

Communities

VOC, NOX, PM, SO2

NJ

LDGVs and LDGTs Expansion of Bike/hiking trails VOC, NOX, PM, NJAcronyms:LDGV=Light-duty Gasoline VehicleLDGT=Light-duty Gasoline TruckHDGV=Heavy-duty Gasoline VehicleMC=MotorcycleLDDV=Light-duty Diesel VehicleLDDT=Light-duty Diesel TruckHDDV=Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Page 1 of 1
Onroad VOC and NH3 Measure References

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Key ReferenceReferences for Onroad VOC and NH3CARB 2006a

California Air Resources Board, "Currently Verified Diesel Emission Control Technologies," as of September 6, 2006 http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/verifiedtechnologies/cvt.htm

CARB 2006b California Air Resources Board, "ARB Programs," updated May 4, 2006 http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/programs.htmENVIRON 2006 ENVIRON International Corporation, "Evaluation of Candidate Mobile Source Control Measures", Final Report, prepared for Lak

Consortium, 2250 E. Devon Ave., #250, Des Plaines, IL 60018, February 28, 2006. http://www.ladco.org/reports/rpo/Regional%20Air%20Quality/LADCO%20Control%20Report_Final.pdf

EPA 1999 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, "Phase II Reformulated Gasoline: The Next Major Step Tow

042, November 1999. http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/rfg/f99042.pdf

EPA 2004 Guidance for Quantifying and Using Long DurationTruck Idling Emission Reductions In State Implementation Plans and Transpo

04-001, January 2004. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy/truckidlingguidance.pdf 

EPA 2005 Draft list of potential RACT and RACM from PM rule preamble (see EPA websites on verified retrofit technologies) 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/retroverifiedlist.htm

EPA 2005b Guidance for Quantifying and Using Emissions Reductions from Best Workplaces for Commuter Programs in State Implementat

Conformity Determinations, EPA420-B-05-016, October 2005. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/policy/transp/commuter/4

EPA 2006 Diesel Retrofits: Quantifying and Using Their Benefits in SIPs and Conformity, EPA420-B-06-005, June 2006. 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/stateresources/transconf/policy/420b06005.pdf

EPA 2006b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, "Diesel Retrofit Technology, An Analysis of the 

Particulate Matter Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Through Retrofits", EPA420-S-06-002, March 2006. http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/documents/420s06002.pdf

EPA 2006d EPA Staff Communication: "Mobile Source Control Measures in PM NAAQS RIA", EPA, 2006EPA 2006e Clean Ports USA, "Emission Reduction Strategies by Application, Trucks," as of September 2006 http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesNJDEP 2005a NJDEP Diesel Initiatives Workgroup, "A Collaborative Report Presenting Air Quality Strategies for Further Consideration by the 

31, 2005. http://www.nj.gov/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_di_workgroup_report.pdf

NJDEP 2005b NJDEP Gasoline Cars & Trucks Workgroup, "A Collaborative Report Presenting Air Quality Strategies for Further Consideration 

October 31, 2005. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/airworkgroups/docs/final_gct_report.pdf

OTC 2006 Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) “Candidate Control Measures.” http://www.otcair.org/projects_details.asp?FID=93&fview=Pechan 2006 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "AirControlNET, Version 4.1 Control Measure Documentation Report," Draft Report, prepared f

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Pechan Report No. 06.05.003/9011.002, May 2006.

San Joaquin Valley UAPCD, 2003 San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (UAPCD). Final BACM Technological and Economic Feasibility Analysis

March 21, 2003. http://www.soiltac.com/PDF/Final_BACM_Chapter 20 - Fugitive Dust 287Feasibility_Analysis.pdf

STAPPA/ALAPCO 2006

The State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials, "ContUnder the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options, " March 2006. http://www.4cleanair.org/PM25Menu-Final.pdf

TCEQ 2006 Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Texas Air Quality Control Measures, as of September 2006 

http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/sip/sipstrategies.html#mobile

Page 1 of 1
Fugitive Dust Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

Stationary Source Fugitive Dust Measures

Source category Emissions reduction measure Control 

efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants 

controlled

Ref

Abrasive blasting Water spray 50-93% 

(PM10)

Not available WR

Abrasive blasting Enclosure, fabric filter 95% (PM10) Not available WR

Mineral products industry wide variety of sources

Control measures identified in WRAP fugitive dust manual, chapter 11

Variable Not available WR

Open area wind erosion Control measures identified in 

WRAP fugitive dust manual, chapter 8

Variable Not available WR

Storage pile wind erosion Control measures identified in 

WRAP fugitive dust manual, chapter 9

Variable Not available WR

Ref: Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) Fugitive Dust Handbookhttp://www.wrapair.org/forums/dejf/fdh/index.html

Page 1 of 2
Fugitive Dust Measures

See cover note for important notes and caveats on the use of these tables

On-road fugitive dust measures

Source category Emissions reduction measure Control 

efficiency (%)

Cost effectiveness($/ton reduced)

Cost Year

Notes/caveats Other 

pollutants controlled

Ref

Paved Roads Street Sweeping Effectiveness 

varies with frequency

Paved Roads Require 4 foot paved shoulders (all new paved roads) 

$13,800 - $554,000, (50% of existing paved roads) $7,290-$11,300 - per ton of PM10

2002$ San 

Paved Roads Require wind- and water-borne 

deposition to be removed within 24 hours of discovery

$2,850 per ton PM10 reduced

2002$ San 

Unpaved Roads Chemical Stabilization/ Dust 

Suppressant Application

25 $2,753 per ton PM 

removed

1990$ EPA 

Unpaved Roads Implement rules to limit visible dust 

emissions to 20% opacity on unpaved parking areas receiving up to 100 trips per day

$5,230-$30,500 per ton PM10

2002$ San 

Unpaved Roads Limit max speed on unpaved roads 

to 25 mph

$1,080 per ton PM10 2002$ San 

Unpaved Roads Pave unpaved roads and unpaved 

parking lots

25 $2,160-$5,920 per ton 

PM10 (2002$)

2002$ San 

Unpaved Roads Require paving, 4 inches gravel, or 

dust suppressant at special event parking

$5,980-$63,200 per ton PM10

2002$ San 

Ref: San Joaquin Valley UAPCD 2003San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (UAPCD). Final BACM Technological and Economic Feasibility Analysis, prepared by Sierra Research, March 21, 2003. www.soiltac.com/PDF/Final_BACM_Chapter 20 - Fugitive Dust 287Feasibility_Analysis.pdf.Ref: EPA 1986 "Identification, Assessment, and Control of Fugitive Particulate Emissions," EPA/600/8-86/023. Prepared by Midwest Research Institute, August 1986. 

Page 2 of 2