1MMHA is a Mississippi nonprofit corporation serving the manufactured housing

industry in Mississippi. MMHA's membership includes retail dealers, manufacturers,

community/park owners, service/supply companies, lenders, insurers, developers and friends

of the industry. MMHA contends that it is the single voice of the manufactured housing

industry in Mississippi. One of MMHA's goals is to educate the public and government

officials concerning the quality, safety, and affordability of manufactured homes.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2002-CA-02092-SCT

MISSISSIPPI MANUFACTURED 

HOUSING ASSOCIATION

v.

BOARD OF ALDERMEN 

OF THE CITY OF 

CANTON, MISSISSIPPI

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/27/2002

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. SAMAC S. RICHARDSON

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: POWELL G. OGLETREE, JR.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: WESLEY THOMAS EVANS

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/15/2004

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., AND GRAVES, J.

WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The Mississippi Manufactured Housing Association (MMHA) 1

 filed a bill of exceptions

in the Circuit Court of Madison County appealing the decision of the Board of Aldermen of

the City of Canton to adopt a zoning ordinance and map restricting manufactured housing
2

developments in the City. The circuit court dismissed MMHA's bill of exceptions, finding that

MMHA did not have standing to challenge the Board's decision. MMHA appeals. Finding that

MMHA has standing to challenge the City's zoning decision, we reverse the circuit court's

judgment and remand for further proceedings.

FACTS

¶2. In anticipation of the new Nissan plant and the increase in population that would

accompany it, the City of Canton reviewed its comprehensive plan, zoning map and zoning

ordinances. On August 7, 2001, the City held a public hearing on the proposed zoning

ordinance. At the hearing, the MMHA, a non-profit corporation that represents the

manufactured housing industry in Mississippi, objected to any attempts to create or divide

residential zones based on building construction methods or types.

¶3. The executive director of the MMHA made a presentation to the Board of Aldermen

and the Mayor about manufactured housing. Two attorneys representing the MMHA were also

allowed to speak before the Board and the Mayor. The Board voted to approve the

comprehensive plan. 

¶4. MMHA filed a bill of exceptions asking the court to set aside the city's decision. The

circuit court heard oral argument on the City's motion to dismiss and dismissed MMHA's bill

of exceptions, finding MMHA did not have standing to challenge the Board's decision. The

circuit court's order stated: 

This court finds Belhaven Improvement Association Incorporated

vs. City of Jackson, 507 So.2d 41 (Mississippi 1967) (sic) is the

controlling case authority. The Supreme Court of this State

found that the Homeowner's Association did in fact have standing

to sue or participate in the process. It is evident that the Belhaven
3

Association had members who were residents and landowners of

the area in question. In the instant case, this is not so. Mississippi

Manufactured Housing Association does not own property in the

area and its members are not residents of the area. The interest of

Mississippi Manufactured Housing Association appears to be

strictly pecuniary in nature and that is to further the sales of its

members who are manufacturers of a certain type of housing unit.

 The interest of these manufacturers may not be in the best

interest of the City of Canton or its citizens or in the orderly

logical development of the highest and best use of available land,

but quiet (sic) likely lies in their interest in their own profit or

bottom line. It is the opinion of this Court that the

associations/persons intended to be afforded standing to sue were

associations/persons who had some property interest in the

affected area. Those are the associations/persons who would be

directly harmed or injured by legislative actions of governing

authorities and thereby would be the ones who could or would

suffer an adverse effect different from the general public. . . . The

Court also recognized and relied on the Federal View- "Thus we

have recognized that an association has standing to bring suit on

behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise

have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interest it seeks are

germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim

asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of

individual members of in the lawsuit. Belhaven vs. City of

Jackson. None of the above requisites are found in the case at

bar.

¶5. MMHA appeals, contending that it is an aggrieved party with standing to challenge the

City's zoning decision. It also argues that the City waived its objection as to MMHA's standing

and that the City is judicially estopped from raising the issue of MMHA's standing. 

DISCUSSION

¶6. A motion to dismiss raises an issue of law. Burgess v. City of Gulfport, 814 So. 2d

149, 151 (Miss. 2002) (collecting authorities). We review questions of law de novo. Id.

(citing T.M. v. Noblitt, 650 So. 2d 1340, 1342 (Miss. 1995)). When considering a motion to

dismiss, the allegations in the complaint must be taken as true, and the motion should not be
4

granted unless it appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the plaintiff will be unable to prove

any set of facts in support of his claim. Id. at 1342. 

I. WHETHER MMHA HAS STANDING TO APPEAL

THE CITY'S ZONING DECISION.

¶7. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-51-75 (Rev. 2002) states "any person aggrieved by a judgment

of . . . municipal authorities . . . may appeal within ten (10) days from the date of adjournment

at which session the board of supervisors or municipal authorities rendered such judgment."

¶8. Mississippi's standing requirements are more relaxed than the stringent case or

controversy requirements for standing in federal courts under Art. III, § 2 of the United States

Constitution. Burgess, 814 So. 2d at 152-53. In Mississippi, parties have standing to sue

when they assert a colorable interest in the subject matter of the litigation or experience an

adverse affect from the defendant's conduct. Id. 

¶9. In Belhaven Improvement Ass'n, Inc. v. City of Jackson, 507 So. 2d 41 (Miss. 1987),

we addressed the issue of whether a neighborhood improvement association had standing to

appeal a city's zoning decision on behalf of members of the neighborhood. The circuit court

dismissed the appeal, finding that the society was not an aggrieved party because it did not own

any property or have an interest in any property that would be affected by zoning. We noted

that jurisdictions throughout the country were divided. 

¶10. Some jurisdictions have adopted the New York rule, which requires a court to consider

four factors: (1) the capacity of the organization to assume an adversary position, (2) the size

and composition of the organization as reflecting a position fairly representative of the

community or interest which it seeks to protect, (3) the adverse effect of the decision sought
2Other jurisdictions have also adopted the federal test to determine associational

standing. See Bama Budweiser of Montgomery, Inc. v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 783 So. 2d

792 (Ala. 2000); 312 Education Ass'n v. U.S.D. No. 312, 47 P.3d 383 (Kan. 2002); Aged

Hawaiians v. Hawaiian Homes Comm'n, 891 P.2d 279 (Haw. 1995); Louisiana Hotel-Motel

Ass'n, Inc. v. East Baton Rouge Parish, 385 So. 2d 1193 (La. 1980); Modified Motorcycle

Ass'n of Mass., Inc. v. Commonwealth, 799 N.E.2d 597 (Mass. App. Ct. 2003); Missouri

Outdoor Advertising Ass'n, Inc. v. Mo. State Hwys. & Transp. Comm'n, 826 S.W.2d 342

(Mo. 1992); Forest Guardians v. Powell, 24 P.3d 803 (N.M. Ct. App. 2001); Creek Pointe

Homeowner's Ass'n, Inc. v. Happ, 552 S.E.2d 220 (N.C. Ct. App. 2001); ; Beaufort Realty

Co. v. Beaufort County, 551 S.E.2d 588 (S.C. Ct. App. 2001); Parker v. Town of Milton, 726

A.2d 477 (Vt. 1998).

5

to be reviewed on the group represented by the organization as within the zone of interests

sought to be protected, and (4) the availability of full participating membership in the

organization to all residents and property owners in the relevant neighborhood. See

Douglaston Civic Ass'n v. Galvin, 36 N.Y.2d 1, 364 N.Y.S.2d 830, 324 N.E.2d 317 (1974).

¶11. Other jurisdictions have adopted the federal rule.2 An association has standing to bring

suit on behalf of its members when (1) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in

their own right, (2) the interest it seeks are germane to the organization's purpose, and (3)

neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual

members in the lawsuit. See Hunt v. Wash. Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 343,

97 S. Ct. 2434, 2441, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383, 394 (1977). 

¶12. In Belhaven, we set out our requirements for standing:

For standing, the person(s) aggrieved, or members of the

association, whether one or more, should allege an adverse effect

different from that of the general public. Also, they should show

the fact of a representative capacity, particularly of those

adversely affected. An association should not be permitted to

close out minority members, cutting off their views entirely,

particularly where the effect on some individuals would be
6

greater than effect on the majority. Membership in the

association should be limited to residents and property owners.

507 So.2d. at 47. The Court then vacated the trial court's judgment and remanded for an

evidentiary hearing to determine the question of standing. Id. In Tallahatchie Valley Electric

Power Ass'n v. Miss. Propane Gas Ass'n, 812 So. 2d 912 (Miss. 2002), citing Belhaven, we

applied the federal test in finding that an association had standing to sue on behalf of one of

its members. There, we found that MPGA, a non-profit association representing propane

companies, had standing to bring suit when one of its members had been adversely affected by

TVEPA, a non-profit association incorporated under the Mississippi Electric Power

Association Law. TVEPA began investing in the propane business in efforts to keep its rates

down and purchased DeSoto Gas. MPGA filed a complaint for injunctive relief and

declaratory judgment against TVPA. The trial court enjoined TVEPA from owning or operating

DeSoto Gas.

¶13. One of the numerous issues on appeal was whether MPGA had standing to challenge

TVEPA's ownership of DeSoto Gas. MPGA argued that it had standing inasmuch as one of its

members, Dowdle Butane Gas Co., had standing to sue TVEPA because it was a member-owner

of TVEPA and could challenge any ultra vires act of TVEPA. 

¶14. Applying the federal test to determine whether MPGA had standing, we found that

MPGA had standing due to its representation of Dowdle Butane Gas Co., which was a member

of MPGA and of TVEPA. Since Dowdle Butane could challenge TVEPA's actions, MPGA

could also. MPGA asserted interests relevant to its purpose because Dowdle Butane had been

adversely affected by TVEPA's actions. Id. at 922.
3

 MMHA concedes there is nothing in the record that indicates it has a member within

the City of Canton. 

7

¶15. Applying the three-pronged federal test to the present case, we find that MMHA has

standing to challenge the city's zoning decision: 

A. Whether MMHA's members would otherwise have

standing to sue in their own right. 

¶16. The issue under the first prong of the federal test is whether a member of MMHA would

have standing to challenge the City's zoning decision. MMHA asserts that one of its members

owns property and manages a retail manufacturing housing center in the City of Canton.3

¶17. Other jurisdictions have found associational standing in similar circumstances. In

Colorado Manufactured Housing Ass'n v. Pueblo County, 857 P.2d 507 (Colo. Ct. App.

1993), the plaintiffs, a manufactured housing association, dealers, and builders brought suit

challenging a county's zoning restrictions on manufactured housing. The plaintiffs had

contracted with a buyer to purchase a mobile home. In accordance with the local zoning

resolution, the county denied the buyer's application for a permit to install the manufactured

home on his property. The buyer then rescinded the contract with the manufactured home

dealer. The plaintiffs alleged actual and threatened injury; specifically, that they suffered

injury by the loss of the sale to the buyer and that their future sales would be adversely

affected. The trial court dismissed the case, finding that the plaintiffs did not have standing.

Id. at 510. On appeal the court found that the plaintiffs had standing, stating that the plaintiff's

allegations of threatened injury were sufficient for purposes of standing. Id. at 511. The

plaintiffs had already lost one sale and would lose more in the future. 
8

¶18. Here, the first federal test factor is satisfied. Members of MMHA have standing under

Mississippi's liberal standing requirements to challenge the City's zoning decision. Members

of MMHA will experience an adverse effect from the City's zoning decision that restricts the

area where manufactured homes can be placed. The zoning decision will no doubt have a direct

negative economic impact on any member of MMHA that sells manufactured homes in the

City because their buyer's market would be diminished.

B. The interests MMHA seeks to protect are germane to the

organization's purpose.

¶19. There is no doubt that MMHA's challenge to the City's zoning restrictions is of

importance to MMHA's members. MMHA is seeking to have a zoning ordinance struck down

that will likely diminish business for its members. MMHA stated in its position statement

presented to the Mayor and Board of Aldermen that, "Development, zoning and planning issues

concerning manufactured housing issues are of critical importance to MMHA." 

C. Neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested

requires the participation of individual members of the

suit. 

¶20. This prong has been interpreted as follows: 

[W]hether an association has standing to invoke the court's

remedial powers on behalf of its members depends in substantial

measure on the nature of the relief sought. If in a proper case the

association seeks a declaration, injunction, or some other form

of prospective relief, it can reasonably be supported that the

remedy, if granted, will inure to the benefit of those members of

the association actually injured. 

Hunt, 432 U.S. at 343, 97 S. Ct. at 2441. 
9

¶21. When an association seeks only prospective relief and raises only issues of law, it need

not prove the individual circumstances of its members to obtain that relief. The third element

of associational standing is met. Tex. State Employees Union/CWA Local 6184 v. Tex.

Workforce Comm'n, 16 S.W.3d 61, 69 (Tex. App. 2000). 

¶22. Adopting the federal test to determine whether an association has standing to sue on

behalf of its members, we find that MMHA has standing to challenge Canton's zoning decision.

Thus, the circuit court erred in dismissing MMHA's bill of exceptions for lack of standing by

MMHA.

II. WHETHER THE CITY IS ESTOPPED FROM

CHALLENGING THE MMHA'S STANDING AFTER

THE MMHA PARTICIPATED IN THE CITY

HEARING.

III. WHETHER THE CITY HAS WAIVED ANY

CHALLENGE TO MMHA'S STANDING.

¶23. Because we find Issue I controlling, we will not address Issues II and III. 

CONCLUSION

¶24. We expressly adopt the federal test for associational standing to be interpreted under

Mississippi's more liberal standing requirements and find that MMHA has standing to appeal

the City of Canton's zoning decision. Thus, the circuit court erred in dismissing MMHA's bill

of exceptions for lack of standing by MMHA. Therefore, we reverse the circuit court's

judgment, and we remand this case to the circuit court for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

¶25. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
10

SMITH, C.J., COBB, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES AND DICKINSON, JJ.,

CONCUR. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.